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+---
+sidebar_position: 12
+sidebar_label: 0012 Data Loader vs Mongoose
+description: "This MADR explains the decision to choose between Data Loader and Mongoose."
+status: accepted
+date: 2025-04-03
+deciders:
+---
+
+# Use of apollo-datasource-mongodb vs Mongoose APIs
+
+## Context and Problem Statement
+
+When querying MongoDB, we need to decide whether to use `apollo-datasource-mongodb` (data-loader) or the native Mongoose APIs. This decision depends on factors such as the function's usage scope (resolvers vs backend logic), the need for field projections, datetime comparisons, and nested field population.
+
+## Decision Drivers  
+
+- **Query Performance**: We need to minimize redundant database queries and avoid the [N+1 problem in GraphQL resolvers](https://www.apollographql.com/tutorials/dataloaders-dgs/02-the-n-plus-1-problem).  
+- **Code Maintainability**: The approach should make it easy to manage queries across resolvers and backend logic.  
+- **Feature Requirements**: Some queries require field projection, datetime filtering, or population of nested fields.  
+- **Consistency**: Queries should be handled in a predictable and structured way across our service.  
+
+## Considered Options
+
+1. **Use `apollo-datasource-mongodb`**
+2. **Use Mongoose APIs**
+3. **Separate functions for resolvers and backend logic**
+
+## Decision Outcome
+
+The decision is based on the following criteria:
+
+### 1. If the function is **only used by resolvers**:
+   - **Check if the query requires processing or manipulation of the returned documents beyond simple retrieval**:
+     - **If yes with advanced operations such as field projection like `{ id: 1 }` or a datetime comparison such as `{ $lte: now }`**, use Mongoose APIs
+     - **If yes with nested field populate `find({}).populate(['applicant'])`**, **use `apollo-datasource-mongodb`**, and remove populate().
+     - **If no**, use `apollo-datasource-mongodb`.
+
+### 2. If the function is **used in both resolvers and backend logic**:
+   - **If no nested fields need to be populated**, **use `apollo-datasource-mongodb`**.
+   - **If nested fields need to be populated**, **separate the function into two**:
+     - One for backend logic using **Mongoose APIs** named with suffix `With<fieldName>` (e.g., `getCredCaseWithApplicant`).
+     - One for resolvers using **`apollo-datasource-mongodb`**, but without `populate()`, since resolvers will handle population.
+
+### 3. If the function is **only used in backend logic**, **use Mongoose APIs**.
+
+## Decision
+
+We will follow the structured approach outlined above to determine when to use `apollo-datasource-mongodb` versus Mongoose APIs. This ensures:
+- Optimized query performance.
+- Avoiding unnecessary data fetching in resolvers.
+- Proper separation of concerns between backend logic and GraphQL resolvers.
+
+## Pros and Cons of the Options
+
+### Use `apollo-datasource-mongodb`
+✅ Improve UI performance thanks to the benefits from [data-loader](https://github.com/GraphQLGuide/apollo-datasource-mongodb?tab=readme-ov-file).  
+❌ Can lead to N+1 query issues.  
+❌ Not ideal for complex filtering, projections, or nested field population.  
+
+### Use Mongoose APIs
+✅ Allows full control over queries, including projections, filtering, and population.  
+✅ More efficient for backend-only functions that don’t require GraphQL resolvers.  
+❌ Does not leverage the benefits from Apollo's data loader.  
+
+### Separate Functions for Resolvers and Backend Logic
+✅ Ensures resolvers don’t perform unnecessary `populate()` operations.  
+✅ Keeps backend logic optimized for different use cases.  
+❌ Requires maintaining two versions of the same function.  
+
+## Status
+
+**Accepted** – We will apply this approach when implementing MongoDB queries in our data-access.
+
+## Consequences
+
+- Developers must assess each query based on its usage context.
+- Functions used in both backend and resolvers need to be split appropriately.
+- Queries in resolvers should avoid `populate()`, relying on GraphQL resolvers to handle data population.
+
+## MORE INFORMATION
+
+- **Decision Tree for choosing between `apollo-datasource-mongodb` and Mongoose APIs**: The diagram illustrates the decision process for selecting the appropriate API based on query complexity and performance requirements.
+
+![Decision Tree](./img/data-loader_mongoose.png)
+- **Performance comparison between `apollo-datasource-mongodb` and Mongoose APIs**:
+  - **Result has N documents with one nested field populated**: Compares data retrieval performance when executing queries that fetch multiple documents, each with one nested field populated.
+![Performance Comparison 1](./img/performance-comparison1.png)
+
+  - **Result has 1 document with no fields populated**: Highlights the baseline performance of both approaches when no nested data is included.
+![Performance Comparison 2](./img/performance-comparison2.png)
+
+  - **Result has 1 document with N nested fields populated**: Demonstrates the performance overhead when handling queries that return 1 document and require populating multiple nested fields.
+![Performance Comparison 3](./img/performance-comparison3.png)
+
+  - **Time added by a redundant populate() call**: Illustrates the additional time incurred by an unnecessary populate() operation, comparing the performance cost between the implementations.
+![Performance Comparison 4](./img/performance-comparison4.png)
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