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Primitive | type # e.g. `bool, i32, u32, ..` | bool # e.g. `let x : bool = true` | cint # e.g. `let x : cint = 9999` | cflt # e.g. `let x : cflt = 3.14` | und_t # e.g. `let x : und_t = und` | null_t # e.g. `let x : null_t = null` | any # e.g. `let x : any = true` | void # e.g. `fn x() -> void { /* no return stmt requierd */ }` | err # e.g. `def e = errse t{ e1, ... }; let x : err = e.e1` | i[0-65535] # Signed | u[0-65535] # Unsigned | f[16,32,64,80,128] # FloatIdentifier | x # .g. `def MyStruct = struct { ... }; let x : MyStruct = new MyStruct { ... };`Optional | ?type # e.g. `let x : ?i32 = null`Pointer | *mut type # e.g. `let y: i32 = 0; let x: *i32 = &y`Array | [expr] mut type # e.g. `let x : [3]u8 = [0, 1, 2]`Tuple | (type, ..) # e.g. `let x : ,{ i32, bool } = .{ 0, true }`Function | pub inline fn(args) -> err!type stmt # pub, inline, args, err, !, type is optional # arg can be, ident: type = expr, .., .., .. # stmt can be, block stmt, expr stmt, or any other stmt # err can be, errset { ident, .. } # or just ident as shortcut for annonymous error # or member of error set, e.g. myErrorSet.myError # ! required after err typeErrorset | errset { err, ... } # e.g. `def e = errset { e1, ... }`Structure | struct { ... } # e.g. `def MyStruct = struct { # static x = 512; # pub mut y : bool = false; # static fn getX() return MyStruct.x; # pub fn getY() return self.y; # }`Enum | enum { x } # e.g. `def e = enum { x, y, ... }` | enum { x: type } # e.g. `x: i32, y: struct { ... }`Union | type | type # e.g. `let x : i32 | null = null`Paren | (type) # e.g. `let x : (i32) = 0`Alias | slice # []u8 | char # u8 | cpoint # u21 | usize # u64 | isize # i64 -
To have a value, we need an expression.
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| Literal | 1 # Integer (Decimal) | 0x1 # Integer (Hexadecimal) | 0o1 # Integer (Octal) | 0b1 # Integer (Binary) | 1.0 # Float | 1.0e-2 # Float (Scientific) | "text" # String | 'c' # Character | true # Boolean (true) | false # Boolean (false) | null # Null | undefined # Undefined | [] # Empty Array | [expr, expr, ..] # Filled Array
| Ident | x # Identifier | @x # Builtin Identifier
| Type # Type in Expression rule
| Paren | (expr) # Paren Expression
| Tuple | (expr, expr, ..) # Tuple Expression (',' required)
| Object | {} # Empty Object | { key: expr, .. } # Filled Object (props can be (key: value) pairs separated by commas) | new ident { .. } # Tagged object
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| [^] # Previous | [^] ++ # Increment | [^] -- # Decrement | [^].* # Dereference | [^].expr # Member Access | [^]?.expr # Member Access (optional) | [^](expr, ..) # Call | type([^]) # Call as Cast e.g. `i32(12345)` | [^][expr] # Array Access
The postfix operator can be repeated multiple times.
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| ++ [^] # Increment | -- [^] # Decrement | & [^] # Reference | - [^] # UnaryMinus | + [^] # UnaryPlus | ! [^] # LogicalNot | ~ [^] # BitwiseNot | [^] # Previous
The Prefix operator can be repeated multiple times.
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| [^] ... [^] # Power (**) | [^] ... [^] # Multiplicative (*,/,%) | [^] ... [^] # Additive (+,-) | [^] ... [^] # Shift (<<,>>) | [^] ... [^] # Relational (<=, >=, <, >) | [^] ... [^] # Equality (==, !=) | [^] ... [^] # BitwiseAnd (&) | [^] ... [^] # BitwiseXor (^) | [^] ... [^] # BitwiseOr (|) | [^] ... [^] # LogicalAnd (and) | [^] ... [^] # LogicalOr (or)
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| [^] # Previous | [^] ? expr : expr # Conditional
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| [^] # Previous | [^] = expr # Assignment (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ..)
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| if expr stmt # If | [^] # Previous
after if :
| else stmt # Else
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| match expr { ... } # Match | [^] # Previous
inside match :
| expr => stmt # match case | default => stmt # default match case
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| [^] # Previous | [^] catch stmt # Catch
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| try [^] # Try | [^] # Previous
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| [^].. # exclusive | Auto End (only for arrays, end = array length) # the last element index in this case (will be array.length) | [^]..= # inclusive | Auto End (only for arrays, end = array length) # the last element index in this case (will be array.length - 1) # this includes the last element | [^]..expr # Manual End | [^] # Previous
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| [^] # Previous | [^] ?? expr # Orelse (returns right if left is null/undefined)
The
??operator returns the right operand when the left operand is null or undefined. This is especially useful with optional types:x: ?i32Examples:
value ?? defaultValue- use defaultValue if value is null/undefineduser?.name ?? "Unknown"- chain with optional accessa ?? b ?? c- multiple coalescing (left-associative)
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you can also use
type(expr)syntax for casting.| [^] # Previous | [^] as type # Cast to type
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| typeof [^] # get type of expr | sizeof [^] # get size of expr(as type)
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To do something, we need a statement.
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| expr # Expression Statement | { stmts } # Block Statement
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| use x as myX # Use (from current module) as alias | use x from 'path' # Use (from outside module) as import | use x as myX from 'path' # Use (from outside module) with alias | use x.y as z from "path" # with member access
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| def x = type # Define (Private) | pub def x = type # Define (Public)
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| let x: type # Variable with type | let x = expr # Variable with initializer | let x: type = expr # Variable with type and initializer | let mut x = expr # Mutable variable | pub let x = expr # Public variable | pub let mut x: type = expr # Public mutable variable with type | pub comptime let x = expr # Comptime constant..
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| fn ident() { stmt } # Simple function | fn ident(param: type) { stmt } # Function with parameters | fn ident(param: type = expr) { stmt } # Function with default parameters | fn ident() -> type { stmt } # Function with return type | fn ident() -> err!type { stmt } # Function with error and return type | pub fn ident() { stmt } # Public function | pub inline fn ident() { stmt } # Public inline function | pub comptime inline fn ident() { stmt } # Public comptime inline function
Parameters can be:
ident,ident: type,ident: type = exprError type can be:errset { err, .. },err, orerrorSet.err -
| for expr stmt # For loop (expr should be range) # to access to the current index use `@i` [TODO] | while expr stmt # While loop | do stmt while expr # Do loop
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| return # Return (no value) | return expr # Return with value | break # Break from loop | continue # Continue loop | defer expr # Defer stmt | throw err # Throw stmt
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| test str block-stmt # Test stmt (str is optional)
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