Require actual version of sorbet-static-and-runtime as minimum

[sambostock]

Motivation

While sorbet-static and sorbet-runtime versions 0.5.9204 do exist, 0.5.9519 is the first version of sorbet-static-and-runtime published on RubyGems, so we cannot depend on anything lesser than that.

We can potentially require an even newer version, as discussed in #1252 (comment), but I'm not sure which, so I've not made that change yet.
As per @paracycle's comment, I've gone ahead and further bumped the minimum version requirement to a version that allows us to get rid of our feature checks.

Implementation

This updates the version in tapioca.gemspec and refreshes Gemfile.lock accordingly.

Tests

All existing tests apply.

[paracycle]

If we can bump the minimum version to >= 0.5.9892 (which seems to date back to April 2022) then we can get rid of all of these feature detection workarounds as well: https://github.com/Shopify/tapioca/blob/main/lib/tapioca/helpers/sorbet_helper.rb#L23-L25

[sambostock]

@paracycle, I've added commits getting rid of a feature flag by successively bumping the version, and added a documentation comment to the now empty hash (as I imagine we want to keep it around for future use).

Alternatively, I could delete all the feature checking code, if that's not something we want to keep around.

[vinistock]

The changes look good to me. Have we verified the new generics syntax on Core?

[sambostock]

I don't know about the generics syntax specifically, but trying out this branch on Core passes RBI related CI checks. It's already on Sorbet 0.5.10482.