wpdb: catch mysqli exceptions in _do_query()

[solankisoftware89]

Fixes #64523

This PR wraps wpdb::_do_query() mysqli_query() calls in a try/catch block
to prevent fatal errors when mysqli exception mode is enabled
(MYSQLI_REPORT_ERROR | MYSQLI_REPORT_STRICT).

Steps to test:

1. Enable mysqli exception mode via mysqli_report().
2. Run an invalid query using $wpdb->query().
3. Confirm no fatal error occurs and $wpdb->last_error is set.

[github-actions]

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