This is a tenative list of published action potential models of cardiac myocytes (or small preparations, for older models). It does not include reduced models, or models with spatial variation beyond a handful of compartmens (so no calcium release units etc).
Models are listed as year, followed by first author (or multiple if shared first authorship). Model names / nicknames (e.g. LR1) are provided separately under "known as". Ordering is year, then first author alphabetically.
Type
- A Atrial
- V Ventricular
- P Purkinje
- S SA node
- N AV node
- e embryonic stem cell
- i induced pluripotent stem cell
- d Developing cardiomyocyte, neonatal, embryonic
Species
- C Canine
- F Frog
- G Guinea pig
- H Human
- K chicken
- L Rat
- M Mouse
- P Pig
- R Rabbit
- Z Zebrafish
- m Mammal
Preparation
- f recordings in fibres or other multicellular preparations, instead of isolated cells
Base A tentative "base" model is indicated. This can be a clear ancestor - with many equations and parameters inherited - but also a more vague "inspiration".
Code Where possible, indicate whether code is
- "Original": used by the authors when writing the publication
- "Official": an author-provided or endorsed translation to code, e.g. a CellML created during or just after publishing
- "Updated": created by authors or others, with slight modifications or fixes to original code
- "Reimplementation": new implementation of an existing model
Models are included if they represent the dynamics of a single cell or, for early models, of a small, space-clamped, multicellular preparation. Models are omitted if they contain spatial propagation, either in larger tissues or by dividing the cell into a multitude of "calcium release units".
Whether or not a modification counts as a "model" is entirely subjective. No strict criteria are used here, just try to make it useful.
Typically not including models with slight changes due to mutations.
Some papers with model lists or model comparison:
- Noble, Garny, Noble (2012) How the Hodgkin-Huxley equations inspired the Cardiac Physiome Project
- Amuzescu, Airini et al., Radu (2021) Evolution of mathematical models of cardiomyocyte electrophysiology
- Wilders (2007) Computer modelling of the sinoatrial node
- Davies, Wang et al., Polonchuk (2016) Recent developments in using mechanistic cardiac modelling for drug safety evaluation
- Ricci, Bartolucci, Severi (2022) The virtual sinoatrial node: What did computational models tell us about cardiac pacemaking?
Online model repositories and lists:
- PMR (Physiome model repository), formerly the CellML model repository; category "Electrophysiology"
- InSilicoCardiotox Human Action Potential Models Repository
A number of software packages are referenced because they contain reference implementations of models.
- Oxsoft Heart (1984-1999) was a DOS program released by Denis Noble and his group, and contained Noble-group models in that period. It was succeded by COR (and then OpenCOR) and CellML. The Oxsoft models were all converted to CellML.
- LabHEART (2001-2022) was a Windows program built around Bers et al. models. It is archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20220615151709/http://www.labheart.org/
- simBio (2005-2008) was a Windows program released by Sarai et al., and contained the "Kyoto model" family. It can still be downloaded from https://sourceforge.net/projects/simbio/files/simBio. It was succeded (I think) by e-Heart.
- e-Heart (2014-present) is a Windows (visual basic) program released by Noma's group(?) it can be downloaded from http://www.eheartsim.com.
Some reductions and propagation models:
- Fitzugh 1961 reduces HH to a "Bonhoeffer-Van der Pol" model
- Nagumo 1962 makes Fitzhugh 1961 suitable for propagation
- Morris & Lecar 1981 create a reduced HH-like model of a Ca-driven AP
- Winfree 1991 provides a great overview of spiral wave models, including Belousov-Zhabotinsky
- Varghese 1993 reduces DiFrancesco 1985
- Karma 1993 reduces Noble 1962 and adapts for propagation
- Aliev & Panfilov 1996
- Endresen 1997 adapts Morris-Lecar for rabbit SAN
- Fenton & Karma 1998 derive an FN-like model
- Bernus 2002 reduces Priebe 1998
- Fenton 2002 builds on Fenton 1998
- Garny et al. 2003 implemented "a variety" of one-dimensional SAN models
- Mitchell & Schaeffer 2003
- Biktasheva 2006 reduces Courtemanche 1998
- Cherry 2006 uses Fenton 2002
- Simitev 2006 adapted Biktasheva 2006
- Ten Tusscher 2006b reduces Ten Tusscher 2006
- Bueno-Orovio 2008 adds an equation to Fenton 1998
- Tran 2009 reduces Luo 1991
- Aslanidi 2012 applied the Courtemanche and Nygren models on realistic anatomy
- Balakrishnan 2015 develop a reduced whole heart model
- Gray & Pathmanathan 2016 create a minimal but fully parametrisable AP model
- Corrado 2017, Carrado & Niederer 2016, Corrado 2018
- ...
Some CaRU stochastic/spatial models:
- Rice et al 1999 used stochastic CaRUs (called FRUs in the paper)
- Greenstein 2002 builds on Rice 1999 and Winslow 1999
- Lovell et al 2004 created a SAN model with a spatial gradient of heterogeneity
- Tanskanen 2005 builds on Greenstein 2002
- Greenstein 2006 builds on Greenstein 2002
- Flaim et al 2006 modified Greenstein 2006
- Stern 2014 built a sparking SAN model based on Maltsev 2009
- Voigt 2014 built a CaRU model based on Voigt 2013
- Sutanto 2018 adapted the Voigt 2014 model
- Maltsev 2022 build on Stern 2014
- Zhang 2023
- Kim 2025
- Neubert 2025
- Zhang 2025
Some models with other features:
- Seemann et al. 2003 extend Priebe-Beuckelman with force generation (partial derivative) equations
Base: HH1952 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Noble (1962) A Modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations Applicable to Purkinje Fibre Action and Pacemaker Potentials
Base: ? Krause, Antoni, Fleckenstein (1966) An electronic model for the formation of local and transmitted stimuli on the myocardium fibers based upon variable current-voltage characteristics for potassium and sodium ions
Note: In german. Can't find it online
Base: Noble 1962 | CellML reimplementation | Paper McAllister, Noble, Tsien (1975) Reconstruction of the electrical activity of cardiac Purkinje fibres
Known as: McAllister-Noble-Tsien (MNT)
Base: McAllister 1975 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Beeler, Reuter (1977) Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres
Known as: Beeler-Reuter (BR)
Modifications:
- Adds INa j gate based on work w. Haas
- ...
Base: Mixed | CellML reimplementation | Paper Yanagihara, Noma, Irisawa (1980) Reconstruction of sino-atrial node pacemaker potential based on the voltage clamp experiments
Base: McAllister 1975 | Paper Bristow, Clark (1982) A mathematical model of primary pacemaking cell in SA node of the heart
Known as: Bristow-Clark
Base: Yanagihara 1980 | Chapter Irisawa, Noma (1982) Pacemaker mechanisms of rabbit sinoatrial node cells, in: Bouman, Jongsma (Eds.), Cardiac Rate and Rhythm: Physiological, Morphological, and Developmental Aspects
Known as: Irisawa-Noma
Base: DiFrancesco 1985 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Noble, Noble (1984) A model of sino-atrial node electrical activity based on a modification of the DiFrancesco-Noble 1984 equations
Known as: Noble-Noble model
Note: This is an adaptation of the DiFrancesco 1985 model, but was published earlier. It cites DiFrancesco 1985 as "1984 (in the press)".
Base: McAllister 1975 | CellML reimplementation | Paper DiFrancesco, Noble (1985) A Model of the Cardiac Electrical Activity Incorporating Ionic Pumps and Concentration Changes
Known as: DiFrancesco-Noble model
Bits:
- INaK new formulation
Base: Bristow 1982 | Paper Reiner, Antzelevitch (1985) Phase resetting and annihilation in a mathematical model of sinus node
Known as: Reiner-Antzelevitch
Base: Beeler 1977 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Drouhard, Roberge (1987) Revised formulation of the Hodgkin-Huxley representation of the sodium current in cardiac cells
Known as: Drouhard-Roberge, BRDR
Modifications:
- Remove INa j gate again
Base: DiFrancesco 1985 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Hilgemann, Noble (1987) Excitation-contraction coupling and extracellular calcium transients in rabbit atrium; reconstruction of basic cellular mechanisms
Base: ? Chapter: Murphey, Clark (1987) Parasympathetic control of the SA node cell in rabbit heart; a model. In: Activation, Metabolism and Perfusion of the Heart, eds Sideman, Beyar
Base: Noble 1984 | CellML reimplementation
Chapter: "DiFrancesco, Noble, Denyer (1989) Ionic Mechanisms in Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Pacemaker Activity", in "Jacklet (Ed, 1989) Neuronal and Cellular Oscillators".
