_phd-thesis.bib

@article{watanabe_multicast_2014,
	title = {Multicast Switch Technology that Enhances {ROADM} Operability},
	volume = {12},
	abstract = {A multicast switch is a compact and cost-effective optical switch that realizes a colorless, directionless, and contentionless function and enhances the operability of a multi-degree reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer. This article describes the circuit configuration and characteristics of the multicast switch, which employs a silica-based planar lightwave circuit.},
	number = {1},
	author = {Watanabe, Toshio and Suzuki, Kenya and Takahashi, Tetsuo},
	date = {2014},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Watanabe et al. - 2014 - Multicast Switch Technology that Enhances ROADM Op.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/TWUEZDKV/Watanabe et al. - 2014 - Multicast Switch Technology that Enhances ROADM Op.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{yu_high-performance_2020,
	title = {High-performance 90°hybrids based on {MMI} couplers in Si3N4 technology},
	volume = {465},
	issn = {00304018},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030401820302029},
	doi = {10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125620},
	abstract = {Low-loss, broadband, and low phase deviation optical 90◦ hybrids based on 2 × 4 multimode interference couplers are firstly demonstrated using Si3N4 on {SiO}2 technology. Only a simple traditional design method of {MMI} based on self-imaging theory and a single-stripe Si3N4 waveguide geometry with only one step etching process are utilized. The characterization of the fabricated devices is carried out over a wide spectral window of 1520–1610 nm, showing that the measured phase error is less than 8◦, and common-mode rejection ratios ({CMRRs}) are better than −20 {dB}. The measured total loss of the fabricated device including a 90◦ hybrid and a 3-{dB} coupler is {\textless}1 {dB} in a bandwidth over 80 nm. Our analysis also shows large fabrication tolerance with width of ±0.1 μm or length of ±3 μm.},
	pages = {125620},
	journaltitle = {Optics Communications},
	shortjournal = {Optics Communications},
	author = {Yu, Jia and Mu, Jinfeng and Chen, Kaixuan and De Goede, Michiel and Dijkstra, Meindert and He, Sailing and García-Blanco, Sonia M.},
	urldate = {2024-04-23},
	date = {2020-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Yu et al. - 2020 - High-performance 90°hybrids based on MMI couplers .pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/JTQ8HC94/Yu et al. - 2020 - High-performance 90°hybrids based on MMI couplers .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{saber_demonstration_2018,
	title = {Demonstration of a 120° hybrid based simplified coherent receiver on {SOI} for high speed {PON} applications},
	volume = {26},
	rights = {© 2018 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-26-24-31222},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.26.031222},
	abstract = {We demonstrate the first simplified coherent receiver using a 120\&\#x000B0; hybrid on silicon-on-insulator ({SOI}) for high speed {PON} applications. This coherent receiver integrates an inverse taper edge coupler for the received signal, a vertical grating coupler for the local oscillator input, a polarization splitter and rotator ({PSR}), a 120\&\#x000B0; hybrid based on a 3\&\#x000D7;3 multimode interference ({MMI}) coupler, and three germanium photodetectors. We achieved 25 Gbit/s two-level pulse amplitude modulation ({PAM}-2) transmission over 30 km standard single mode fiber ({SMF}) in the C-band without any digital signal processing ({DSP}) (e.g., pre-emphasis, pulse shaping, equalization, nonlinearity compensation) and dispersion compensation (e.g., optical or digital) either at the transmitter or at the receiver. The requirements for frequency and phase locking of the local oscillator ({LO}) were avoided due to the use of intensity modulated signals. Receiver sensitivities of \&\#x02212;23.70 {dBm}, \&\#x02212;20.30 {dBm}, and \&\#x02212;15.10 {dBm} are achieved at a bit error rate ({BER}) below the hard-decision forward error correction ({HD}-{FEC}) threshold (i.e., 3.8 \&\#x000D7; 10\&\#x02212;3) in back-to-back (B2B), after 21 km and 30 km, respectively. We also demonstrate 25 Gbit/s {PAM}-4 transmission achieving receiver sensitivities of \&\#x02212;15.30 {dBm}, \&\#x02212;13.90 {dBm}, and \&\#x02212;9.50 {dBm} below the {HD}-{FEC} threshold in B2B, after 10.5 km and 21 km, respectively.},
	pages = {31222--31232},
	number = {24},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {Saber, Md G. and Osman, M. and Patel, D. and Samani, A. and El-Fiky, E. and Alam, M. S. and Shahriar, K. A. and Xing, Z. and Jacques, M. and Dortschy, B. and Vall-Llosera, G. and Urban, P. J. and Cavaliere, F. and Lessard, S. and Plant, D. V.},
	urldate = {2024-04-23},
	date = {2018-11-26},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Multimode interference, Signal processing, Distributed feedback lasers, Nonlinearity compensation, Optical access networks, Signal transmission},
}

@article{reyes-iglesias_high-performance_2012,
	title = {High-performance monolithically integrated 120° downconverter with relaxed hardware constraints},
	volume = {20},
	rights = {© 2012 {OSA}},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-20-5-5725},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.20.005725},
	abstract = {A coherent receiver based on a 120° downconverter architecture, inherited from previous approaches at the microwave and optical fields, is proposed, analyzed, numerically evaluated and compared to the conventional 90° downconverter alternative. It is shown that, due to its superior calibration procedure, the new downconverter architecture allows full compensation of the imbalances in its optical front-end thus leading to an extended dynamic range and a broader operating bandwidth than its 90° counterpart. Simulation results from monolithically integrated downconverters show that our approach can be an interesting alternative to support efficient modulation schemes such as M-{QAM} that is being studied as potential candidate for the next generation of optical communication systems.},
	pages = {5725--5741},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {Reyes-Iglesias, P. J. and Molina-Fernández, I. and Moscoso-Mártir, A. and Ortega-Moñux, A.},
	urldate = {2024-04-23},
	date = {2012-02-27},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical networks, Optical systems, Optical signals, Optical fields, Phase diversity, Quadrature amplitude modulation},
	file = {Submitted Version:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/B852M7CF/Reyes-Iglesias et al. - 2012 - High-performance monolithically integrated 120° do.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez-lopez_general-purpose_2024,
	title = {General-purpose programmable photonic processor for advanced radiofrequency applications},
	volume = {15},
	rights = {2024 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45888-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-45888-7},
	abstract = {A general-purpose photonic processor can be built integrating a silicon photonic programmable core in a technology stack comprising an electronic monitoring and controlling layer and a software layer for resource control and programming. This processor can leverage the unique properties of photonics in terms of ultra-high bandwidth, high-speed operation, and low power consumption while operating in a complementary and synergistic way with electronic processors. These features are key in applications such as next-generation 5/6 G wireless systems where reconfigurable filtering, frequency conversion, arbitrary waveform generation, and beamforming are currently provided by microwave photonic subsystems that cannot be scaled down. Here we report the first general-purpose programmable processor with the remarkable capability to implement all the required basic functionalities of a microwave photonic system by suitable programming of its resources. The processor is fabricated in silicon photonics and incorporates the full photonic/electronic and software stack.},
	pages = {1563},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Pérez-López, Daniel and Gutierrez, Ana and Sánchez, David and López-Hernández, Aitor and Gutierrez, Mikel and Sánchez-Gomáriz, Erica and Fernández, Juan and Cruz, Alejandro and Quirós, Alberto and Xie, Zhenyun and Benitez, Jesús and Bekesi, Nandor and Santomé, Alejandro and Pérez-Galacho, Diego and {DasMahapatra}, Prometheus and Macho, Andrés and Capmany, José},
	urldate = {2024-04-23},
	date = {2024-02-20},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Microwave photonics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/6A28RCRS/Pérez-López et al. - 2024 - General-purpose programmable photonic processor fo.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{maharry_first_2022,
	title = {First Demonstration of an O-Band Coherent Link for Intra-Data Center Applications},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9979361},
	abstract = {We report two first-of-a-kind achievements for integrated O -band coherent subsystems: a full coherent link at 112 Gbps (56 Gbaud {QPSK}) with 2.1•10−4 measured {BER}, and a record baud rate 128 Gbps (64 Gbaud {QPSK}) transmitter.},
	eventtitle = {2022 European Conference on Optical Communication ({ECOC})},
	pages = {1--4},
	booktitle = {2022 European Conference on Optical Communication ({ECOC})},
	author = {Maharry, Aaron and Liu, Junqian and Misak, Stephen and Andrade, Hector and Valenzuela, Luis A. and Gilardi, Giovanni and Liao, Sean and Liu, Ansheng and Akulova, Yuliya and Coldren, Larry and Buckwalter, James F. and Schow, Clint L.},
	urldate = {2024-04-25},
	date = {2022-09},
	keywords = {Receivers, Optical transmitters, Europe, Optical fiber communication, Phase shift keying},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/FTLZGZ67/9979361.html:text/html},
}

@article{yang_low-cost_2017,
	title = {Low-Cost {CDC} {ROADM} Architecture Based on Stacked Wavelength Selective Switches},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1943-0620, 1943-0639},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=jocn-9-5-375},
	doi = {10.1364/JOCN.9.000375},
	abstract = {A highly flexible, stacked, switch module is proposed, wherein multiple independent 1 × N wavelength selective switches ({WSSs}) can be realized on a single 4k liquid crystal on silicon device. The stacked {WSS} module can be configured in different ways for application at either the transit side or the add/drop side of a colorless, directionless, and contentionless ({CDC}) reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer ({ROADM}). Two {ROADM} architectures are proposed based on the stacked {WSS} modules. Their costs are analyzed for both a 4-deg network node and a larger 8-deg node. The first proposed {ROADM} architecture with full {CDC} features is shown to realize a cost reduction of at least 35\% in these two test network nodes, when compared with the conventional {CDC} {ROADM} architecture based on the standalone {WSSs} and multicasting switches ({MCSs}). The second {ROADM} architecture proposed has a small probability of wavelength contention, which could be prevented by a local wavelength assignment algorithm. According to our cost estimation, we are able to aggressively reduce the number of components at the add/drop side and make an overall cost reduction of {\textgreater}70\% and {\textgreater}80\% in the 4- and 8-deg network nodes, respectively.},
	pages = {375},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Optical Communications and Networking},
	shortjournal = {J. Opt. Commun. Netw.},
	author = {Yang, Haining and Robertson, Brian and Wilkinson, Peter and Chu, Daping},
	urldate = {2024-04-25},
	date = {2017-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Optical switches, Lenses, Liquid crystal on silicon, Optical fiber devices, Optical fiber networks, Ports (Computers), Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer, Wavelength selective switch},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/N2QW6C7W/7926822.html:text/html;Yang et al. - 2017 - Low-Cost CDC ROADM Architecture Based on Stacked W.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/HJJJVYFY/Yang et al. - 2017 - Low-Cost CDC ROADM Architecture Based on Stacked W.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{reck_experimental_1994,
	title = {Experimental Realization of Any Discrete Unitary Operator},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {00269891},
	pages = {87},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {Reck, Michael},
	date = {1994},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/HFMF4TLT/PhysRevLett.73.html:text/html;PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/EGP7VCDN/Reck-Experimental realization of any discrete unitary operator.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{clements_optimal_2016,
	title = {Optimal design for universal multiport interferometers},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2334-2536},
	doi = {10.1364/optica.3.001460},
	abstract = {Universal multiport interferometers, which can be programmed to implement any linear transformation between multiple channels, are emerging as a powerful tool for both classical and quantum photonics. These interferometers are typically composed of a regular mesh of beam splitters and phase shifters, allowing for straightforward fabrication using integrated photonic architectures and ready scalability. The current, standard design for universal multiport interferometers is based on work by Reck et al (Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 58, 1994). We demonstrate a new design for universal multiport interferometers based on an alternative arrangement of beam splitters and phase shifters, which outperforms that by Reck et al. Our design occupies half the physical footprint of the Reck design and is significantly more robust to optical losses.},
	pages = {1460},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Optica},
	author = {Clements, William R. and Humphreys, Peter C. and Metcalf, Benjamin J. and Kolthammer, W. Steven and Walsmley, Ian A.},
	date = {2016},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {1603.08788v2},
	keywords = {Optical directional couplers, Microwave photonics, Beam splitters, Phase shift, Optical signal processing devices, Matrix methods},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/CGTV2LIB/Clements et al. - 2016 - Optimal design for universal multiport interferome.pdf:application/pdf;PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/BF93A77U/Clements - An Optimal Design for Universal Multiport Interferometers_2017.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez-lopez_programmable_2020,
	title = {Programmable Integrated Silicon Photonics Waveguide Meshes: Optimized Designs and Control Algorithms},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {15584542},
	doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2019.2948048},
	abstract = {Programmable Integrated Photonics is a recent area of research that aims to integrate a very-large scale of reconfigurable photonic components to enable flexible and versatile photonic integrated circuits. In this paper, we review the state of the art of general-purpose waveguide mesh arrangements with a special focus on those that allow the synthesis of optical feedback loops. Moreover, we propose for the first time, a new design approach to generate waveguide mesh patterns with equally-oriented components. This innovation is of special relevance to improve performance and to mitigate one of the main scalability limitations, the integration density. The paper finalizes with an introduction to control algorithms for waveguide mesh arrangements based on derivative methods and non-derivative methods. These control methods provide a proof for the self-reconfiguration of large-scale waveguide mesh arrangements. In particular, we apply the computational optimization algorithms to program a hexagonal waveguide mesh to emulate a 1 × 8 beamforming network and an optical filter based on an unbalanced {MZI} design. All in all, the paper comprises recipes to achieve truly practical software-defined photonic integrated circuits.},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Pérez-López, Daniel},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {control algorithms, integrated circuits, Programmable photonics, reconfigurable circuits, signal processing},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/P5M6WPP9/Pérez - Programmable Integrated Silicon PhotonicsWaveguide Meshes  Optimized Designsand Control Algorithms.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{shokraneh_diamond_2020,
	title = {The diamond mesh, a phase-error- and loss-tolerant field-programmable {MZI}-based optical processor for optical neural networks},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {10944087},
	doi = {10.1364/oe.395441},
	abstract = {This paper presents the performance analysis of a phase error-and loss-tolerant mul-tiport field-programmable {MZI}-based structure for optical neural networks ({ONNs}). Compared to the triangular (Reck) mesh, our proposed diamond mesh makes use of a larger number of {MZIs}, leading to a symmetric topology and adding additional degrees of freedom for the weight matrix optimization in the backpropagation process. Furthermore, the additional {MZIs} enable the diamond mesh to optimally eliminate the excess light intensity that degrades the performance of the {ONNs} through the tapered out waveguides. Our results show that the diamond topology is more robust to the inevitable imperfections in practice, i.e., insertion loss of the constituent {MZIs} and the phase errors. This robustness allows for better classification accuracy in the presence of experimental imperfections. The practical performance and the scalability of the two structures implementing different sizes of optical neural networks are analytically compared. The obtained results confirm that the diamond mesh is more error-and loss-tolerant in classifying the data samples in different sizes of {ONNs}.},
	pages = {23495},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	author = {Shokraneh, Farhad and Geoffroy-gagnon, Simon and Liboiron-Ladouceur, Odile},
	date = {2020},
	pmid = {32752345},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/M45XN4A8/oe-28-16-23495.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{shen_deep_2017,
	title = {Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {17494893},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2017.93},
	abstract = {Artificial neural networks are computational network models inspired by signal processing in the brain. These models have dramatically improved performance for many machine-learning tasks, including speech and image recognition. However, today's computing hardware is inefficient at implementing neural networks, in large part because much of it was designed for von Neumann computing schemes. Significant effort has been made towards developing electronic architectures tuned to implement artificial neural networks that exhibit improved computational speed and accuracy. Here, we propose a new architecture for a fully optical neural network that, in principle, could offer an enhancement in computational speed and power efficiency over state-of-the-art electronics for conventional inference tasks. We experimentally demonstrate the essential part of the concept using a programmable nanophotonic processor featuring a cascaded array of 56 programmable Mach-Zehnder interferometers in a silicon photonic integrated circuit and show its utility for vowel recognition.},
	pages = {441--446},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {Shen, Yichen and Harris, Nicholas C. and Skirlo, Scott and Prabhu, Mihika and Baehr-Jones, Tom and Hochberg, Michael and Sun, Xin and Zhao, Shijie and Larochelle, Hugo and Englund, Dirk and Soljacic, Marin},
	date = {2017},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {1610.02365},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/ZI95DI7P/Soljacic-2018-Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits-Supplement Material.pdf:application/pdf;PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/KAP6LNC2/2017 - Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bogaerts_programmable_2020,
	title = {Programmable photonic circuits},
	volume = {586},
	issn = {14764687},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2764-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2764-0},
	abstract = {The growing maturity of integrated photonic technology makes it possible to build increasingly large and complex photonic circuits on the surface of a chip. Today, most of these circuits are designed for a specific application, but the increase in complexity has introduced a generation of photonic circuits that can be programmed using software for a wide variety of functions through a mesh of on-chip waveguides, tunable beam couplers and optical phase shifters. Here we discuss the state of this emerging technology, including recent developments in photonic building blocks and circuit architectures, as well as electronic control and programming strategies. We cover possible applications in linear matrix operations, quantum information processing and microwave photonics, and examine how these generic chips can accelerate the development of future photonic circuits by providing a higher-level platform for prototyping novel optical functionalities without the need for custom chip fabrication.},
	pages = {207--216},
	number = {7828},
	journaltitle = {Nature},
	author = {Bogaerts, Wim and Pérez, Daniel and Capmany, José and Miller, David A.B. and Poon, Joyce and Englund, Dirk and Morichetti, Francesco and Melloni, Andrea},
	date = {2020},
	pmid = {33028997},
	note = {Publisher: Springer {US}},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/TWRR8645/Bogaerts - Programmable photonic circuits.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{psaltis_holography_1990,
	title = {Holography in artificial neural networks},
	volume = {343},
	issn = {00280836},
	doi = {10.1038/343325a0},
	abstract = {The dense interconnections that characterize neural networks are most readily implemented using optical signal processing. Optoelectronic 'neurons' fabricated from semiconducting materials can be connected by holographic images recorded in photorefractive crystals. Processes such as learning can be demonstrated using holographic optical neural networks. © 1990 Nature Publishing Group.},
	pages = {325--330},
	number = {6256},
	journaltitle = {Nature},
	author = {Psaltis, Demetri and Brady, David and Gu, Xiang Guang and Lin, Steven},
	date = {1990},
	pmid = {2300184},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/CZ2TWNUS/343325a0.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ruocco_demonstration_2016,
	title = {Demonstration of a 4 x 4-port universal linear circuit},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2334-2536},
	url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=optica-3-12-1348&seq=0&html=true},
	doi = {10.1364/OPTICA.3.001348},
	abstract = {We present a silicon implementation of a 4\&\#x2009;\&\#x00D7;\&\#x2009;4-port universal linear optical circuit. Instead of predefining the exact functionality of a photonic circuit at design time, we demonstrate a simple generic silicon photonic circuit, combined with electronic control and software feedback, that can perform any linear operation between its four input ports and output ports. The circuit consists of a network of thermally tunable symmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers with phase and amplitude control, in-circuit optical power monitors, and local software controlled feedback loops. The circuit can be configured using a training mechanism, which makes it self-adapt to implement the desired function. We use the circuit to demonstrate an adaptive, universal beam coupler, as well as a switch matrix.},
	pages = {1348--1357},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Optica, Vol. 3, Issue 12, pp. 1348-1357},
	author = {Ruocco, Alfonso and Ribeiro, Antonio and Vanacker, Laurent and Bogaerts, Wim},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	date = {2016-12-20},
	note = {Publisher: Optical Society of America},
	keywords = {Mode conversion, Optical circuits, Optical components, Optical devices, Phase shift, Fourier transforms, Application specific integrated circuits, Hadamard transform, Metrological instrumentation, Field programmable gate arrays},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/AAD7ILB3/full-text.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{carolan_universal_2015,
	title = {Universal linear optics},
	volume = {349},
	url = {https://www.science.org},
	doi = {10.1126/SCIENCE.AAB3642},
	abstract = {Linear optics underpins fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and quantum technologies. We demonstrate a single reprogrammable optical circuit that is sufficient to implement all possible linear optical protocols up to the size of that circuit. Our six-mode universal system consists of a cascade of 15 Mach-Zehnder interferometers with 30 thermo-optic phase shifters integrated into a single photonic chip that is electrically and optically interfaced for arbitrary setting of all phase shifters, input of up to six photons, and their measurement with a 12-single-photon detector system. We programmed this system to implement heralded quantum logic and entangling gates, boson sampling with verification tests, and six-dimensional complex Hadamards. We implemented 100 Haar random unitaries with an average fidelity of 0.999 ± 0.001. Our system can be rapidly reprogrammed to implement these and any other linear optical protocol, pointing the way to applications across fundamental science and quantum technologies.},
	pages = {711--716},
	number = {6249},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	author = {Carolan, Jacques and Harrold, Christopher and Sparrow, Chris and Martín-López, Enrique and Russell, Nicholas J. and Silverstone, Joshua W. and Shadbolt, Peter J. and Matsuda, Nobuyuki and Oguma, Manabu and Itoh, Mikitaka and Marshall, Graham D. and Thompson, Mark G. and Matthews, Jonathan C.F. and Hashimoto, Toshikazu and O'Brien, Jeremy L. and Laing, Anthony},
	urldate = {2021-09-07},
	date = {2015-08-14},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/R5ZEEM69/Carolan et al. - 2015 - Universal linear optics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez_silicon_2017,
	title = {Silicon Photonics Rectangular Universal Interferometer},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1863-8899},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lpor.201700219},
	doi = {10.1002/LPOR.201700219},
	abstract = {Universal multiport photonic interferometers that can implement any arbitrary unitary transformation between input and output optical modes are essential to support advanced optical functions. Integrated versions of these components can be implemented by means of either a fixed triangular or a fixed rectangular arrangement of the same components. We propose the implementation of a fixed rectangular universal interferometer using a reconfigurable hexagonal waveguide mesh circuit. A suitable adaptation synthesis algorithm tailored to this mesh configuration is provided and the experimental demonstration of a rectangular multiport interferometer by means of a fabricated silicon photonics chip is reported. The 7-hexagonal cell chip can implement 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 arbitrary unitary transformations. The proposed hexagonal waveguide mesh operates in a similar way as a Field Programmable Gate Array ({FPGA}) in electronics. We believe that this work represents an important step-forward towards fully programmable and integrable multiport interferometers.},
	pages = {1700219},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Laser \& Photonics Reviews},
	author = {Perez, Daniel and Gasulla, Ivana and Fraile, Francisco Javier and Crudgington, Lee and Thomson, David J. and Khokhar, Ali Z. and Li, Ke and Cao, Wei and Mashanovich, Goran Z. and Capmany, Jose},
	urldate = {2021-11-19},
	date = {2017-11-01},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {integrated optics, quantum optics, integrated optics devices},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/XRATFIGP/full-text.pdf:application/pdf;Perez et al. - 2017 - Silicon Photonics Rectangular Universal Interferom.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/4K78XJ65/Perez et al. - 2017 - Silicon Photonics Rectangular Universal Interferom.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jacques_optimization_2019,
	title = {Optimization of thermo-optic phase-shifter design and mitigation of thermal crosstalk on the {SOI} platform},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-27-8-10456&seq=0&html=true},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.27.010456},
	abstract = {We first optimize the design and compare the performance of thermo-optic phase-shifters based on {TiN} metal and N++ doped silicon, in the same {SOI} process. The designs don\&\#x2019;t require special material processing, show negligible loss, and have very stable power consumption. The optimum {TiN} design has a switching {powerP}\&\#x03C0;=21.4 {mW} and a time constant\&\#x03C4;=5.6 \&\#x00B5;s, {whereasP}\&\#x03C0;=22.8 {mW} and\&\#x03C4;=2.2 \&\#x00B5;s for the best N++ Si design, enabling 2.5x faster switching compared to the metal heater. Doped-Si-based heaters are therefore the most practical and efficient on standard {SOI}. In addition, to optimize the layout density of highly integrated dies, we experimentally characterize internal and external thermal crosstalk for tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometers ({MZIs}) based on both heater designs for various power, distances, and etching patterns. Deep trenches are the best structures not involving special fabrication techniques to mitigate heat leakage affecting phase-sensitive devices close to heaters. Given the numerous applications of thermal tuners, this work is relevant to almost all silicon photonics designers.},
	pages = {10456--10471},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express, Vol. 27, Issue 8, pp. 10456-10471},
	author = {Jacques, Maxime and Samani, Alireza and Patel, David and Plant, David V. and El-Fiky, Eslam and Jacques, Maxime and Xing, Zhenping},
	urldate = {2022-04-11},
	date = {2019-04-15},
	pmid = {31052905},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Complementary metal oxide semiconductors, Ring resonators, Variable optical attenuators, Neural networks, Phase shift, Materials processing},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/TC96ZLMG/Jacques et al. - 2019 - Optimization of thermo-optic phase-shifter design and mitigation of thermal crosstalk on the SOI pla.pdf:application/pdf;PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/HGIMCSVX/full-text.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{liu_thermo-optic_2022,
	title = {Thermo-optic phase shifters based on silicon-on-insulator platform: state-of-the-art and a review},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {2095-2767},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12200-022-00012-9},
	doi = {10.1007/S12200-022-00012-9},
	abstract = {Silicon photonic platforms offer relevance to large markets in many applications, such as optical phased arrays, photonic neural networks, programmable photonic integrated circuits, and quantum computation devices. As one of the basic tuning devices, the thermo-optic phase shifter ({TOPS}) plays an important role in all these applications. A {TOPS} with the merits of easy fabrication, low power consumption, small thermal time constant, low insertion loss, small footprint, and low crosstalk, is needed to improve the performance and lower the cost of the above applications. To meet these demands, various {TOPS} have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated on different foundry platforms In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art of {TOPS}, including metal heater, doped silicon, silicide, with silicon substrate undercut for heat insulation, folded waveguide structure, and multi-pass waveguide structure. We further compare these {TOPSs} and propose the directions of the future developments on {TOPS}.},
	pages = {1--21},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2022 15:1},
	author = {Liu, Shengping and Feng, Junbo and Tian, Ye and Zhao, Heng and Jin, Li and Ouyang, Boling and Zhu, Jiguang and Guo, Jin},
	urldate = {2022-04-20},
	date = {2022-04-12},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
{ISBN}: 0123456789},
	keywords = {Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering, Electrical Engineering, general, Physics, Thermo-optic phase shifter ·},
	file = {Liu et al. - 2022 - Thermo-optic phase shifters based on silicon-on-in.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/UTS9YDZC/Liu et al. - 2022 - Thermo-optic phase shifters based on silicon-on-in.pdf:application/pdf;PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/QPY8GIPZ/full-text.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{sanchez-jacome_coherent_2021,
	title = {Coherent {MIMO} Radar Systems in Three-Dimensional Surveillance Scenarios},
	isbn = {978-2-87487-061-3},
	doi = {10.1109/EuRAD48048.2021.00093},
	abstract = {In this paper, a coherent multiple-input multiple-output ({MIMO}) radar system with widely separated antennas is simulated in three-dimensional (3D) surveillance scenarios. This analysis proceeds in parallel with the design and development of a system demonstrator based on photonic technology. Microwave photonics permits to conceive an architecture where all radar signals are coherently generated and received in a photonics-based central unit and optically distributed/collected to/from the radar heads where antennas are located, through optical fiber links, maintaining the coherence. Albeit centralized coherent data fusion becomes possible, preliminary results show how secondary lobes represent the major limiting factor for the radar's performance. Nonetheless, diversity in the spatial and/or frequency domains become a crucial resource to circumvent this problem. A {MIMO} radar simulator is proposed to estimate the coherent ambiguity function in 3D multi-target multi-band scenarios. Preliminary simulation results, concerning 3D scenarios considered of high interest for automotive and other applications, show that coherence in {MIMO} systems allows to achieve an angular and height resolution very close to the theoretical limit given by the used {RF} wavelength and baseline length, thus confirming the huge potential of coherent {MIMO} radars in 3D applications.},
	booktitle = {{EuRAD} 2020 - 2020 17th European Radar Conference},
	author = {Sanchez-Jacome, D.R. and Maresca, S. and Rockstuhl, C. and Ghelfi, P. and Bogoni, A.},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {3D Scenario, Coherent {MIMO} Radar, Multi-band System, Photonics-based Radar, Signal Processing},
}

