file-io lab hw

PI_0.txt

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+Before, however, entering into particulars respecting the question of

PI_1.txt

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+this unity of the Homeric poems, (at least of the Iliad,) I must

PI_10.txt

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+the best qualification for the profound feeling, the comprehensive

PI_100.txt

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+existing habits of society with regard to poetry—for they admit

PI_1000.txt

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+daily see practised in the case of Italian operas), will find more

PI_1001.txt

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+sweetness, variety, and majesty of sound, than in any other language of

PI_1002.txt

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+poetry.

PI_101.txt

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+generally that the Iliad and Odyssey were not read, but recited and

PI_102.txt

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+heard,—but upon the supposed necessity that there must have been

PI_103.txt

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+manuscripts to ensure the preservation of the poems—the unassisted

PI_104.txt

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+memory of reciters being neither sufficient nor trustworthy. But here

PI_105.txt

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+we only escape a smaller difficulty by running into a greater; for the

PI_106.txt

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+existence of trained bards, gifted with extraordinary memory,[25] is

PI_107.txt

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+far less astonishing than that of long manuscripts, in an age

PI_108.txt

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+essentially non-reading and non-writing, and when even suitable

PI_109.txt

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+instruments and materials for the process are not obvious. Moreover,

PI_11.txt

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+conception of an harmonious whole. The most exquisite anatomist may be

PI_110.txt

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+there is a strong positive reason for believing that the bard was under

PI_111.txt

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+no necessity of refreshing his memory by consulting a manuscript; for

PI_112.txt

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+if such had been the fact, blindness would have been a disqualification

PI_113.txt

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+for the profession, which we know that it was not, as well from the

PI_114.txt

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+example of Demodokus, in the Odyssey, as from that of the blind bard of

PI_115.txt

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+Chios, in the Hymn to the Delian Apollo, whom Thucydides, as well as

PI_116.txt

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+the general tenor of Grecian legend, identifies with Homer himself. The

PI_117.txt

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+author of that hymn, be he who he may, could never have described a

PI_118.txt

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+blind man as attaining the utmost perfection in his art, if he had been

PI_119.txt

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+conscious that the memory of the bard was only maintained by constant

PI_12.txt

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+no judge of the symmetry of the human frame: and we would take the

PI_120.txt

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+reference to the manuscript in his chest.”

PI_122.txt

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+The loss of the digamma, that _crux_ of critics, that quicksand upon

PI_123.txt

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+which even the acumen of Bentley was shipwrecked, seems to prove beyond

PI_124.txt

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+a doubt, that the pronunciation of the Greek language had undergone a

PI_125.txt

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+considerable change. Now it is certainly difficult to suppose that the

PI_126.txt

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+Homeric poems could have suffered by this change, had written copies

PI_127.txt

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+been preserved. If Chaucer’s poetry, for instance, had not been

PI_128.txt

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+written, it could only have come down to us in a softened form, more

PI_129.txt

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+like the effeminate version of Dryden, than the rough, quaint, noble

PI_13.txt

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+opinion of Chantrey or Westmacott on the proportions and general beauty

PI_130.txt

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+original.

PI_132.txt

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+“At what period,” continues Grote, “these poems, or indeed any other

PI_133.txt

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+Greek poems, first began to be written, must be matter of conjecture,

PI_134.txt

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+though there is ground for assurance that it was before the time of

PI_135.txt

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+Solôn. If, in the absence of evidence, we may venture upon naming any

PI_136.txt

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+more determinate period, the question at once suggests itself, What

PI_137.txt

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+were the purposes which, in that state of society, a manuscript at its

PI_138.txt

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+first commencement must have been intended to answer? For whom was a

PI_139.txt

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+written Iliad necessary? Not for the rhapsodes; for with them it was

PI_14.txt

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+of a form, rather than that of Mr. Brodie or Sir Astley Cooper.

PI_140.txt

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+not only planted in the memory, but also interwoven with the feelings,

PI_141.txt

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+and conceived in conjunction with all those flexions and intonations of

PI_142.txt

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+voice, pauses, and other oral artifices which were required for

PI_143.txt

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+emphatic delivery, and which the naked manuscript could never

PI_144.txt

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+reproduce. Not for the general public—they were accustomed to receive

PI_145.txt

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+it with its rhapsodic delivery, and with its accompaniments of a solemn

PI_146.txt

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+and crowded festival. The only persons for whom the written Iliad would

PI_147.txt

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+be suitable would be a select few; studious and curious men; a class of

PI_148.txt

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+readers capable of analyzing the complicated emotions which they had

PI_149.txt

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+experienced as hearers in the crowd, and who would, on perusing the

PI_150.txt

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+written words, realize in their imaginations a sensible portion of the

PI_151.txt

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+impression communicated by the reciter. Incredible as the statement may

PI_152.txt

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+seem in an age like the present, there is in all early societies, and

PI_153.txt

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+there was in early Greece, a time when no such reading class existed.

PI_154.txt

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+If we could discover at what time such a class first began to be

PI_155.txt

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+formed, we should be able to make a guess at the time when the old epic

PI_156.txt

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+poems were first committed to writing. Now the period which may with

PI_157.txt

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+the greatest probability be fixed upon as having first witnessed the

PI_158.txt

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+formation even of the narrowest reading class in Greece, is the middle

PI_159.txt

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+of the seventh century before the Christian æra (B.C. 660 to B.C.