Known as: Noble-DiFrancesco-Denyer
Base: McAllister 1975 | Abstract Fischmeister, Vassort (1981) The electrogenic NaCa exchange and the cardiac electrical activity; I Simulation on Purkinje fibre action potential
Abstract only.
Base: Hilgemann 1987 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Earm, Noble (1990) A model of the single atrial cell; relation between calcium current and calcium release
Code for this paper is inside "Oxsoft Heart"
Base: DiFrancesco 1985, but mostly new | Paper Rasmusson, Clark et al., Campbell (1990) A mathematical model of a bullfrog cardiac pacemaker cell
Novelties:
- Single cell data, improved modelling of extracellular cleft
- Calcium buffering
Base: Rasmusson 1990a | Paper Rasmusson, Clark et al., Campbell (1990) A mathematical model of electrophysiological activity in a bullfrog atrial cell
Base: Beeler 1977 | Updated Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Luo, Rudy (1991) A model of the ventricular cardiac action potential. Depolarization, repolarization, and their interaction.
Known as: Luo-Rudy model, LR1, Luo-Rudy phase 1 model
Bits:
- INa based on Ebihara 1980, but with a j gate added back in
Base: Earm 1990 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Noble, Noble et al., So (1991) The Role of Sodium-Calcium Exchange During the Cardiac Action Potential
Code for this paper is inside "Oxsoft Heart"
Base: Noble 1984 | Paper Wilders, Jongsma, Van Ginneken (1991) Pacemaker activity of the rabbit sinoatrial node; A comparison of mathematical models
Base: DiFrancesco 1985 | Paper Nordin (1993) Computer model of membrane current and intracellular Ca2 flux in the isolated guinea pig ventricular myocyte Has erratum
Bits:
- INaK new formulation
Base: Rasmusson 1990 | CellML reimplementation | [Paper](Demir, Clark, Murphey, Giles (1994) A mathematical model of a rabbit sinoatrial node cell)
Base: Luo 1991 | CellML reimplementation (with issues) | Paper Luo, Rudy (1994) A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential I; Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes
Known as: LRd, LR2, Luo-Rudy phase 2 model
Modifications:
- INaK new formulation
- Rescaled gK1
- ...
- CICR
Base: Luo 1994 | CellML reimplementation (with issues) | Paper Zeng, Laurita, Rosenbaum, Rudy (1995) Two Components of the Delayed Rectifier K Current in Ventricular Myocytes of the Guinea Pig Type
Modifications:
- Splits IK into IKr and IKs
- Calcium buffering, with an analytical solution to a higher-order problem that ends up involving arccos and cos.
- ...
Base: Noble 1989, Wilders 1991 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Dokos, Celler, Lovell (1996) Ion Currents Underlying Sinoatrial Node Pacemaker Activity; A New Single Cell Mathematical Model
Base: Dokos 1996a | CellML reimplementation | Paper Dokos, Celler, Lovell (1996) Vagal Control of Sinoatrial Rhythm; a Mathematical Model
Modifications:
- Contains ACh storage and interaction
Base: Demir 1994 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Lindblad, Murphey, Clark Giles (1996) A model of the action potential and underlying membrane currents in a rabbit atrial cell
Base: Zeng 1995 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Shaw, Rudy (1997) Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial ischemia: a theoretical study of altered cell excitability and action potential duration
Base: Luo 1994 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Courtemanche, Ramirez, Nattel (1998) Ionic mechanisms underlying human atrial action potential properties; insights from a mathematical model
Base: Luo 1994 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Jafri, Rice, Winslow (1998) Cardiac Ca2 Dynamics; The Roles of Ryanodine Receptor Adaptation and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Load
Modifications:
- Elements of Keizer & Levine 1996 Ca-induced Ca release model
Base: Noble 1991 | Official CellML | Paper (not online) Noble, Varghese, Kohl, Noble (1998) Improved guinea-pig ventricular cell model incorporating a diadic space, IKr and IKs, and length- and tension-dependent processes | Correction (not online)
Code for this paper is inside "Oxsoft Heart"
Base: Lindblad 1996 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Nygren, Fiset et al., Giles (1998) Mathematical model of an adult human atrial cell; the role of K-currents in repolarization
Base: Luo 1994 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Priebe, Beuckelmann (1998) Simulation study of cellular electric properties in heart failure
Base: Luo 1994 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Riemer, Sobie, Tung (1998) Stretch-induced changes in arrhythmogenesis and excitability in experimentally based heart cell models
Modifications:
- Added stretch channel
Base: Zeng 1995 | Paper Chudin, Goldhaber et al., Kogan (1999) Intracellular Ca dynamics and the stability of ventricular tachycardia
Modifications:
- New calcium handling
Base: Zeng 1995 | Paper Clancy, Rudy (1999) Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia
Modifications:
- New (baseline and mutated) INa model
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | Paper Courtemanche, Ramirez, Nattel (1999) Ionic targets for drug therapy and atrial fibrillation-induced electrical remodeling; insights from a mathematical model
Rescales the 1998 model.
Base: Demir 1994 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Demir, Clark, Giles (1999) Parasympathetic modulation of sinoatrial node pacemaker activity in rabbit heart; a unifying model
Modifications:
- Added cAMP and ACh response
Base: Luo 1994 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Dumaine, Towbin et al., Antzelevitch (1999) Ionic mechanisms responsible for the electrocardiographic phenotype of the Brugada syndrome are temperature dependent
Base: Zeng 1995 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Viswanathan, Shaw, Rudy (1999) Effects of IKr and IKs Heterogeneity on Action Potential Duration and Its Rate Dependence; A Simulation Study
Base: Jafri 1998 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Winslow, Rice et al., O'Rourke (1999) Mechanisms of Altered Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Canine Tachycardia-Induced Heart Failure, II Model Studies
Base: Rederive everything | Paper Endresen, Hall, Hoye, Myrheim (2000) A theory for the membrane potential of living cells
Novelties:
- The paper contains nice derivations of e.g. gating and transport equations
- The paper uses an analytical V equation
Base: Viswanathan 1999 | Original C++ code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Faber, Rudy (2000) Action Potential and Contractility in [Na+]i Overloaded Cardiac Myocytes
Base: Winslow 1999 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Greenstein, Wu et al., Winslow (2000) Role of the calcium-independent transient outward current Ito1 in shaping action potential morphology and duration
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | CellML reimplementation (with issues) | Paper Ramirez, Nattel, Courtemanche (2000) Mathematical analysis of canine atrial action potentials; rate, regional factors, and electrical remodeling
Base: Jafri 1998 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Rice, Jafri, Winslow (2000) Modeling short-term interval-force relations in cardiac muscle
Base: Mostly new? | CellML reimplementation | Paper Zhang, Holden et al., Boyett (2000) Mathematical models of action potentials in the periphery and center of the rabbit sinoatrial node
Base: Zhang 2000 | CellML reimplementation (with issues) | Paper Boyett, Zhang, Garny, Holden (2001) Control of the pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial node by intracellular Ca; Experiments and modelling
Base: Faber 2000 | Paper Hund, Kucera, Otani, Rudy (2001) Ionic Charge Conservation and Long-Term Steady State in the Luo-Rudy Dynamic Cell Model
Modifications:
- Algebraic V (usually not inherited by next models!)
