DotArrow

DotArrow is the codename for "mobile code" in the context of a Pi-calculus to Scala translator. It is implemented in a very simplistic fashion, for either Scala or Haskell.

DotArrow - Scala

It is possible for Scala in PISC because of three reasons:

• input actions allow for the received value to be applied a function before returning the actual result - so that an entire Scala source file passed as a String can be updated through scala.sys.process._ facility to one modified as follows;

• the IO monad in the "mobile code" allows for a sequence of flatMaps to be chained and - if wanted - to be IO.canceled at any point between two flatMaps;

• Scalameta allows for Enumerator.Generators to be manipulated such that IO.canceled is inserted after each flatMap with a pattern variable with ascribed type.

Also, Serializable (case) classes allow for objects of type other than basic types to be read and written using ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream.

Alternatively, objects can be encoded to/decoded from JSON using the Scala library circe.

The bin/pi.sh shell script has been added, respectively, two functions:

• dotarrowCirce and dotarrowCirce2;
• dotarrowStream and dotarrowStream2.

The first is used to insert _ <- IO.canceled cancellation points, while the second is used to transform the Scalameta AST by dropping the first Enumerator.Generator together with "its" IO.canceled.

The examples/dotarrow folder must have two sub-folders:

./examples/dotarrow/
   src/
   tmp/

The Scala source files go in the ./examples/dotarrow/ folder.

The (parent) root folder contains three files for "stream" serialization:

../dotarrow/stream/
   app.scala.in
   app2.scala.in
   bin.in

The first two are used in the two shell functions, dotarrowStream, respectively, dotarrowStream2, while the third is copied initially as the object serialization (temporary) binary file.

And two files for "circe" JSON serialization:

../dotarrow/circe/
   app.scala.in
   app2.scala.in

These two are used in the two shell functions, dotarrowCirce, respectively, dotarrowCirce2.

!!!Warning: do not delete them!!!

The examples folder contains a dotarrow_stream_ex0.pisc file. It contains embedded Scala code that uses the scala.sys.process._ facility to execute Scala code as it is reduced to _ <- IO { ... }.void; the final value 196.0 can be seen.

To "execute" the "mobile code", parse the .pisc file:

sbt:π-Calculus2Scala> run dotarrow_stream_ex0

Choose one example from the examples/dotarrow/ folder, e.g., ex3.scala; then - in a shell -, cd to examples folder, and run:

./examples $ pio dotarrow_stream_ex0
./examples $ pi dotarrow_stream_ex0.scala -- ex3

Note how "ex3" was passed as an argument to the main method in dotarrow_stream_ex0.scala.

Try the same, but using circe:

sbt:π-Calculus2Scala> run dotarrow_circe_ex0
./examples $ pio dotarrow_circe_ex0
./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_ex0.scala -- ex4

Or both:

sbt:π-Calculus2Scala> run dotarrow_stream_circe_ex_3_4
./examples $ pio dotarrow_stream_circe_ex_3_4
./examples $ pi dotarrow_stream_circe_ex_3_4.scala

The Scala source files must have a strict format:

• the main object must be object App extends IOApp.Simple;

• the main method must be override def run: IO[Unit];

• the body of the main method must be a for-yield comprehension;

• variable-bound generators of the for-yield must bind a single variable and be ascribed the type;

• definitions of the for-yield must correspond to case classes, bind a single variable for each parameter of the case class, and the right hand side be a single variable that is bound - immediately preceding the definition - by a generator without an ascribed type (i.e., the case class);

• names of variable-bound generators must not contain whitespace; their types may;

• the scope of pattern variables in definitions and generators is limited until the first variable-bound with ascribed type generator;

• "if" guards are impossible as "withFilter" lacks from the IO monad;

• the last for-yield statement must be _ <- IO { ... }.void;

• must not output to scala.Console.err;

• characters in the Scala source files are not supported;

• in addition, for JSON serialization with circe, the implicit Encoders/Decoders must be in the scope of the main method.

DotArrow - Haskell

It is possible for Haskell in PISC because of three reasons - two as for Scala and third:

• TemplateHaskell allows for BindSs to be manipulated such that exitFailure is inserted after each do-statement with a pattern variable with type signature.

Also, values can be encoded to/decoded from JSON using the Haskell library aeson.

The bin/pi.sh shell script has been added two functions:

• dotarrowAeson and dotarrowAeson2.