@article{shokraneh_theoretical_2020,
	title = {Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of a 4 × 4 Reconfigurable {MZI}-Based Linear Optical Processor},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {15582213},
	doi = {10.1109/JLT.2020.2966949},
	abstract = {A 4 × 4 reconfigurable Mach-Zehnder interferometer ({MZI})-based linear optical processor is investigated through its theoretical analyses and characterized experimentally. The linear transformation matrix of the structure is theoretically determined using its building block, which is a 2 × 2 reconfigurable {MZI}. To program the device, the linear transformation matrix of a given application is decomposed into that of the constituent {MZIs} of the structure. Thus, the required phase shifts for implementing the transformation matrix of the application by means of the optical processor are determined theoretically. Due to random phase offsets in the {MZIs} resulting from fabrication process variations, they are initially configured through an experimental protocol. The presented calibration scheme allows to straightforwardly characterize the {MZIs} to mitigate the possible input phase errors and determine the bar and cross states of each {MZI} for tuning it at the required sate before programming the device. After the configuration process, the device can be programmed to construct the linear transformation matrix of the application. In this regard, using the required bias voltages, the phase shifts obtained from the decomposition process are applied to the phase shifters of the {MZIs} in the device.},
	pages = {1258--1267},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	author = {Shokraneh, Farhad and Nezami, Mohammadreza Sanadgol and Liboiron-Ladouceur, Odile},
	urldate = {2022-05-27},
	date = {2020-03-15},
	note = {Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.},
	keywords = {optical matrix multiplication structures, Optical neural networks, reconfigurable linear optical processors},
	file = {full-text.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/42CI562L/full-text.pdf:application/pdf;Theoretical_and_Experimental_Analysis_of_a_4__4_Reconfigurable_MZI-Based_Linear_Optical_Processor.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/BWV4J22E/Theoretical_and_Experimental_Analysis_of_a_4__4_Reconfigurable_MZI-Based_Linear_Optical_Processor.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{feldmann_parallel_2021,
	title = {Parallel convolutional processing using an integrated photonic tensor core},
	volume = {589},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03070-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-03070-1},
	abstract = {With the proliferation of ultrahigh-speed mobile networks and internet-connected devices, along with the rise of artificial intelligence ({AI})1, the world is generating exponentially increasing amounts of data that need to be processed in a fast and efficient way. Highly parallelized, fast and scalable hardware is therefore becoming progressively more important2. Here we demonstrate a computationally specific integrated photonic hardware accelerator (tensor core) that is capable of operating at speeds of trillions of multiply-accumulate operations per second (1012 {MAC} operations per second or tera-{MACs} per second). The tensor core can be considered as the optical analogue of an application-specific integrated circuit ({ASIC}). It achieves parallelized photonic in-memory computing using phase-change-material memory arrays and photonic chip-based optical frequency combs (soliton microcombs3). The computation is reduced to measuring the optical transmission of reconfigurable and non-resonant passive components and can operate at a bandwidth exceeding 14 gigahertz, limited only by the speed of the modulators and photodetectors. Given recent advances in hybrid integration of soliton microcombs at microwave line rates3–5, ultralow-loss silicon nitride waveguides6,7, and high-speed on-chip detectors and modulators, our approach provides a path towards full complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ({CMOS}) wafer-scale integration of the photonic tensor core. Although we focus on convolutional processing, more generally our results indicate the potential of integrated photonics for parallel, fast, and efficient computational hardware in data-heavy {AI} applications such as autonomous driving, live video processing, and next-generation cloud computing services. An integrated photonic processor, based on phase-change-material memory arrays and chip-based optical frequency combs, which can operate at speeds of trillions of multiply-accumulate ({MAC}) operations per second, is demonstrated.},
	pages = {52--58},
	number = {7840},
	journaltitle = {Nature 2020 589:7840},
	author = {Feldmann, J. and Youngblood, N. and Karpov, M. and Gehring, H. and Li, X. and Stappers, M. and Le Gallo, M. and Fu, X. and Lukashchuk, A. and Raja, A. S. and Liu, J. and Wright, C. D. and Sebastian, A. and Kippenberg, T. J. and Pernice, W. H.P. and Bhaskaran, H.},
	urldate = {2022-06-06},
	date = {2021-01-06},
	pmid = {33408373},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {2002.00281},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Frequency combs, Nanophotonics and plasmonics, Information technology},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/JAPTTIU6/full-text.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{on_photonic_2022,
	title = {Photonic spiking neural networks with event-driven femtojoule optoelectronic neurons based on Izhikevich-inspired model},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-30-11-19360&seq=0&html=true},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.449528},
	abstract = {Photonic spiking neural networks ({PSNNs}) potentially offer exceptionally high throughput and energy efficiency compared to their electronic neuromorphic counterparts while maintaining their benefits in terms of event-driven computing capability. While state-of-the-art {PSNN} designs require a continuous laser pump, this paper presents a monolithic optoelectronic {PSNN} hardware design consisting of an {MZI} mesh incoherent network and event-driven laser spiking neurons. We designed, prototyped, and experimentally demonstrated this event-driven neuron inspired by the Izhikevich model incorporating both excitatory and inhibitory optical spiking inputs and producing optical spiking outputs accordingly. The optoelectronic neurons consist of two photodetectors for excitatory and inhibitory optical spiking inputs, electrical transistors\&\#x2019; circuits providing spiking nonlinearity, and a laser for optical spiking outputs. Additional inclusion of capacitors and resistors complete the Izhikevich-inspired optoelectronic neurons, which receive excitatory and inhibitory optical spikes as inputs from other optoelectronic neurons. We developed a detailed optoelectronic neuron model in Verilog-A and simulated the circuit-level operation of various cases with excitatory input and inhibitory input signals. The experimental results closely resemble the simulated results and demonstrate how the excitatory inputs trigger the optical spiking outputs while the inhibitory inputs suppress the outputs. The nanoscale neuron designed in our monolithic {PSNN} utilizes quantum impedance conversion. It shows that estimated 21.09 {fJ}/spike input can trigger the output from on-chip nanolasers running at a maximum of 10 Gspike/second in the neural network. Utilizing the simulated neuron model, we conducted simulations on {MNIST} handwritten digits recognition using fully connected ({FC}) and convolutional neural networks ({CNN}). The simulation results show 90\&\#x0025; accuracy on unsupervised learning and 97\&\#x0025; accuracy on a supervised modified {FC} neural network. The benchmark shows our {PSNN} can achieve 50 {TOP}/J energy efficiency, which corresponds to 100\&\#x2009;\&\#x00D7;\&\#x2009;throughputs and 1000\&\#x2009;\&\#x00D7;\&\#x2009;energy-efficiency improvements compared to state-of-art electrical neuromorphic hardware such as Loihi and {NeuroGrid}.},
	pages = {19360--19389},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express, Vol. 30, Issue 11, pp. 19360-19389},
	author = {On, Mehmet Berkay and Proietti, Roberto and Yoo, S. J. Ben and Xiao, Xian and Lee, Yun-Jhu},
	urldate = {2022-07-04},
	date = {2022-05-23},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical directional couplers, Diode lasers, Optical signals, Neural networks, Fiber lasers, High throughput optics},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/I3HMEUHB/full-text.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez_reconfigurable_2016,
	title = {Reconfigurable lattice mesh designs for programmable photonic processors},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-24-11-12093&seq=0&html=true},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.24.012093},
	abstract = {We propose and analyse two novel mesh design geometries for the implementation of tunable optical cores in programmable photonic processors. These geometries are the hexagonal and the triangular lattice. They are compared here to a previously proposed square mesh topology in terms of a series of figures of merit that account for metrics that are relevant to on-chip integration of the mesh. We find that that the hexagonal mesh is the most suitable option of the three considered for the implementation of the reconfigurable optical core in the programmable processor.},
	pages = {12093--12106},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express, Vol. 24, Issue 11, pp. 12093-12106},
	author = {Pérez, Daniel and Gasulla, Ivana and Capmany, José and Soref, Richard A and Smit, M K and Leijtens, X and Ambrosius, H and Bente, E and van der Tol, J and Smalbrugge, B and de Vries, T and Geluk, E-j and Bolk, J and van Veldhoven, R and Augustin, L and Thijs, P and Rabbani, H and Lawniczuk, K and Stopinski, S and Tahvili, S and Corradi, A and Kleijn, E and Dzibrou, D and Felicetti, M and Bitincka, E and Moskalenko, V and Zhao, J and Santos, R and Gilardi, G and Yao, W and Williams, K and Stabile, P and Kuindersma, P and Pello, J and Bhat, S and Jiao, Y and Heiss, D and Roelkens, G and Wale, M and Firth, P and Soares, F and Grote, N and Schell, M and Debregeas, H and Achouche, M and Gentner, J-l and Bakker, A and Korthorst, T and Gallagher, D and Dabbs, A and Melloni, A and Morichetti, F and Melati, D and Wonfor, A and Penty, R and Broeke, R and Musk, B and Robbins, D},
	urldate = {2023-06-06},
	date = {2016-05-30},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group
{ISBN}: 2293722961},
	keywords = {Optical circuits, Bend loss, Optical directional couplers, Signal processing, Ring resonators, Mach Zehnder interferometers, Optical processing devices, Spatial resolution, Coupled resonators},
	file = {Full Text:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/Q6XJSJEU/Pérez et al. - 2016 - Reconfigurable lattice mesh designs for programmable photonic processors.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/Q73GLQIZ/Pérez et al. - 2016 - Reconfigurable lattice mesh designs for programmable photonic processors.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{cole_optical_2021,
	title = {Optical and electrical programmable computing energy use comparison},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-29-9-13153&seq=0&html=true},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.420027},
	abstract = {Optical computing has been proposed as a replacement for electrical computing to reduce energy use of math intensive programmable applications like machine learning. Objective energy use comparison requires that data transfer is separated from computing and made constant, with only computing variable. Three operations compared in this manner are multiplication, addition and inner product. For each, it is found that energy use is dominated by data transfer, and that computing energy use is a small fraction of the total. Switching to optical from electrical programmable computing does not reduce energy use.},
	pages = {13153--13170},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express, Vol. 29, Issue 9, pp. 13153-13170},
	author = {Cole, Chris},
	urldate = {2023-10-06},
	date = {2021-04-26},
	pmid = {33985056},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical computing, Optical receivers, Optical fibers, Optical signals, Wavelength division multiplexers, Signal transmission, Machine learning, Spatial filtering, Fiber optic cables},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/YNRHZ2WU/Cole - 2021 - Optical and electrical programmable computing ener.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{miller_self-configuring_2013,
	title = {Self-configuring universal linear optical component [Invited]},
	volume = {1},
	rights = {© 2013 Chinese Laser Press},
	issn = {2327-9125},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-1-1-1},
	doi = {10.1364/PRJ.1.000001},
	abstract = {We show how to design an optical device that can perform any linear function or coupling between inputs and outputs. This design method is progressive, requiring no global optimization. We also show how the device can configure itself progressively, avoiding design calculations and allowing the device to stabilize itself against drifts in component properties and to continually adjust itself to changing conditions. This self-configuration operates by training with the desired pairs of orthogonal input and output functions, using sets of detectors and local feedback loops to set individual optical elements within the device, with no global feedback or multiparameter optimization required. Simple mappings, such as spatial mode conversions and polarization control, can be implemented using standard planar integrated optics. In the spirit of a universal machine, we show that other linear operations, including frequency and time mappings, as well as nonreciprocal operation, are possible in principle, even if very challenging in practice, thus proving there is at least one constructive design for any conceivable linear optical component; such a universal device can also be self-configuring. This approach is general for linear waves, and could be applied to microwaves, acoustics, and quantum mechanical superpositions.},
	pages = {1--15},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Photonics Research},
	shortjournal = {Photon. Res., {PRJ}},
	author = {Miller, David A. B.},
	urldate = {2024-11-12},
	date = {2013-06-01},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Mode conversion, Polarization control, Optical elements, Optical filters, Optical components, Optical properties},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/J79ZNXFF/Miller - 2013 - Self-configuring universal linear optical component [Invited].pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{taballione_universal_2021,
	title = {A universal fully reconfigurable 12-mode quantum photonic processor},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2633-4356},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ac168c},
	doi = {10.1088/2633-4356/ac168c},
	abstract = {Photonic processors are pivotal for both quantum and classical information processing tasks using light. In particular, linear optical quantum information processing requires both large-scale and low-loss programmable photonic processors. In this paper, we report the demonstration of the largest universal quantum photonic processor to date: a low-loss 12-mode fully tunable linear interferometer with all-to-all mode coupling based on stoichiometric silicon nitride waveguides.},
	pages = {035002},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Materials for Quantum Technology},
	shortjournal = {Mater. Quantum. Technol.},
	author = {Taballione, Caterina and Meer, Reinier van der and Snijders, Henk J. and Hooijschuur, Peter and Epping, Jörn P. and Goede, Michiel de and Kassenberg, Ben and Venderbosch, Pim and Toebes, Chris and Vlekkert, Hans van den and Pinkse, Pepijn W. H. and Renema, Jelmer J.},
	urldate = {2024-11-13},
	date = {2021-08},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: {IOP} Publishing},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/BXXTUTNL/Taballione et al. - 2021 - A universal fully reconfigurable 12-mode quantum photonic processor.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{arrazola_quantum_2021,
	title = {Quantum circuits with many photons on a programmable nanophotonic chip},
	volume = {591},
	rights = {2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03202-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03202-1},
	abstract = {Growing interest in quantum computing for practical applications has led to a surge in the availability of programmable machines for executing quantum algorithms1,2. Present-day photonic quantum computers3–7 have been limited either to non-deterministic operation, low photon numbers and rates, or fixed random gate sequences. Here we introduce a full-stack hardware−software system for executing many-photon quantum circuit operations using integrated nanophotonics: a programmable chip, operating at room temperature and interfaced with a fully automated control system. The system enables remote users to execute quantum algorithms that require up to eight modes of strongly squeezed vacuum initialized as two-mode squeezed states in single temporal modes, a fully general and programmable four-mode interferometer, and photon number-resolving readout on all outputs. Detection of multi-photon events with photon numbers and rates exceeding any previous programmable quantum optical demonstration is made possible by strong squeezing and high sampling rates. We verify the non-classicality of the device output, and use the platform to carry out proof-of-principle demonstrations of three quantum algorithms: Gaussian boson sampling, molecular vibronic spectra and graph similarity8. These demonstrations validate the platform as a launchpad for scaling photonic technologies for quantum information processing.},
	pages = {54--60},
	number = {7848},
	journaltitle = {Nature},
	author = {Arrazola, J. M. and Bergholm, V. and Brádler, K. and Bromley, T. R. and Collins, M. J. and Dhand, I. and Fumagalli, A. and Gerrits, T. and Goussev, A. and Helt, L. G. and Hundal, J. and Isacsson, T. and Israel, R. B. and Izaac, J. and Jahangiri, S. and Janik, R. and Killoran, N. and Kumar, S. P. and Lavoie, J. and Lita, A. E. and Mahler, D. H. and Menotti, M. and Morrison, B. and Nam, S. W. and Neuhaus, L. and Qi, H. Y. and Quesada, N. and Repingon, A. and Sabapathy, K. K. and Schuld, M. and Su, D. and Swinarton, J. and Száva, A. and Tan, K. and Tan, P. and Vaidya, V. D. and Vernon, Z. and Zabaneh, Z. and Zhang, Y.},
	urldate = {2024-11-13},
	date = {2021-03},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Photonic devices, Quantum information, Quantum optics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/LRNAY28P/Arrazola et al. - 2021 - Quantum circuits with many photons on a programmable nanophotonic chip.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{alexiev_calibrating_2021,
	title = {Calibrating rectangular interferometer meshes with external photodetectors},
	volume = {4},
	rights = {© 2021 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {2578-7519},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/osac/abstract.cfm?uri=osac-4-11-2892},
	doi = {10.1364/OSAC.437918},
	abstract = {Multiport interferometer meshes can be used to implement unitary transformations on input vectors of light in both the classical and quantum domain. In practice, the phase-shifters in a mesh photonic circuit must be calibrated to compensate for phase errors due to fabrication variations. Calibration using photodetectors external to the mesh has been demonstrated for triangular meshes, but not rectangular meshes. Here, we propose an algorithm for the calibration of rectangular meshes using only external photodetectors and simulate it to evaluate its feasibility.},
	pages = {2892--2904},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {{OSA} Continuum},
	shortjournal = {{OSA} Continuum, {OSAC}},
	author = {Alexiev, Christopher and Mak, Jason C. C. and Sacher, Wesley D. and Poon, Joyce K. S.},
	urldate = {2024-11-14},
	date = {2021-11-15},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Numerical simulation, Photonic integrated circuits, Neural networks, Quantum computation, Information processing, Mode division multiplexing},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/AXSTT6PA/Alexiev et al. - 2021 - Calibrating rectangular interferometer meshes with external photodetectors.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{on_programmable_2024,
	title = {Programmable integrated photonics for topological Hamiltonians},
	volume = {15},
	rights = {2024 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-44939-3},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-44939-3},
	abstract = {A variety of topological Hamiltonians have been demonstrated in photonic platforms, leading to fundamental discoveries and enhanced robustness in applications such as lasing, sensing, and quantum technologies. To date, each topological photonic platform implements a specific type of Hamiltonian with inexistent or limited reconfigurability. Here, we propose and demonstrate different topological models by using the same reprogrammable integrated photonics platform, consisting of a hexagonal mesh of silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometers with phase shifters. We specifically demonstrate a one-dimensional Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Hamiltonian supporting a localized topological edge mode and a higher-order topological insulator based on a two-dimensional breathing Kagome Hamiltonian with three corner states. These results highlight a nearly universal platform for topological models that may fast-track research progress toward applications of topological photonics and other coupled systems.},
	pages = {629},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {On, Mehmet Berkay and Ashtiani, Farshid and Sanchez-Jacome, David and Perez-Lopez, Daniel and Yoo, S. J. Ben and Blanco-Redondo, Andrea},
	urldate = {2024-12-11},
	date = {2024-01-20},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Nanophotonics and plasmonics, Nonlinear optics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/WH9MZ46T/On et al. - 2024 - Programmable integrated photonics for topological Hamiltonians.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{teofilovic_thermal_2024,
	title = {Thermal Crosstalk Modelling and Compensation Methods for Programmable Photonic Integrated Circuits},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1558-2213},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10602757},
	doi = {10.1109/JLT.2024.3430504},
	abstract = {Photonic integrated circuits play an important role in the field of optical computing, promising faster and more energy-efficient operations compared to their digital counterparts. This advantage stems from the inherent suitability of optical signals to carry out matrix multiplication. However, even deterministic phenomena such as thermal crosstalk make precise programming of photonic chips a challenging task. Here, we train and experimentally evaluate three models incorporating varying degrees of physics intuition to predict the effect of thermal crosstalk in different locations of an integrated programmable photonic mesh. We quantify the effect of thermal crosstalk by the resonance wavelength shift in the power spectrum of a microring resonator implemented in the chip, achieving modelling errors {\textless} 0.5 pm. We experimentally validate the models through compensation of the crosstalk-induced wavelength shift. Finally, we evaluate the generalization capabilities of one of the models by employing it to predict and compensate for the effect of thermal crosstalk for parts of the chip it was not trained on, revealing root-mean-square-errors of {\textless} 2.0 pm.},
	pages = {7816--7824},
	number = {22},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	author = {Teofilovic, Isidora and Cem, Ali and Sanchez-Jacome, David and Pérez-López, Daniel and Da Ros, Francesco},
	urldate = {2025-01-02},
	date = {2024-11},
	note = {Conference Name: Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	keywords = {Crosstalk, Optical resonators, Optical crosstalk, Programmable photonics, machine learning, neuromorphic computing, Adaptive optics, Artificial neural networks, Programming, Training},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/W4ZWG9AQ/Teofilovic et al. - 2024 - Thermal Crosstalk Modelling and Compensation Methods for Programmable Photonic Integrated Circuits.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/RGT8W7UZ/10602757.html:text/html},
}