- Stimulus current assigned to K+ in concentration updates
Base: Winslow 1999 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Mazhari, Greenstein et al., Nuss (2001) Molecular interactions between two long-QT syndrome gene products, HERG and KCNE2, rationalized by in vitro and in silico analysis
Base: Winslow 1999 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Michailova, McCulloch (2001) Model Study of ATP and ADP Buffering, Transport of Ca2 and Mg2, and Regulation of Ion Pumps in Ventricular Myocyte
Base: Noble 1998 | CellML reimplementation
Paper, not online: Noble, Noble (2001) Remodelling of calcium dynamics in guinea-pig ventricular cells
Base: Demir 1999, Winslow 1999 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Pandit, Clark, Giles, Demir (2001) A Mathematical Model of Action Potential Heterogeneity in Adult Rat Left Ventricular Myocytes
Base: Luo 1994 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Puglisi, Bers (2001) LabHEART; an interactive computer model of rabbit ventricular myocyte ion channels and Ca transport
Known as: Puglisi-Bers, LabHEART
Modifications:
- Rescaled gK1
- ... see Table 1
Base: Clancy 1999, Viswanathan 1999 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Clancy, Rudy (1999) Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia
Modifications:
- New (baseline and mutated) INa model
Base: Chudin 1999 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Fox, McHarg, Gilmour (2002) Ionic mechanism of electrical alternans
Base: Ramirez 2000 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Kneller, Ramirez et al., Nattel (2002) Time-dependent transients in an ionically based mathematical model of the canine atrial action potential
Base: Wilders 1991, Demir 1994, Dokos 1996, Zhang 2000 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Kurata, Hisatome, Imanishi, Shibamoto (2002) Dynamical description of sinoatrial node pacemaking; improved mathematical model for primary pacemaker cell
Base: Luo 1994 | Paper Cabo, Boyden (2003) Electrical remodeling of the epicardial border zone in the canine infracted heart; a computational analysis
Base: Luo 1991, but lots of new things | Original Delphi code | Official simBio code | Official CellML | Paper Matsuoka, Sarai et al., Noma (2003) Role of individual ionic current systems in ventricular cells hypothesized by a model study
Known as: Kyoto model
Bits:
- Contraction from Negroni 1996
- INaK novel reduced formulation, based on INaCa
- ...
Base: Pandit 2001 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Pandit, Giles, Demir (2003) A Mathematical Model of the Electrophysiological Alterations in Rat Ventricular Myocytes in Type-I Diabetes
Base: Matsuoka 2003 | Original Delphi code | Official simBio code | Official CellML | Paper Sarai, Matsuoka et al., Noma (2003) Role of individual ionic current systems in the SA node hypothesized by a model study
Based mostly on Rabbit and Guinea pig data. The Delphi and C++ code for this model is the same as that for Matsuoka 2003, but it has a mode switch.
Base: Puglisi 2001 | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Saucerman, Brunton, Michailova, McCulloc (2003) Modeling beta-adrenergic control of cardiac myocyte contractility in silico
Base: Noble 1998 | Paper Solovyova, Vikulova et al., Noble (2003) Mechanical interaction of heterogeneous cardiac muscle segments in silico; effects on Ca handling and action potential
Known as: Ekaterinburg-Oxford (EO) model
Base: Puglisi 2001 | Paper Bassani*, Altamirano*, Puglisi, Bers (2004) Action potential duration determines sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca reloading in mammalian ventricular myocytes (*contributed equally)
Note: Ferret, rabbit, and rat.
Base: Luo 1994, but many new formulations | CellML reimplementation | Paper Bondarenko, Szigeti et al., Rasmusson (2004) Computer model of action potential of mouse ventricular myocytes
Base: Hund 2001 (arguably, most of the formulations are new, but the supplement is written in a way that strongly suggests this model was based on LRd2). | Updated Matlab code | Updated C++ code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Hund, Rudy (2004) Rate Dependence and Regulation of Action Potential and Calcium Transient in a Canine Cardiac Ventricular Cell Model
Known as: HRd
Bits:
- CaMKII from Hanson et al 1994
- INaCa from Weber et al 2001
- INa from Luo 1994
- INaL from Luo 1994 and Maltsev et al 2001
- Cl regulation from Baumgarten et al [28]
- Iup, Ileak, Itr from Luo 1994
- INaK, IKp, IK1, IpCa from Luo 1994
Base: Winslow 1999 and others | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Iyer, Mazhari, Winslow (2004) A computational model of the human left-ventricular epicardial myocyte
Known as: Iyer-Mazhari-Winslow
Base: Matsuoka 2003 | Official simBio code | Paper Matsuoka, Sarai, Jo, Noma (2004) Simulation of ATP metabolism in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling
Modifications:
- Added mitochondrial model
Base: Saucerman 2003 | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Saucerman, McCulloch (2004) Mechanistic systems models of cell signaling networks; a case study of myocyte adrenergic regulation
Base: Puglisi 2001 | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Saucerman, Healy et al., McCulloch (2004) Proarrhythmic consequences of a KCNQ1 AKAP-binding domain mutation; computational models of whole cells and heterogeneous tissue
Base: Puglisi 2001 | In Myokit repo | Original C code | Matlab reimplementation by Grandi lab | Matlab reimplementation by Bers lab | CellML reimplementation | Paper Shannon, Wang et al., Bers (2004) A mathematical treatment of integrated Ca dynamics within the ventricular myocyte
Known as: Chicago model
Modifications:
- Rescaled gK1
- ...
Base: Mostly new? | In Myokit repo | Original C code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Ten Tusscher, Noble, Noble, Panfilov (2004) A Model for Human Ventricular Tissue
Known as: TNNP 2004
Bits:
- INa with 3 gates, ref given to Beeler 1977
- ICaL adapted from Luo 1994
- INaK adapted from DiFrancesco 1985
Base: Mostly new? | Paper Krogh-Madsen, Schaffer et al., Guevara (2005) An ionic model for rhythmic activity in small clusters of embryonic chick ventricular cells
Base: Priebe 1998 | Original simBio code | Matlab reimplementation by Kunichika Tsumoto | Paper Kurata, Hisatome, Matsuda, Shibamoto (2005) Dynamical Mechanisms of Pacemaker Generation in IK1-Downregulated Human Ventricular Myocytes; Insights from Bifurcation Analyses of a Mathematical Model
Base: Michailova 2001 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Michailova, Saucerman, Belik, McCulloch (2005) Modeling Regulation of Cardiac KATP and L-type Ca2 Currents by ATP, ADP, and Mg2
Base: Rice 2000 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Cortassa, Aon et al., Winslow (2006) A Computational Model Integrating Electrophysiology, Contraction, and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Ventricular Myocyte
Modifications:
- Cortassa 2003 metabolism model
Base: Greenstein 2000 (via Greenstein 2002 local control model) | Paper Greenstein, Hinch, Winslow (2006) Mechanisms of Excitation-Contraction Coupling in an Integrative Model of the Cardiac Ventricular Myocyte
Modifications:
- Ensemble behaviour of CaRUs using Hinch 2004 approximation
Base: Noble 1998 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Iribe, Kohl, Noble (2006) Modulatory effect of calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 handling and interval-force relations; a modelling study
Modification:
- Added Rice 1999 mechanics
Base: Zhang 2000 | Paper Mangoni, Traboulsie et al., Lory (2006) Bradycardia and Slowing of the Atrioventricular Conduction in Mice Lacking CaV31 alpha-1g T-Type Calcium Channels
Base: Pandit 2001 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Pasek, Simurda, Christe (2006) The functional role of cardiac T-tubules explored in a model of rat ventricular myocytes
Modifications:
- Inclusion of a restricted "tubular" space.
