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Climate
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The system context and conditions that produce weather and other related geological systemic events. The historical system context and conditions and the projected future system context and conditions. The historical weather record and the projected future weather record.
Climate is a set of emergent properties of a complex system understood via monism (physicalism, argument from naturalism - methodological and ontological) and methodological reductionism and empiricism and the scientific method by the academy and the disciplines of mathematics and metrology and physics and chemistry and biology and geology and meteorology and oceanography and hydrology and cryospherics and climatology and paleoclimatology and cartology and helioseismology and heliophysics so on and so forth.
Climate is a set of emergent properties of the whole of the complex system earth which predicts the likelihood of behaviour events of the weather and other related geological system parts and other dependent biospheric system parts. For example behaviour events of climate dependent biospheric system parts may include extinction events. For example behaviour events of climate related geologocial system parts may include methane flux outgassing events which precede a biospheric system extinction event. Emergence of system properties and system behaviour relates to the system whole while methodological reductionism relates to the multilevel feedback loops of the system parts between the set of multiscale system parts and the system parts and the system whole.
For example one part of the climate system whole on earth is the human brain part of the biospheric system. The human brain part is an emergent property of the evolution of the naked ape complex system whole caused by environmental feedback loops in a bounded climate system context. The human mind is an emergent property of the complex system human brain part of the complex system naked ape whole. Anthropogenic greenhouse gases and anthropogenic induced global warming are effects caused by the function of the human mind.
Atmospheric gas constituents by volume Nitrogen N2 78.09%, Oxygen O2 20.95%, and Argon Ar 0.93%, almost entirely transparent to solar and terrestrial radiation and those green house gases opaque to infrared radiation but still largely transparent to solar radiation. The atmosphere is the most important reservoir sink for anthropegenic green house gases in relation to global warming and climate change.
Green house gases are those atmospheric gases that are opaque to infrared terrestrial radiation but still largely transparent to solar radiation and include inter alia by volume water vapour H20 0.4%, Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.04%, Nitrous Oxide N20, Methane CH4 0.00018%, Chlorofluoro-Carbon CFC-11, Hydrofluoro-Carbon-23 HFC-23 Perfluoro-Methane PFC-14. Carbon Dioxide CO2, Nitrous Oxide N20, and Methane CH4 are together circa 0.4% by mass of atmosphere. So very little green house gas as a proportion of atmosphere has a disproportionate effect on change entropy. Life cycle of different green house gases time to live in atmosphere vary as H20 2 weeks, CO2 5 to 200 years, CH4 12 years, N2O 144 years, CFC-11 (CCl3F) 45 years, HFC-23 (CHF3) 260 years, PFC-14 (CF4) >50,000.
Thermal energy. The second law of thermodynamics. More heat trapped in heat sinks is more energy trapped in global geological system. Transfer of heat energy between geological systems a cause of severe weather event entropy. The more heat energy the more powerful the severe weather event entropy effects. The greater the concentrations of green house gases the more radiant energy absorbed by geological system heat sinks. Atmospheric gas molecule internal energy increases with internal energy contribution to molecular heat capacity through translational, rotational, and vibrational excitation by reflected infrared thermal energy absorbed and held by the molecule. Infrared thermal energy as photon force and interaction carrier transports electromagnetic energy transforming energy, momentum, angular momentum, magnetic dipole moment, and electric dipole moment, in the molecular system. The molecular system particles change quantum state increasing internal energy absorbed and held as molecular heat capacity. Photon infrared spectrum wavelength carries photon electromagnetic energy which interacts with an electron particle of an atom of the molecular system transforming photon electromagnetic energy into molecular system internal energy by exiting state change of electron particle.
Albedo effect. Reflection and absorption of solar radiation. The greater the light coloured earths surfaces the more solar radiation is reflected back to space from the earths surface. The greater the dark coloured earths surfaces the more solar radiation is absorbed into the earths surface. Ice as it is light coloured reflects more solar radiation than the ocean which is darker coloured which absorbs more solar radiation. Clouds also contribute to the albedo effect due to condensed water vapours light colour. The less solar radiation reflected back to space the more solar radiation energy absorbed by geological system heat sinks.
