Feat: Optimize pod cache to reduce memory usage #172

mahil-2040 · 2026-01-25T17:21:12Z

Closes #46

What does this PR do?

Overview

This document describes how to test the pod cache optimization that reduces memory usage in the workload-manager by implementing selective caching for pods.

Problem Statement

The controller-runtime wraps all cache for all resources we access. This costs much more memory than needed. For example, when reading pods, we only care about pods created for sandboxes (those with the sandbox-name label), but controller-runtime would cache ALL pods in the cluster locally.

Solution Implemented

The solution implements a filtered cache using controller-runtime's cache.Options with ByObject configuration. This ensures that only pods with the sandbox-name label are cached, significantly reducing memory footprint.

Changes Made

File: cmd/workload-manager/main.go

Added filtered cache configuration to the controller manager:

Cache: cache.Options{
    ByObject: map[client.Object]cache.ByObject{
        &corev1.Pod{}: {
            Label: labels.SelectorFromSet(labels.Set{
                "sandbox-name": "", // Only cache pods with this label
            }),
        },
    },
}

Added required imports:
- corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
- "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
- "sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/cache"
- "sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"

How It Works

Label-Based Filtering

All sandbox pods are labeled with sandbox-name in the workload builder:

// From pkg/workloadmanager/workload_builder.go
sandbox.Spec.PodTemplate.ObjectMeta.Labels["sandbox-name"] = params.sandboxName

The filtered cache uses this label as a selector, ensuring only relevant pods are cached.

Pod Access Points

The workload-manager accesses pods in the following locations:

pkg/workloadmanager/k8s_client.go - GetSandboxPodIP():
- Uses podLister.Pods(namespace).Get(podName) for direct lookup
- Uses podLister.Pods(namespace).List(labels.SelectorFromSet(map[string]string{"sandbox-name": sandboxName})) for label-based lookup
- Both methods will work correctly with the filtered cache
pkg/workloadmanager/garbage_collection.go:
- Does NOT directly access pods
- Works with Sandbox/SandboxClaim resources only

Memory Usage Validation

To validate the filtered pod cache optimization, I tested memory usage of
workloadmanager in a Kind cluster with many non-sandbox pods.

Test Setup

~60 total pods across multiple namespaces (non-sandbox)
5–6 sandbox pods created via CodeInterpreter sessions
WorkloadManager deployed with filtered controller-runtime cache
Memory measured directly from the Kind node process (metrics-server is unstable in Kind)

Results

Baseline

After optimization

Scenario	Sandbox Pods	RSS Memory
Baseline	0	~42 MB
After optimization	5–6	~44 MB

Conclusion

Memory usage increases only slightly with sandbox pods and does not scale
with the total number of non-sandbox pods in the cluster, confirming that
the filtered cache behaves as intended.

volcano-sh-bot · 2026-01-25T17:21:25Z

Welcome @mahil-2040! It looks like this is your first PR to volcano-sh/agentcube 🎉

gemini-code-assist · 2026-01-25T17:21:25Z

Summary of Changes

Hello @mahil-2040, I'm Gemini Code Assist¹! I'm currently reviewing this pull request and will post my feedback shortly. In the meantime, here's a summary to help you and other reviewers quickly get up to speed!

This pull request addresses excessive memory usage in the workload-manager by introducing a selective caching mechanism for Kubernetes Pods. Previously, the system would cache all Pods in the cluster, leading to unnecessary memory consumption. The implemented solution configures the controller manager to only cache Pods relevant to sandboxes, identified by a specific label, thereby optimizing resource utilization and ensuring the manager's memory footprint remains stable regardless of the total number of non-sandbox Pods.

Highlights

Memory Optimization: Implemented a filtered cache for Kubernetes Pods within the workload-manager to significantly reduce memory consumption.
Selective Caching: The cache now only stores Pods that possess the sandbox-name label, avoiding caching of all cluster Pods.
Configuration Update: The controller-runtime manager in cmd/workload-manager/main.go was updated with cache.Options to enable ByObject filtering for corev1.Pod.
Validation: Memory usage tests in a Kind cluster confirmed that the optimization effectively prevents memory growth with an increasing number of non-sandbox pods.