@inproceedings{cem_thermal_2023,
	title = {Thermal Crosstalk Modeling and Compensation for Programmable Photonic Processors},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10360567},
	doi = {10.1109/IPC57732.2023.10360567},
	abstract = {We quantify thermal crosstalk in a programmable photonic processor and present both analytical and data-driven models. We experimentally demonstrate model-based predictive crosstalk compensation for a microring resonator realized on a pre-calibrated chip, making it possible to tune the resonance wavelength with ±0.5 picometer accuracy.},
	eventtitle = {2023 {IEEE} Photonics Conference ({IPC})},
	pages = {1--2},
	booktitle = {2023 {IEEE} Photonics Conference ({IPC})},
	author = {Cem, Ali and Sanchez-Jacome, David and Pérez-López, Daniel and Da Ros, Francesco},
	urldate = {2025-01-02},
	date = {2023-11},
	note = {{ISSN}: 2575-274X},
	keywords = {Crosstalk, Resonator filters, Wavelength measurement, Phase shifters, Programmable photonics, machine learning, Fitting, Phase measurement, photonic processors, Semiconductor device measurement, thermal crosstalk},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/W25KSZ49/Cem et al. - 2023 - Thermal Crosstalk Modeling and Compensation for Programmable Photonic Processors.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/WAKRJNIK/10360567.html:text/html},
}

@article{zhu_space-efficient_2022,
	title = {Space-efficient optical computing with an integrated chip diffractive neural network},
	volume = {13},
	rights = {2022 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28702-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-28702-0},
	abstract = {Large-scale, highly integrated and low-power-consuming hardware is becoming progressively more important for realizing optical neural networks ({ONNs}) capable of advanced optical computing. Traditional experimental implementations need N2 units such as Mach-Zehnder interferometers ({MZIs}) for an input dimension N to realize typical computing operations (convolutions and matrix multiplication), resulting in limited scalability and consuming excessive power. Here, we propose the integrated diffractive optical network for implementing parallel Fourier transforms, convolution operations and application-specific optical computing using two ultracompact diffractive cells (Fourier transform operation) and only N {MZIs}. The footprint and energy consumption scales linearly with the input data dimension, instead of the quadratic scaling in the traditional {ONN} framework. A {\textasciitilde}10-fold reduction in both footprint and energy consumption, as well as equal high accuracy with previous {MZI}-based {ONNs} was experimentally achieved for computations performed on the {MNIST} and Fashion-{MNIST} datasets. The integrated diffractive optical network ({IDNN}) chip demonstrates a promising avenue towards scalable and low-power-consumption optical computational chips for optical-artificial-intelligence.},
	pages = {1044},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Zhu, H. H. and Zou, J. and Zhang, H. and Shi, Y. Z. and Luo, S. B. and Wang, N. and Cai, H. and Wan, L. X. and Wang, B. and Jiang, X. D. and Thompson, J. and Luo, X. S. and Zhou, X. H. and Xiao, L. M. and Huang, W. and Patrick, L. and Gu, M. and Kwek, L. C. and Liu, A. Q.},
	urldate = {2025-01-12},
	date = {2022-02-24},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Integrated optics, Electronic devices},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/A9HY5U8G/Zhu et al. - 2022 - Space-efficient optical computing with an integrated chip diffractive neural network.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{hu_diffractive_2024,
	title = {Diffractive optical computing in free space},
	volume = {15},
	rights = {2024 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45982-w},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-45982-w},
	abstract = {Structured optical materials create new computing paradigms using photons, with transformative impact on various fields, including machine learning, computer vision, imaging, telecommunications, and sensing. This Perspective sheds light on the potential of free-space optical systems based on engineered surfaces for advancing optical computing. Manipulating light in unprecedented ways, emerging structured surfaces enable all-optical implementation of various mathematical functions and machine learning tasks. Diffractive networks, in particular, bring deep-learning principles into the design and operation of free-space optical systems to create new functionalities. Metasurfaces consisting of deeply subwavelength units are achieving exotic optical responses that provide independent control over different properties of light and can bring major advances in computational throughput and data-transfer bandwidth of free-space optical processors. Unlike integrated photonics-based optoelectronic systems that demand preprocessed inputs, free-space optical processors have direct access to all the optical degrees of freedom that carry information about an input scene/object without needing digital recovery or preprocessing of information. To realize the full potential of free-space optical computing architectures, diffractive surfaces and metasurfaces need to advance symbiotically and co-evolve in their designs, 3D fabrication/integration, cascadability, and computing accuracy to serve the needs of next-generation machine vision, computational imaging, mathematical computing, and telecommunication technologies.},
	pages = {1525},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Hu, Jingtian and Mengu, Deniz and Tzarouchis, Dimitrios C. and Edwards, Brian and Engheta, Nader and Ozcan, Aydogan},
	urldate = {2025-01-12},
	date = {2024-02-20},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optics and photonics, Mathematics and computing},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/5QPMVBF7/Hu et al. - 2024 - Diffractive optical computing in free space.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{meech_data_2023,
	title = {The Data Conversion Bottleneck in Analog Computing Accelerators},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.01719},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2308.01719},
	abstract = {Most modern computing tasks have digital electronic input and output data. Due to these constraints imposed by real-world use cases of computer systems, any analog computing accelerator, whether analog electronic or optical, must perform an analog-to-digital conversion on its input data and a subsequent digital-to-analog conversion on its output data. The energy and latency costs incurred by data conversion place performance limits on analog computing accelerators. To avoid this overhead, analog hardware must replace the full functionality of traditional digital electronic computer hardware. This is not currently possible for optical computing accelerators due to limitations in gain, input-output isolation, and information storage in optical hardware. This article presents a case study that profiles 27 benchmarks for an analog optical Fourier transform and convolution accelerator which we designed and built. The case study shows that an ideal optical Fourier transform and convolution accelerator can produce an average speedup of 9.4× and a median speedup of 1.9× for the set of benchmarks. The optical Fourier transform and convolution accelerator only produces significant speedup for pure Fourier transform (45.3×) and convolution (159.4×) applications.},
	number = {{arXiv}:2308.01719},
	publisher = {{arXiv}},
	author = {Meech, James T. and Tsoutsouras, Vasileios and Stanley-Marbell, Phillip},
	urldate = {2025-01-12},
	date = {2023-12-30},
	langid = {english},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {2308.01719 [cs]},
	keywords = {Physics - Optics, Computer Science - Hardware Architecture},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/4687FP83/Meech et al. - 2023 - The Data Conversion Bottleneck in Analog Computing Accelerators.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{noauthor_could_2024,
	title = {Could optical computing solve {AI}'s power demands?},
	url = {https://www.yolegroup.com/press-release/could-optical-computing-solve-ais-power-demands/},
	abstract = {Optical computing is expected to become a reality in the near future, driven by advancements in silicon photonics and quantum optics. {OUTLINE} Optical computing is still in its early stages. While some major companies have shifted their focus from optical computing to optical I/O , startups in optical computing continue to emerge, exploring various approaches. […]},
	titleaddon = {Yole Group},
	urldate = {2025-01-12},
	date = {2024-09-26},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/YPYRL4W4/could-optical-computing-solve-ais-power-demands.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_cw-wdm_nodate,
	title = {{CW}-{WDM} {MSA}: Defining laser standards for {AI}, {HPC} and high-density optics},
	url = {https://cw-wdm.org/},
	shorttitle = {{CW}-{WDM} {MSA}},
	abstract = {The {CW}-{WDM} {MSA} ensures the compatibility of {CW} lasers used in {WDM} systems. Learn more about how adhering to the {MSA} can improve your network's bandwidth and efficiency.},
	titleaddon = {{CW}-{WDM} {MSA}},
	urldate = {2025-01-18},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/CAVZXP4U/cw-wdm.org.html:text/html},
}

@online{ward-foxton_optical_2021,
	title = {Optical Chip Solves Hardest Math Problems Faster than {GPUs}},
	url = {https://www.eetimes.com/optical-computing-chip-runs-hardest-math-problems-100x-faster-than-gpus/},
	abstract = {{MIT} spinout Lightelligence has demonstrated an optical computing chip with 12,000 silicon photonic devices running at 1 {GHz}},
	titleaddon = {{EE} Times},
	author = {Ward-Foxton, Sally},
	urldate = {2025-01-20},
	date = {2021-12-15},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/7M3LVWEG/optical-computing-chip-runs-hardest-math-problems-100x-faster-than-gpus.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_nvidia_nodate,
	title = {{NVIDIA} H100 Tensor Core {GPU}},
	url = {https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/h100/},
	abstract = {A Massive Leap in Accelerated Compute.},
	titleaddon = {{NVIDIA}},
	urldate = {2025-01-20},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/L8FANTIB/h100.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_nvidia_nodate-1,
	title = {{NVIDIA} {DGX} H100 Datasheet},
	url = {https://resources.nvidia.com/en-us-dgx-systems/ai-enterprise-dgx},
	abstract = {{NVIDIA} {DGX} H100 powers business innovation and optimization. As a foundation of {NVIDIA} {DGX} {SuperPOD}™, {DGX} H100 is an {AI} powerhouse that features the groundbreaking {NVIDIA} H100 Tensor Core {GPU}.},
	titleaddon = {{NVIDIA}},
	urldate = {2025-01-20},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/L8SZMFW2/ai-enterprise-dgx.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_llm_2023,
	title = {{LLM} Inference Performance Engineering: Best Practices},
	url = {https://www.databricks.com/blog/llm-inference-performance-engineering-best-practices},
	shorttitle = {{LLM} Inference Performance Engineering},
	abstract = {Learn best practices for optimizing {LLM} inference performance on Databricks, enhancing the efficiency of your machine learning models.},
	titleaddon = {Databricks},
	urldate = {2025-01-20},
	date = {2023-10-12},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/4IFNXJ2J/llm-inference-performance-engineering-best-practices.html:text/html},
}

@book{katz_contemporary_2005,
	title = {Contemporary Logic Design},
	isbn = {978-0-201-30857-0},
	abstract = {{BASIC} {APPROACH}   In the past ten years there has been a revolution in the practice of hardware design. Professionals now rely on {CAD} software, rapid prototyping, and programmable logic devices to streamline the design process. Contemporary Logic Design is the first text to address these changes - and to offer a truly modern introduction to logic design. Throughout, the author complements his presentation of logic design theory with discussions of current design technologies. Approximately 60\% of the book presents new material; the remainder has been re-organized and partially re-written to correspond to the organizational changes.},
	pagetotal = {590},
	publisher = {Pearson Prentice Hall},
	author = {Katz, Randy H. and Borriello, Gaetano},
	date = {2005},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: Cv9yQgAACAAJ},
	keywords = {Computers / Computer Engineering, Computers / Logic Design, Technology \& Engineering / Electrical, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / Circuits / Logic, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / General},
}