Earths orbit. The earths orbit is elliptical and has a natural cyclical variation over millennia. The earths axis tilt too has a cyclical variation. The two motions in sync with the greatest axial tilt and greatest orbital distance from the sun are the cause of reduced solar radiation colder climate and natural cyclical variations in glacial ice cover. The more ice cover the more solar radiation reflected back to space so the less radiant energy absorbed into heat sink reservoirs in a feedback loop that can lead to a snowball earth.
Heat sinks. Reservoirs of thermal energy. Heat content of high level global oceans system layers from 0 to 2000 meters. Sea surface temperature. Land surface temperature. Heat content of the pedosphere. Heat content of the cryosphere. Heat content of troposphere low level atmospheric system layer. Oceans are more massive than atmosphere due to one thousand times greater density so oceans have four times specific heat capacity so most of heat is absorbed in oceans. Circa 80% to 90% of infrared radiant heat energy not lost to space is absorbed by oceans. One outcome of heat energy absorbed into the oceans is an increase in category four and five hurricanes. As oceans are liquid molecules are in contact with one another which is why heat capacity of oceans is so much greater. So energy transfer between molecules differs within ocean liquid molecule phase to that of atmospheric gas molecule phase.
Chemical sinks. Reservoirs of chemical elements and compounds. Carbon life cycle is part of a complex of chemical element life cycles and closely related to the life cycle of Oxygen and Hydrogen. Carbon is part of organic chemical compounds and inorganic chemical compounds. Carbon Dioxide is one of Carbons inorganic chemical compounds. Carbon Dioxide is transformed as one reactant input part in a chemical reaction whole which yields chemical product output parts. Conservation of mass and conservation of energy.
Chemical geology geochemistry. A large part circa 25% (disputed) of anthropogenic generated Carbon Dioxide released to the atmosphere is eventually exchanged into the oceans. However there are saturation limits. Green house gases and specifically Carbon Dioxide once emitted into the atmosphere can take thousands of years to cycle out of the atmosphere. Therefore the actual time to live of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere due to other geological systemic limits can be thousands of years. Consequently the heat energy captured in the global heat sinks will not be dissipated for thousands of years in relation to the remaining atmospheric Carbon Dioxide continuing to limit infrared terrestrial radiation being released into space. At higher ocean temperatures Carbon Dioxide outgas flux exchange back to the atmosphere increases.
Atmospheric photochemistry. Photolysis photons interacting with atmospheric gas elements and molecules. Dioxygen O2, Ozone Tryoxigen O3, Nitrous Oxide N20, Water H2O, . Production of Dioxygen from water is as follows 2 x H2O + photon energy -> 4 x H + O2. Production of Dioxygen from Nitrous Oxide N2O is as follows 2 x N2O + photon energy -> 4 x N + O2. Where Hydrogen and Nitrogen product is lost to space and Dioxygen product remains in the atmosphere. Photolysis plays a part on Ozone depletion Ozone Tiroxygen O3 + photon energy -> O2 + O(1D) where O(1D) is Oxygen in an excited state. Ozone depletion with chloroflurocarbons CFCs where photolysis produces Chlorine radicals Cl*·* so CFCS + photon energy -> Cl*·* and Chlorine radical Cl· product.
Atmospheric catalysis. Chlorine radical Cl·, CFCS photolysis product, catalyses the conversion of Ozone Trioxygen O3 to O2 in reaction Cl· + O3 -> Cl·O + O2. However excited Oxygen atom O(1D), O3 depletion photolysis product, can react with water H2O to produce Hydorxyl radical ·OH in the following reaction O(1D) + H2O -> 2 x ·OH. Hydroxyl radicals react with Ozone depleting hydrocarbon molecules like CFCs to catalyse conversion molecules less harmful to the Ozone layer.