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gemini-code-assist

Code Review

This is a great optimization to reduce memory usage by filtering the pod cache. The pull request description is very clear and provides good validation of the improvement.

However, I've found a critical issue in the implementation of the label selector. The current implementation using labels.SelectorFromSet will only match pods with the label sandbox-name and an empty value, which is not the intention and would cause the cache to not work for sandbox pods. I've provided a suggestion to fix this.

cmd/workload-manager/main.go

codecov-commenter · 2026-01-25T17:26:55Z

⚠️ Please install the to ensure uploads and comments are reliably processed by Codecov.

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 7.14286% with 13 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 35.65%. Comparing base (845b798) to head (4fc0d13).
⚠️ Report is 30 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
pkg/workloadmanager/k8s_client.go	9.09%	10 Missing ⚠️
pkg/workloadmanager/workload_builder.go	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
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Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #172      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   35.60%   35.65%   +0.04%     
==========================================
  Files          29       29              
  Lines        2533     2558      +25     
==========================================
+ Hits          902      912      +10     
- Misses       1505     1520      +15     
  Partials      126      126

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	`35.65% <7.14%> (+0.04%)`	⬆️

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Copilot

Pull request overview

Adds a filtered Pod cache configuration to the workload-manager’s controller-runtime manager to reduce memory usage by avoiding caching unrelated cluster Pods.

Changes:

Configure controller-runtime manager cache filtering for corev1.Pod using a label selector.
Add a new E2E runner script for Kind-based testing (Go + Python).
Add new hack scripts for copyright header injection and client-go code generation.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 1 out of 4 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

File	Description
`cmd/workload-manager/main.go`	Adds controller-runtime cache `ByObject` filtering for Pods to reduce cache size.
`test/e2e/run_e2e.sh`	Introduces a full Kind + Helm + port-forward based E2E runner for Go and Python tests.
`hack/update-copyright.sh`	Adds a helper script to prepend boilerplate headers to Go/Python files.
`hack/update-codegen.sh`	Adds a helper script to run Kubernetes code-generator for `client-go/`.

cmd/workload-manager/main.go

Copilot

Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 5 changed files in this pull request and generated 1 comment.

cmd/workload-manager/main.go

mahil-2040 · 2026-01-25T18:53:49Z

@hzxuzhonghu can you please review this PR?

hack/update-codegen.sh

pkg/workloadmanager/k8s_client.go

cmd/workload-manager/main.go

volcano-sh-bot · 2026-01-27T05:54:18Z

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is NOT APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by:
Once this PR has been reviewed and has the lgtm label, please assign yaozengzeng for approval. For more information see the Kubernetes Code Review Process.

The full list of commands accepted by this bot can be found here.

Details

Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

cmd/OWNERS
pkg/workloadmanager/OWNERS

Approvers can indicate their approval by writing /approve in a comment
Approvers can cancel approval by writing /approve cancel in a comment

Copilot

Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 4 out of 4 changed files in this pull request and generated no new comments.

mahil-2040 · 2026-01-27T11:41:47Z

@hzxuzhonghu i have implemented all the suggestions, can you check it now?

hzxuzhonghu · 2026-01-28T02:54:24Z

pkg/workloadmanager/k8s_client.go

+		metav1.NamespaceAll,
+		func(opts *metav1.ListOptions) {
+			// Filter to only watch pods with sandbox-name label
+			opts.LabelSelector = SandboxNameLabelKey


requirement, err := labels.NewRequirement(workloadmanager.SandboxNameLabelKey, selection.Exists, nil)
opts.LabelSelector = requirement.String()

I've updated the client-go informer filter to use the same explicit approach.

hzxuzhonghu · 2026-01-28T02:58:14Z

cmd/workload-manager/main.go

+		Cache: cache.Options{
+			ByObject: map[client.Object]cache.ByObject{
+				&corev1.Pod{}: {
+					Label: labelSelector,
+				},


can you explain why add pod cache

Sure! The pod cache is needed because the workload-manager needs to look up pod IPs when routing requests to sandbox sessions.

When a session is created, we need to find the corresponding pod's IP address to forward traffic to it. The GetSandboxPodIP function (in k8s_client.go) uses the pod lister to find pods by their sandbox-name label.

Without caching, we'd have to query the Kubernetes API server every time we need a pod IP, which would be slow and put unnecessary load on the API server. The cache keeps a local copy of pod information so lookups are fast.

