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U.S. Firms Must Trade Short-Term Gains for Long-Term Technology Planning". Inside the Pentagon. 7 March 1991.
Highman, Robert D.S.; Greenwood, John T.; Hardesty, Von (1998). Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7146-4784-5.
Wilson 1983, p. 205
Wilson 1983, p. 201
Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 166–67.
Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 168.
Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 165.
Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 167.
Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, p. 169.
International Monetary Fund and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 1991, p. 56.
Mark Harrison (18 July 2002). Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-521-89424-1.
Jay Winter; Emmanuel Sivan (2000). War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-521-79436-7.
Government of the USSR (1977). Большая советская энциклопедия [Great Soviet Encyclopaedia] (in Russian). 24. Moscow: State Committee for Publishing. p. 15.
Anderson, Barbara A. (1990). Growth and Diversity of the Population of the Soviet Union. 510. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. pp. 155–77.
Vallin, J.; Chesnais, J.C. (1970). Recent Developments of Mortality in Europe, English-Speaking Countries and the Soviet Union, 1960–1970. 29. Population Studies. pp. 861–898.
Ryan, Michael (28 May 1988). Life Expectancy and Mortality Data from the Soviet Union. British Medical Journal. 296. p. 1,513–1515.
Davis, Christopher; Feshbach, Murray. Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. p. 95.
Krimins, Juris (3–7 December 1990). The Changing Mortality Patterns in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience of the Past Three Decades. Paper presented at the International Conference on Health, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe.
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993
Richard Stites, The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930 (1978)
Rebecca Balmas Neary, "Mothering Socialist Society: The Wife-Activists' Movement and the Soviet Culture of Daily Life, 1934-1941," Russian Review (58) 3, July 1999: 396-412
Figes, Orlando. "From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
Gao, George. "Why the Former USSR Has Far Fewer Men than Women". Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934, Cambridge University Press (16 May 2002), ISBN 0-521-89423-9
Law, David A. (1975). Russian Civilization. Ardent Media. pp. 300–1. ISBN 978-0-8422-0529-0.
Mikhail Shifman, ed. (2005). You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-270-116-9.
Edward Frenkel (October 2012). "The Fifth problem: math & anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union". The New Criterion.
Dominic Lawson (11 October 2011). "More migrants please, especially the clever ones". The Independent. London.
Andre Geim (2010). "Biographical". Nobelprize.org.
Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era. I.B. Tauris. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-85043-284-5.
Pejovich, Svetozar (1990). The Economics of Property Rights: Towards a Theory of Comparative Systems. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-7923-0878-2.
Central Intelligence Agency (1991). "Soviet Union – People". The World Factbook. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
Comrie 1981, p. 2.
Comrie 1981, p. 3
Hosking, Geoffrey (13 March 2006). "Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union". History Today. Retrieved 25 October 2010. (pay-fee)
Pål Kolstø, "Political construction sites: Nation-building in Russia and the post-Soviet States". Boulder, Colorado: Westview press 2000, pp. 81–104 uncorrected version, Chapter 2, par. "Nations and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe" and Chapter 5
Lane 1992, p. 353
Lane 1992, p. 352
Lane 1992, pp. 352–53
Dinkel, R.H. (1990). The Seeming Paradox of Increasing Mortality in a Highly Industrialized Nation: the Example of the Soviet Union. pp. 155–77.
Comrie 1981, pp. 3–4
Comrie 1981, p. 4
Comrie 1981, p. 25
Comrie 1981, p. 26
Comrie 1981, p. 27
"Archived copy" ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24 April 1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР [Law of the USSR from 24 April 1990 On languages of the USSR] (in Russian). Government of the Soviet Union. 24 April 1990. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004). Daily life in the Soviet Union. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 285 and 286. ISBN 978-0-313-31628-9.
Silvio Ferrari; W. Cole Durham; Elizabeth A. Sewell (2003). Law and religion in post-communist Europe. Peeters Pub & Booksellers. p. 261. ISBN 978-90-429-1262-5.
Simon 1974, pp. 64–65slated by Sheridan Smith, A. M. London: Faber and Faber.
Rayfield, Donald (2004). Stalin and His Hangmen: An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him. Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-375-75771-6.
Service, Robert (2000). Lenin: A Biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72625-9.
Simon, Gerard (1974). Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02612-4.
Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-255123-6.
White, James D. (2001). Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-72157-5.
Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-2704-4.
World Bank and OECD (1991). A Study of the Soviet economy. 3. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 978-92-64-13468-3.
Palat, Madhavan K. (2001). Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia. UK: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-92947-6. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
Warshofsky Lapidus, Gail (1978). Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Change. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03938-4.
Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 48 (8): 1319–1353. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. JSTOR 152781.
Further reading
See also: List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War
Surveys
A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former). Library of Congress Country Studies, 1991.
Brown, Archie, et al., eds.: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union (Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Fitzpatrick, Shei
In other projects
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The Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019), also referred to as the Mueller probe, Mueller report, Mueller investigation and Russia investigation,[1][2] was a United States law enforcement and counterintelligence investigation of the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. According to its authorizing document[3] which was signed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein on May 17, 2017, the investigation's scope included allegations that there were links or coordination between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and the Russian government[4][5] as well as "any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation". The scope of the investigation also included potential obstruction of justice charge by Trump and others within the campaign and administration.[6] Conducted by the Department of Justice Special Counsel's Office headed by Robert Mueller, a Republican and former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Special Counsel investigation began eight days after President Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey, who had been leading existing FBI investigations since July 2016 into links between Trump associates and Russian officials. Following Comey's firing, over 130 Democratic Party lawmakers in Congress called for the appointment of a special counsel, while the FBI began investigating Trump for obstruction of justice. The special counsel's office took over both these investigations from the FBI.[7][8]