Atmospheric hydrolysis. The Oxygen cycle, the Nitrogen cycle, and the Sulphur cycle. Sulphur Dioxide SO2, Nitrous Oxide N2O, Hydroxyl OH, Dioxygen O2, Ozone Tryoxigen O3. Acid rain and Sulphur Dioxide S02 and Sulphuric Acid H2SO4, acid rain and Nitrous Oxide N20 and Nitric Acid HNO3,
Chemical biology biochemistry. A large part circa 25% (disputed) of anthropogenic generated Carbon Dioxide released to the atmosphere is eventually exchanged with the biosphere and fixed via photosynthesis to produce Oxygen released back to the atmosphere and Carbon fixed as organic chemical compounds such as complex Hydrocarbon sugars and Cellulose. Photosynthesis uses a photon which is solar radiation electromagnetic energy converts it to photoelectric energy using water as an electron donor and then to chemical energy as carbohydrate. So carbohydrates are stored sunshine. Oxygen is such a reactive element that it does not last long in the atmosphere and free Oxygen O2 produced by photosynthesis is cycled out in a matter of weeks.
6 x CO2 + 6 x H2O + photon energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 x O2
Photosynthesis takes place with plants on land and also by ocean plankton where Oxygen generated by photosynthesis is dissolved into the ocean and eventually exchanged with the atmosphere. Phytoplankton biomas is circa only 1% to 2% of global plant carbon but fixes circa 30 to 50 billion tons of carbon annually about 40% biomas fix total .
Carbon Dioxide exchanged to oceans is stored as inorganic carbon compounds of disolved CO2 and as carbonic acid, carbonate, bicarbonate. The oceans inorganic carbon compounds with ocean H2O as reactant in hydrolysis chemical reaction change ocean pH and affect the biogenic calcium carbonate shells of ocean calcifying organisms like plankton, corral, crustacean, molluscs and so on. The Carbon life cycle and Carbon Dioxide absorption into the oceans is the main cause of increased ocean acidification.
Saturation limits. In regard to anthropogenic greenhouse gas generation there is no upper limit to the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. There are limits to dissolved CO2 in ocean water. Natural sequestration of Carbon Dioxide is in the order of tens of millennia. Natural sequestration of Carbon Dioxide as ocean sediments, into lithosphere, and as organic chemical compounds on land into the pedosphere.
Plate tectonics. Lithosphere changes. Plasticity and the disappearing cryosphere. Lubrication of plates due to changes in the hydrosphere. Gravity and the movement of ocean water mass due to thermal expansion and ocean current changes. Gravity and the increase in ocean water mass. Ground water extraction. Drilling; Fracking, Geothermal,
Arvid Högbom, WP
David Battisti, WP
David Keeling, WP
Eunice Foote, WP
Guy Stewart Callendar, WP
Iain Stewart, WP
Kevin Anderson, WP
James Croll, WP
James Hansen, WP
Jan Ingenhousz, WP
Jared Diamond, WP
John Tyndall, WP
Joseph Fourier, WP
Jule Charney, WP
Michael Mann, WP
Milutin Milanković, WP
Roger Revelle, WP
Svante Arrhenius, WP
Climate Econometrics, WP
Global Commission on Adaptation (GCA)
EU Finance, WS
UNEP FI, WS
Open Footprint, Open Group, WS <global warming footprint data management. storing, defining, and accessing Green House Gasses (GHG) scope data, >
Emissions Transparency Data, PIDX, WS
Geology
Climate and Time in their Geological Relations, A Theory of Secular Changes of the Earth's Climate, 1875, James Croll, IA
The Physics of Glaciers, 12 June 2010, Kurt Cuffey (Author), Academic Press; 4 edition (12 Jun. 2010), ISBN-10: 0123694612, ISBN-13: 978-0123694614
Anthropogenic
Shock Waves : Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty, 2016, Hallegatte, Stephane; Bangalore, Mook; Bonzanigo, Laura; Fay, Marianne; Kane, Tamaro; Narloch, Ulf; Rozenberg, Julie; Treguer, David; Vogt-Schilb, Adrien. Climate Change and Development;. Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22787 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO, WS
Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates, 2 May 2019, David Coady, Ian Parry, Nghia-Piotr Le, Baoping Shang, IMF, WS
The match between climate services demands and Earth System Models, December 2018, Bartvan den Hurk, Chris Hewitt, Daniela Jacob, Janette Bessembinder, Francisco Doblas-Reyesd, Ralf Döscher, Elsevier, Climate Services, Volume 12, December 2018, Pages 59-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2018.11.002, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2405880718300116%3Fvia%253Dihub&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2rGRKTeonHPMfiCOAZ797K
Absorption coefficient of carbon dioxide across atmospheric troposphere layer, 6 October 2018, Peng-Sheng Wei, Yin-Chih Hsieh, Hsuan-Han Chiu, Da-Lun Yen, Chieh Lee, Yi-Cheng Tsai, Te-Chuan Ting, Heliyon, Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2018, e00785, Science Direct, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00785, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2405844018324605&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3nuZZ0iSzQot99aQfseEkF