The optimization here is that instead of caching ALL pods in the cluster (which wastes memory), we only cache the pods we actually care about - the ones with the sandbox-name label.

I think GetSandboxPodIP already using podLister.

donot miss this, i think we can revert this change @mahil-2040

@mahil-2040

Yes I am working on this. Give me some time I will revert the changes.

hzxuzhonghu · 2026-01-28T02:59:15Z

pkg/workloadmanager/k8s_client.go

 	// WorkloadNameLabelKey labels key for workload name
 	WorkloadNameLabelKey = "runtime.agentcube.io/workload-name"
+	// SandboxNameLabelKey labels key for sandbox name
+	SandboxNameLabelKey = "sandbox-name" // revive:disable-line:var-naming


Suggested change

SandboxNameLabelKey = "sandbox-name" // revive:disable-line:var-naming

SandboxNameLabelKey = "runtime.agentcube.io/sandbox-name"

@hzxuzhonghu I’m concerned this change could break backward compatibility. Copilot is suggesting that while "sandbox-name" is already used by existing sandbox pods, changing it to "runtime.agentcube.io/sandbox-name" would cause the filtered cache to miss existing pods, and GetSandboxPodIP may fail during rolling upgrades. Should we keep "sandbox-name" to maintain compatibility, or do you have a migration strategy in mind?

sooner or later we should update, not worry about compatibility now, we have not released yet

So i should implement this change now, right, ignoring the already existing pods?

I think we can do now

ok i will implement it and push the changes

mahil-2040 · 2026-01-28T06:58:17Z

@hzxuzhonghu Thanks for the suggestion about using "runtime.agentcube.io/sandbox-name"!

I want to clarify that the "sandbox-name" label key already existed in the codebase before this PR - I didn't introduce it. This PR only:

Extracted the hardcoded string into a constant (SandboxNameLabelKey)
Used that constant consistently across the codebase
Applied it as a filter for the pod cache

I think Changing the label value from "sandbox-name" to "runtime.agentcube.io/sandbox-name" can break backward compatibility with any existing sandbox pods that are already labeled with "sandbox-name". Since this is just a refactoring/optimization PR focused on reducing memory usage, I kept the existing label value to avoid introducing breaking changes.

Would you prefer I create a separate follow-up PR to migrate the label key to the namespaced format with proper deprecation handling once this PR is merged?

Copilot

Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 4 out of 4 changed files in this pull request and generated 4 comments.

Copilot · 2026-01-28T07:01:24Z

cmd/workload-manager/main.go

+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	labelSelector := labels.NewSelector().Add(*requirement)
+


The blank line after building labelSelector contains trailing whitespace. This will be normalized by gofmt and can cause noisy diffs; please run gofmt / remove the trailing whitespace.

Suggested change

pkg/workloadmanager/k8s_client.go

Copilot · 2026-01-28T07:01:25Z

pkg/workloadmanager/k8s_client.go

 	// Create informer factory for core resources (Pods, etc.)
-	informerFactory := informers.NewSharedInformerFactory(clientset, 0)
+	// Use filtered factory to only cache pods with sandbox-name label
+	requirement, err := labels.NewRequirement(SandboxNameLabelKey, selection.Exists, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create label requirement: %w", err)
+	}
+	labelSelector := labels.NewSelector().Add(*requirement)
+
+	informerFactory := informers.NewFilteredSharedInformerFactory(
+		clientset,
+		0, // resync period
+		metav1.NamespaceAll,
+		func(opts *metav1.ListOptions) {
+			// Filter to only watch pods with sandbox-name label
+			opts.LabelSelector = labelSelector.String()
+		},
+	)


NewK8sClient now constructs a filtered Pod informer cache (label selector exists requirement). There are unit tests for GetSandboxPodIP, but no tests asserting that the informer factory is actually filtering Pods as intended; please add a test that creates a fake clientset + informer factory and verifies only labeled Pods are observed/listed to prevent regressions.

mahil-2040 · 2026-01-28T08:12:58Z

@hzxuzhonghu I've noticed something interesting: commit 9c8ba87 was passing in CI when I first pushed it, but now when I hard reset to that exact same commit, the E2E test is failing with a 500 Internal Server Error.

can you tell me how can i fix it, what can be the issue?