@book{pedroni_circuit_2004,
	title = {Circuit Design with {VHDL}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-16224-1},
	abstract = {This textbook teaches {VHDL} using system examples combined with programmable logic and supported by laboratory exercises. While other textbooks concentrate only on language features, Circuit Design with {VHDL} offers a fully integrated presentation of {VHDL} and design concepts by including a large number of complete design examples, illustrative circuit diagrams, a review of fundamental design concepts, fully explained solutions and simulation results. The text presents the information concisely yet completely, discussing in detail all indispensable features of the {VHDL} synthesis. The book is organised in a clear progression, with the first part covering the circuit level, treating foundations of {VHDL} and fundamental coding, and the second part covering the system level (units that might be located in a library for code sharing, reuse and partitioning), expanding upon the earlier chapters to discuss system coding. techniques of {VHDL}, including code structure, data types, operators and attributes, concurrent and sequential statements and code, objects (signals, variables and constants), design of finite state machines and examples of additional circuit designs. Part {II}, System Design, builds on the material already presented, adding elements intended mainly for library allocation; it examines packages and components, functions and procedures and additional examples of system design. Appendixes on programmable logic devices ({PLDs}/{FPGAs}) and synthesis tools follow Part {II}. The book's highly original approach of teaching through extensive system examples as well as its unique integration of {VHDL} and design make it suitable both for use by students in computer science and electrical engineering.},
	pagetotal = {384},
	publisher = {{MIT} Press},
	author = {Pedroni, Volnei A.},
	date = {2004},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: b5NEgENaEn4C},
	keywords = {Computers / Logic Design, Technology \& Engineering / Electrical, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / Circuits / Logic, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / General, Computers / Computer Science, Computers / Programming / General, Computers / Software Development \& Engineering / Systems Analysis \& Design, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / Circuits / General},
}

@article{lee_algorithm_1961,
	title = {An Algorithm for Path Connections and Its Applications},
	volume = {{EC}-10},
	issn = {0367-9950},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5219222},
	doi = {10.1109/TEC.1961.5219222},
	abstract = {The algorithm described in this paper is the outcome of an endeavor to answer the following question: Is it possible to find procedures which would enable a computer to solve efficiently path-connection problems inherent in logical drawing, wiring diagramming, and optimal route finding? The results are highly encouraging. Within our framework, we are able to solve the following types of problems: 1) To find a path between two points so that it crosses the least number of existing paths. 2) To find a path between two points so that it avoids as much as possible preset obstacles such as edges. 3) To find a path between two points so that the path is optimal with respect to several properties; for example, a path which is not only one of those which cross the fewest number of existing paths, but, among these, is also one of the shortest. The minimal-distance solution has been programmed on an {IBM} 704 computer, and a number of illustrations are presented. The class of problems solvable by our algorithm is given in a theorem in Section {III}. A byproduct of this algorithm is a somewhat remote, but unexpected, relation to physical optics. This is discussed in Section {VI}.},
	pages = {346--365},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{IRE} Transactions on Electronic Computers},
	author = {Lee, C. Y.},
	urldate = {2025-01-21},
	date = {1961-09},
	note = {Conference Name: {IRE} Transactions on Electronic Computers},
	keywords = {Application software, Auditory system, Optical diffraction, Pattern recognition, Physical optics, Telephony, Transportation, Utility programs, Wiring},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/H65GUDXC/5219222.html:text/html},
}

@thesis{fritchman_integrated_2023,
	title = {An Integrated Circuit Design Framework for Human, Computer, and {ML} Designers},
	url = {http://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2023/EECS-2023-275.html},
	abstract = {Analog and custom circuits have long been a bottleneck to the integrated circuit design process. Automation generation of such circuits has long been a topic of research, but has failed to break through to popular practice. This work introduces a modular framework including a cloud-native {IC} design database, an analog circuit programming framework, a web-native schematic system, and tools for directed programming and automatic compilation of semi-custom {IC} layout. Highlighted applications include wireline transceivers and data converters, including a recent prototype {ADC} targeted for neural sensing applications, and research infrastructure for distributed, machine learning based circuit optimization.},
	institution = {{EECS} Department, University of California, Berkeley},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Fritchman, Dan},
	date = {2023-12},
	note = {Issue: {UCB}/{EECS}-2023-275},
}

@article{fritchman_integrated_nodate,
	title = {An Integrated Circuit Design Framework for Human, Computer, and {ML} Designers},
	author = {Fritchman, Dan},
	langid = {english},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/QQSZQ6FX/Fritchman - An Integrated Circuit Design Framework for Human, Computer, and ML Designers.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{noauthor_amd_nodate,
	title = {{AMD} Vivado™ Design Suite},
	url = {https://www.amd.com/en/products/software/adaptive-socs-and-fpgas/vivado.html},
	abstract = {Elevate your design experience with {AMD} Vivado™ Design Suite, offering top-of-the-line {FPGA}, {SoC}, and {IP} development tools for next-gen hardware systems.},
	titleaddon = {{AMD}},
	urldate = {2025-01-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/VSU9NBNX/vivado.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_fpga_nodate,
	title = {{FPGA} Design Software - Quartus® Prime},
	url = {https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/details/fpga/development-tools/quartus-prime.html},
	abstract = {The Quartus® Prime Software is a multiplatform environment that includes everything you need to design {FPGAs}, {SoC} {FPGAs}, and {CPLDs}.},
	titleaddon = {Intel},
	urldate = {2025-01-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/58KH3VSQ/quartus-prime.html:text/html},
}

@article{xie_software-defined_2024,
	title = {Software-defined optical networking applications enabled by programmable integrated photonics},
	volume = {16},
	rights = {© 2024 Optica Publishing Group},
	issn = {1943-0639},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/jocn/abstract.cfm?uri=jocn-16-8-D10},
	doi = {10.1364/JOCN.521505},
	abstract = {Data center networks are experiencing unprecedented exponential growth, mostly driven by the continuous computing demands in machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. Within this realm, optical networking offers numerous advantages, including low latency, energy efficiency, and bandwidth transparency, positioning it as a compelling alternative to its electronic counterparts. In this work, we showcase a range of software-defined optical networking applications deployed on a general-purpose programmable integrated photonic processor. Leveraging graph-based theory, we experimentally demonstrate dynamic optical interconnects, circuit switching, and multicasting on the same photonic platform, yielding remarkable results in terms of crosstalk and reconfiguration speed. Our approach harnesses the benefits of reconfigurability and reliability, paving the way for a new generation of high-performance optical devices tailored for data center and computing clusters.},
	pages = {D10--D17},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Optical Communications and Networking},
	shortjournal = {J. Opt. Commun. Netw., {JOCN}},
	author = {Xie, Zhenyun and Sánchez-Jácome, David and Torrijos-Morán, Luis and Pérez-López, Daniel},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2024-08-01},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated photonics, Optical interconnects, Optical circuits, Circuit switching, Optical networks, Multiple input multiple output},
	file = {Submitted Version:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/FY9Q5BW7/Xie et al. - 2024 - Software-defined optical networking applications enabled by programmable integrated photonics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{ashtiani_photonic_2023,
	title = {Photonic Max-Pooling for Deep Neural Networks Using a Programmable Photonic Platform},
	rights = {© 2023 The Author(s)},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=OFC-2023-M1J.6},
	doi = {10.1364/OFC.2023.M1J.6},
	abstract = {We propose a photonic max-pooling architecture for photonic neural networks which is compatible with integrated photonic platforms. As a proof of concept, we have experimentally demonstrated the max-pooling function on a programmable photonic platform consisting of a hexagonal mesh of Mach-Zehnder interferometers.},
	eventtitle = {Optical Fiber Communication Conference},
	pages = {M1J.6},
	booktitle = {Optical Fiber Communication Conference ({OFC}) 2023 (2023), paper M1J.6},
	publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
	author = {Ashtiani, Farshid and On, Mehmet Berkay and Sanchez-Jacome, David and Perez-Lopez, Daniel and Yoo, S. J. Ben and Blanco-Redondo, Andrea},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2023-03-05},
	keywords = {Signal processing, Interferometers, Optical signals, Neural networks, Multi-mode interferometers, Machine learning},
}

@article{perez_multipurpose_2017,
	title = {Multipurpose silicon photonics signal processor core},
	volume = {8},
	rights = {2017 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00714-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-017-00714-1},
	abstract = {Integrated photonics changes the scaling laws of information and communication systems offering architectural choices that combine photonics with electronics to optimize performance, power, footprint, and cost. Application-specific photonic integrated circuits, where particular circuits/chips are designed to optimally perform particular functionalities, require a considerable number of design and fabrication iterations leading to long development times. A different approach inspired by electronic Field Programmable Gate Arrays is the programmable photonic processor, where a common hardware implemented by a two-dimensional photonic waveguide mesh realizes different functionalities through programming. Here, we report the demonstration of such reconfigurable waveguide mesh in silicon. We demonstrate over 20 different functionalities with a simple seven hexagonal cell structure, which can be applied to different fields including communications, chemical and biomedical sensing, signal processing, multiprocessor networks, and quantum information systems. Our work is an important step toward this paradigm.},
	pages = {636},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Pérez, Daniel and Gasulla, Ivana and Crudgington, Lee and Thomson, David J. and Khokhar, Ali Z. and Li, Ke and Cao, Wei and Mashanovich, Goran Z. and Capmany, José},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2017-09-21},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated optics, Microwave photonics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/CCMJLA2K/Pérez et al. - 2017 - Multipurpose silicon photonics signal processor core.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez-lopez_multipurpose_2020,
	title = {Multipurpose self-configuration of programmable photonic circuits},
	volume = {11},
	rights = {2020 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19608-w},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-19608-w},
	abstract = {Programmable integrated photonic circuits have been called upon to lead a new revolution in information systems by teaming up with high speed digital electronics and in this way, adding unique complementary features supported by their ability to provide bandwidth-unconstrained analog signal processing. Relying on a common hardware implemented by two-dimensional integrated photonic waveguide meshes, they can provide multiple functionalities by suitable programming of their control signals. Scalability, which is essential for increasing functional complexity and integration density, is currently limited by the need to precisely control and configure several hundreds of variables and simultaneously manage multiple configuration actions. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate two different approaches towards management automation in programmable integrated photonic circuits. These enable the simultaneous handling of circuit self-characterization, auto-routing, self-configuration and optimization. By combining computational optimization and photonics, this work takes an important step towards the realization of high-density and complex integrated programmable photonics.},
	pages = {6359},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Communications},
	shortjournal = {Nat Commun},
	author = {Pérez-López, Daniel and López, Aitor and {DasMahapatra}, Prometheus and Capmany, José},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2020-12-11},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Applied optics, Engineering},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/8BDTZURM/Pérez-López et al. - 2020 - Multipurpose self-configuration of programmable photonic circuits.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{capmany_programmable_2020,
	title = {Programmable Integrated Photonics},
	isbn = {978-0-19-258277-5},
	abstract = {This book provides the first comprehensive, up-to-date and self-contained introduction to the emergent field of Programmable Integrated Photonics ({PIP}). It covers both theoretical and practical aspects, ranging from basic technologies and the building of photonic component blocks, to design alternatives and principles of complex programmable photonic circuits, their limiting factors, techniques for characterization and performance monitoring/control, and their salient applications both in the classical as well as in the quantum information fields. The book concentrates and focuses mainly on the distinctive features of programmable photonics, as compared to more traditional {ASPIC} approaches. After some years during which the Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuit ({ASPIC}) paradigm completely dominated the field of integrated optics, there has been an increasing interest in {PIP}. The rising interest in {PIP} is justified by the surge in a number of emerging applications that call for true flexibility and reconfigurability, as well as low-cost, compact, and low-power consuming devices. Programmable Integrated Photonics is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming, can implement a variety of functionalities. These in turn can be exploited as basic operations in many application fields. Programmability enables, by means of external control signals, both chip reconfiguration for multifunction operation, as well as chip stabilization against non-ideal operations due to fluctuations in environmental conditions and fabrication errors. Programming also allows for the activation of parts of the chip, which are not essential for the implementation of a given functionality, but can be of help in reducing noise levels through the diversion of undesired reflections.},
	pagetotal = {361},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Capmany, José and Pérez, Daniel},
	date = {2020-02-14},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: od3QDwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / General, Science / Physics / Optics \& Light, Technology \& Engineering / Power Resources / Electrical},
}

@article{perez-lopez_programmable_2018,
	title = {Programmable True Time Delay Lines Using Integrated Waveguide Meshes},
	volume = {36},
	rights = {\&\#169; 2018 {OAPA}},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-36-19-4591},
	abstract = {We analyze and explore the potential that waveguide-mesh-based architectures used in programmable photonic integrated circuits can be configured to enable true time optical delay lines, which can find applications in different microwave photonics functionalities, such as beamforming and optical filtering. We also propose and experimentally demonstrate an alternative standalone tunable basic unit ({TBU}) architecture where its internal coupling device is implemented by means of a dual-drive tunable directional coupler ({DD}-{TDC}) that performs independent amplitude beam splitting and phase shifting. Compared to the previous alternatives based on 3-{dB} balanced Mach–Zehnder interferometers, the {DD}-{TDC} reduces by more than two times the insertion losses of {TBUs} enabling the potential realization of larger meshes with a three-fold enhanced step-time resolution. Bandwidth and robustness analysis are also considered.},
	pages = {4591--4601},
	number = {19},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	shortjournal = {J. Lightwave Technol., {JLT}},
	author = {Pérez-López, Daniel and Sánchez, Erica and Capmany, José},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2018-10-01},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/N6QGN43M/Pérez-López et al. - 2018 - Programmable True Time Delay Lines Using Integrated Waveguide Meshes.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{catala-lahoz_self-configuring_2023,
	title = {Self-configuring programmable silicon photonic filter for integrated microwave photonic processors},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2378-0967},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0169544},
	doi = {10.1063/5.0169544},
	abstract = {Reconfigurable photonic filters show great promise as a potential solution to meet the evolving needs of future microwave communication systems. By integrating high-performance filters into programmable microwave photonic processors, they can provide significant benefits for signal processing applications. The development of an algorithm that can automatically characterize and reconfigure the filter using a single optical input and output port is essential for this purpose. This paper presents an optimization technique for a fully tunable ring-assisted Mach–Zehnder interferometer filter. The proposed filter design eliminates the need for monitoring components and employs a novel algorithm that operates independently in each ring by switching between the two arms of the filter. In addition, the filter can be configured to implement different filter architectures, allowing for flexible filtering requirements. Measurements were performed using the device as an interleaver, implementing different types of infinite impulse response filters in the optical and radio frequency domains. Side-coupled integrated spaced sequence of resonator filters were also implemented by reconfiguring the same device. These results demonstrate the exceptional reconfigurability of the filter design proposed herein in terms of bandwidth and central frequency.},
	pages = {116103},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {{APL} Photonics},
	shortjournal = {{APL} Photonics},
	author = {Catalá-Lahoz, C. and Pérez-López, D. and Huy-Ho, T. and Capmany, J.},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2023-11-02},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/YACR86AU/Catalá-Lahoz et al. - 2023 - Self-configuring programmable silicon photonic filter for integrated microwave photonic processors.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/TRJLDIQN/2919326.html:text/html},
}

@inproceedings{ashtiani_universal_2024,
	title = {Universal Optical Logic Gates on a Programmable Silicon Photonic Platform},
	rights = {© 2024 The Author(s)},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=OFC-2024-W3B.3},
	doi = {10.1364/OFC.2024.W3B.3},
	abstract = {We propose and demonstrate the implementation of {NOT}, {OR}/{NOR}, and {AND}/{NAND} logic gates compatible with integrated photonics. Using a programmable photonic platform consisting of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer mesh, universal logic gates are experimentally demonstrated.},
	eventtitle = {Optical Fiber Communication Conference},
	pages = {W3B.3},
	booktitle = {Optical Fiber Communication Conference ({OFC}) 2024 (2024), paper W3B.3},
	publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
	author = {Ashtiani, Farshid},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2024-03-24},
	keywords = {Integrated photonics, Silicon photonics, Optical computing, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Signal processing, Nonlinear optical materials},
}

@misc{ashtiani_programmable_2024,
	title = {A programmable photonic memory},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.04100},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2402.04100},
	abstract = {The significant advancements in integrated photonics have enabled high-speed and energy efficient systems for various applications from data communications and high-performance computing, to medical diagnosis, sensing and ranging. However, data storage in these systems has been dominated by electronic memories which necessitates signal conversion between optical and electrical as well as analog and digital domains, and data movement between processor and memory that reduce the speed and energy efficiency. To date, a scalable optical memory with optical control has remained an open problem. Here we report an integrated photonic set-reset latch as a fundamental optical static memory unit based on universal optical logic gates. While the proposed memory is compatible with different photonic platforms, its functionality is demonstrated on a programmable silicon photonic chip as a proof of concept. Optical set, reset, and complementary outputs, scalability to a large number of memory units via the independent latch supply light, and compatibility with different photonic platforms enable more efficient and lower latency optical processing systems.},
	number = {{arXiv}:2402.04100},
	publisher = {{arXiv}},
	author = {Ashtiani, Farshid},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2024-02-06},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {2402.04100 [physics]},
	keywords = {Physics - Optics, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies},
	file = {Preprint PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/UWZFYFWA/Ashtiani - 2024 - A programmable photonic memory.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/EBKTEGJA/2402.html:text/html},
}

@inproceedings{hashemi_non-hermitian_2024,
	title = {Non-Hermitian Topology in a Programmable Silicon Photonics Lattice},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10728544},
	abstract = {We report the experimental realization of non-Hermitian topology purely based on loss modulation in a programmable silicon photonics platform. Our results show the robustness of the topological mode to perturbations in the loss. © 2024 The Author(s)},
	eventtitle = {2024 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics ({CLEO})},
	pages = {1--2},
	booktitle = {2024 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics ({CLEO})},
	author = {Hashemi, Amin and Pereira, Elizabeth and Li, Hongwei and Lado, Jose L. and Blanco-Redondo, Andrea},
	urldate = {2025-01-22},
	date = {2024-05},
	note = {{ISSN}: 2160-8989},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Optical losses, Topology, Modulation, Lattices, Electro-optic effects, Electro-optic modulators, Laser modes, Perturbation methods, Robustness},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/MK8JIEVB/Hashemi et al. - 2024 - Non-Hermitian Topology in a Programmable Silicon Photonics Lattice.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/DT87M2KC/10728544.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_software_nodate,
	title = {Software: Arduino {IDE}},
	url = {https://www.arduino.cc/en/software},
	abstract = {Open-source electronic prototyping platform enabling users to create interactive electronic objects.},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/NRTR2DA9/software.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_fastapi_nodate,
	title = {{FastAPI}},
	url = {https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/},
	abstract = {{FastAPI} framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/GBLKIXVV/fastapi.tiangolo.com.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_risc-v_nodate,
	title = {{RISC}-V International},
	url = {https://riscv.org/},
	abstract = {{RISC}-V is an open standard Instruction Set Architecture ({ISA}) enabling a new era of processor innovation through open collaboration.},
	titleaddon = {{RISC}-V International},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/QLK3F67K/riscv.org.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_akhetonics_nodate,
	title = {Akhetonics},
	url = {https://www.akhetonics.com/},
	abstract = {The World’s First 
All-Optical 
General-Purpose Processor},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/873JZFQS/www.akhetonics.com.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_celestial_nodate,
	title = {Celestial {AI}},
	url = {https://www.celestial.ai},
	abstract = {We develop audacious {AI} computing platforms that elevate performance, energy and economic efficiencies, enabling our customers to rapidly deploy innovations in their {AI} applications.},
	titleaddon = {Celestial {AI}},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/XPDLIT9U/www.celestial.ai.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_passage_nodate,
	title = {Passage™},
	url = {https://lightmatter.co/products/passage/},
	abstract = {The photonic (super)computer company.},
	titleaddon = {Lightmatter®},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/WH5YS37D/passage.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_ipronics_nodate,
	title = {{iPronics} {ONE}},
	url = {https://ipronics.com/ipronics-one/},
	abstract = {Optical Circuit Switch for {AI} servers and Data Center applications {iPronics} Optical Networking Engine​ {TRACKING} Real-time monitoring of all the optical ports {COST} {EFFECTIVE} Low cost per port and avoid {EO} conversions {INTUITIVE} User-friendly interface and automated functions Reconfiguration in the µs range Software-defined Silicon Photonic Chip (O-band)​ From 32 to 256 ports​ On-system high […]},
	titleaddon = {{iPronics}},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/3BAH7Q9T/ipronics-one.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_salience_nodate,
	title = {Salience Labs},
	url = {https://saliencelabs.ai/},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/3Y9Z24X5/saliencelabs.ai.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_opa_2021,
	title = {{OPA} Beam Steerer},
	url = {https://www.analogphotonics.com/product/optical-phased-array-beam-steerer/},
	titleaddon = {Analog Photonics},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	date = {2021-06-29},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/S2F6XSWA/optical-phased-array-beam-steerer.html:text/html},
}