Earth’s early O2 cycle suppressed by primitive continents, 18 September 2017, Matthijs A. Smit, Klaus Mezger, Nature Geoscience volume 10, pages 788–792 (2017), WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fngeo3030&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0ZcTq5Y59GyED8C7YuiN5q
IPCC Report, Working Group I: The Scientific Basis, C.1 Observed Changes in Globally Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and Radiative Forcing Over the millennium ..., WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipcc.ch%2Fipccreports%2Ftar%2Fwg1%2F016.htm&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3Tz2tOmcL9YUOm3vHtQep6
The role of phytoplankton photosynthesis in global biogeochemical cycles, March 1994, Falkowski PG, Photosynth Res. 1994 Mar;39(3):235-58. doi: 10.1007/BF00014586., WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F24311124&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0i_t2yMcfxOgXLy99buNR5
Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas, November 1979, R.F.Weiss, Marine Chemistry, Volume 2, Issue 3, November 1974, Pages 203-215, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2F0304-4203%2874%2990015-2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0xcSNN8XOAF4Km1YZPmjuu
Global Warming / Climate Change
Ocean-Atmosphere CO2 Exchange, NASA, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fsos.noaa.gov%2Fdatasets%2Focean-atmosphere-co2-exchange%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3Aia_VxqbHed3qe5rWBRh_
Volcanoes can affect the Earth's climate., 18 October 2018, USGS, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2Fvhp%2Fgas_climate.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw38DY5E6DX7uo-JMSTjsb5B
CO2 saturation point?, 26 April 2008, 2stroketech, Physics Forum, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicsforums.com%2Fthreads%2Fco2-saturation-point.231437%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3wqULadJOb-mA5YAUxIbTL
Photoelectric Effect: Explanation & Applications, 24 April 2017, Elizabeth Howell, Live Science Contributor, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F58816-photoelectric-effect.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3P_Ztv5NhBdDjeUXtUsXKV
Scientific Consensus on Climate Change as a Gateway Belief, 3 March 2015, Yale Programme on Climate Change Communication, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatecommunication.yale.edu%2Fpublications%2Fscientific-consensus-on-climate-change-as-a-gateway-belief%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2-MjWv8nyi7AmkAzESQt97
Dissolved Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, 2012-2013, Pat Shapley, Science Inquiry Activities, PDF http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbutane.chem.uiuc.edu%2Fpshapley%2FGenChem1%2FL23%2Fweb-L23.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3AwHIccnMSAl57HZaXLgYt
Photosynthesis, , Biology 101 Computer Laboratory, Washington University in St Luis, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nslc.wustl.edu%2Fcourses%2Fbio101%2Fcruz%2FPhotosynthesis%2FPhotosynthesis2.htm&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2hnJiYST_Sk4jwaPdSfGvS
Energy of Photons in Photosynthesis, 4 February 2014, AK Lectures, YT http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aklectures.com%2Flecture%2Fenergy-of-photons-in-photosynthesis&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1QugkvgSiGnX4QWDVesIPh
Reliable Sources
Climate Data Primer, NOAA Climate, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.gov%2Fmaps-data%2Fprimer%2Fclimate-data-primer&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0H0gpC7Ug1ajiroSJPuEOW
Journalism
Hurricanes and Climate Change, 28 August 2019, SciLine, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Climate Communication, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciline.org%2Fquick-facts%2Fhurricanes&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0APCI0Ktz0STBRWoQc_Dnj
MOOCs
Climate Change: The Science and Global Impact, Michael Mann, edX, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edx.org%2Fcourse%2Fclimate-change-the-science-and-global-impact&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3PAJ7jD8ad-fEVwql4VSnN
From Climate Science to Action, World Bank, Plymouth University, Corsera, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coursera.org%2Flearn%2Fclimate-science&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3NCgN1To0aTHmanzaXz9pR
Lectures
How People Can Save The Earth for Humans, 14 January 1989, Isaac Asimov, Keynote Address, The Humanist Institute, First Annual Meeting, New York Society For Ethical Culture, 8 July 2011 (published online), UBcome you, YT
Global Warming / Climate Change
Hot Planet, 2009, Iain Stewart, BBC,
The Role of the Oceans in Climate, 14 April 2011, Kevin Trenberth, Simon Fraser University, YT
135 Years of Global Ocean Warming - Perspectives on Ocean Science, 6 September 2012, Dean Roemmich, University of California Television (UCTV), YT