Base: Fox 2002 | Paper Sato, Shiferaw et al., Karma (2006) Spatially Discordant Alternans in Cardiac Tissue; Role of Calcium Cycling
Base: Ten Tusscher 2004 | In Myokit repo | Original C code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Ten Tusscher, Panfilov (2006) Alternans and spiral breakup in a human ventricular tissue model
Known as: TP 2006
Modifications:
- Added dyadic subspace
- Changed IKr conductance
- Changed IKs conductance and rates
- Changed ICaL conductance and rates, added gate
- Changed INaK conductance
- Changed IpCa conductance
- New Irel formulation
- Changed Ileak and Iup rate
- Added transfer equations for new subspace
Base: Terashima 2006 | Original simBio code | Paper Takeuchi, Tatsumi et al., Noma (2006) Ionic Mechanisms of Cardiac Cell Swelling Induced by Blocking NaK Pump As Revealed by Experiments and Simulation
Base: Matsuoka 2004 | Original simBio code | Paper Terashima, Takeuchi et al., Noma (2006) Modelling Cl homeostasis and volume regulation of the cardiac cell
Modifications:
- Chloride dynamics
- Cell volume dynamics
Base: Hund 2001 | Original Matlab code | Original C++ code | Paper Faber, Silva, Livshitz, Rudy (2007) Kinetic Properties of the Cardiac L-Type Ca Channel and Its Role in Myocyte Electrophysiology; A Theoretical Investigation
Known as: Faber-Rudy
Base: Shannon 2004 | Paper Grandi, Puglisi et al., Bers (2007) Simulation of Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II on rabbit ventricular myocyte ion currents and action potentials
Base: Iyer 2004 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Iyer, Hajjar, Armoundas (2007) Mechanisms of Abnormal Calcium Homeostasis in Mutations Responsible for Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Base: Takeuchi 2006 | Original simBio code | Paper Kuzumoto, Takeuchi et al., Matsuoka (2008) Simulation analysis of intracellular Na and Cl homeostasis during beta1-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte
Modifications:
- Beta-adrenergic signalling
- ...
Base: Hund 2004 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Livshitz, Rudy (2007) Regulation of Ca and electrical alternans in cardiac myocytes; role of CAMKII and repolarizing currents
Base: Pandit 2001 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Niederer, Smith (2007) A Mathematical Model of the Slow Force Response to Stretch in Rat Ventricular Myocytes
Modifications:
- Added Hinch Ca model
- Added Niederer 2006 contraction
Base: Hund 2001 | Paper Terkildsen, Crampin, Smith (2007) The balance between inactivation and activation of the NaK pump underlies the triphasic accumulation of extracellular K during myocardial ischemia
Modifications:
- INaK from Smith 2004, updated by same authors
- IKATP from Michailova
- Cell volume regulation and water flux
- Metabolite concentrations
Base: Hund 2004 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Benson, Aslanidi, Zhang, Holden (2008) The canine virtual ventricular wall; A platform for dissecting pharmacological effects on propagation and arrhythmogenesis
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Fink, Noble et al., Giles (2008) Contributions of HERG K current to repolarization of the human ventricular action potential
Modifications:
- New IK1 formulation, based on Yan & Ishihara 2005
- New IKr formulation
- Rescaled IKs
Base: Sarai 2003, Kuzumoto 2007 | Original simBio code | Paper Himeno, Sarai, Matsuoka, Noma (2008) Ionic mechanisms underlying the positive chronotropy induced by beta1-adrenergic stimulation in guinea pig sinoatrial node cells
Base: Livshitz 2007 | Original C++ code | Paper Hund, Decker et al., Rudy (2008) Role of activated CaMKII in abnormal calcium homeostasis and INa remodeling after myocardial infarction; insights from mathematical modeling
Base: Dokos 1996, Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Korhonen, Rapila, Tavi (2008) Mathematical model of mouse embryonic cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling
Base: Kurata 2002 | Paper Kurata, Matsuda, Hisatome, Shibamoto (2008) Regional difference in dynamical property of sinoatrial node pacemaking; role of Na channel current
Base: Shannon 2004 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Mahajan*, Shiferaw* et al., Weiss (2008) A Rabbit Ventricular Action Potential Model Replicating Cardiac Dynamics at Rapid Heart Rates
Base: Hund 2001 with many changes | CellML reimplementation | Paper Pasek, Simurda, Orchard, Christe (2008) A model of the guinea-pig ventricular cardiac myocyte incorporating a transverse-axial tubular system
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | Paper Ten Tusscher, Panfilov (2008) Modelling of the ventricular conduction system
Modifications:
- Scaled GKs by 0.35, GNa by 2.94. No other changes.
Base: Pandit 2001 | Original CellML | Paper Terkildsen, Niederer et al., Smith (2008) Using Physiome standards to couple cellular functions for rat cardiac excitation-contraction
Known as: PHN
Modifications:
- Niederer 2006 contraction model
- Hinch calcium dynamics
Base: Shannon 2004 | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Saucerman, Bers (2008) Calmodulin mediates differential sensitivity of CaMKII and calcineurin to local Ca2 in cardiac myocytes
Base: Solovyova 2003 | Official CellML | Paper Sulman, Katsnelson, Solovyova, Markhasin (2008) Mathematical modeling of mechanically modulated rhythm disturbances in homogeneous and heterogeneous myocardium with attenuated activity of Na-K pump
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Wang, Sobie (2008) Mathematical model of the neonatal mouse ventricular action potential
Base: Lindblad 1996 | CellML reimplementation (with help from original authors) | Paper Aslanidi, Boyett et al., Zhang (2009) Mechanisms of transition from normal to reentrant electrical activity in a model of rabbit atrial tissue; interaction of tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy
Base: Benson 2008 | CellML reimplementation (with help from original authors) | Paper Aslanidi, Stewart, Boyett, Zhang (2009) Optimal Velocity and Safety of Discontinuous Conduction through the Heterogeneous Purkinje-Ventricular Junction
Base: Hund 2008 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | Original C++ code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Decker, Heijman et al., Rudy (2009) Properties and ionic mechanisms of action potential adaptation, restitution, and accommodation in canine epicardium
Base: Ten Tusscher 2004 | Paper Grandi, Pasqualini et al., Severi (2009) Theoretical investigation of action potential duration dependence on extracellular Ca in human cardiomyocytes
Base: Mahajan-Shiferaw 2008 | Paper Sato, Xie et al., Qu (2009) Synchronization of chaotic early afterdepolarizations in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias
Base: Lindblad 1996, Kurata 2002 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Inada, Hancox, Zhang, Boyett (2009) One-Dimensional Mathematical Model of the Atrioventricular Node Including Atrio-Nodal, Nodal, and Nodal-His Cells
Base: Pandit 2001, Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Korhonen, Hanninen, Tavi (2009) Model of excitation-contraction coupling of rat neonatal ventricular myocytes
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Koivumaki, Korhonen et al., Tavi (2009) Regulation of excitation-contraction coupling in mouse cardiac myocytes; integrative analysis with mathematical modelling
Base: Faber 2007 | Original Matlab code | Paper Livshitz, Rudy (2009) Uniqueness and Stability of Action Potential Models during Rest, Pacing, and Conduction Using Problem-Solving Environment
Base: Hund 2004 | Original Matlab code | Paper Livshitz, Rudy (2009) Uniqueness and Stability of Action Potential Models during Rest, Pacing, and Conduction Using Problem-Solving Environment
Base: Nygren 1998 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Maleckar, Greenstein, Giles, Trayanova (2009) K current changes account for the rate dependence of the action potential in the human atrial myocyte
The cited paper is sometimes This one: Maleckar, Greenstein, Trayanova, Giles (2009) Mathematical simulations of ligand-gated and cell-type specific effects on the action potential of human atrium
Base: Kurata 2002, Shannon 2004 | CellML reimplementation | Paper Maltsev, Lakatta (2009) Synergism of coupled subsarcolemmal Ca2 clocks and sarcolemmal voltage clocks confers robust and flexible pacemaker function in a novel pacemaker cell model
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | In Myokit repo | Original CellML | Paper Stewart, Aslanidi et al., Zhang (2009) Mathematical model of the electrical action potential of Purkinje fibre cells
Base: Shannon 2004 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Grandi, Pasqualini, Bers (2010) A novel computational model of the human ventricular action potential and Ca transient
Known as: Grandi-Pasqualini-Bers human ventricular model, GPB
Note: Also credited as 2009 due to publication date being listed as 2009 and date of issue it appeared in listed as 2010.
