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RAprogramm edited this page Jan 7, 2026 · 2 revisions

Define relaciones entre entidades usando #[belongs_to] y #[has_many]. Las relaciones generan métodos de navegación type-safe en repositorios.

Inicio Rápido

// Entidad padre
#[derive(Entity)]
#[entity(table = "users")]
#[has_many(Post)]
pub struct User {
    #[id]
    pub id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, update, response)]
    pub name: String,
}

// Entidad hija
#[derive(Entity)]
#[entity(table = "posts")]
pub struct Post {
    #[id]
    pub id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, response)]
    #[belongs_to(User)]
    pub user_id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, update, response)]
    pub title: String,
}

Código Generado

Para #[has_many(Post)] en User

#[async_trait]
impl UserRepository for PgPool {
    // ... métodos CRUD estándar

    /// Encontrar todos los posts de este usuario.
    async fn find_posts(&self, user_id: Uuid) -> Result<Vec<Post>, Self::Error> {
        let rows: Vec<PostRow> = sqlx::query_as(
            "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id = $1 ORDER BY created_at DESC"
        )
        .bind(&user_id)
        .fetch_all(self)
        .await?;

        Ok(rows.into_iter().map(Post::from).collect())
    }
}

Para #[belongs_to(User)] en Post

#[async_trait]
impl PostRepository for PgPool {
    // ... métodos CRUD estándar

    /// Encontrar el usuario al que pertenece este post.
    async fn find_user(&self, id: Uuid) -> Result<Option<User>, Self::Error> {
        // Primero obtener el post para encontrar user_id
        let post = self.find_by_id(id).await?;

        if let Some(post) = post {
            let row: Option<UserRow> = sqlx::query_as(
                "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1"
            )
            .bind(&post.user_id)
            .fetch_optional(self)
            .await?;

            Ok(row.map(User::from))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }
}

Tipos de Relación

belongs_to (Muchos-a-Uno)

Una entidad hija referencia a un padre via clave foránea.

#[derive(Entity)]
#[entity(table = "comments")]
pub struct Comment {
    #[id]
    pub id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, response)]
    #[belongs_to(Post)]
    pub post_id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, response)]
    #[belongs_to(User)]
    pub author_id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, response)]
    pub content: String,
}

Métodos generados:

  • find_post(comment_id) → Option<Post>
  • find_author(comment_id) → Option<User> (nota: nombre derivado del campo sin _id)

has_many (Uno-a-Muchos)

Una entidad padre tiene múltiples hijos.

#[derive(Entity)]
#[entity(table = "users")]
#[has_many(Post)]
#[has_many(Comment)]
pub struct User {
    #[id]
    pub id: Uuid,
    // ...
}

Métodos generados:

  • find_posts(user_id) → Vec<Post>
  • find_comments(user_id) → Vec<Comment>

Ejemplos de Uso

Cargando Datos Relacionados

// Obtener usuario con sus posts
async fn get_user_with_posts(
    pool: &PgPool,
    user_id: Uuid,
) -> Result<Option<(User, Vec<Post>)>, sqlx::Error> {
    let user = pool.find_by_id(user_id).await?;

    if let Some(user) = user {
        let posts = pool.find_posts(user_id).await?;
        Ok(Some((user, posts)))
    } else {
        Ok(None)
    }
}

// Obtener post con autor
async fn get_post_with_author(
    pool: &PgPool,
    post_id: Uuid,
) -> Result<Option<(Post, User)>, sqlx::Error> {
    let post = pool.find_by_id(post_id).await?;

    if let Some(post) = post {
        let user = pool.find_user(post.id).await?;
        if let Some(user) = user {
            return Ok(Some((post, user)));
        }
    }

    Ok(None)
}

Construyendo DTOs de Respuesta

#[derive(Serialize)]
pub struct PostWithAuthor {
    #[serde(flatten)]
    pub post: PostResponse,
    pub author: UserResponse,
}

async fn get_posts_with_authors(
    pool: &PgPool,
    limit: i64,
) -> Result<Vec<PostWithAuthor>, sqlx::Error> {
    let posts = pool.list(limit, 0).await?;

    let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(posts.len());

    for post in posts {
        if let Some(user) = pool.find_user(post.id).await? {
            results.push(PostWithAuthor {
                post: PostResponse::from(&post),
                author: UserResponse::from(&user),
            });
        }
    }