Copilot

Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 5 out of 5 changed files in this pull request and generated 4 comments.

pkg/workloadmanager/codeinterpreter_controller.go

hzxuzhonghu

I am not sure if the e2e failure is a flake

hzxuzhonghu · 2026-01-29T06:34:15Z

==> Deploying Redis (redis:7-alpine)
namespace/agentcube created
Pulling image 'redis:7-alpine'...
Error response from daemon: received unexpected HTTP status: 502 Bad Gateway
Cleaning up...
Killing any remaining kubectl port-forward processes...

From the error image, it seems the image pull failed

mahil-2040 · 2026-01-29T06:38:47Z

Earlier it was giving 500 status code, means the error was different, now it is giving 502 status code on same commit. So what should i do now should I ignore it, because i am a bit confused and not able to figure out what the real problem is?

hzxuzhonghu · 2026-01-29T07:11:43Z

@YaoZengzeng shed some light on this failure

=== RUN   TestCodeInterpreterWarmPool
    e2e_test.go:590: Applying e2e_code_interpreter_warmpool.yaml...
    e2e_test.go:626: Waiting for warmpool to be created with 2 pods...
    e2e_test.go:636: Executing code command...
    e2e_test.go:643: 
        	Error Trace:	/home/runner/work/agentcube/agentcube/test/e2e/e2e_test.go:643
        	            				/home/runner/work/agentcube/agentcube/test/e2e/e2e_test.go:597
        	Error:      	Received unexpected error:
        	            	python script failed: 500 Server Error: Internal Server Error for url: http://localhost:8080/v1/code-interpreter
        	Test:       	TestCodeInterpreterWarmPool
    e2e_test.go:603: Cleaning up code interpreter resources...
--- FAIL: TestCodeInterpreterWarmPool (7.19s)
FAIL
FAIL	github.com/volcano-sh/agentcube/test/e2e	94.911s

Signed-off-by: Mahil <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

…ager Signed-off-by: Mahil Patel <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

Signed-off-by: Mahil Patel <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

Copilot

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mahil-2040 · 2026-01-29T14:01:24Z

@hzxuzhonghu I've reverted the Cache section in main.go and implemented your suggested change to use labels.NewRequirement with selection.Exists for the label selector.

and I investigated the failing TestCodeInterpreterWarmPool test and I believe this isn't related to my changes. This test was recently added to upstream main in commit bec1446, and when I rebased my branch it started failing. I tested locally with both my changes and with them reverted, and the test fails the same way in both cases - it can't find the warmpool pods in the default namespace. The Python CodeInterpreter tests all pass, which suggests my changes aren't breaking anything.

Let me know if there are any more changes required?

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[Feature Request] Implement Session Sticky Support in Model Router volcano-sh/kthena#310

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mahil-2040 added 7 commits January 29, 2026 19:06

Optimize pod cache to reduce memory usage

97cfd5b

Signed-off-by: Mahil <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

fixes

fbcf12a

Signed-off-by: Mahil <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

Fix: Replace labels.Must and fix script permissions

b3d099d

Signed-off-by: Mahil <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

Optimize pod cache with filtered label selectors to reduce memory usage

8bfc43b

Signed-off-by: Mahil <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

fix: Remove redundant pod cache filtering from controller-runtime man…

d060da9

…ager Signed-off-by: Mahil Patel <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

fix: Use namespaced label key for SandboxNameLabelKey

97b333a

Signed-off-by: Mahil Patel <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

fix: Use proper label selector with selection.Exists for pod filtering

4fc0d13

Signed-off-by: Mahil Patel <mahilpatel0808@gmail.com>

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	SandboxNameLabelKey = "sandbox-name" // revive:disable-line:var-naming
	SandboxNameLabelKey = "runtime.agentcube.io/sandbox-name"

Feat: Optimize pod cache to reduce memory usage #172

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Feat: Optimize pod cache to reduce memory usage #172

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mahil-2040 commented Jan 25, 2026

What does this PR do?

Overview

Problem Statement

Solution Implemented

Changes Made

How It Works

Label-Based Filtering

Pod Access Points

Memory Usage Validation

Test Setup

Results

Baseline

After optimization

Conclusion

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