PI_16.txt

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+“There is some truth, though some malicious exaggeration, in the lines

PI_160.txt

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+630), the age of Terpander, Kallinus, Archilochus, Simonidês of

PI_161.txt

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+Amorgus, &c. I ground this supposition on the change then operated in

PI_162.txt

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+the character and tendencies of Grecian poetry and music—the elegiac

PI_163.txt

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+and the iambic measures having been introduced as rivals to the

PI_164.txt

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+primitive hexameter, and poetical compositions having been transferred

PI_165.txt

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+from the epical past to the affairs of present and real life. Such a

PI_166.txt

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+change was important at a time when poetry was the only known mode of

PI_167.txt

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+publication (to use a modern phrase not altogether suitable, yet the

PI_168.txt

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+nearest approaching to the sense). It argued a new way of looking at

PI_169.txt

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+the old epical treasures of the people as well as a thirst for new

PI_17.txt

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+of Pope.—

PI_170.txt

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+poetical effect; and the men who stood forward in it, may well be

PI_171.txt

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+considered as desirous to study, and competent to criticize, from their

PI_172.txt

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+own individual point of view, the written words of the Homeric

PI_173.txt

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+rhapsodies, just as we are told that Kallinus both noticed and

PI_174.txt

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+eulogized the Thebaïs as the production of Homer. There seems,

PI_175.txt

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+therefore, ground for conjecturing that (for the use of this

PI_176.txt

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+newly-formed and important, but very narrow class), manuscripts of the

PI_177.txt

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+Homeric poems and other old epics,—the Thebaïs and the Cypria, as well

PI_178.txt

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+as the Iliad and the Odyssey,—began to be compiled towards the middle

PI_179.txt

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+of the seventh century (B.C. 1); and the opening of Egypt to Grecian

PI_180.txt

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+commerce, which took place about the same period, would furnish

PI_181.txt

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+increased facilities for obtaining the requisite papyrus to write upon.

PI_182.txt

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+A reading class, when once formed, would doubtless slowly increase, and

PI_183.txt

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+the number of manuscripts along with it; so that before the time of

PI_184.txt

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+Solôn, fifty years afterwards, both readers and manuscripts, though

PI_185.txt

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+still comparatively few, might have attained a certain recognized

PI_186.txt

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+authority, and formed a tribunal of reference against the carelessness

PI_187.txt

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+of individual rhapsodes.”[26]

PI_189.txt

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+But even Peisistratus has not been suffered to remain in possession of

PI_19.txt

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+“‘The critic eye—that microscope of wit

PI_190.txt

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+the credit, and we cannot help feeling the force of the following

PI_191.txt

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+observations—

PI_193.txt

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+“There are several incidental circumstances which, in our opinion,

PI_194.txt

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+throw some suspicion over the whole history of the Peisistratid

PI_195.txt

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+compilation, at least over the theory, that the Iliad was cast into its

PI_196.txt

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+present stately and harmonious form by the directions of the Athenian

PI_197.txt

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+ruler. If the great poets, who flourished at the bright period of

PI_198.txt

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+Grecian song, of which, alas! we have inherited little more than the

PI_199.txt

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+fame, and the faint echo, if Stesichorus, Anacreon, and Simonidês were

PI_2.txt

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+express my sympathy with the sentiments expressed in the following

PI_20.txt

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+Sees hairs and pores, examines bit by bit,

PI_200.txt

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+employed in the noble task of compiling the Iliad and Odyssey, so much

PI_201.txt

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+must have been done to arrange, to connect, to harmonize, that it is

PI_202.txt

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+almost incredible, that stronger marks of Athenian manufacture should

PI_203.txt

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+not remain. Whatever occasional anomalies may be detected, anomalies

PI_204.txt

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+which no doubt arise out of our own ignorance of the language of the

PI_205.txt

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+Homeric age, however the irregular use of the digamma may have

PI_206.txt

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+perplexed our Bentleys, to whom the name of Helen is said to have

PI_207.txt

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+caused as much disquiet and distress as the fair one herself among the

PI_208.txt

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+heroes of her age, however Mr. Knight may have failed in reducing the

PI_209.txt

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+Homeric language to its primitive form; however, finally, the Attic

PI_21.txt

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+How parts relate to parts, or they to whole,

PI_210.txt

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+dialect may not have assumed all its more marked and distinguishing

PI_211.txt

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+characteristics—still it is difficult to suppose that the language,

PI_212.txt

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+particularly in the joinings and transitions, and connecting parts,

PI_213.txt

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+should not more clearly betray the incongruity between the more ancient

PI_214.txt

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+and modern forms of expression. It is not quite in character with such

PI_215.txt

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+a period to imitate an antique style, in order to piece out an

PI_216.txt

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+imperfect poem in the character of the original, as Sir Walter Scott

PI_217.txt

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+has done in his continuation of Sir Tristram.

PI_219.txt

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+“If, however, not even such faint and indistinct traces of Athenian

PI_22.txt

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+The body’s harmony, the beaming soul,

PI_220.txt

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+compilation are discoverable in the language of the poems, the total