diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 212be32..fc4526a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+### Fixes
+
+- CLI: return format-safe empty outputs for `search`, `vsearch`, and `query`
+  when no results are found (or when `--min-score` filters all results):
+  `[]` for `--json`, CSV header-only for `--csv`, `<results></results>` for
+  `--xml`, and empty output for `--md`/`--files`. #183
+
 ## [1.0.8] - 2026-02-19
 
 QMD now speaks in **query documents** — structured multi-line queries where each line is typed (`lex:`, `vec:`, `hyde:`, `expand:`), combining keyword precision with semantic recall. A single plain query still works exactly as before. AI agents using the MCP tool get significantly richer search capability: lex now supports quoted phrases and negation (`"C++ performance" -sports -athlete`), making intent-aware disambiguation practical.
@@ -358,4 +365,3 @@ notes, journals, and meeting transcripts.
 [Unreleased]: https://github.com/tobi/qmd/compare/v1.0.0...HEAD
 [1.0.0]: https://github.com/tobi/qmd/releases/tag/v1.0.0
 [0.9.0]: https://github.com/tobi/qmd/compare/v0.8.0...v0.9.0
-
diff --git a/src/qmd.ts b/src/qmd.ts
index d57b7e8..df3b80e 100755
--- a/src/qmd.ts
+++ b/src/qmd.ts
@@ -1783,11 +1783,38 @@ function shortPath(dirpath: string): string {
   return dirpath;
 }
 
+type EmptySearchReason = "no_results" | "min_score";
+
+// Emit format-safe empty output for search commands.
+function printEmptySearchResults(format: OutputFormat, reason: EmptySearchReason = "no_results"): void {
+  if (format === "json") {
+    console.log("[]");
+    return;
+  }
+  if (format === "csv") {
+    console.log("docid,score,file,title,context,line,snippet");
+    return;
+  }
+  if (format === "xml") {
+    console.log("<results></results>");
+    return;
+  }
+  if (format === "md" || format === "files") {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (reason === "min_score") {
+    console.log("No results found above minimum score threshold.");
+    return;
+  }
+  console.log("No results found.");
+}
+
 function outputResults(results: { file: string; displayPath: string; title: string; body: string; score: number; context?: string | null; chunkPos?: number; hash?: string; docid?: string }[], query: string, opts: OutputOptions): void {
   const filtered = results.filter(r => r.score >= opts.minScore).slice(0, opts.limit);
 
   if (filtered.length === 0) {
-    console.log("No results found above minimum score threshold.");
+    printEmptySearchResults(opts.format, "min_score");
     return;
   }
 
@@ -2022,11 +2049,7 @@ function search(query: string, opts: OutputOptions): void {
   closeDb();
 
   if (resultsWithContext.length === 0) {
-    if (opts.format === "json") {
-      console.log("[]");
-    } else {
-      console.log("No results found.");
-    }
+    printEmptySearchResults(opts.format);
     return;
   }
   outputResults(resultsWithContext, query, opts);
@@ -2081,11 +2104,7 @@ async function vectorSearch(query: string, opts: OutputOptions, _model: string =
     closeDb();
 
     if (results.length === 0) {
-      if (opts.format === "json") {
-        console.log("[]");
-      } else {
-        console.log("No results found.");
-      }
+      printEmptySearchResults(opts.format);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -2198,11 +2217,7 @@ async function querySearch(query: string, opts: OutputOptions, _embedModel: stri
     closeDb();
 
     if (results.length === 0) {
-      if (opts.format === "json") {
-        console.log("[]");
-      } else {
-        console.log("No results found.");
-      }
+      printEmptySearchResults(opts.format);
       return;
     }
 
diff --git a/test/cli.test.ts b/test/cli.test.ts
index b723e7d..658c7f4 100644
--- a/test/cli.test.ts
+++ b/test/cli.test.ts
@@ -314,6 +314,64 @@ describe("CLI Search Command", () => {
     expect(stdout).toContain("No results");
   });
 
+  test("returns empty JSON array for non-matching query with --json", async () => {
+    const { stdout, exitCode } = await runQmd(["search", "xyznonexistent123", "--json"]);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(JSON.parse(stdout)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  test("returns CSV header only for non-matching query with --csv", async () => {
+    const { stdout, exitCode } = await runQmd(["search", "xyznonexistent123", "--csv"]);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(stdout.trim()).toBe("docid,score,file,title,context,line,snippet");
+  });
+
+  test("returns empty XML container for non-matching query with --xml", async () => {
+    const { stdout, exitCode } = await runQmd(["search", "xyznonexistent123", "--xml"]);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(stdout.trim()).toBe("<results></results>");
+  });
+
+  test("returns empty output for non-matching query with --md", async () => {
+    const { stdout, exitCode } = await runQmd(["search", "xyznonexistent123", "--md"]);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(stdout.trim()).toBe("");
+  });
+
+  test("returns empty output for non-matching query with --files", async () => {
+    const { stdout, exitCode } = await runQmd(["search", "xyznonexistent123", "--files"]);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(stdout.trim()).toBe("");
+  });
+
+  test("returns min-score threshold message for default CLI output", async () => {
+    const { stdout, exitCode } = await runQmd(["search", "test", "--min-score", "2"]);
+    expect(exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(stdout).toContain("No results found above minimum score threshold.");
+  });
+
+  test("returns format-safe empty output when --min-score filters all results", async () => {
+    const json = await runQmd(["search", "test", "--json", "--min-score", "2"]);
+    expect(json.exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(JSON.parse(json.stdout)).toEqual([]);
+
+    const csv = await runQmd(["search", "test", "--csv", "--min-score", "2"]);
+    expect(csv.exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(csv.stdout.trim()).toBe("docid,score,file,title,context,line,snippet");
+
+    const xml = await runQmd(["search", "test", "--xml", "--min-score", "2"]);
+    expect(xml.exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(xml.stdout.trim()).toBe("<results></results>");
+
+    const md = await runQmd(["search", "test", "--md", "--min-score", "2"]);
+    expect(md.exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(md.stdout.trim()).toBe("");
+
+    const files = await runQmd(["search", "test", "--files", "--min-score", "2"]);
+    expect(files.exitCode).toBe(0);
+    expect(files.stdout.trim()).toBe("");
+  });
+
   test("requires query argument", async () => {
     const { stdout, stderr, exitCode } = await runQmd(["search"]);
     expect(exitCode).toBe(1);