@article{sanchez_modeling_2021,
	title = {Modeling amplified arbitrary filtered microwave photonic links and systems},
	volume = {29},
	rights = {© 2021 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-29-10-14757},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.423613},
	abstract = {Microwave photonic ({MWP}) links and systems will have more losses as their complexities increase and there will be a need for incorporating optical amplification. Here, we report results of an analytical model developed for amplified arbitrary filtered {MWP} systems that provides the expressions of the main figures of merit for intensity modulation direct detection. It contemplates the cases of power, intermediate and pre amplification. The model is applied to a long {MWP} link and then it is evaluated in a {MWP} reconfigurable filter implemented by means of a programmable waveguide mesh photonic integrated circuit.},
	pages = {14757--14772},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {Sánchez, Erica and Pérez-López, Daniel and {dasMahapatra}, Prometheus and Capmany, José},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	date = {2021-05-10},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Signal processing, Optical filters, Optical amplifiers, Optical systems, Erbium fibers},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/92TN4CMA/Sánchez et al. - 2021 - Modeling amplified arbitrary filtered microwave photonic links and systems.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{maharry_integrated_2023,
	title = {Integrated {SOAs} enable energy-efficient intra-data center coherent links},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-31-11-17480},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.486407},
	abstract = {Coherent optical links are becoming increasingly attractive for intra-data center applications as data rates scale. Realizing the era of high-volume short-reach coherent links will require substantial improvements in transceiver cost and power efficiency, necessitating a reassessment of conventional architectures best-suited for longer-reach links and a review of assumptions for shorter-reach implementations. In this work, we analyze the impact of integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers ({SOAs}) on link performance and power consumption, and describe the optimal design spaces for low-cost and energy-efficient coherent links. Placing {SOAs} after the modulator provide the most energy-efficient link budget improvement, up to 6 {pJ}/bit for large link budgets, despite any penalties from nonlinear impairments. Increased robustness to {SOA} nonlinearities makes {QPSK}-based coherent links especially attractive, and larger supported link budgets enable the inclusion of optical switches, which could revolutionize data center networks and improve overall energy efficiency.},
	pages = {17480},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express},
	author = {Maharry, Aaron and Andrade, Hector and Misak, Stephen and Liu, Junqian and Xia, Yujie and Wissing, Aaron and Movaghar, Ghazal and Arrunategui-Norvick, Viviana and Chansky, Evan D. and Du, Xinhong and Saleh, Adel A. M. and Buckwalter, James F. and Coldren, Larry and Schow, Clint L.},
	urldate = {2024-04-25},
	date = {2023-05-22},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Maharry et al. - 2023 - Integrated SOAs enable energy-efficient intra-data.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/T95TAR6T/Maharry et al. - 2023 - Integrated SOAs enable energy-efficient intra-data.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{way_technical_2014,
	title = {Technical Feasibility Study of 56Gb/s and 112Gb/s {PAM}-4 Transmission},
	author = {Way, Winston},
	date = {2014},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Way - Technical Feasibility Study of 56Gbs and 112Gbs .pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/PH6F65PY/Way - Technical Feasibility Study of 56Gbs and 112Gbs .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{o_duill_estimation_2017,
	title = {Estimation of the Performance Improvement of Pre-Amplified {PAM}4 Systems When Using Multi-Section Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers},
	volume = {7},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {2076-3417},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/7/9/908},
	doi = {10.3390/app7090908},
	abstract = {Multi-section semiconductor optical amplifiers ({SOA}) have been shown to have superior noise and linearity performance compared with single section {SOAs}. We show how to create a simplified numerical model for multi-section {SOAs} that is suitable for optical communication system simulations and use that model to investigate the amplification performance of 56 Gbit/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation signals. We find that a multi-section {SOA} could provide an improvement in input power dynamic range exceeding 3 {dB} compared to a single section {SOA} that has the same unsaturated gain.},
	pages = {908},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Applied Sciences},
	shortjournal = {Applied Sciences},
	author = {Ó Dúill, Seán and Landais, Pascal and Barry, Liam},
	urldate = {2024-04-25},
	date = {2017-09-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Ó Dúill et al. - 2017 - Estimation of the Performance Improvement of Pre-A.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/3C4VJ7LR/Ó Dúill et al. - 2017 - Estimation of the Performance Improvement of Pre-A.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{st-arnault_performance_2024,
	title = {Performance comparison of {QD}-{SOA}, {QW}-{SOA}, Bulk-{SOA} and {PDFA} for multi-Tbps O-band {WDM} links},
	author = {St-Arnault, Charles and Bernal, Santiago and Gutierrez-Castrejon, Ramon and Wei, Zixian and Rautert, Janina and Poltavtsev, Sergey V and Gubenko, Alexey E and Belykh, Vasilii V and Mikhrin, Vladimir S and Kovsh, Alexey R and Plant, David V},
	date = {2024},
	langid = {english},
	file = {St-Arnault et al. - Performance comparison of QD-SOA, QW-SOA, Bulk-SOA.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/9HZ43PRT/St-Arnault et al. - Performance comparison of QD-SOA, QW-SOA, Bulk-SOA.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{masumoto_approach_2022,
	title = {An approach for suppressing waveform distortion of {SOAs} by controlling the temperature on in-line optical amplifier systems},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2187-0136},
	url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/comex/11/8/11_2022XBL0069/_article},
	doi = {10.1587/comex.2022XBL0069},
	abstract = {Semiconductor Optical Amplifier ({SOA}) has attracted attention as a key component in supporting large capacity transmission systems. However, {SOAs} cause waveform distortion depending on the carrier lifetime, which ranges from picoseconds to nanoseconds, and this distortion degrades the signal quality. Thus, we are investigating suppressing the distortion by controlling gain characters and the carrier time by changing the temperature of {SOAs} on in-line optical amplifier systems. This paper reports that the distortion is suppressed by setting the temperature of the amplifier lower within the settable range, as a result of evaluating the temperature dependence of the distortion in optical amplification with {SOAs} theoretically.},
	pages = {548--554},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {{IEICE} Communications Express},
	shortjournal = {{IEICE} {ComEX}},
	author = {Masumoto, Kana and Matsuda, Toshiya and Seki, Takeshi and Nakagawa, Masahiro and Nishiyama, Kota and Miyamura, Takashi},
	urldate = {2024-04-25},
	date = {2022-08-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Masumoto et al. - 2022 - An approach for suppressing waveform distortion of.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/WMF8MHFX/Masumoto et al. - 2022 - An approach for suppressing waveform distortion of.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{liu_photonic_2022,
	title = {A photonic integrated circuit–based erbium-doped amplifier},
	volume = {376},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo2631},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abo2631},
	abstract = {Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers revolutionized long-haul optical communications and laser technology. Erbium ions could provide a basis for efficient optical amplification in photonic integrated circuits but their use remains impractical as a result of insufficient output power. We demonstrate a photonic integrated circuit–based erbium amplifier reaching 145 milliwatts of output power and more than 30 decibels of small-signal gain—on par with commercial fiber amplifiers and surpassing state-of-the-art {III}-V heterogeneously integrated semiconductor amplifiers. We apply ion implantation to ultralow–loss silicon nitride (Si3N4) photonic integrated circuits, which are able to increase the soliton microcomb output power by 100 times, achieving power requirements for low-noise photonic microwave generation and wavelength-division multiplexing optical communications. Endowing Si3N4 photonic integrated circuits with gain enables the miniaturization of various fiber-based devices such as high–pulse-energy femtosecond mode-locked lasers.},
	pages = {1309--1313},
	number = {6599},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	author = {Liu, Yang and Qiu, Zheru and Ji, Xinru and Lukashchuk, Anton and He, Jijun and Riemensberger, Johann and Hafermann, Martin and Wang, Rui Ning and Liu, Junqiu and Ronning, Carsten and Kippenberg, Tobias J.},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	date = {2022-06-17},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	file = {Submitted Version:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/5BK7IC5D/Liu et al. - 2022 - A photonic integrated circuit–based erbium-doped amplifier.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{noauthor_edwatec_nodate,
	title = {{EDWATEC} {\textbar}},
	url = {https://edwatec.com/},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/SRAJ8D2V/edwatec.com.html:text/html},
}

@inproceedings{bonk_soa_2018,
	location = {San Diego, California},
	title = {{SOA} for future {PONs}},
	isbn = {978-1-943580-38-5},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OFC-2018-Tu2B.4},
	doi = {10.1364/OFC.2018.Tu2B.4},
	abstract = {{SOA} applicability to provide up to 35 {dB} power budget for high-rate T(W){DM}-{PON} is analyzed. Booster and pre-amplifier in {PON}-applications will have utmost importance in 50 Gbit/s/λ {IM}-{DD} and could also be applied in coherent access solutions.},
	eventtitle = {Optical Fiber Communication Conference},
	pages = {Tu2B.4},
	booktitle = {Optical Fiber Communication Conference},
	publisher = {{OSA}},
	author = {Bonk, René},
	urldate = {2024-04-29},
	date = {2018},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Bonk - 2018 - SOA for future PONs.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/DHAKF652/Bonk - 2018 - SOA for future PONs.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@thesis{sanchez_gomariz_scalability_2024,
	title = {Scalability Analysis and Designs for Large-Scale Programmable {RF}-Photonic Integrated Circuits: Modelling, Design and Implementation},
	rights = {Reserva de todos los derechos},
	url = {https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/202894},
	shorttitle = {Scalability Analysis and Designs for Large-Scale Programmable {RF}-Photonic Integrated Circuits},
	abstract = {[{ES}] La fotónica de microondas, la cual une los mundos de la ingeniería de radiofrecuencia y la optoelectrónica, ha generado un gran interés en las últimas décadas. Su valor añadido se deriva del hecho de que, por un lado, permite la realización de funcionalidades clave en los sistemas de microondas que son complejas o directamente imposibles en el dominio de la radiofrecuencia. Por otro lado, crea nuevas oportunidades para los sistemas y redes de información y comunicación. Por lo tanto, la fotónica de microondas se utiliza para habilitar funciones especializadas como generación de señales de alta frecuencia, modulación, procesamiento de señales, particularmente en aplicaciones de comunicación, radar y detección. 
En el contexto de la fotónica programable, la versatilidad surge al permitir la manipulación dinámica de las señales de luz, haciéndolas adaptables para propósitos genéricos a través de redes ópticas, computación óptica, óptica adaptativa, investigación y desarrollo y fotónica cuántica. Por lo que, proporciona una plataforma flexible para aplicaciones ópticas, mostrando funciones complementarias a la tecnología fotónica moderna. 
 
Por lo tanto, los circuitos integrados fotónicos programables proponen y prometen ser una solución para competir con diseños específicos de aplicaciones. Sin embargo, las demostraciones actuales y las pruebas de concepto solo han integrado un número limitado de componentes y representan circuitos de complejidad pequeña y moderada. 
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo responder a las preguntas relacionadas con la escalabilidad del sistema y la evolución de futuros circuitos integrados fotónicos programables. El análisis y propuesta de soluciones constará de dos partes principales: la primera estudiará la escalabilidad de los circuitos programables en términos de integración de sistemas, incluyendo un estudio exhaustivo de las interfaces ópticas. En segundo lugar, debido a la necesidad de compensación de pérdidas que surge al utilizar fotónica integrada, consideraremos el rendimiento de modelos analíticos de fotónica de microondas de extremo a extremo con enlaces amplificados (balance de potencia óptica, ruido de señal, indicadores clave de rendimiento de enlaces fotónicos de microondas y consumo de energía). Una vez completado, utilizaremos diseños de complejidad moderada para evaluar nuestros estimadores de rendimiento tanto para el procesamiento de señales ópticas como para aplicaciones fotónicas de microondas.},
	institution = {Universitat Politècnica de València},
	type = {Tesis doctoral},
	author = {Sánchez Gomariz, Erica},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	date = {2024-02-19},
	doi = {10.4995/Thesis/10251/202894},
	note = {Accepted: 2024-03-04T09:06:23Z},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/YC35ZS6C/Sánchez Gomariz - 2024 - Scalability Analysis and Designs for Large-Scale Programmable RF-Photonic Integrated Circuits Model.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{zand_effects_2020,
	title = {Effects of coupling and phase imperfections in programmable photonic hexagonal waveguide meshes},
	volume = {8},
	rights = {© 2020 Chinese Laser Press},
	issn = {2327-9125},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-8-2-211},
	doi = {10.1364/PRJ.376227},
	abstract = {We present a study of the effect of imperfections on the transmission and crosstalk in programmable photonic meshes with feedback loops consisting of tunable couplers and phase shifters. The many elements in such a mesh can generate a multitude of parasitic paths when the couplers and phase shifters deviate even slightly from their nominal value. Performing Monte Carlo simulations, we show that small stochastic imperfections in the phase and coupling (\<1.0\%) can introduce unwanted interferences and resonances and significantly deteriorate the frequency response of the circuit. We also demonstrate that, in the presence of imperfections, the programming strategy of the unused couplers can reduce effects of such parasitics.},
	pages = {211--218},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Photonics Research},
	shortjournal = {Photon. Res., {PRJ}},
	author = {Zand, Iman and Bogaerts, Wim},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	date = {2020-02-01},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical elements, Ring resonators, Beam splitters, Phase shift, Field programmable gate arrays, Multiple input multiple output},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/P73N6JJX/Zand and Bogaerts - 2020 - Effects of coupling and phase imperfections in programmable photonic hexagonal waveguide meshes.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kim_programmable_2023,
	title = {Programmable photonic arrays based on microelectromechanical elements with femtowatt-level standby power consumption},
	volume = {17},
	rights = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1749-4893},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-023-01327-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41566-023-01327-5},
	abstract = {Programmable photonic integrated circuits offer exciting opportunities for optoelectronic signal processing, computing and communications in a number of emerging applications in classical and quantum photonics. In this work, we show the array-level demonstration of tunable couplers and phase shifters with capacitive electrostatic microelectromechanical actuators in a recirculating mesh network. The overall fabrication process is compatible with the conventional wafer-level passive silicon photonics platform. Extremely low unit-level standby power consumption of {\textless}10 femtowatts and reconfiguration energy of {\textless}40 picojoules with {\textless}11 V programming voltages offer well-balanced, scalable routes for efficient phase and amplitude modulation of the guided lightwaves with sub-decibel optical losses. The extinction ratios of the continuously tunable directional coupler exceed 30 {dB}. Full 2π-phase shifting can be achieved with a modulation efficiency of less than 0.075 V cm and a phase-dependent insertion-loss variation of 0.01 {dB}.},
	pages = {1089--1096},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Nature Photonics},
	shortjournal = {Nat. Photon.},
	author = {Kim, Dong Uk and Park, Young Jae and Kim, Do Yun and Jeong, Youngjae and Lim, Min Gi and Hong, Myung Seok and Her, Man Jae and Rah, Yoonhyuk and Choi, Dong Ju and Han, Sangyoon and Yu, Kyoungsik},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	date = {2023-12},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Integrated optics, Photonic devices, Nanophotonics and plasmonics, Microresonators},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/TH8BBWDW/Kim et al. - 2023 - Programmable photonic arrays based on microelectromechanical elements with femtowatt-level standby p.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{zhang_compact_2024,
	title = {A compact programmable silicon photonic circuit},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10543870/references#references},
	doi = {10.1109/SiPhotonics60897.2024.10543870},
	abstract = {We experimentally demonstrate a programmable photonic circuit based on a 7-cell hexagonal waveguide mesh of coupled 2x2 Mach-Zehnder interferometer gates. The use of undercut heaters results in a compact circuit with a large free spectral range for interferometers and ring resonator filters.},
	eventtitle = {2024 {IEEE} Silicon Photonics Conference ({SiPhotonics})},
	pages = {1--2},
	booktitle = {2024 {IEEE} Silicon Photonics Conference ({SiPhotonics})},
	author = {Zhang, Yu and Chen, Xiangfeng and Van Iseghem, Lukas and Zand, Iman and Salmanian, Hasan and Bogaerts, Wim},
	urldate = {2025-01-27},
	date = {2024-04},
	note = {{ISSN}: 1949-209X},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, silicon photonics, Optical ring resonators, Resonator filters, Heating systems, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, programmable photonic integrated circuit, Logic gates, wavelength filters},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/87R55IB7/Zhang et al. - 2024 - A compact programmable silicon photonic circuit.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/C56VCTNV/references.html:text/html},
}

@article{zhang_programmable_2025,
	title = {Programmable waveguide mesh photonic integrated circuits based on thin-film lithium niobate},
	volume = {64},
	rights = {© 2024 Optica Publishing Group},
	issn = {2155-3165},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-64-2-233},
	doi = {10.1364/AO.547149},
	abstract = {Programmable photonics chips based on a versatile structure are crucial for the next generation of advanced photonics systems. In this paper, we designed a programmable photonics chip with a hexagonal waveguide mesh consisting of longitudinally parallel arranged tunable basic units based on thin-film lithium niobate. We fabricated a waveguide mesh on a chip with an effective area of 5.2m m×1.5m m, which contains six tunable basic units, and tested its performance. The extinction ratio of both output ports of the tunable basic units exceeded 15\&\#x00A0;{dB}, with P π=46m W and a response time of about 32\&\#x00A0;µs. By programming the waveguide mesh through a {PC}, it can be configured as a multi-channel adjustable optical switch, where the extinction ratio of each output port is greater than 15\&\#x00A0;{dB}. This can be applied to all-optical networks for arbitrary path switching.},
	pages = {233--238},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Applied Optics},
	shortjournal = {Appl. Opt., {AO}},
	author = {Zhang, Shengya and Liu, Jianguo and Zhang, Jing and Li, Jinye},
	urldate = {2025-01-02},
	date = {2025-01-10},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated photonics, Silicon photonics, Optical delay lines, Microwave photonics, Optical modulators, Lithium niobate},
}