Modifications:
- Scaled gK1
- ...
Base: Kurata 2002 | Paper Imtiaz, von der Weid, Laver, van Helden (2010) SR Ca store refill; a key factor in cardiac pacemaking
Base: Korhonen 2008 | Paper Korhonen, Rapila et al., Tavi (2010) Local Ca releases enable rapid heart rates in developing cardiomyocytes
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Official CellML | Paper Li, Niederer et al., Smith (2010) A mathematical model of the murine ventricular myocyte; a data-driven biophysically based approach applied to mice overexpressing the canine NCX isoform
Base: Maltsev 2009 | Paper Maltsev, Lakatta (2010) A novel quantitative explanation for the autonomic modulation of cardiac pacemaker cell automaticity via a dynamic system of sarcolemmal and intracellular proteins
Base: Iyer 2004 | In Myokit repo | Original Fortran code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Sampson, Iyer, Marks, Kass (2010). A computational model of Purkinje fibre single cell electrophysiology: implications for the long QT syndrome
Base: Saucerman 2008 | Original Matlab code | Paper Soltis, Saucerman (2010) Synergy between CaMKII Substrates and beta-Adrenergic Signaling in Regulation of Cardiac Myocyte Ca2+ Handling
Base: Grandi 2010 | In Myokit repo | Official CellML | Paper Carro, Rodriguez, Laguna, Pueyo (2011) A human ventricular cell model for investigation of cardiac arrhythmias under hyperkalaemic conditions
Known as: CRLP
Base: DiFrancesco 1985, but many new parts | Official CellML | Paper Corrias, Giles, Rodriguez (2011) Ionic mechanisms of electrophysiological properties and repolarization abnormalities in rabbit Purkinje fibers
Base: Grandi 2010 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Grandi*, Pandit*, Voigt* et al., Bers (2011) Human atrial action potential and Ca model; sinus rhythm and chronic atrial fibrillation (*shared first authorship)
Modifications:
- Scaled gK1
- ...
Base: Decker 2009 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Heijman, Volders, Westra, Rudy (2011) Local control of beta-adrenergic stimulation; effects on ventricular myocyte electrophysiology and Ca transient
Base: Zhang 2000, Kurata 2002 | Paper Kharche, Yu, Lei, Zhang (2011) A mathematical model of action potentials of mouse sinoatrial node cells with molecular bases
Base: Nygren 1998 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Koivumaki, Korhonen, Tavi (2011) Impact of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release on Calcium Dynamics and Action Potential Morphology in Human Atrial Myocytes; A Computational Study
Base: Decker 2009 | Original C++ code | Paper Li, Rudy (2011) A model of canine purkinje cell electrophysiology and Ca2 cycling; rate dependence, triggered activity, and comparison to ventricular myocytes
Known as: PRd
Base: Mangoni 2006 | Paper Marger, Mesirca et al. Mangoni (2011) Functional roles of Cav1.3, Cav3.1 and HCN channels in automaticity of mouse atrioventricular cells: Insights into the atrioventricular pacemaker mechanism
Used JSim. Model code "available on request".
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | Paper Moreno, Zhu et al., Clancy (2011) A computational model to predict the effects of class I anti-arrhythmic drugs on ventricular rhythms
Modifications:
- New INa model (new WT and drug-bound)
Base: Livshitz 2009 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | Original C++ code | CellML reimplementation | Paper O'Hara, Virag, Varro, Rudy (2011) Simulation of the Undiseased Human Cardiac Ventricular Action Potential; Model Formulation and Experimental Validation
Bits:
- INaK from Smith 2004, with reparametrisation
Base: Zhang 2000, Kurata 2002 | Paper Tao, Paterson, Smith (2011) A model of cellular cardiac-neural coupling that captures the sympathetic control of sinoatrial node excitability in normotensive and hypertensive rats
Base: Mangoni 2006 | Paper Christel, Cardona et al., Lee (2012) Distinct localization and modulation of Cav12 and Cav13 L-type Ca channels in mouse sinoatrial node
Base: Benson 2008 | Original Matlab code | CellML reimplementation | Paper Davies, Mistry et al., Abi-gerges (2012) An in silico canine cardiac midmyocardial action potential duration model as a tool for early drug safety assessment
Base: Shannon 2004 | Original Matlab code | Paper Morotti, Grandi et al., Bers (2012) Theoretical Study of L-type Ca2+ Current Inactivation Kinetics during Action Potential Repolarization and Early Afterdepolarizations
Modifications:
- ICaL model adapted and modified from Mahajan-Shiferaw
Base: Grandi 2009 | Paper Paci, Sartiani et al., Severi (2012) Mathematical modelling of the action potential of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes
Base: Maltsev 2009 | Official CellML | Paper Severi, Fantini, Charawi, DiFrancesco (2012) An updated computational model of rabbit sinoatrial action potential to investigate the mechanisms of heart rate modulation
Known as: SDiF
Base: Maltsev 2010 | Paper Yaniv, Spurgeon et al., Lakatta (2012) Crosstalk between mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca cycling modulates cardiac pacemaker cell automaticity
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Updated C++ code | Paper Yang, Clancy (2012) In silico Prediction of Sex-Based Differences in Human Susceptibility to Cardiac Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Original Matlab code | Paper Yang, Saucerman (2012) Phospholemman is a negative feed-forward regulator of Ca in beta-adrenergic signaling, accelerating beta-adrenergic inotropy
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | Paper Colman, Aslanidi et al., Zhang (2013) Pro-arrhythmogenic effects of atrial fibrillation-induced electrical remodelling: insights from the three-dimensional virtual human atria
Base: Paci 2012 | In Myokit repo | Official CellML | Paper Paci, Hyttinen, Aalto-Setala, Severi (2013) Computational Models of Ventricular and Atrial-Like Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes
Base: Grandi 2011 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Voigt, Heijman et al., Dobrev (2013) Impaired Na-dependent regulation of acetylcholine-activated inward-rectifier K current modulates AP rate dependence in cAF
Modifications:
- Added IKAch (Kneller et al. 2002)
- Replaced INa with Courtemanche 1998 one
- Modified IK1 (changed gK1 and a)
Base: Yaniv 2012 | Paper Yaniv, Sirenko et al., Lakatta (2013) New evidence for coupled clock regulation of the normal automaticity of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells; bradycardic effects of ivabradine are linked to suppression of intracellular Ca cycling
Base: Maltsev 2009 | Paper Yaniv, Stern, Lakatta, Maltsev (2013) Mechanisms of beat-to-beat regulation of cardiac pacemaker cell function by Ca cycling dynamics
Base: Grandi 2010, CaRU reduction used by Greenstein 2006 | Original Visual Basic code | Paper Asakura, Cha et al., Noma (2014) EAD and DAD mechanisms analyzed by developing a new human ventricular cell model
Known as: HuVECI (this terminology starts with Himeno 2015)
Note: This and subsequent huvec models use an iterative procedure to implement calcium buffering, which makes it difficult to replicate in modelling frameworks.
Modifications:
- Contraction from Negroni and Lascano, 2008
- Hinch 2004 approximation for LCC-RyR coupling
- INa and INaL: mode-switching causes fixed fractions INa and INaL "mode"
- IK1 from Ishihara & Yan 2007 and Yan & Ishihara 2005
- ...