    Ok(results)
}

Relaciones Múltiples

Una entidad puede tener múltiples relaciones:

#[derive(Entity)]
#[entity(table = "organizations")]
#[has_many(User)]
#[has_many(Project)]
#[has_many(Team)]
pub struct Organization {
    #[id]
    pub id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, update, response)]
    pub name: String,
}

#[derive(Entity)]
#[entity(table = "projects")]
pub struct Project {
    #[id]
    pub id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, response)]
    #[belongs_to(Organization)]
    pub organization_id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, response)]
    #[belongs_to(User)]
    pub owner_id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, update, response)]
    pub name: String,
}

Generado para Organization:

  • find_users(org_id)
  • find_projects(org_id)
  • find_teams(org_id)

Generado para Project:

  • find_organization(project_id)
  • find_owner(project_id)

Joins Personalizados con sql = "trait"

Para consultas complejas con eager loading, usa SQL personalizado:

#[derive(Entity)]
#[entity(table = "posts", sql = "trait")]
pub struct Post { /* ... */ }

pub struct PostWithRelations {
    pub post: Post,
    pub author: User,
    pub comments: Vec<Comment>,
}

pub trait PostRepositoryExt {
    async fn find_with_relations(&self, id: Uuid) -> Result<Option<PostWithRelations>, sqlx::Error>;
    async fn list_with_authors(&self, limit: i64) -> Result<Vec<(Post, User)>, sqlx::Error>;
}

#[async_trait]
impl PostRepositoryExt for PgPool {
    async fn find_with_relations(&self, id: Uuid) -> Result<Option<PostWithRelations>, sqlx::Error> {
        // Consulta única con joins
        let row = sqlx::query_as::<_, (PostRow, UserRow)>(
            r#"
            SELECT p.*, u.*
            FROM posts p
            JOIN users u ON u.id = p.user_id
            WHERE p.id = $1
            "#
        )
        .bind(&id)
        .fetch_optional(self)
        .await?;

        if let Some((post_row, user_row)) = row {
            let comments: Vec<CommentRow> = sqlx::query_as(
                "SELECT * FROM comments WHERE post_id = $1 ORDER BY created_at"
            )
            .bind(&id)
            .fetch_all(self)
            .await?;

            Ok(Some(PostWithRelations {
                post: Post::from(post_row),
                author: User::from(user_row),
                comments: comments.into_iter().map(Comment::from).collect(),
            }))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    async fn list_with_authors(&self, limit: i64) -> Result<Vec<(Post, User)>, sqlx::Error> {
        let rows = sqlx::query_as::<_, (PostRow, UserRow)>(
            r#"
            SELECT p.*, u.*
            FROM posts p
            JOIN users u ON u.id = p.user_id
            ORDER BY p.created_at DESC
            LIMIT $1
            "#
        )
        .bind(limit)
        .fetch_all(self)
        .await?;

        Ok(rows.into_iter()
            .map(|(p, u)| (Post::from(p), User::from(u)))
            .collect())
    }
}

Con Filtrado

Combina relaciones con filtrado de consultas:

#[derive(Entity)]
#[entity(table = "posts")]
pub struct Post {
    #[id]
    pub id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, response)]
    #[belongs_to(User)]
    #[filter]  // Habilitar filtrado por user_id
    pub user_id: Uuid,

    #[field(create, update, response)]
    #[filter(like)]
    pub title: String,

    #[field(response)]
    #[auto]
    #[filter(range)]
    pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
}

Uso:

// Obtener posts de un usuario específico con filtro de título
let query = PostQuery {
    user_id: Some(user_id),
    title: Some("%rust%".into()),
    limit: Some(20),
    ..Default::default()
};
let posts = pool.query(query).await?;

Mejores Prácticas

  1. Evitar consultas N+1 — Usa joins para eager loading al obtener múltiples entidades relacionadas
  2. Usar paginación — Siempre limita resultados de has_many
  3. Considerar patrones de acceso a datos — Añade índices en columnas de clave foránea
  4. Cachear cuando sea apropiado — Cachea datos relacionados accedidos frecuentemente
  5. Usar proyecciones — Obtén solo campos necesarios para entidades relacionadas

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