For the criminal charges brought in this investigation, as of the investigation's conclusion in March 2018, 34 individuals received indictments for federal crimes. Seven of these individuals have entered guilty pleas or been convicted.[9] In August 2018, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort was found guilty on eight felony counts of financial crimes in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia[10] and a month later pleaded guilty to conspiracy to defraud the United States and obstruct justice in a plea bargain for his full cooperation with prosecutors.[11][12] The investigation also led to Trump's former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn pleading guilty to making false statements to the FBI about his discussions of sanctions with the Russian ambassador during the Trump campaign,[13] and was required to be a cooperating witness in the investigations.[14] Mueller further secured guilty pleas from Manafort's business partner Rick Gates, Dutch attorney Alex van der Zwaan,[15] former Trump campaign adviser George Papadopoulos, lobbyist W. Samuel Patten[16] and Richard Pinedo.[17] Except Van der Zwaan, all have become cooperating witnesses for investigators. In February 2018, Mueller indicted 13 Russian citizens and three Russian entities, most notably the Internet Research Agency[18] and in June 2018 added an indictment of Konstantin Kilimnik, Manafort's business partner,[19] to whom he had passed internal campaign polling data.[20] In July 2018, 12 members of the Russian GRU cyber espionage group known as Fancy Bear, responsible for the 2016 DNC email hacking, were indicted.[21] Investigations into Trump's personal lawyer Michael Cohen were referred to the Attorney's office of the Southern District of New York.[22] Longtime Trump advisor Roger Stone was indicted on seven charges in January 2019.[23]

Initially receiving bipartisan support,[24][25] the Special Counsel investigation was later criticized by Trump and his supporters. Trump has criticized people or groups related to the investigation over 1,000 times.[26] On January 30, 2019, an FBI court filing revealed that someone located in Russia was also attempting to discredit the Special Counsel investigation through Twitter.[27][28] Russian people have also sent falsified documents to reporters.[29] Some allegations of investigators' misconduct have been raised and were almost immediately debunked.[30] Trump and his supporters criticized the cost of the investigation. By December 2018, the investigation had cost approximately $25 million while gaining approximately $48 million through asset forfeitures.[31][32] The Special Counsel's office concluded its investigation and submitted the final report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22, 2019.[33]
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starvation ... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs ... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers".
"The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941–January 1942". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
Brinkley, Douglas (2003). The New York Times Living History: World War II, 1942–1945: The Allied Counteroffensive. Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8050-7247-1.
Urquhart, Brian. Looking for the Sheriff. New York Review of Books, 16 July 1998.
"The Executive of the Presidents Soviet Protocol Committee (Burns) to the President's Special Assistant (Hopkins)". www.history.state.gov. Office of the Historian.
"The Soviet Union and the United States – Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions – Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. 15 June 1992. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
"Main Intelligence Administration (GRU) Glavnoye Razvedovatel'noye Upravlenie – Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies". Fas.org. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in Klaus Larresm ed. (2014). A Companion to Europe Since 1945. Wiley. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-118-89024-0.
"Tank on the Moon". The Nature of Things with David Suzuki. 6 December 2007. CBC-TV. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008.
Kenneth S. Deffeyes, Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak.
The red blues — Soviet politics by Brian Crozier, National Review, 25 June 1990.[dead link]
Origins of Moral-Ethical Crisis and Ways to Overcome it by V.A.Drozhin Honoured Lawyer of Russia.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Brzezinski, Zbigniew K; Sullivan, Paige (1997). Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis. ISBN 978-1-56324-637-1.
Country Profile: Russia Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom. Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
"Child poverty soars in eastern Europe", BBC News, 11 October 2000
Parenti, Michael (1997). Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism. City Lights Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-0872863293.
Scheidel, Walter (2017). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 51 & 222–223. ISBN 978-0-691-16502-8.
McAaley, Alastair. Russia and the Baltics: Poverty and Poverty Research in a Changing World. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
"An epidemic of street kids overwhelms Russian cities". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Targ, Harry (2006). Challenging Late Capitalism, Neoliberal Globalization, & Militarism.
Theodore P. Gerber & Michael Hout, "More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991–1995", AJS Volume 104 Number 1 (July 1998): 1–50.
Volkov, Vladimir. "The bitter legacy of Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007)".
"Cops for hire". The Economist. 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014". Transparency International. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Hardt, John (2003). Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index. M. E Sharpe. p. 481.
Alexander, Catharine; Buchil, Victor; Humphrey, Caroline (12 September 2007). Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia. CRC Press.
Smorodinskaya. Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian. Routledge.
Galazkaa, Artur (2000). "Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for Immunization Programs". Journal of Inf
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To rising nationalist and separatist movements, a referendum was held in March 1991, boycotted by some republics, that resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin's high-profile role in facing down a coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. In late 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union met and formally dissolved the Soviet Union. The remaining 12 constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states, with the Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assuming the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state.[13][14][15]

The Soviet Union was a powerhouse of many significant technological achievements and innovations of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite, the first humans in space and the first probe to land on another planet, Venus. The country had the world's second largest economy and the largest standing military in the world.[16][17][18] The Soviet Union was recognized as one of the five nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[19] It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) and the leading member of the Council for Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics,[e] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR). Other major urban cen Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.
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