@misc{miller_universal_2025,
	title = {Universal programmable and self-configuring optical filter},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.11811},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2501.11811},
	abstract = {We propose an approach to integrated optical spectral filtering that allows arbitrary programmability, can compensate automatically for imperfections in filter fabrication, allows multiple simultaneous and separately programmable filter functions on the same input, and can configure itself automatically to the problem of interest, for example to filter or reject multiple arbitrarily chosen frequencies. The approach exploits splitting the input light into an array of multiple waveguides of different lengths that then feed a programmable interferometer array that can also self-configure. It can give spectral response similar to arrayed waveguide gratings but offers many other filtering functions, as well as supporting other structures based on non-redundant arrays for precise spectral filtering. Simultaneous filtering also allows, for the first time to our knowledge, an automatic measurement of the temporal coherency matrix and physical separation into the Karhunen-Lo{\textbackslash}`eve expansion of temporally partially coherent light fields.},
	number = {{arXiv}:2501.11811},
	publisher = {{arXiv}},
	author = {Miller, David A. B. and Roques-Carmes, Charles and Valdez, Carson G. and Kroo, Anne R. and Vlk, Marek and Fan, Shanhui and Solgaard, Olav},
	urldate = {2025-01-28},
	date = {2025-01-22},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {2501.11811 [physics]},
	keywords = {Physics - Optics},
	file = {Preprint PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/KTX7UAND/Miller et al. - 2025 - Universal programmable and self-configuring optical filter.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/RLKI3XZI/2501.html:text/html},
}

@article{xie_software-defined_2024-1,
	title = {Software-defined optical networking applications enabled by programmable integrated photonics},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1943-0639},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10553381},
	doi = {10.1364/JOCN.521505},
	abstract = {Data center networks are experiencing unprecedented exponential growth, mostly driven by the continuous computing demands in machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. Within this realm, optical networking offers numerous advantages, including low latency, energy efficiency, and bandwidth transparency, positioning it as a compelling alternative to its electronic counterparts. In this work, we showcase a range of software-defined optical networking applications deployed on a general-purpose programmable integrated photonic processor. Leveraging graph-based theory, we experimentally demonstrate dynamic optical interconnects, circuit switching, and multicasting on the same photonic platform, yielding remarkable results in terms of crosstalk and reconfiguration speed. Our approach harnesses the benefits of reconfigurability and reliability, paving the way for a new generation of high-performance optical devices tailored for data center and computing clusters.},
	pages = {D10--D17},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Optical Communications and Networking},
	author = {Xie, Zhenyun and Sanchez-Jacome, David and Torrijos-Moran, Luis and Perez-Lopez, Daniel},
	urldate = {2025-01-31},
	date = {2024-08},
	note = {Conference Name: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, Photonics, Optical interconnections, Optical device fabrication, Optical switches, Optical network units, Integrated circuit interconnections},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/WWVFW4EB/Xie et al. - 2024 - Software-defined optical networking applications enabled by programmable integrated photonics.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/YKSBU4G5/10553381.html:text/html},
}

@inproceedings{khani_sip-ml_2021,
	location = {Virtual Event {USA}},
	title = {{SiP}-{ML}: high-bandwidth optical network interconnects for machine learning training},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-8383-7},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3452296.3472900},
	doi = {10.1145/3452296.3472900},
	shorttitle = {{SiP}-{ML}},
	abstract = {This paper proposes optical network interconnects as a key enabler for building high-bandwidth {ML} training clusters with strong scaling properties. Our design, called {SiP}-{ML}, accelerates the training time of popular {DNN} models using silicon photonics links capable of providing multiple terabits-per-second of bandwidth per {GPU}. {SiP}-{ML} partitions the training job across {GPUs} with hybrid data and model parallelism while ensuring the communication pattern can be supported efficiently on the network interconnect. We develop task partitioning and device placement methods that take the degree and reconfiguration latency of optical interconnects into account. Simulations using real {DNN} models show that, compared to the state-of-the-art electrical networks, our approach improves training time by 1.3–9.1×.},
	eventtitle = {{SIGCOMM} '21: {ACM} {SIGCOMM} 2021 Conference},
	pages = {657--675},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 {ACM} {SIGCOMM} 2021 Conference},
	publisher = {{ACM}},
	author = {Khani, Mehrdad and Ghobadi, Manya and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Zhu, Ziyi and Glick, Madeleine and Bergman, Keren and Vahdat, Amin and Klenk, Benjamin and Ebrahimi, Eiman},
	urldate = {2025-01-31},
	date = {2021-08-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/M5WH3U5B/Khani et al. - 2021 - SiP-ML high-bandwidth optical network interconnects for machine learning training.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{foead_systematic_2021,
	title = {A Systematic Literature Review of A* Pathfinding},
	volume = {179},
	issn = {1877-0509},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050921000399},
	doi = {10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.034},
	series = {5th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2020},
	abstract = {A* is a search algorithm that has long been used in the pathfinding research community. Its efficiency, simplicity, and modularity are often highlighted as its strengths compared to other tools. Due to its ubiquity and widespread usage, A* has become a common option for researchers attempting to solve pathfinding problems. However, the sheer amount of research done on the topic makes it difficult to know where to start looking. With this paper, we hope to create an accessible, up to date reference on the current state of the A* search algorithm for future pathfinding projects to consider. This paper examines A-Star’s current usage in the field of pathfinding, comparing A* to other search algorithms. It also analyzes potential future developments for A-Star’s development. A* cannot keep up with the demands of current pathfinding problems. Other algorithms can maintain the same performance while also demanding less overhead and this problem only grows worse as grid size increases. However, use of innovative modifications such as different heuristic types or secondary components to the algorithm allow A* to achieve very fast times with good accuracy when dealing with large maps, while only having slightly increased overhead costs for the modifications. While beginning to show its age, improved algorithms based on the classic A* algorithm are more than capable of keeping up with modern pathfinding demands. These derivative search algorithms such as {HPA}* is used to overcome the limitations of A*. {HPA}* can compete with and even surpass its competitors depending on the challenge faced.},
	pages = {507--514},
	journaltitle = {Procedia Computer Science},
	shortjournal = {Procedia Computer Science},
	author = {Foead, Daniel and Ghifari, Alifio and Kusuma, Marchel Budi and Hanafiah, Novita and Gunawan, Eric},
	urldate = {2025-01-31},
	date = {2021-01-01},
	keywords = {A-Star, Heuristic function, {HPA}-{STAR}, Pathfinding},
}

@book{bierlaire_optimization_2015,
	edition = {2},
	title = {Optimization: Principles and Algorithms},
	isbn = {978-2-88915-279-7},
	shorttitle = {Optimization},
	abstract = {"Every engineer and decision scientist must have a good mastery of optimization, an essential element in their toolkit. Thus, this articulate introductory textbook will certainly be welcomed by students and practicing professionals alike. Drawing from his vast teaching experience, the author skillfully leads the reader through a rich choice of topics in a coherent, fluid and tasteful blend of models and methods anchored on the underlying mathematical notions (only prerequisites: first year calculus and linear algebra). Topics range from the classics to some of the most recent developments in smooth unconstrained and constrained optimization, like descent methods, conjugate gradients, Newton and quasi-Newton methods, linear programming and the simplex method, trust region and interior point methods. Furthermore elements of discrete and combinatorial optimization like network optimization, integer programming and heuristic local search methods are also presented. This book presents optimization as a modeling tool that beyond supporting problem formulation plus design and implementation of efficient algorithms, also is a language suited for interdisciplinary human interaction. Readers further become aware that while the roots of mathematical optimization go back to the work of giants like Newton, Lagrange, Cauchy, Euler or Gauss, it did not become a discipline on its own until World War Two. Also that its present momentum really resulted from its symbiosis with modern computers, which made it possible to routinely solve problems with millions of variables and constraints. With his witty, entertaining, yet precise style, Michel Bierlaire captivates his readers and awakens their desire to try out the presented material in a creative mode. One of the outstanding assets of this book is the unified, clear and concise rendering of the various algorithms, which makes them easily readable and translatable into any high level programming language. This is an addictive book that I am very pleased to recommend. Prof. Thomas M. Liebling" -- Page 4 de la couverture},
	pagetotal = {718},
	publisher = {{EPFL} Press},
	author = {Bierlaire, Michel},
	date = {2015},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: {zldFwAEACAAJ}},
}

@inproceedings{liu_lightwave_2023,
	location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}},
	title = {Lightwave Fabrics: At-Scale Optical Circuit Switching for Datacenter and Machine Learning Systems},
	isbn = {979-8-4007-0236-5},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3603269.3604836},
	doi = {10.1145/3603269.3604836},
	series = {{ACM} {SIGCOMM} '23},
	shorttitle = {Lightwave Fabrics},
	abstract = {We describe our experience developing what we believe to be the world's first large-scale production deployments of lightwave fabrics used for both datacenter networking and machine-learning ({ML}) applications. Using optical circuit switches ({OCSes}) and optical transceivers developed in-house, we employ hardware and software codesign to integrate the fabrics into our network and computing infrastructure. Key to our design is a high degree of multiplexing enabled by new kinds of wavelength-division-multiplexing ({WDM}) and optical circulators that support high-bandwidth bidirectional traffic on a single strand of optical fiber. The development of the requisite {OCS} and optical transceiver technologies leads to a synchronous lightwave fabric that is reconfigurable, low latency, rate agnostic, and highly available. These fabrics have provided substantial benefits for long-lived traffic patterns in our datacenter networks and predictable traffic patterns in tightly-coupled machine learning clusters. We report results for a large-scale {ML} superpod with 4096 tensor processing unit ({TPU}) V4 chips that has more than one {ExaFLOP} of computing power. For this use case, the deployment of a lightwave fabric provides up to 3× better system availability and model-dependent performance improvements of up to 3.3× compared to a static fabric, despite constituting less than 6\% of the total system cost.},
	pages = {499--515},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGCOMM} 2023 Conference},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	author = {Liu, Hong and Urata, Ryohei and Yasumura, Kevin and Zhou, Xiang and Bannon, Roy and Berger, Jill and Dashti, Pedram and Jouppi, Norm and Lam, Cedric and Li, Sheng and Mao, Erji and Nelson, Daniel and Papen, George and Tariq, Mukarram and Vahdat, Amin},
	urldate = {2025-01-31},
	date = {2023-09-01},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/3JLUH3WB/Liu et al. - 2023 - Lightwave Fabrics At-Scale Optical Circuit Switching for Datacenter and Machine Learning Systems.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sato_prospects_2022,
	title = {Prospects and challenges of optical switching technologies for intra data center networks},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1943-0639},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9915703},
	doi = {10.1364/JOCN.467726},
	abstract = {This paper explores how optical switching technologies can innovate future intra data center networks. The effectiveness of applying large-port-count optical switches is clarified by comparing the available scales and performances of electrical and optical switching networks. The two core technologies needed to make it happen are presented: large-port-count optical switches that have pay-as-you-grow scalability and a simple and fast switch control procedure. Different from the present multi-tier electrical switch network, single-tier large-port-count optical switches and their parallel configurations are shown to greatly simplify the network. Their combination offers low blocking rates and low latency even though the connection set-up is performed in a completely distributed and asynchronous manner where network wide synchronization and routing control are unneeded. The design and performance verification of our control network are detailed, and experiments on a control network emulation based on field programmable gate arrays are presented. The connection set-up latency of around 20 µs is verified within a floor (200 m) using our recently developed silicon photonic switch and tunable filter devices. The devices rely on the thermo-optic effect, but if we apply the electro-optic effect and adopt a simplified connection set-up procedure, the set-up latency is reduced to around 7 µs. The direction discussed here will pave the way for achieving bandwidth abundant and energy efficient data center networks in the future.},
	pages = {903--915},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Optical Communications and Networking},
	author = {Sato, Ken-Ichi and Matsuura, Hiroyuki and Konoike, Ryotaro and Suzuki, Keijiro and Ikeda, Kazuhiro and Namiki, Shu},
	urldate = {2025-01-31},
	date = {2022-11},
	note = {Conference Name: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking},
	keywords = {Bandwidth, Optical switches, Switching circuits, Data centers, Power demand, Costs, Optics},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/NWM4NGJV/9915703.html:text/html},
}

@article{lopez_auto-routing_2020,
	title = {Auto-routing algorithm for field-programmable photonic gate arrays},
	volume = {28},
	rights = {© 2020 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-28-1-737},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.382753},
	abstract = {Programmable multipurpose photonic integrated circuits require software routines to make use of their flexible operation as desired. In this work, we propose and demonstrate the use of a modified tree-search algorithm to automatically determine the optimum optical path in a field-programmable photonic gate array ({FPPGA}), based on end-user specifications, circuit architecture and imperfections in the realized {FPPGA} arising, for example, from fabrication variations. In such a scenario, the proposed algorithm only requires the hardware topology and the location of the connections of the {FPPGA} defining the optical path to be programmed. The routine is able to optimize the path over multiple and competing objectives like the overall length, accumulated loss and power consumption. In addition, should any region of the circuit suffer from any potential damage that may affect the device performance, this algorithm is also able to provide basic self-healing and fault-tolerance capabilities by supplying alternative paths through the photonic arrangement.},
	pages = {737--752},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {López, Aitor and Pérez, Daniel and {DasMahapatra}, Prometheus and Capmany, José},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	date = {2020-01-06},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Signal processing, Optical filters, Optical delay lines, Optical components, Optical signals, Field programmable gate arrays},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/79VFIDUN/López et al. - 2020 - Auto-routing algorithm for field-programmable photonic gate arrays.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kerchove_automated_2023,
	title = {An Automated Router With Optical Resource Adaptation},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1558-2213},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10122952},
	doi = {10.1109/JLT.2023.3275385},
	abstract = {Photonic Integrated Circuits are rapidly becoming more reconfigurable using tunable waveguide elements, coming closer to realizing ‘general purpose’ programmable waveguide meshes. To utilize the full potential of such circuits, special software routines need to be developed to determine the optical paths inside the mesh. Right now, current methods either scale exponentially in problem size or are severely lacking performance-wise, largely unable to find solutions, especially in recirculating waveguide meshes with square or hexagonal unit cells. We present an algorithm that computes an efficient configuration that correctly routes all given signals. Whereas similar papers look at meshes containing 7 to 20 hexagonal cells, in this article, meshes of up to hundreds of hexagonal cells are considered. We compare the results of our algorithm to an earlier proposed algorithm and to an optimal solution. Several parameters are introduced in the algorithm. These are studied and an optimizer is implemented to determine effective values for them.},
	pages = {5807--5819},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	author = {Kerchove, Ferre Vanden and Chen, Xiangfeng and Colle, Didier and Tavernier, Wouter and Bogaerts, Wim and Pickavet, Mario},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	date = {2023-09},
	note = {Conference Name: Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, Photonics, Optical filters, Couplers, photonic integrated circuits, Routing, programmable photonics, Graph theory, optical routing, Adaptive optics, Optical feedback},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/QYRHBB63/Kerchove et al. - 2023 - An Automated Router With Optical Resource Adaptation.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/HI9ZJX6E/10122952.html:text/html},
}

@article{jia_six-port_2018,
	title = {Six-port optical switch for cluster-mesh photonic network-on-chip},
	volume = {7},
	rights = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
	issn = {2192-8614},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0116/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOooOXNjLEO14k3U-U1ZpJ4Rehup15PRU3MLS_DkSpnE-XJ6WklRx},
	doi = {10.1515/nanoph-2017-0116},
	abstract = {Photonic network-on-chip for high-performance multi-core processors has attracted substantial interest in recent years as it offers a systematic method to meet the demand of large bandwidth, low latency and low power dissipation. In this paper we demonstrate a non-blocking six-port optical switch for cluster-mesh photonic network-on-chip. The architecture is constructed by substituting three optical switching units of typical Spanke-Benes network to optical waveguide crossings. Compared with Spanke-Benes network, the number of optical switching units is reduced by 20\%, while the connectivity of routing path is maintained. By this way the footprint and power consumption can be reduced at the expense of sacrificing the network latency performance in some cases. The device is realized by 12 thermally tuned silicon Mach-Zehnder optical switching units. Its theoretical spectral responses are evaluated by establishing a numerical model. The experimental spectral responses are also characterized, which indicates that the optical signal-to-noise ratios of the optical switch are larger than 13.5 {dB} in the wavelength range from 1525 nm to 1565 nm. Data transmission experiment with the data rate of 32 Gbps is implemented for each optical link.},
	pages = {827--835},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Nanophotonics},
	author = {Jia, Hao and Zhou, Ting and Zhao, Yunchou and Xia, Yuhao and Dai, Jincheng and Zhang, Lei and Ding, Jianfeng and Fu, Xin and Yang, Lin},
	urldate = {2025-02-07},
	date = {2018-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	keywords = {silicon photonics, optical switches, optical interconnect, wavelength-division multiplexing},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/3G8K3EFW/Jia et al. - 2018 - Six-port optical switch for cluster-mesh photonic network-on-chip.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{poutievski_jupiter_2022,
	location = {Amsterdam Netherlands},
	title = {Jupiter evolving: transforming google's datacenter network via optical circuit switches and software-defined networking},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-9420-8},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544216.3544265},
	doi = {10.1145/3544216.3544265},
	shorttitle = {Jupiter evolving},
	abstract = {We present a decade of evolution and production experience with Jupiter datacenter network fabrics. In this period Jupiter has delivered 5x higher speed and capacity, 30\% reduction in capex, 41\% reduction in power, incremental deployment and technology refresh all while serving live production traffic. A key enabler for these improvements is evolving Jupiter from a Clos to a direct-connect topology among the machine aggregation blocks. Critical architectural changes for this include: A datacenter interconnection layer employing Micro-{ElectroMechanical} Systems ({MEMS}) based Optical Circuit Switches ({OCSes}) to enable dynamic topology reconfiguration, centralized Software-Defined Networking ({SDN}) control for traffic engineering, and automated network operations for incremental capacity delivery and topology engineering. We show that the combination of traffic and topology engineering on direct-connect fabrics achieves similar throughput as Clos fabrics for our production traffic patterns. We also optimize for path lengths: 60\% of the traffic takes direct path from source to destination aggregation blocks, while the remaining transits one additional block, achieving an average blocklevel path length of 1.4 in our fleet today. {OCS} also achieves 3x faster fabric reconfiguration compared to pre-evolution Clos fabrics that used a patch panel based interconnect.},
	eventtitle = {{SIGCOMM} '22: {ACM} {SIGCOMM} 2022 Conference},
	pages = {66--85},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGCOMM} 2022 Conference},
	publisher = {{ACM}},
	author = {Poutievski, Leon and Mashayekhi, Omid and Ong, Joon and Singh, Arjun and Tariq, Mukarram and Wang, Rui and Zhang, Jianan and Beauregard, Virginia and Conner, Patrick and Gribble, Steve and Kapoor, Rishi and Kratzer, Stephen and Li, Nanfang and Liu, Hong and Nagaraj, Karthik and Ornstein, Jason and Sawhney, Samir and Urata, Ryohei and Vicisano, Lorenzo and Yasumura, Kevin and Zhang, Shidong and Zhou, Junlan and Vahdat, Amin},
	urldate = {2023-11-02},
	date = {2022-08-22},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Poutievski et al. - 2022 - Jupiter evolving transforming google's datacenter.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/AV5MX6RC/Poutievski et al. - 2022 - Jupiter evolving transforming google's datacenter.pdf:application/pdf;s41598-017-12455-8 (3).pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/I4PAXGXF/s41598-017-12455-8 (3).pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{urata_mission_2022,
	title = {Mission Apollo: Landing Optical Circuit Switching at Datacenter Scale},
	volume = {Principles and Algorithms},
	issn = {2208.10041.},
	abstract = {In this paper, we describe Apollo, to the best of our knowledge, the world’s first large-scale production deployment of optical circuit switches ({OCSes}) for datacenter networking. We will first describe the infrastructure challenges and use cases that motivated optical switching inside datacenters. We then delve into the requirements of {OCSes} for datacenter applications: balancing cost, port count, switching time, and optical performance, which drive design choices and implementation details of our internally developed 3D {MEMS}-based {OCS}. To enable the Apollo optical switching layer, we employ circulators to realize bidirectional links through the {OCS}, effectively doubling the {OCS} radix. The {OCS} and circulator design choices were critical for meeting network bandwidth, scale, and cost targets. We review the critical co-design of {WDM} transceiver technology for these {OCS} plus circulator-based bidirectional links and their corresponding physical impairments, delivered over four generations/speeds of optical interconnect. Finally, we conclude with thoughts on future directions in hardware development and associated applications.},
	number = {2208},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv} preprint {arXiv}},
	author = {Urata, Ryohei and Liu, Hong and Yasumura, Kevin and Mao, Erji and Berger, Jill and Zhou, Xiang and Lam, Cedric and Hutchinson, Darren and Nelson, Daniel and Poutievski, Leon and Singh, Arjun and Ong, Joon and Vahdat, Amin},
	date = {2022-08-22},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Urata et al. - Mission Apollo Landing Optical Circuit Switching .pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/GP4GMAAC/Urata et al. - Mission Apollo Landing Optical Circuit Switching .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{madsen_digital_1999,
	title = {Digital Filter Concepts for Optical Filters},
	isbn = {978-0-471-21375-8},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471213756.ch3},
	abstract = {In this chapter, we present digital filter concepts along with comparisons between digital and optical filters. The advantage of relating digital and optical filters is that numerous algorithms developed for digital filters can be used to design optical filters. Linear system theory is the foundation for analyzing signals in the time and frequency domains, and is reviewed first for both continuous and discrete signals. Then, we introduce the following three major filter classes: moving average ({MA}), autoregressive ({AR}) and autoregressive moving average ({ARMA}) filters. The filter magnitude, group delay and dispersion are given in terms of the Z-transform description. Single-stage optical filters are introduced next along with their Z-transform descriptions. Then, we turn out attention to multi-stage filters, which are required to closely approximate a desired magnitude or phase response. Examples of digital filter design techniques are given for each filter class, and an overview of multi-stage digital filter architectures is presented.},
	pages = {95--164},
	booktitle = {Optical Filter Design and Analysis},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {Madsen, Christi},
	urldate = {2025-02-11},
	date = {1999},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1002/0471213756.ch3},
	note = {Section: 3
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/0471213756.ch3},
	keywords = {optical filters, appendix, bandpass filters, concepts, continuous signals, design, digital filter, discrete signals, filter architectures, linear time-invariant systems, {MA} bandpass filters, power conservation, problems, single-stage optical filters},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/AR9QJCKK/0471213756.html:text/html},
}

