feat: add client logic for graphical editor

[GideonKoenig]

Related to #1243.

Summary of Changes

Introduces the necessary components and the message handling logic for the graphical editor in the safe-ds-vscode package.

[github-actions]

🦙 MegaLinter status: ✅ SUCCESS

Descriptor	Linter	Files	Fixed	Errors	Elapsed time
✅ CSS	stylelint	2	0	0	1.29s
✅ JSON	jsonlint	1		0	0.18s
✅ JSON	npm-package-json-lint	yes		no	0.41s
✅ JSON	prettier	3	0	0	0.91s
✅ JSON	v8r	1		0	6.08s
✅ REPOSITORY	git_diff	yes		no	0.23s
✅ TYPESCRIPT	eslint	28	0	0	5.98s
✅ TYPESCRIPT	prettier	28	0	0	1.62s

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 70.43796% with 243 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 97.99%. Comparing base (fdbefe3) to head (6cad99a).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...uage/graphical-editor/graphical-editor-provider.ts	30.66%	104 Missing ⚠️
...e/graphical-editor/ast-parser/tools/debug-utils.ts	9.43%	48 Missing ⚠️
.../language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/statement.ts	62.33%	29 Missing ⚠️
...g/src/language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/call.ts	84.02%	27 Missing ⚠️
...src/language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/parser.ts	81.25%	21 Missing ⚠️
...language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/expression.ts	86.53%	7 Missing ⚠️
...afe-ds-lang/src/language/graphical-editor/types.ts	83.33%	4 Missing ⚠️
...g/src/language/graphical-editor/ast-parser/edge.ts	95.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
...fe-ds-lang/src/language/graphical-editor/global.ts	0.00%	0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1316      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   99.73%   97.99%   -1.74%     
==========================================
  Files         120      135      +15     
  Lines       13031    13853     +822     
  Branches     4266     4438     +172     
==========================================
+ Hits        12996    13575     +579     
- Misses         35      277     +242     
- Partials        0        1       +1     

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