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Bondarenko (2014) A compartmentalized mathematical model of the beta1-adrenergic signaling system in mouse ventricular myocytes
Modifications:
- Adds extensive beta1-adrenergic signalling
Base: Grandi 2011 | Original openCARP code | Paper Chang, Bayer, Trayanova (2014) Disrupted calcium release as a mechanism for atrial alternans associated with human atrial fibrillation
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Davies, Jin et al., Lei (2014) Mkk4 is a negative regulator of the transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling associated with atrial remodeling and arrhythmogenesis with age
Base: Soltis 2010 | Original Matlab code | Paper Morotti, Edwards et al., Grandi (2014) A novel computational model of mouse myocyte electrophysiology to assess the synergy between Na+ loading and CaMKII
Base: Faber 2000 | Official CellML | Paper Tong, Ghouri, Taggart (2014) Computational modeling of inhibition of voltage-gated Ca channels: identification of different effects on uterine and cardiac action potentials
Base: Yang 2012 | Original Matlab code | Paper Yang, Polanowska-Grabowska et al., Saucerman (2014) PKA catalytic subunit compartmentation regulates contractile and hypertrophic responses to beta-adrenergic signaling
Base: Asakura 2014 | Original Visual Basic code (HuVECII) | Updated Visual Basic code (HuVECIII, 2017) | Official C code | Paper Himeno, Asakura et al., Noma (2015) A human ventricular myocyte model with a refined representation of excitation-contraction coupling
Known as: HuVEC, or HuVECII
Base: Shannon 2004, Soltis 2010 | Original Matlab code | Paper Negroni, Morotti et al., Bers (2015) Beta-adrenergic effects on cardiac myofilaments and contraction in an integrated rabbit ventricular myocyte model
Bits:
- New myofilament contraction
- Currents, Ca-handling, Na-handling: Shannon 2004
- CaMKII, PKA: Soltis 2010
Base: Paci 2013 | Paper Paci, Hyttinen, Rodriguez, Severi (2015) Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived versus adult cardiomyocytes; an in silico electrophysiological study on ionic current block effects
Base: Voigt-Heijman 2013 | Paper Schmidt, Wiedmann et al., Thomas (2015) Upregulation of K2P3.1 K Current Causes Action Potential Shortening in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation
Modifications:
- Added K2p3.1 current
Base: Probably Yaniv 2013a | Paper Yaniv, Ganesan et al., Lakatta (2015) Real-time relationship between PKA biochemical signal network dynamics and increased action potential firing rate in heart pacemaker cells
Base: Yaniv 2015 | Paper Behar, Ganesan, Zhang, Yaniv (2016) The autonomic nervous system regulates the heart rate through cAMP-PKA dependent and independent coupled-clock pacemaker cell mechanisms
Base: Pandit 2001 | Paper Gattoni, Roe et al., Smith (2016) The calcium-frequency response in the rat ventricular myocyte; an experimental and modelling study | Official CellML
Modifications:
- Hinch 2004 Ca dynamics
- Lewalle et al. 2014 INaK model (despite Smith as co-author?)
Base: Korhonen 2009 | Paper Majumder et al., Pijnappels, Panfilov (2016) A Mathematical Model of Neonatal Rat Atrial Monolayers with Constitutively Active Acetylcholine-Mediated K Current
Base: Grandi 2011 | Original Matlab code | Paper Morotti, McCulloch et al., Grandi (2016) Atrial-selective targeting of arrhythmogenic phase-3 earlyafterdepolarizations in human myocytes
Modifications:
- Markov model of INa with drug block adapted from Grandi 2007 and Wagner 2009 & Moreno 2013
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Park, Shekar, Fishman et al. (2016) Fhf2 gene deletion causes temperature-sensitive cardiac conduction failure
In Myokit, with link to ModelDB but can't find code there.
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Paper Passini, Minchole et al. Bueno-Orovio (2016) Mechanisms of Pro-Arrhythmic Abnormalities in Ventricular Repolarisation and Anti-Arrhythmic Therapies in Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Modifications:
- Rescaled Ito
- Changed concentrations
- Constant EK
- Shifted act/inact curves INa, INaL, IK1
- Modified INa steady states
Base: Dokos 1996a | Paper Pohl, Wachter, Hatam, Leonhardt (2016) A computational model of a human single sinoatrial node cell
Base: Ramirez 2000 | Official CellML | Paper Varela, Colman, Hancox, Aslanidi (2016) Atrial Heterogeneity Generates Re-entrant Substrate during Atrial Fibrillation and Anti-arrhythmic Drug Action
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | In Myokit repo | Paper Aguilar, Feng et al., Nattel (2017) Rate-dependent role of IKur in human atrial repolarization and atrial fibrillation maintenance
Modifications:
- New IKur formulation
- IKACh from Kneller 2002
Base: Negroni 2015 | Original Matlab code | Paper Bartos, Morotti et al., Bers (2017) Quantitative analysis of the Ca2+-dependent regulation of delayed rectifier K+ current IKs in rabbit ventricular myocytes
Bits:
- New IKs with Ca regulation
Base: Kharche 2011 | Paper Behar, Yaniv (2017) Age-related pacemaker deterioration is due to impaired intracellular and membrane mechanisms; insights from numerical modeling
Base: Colman 2013 | Paper Colman, Ni et al., Zhang (2017) In silico assessment of genetic variation in KCNA5 reveals multiple mechanisms of human atrial arrhythmogenesis
Base: Li 2017 | In Myokit repo | Original C code | Official CellML | Paper Dutta, Chang et al., Li (2017) Optimization of an in-silico cardiac cell model for proarrhythmia risk assessment
Known as: ORd-cipa-v1
Modifications:
- Rescaling of conductances to better predict drug effects
Base: Morotti 2016 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | Paper Ellinwood, Dobrev, Morotti, Grandi (2017) Revealing kinetics and state-dependent binding properties of IKur-targeting drugs that maximize atrial fibrillation selectivity Erratum
Modifications:
- Markov model of IKur with drug block adapted from Zhou et al. (PLoS ONE 2012; e42295)
Base: Severi 2012 | In Myokit repo | Official CellML | Physiome reproduction paper | Paper Fabbri, Fantini, Wilders, Severi (2017) Computational analysis of the human sinus node action potential; model development and effects of mutations
Known as: FWS
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Paper Li, Dutta et al., Colatsky (2017) Improving the in silico assessment of proarrhythmia risk by combining hERG channel-drug binding kinetics and multichannel pharmacology Known as: IKr-dynamic ORd model, original IKr-dyn ORd model
Modifications:
- New IKr model with drug trapping
Base: Heijman 2011 | Paper Neef, Heijman, et al., El-Armouche (2017) Chronic loss of inhibitor-1 diminishes cardiac RyR2 phosphorylation despite exaggerated CaMKII activity
Base: Colman 2017 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Ni, Whittaker et al., Zhang (2017) Synergistic Anti-arrhythmic Effects in Human Atria with Combined Use of Sodium Blockers and Acacetin
Bits:
- Calcium subspaces based on Koivumaki 2011
Base: Paci 2015 | Paper Paci, Passini et al., Rodriguez (2017) Phenotypic Variability in LQT3 Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and their response to antiarrhythmic pharmacologic therapy; an in silico approach
Base: Morotti 2014 | Original Matlab code | Paper Surdo, Berrera et al., Zaccolo (2017) FRET biosensor uncovers cAMP nano-domains at beta-adrenergic targets that dictate precise tuning of cardiac contractility
Bits:
- Myofilament contraction from Negroni 2015
Base: Heijman 2011 | Original Myokit code | Paper Tomek, Rodriguez, Bub, Heijman (2017) Beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation inhibits proarrhythmic alternans in post-infarction border zone cardiomyocytes
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | In Myokit repo | Official CellML | Paper Bai, Gladding et al., Zhao (2018) Ionic and cellular mechanisms underlying TBX5-PITX2 insufficiency-induced atrial fibrillation; Insights from mathematical models of human atrial cells
Known as: TPA
Base: Courtemanche 1998, Nygren 1998, Chang 2014 | Original C++ code | Paper Colman, Saxena, Kettlewell, Workman (2018) Description of the Human Atrial Action Potential Derived From a Single, Congruent Data Source; Novel Computational Models for Integrated Experimental-Numerical Study of Atrial Arrhythmia Mechanisms
Base: Courtemanche 1998, Courtemanche 1999 | Paper De Coster, Claus et al., Panfilov (2018) Myocyte Remodeling Due to Fibro-Fatty Infiltrations Influences Arrhythmogenicity
Rescales the 1998 and 1999 Courtemanche models.
Base: Voigt-Heijman 2013 | Paper Heijman, Kirchner, Dobrev et al. (2018) Muscarinic type-1 receptors contribute to IK,ACh in human atrial cardiomyocytes and are upregulated in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation
Added IKAch model by Murakami et al.