@article{perez-lopez_supplementary_2024,
	title = {Supplementary notes for: General-purpose programmable photonic processor for advanced radiofrequency applications},
	author = {Pérez-López, Daniel and Gutierrez, Ana and Sánchez, David and López, Aitor and Sánchez, Erica and Fernández, Juan and Cruz, Alejandro and Xie, Zhenyun and Benitez, Jesús and Bekesi, Nandor and Santomé, Alejandro and Pérez-Galacho, Diego and {DasMahapatra}, Prometheus and Macho, Andrés and Capmany, José},
	date = {2024},
	langid = {english},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/KLWNRZVM/Pérez-López et al. - General-purpose programmable photonic processor for advanced radiofrequency applications.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{marpaung_si3n4_2013,
	title = {Si$_{\textrm{3}}$N$_{\textrm{4}}$ ring resonator-based microwave photonic notch filter with an ultrahigh peak rejection},
	volume = {21},
	rights = {© 2013 {OSA}},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-21-20-23286},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.21.023286},
	abstract = {We report a simple technique in microwave photonic ({MWP}) signal processing that allows the use of an optical filter with a shallow notch to exhibit a microwave notch filter with anomalously high rejection level. We implement this technique using a low-loss, tunable Si3N4 optical ring resonator as the optical filter, and achieved an {MWP} notch filter with an ultra-high peak rejection \> 60 {dB}, a tunable high resolution bandwidth of 247-840 {MHz}, and notch frequency tuning of 2-8 {GHz}. To our knowledge, this is a record combined peak rejection and resolution for an integrated {MWP} filter.},
	pages = {23286--23294},
	number = {20},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {Marpaung, David and Morrison, Blair and Pant, Ravi and Roeloffzen, Chris and Leinse, Arne and Hoekman, Marcel and Heideman, Rene and Eggleton, Benjamin J.},
	urldate = {2025-02-11},
	date = {2013-10-07},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical resonators, Signal processing, Optical filters, Ring resonators, Modulation techniques, Notch filters},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/DMS4W5UJ/Marpaung et al. - 2013 - Si3N4 ring resonator-based microwave photonic notch filter with an ultrahigh p.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{liu_integrated_2020,
	title = {Integrated microwave photonic filters},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {© 2020 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1943-8206},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/aop/abstract.cfm?uri=aop-12-2-485},
	doi = {10.1364/AOP.378686},
	abstract = {Microwave signal filtering is a fundamental and central functionality in radio-frequency ({RF}) systems. Underpinned by advanced integrated photonics technologies, emerging integrated microwave photonic ({IMWP}) filter platforms enable reconfigurable and widely tunable {RF} signal filtering functionalities that were unattainable using conventional electronics while also exhibiting superior features in terms of compactness, light weight, stability, low power consumption, and low latency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the principles, architectures, and performance of {IMWP} filters. We highlight recent advances of {IMWP} filters enabled by on-chip nonlinear optics, {RF}-interference technology and emerging integration platforms, with an emphasis on the {RF} performance which is critical for their usability in real-world applications. We conclude with a perspective on future research challenges and new possibilities for {IMWP} filters.},
	pages = {485--555},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Advances in Optics and Photonics},
	shortjournal = {Adv. Opt. Photon., {AOP}},
	author = {Liu, Yang and Choudhary, Amol and Marpaung, David and Eggleton, Benjamin J.},
	urldate = {2025-02-11},
	date = {2020-06-30},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical elements, Optical filters, Optical components, Optical amplifiers, Nonlinear optical materials, Notch filters},
	file = {Full Text:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/8DGGZDWH/Liu et al. - 2020 - Integrated microwave photonic filters.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{daulay_tutorial_2021,
	title = {A Tutorial on Integrated Microwave Photonic Spectral Shaping},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1558-2213},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9239897},
	doi = {10.1109/JLT.2020.3033706},
	abstract = {Integrated microwave photonics ({MWP}) is a rapidly growing field where high frequency microwave signals are processed in the optical domain, bringing key advantages of both microwave photonics and integrated optics technologies including low-losses, reconfigurability, advanced functionality, enhanced performance, and reduced footprint. The {MWP} spectrum generated from optical modulation carry utmost importance for the functionalities and performance of integrated {MWP} systems. Thus, precise phase and amplitude shaping of the {MWP} spectrum can open avenues to advanced functionalities presently unattainable. In this tutorial, we present a new concept of integrated {MWP} spectral shaping covering the basic principles, theory, and implementations of {MWP} spectral shaping for modulation transformation, reconfigurable filters, link linearization, and {RF} waveform generation.},
	pages = {700--711},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	author = {Daulay, Okky and Liu, Gaojian and Guo, Xin and Eijkel, Maarten and Marpaung, David},
	urldate = {2025-02-11},
	date = {2021-02},
	note = {Conference Name: Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	keywords = {Photonics, integrated optics, Optical filters, Optical ring resonators, optical signal processing, Microwave photonics, Tutorials, Phase modulation, Optical modulation, filters, modulation, noise performance, photonic link, Radio frequency, signal generation},
	file = {Full Text:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/Z34I3UYE/Daulay et al. - 2021 - A Tutorial on Integrated Microwave Photonic Spectral Shaping.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/R423A2R8/9239897.html:text/html},
}

@article{perez_figures_2016,
	title = {Figures of merit for self-beating filtered microwave photonic systems},
	volume = {24},
	rights = {\&\#169; 2016 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-24-9-10087},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.24.010087},
	abstract = {We present a model to compute the figures of merit of self-beating Microwave Photonic systems, a novel class of systems that work on a self-homodyne fashion by sharing the same laser source for information bearing and local oscillator tasks. General and simplified expressions are given and, as an example, we have considered their application to the design of a tunable {RF} {MWP} {BS}/{UE} front end for band selection, based on a Chebyshev Type-{II} optical filter. The applicability and usefulness of the model are also discussed.},
	pages = {10087--10102},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {Pérez, Daniel and Gasulla, Ivana and Capmany, José and Fandiño, Javier S. and Muñoz, Pascual and Alavi, Hossein},
	urldate = {2025-02-11},
	date = {2016-05-02},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/KFZ3G9QF/Pérez et al. - 2016 - Figures of merit for self-beating filtered microwave photonic systems.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{liu_93-ghz_2019,
	title = {93-{GHz} Signal Beam Steering with True Time Delayed Integrated Optical Beamforming Network},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8696338},
	abstract = {A 93-{GHz} beam steering experiment based on a 1 × 4 phased array antenna was demonstrated, achieving beam steering angles of -51°, ±34°, ±17° and 0°. An integrated optical beamforming network chip with true time delays was employed.},
	eventtitle = {2019 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition ({OFC})},
	pages = {1--3},
	booktitle = {2019 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition ({OFC})},
	author = {Liu, Yuan and Isaac, Brandon and Kalkavage, Jean and Adles, Eric and Clark, Thomas and Klamkin, Jonathan},
	urldate = {2025-02-17},
	date = {2019-03},
	keywords = {Optical interferometry, Optical polarization, Optical sensors, Beam steering, Delays, Antenna arrays, Optical mixing},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/MN7QI2P5/Liu et al. - 2019 - 93-GHz Signal Beam Steering with True Time Delayed Integrated Optical Beamforming Network.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/FDQ9KQ9Q/8696338.html:text/html},
}

@article{lenz_optical_2001,
	title = {Optical delay lines based on optical filters},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1558-1713},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/914401},
	doi = {10.1109/3.914401},
	abstract = {Optical delay lines have some important applications, notably in optical communication systems and in phased arrays. These devices are based on the concept of optical group delay, which, in turn, can be understood as the property of an optical filter. Optical filters are well-understood devices and, in particular, their dispersive properties determine the group delay response. We review these dispersive properties and point out some of the inherent tradeoffs involved in generating large group delay. Fiber Bragg gratings and recent results on optical all-pass filters are used as examples.},
	pages = {525--532},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Lenz, G. and Eggleton, B.J. and Madsen, C.K. and Slusher, R.E.},
	urldate = {2025-02-17},
	date = {2001-04},
	note = {Conference Name: {IEEE} Journal of Quantum Electronics},
	keywords = {Optical arrays, Optical filters, Delay lines, Resonance, Phased arrays, Nonlinear optics, Dispersion, Radio frequency, Delay effects, Fiber nonlinear optics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/R2HU65I8/Lenz et al. - 2001 - Optical delay lines based on optical filters.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/CSUMBGN5/914401.html:text/html},
}

@article{xiang_low-loss_2018,
	title = {Low-Loss Continuously Tunable Optical True Time Delay Based on Si3N4 Ring Resonators},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1558-4542},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8233185},
	doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2017.2785962},
	abstract = {We design, fabricate, and characterize ultra-low loss continuously tunable optical true time delay devices based on Si3N4 ring resonators in a side-coupled integrated spaced sequence of resonators ({SCISSOR}) structure. A large tunable delay range up to 3.4 ns is demonstrated using the Balanced {SCISSOR} delay tuning scheme, for a record loss of only 0.89 {dB}/ns of delay. By optimizing the coupler design a device delay bandwidth of over 10 {GHz} is achieved with over 0.5 ns maximum time delay. This ultra-low loss delay line can enable distortion free operation for {RF} signals used in {RF} beamforming and other applications. Additionally, this device has the potential to be integrated with active photonic components to be part of a fully integrated photonic integrated circuit in an electronically scanned phased array system; utilizing a silicon photonics platform including heterogeneous integration.},
	pages = {1--9},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Xiang, Chao and Davenport, Michael L. and Khurgin, Jacob B. and Morton, Paul A. and Bowers, John E.},
	urldate = {2025-02-17},
	date = {2018-07},
	note = {Conference Name: {IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, silicon photonics, Optical distortion, Delay lines, Optical ring resonators, Optical device fabrication, Optical losses, silicon nitride, Delays, optical losses, optical ring resonators, phased arrays},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/CFVNP3AB/Xiang et al. - 2018 - Low-Loss Continuously Tunable Optical True Time Delay Based on Si3N4 Ring Resonators.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/F4TYS75Z/8233185.html:text/html},
}

@article{zhu_silicon_2020,
	title = {Silicon integrated microwave photonic beamformer},
	volume = {7},
	rights = {© 2020 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {2334-2536},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?uri=optica-7-9-1162},
	doi = {10.1364/OPTICA.391521},
	abstract = {Optical beam-forming networks ({OBFNs}) based on optical true-time delay lines ({OTTDLs}) are well known as the promising candidate for solving the bandwidth limitation of traditional electronic phased array antennas ({PAAs}) due to beam squinting. Here we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first monolithic 1×8 microwave photonic beamformer, based on switchable {OTTDLs} on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The chip consists of a modulator, an eight-channel {OBFN}, and eight photodetectors, thus including hundreds of active and passive components in total. It has a wide operating bandwidth from 8 to 18 {GHz}, which is almost two orders larger than that of electronic {PAAs}. The beam can be steered to 31 distinguishable angles in the range from −75.51∘ to 75.64°, based on the beam pattern calculation with the measured radiofrequency response. The response time for beam steering is 56 µs. These results represent a significant step toward the realization of integrated microwave photonic beamformers that can satisfy compact-size and low-power consumption requirements for the future radar and wireless communication systems.},
	pages = {1162--1170},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Optica},
	shortjournal = {Optica, {OPTICA}},
	author = {Zhu, Chen and Lu, Liangjun and Shan, Wensheng and Xu, Weihan and Zhou, Gangqiang and Zhou, Linjie and Chen, Jianping},
	urldate = {2025-02-17},
	date = {2020-09-20},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Photonic crystals, Quadrature phase shift keying, Optical networks, Optical delay lines, Fiber Bragg gratings, Synthetic aperture radar},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/Y2QTQB2Z/Zhu et al. - 2020 - Silicon integrated microwave photonic beamformer.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez-lopez_integrated_2019,
	title = {Integrated photonic tunable basic units using dual-drive directional couplers},
	volume = {27},
	rights = {\&\#169; 2019 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-27-26-38071},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.27.038071},
	abstract = {Photonic integrated circuits based on waveguide meshes and multibeam interferometers call for large-scale integration of Tunable Basic Units ({TBUs}) that feature beam splitters and waveguides. This units are loaded with phase actuators to provide complex linear processing functionalities based on optical interference and can be reconfigured dynamically. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, a thermally actuated Dual-Drive Directional Coupler ({DD}-{DC}) design integrated on a silicon nitride platform. It operates both as a standalone optical component providing arbitrary optical beam splitting and common phase as well as a low loss and potentially low footprint {TBU}. Finally, we report the experimental demonstration of the first integrated triangular waveguide mesh arrangement using {DD}-{DC} based {TBUs} and provide an extended analysis of its performance and scalability.},
	pages = {38071--38086},
	number = {26},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {Pérez-López, Daniel and Gutierrez, Ana M. and Sánchez, Erica and {DasMahapatra}, Prometheus and Capmany, José},
	urldate = {2025-02-17},
	date = {2019-12-23},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/S2L23GFV/Pérez-López et al. - 2019 - Integrated photonic tunable basic units using dual-drive directional couplers.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ashtiani_photonic_nodate,
	title = {Photonic Max-Pooling for Deep Neural Networks Using a Programmable Photonic Platform},
	author = {Ashtiani, Farshid and On, Mehmet Berkay and Sanchez-Jacome, David and Yoo, S J Ben and Blanco-Redondo, Andrea},
	langid = {english},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/7Q6PAZER/Ashtiani et al. - Photonic Max-Pooling for Deep Neural Networks Using a Programmable Photonic Platform.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ozawa_topological_2019,
	title = {Topological photonics},
	volume = {91},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.015006},
	doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.91.015006},
	abstract = {Topological photonics is a rapidly emerging field of research in which geometrical and topological ideas are exploited to design and control the behavior of light. Drawing inspiration from the discovery of the quantum Hall effects and topological insulators in condensed matter, recent advances have shown how to engineer analogous effects also for photons, leading to remarkable phenomena such as the robust unidirectional propagation of light, which hold great promise for applications. Thanks to the flexibility and diversity of photonics systems, this field is also opening up new opportunities to realize exotic topological models and to probe and exploit topological effects in new ways. This article reviews experimental and theoretical developments in topological photonics across a wide range of experimental platforms, including photonic crystals, waveguides, metamaterials, cavities, optomechanics, silicon photonics, and circuit {QED}. A discussion of how changing the dimensionality and symmetries of photonics systems has allowed for the realization of different topological phases is offered, and progress in understanding the interplay of topology with non-Hermitian effects, such as dissipation, is reviewed. As an exciting perspective, topological photonics can be combined with optical nonlinearities, leading toward new collective phenomena and novel strongly correlated states of light, such as an analog of the fractional quantum Hall effect.},
	pages = {015006},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Reviews of Modern Physics},
	shortjournal = {Rev. Mod. Phys.},
	author = {Ozawa, Tomoki and Price, Hannah M. and Amo, Alberto and Goldman, Nathan and Hafezi, Mohammad and Lu, Ling and Rechtsman, Mikael C. and Schuster, David and Simon, Jonathan and Zilberberg, Oded and Carusotto, Iacopo},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {2019-03-25},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/UGIZBSSD/RevModPhys.91.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/RK4T8PEF/Ozawa et al. - 2019 - Topological photonics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{price_roadmap_2022,
	title = {Roadmap on topological photonics},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2515-7647},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac4ee4},
	doi = {10.1088/2515-7647/ac4ee4},
	abstract = {Topological photonics seeks to control the behaviour of the light through the design of protected topological modes in photonic structures. While this approach originated from studying the behaviour of electrons in solid-state materials, it has since blossomed into a field that is at the very forefront of the search for new topological types of matter. This can have real implications for future technologies by harnessing the robustness of topological photonics for applications in photonics devices. This roadmap surveys some of the main emerging areas of research within topological photonics, with a special attention to questions in fundamental science, which photonics is in an ideal position to address. Each section provides an overview of the current and future challenges within a part of the field, highlighting the most exciting opportunities for future research and developments.},
	pages = {032501},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Physics: Photonics},
	shortjournal = {J. Phys. Photonics},
	author = {Price, Hannah and Chong, Yidong and Khanikaev, Alexander and Schomerus, Henning and Maczewsky, Lukas J and Kremer, Mark and Heinrich, Matthias and Szameit, Alexander and Zilberberg, Oded and Yang, Yihao and Zhang, Baile and Alù, Andrea and Thomale, Ronny and Carusotto, Iacopo and St-Jean, Philippe and Amo, Alberto and Dutt, Avik and Yuan, Luqi and Fan, Shanhui and Yin, Xuefan and Peng, Chao and Ozawa, Tomoki and Blanco-Redondo, Andrea},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {2022-06},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: {IOP} Publishing},
	file = {IOP Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/UK3AM4JB/Price et al. - 2022 - Roadmap on topological photonics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{shalaev_robust_2019,
	title = {Robust topologically protected transport in photonic crystals at telecommunication wavelengths},
	volume = {14},
	rights = {2018 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1748-3395},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-018-0297-6},
	doi = {10.1038/s41565-018-0297-6},
	abstract = {Photonic topological insulators offer the possibility to eliminate backscattering losses and improve the efficiency of optical communication systems. Despite considerable efforts, a direct experimental demonstration of theoretically predicted robust, lossless energy transport in topological insulators operating at near-infrared frequencies is still missing. Here, we combine the properties of a planar silicon photonic crystal and the concept of topological protection to design, fabricate and characterize an optical topological insulator that exhibits the valley Hall effect. We show that the transmittances are the same for light propagation along a straight topological interface and one with four sharp turns. This result quantitatively demonstrates the suppression of backscattering due to the non-trivial topology of the structure. The photonic-crystal-based approach offers significant advantages compared with other realizations of photonic topological insulators, such as lower propagation losses, the presence of a band gap for light propagating in the crystal-slab plane, a larger operating bandwidth, a much smaller footprint, compatibility with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor fabrication technology, and the fact that it allows for operation at telecommunications wavelengths.},
	pages = {31--34},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Nature Nanotechnology},
	shortjournal = {Nature Nanotech},
	author = {Shalaev, Mikhail I. and Walasik, Wiktor and Tsukernik, Alexander and Xu, Yun and Litchinitser, Natalia M.},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {2019-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Nanoscale devices, Optics and photonics, Optical physics, Nanoscale materials, Optical materials and structures},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/6FKZA8S3/Shalaev et al. - 2019 - Robust topologically protected transport in photonic crystals at telecommunication wavelengths.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{bahari_nonreciprocal_2017,
	title = {Nonreciprocal lasing in topological cavities of arbitrary geometries},
	volume = {358},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao4551},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aao4551},
	abstract = {Resonant cavities are essential building blocks governing many wave-based phenomena, but their geometry and reciprocity fundamentally limit the integration of optical devices. We report, at telecommunication wavelengths, geometry-independent and integrated nonreciprocal topological cavities that couple stimulated emission from one-way photonic edge states to a selected waveguide output with an isolation ratio in excess of 10 decibels. Nonreciprocity originates from unidirectional edge states at the boundary between photonic structures with distinct topological invariants. Our experimental demonstration of lasing from topological cavities provides the opportunity to develop complex topological circuitry of arbitrary geometries for the integrated and robust generation and transport of photons in classical and quantum regimes.},
	pages = {636--640},
	number = {6363},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	author = {Bahari, Babak and Ndao, Abdoulaye and Vallini, Felipe and El Amili, Abdelkrim and Fainman, Yeshaiahu and Kanté, Boubacar},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {2017-11-03},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
}

