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content/posts/0902.md

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date = '2025-09-03T22:37:10+08:00'
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draft = true
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title = '0902'
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draft = false
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title = '0902学习日志'
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categories="log"
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tags=["计算机组成原理","磁盘","SSD","Cache"]
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## 计算机组成原理
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### 主存储器与CPU的连接
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1. 连接原理:
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* 主存储器通过数据总线、地址总线和控制总线与CPU连接
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* 数据总线的位数与工作频率的乘积正比于数据传输速率
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* 地址总线的位数决定了可寻址的最大内存空间
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* 控制总线(读/写)指出总线周期的类型和本次输入/输出操作完成的时刻
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2. 主存容量的扩展
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* 位扩展法
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* 字扩展法
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* 位字同时扩展法
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3. 存储芯片的地址分配和片选
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* 线选法
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* 译码片选法
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4. 存储器与CPU的连接
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* 合理选择存储芯片
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* 地址线的连接(cpu的地址线通常比芯片的地址线多,地位连接,高位片选)
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* 数据线的连接
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* 读写命令线的连接
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* 片选线的连接
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### 外部存储器
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1. 磁盘存储器
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1. 组成
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* 磁盘驱动器
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* 磁盘控制器
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2. 存储区域
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* 磁头数
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* 柱面数
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* 扇区数
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3. 性能指标
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* 记录密度
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* 磁盘的容量 = 记录面数 * 柱面数* 每道扇区数 * 每个扇区的容量
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* 存取时间
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* 数据传输速率
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4. 磁盘地址
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| 柱面号(磁道号) | 盘面号(磁头) | 扇区号 |
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| ---------------- | -------------- | ------ |
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5. 磁盘的工作过程
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寻址、读盘、写盘。
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1. 取控制字
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2. 执行控制字
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6. 磁盘阵列(RAID)
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1. RAID0:无冗余和无校验的磁盘阵列
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2. RAID1:镜像磁盘阵列
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3. RAID2:采用纠错的海明码的磁盘阵列
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4. RAID3:位交叉奇偶校验的磁盘阵列
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5. RAID4:块交叉奇偶校验的磁盘阵列
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6. RAID5:无独立校验的奇偶校验磁盘阵列
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2. 固态硬盘(SSD)
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1. 劣势:随机写很慢,擦除块较慢
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2. 优势:
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1. 半导体存储器,没有移动部件,随机访问速度比磁盘块很多,无噪音和震动;
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2. 能耗低,抗震性好,安全性高
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3. 磨损均衡
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1. 动态磨损均衡
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2. 静态磨损均衡(操作系统重合知识点)
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### 高速缓冲存储器Cache
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1. 程序访问的局部性原理
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2. Cache的基本工作原理
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1. 当CPU发出读请求时:若命中,则将访存地址转换成Cache地址。直接对Cache进行读操作;否则,需要访问主存,并把此字所在的块一次性的从主存调入Cache。若满,则根据某种替换算法,用这个块替换。整个过程由硬件实现。
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2. 当CPU发出写请求时:若命中,有可能会遇到Cache与主存中的内容不一致的问题。需要按照一定的写策略进行处理。
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3. Cache的命中率计算
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4. Cache和主存的映射方式
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1. 直接映射
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| 标记 | Cache行号 | 块内地址 |
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| ---- | --------- | -------- |
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2. 全相联映射
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| 标记 | 块内地址 | |
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| ---- | -------- | ---- |
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3. 组相联映射
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| 标记 | 组号 | 块内地址 |
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| ---- | ---- | -------- |
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5. Cache中主存块的替换算法
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1. 随机算法
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2. FIFO算法
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3. LRU算法
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4. 最不经常使用算法
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6. Cache的一致性问题
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1. 全写法(直写法、write-through)
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* 写缓冲
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2. 回写法(wirte-back)
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* 脏位
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3. 写分配法(write-allocate)(写不命中)
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4. 非写分配法(not-write-allocate)(写不命中)
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public/categories/diary/index.html

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<time datetime='2025-09-03T22:21:06&#43;08:00'>Sep 03, 2025</time>
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<time datetime='2025-09-03T22:37:10&#43;08:00'>Sep 03, 2025</time>
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<description>Recent content in Categories on shyの考研日志</description>
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<h2 class="article-title">0902学习日志</h2>
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<time datetime='2025-09-03T22:37:10&#43;08:00'>Sep 03, 2025</time>
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