Base: Korhonen 2010, Paci 2015 | Original Matlab code | Paper Koivumaki, Naumenko et al., Tavi (2018) Structural Immaturity of Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes; In Silico Investigation of Effects on Function and Disease Modeling
Base: Paci 2017 | In Myokit repo | Paper Paci, Polonen et al., Hyttinen (2018) Automatic optimization of an in silico model of human iPSC derived cardiomyocytes recapitulating calcium handling abnormalities
Base: Fabbri 2017 | In Myokit repo | Official CellML | Paper Loewe, Lutz et al., Severi (2019) Hypocalcemia-Induced Slowing of Human Sinus Node Pacemaking
Base: Shannon 2004, Ten Tusscher 2004, Maltsev 2009 | In Myokit repo | CellML reimplementation | Paper Kernik, Morotti et al., Clancy (2019) A computational model of induced pluripotent stem‐cell derived cardiomyocytes incorporating experimental variability from multiple data sources
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Original Matlab code | Official CellML | Paper Tomek, Bueno-Orovio et al., Rodriguez (2019) Development, calibration, and validation of a novel human ventricular myocyte model in health, disease, and drug block
Base: Tao 2011 | Paper Alghamdi, Boyett, Hancox, Zhang (2020) Cardiac pacemaker dysfunction arising from different studies of ion channel remodeling in the aging rat heart
Base: Bondarenko 2014 | Original Fortran code | Paper Asfaw, Tyan, Glukhov, Bondarenko (2020) A compartmentalized mathematical model of mouse atrial myocytes
Modifications:
- Converted from ventricular model
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006, Sulman 2008 | Paper Balakina-Vikulova, Panfilov, Solovyova, Katsnelson (2020) Mechano-calcium and mechano-electric feedbacks in the human cardiomyocyte analyzed in a mathematical model
Base: Dutta 2017 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | Official CellML | Paper Bartolucci, Passini et al., Severi (2020) Simulation of the effects of extracellular calcium changes leads to a novel computational model of human ventricular action potential with a revised calcium handling
Known as: BPS2020
Modifications:
- New ICaL formulation (from Passini 2012 CINC)
- ...
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | Paper Nesterova, Shmarko, Ushenin, Solovyova (2020) In-silico analysis of aging mechanisms of action potential remodeling in human atrial cardiomyocites
Base: Paci 2018 | In Myokit repo | Paper Paci, Passini et al., Entcheva (2020) All-Optical Electrophysiology Refines Populations of In Silico Human iPSC-CMs for Drug Evaluation
Base: Park 2016 | Official Neuron code | Paper Park, Shekhar et al., Fishman (2020) Ionic Mechanisms of Impulse Propagation Failure in the FHF2-Deficient Heart
Base: Kernik 2019 | Original Myokit code | Paper Peper, Kownatzki-Danger et al., Lehnart (2021) Caveolin3 Stabilizes McT1-Mediated Lactate-Proton Transport in Cardiomyocytes
Base: Jafri 1998 but mostly new | Paper Sengul Ayan, Sircan et al., Yaras (2020) Mathematical model of the ventricular action potential and effects of isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats
Modifications:
- 5 parameter reformulation of most currents
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | Original Myokit code | Paper Sutanto, Cluitmans et al., Heijman (2020) Acute effects of alcohol on cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis; Insights from multiscale in silico analyses
Base: Passini 2016 | Original Myokit code | Paper Sutanto, Cluitmans et al., Heijman (2020) Acute effects of alcohol on cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis; Insights from multiscale in silico analyses
Base: Heijman 2011 | Original Myokit code | Paper Sutanto, Heijman (2020) Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Limits the Cellular Proarrhythmic Effects of Chloroquine and Azithromycin
Base: Tomek 2019 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | Official CellML | Paper Tomek, Bueno-Orovio, Rodriguez (2020) ToR-ORd-dynCl; an update of the ToR-ORd model of human ventricular cardiomyocyte with dynamic intracellular chloride Known as: ToR-ORd-dynCl
Modifications:
- Chloride homeostasis
Base: O'Hara 2011, Li 2011 | In Myokit repo | Original Matlab code | Official CellML | Paper Trovato, Passini et al., Rodriguez (2020) Human Purkinje in silico model enables mechanistic investigations into automaticity and pro-arrhythmic abnormalities
Modifications:
- INa from Passini 2016
- ...
Base: Kurata 2002 and Courtemanche 1998 | In Myokit repo | Paper Akwaboah, Tsevi et al., Deo (2021) An in silico hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Model Built With Genetic Algorithm
Modifications:
- INa from Luo 1991, with partial reparameterisation
- Ito from Grandi 2010, with partial reparametrisation
- IKr from Kurata 2002, with partial reparametrisation
- If from Stewart 2009, with partial reperametrisation
- ICaL from Kurata 2002, with partial reparametrisation
- IKs from Courtemanche 1998
- IKur from Courtemanche 1998
- INaK from Courtemanche 1998
- INaCa from Courtemanche 1998
- IKACh from Kurata 2002
- IK1 from Grandi 2010
- IbCa from Courtemanche 1998
- IbNa from Courtemanche 1998
- IpCa from Courtemanche 1998
- Calcium handling from Kurata 2002
Base: Yang 2012 | Original C++ code | Paper Fogli Iseppe, Ni et al., Grandi (2021) Sex-specific classification of drug-induced Torsade de Pointes susceptibility using cardiac simulations and machine learning
Base: Paci 2020, Rice 2008 | Original Matlab code | Paper Forouzandehmehr, Koivumäki, Hyttinen, Paci (2021) A mathematical model of hiPSC cardiomyocytes electromechanics
Modifications:
- A new passive force accounting for inotropic effects of non-cardiomyocytes components in EHTs.
Base: O'Hara 2011, but many new parts | Original openCARP code and official Myokit, and CellML code | Paper Gaur, Qi et al., Vigmond (2021) A computational model of pig ventricular cardiomyocyte electrophysiology and calcium handling; Translation from pig to human electrophysiology
Base: Fabbri 2017 | Paper Hoekstra, van Ginneken, Wilders, Verkerk (2021) HCN4 current during human sinoatrial node-like action potentials
Base: O'Hara 2011 and Tomek 2020 | Paper Margara, Wang et al., Rodriguez (2021) In-silico human electro-mechanical ventricular modelling and simulation for drug-induced pro-arrhythmia and inotropic risk assessment
Modifications:
- Added Land contraction model to O'Hara and Tomek, partially recalibrated and compared.
Base: Grandi 2010 | Original Matlab code | Paper Morotti, Liu et al., Grandi (2024) Quantitative cross-species translators of cardiac myocyte electrophysiology; Model training, experimental validation, and applications
Modifications:
- Included (and adapted) PKA and CaMKII signaling from Soltis-Saucerman
Base: Kharche 2011 | Original Matlab code | Paper Morotti, Ni et al., Grandi (2021) Intracellular Na+ Modulates Pacemaking Activity in Murine Sinoatrial Node Myocytes: An In Silico Analysis
Base: Surdo 2017 | Original Matlab code | Paper Morotti, Liu et al., Grandi (2024) Quantitative cross-species translators of cardiac myocyte electrophysiology; Model training, experimental validation, and applications
Modifications:
- Updated PKA signaling
- Improved implementation of ODE calculation
Base: Bartos 2017 | Original Matlab code | Paper Morotti, Liu et al., Grandi (2024) Quantitative cross-species translators of cardiac myocyte electrophysiology; Model training, experimental validation, and applications
Modifications:
- Updated PKA signaling
- Improved implementation of ODE calculation
Base: Gattoni 2016 | Paper Rokeakh, Nesterova et al., Solovyova (2021) Anatomical Model of Rat Ventricles to Study Cardiac Arrhythmias under Infarction Injury
Base: Bartoluci 2020 | Paper Bartolucci, Forouzandemehr, Severi, Paci (2022) A Novel In Silico Electromechanical Model of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocyte
Known as: BPSLand
Modifications:
- Added Land 2017 contraction model
- ...