To "execute" the "mobile code", parse the .pisc file:

sbt:π-Calculus2Scala> run dotarrow_aeson_ex0

Choose one example from the examples/dotarrow/ folder, e.g., ex1/app/Main.hs; then - in a shell -, cd to examples folder, and run:

./examples $ pio dotarrow_aeson_ex0
./examples $ pi dotarrow_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex1

Note how "ex1" was passed as an argument to the main method in dotarrow_aeson_ex0.scala, while the implied (see below) "app/Main.hs" was omitted.

Haskell Tool Stack must be used and the folders (e.g., "ex1") must have a .cabal build file; the command line launched by PISC is, e.g.,

stack run -- /path/to/pisc/examples/dotarrow/tmp.../app/Main.hs

from either two dotarrow - with "stack-cabal" setup - sub-folders:

./dotarrow/aeson
./dotarrow/aeson2

copied to, respectively:

/path/to/pisc/examples/dotarrow/tmp.../tmp/aeson
/path/to/pisc/examples/dotarrow/tmp.../tmp/aeson2

folders.

The Haskell source files must have a strict format:

• the executable source file must be app/Main.hs with module Main;

• among imports must be the following:

    import System.Exit (exitFailure)
    import System.IO (hPutStrLn, stderr)
    import Inp_gUgVwYdD8r
    import Out_gUgVwYdD8r
  

  where modules Inp_gUgVwYdD8r and Out_gUgVwYdD8r must not be modified;

• the main method signature main :: IO () and declaration must be the last two declarations;

• the body of main must be a do notation;

• do statements that bind must pattern-match a single variable with type assertion;

• do statements that let must correspond to a unique-constructor datatype, bind a single variable for each parameter of the datatype, and the right hand side be a single variable that is bound - immediately preceding the let statement - by a binding without an asserted type (i.e., the datatype);

• the last do statement must be return ();

• must not output to stderr.

DotArrow - Scala & Haskell

This type of "mobile code" alternatively takes the form of either Scala or Haskell programming language, but is very restricted.

The bin/pi.sh shell script has been added two functions:

• dotarrowScalaToHaskell and dotarrowHaskellToScala.

To "execute" the "mobile code", parse the .pisc file:

sbt:π-Calculus2Scala> run dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0

Choose one Scala example from the examples/dotarrow/ folder, e.g., ex5.scala or ex6.scala, then - in a shell -, cd to examples folder, and run:

./examples $ pio dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0
./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex5

Note how "ex5" was passed as an argument to the main method in dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0.scala.

The Scala source files must have even a stricter format:

• no package statements;

• only simple arithmetic expressions (without division) of type Int in the IO { } blocks;

• case classes must not share parameter names - as these are translated into Haskell unique-constructor datatypes with identical field labels.

Note that both Scala Cli and Ammonite must be installed, as well as Stack. Also, the Perlscript bin/Scalameta2Haskell.pl must be available in the PATH.

Codecs

Codecs is the codename for encoding "programs" as numeric expressions:

• in Scala via providing an implicit object extending the Numeric trait;

• in Haskell via providing an instance of the Num class.

There are currently two implementation of codecs:

• lists of integers that can be added, negated or subtracted; the multiplication operator is used to concatenate lists, e.g.,

    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_list_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex3
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_list_circe_ex0.scala -- ex11
  

• an expression DSL that mirrors the native numeric expressions, e.g.,

    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_idem_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex4
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_idem_circe_ex0.scala -- ex12
  

In the latter DSL case, for example, the integers - either variables of type Int that have been previously bound, or literals - are wrapped within fromInt in an "invisible" step before the main program is run, and the numeric operations are actually performed with DSL values.

Examples

Because the number of examples is growing rapidly, this is the list of the commands with which they were tested as arguments:

• Scala

    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_ex0.scala -- ex1
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_ex0.scala -- ex2
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_stream_ex0.scala -- ex3
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_ex0.scala -- ex4
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_list_circe_ex0.scala -- ex11
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_idem_circe_ex0.scala -- ex12
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_idem_circe_ex0.scala -- ex13
  

• Haskell

    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex1
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex2
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_list_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex3
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_idem_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex4
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_codec_idem_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex5
  

• Scala & Haskell

    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex5
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex6
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex7
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex8
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex9
    ./examples $ pi dotarrow_circe_aeson_ex0.scala -- ex10