Anthropocene: The closing doors of climate targets, 6 December 2013, Thomas Stocker, The Grantham Institute for Climate Change Annual Lecture 2013, University of Bern, Switzerland and Co-chair of IPCC WG, Imperial College London, YT
What We KNOW About Climate Change, 11 Apr 2014, Kerry Emanuel, MIT Club of Northern California, YT
Climate Change and Global Food Security, 3 February 2016, David Battisti, Arizona Public Media, YT
Contemporary Climate Change as Seen Through Measurements, 17 March 2016, Ralph Cicerone, University of California Television (UCTV), YT
From Sea to Changing Sea | The Role of Oceans in Climate, 22 November 2016, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, YT
Climate Change and Post-Truth Politics, 25 January 2017, John Krebs, Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Television (UCTV), YT
Richter scale, 2011?, Sal Khan, Khan Academy, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fmath%2Falgebra-home%2Falg-exp-and-log%2Falg-logarithmic-scale%2Fv%2Frichter-scale&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0QTocE-mJek-Hu-CM-LCLB
Azimuth Project, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azimuthproject.org%2Fazimuth%2Fshow%2FHomePage&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3CdnHWhFZAyWxwiQv9jFZd
British Oceanographic Data Center BODC, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodc.ac.uk%2Fresources%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1iInZZN1G2ouTu929uoZMJ
CQ Counter, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcqcounter.com%2F%3F_id%3Dhur333%26_lo%3Dus&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0Y-nkO_7-wgD9b_j1cK7sN
Cyclocane ( cyclocane is a CYCLOne and hurriCANE tracker by hayley ), WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyclocane.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0ENmogNI8ww_w0qC_krJsw
Greenhouse Gas Factsheets, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenhousegases.science.unimelb.edu.au%2F%23!%2Fview&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1iugRPMDc3iqGYy7WyR3Mi
Hurricane City, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurricanecity.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2I07o4WMee0i_SIR9eXHiU
ICEYE, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Ficeyefi&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2zWeyr2V7GFxurJyPMLo17, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceye.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0EKTYIj7Ix97a1Q1U_3ly9
NetWeather TV, Global Jet Stream Forecast, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netweather.tv%2Fcharts-and-data%2Fglobal-jetstream%232020%2F09%2F02%2F0300Z%2Fjetstream%2Fsurface%2Flevel%2Foverlay%3Djetstream%2Forthographic%3D-64.11%2C32.31%2C712&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2xtlwvmBzK4P4dNoAZ6_JZ
OSPO, NOAA, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ospo.noaa.gov%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2DV5b2Se1zyFiW6hKVmFZ2
PC Weather Products, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcwp.com%2Fprodempro.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw28lWs8Pj77jQNxlmeZCMmZ
The Engineering Toolbox, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtoolbox.com%2Fgases-solubility-water-d_1148.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1U2fXmIuUzZrFGtpEZNZFT
Scripps, State of Planet, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fprograms%2Fkeelingcurve%2Fthe-state-of-climate%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw075YzA6EO2rUkRQms3a06I
ShowYourStripes, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fshowyourstripes.info%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2iTKibw8Oibeb9hz9-tuZU
Skeptical Science, Getting Skeptical About Global Warming Skeptisim, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalscience.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1RgUIbLW09k6NFc4IGEBm-
Tropical Atlantic, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tropicalatlantic.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0lUZIM4qr_7J2G-YtxUpCS
Weather Carib, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weathercarib.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw28xpzpwezvVfPWQxNxYVSD
Weather Nerds, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weathernerds.org%2Fhome.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3lE9JR4zEh2zqc06Cp-2Wu
Windows 2 Universe, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows2universe.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0LcLLJ6-4OAjRa3FOB6Liw
3-Oceans, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3-oceans.ch%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1_On4hsEBweeFUWEait5i6
Radar
Brian McNoldy, Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel School, GIF loops, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbmcnoldy.rsmas.miami.edu%2Ftropics%2Fradar%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2dsxG-rdIYYdkw7OyCTIUz
Smartmet Bahamas Weather, Radar Composite, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fsmartmet.bahamasweather.org.bs%2Fradarcomposite%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3Lt02bcL9LEGlJWv2qLKgL