Base: Morotti 2021 | Paper Ding, Lang et al. Xu (2022) A phenotype-based forward genetic screen identifies Dnajb6 as a sick sinus syndrome gene | Original Matlab code
Base: Tomek 2020, Heijman 2011 | Original Matlab code | Paper Doste, Coppini, Bueno-Orovio (2022) Remodelling of potassium currents underlies arrhythmic action potential prolongation under beta-adrenergic stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Modifications:
- Added beta-adrenergic signalling
Base: Forouzandehmehr 2021, Tran 2017 | Original Matlab code | Paper Forouzandehmehr, Paci, Koivumäki, Hyttinen (2022) Altered contractility in mutation-specific hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A mechano-energetic in silico study with pharmacological insights
Modifications:
- Offering mechanoenergetic parameter identification to model MYH7R403Q HCM+Mavacamten, and dose-dependent effects of Blebbistatin and Omecamtiv mecarbil.
Base: Himeno 2015 | Paper Kohjitani, Koda et al., Kimura (2022) Gradient-based parameter optimization method to determine membrane ionic current composition in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
Code not quite available, point to e-Heart
Base: Severi 2012 | Original Matlab code | Paper Moise, Weinberg (2022) Emergent Electrical Activity, Tissue Heterogeneity, and Robustness in a Calcium Feedback Regulatory Model of the Sinoatrial Node
Base: Tomek 2019 | Original Myokit code | Paper Sutanto, Hertanto, Susilo, Wungu (2022) Grapefruit Flavonoid Naringenin Sex-Dependently Modulates Action Potential in an In Silico Human Ventricular Cardiomyocyte Model
Base: Tomek 2019 | Paper Buonocunto, Lyon et al. Lumens (2023) Electrophysiological effects of stretch-activated ion channels: a systematic computational characterization | Original Matlab code
Added three stretch-activated currents.
Base: Tomek 2019 | Original Myokit code | Paper Fullerton, Clark, Krogh-Madsen, Christini (2023) Optimization of a Cardiomyocyte Model Illuminates Role of Increased INaL in Repolarization Reserve
Rescaled conductances to optimise repolarisation reserve.
Base: Grandi 2011 | Original Myokit code | Paper Fullerton, Clark, Krogh-Madsen, Christini (2023) Optimization of a Cardiomyocyte Model Illuminates Role of Increased INaL in Repolarization Reserve
Rescaled conductances to optimise repolarisation reserve.
Base: Grandi 2011 | Original Matlab code | Paper Heijman, Zhou et al., Dobrev (2023) Enhanced Ca-Dependent SK-Channel Gating and Membrane Trafficking in Human Atrial Fibrillation
Base: Ellinwood 2017 | Original Matlab code | Paper Herrera, Zhang et al., Morotti (2023) Dual effects of the small-conductance Ca-activated K current on human atrial electrophysiology and Ca-driven arrhythmogenesis; an in silico study
Also cites a 2020 Ni paper, but that refers to Ellinwood.
Base: Koivumaki-Korhonen 2011, Regazzoni 2020 | Paper Mazhar, Bartolucci et al., Severi (2023) A detailed mathematical model of the human atrial cardiomyocyte: integration of electrophysiology and cardiomechanics
Known as: MBS2023
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Original Myokit code | Paper Meier, Grundland et al., Heijman (2023) In silico analysis of the dynamic regulation of cardiac electrophysiology by Kv11.1 ion-channel trafficking
Added Kv11.1 trafficking to O'Hara.
Base: Gattoni 2016 | Original Myokit code | Paper Nesterova, Rokeakh, Solovyova, Panfilov (2023) Mathematical Modelling of Leptin-Induced Effects on Electrophysiological Properties of Rat Cardiomyocytes and Cardiac Arrhythmias
Base: Morotti 2017 | Original C++ code | Paper Ni, Morotti et al., Grandi (2023) Integrative human atrial modelling unravels interactive PKA and CaMKII signalling as key determinants of atrial arrhythmogenesis
Base: Kernik 2019 | Paper Seibertz, Sutanto et al., Voigt (2023) Electrophysiological and calcium-handling development during long-term culture of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
Base: Marger 2011, Kharche 2011 | Paper Bartolucci, Mesirca et al., Severi (2025) Computational modelling of mouse atrio ventricular node action potential and automaticity
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Original Myokit code | Paper Bodi, Mettke et al., Odening (2024) Beneficial normalization of cardiac repolarixation by carnitine in transgenic short QT syndrome type 1 rabbit models
Base: Paci 2020 | Original Matlab code | Paper Botti, Bartolucci et al., Severi (2024) A novel ionic model for matured and paced atrial-like human iPSC-CMs integrating IKur and IKCa currents
Modifications:
- Added IKur and IKCa
- Rescaled parameters to match atrial data
Base: Forouzandehmehr 2022, Tran 2009, Tran 2017 | Original Matlab code | Paper Forouzandehmehr, Paci, Hyttinen, Koivumäki (2024) In silico study of the mechanisms of hypoxia and contractile dysfunction during ischemia and reperfusion of hiPSC cardiomyocytes
Modifications:
- A new extracellular oxygen dynamics formulation, linking the cellular ionic and myofilament ATPase rate changes to extracellular and capillary level oxygen concentration.
- Extending modeling approach to simulations of ischemia and Levosimendan mechanism of action.
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Paper Gomez, Carro et al., Monasterio (2024) In Silico Modeling and Validation of the Effect of Calcium-Activated Potassium Current on Ventricular Repolarization in Failing Myocytes
Add SK channels. Use DENIS and a CellML model, but no link.
Base: Kernik 2019 | Preprint Shetty, Samurkashian, Tung (2024) Computational Study of the Excitation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes
Code will eventually be at https://github.com/HopkinsCBSLab/iPSC_Computational_Excitability
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Paper Trancuccio, Tarifa et al., Santiago (2024) A novel computational model of swine ventricular myocyte reveals new insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in Timothy Syndrome
Code said to be at https://shorturl.at/tQiRN but this doesn't resolve.
Base: Grandi 2011 | Original Matlab code | Paper Bai, Wang et al., Zhao (2025) Digital twin for sex-specific identification of class III antiarrhythmic drugs based on in vitro measurements, computer models, and machine learning tools
Base: Ten Tusscher 2004 | Original Matlab code | Official CellML | Paper Cestariolo, Long et al., Matas (2025) Mathematical model of the zebrafish ventricular cardiomyocyte action potential and calcium transient
Base: Paci 2020 | Original Matlab code | Preprint Diagne, Bury et al., Entcheva (2025) Phase resetting in human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes explains complex cardiac arrhythmias
Base: Ni 2023 | Paper Herrera, Ni et al., Grandi (2025) Mechanistic insights into sex differences in atrial electrophysiology and arrhythmia vulnerability through sex-specific computational models | Original Matlab code
Base: Severi 2012 | Official CellML | Paper Linder, Stary, Bitay, Nagy, Loewe (2025) Sympathetic stimulation can compensate for hypocalcaemia-induced bradycardia in human and rabbit sinoatrial node cells
Base: Fabbri 2017 | Official CellML | Paper Linder, Stary, Bitay, Nagy, Loewe (2025) Sympathetic stimulation can compensate for hypocalcaemia-induced bradycardia in human and rabbit sinoatrial node cells
Base: Heijman 2023, Meier 2023 | Original Myokit code | Paper Meier, Dobrev, Volders, Heijman (2025) Computational modelling of the pro- and antiarrhythmic effects of atrial high rate-dependent trafficking of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels
Base: Bodi 2024 | Original Myokit code | Paper Nimani, Bains et al., Odening (2025) AAV9-Mediated KCNH2-Suppression-Replacement Gene Therapy in Transgenic Rabbit Models with Type 1 Short QT Syndrome
Base: Maleckar 2009 | Original C code | Paper Pikunov, Syunyaev et al., Efimov (2025) Role of Structural Versus Cellular Remodeling in Atrial Arrhythmogenesis; Insights From Personalized Digital Twins