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‎content/posts/0903.md‎

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date = '2025-09-05T23:00:46+08:00'
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draft = false
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title = '0903学习日志'
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categories="log"
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tags=["计算机组成原理","虚拟存储器","TLB","Cache"]
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## 计算机组成原理
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### 虚拟存储器
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1. 基本概念
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2. 页式虚拟存储器
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1. 页表
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2. 地址转换
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3. 快表(TLB translation lookaside buffer)
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4. 具有TLB和Cache的多级存储系统
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3. 段式虚拟存储器
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4. 段页式虚拟存储器
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5. 虚拟存储器与Cache的比较
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1. 相同之处
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* 最终目标都是为了提高系统性能，两者都有容量、速度、价格的梯度
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* 都把数据划分为小信息块，并作为基本的交换单位，虚存系统的信息块更大
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* 都有地址映射、替换算法、更新策略等问题
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* 都依据局部性原理应用快速缓存的思想，将活跃的数据放在相对高速的部件中
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2. 不同之处
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* Cache主要解决系统速度，而虚拟存储器却是为了解决主存容量
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* Cache全由硬件实现，是硬件存储器，对所有程序员透明；而虚拟存储器由OS和硬件共同实现，是逻辑上的存储器，对系统程序员不透明，但对应用程序员透明
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* 对于不命中性能影响， 因为CPU的速度约为Cache的10倍，主存的速度为硬件的100倍以上，因此虚拟存储器系统不命中时对系统性能影响更大
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* CPU与Cache和主存都建立了直接访问通道，而辅存与CPU没有直接通路。也就是说在Cache不命中时能和CPU直接通信，同时将数据调入Cache；而虚拟存储器系统不命中时，只能先由硬盘调入主存，而不能直接和CPU通信

‎content/posts/0904.md‎

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date = '2025-09-05T23:42:41+08:00'
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draft = false
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title = '0904学习日志'
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categories='log'
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tags=["计算机组成原理","指令系统"]
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## 计算机组成原理
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### 指令系统
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1. 指令集体系结构（ISA）
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ISA规定的内容主要包括：
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1. 指令格式，指令寻址方式，操作类型，以及每种操作对应的操作数的相应规定
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2. 操作数的类型，操作数寻址方式，以及是按大段方式还是小端方式
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3. 程序可访问的寄存器编号、个数和位数，存储空间的大小和编址方式
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4. 指令执行过程的控制方式等，包括程序计数器、条件码定义等
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2. 指令的基本格式
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| 操作码字段 | 地址码字段 |
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| ---------- | ---------- |
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定长指令字结构，变长指令字结构。主存一般是按字节编址的，所以指令字长通常为字节的整数倍。
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1. 零地址指令
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| OP | |
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| ---- | ---- |
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2. 一地址指令
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| OP | $A_1$ |
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| ---- | ----- |
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3. 二地址指令
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| OP | $A_1$ | $A_2$ |
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| ---- | ----- | ----- |
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4. 三地址指令
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| OP | $A_1$ | $A_2$ | $A_3$（结果） |
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| ---- | ----- | ----- | ------------- |
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5. 四地址指令
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| OP | $A_1$ | $A_2$ | $A_3$（结果） | $A_4$（下址） |
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| ---- | ----- | ----- | ------------- | ------------- |
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3. 定长操作码指令格式
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4. 扩展操作码指令格式
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5. 指令的操作类型
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1. 数据传送MOV，LOAD，STORE，PUSH，POP
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2. 算数和逻辑运算ADD，SUB，MUL，DIV，INC，DEC，AND，OR，NOT，XOR
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3. 移位操作
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4. 转移操作JMP，BRANCH，CALL，RET，TRAP
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5. 输入输出操作
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### 指令的寻址方式
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1. 指令寻址和数据寻址
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1. 指令寻址
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1. 顺序寻址PC+1
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2. 跳跃寻址
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2. 数据寻址
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| 操作码 | 寻址特征 | 形式地址A |
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| ------ | -------- | --------- |
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2. 常见的数据寻址方式
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1. 隐含寻址
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2. 立即（数）寻址
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3. 直接寻址
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4. 间接寻址
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5. 寄存器寻址EA=$R_i$
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6. 寄存器间接寻址
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7. 相对寻址
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8. 基址寻址
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9. 变址寻址
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10. 堆栈寻址
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| 寻址方式 | 有效地址 | 访存次数 |
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| ------------------ | ----------- | -------- |
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| 立即寻址 | A即是操作数 | 0 |
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| 直接寻址 | EA=A | 1 |
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| 一次性间接寻址 | EA=(A) | 2 |
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| 寄存器寻址 | EA=$R_i$ | 0 |
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| 寄存器间接一次寻址 | EA=($R_i$) | 1 |
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| 相对寻址 | EA=(PC)+A | 1 |
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| 基址寻址 | EA=(BR)+A | 1 |
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| 变址寻址 | EA=(IX)+A | 1 |
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‎public/404.html‎

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<meta property='og:description' content="無職受験生 ～408に挑んだら本気だす～">
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<description>Recent content in Categories on shyの考研日志</description>
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