Journals
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Paper Alerts, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FCEHPaperAlerts&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1RVwtM5uXTL3VLNcPZIC7V
Nature Climate, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNatureClimate&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw21d_UB7gw13xrn6B8KefH9
Agriculture
GEO Global Agricultural Monitoring GEOGLAM, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FG20_GEOGLAM&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1-E5EbZuOyGWXwe9hO7dE8, WS
NASA Harvest, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNASAHarvest&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0YPrbyLiRSQd2mEb4auBRc, WS
Data
Information Retrieval
#txwx #wxtwitter
Atmospheric Gas Measurement
Carbon
Keeling Curve, Scripps, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FKeeling_curve&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1wD6--9XpjFVMGQsDNyKW2, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fprograms%2Fkeelingcurve%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0PCIb4ilQjeDc8DZrbbGsm
Carbon Clocks
Bloomberg Carbon Clock, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgraphics%2Fcarbon-clock%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2YCyUz5lEvj2JGJo9oOT8g
REMAINING CARBON BUDGET, MCC, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcc-berlin.net%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fco2-budget.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2ANHwRxWiRL0pE1yDYzP-v
Trillionthton, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ftrillionthtonne.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3kKtMNu9S_-YQr1jQJbKN9
Carbon Monoxide, CFC-, Chloroform, Dichloromethane, Halon-, HCFC-, HFC-, Hydrogen, Methane, ...
Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment AGAGE, MIT, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fagage.mit.edu%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3sWMgkqpae6oz6h0wpLpjL
Heat
Four Hiroshimas per Second, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2F4hiroshimas.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2NUQhPmxCl602QBh4yIWRp
Atmospheric Management
EU
Atmosphere, Copernicus, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fatmosphere.copernicus.eu%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0QmhsjSiasNOsV9NbldSSE
UK
Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FICASLeeds&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw12KydolUqH00t85yUI45iW, WS
National Centre for Atmospherice Science NCAS, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FAtmosScience&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1EQVNfwMo48Pn6Df7acRmv, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncas.ac.uk%2Fen%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1SfxUFGnZR9MV4yf4ZedWx
US
NOAA Satellites TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNOAASatellites&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1TCLc5x_Gg5EerC8jN-6iL, PA TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNOAASatellitePA&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw21sQEVTYxqs-e9JlyEWmjD, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesdis.noaa.gov%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0pqfCKegA824uec9veTjAa
USGS, Dorian Dashboard, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwebapps.usgs.gov%2Fdorian%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw04fgFHkd5jLiYQ_FgKoPsR
/Global View/
World Meteorological Organization Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, WP, WS
Open Street Map, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openstreetmap.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0pB-3gouLwtMfFP39bMPal
Worldwide Elevation Map Finder, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Felevation.maplogs.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2AZ3zHPHXicJe6DA3ty12Q
BR
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis Ibama, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fibama.gov.br%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2-EGfraWLLlWUjQcicw3ZY
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, ICMBio, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icmbio.gov.br%2Fportal%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3wi6qhiIh6C2-I7Qs8sPiV
DE
Potsdam Institute, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FPIK_Climate&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2_gWAIzYJBCRhC7Q-mIVYC, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pik-potsdam.de%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3wH9DSWv6UPx2E5Y4rIDFs
EU
European Geosciences Union EGU, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FEuroGeosciences&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0s61j1Cwc7DLABpdMXB882, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egu.eu%2Fimprint%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1kqW-T5V7yQk-8d0W3VTzV
FR
Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, WP, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBureau_de_Recherches_G%25C3%25A9ologiques_et_Mini%25C3%25A8res&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2bl4qXXR4ChAxCKlDLPqQg
Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FCNRS&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3NICeUurvfyncAuzeu5R3r
UfM
Mediterranean Experts on Climate and Environmental Change MedEC, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FMed_ECC&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1pZowMCLLM_YgFOKV6IBQ_, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medecc.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0pSaHt5yMWm9tnJUWD7UjJ
UK
Center for Ecology and Hydrology CEH, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceh.ac.uk%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3Ldv3NR0LX68DkhEWoOr0N
Geological Society, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fgeolsoc&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1QRNabC9sh5_dS78Dk2dZ4
British Geological Survey, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FBritGeoSurvey&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1SFJaMirLWGeRvTM6TPJyO
Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FRGS_IBG&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1bDPr-oChQKtXV6uNGmEGu
US
Am Geophysical Union AGU, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FtheAGU&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0dnDmP87dY9w6qNbsR7Aju, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0cdtaZ7FO-_QwMV0FI70AS
Geological Society of America GSA, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fgeosociety&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1tvfjp3uqzosMkqmqVrOn6, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geosociety.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0soYsqkg3ZkKusHacQWOex
United States Geological Survey USGA, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FUSGS&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0Hv2j2jAQh-QEvvF7uJ8Bv
Icebergs
Current Antarctic large iceberg positions derived from ASCAT and OSCAT-2, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scp.byu.edu%2Fcurrent_icebergs.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2qc8knHWM5AI4cH9xBn-qB
/UK-Academy/
Reading
/US/
National Hurricane Center, NWS TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNWSNHC&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw245Y50f_ZZVWwBViFlukKf, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhc.noaa.gov%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2y779cFZxTjPM3rwN-OKsb
NHC Atlantic, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNHC_Atlantic&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3-92kfac945LWYWAX7OYDL
NHC Eastern Pacific, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNHC_Pacific&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw331fpqg7yGWaCRtlghkBwd
NHC Storm Surge, TW
NHC Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch TAFB, TW
National Weather Service, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fnws&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2ZeMPQO24tYmlgE6EBJTEp, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3dfy49XsxL6pAIY6aDxfYU
Naval Meteorology & Oceanography Command, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoc.navy.mil%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1E0FUguC5cA1wNNJ9Bl02u
/US-Academy/
CIRA, climate/weather studies, data assimilation, data distribution, model products, and satellite algorithms, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FCIRA_CSU&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw04GIALainRMUja1Wz7Q3hM, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cira.colostate.edu%2Fwelcome-about%2Fvision-mission-statement%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1g6igkKxh4QKPSxx_Zrn-j
NOAA's Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FUWCIMSS&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3hGe1Ke21ljlM0TZPV4VlK, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fcimss.ssec.wisc.edu%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1K-T2sQcoV4uXeGo1BYyv1
/International/
African Climate Policy Centre, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FAfricanClimate&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1BBz4pL3cJ3uC-2jld5s0f, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uneca.org%2Facpc&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw11C5Vuk3--VFwuGQ0XnYsK
ClimDevFund at AfDB, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FClimDevFund&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw08zrGM4RBqB7ZTxxPgH_2R
EDO - European Drought Observatory, Copernicus - Europe's eyes on Earth, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fedo.jrc.ec.europa.eu%2Fedov2%2Fphp%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D1052&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3HaTeJilcIXcyjq2tDBk55
European Severe Weather Database ESWD, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eswd.eu%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw16CW-VNjZydAo_Jkyknebm
Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre ICPAC, Greater Horn of Africa GHA, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Ficpac_igad&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2jCnbGtyJCXfbRNXEnRmQg, WS http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icpac.net%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw24Ua5M9qeNGLQUjJwnEU9l
World Meteorological Organization, WMO, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWorld_Meteorological_Organization&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3E_p4Sn5X5y4kaD3nbVTBA, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmo.int%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1dlrf7qfgkgw1ZidQcuaWE
World Weather Information Service WWIS, WMO, WP, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2Fen%2Fhome.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2usiZFwvW9mdghDhfLPZO1
Oceans
Oceans, Office of Satellite and Product Operations OSPO, NOAA, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ospo.noaa.gov%2FProducts%2Focean%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0mUh70CEJTvXPseTsGXsLa
Cryosphere
National Snow & Ice Data Center NSIDC, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0QMySc9IDeQkULBuh7UOzG
Plate Tectonics
Tertremo, earthquakes live, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertremo.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw08Oe4EE6peHuEPlusZYXat
*Water management *
Weather News
BBC Weather, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fbbcweather&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0vPUCY0hZwGLpkxBVIE_nQ, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2Opl9JrCwO-mS92R47C15j
Severe Weather EU, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FsevereweatherEU&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0deeClYVMtnPZplEgpkVF2
WeatherWatchNZ, YT https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6J_1lbR727yUrcm9m140Ug
Windy, TW https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fcompany%2Fwindytv%2F%3ForiginalSubdomain%3Dcz&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw12Nr_EMRkxWdO5EUkuGsBB, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWindy_%28weather_service%29&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1MloTyrypFXJ3gDAAkGJ59, WS https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.windy.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0UZ6b4ULqJThsxmHm12q51
Now or Tomorrow
Honest Government Ad | COP26 Climate Summit, 28 October 2021, thejuicemedia, YT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIyKmqEdgR4&ab_channel=thejuicemedia
/Core/
Atmosphere of Earth, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAtmosphere_of_Earth&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0xIOEOv9dEcyaG5glLK91H
Ocean of Earth, WP
/Geology/
Earth Systems Science ESS, WP
Geological history of oxygen, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeological_history_of_oxygen&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3uQvojUA3xGCAuINA_6Hwv
Great Oxidation Event GOE, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGreat_Oxidation_Event&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw25sY11dPwKRnXfp7-7rEBs
Pasture Point, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPasteur_point&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0ZhKmF9HuV9HPPPvhZsg9c
/Biochemistry/
Pasture Event, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPasteur_effect&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2r-pVQWq0aIgGwkHU5owsL
/Biology/
/Chemical Element Cycles/
Carbon Cycle, WP
Hydrogen Cycle, WP
Nitrogen Cycle, WP
Oxygen Cycle, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOxygen_cycle&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0m34FOTYlSJ1QCKFZ1eEch
Ozone Oxygen Cycle (Chapman Cycle), WP
Sulphur Cycle, WP
/Chemistry/
Acid Rain, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAcid_rain&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1xQT3_7Trwa8dM_Qj86kXe
Calcium Carbonate, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCalcium_carbonate&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1qqx8vbD2zqy1xlCD0l3Hd
Chemical Reaction, WP https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChemical_reaction&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2RPXOQr4Pno2YRCo53vBa4
Henry's Law, WP
Hydrolysis, WP
Ocean Acidification, WP
Photodissociation (aka Photolysis), WP
Radical (Chemistry), WP
Seashell, WP
Water Splitting, WP
Physics
Climate Sensitivity, WP
Heat Capacity, WP
Ideal Gas Law, WP
Specific Heat Capacity, WP
Thermal Energy, WP
Transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions TCRE, WS
Earths Orbit
Science
Methodological Reductionism, WP
Scientific Method, WP
Systems Science, WP
Philosophy
Physicalism, SEP WS, WP
Reductionism in Biology, SEP WS, WP
/"But you can't make people listen. They have to come round in their own time, wondering what happened and why the world blew up around them. It can't last." - Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451/