@article{klitzing_new_1980,
	title = {New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of the Fine-Structure Constant Based on Quantized Hall Resistance},
	volume = {45},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.494},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.494},
	abstract = {Measurements of the Hall voltage of a two-dimensional electron gas, realized with a silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, show that the Hall resistance at particular, experimentally well-defined surface carrier concentrations has fixed values which depend only on the fine-structure constant and speed of light, and is insensitive to the geometry of the device. Preliminary data are reported.},
	pages = {494--497},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review Letters},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Klitzing, K. v. and Dorda, G. and Pepper, M.},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {1980-08-11},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/9PN9ZNWQ/PhysRevLett.45.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/NIL9KKPY/Klitzing et al. - 1980 - New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of the Fine-Structure Constant Based on Quantized Hall Re.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{thouless_quantized_1982,
	title = {Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Potential},
	volume = {49},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.405},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.405},
	abstract = {The Hall conductance of a two-dimensional electron gas has been studied in a uniform magnetic field and a periodic substrate potential 𝑈. The Kubo formula is written in a form that makes apparent the quantization when the Fermi energy lies in a gap. Explicit expressions have been obtained for the Hall conductance for both large and small 𝑈ℏ⁢𝜔𝑐.},
	pages = {405--408},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review Letters},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Thouless, D. J. and Kohmoto, M. and Nightingale, M. P. and den Nijs, M.},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {1982-08-09},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/UD3C4J9P/PhysRevLett.49.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/J34Z5AG3/Thouless et al. - 1982 - Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Potential.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{su_solitons_1979,
	title = {Solitons in Polyacetylene},
	volume = {42},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1698},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1698},
	abstract = {We present a theoretical study of soliton formation in long-chain polyenes, including the energy of formation, length, mass, and activation energy for motion. The results provide an explanation of the mobile neutral defect observed in undoped ({CH})𝑥. Since the soliton formation energy is less than that needed to create band excitation, solitons play a fundamental role in the charge-transfer doping mechanism.},
	pages = {1698--1701},
	number = {25},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review Letters},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Su, W. P. and Schrieffer, J. R. and Heeger, A. J.},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {1979-06-18},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/RBKVZLVJ/PhysRevLett.42.html:text/html},
}

@article{ezawa_higher-order_2018,
	title = {Higher-Order Topological Insulators and Semimetals on the Breathing Kagome and Pyrochlore Lattices},
	volume = {120},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.026801},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.026801},
	abstract = {A second-order topological insulator in 𝑑 dimensions is an insulator which has no 𝑑 −1 dimensional topological boundary states but has 𝑑 −2 dimensional topological boundary states. It is an extended notion of the conventional topological insulator. Higher-order topological insulators have been investigated in square and cubic lattices. In this Letter, we generalize them to breathing kagome and pyrochlore lattices. First, we construct a second-order topological insulator on the breathing Kagome lattice. Three topological boundary states emerge at the corner of the triangle, realizing a 1/3 fractional charge at each corner. Second, we construct a third-order topological insulator on the breathing pyrochlore lattice. Four topological boundary states emerge at the corners of the tetrahedron with a 1/4 fractional charge at each corner. These higher-order topological insulators are characterized by the quantized polarization, which constitutes the bulk topological index. Finally, we study a second-order topological semimetal by stacking the breathing kagome lattice.},
	pages = {026801},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review Letters},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	author = {Ezawa, Motohiko},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {2018-01-12},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	file = {Accepted Version:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/YACGE77X/Ezawa - 2018 - Higher-Order Topological Insulators and Semimetals on the Breathing Kagome and Pyrochlore Lattices.pdf:application/pdf;APS Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/LFSCQSIY/PhysRevLett.120.html:text/html},
}

@article{blanco-redondo_topological_2018,
	title = {Topological protection of biphoton states},
	volume = {362},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau4296},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aau4296},
	abstract = {The robust generation and propagation of multiphoton quantum states are crucial for applications in quantum information, computing, and communications. Although photons are intrinsically well isolated from the thermal environment, scaling to large quantum optical devices is still limited by scattering loss and other errors arising from random fabrication imperfections. The recent discoveries regarding topological phases have introduced avenues to construct quantum systems that are protected against scattering and imperfections. We experimentally demonstrate topological protection of biphoton states, the building block for quantum information systems. We provide clear evidence of the robustness of the spatial features and the propagation constant of biphoton states generated within a nanophotonics lattice with nontrivial topology and propose a concrete path to build robust entangled states for quantum gates.},
	pages = {568--571},
	number = {6414},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	author = {Blanco-Redondo, Andrea and Bell, Bryn and Oren, Dikla and Eggleton, Benjamin J. and Segev, Mordechai},
	urldate = {2025-02-26},
	date = {2018-11-02},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	file = {Submitted Version:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/FJIBYMN2/Blanco-Redondo et al. - 2018 - Topological protection of biphoton states.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ashtiani_photonic_2023-1,
	title = {Photonic Max-Pooling for Deep Neural Networks Using a Programmable Photonic Platform},
	author = {Ashtiani, Farshid and On, Mehmet Berkay and Sanchez-Jacome, David and Yoo, S J Ben and Blanco-Redondo, Andrea},
	date = {2023},
	langid = {english},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/SQXHBM5M/Ashtiani et al. - Photonic Max-Pooling for Deep Neural Networks Using a Programmable Photonic Platform.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{feldmann_parallel_2021-1,
	title = {Parallel convolutional processing using an integrated photonic tensor core},
	volume = {589},
	rights = {2020 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03070-1},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-03070-1},
	abstract = {With the proliferation of ultrahigh-speed mobile networks and internet-connected devices, along with the rise of artificial intelligence ({AI})1, the world is generating exponentially increasing amounts of data that need to be processed in a fast and efficient way. Highly parallelized, fast and scalable hardware is therefore becoming progressively more important2. Here we demonstrate a computationally specific integrated photonic hardware accelerator (tensor core) that is capable of operating at speeds of trillions of multiply-accumulate operations per second (1012 {MAC} operations per second or tera-{MACs} per second). The tensor core can be considered as the optical analogue of an application-specific integrated circuit ({ASIC}). It achieves parallelized photonic in-memory computing using phase-change-material memory arrays and photonic chip-based optical frequency combs (soliton microcombs3). The computation is reduced to measuring the optical transmission of reconfigurable and non-resonant passive components and can operate at a bandwidth exceeding 14 gigahertz, limited only by the speed of the modulators and photodetectors. Given recent advances in hybrid integration of soliton microcombs at microwave line rates3–5, ultralow-loss silicon nitride waveguides6,7, and high-speed on-chip detectors and modulators, our approach provides a path towards full complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ({CMOS}) wafer-scale integration of the photonic tensor core. Although we focus on convolutional processing, more generally our results indicate the potential of integrated photonics for parallel, fast, and efficient computational hardware in data-heavy {AI} applications such as autonomous driving, live video processing, and next-generation cloud computing services.},
	pages = {52--58},
	number = {7840},
	journaltitle = {Nature},
	author = {Feldmann, J. and Youngblood, N. and Karpov, M. and Gehring, H. and Li, X. and Stappers, M. and Le Gallo, M. and Fu, X. and Lukashchuk, A. and Raja, A. S. and Liu, J. and Wright, C. D. and Sebastian, A. and Kippenberg, T. J. and Pernice, W. H. P. and Bhaskaran, H.},
	urldate = {2025-02-28},
	date = {2021-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Frequency combs, Nanophotonics and plasmonics, Information technology},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/ZQLD7RER/Feldmann et al. - 2021 - Parallel convolutional processing using an integrated photonic tensor core.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{tait_neuromorphic_2017,
	title = {Neuromorphic photonic networks using silicon photonic weight banks},
	volume = {7},
	rights = {2017 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07754-z},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-07754-z},
	abstract = {Photonic systems for high-performance information processing have attracted renewed interest. Neuromorphic silicon photonics has the potential to integrate processing functions that vastly exceed the capabilities of electronics. We report first observations of a recurrent silicon photonic neural network, in which connections are configured by microring weight banks. A mathematical isomorphism between the silicon photonic circuit and a continuous neural network model is demonstrated through dynamical bifurcation analysis. Exploiting this isomorphism, a simulated 24-node silicon photonic neural network is programmed using “neural compiler” to solve a differential system emulation task. A 294-fold acceleration against a conventional benchmark is predicted. We also propose and derive power consumption analysis for modulator-class neurons that, as opposed to laser-class neurons, are compatible with silicon photonic platforms. At increased scale, Neuromorphic silicon photonics could access new regimes of ultrafast information processing for radio, control, and scientific computing.},
	pages = {7430},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Tait, Alexander N. and de Lima, Thomas Ferreira and Zhou, Ellen and Wu, Allie X. and Nahmias, Mitchell A. and Shastri, Bhavin J. and Prucnal, Paul R.},
	urldate = {2025-02-28},
	date = {2017-08-07},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Computational science, Network models},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/5IPTTJPQ/Tait et al. - 2017 - Neuromorphic photonic networks using silicon photonic weight banks.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jha_reconfigurable_2020,
	title = {Reconfigurable all-optical nonlinear activation functions for neuromorphic photonics},
	volume = {45},
	rights = {© 2020 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1539-4794},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-45-17-4819},
	doi = {10.1364/OL.398234},
	abstract = {We experimentally demonstrate all-optical reconfigurable nonlinear activation functions in a cavity-loaded Mach–Zehnder interferometer device on a silicon photonics platform, via the free-carrier dispersion effect. Our device is programmable to generate various nonlinear activation functions, including sigmoid, radial-basis, clamped rectified linear unit, and softplus, with tunable thresholds. We simulate benchmark tasks such as {XOR} and {MNIST} handwritten digit classifications with experimentally measured activation functions and obtain accuracies of 100\% and 94\%, respectively. Our device can serve as nonlinear units in photonic neural networks, while its nonlinear transfer function can be flexibly programmed to optimize the performance of different neuromorphic tasks.},
	pages = {4819--4822},
	number = {17},
	journaltitle = {Optics Letters},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Lett., {OL}},
	author = {Jha, Aashu and Huang, Chaoran and Prucnal, Paul R.},
	urldate = {2025-02-28},
	date = {2020-09-01},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Photonic crystals, Silicon photonics, Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, Neural networks, Phase shift, Stochastic gradient descent},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/JXU8RWST/Jha et al. - 2020 - Reconfigurable all-optical nonlinear activation functions for neuromorphic photonics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ashtiani_-chip_2022,
	title = {An on-chip photonic deep neural network for image classification},
	volume = {606},
	rights = {2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04714-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-04714-0},
	abstract = {Deep neural networks with applications from computer vision to medical diagnosis1–5 are commonly implemented using clock-based processors6–14, in which computation speed is mainly limited by the clock frequency and the memory access time. In the optical domain, despite advances in photonic computation15–17, the lack of scalable on-chip optical non-linearity and the loss of photonic devices limit the scalability of optical deep networks. Here we report an integrated end-to-end photonic deep neural network ({PDNN}) that performs sub-nanosecond image classification through direct processing of the optical waves impinging on the on-chip pixel array as they propagate through layers of neurons. In each neuron, linear computation is performed optically and the non-linear activation function is realized opto-electronically, allowing a classification time of under 570 ps, which is comparable with a single clock cycle of state-of-the-art digital platforms. A uniformly distributed supply light provides the same per-neuron optical output range, allowing scalability to large-scale {PDNNs}. Two-class and four-class classification of handwritten letters with accuracies higher than 93.8\% and 89.8\%, respectively, is demonstrated. Direct, clock-less processing of optical data eliminates analogue-to-digital conversion and the requirement for a large memory module, allowing faster and more energy efficient neural networks for the next generations of deep learning systems.},
	pages = {501--506},
	number = {7914},
	journaltitle = {Nature},
	author = {Ashtiani, Farshid and Geers, Alexander J. and Aflatouni, Firooz},
	urldate = {2025-02-28},
	date = {2022-06},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Electrical and electronic engineering, Optics and photonics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/ZSB3RITB/Ashtiani et al. - 2022 - An on-chip photonic deep neural network for image classification.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{murray_generalized_2014,
	title = {Generalized Max Pooling},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6909713},
	doi = {10.1109/CVPR.2014.317},
	abstract = {State-of-the-art patch-based image representations involve a pooling operation that aggregates statistics computed from local descriptors. Standard pooling operations include sum- and max-pooling. Sum-pooling lacks discriminability because the resulting representation is strongly influenced by frequent yet often uninformative descriptors, but only weakly influenced by rare yet potentially highly-informative ones. Max-pooling equalizes the influence of frequent and rare descriptors but is only applicable to representations that rely on count statistics, such as the bag-of-visual-words ({BOV})and its soft- and sparse-coding extensions. We propose a novel pooling mechanism that achieves the same effect as max-pooling but is applicable beyond the {BOV} and especially to the state-of-the-art Fisher Vector – hence the name Generalized Max Pooling ({GMP}). It involves equalizing the similarity between each patch and the pooled representation, which is shown to be equivalent to re-weighting the per-patch statistics. We show on five public image classification benchmarks that the proposed {GMP} can lead to significant performance gains with respect to heuristic alternatives.},
	eventtitle = {2014 {IEEE} Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
	pages = {2473--2480},
	booktitle = {2014 {IEEE} Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
	author = {Murray, Naila and Perronnin, Florent},
	urldate = {2025-02-28},
	date = {2014-06},
	note = {{ISSN}: 1063-6919},
	keywords = {Vectors, Birds, classification, Computer vision, Encoding, image representations, Kernel, pooling, Standards, Visualization},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/GCXDLJQC/6909713.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/PHQTSV3X/Murray and Perronnin - 2014 - Generalized Max Pooling.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{zhang_winner-take-all_2020,
	title = {The Winner-Take-All Mechanism for All-Optical Systems of Pattern Recognition and Max-Pooling Operation},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1558-2213},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9110773},
	doi = {10.1109/JLT.2020.3000670},
	abstract = {The winner-take-all ({WTA}) mechanism based on the inhibitory dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with an embedded saturable absorber ({VCSEL}-{SA}) neurons is proposed for the first time. The {WTA} mechanism is shown numerically in a photonic spiking neural network ({SNN}). The effect of bias current on {WTA} time window is analyzed based on the proposed {SNN}. Moreover, a pattern recognition approach is presented numerically based on the {WTA} mechanism in all-optical neural network consisting of {VCSEL}-{SA} neurons. For the pattern recognition, the robustness of noisy inputs is examined. The effects of bias current, strength of inhibition and weight matrix on the speed of pattern recognition are analyzed carefully. Furthermore, the max-pooling operation is implemented numerically in the all-optical {VCSEL}-{SA} neural network model based on the {WTA} mechanism for the first time. The results hold great promise for the development of energy-efficient and high-speed photonic spiking neural network.},
	pages = {5071--5077},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	author = {Zhang, Yahui and Xiang, Shuiying and Guo, Xingxing and Wen, Aijun and Hao, Yue},
	urldate = {2025-02-28},
	date = {2020-09},
	note = {Conference Name: Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	keywords = {Photonics, Pattern recognition, Biological neural networks, Max-pooling system, Neurons, Optical attenuators, pattern recognition system, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, winner-take-all mechanism},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/B2TW64HR/9110773.html:text/html},
}

@book{chrostowski_silicon_2015,
	title = {Silicon Photonics Design},
	isbn = {978-1-107-08545-9},
	abstract = {From design and simulation through to testing and fabrication, this hands-on introduction to silicon photonics engineering equips students with everything they need to begin creating foundry-ready designs. In-depth discussion of real-world issues and fabrication challenges ensures that students are fully equipped for careers in industry. Step-by-step tutorials, straightforward examples, and illustrative source code fragments guide students through every aspect of the design process, providing a practical framework for developing and refining key skills. Offering industry-ready expertise, the text supports existing {PDKs} for {CMOS} {UV}-lithography foundry services ({OpSIS}, {ePIXfab}, imec, {LETI}, {IME} and {CMC}) and the development of new kits for proprietary processes and clean-room based research. Accompanied by additional online resources to support students, this is the perfect learning package for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying silicon photonics design, and academic and industrial researchers involved in the development and manufacture of new silicon photonics systems.},
	pagetotal = {439},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Chrostowski, Lukas and Hochberg, Michael},
	date = {2015-03-12},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: {XbDGBgAAQBAJ}},
	keywords = {Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / General, Science / Physics / Optics \& Light, Science / Chemistry / General, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / Circuits / Integrated, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / Optoelectronics, Technology \& Engineering / Lasers \& Photonics, Technology \& Engineering / Optics},
}

@incollection{saleh_guided-wave_1991,
	title = {Guided-Wave Optics},
	isbn = {978-0-471-21374-1},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471213748.ch7},
	abstract = {Conventional optical instruments make use of light that is transmitted between different locations in the form of beams that are collimated, relayed, focused, or scanned by mirrors, lenses, and prisms. Optical beams diffract and broaden, but they can be refocused by the use of lenses and mirrors. Although such beams are easily obstructed or scattered by various objects, this form of free-space transmission of light is the basis of most optical systems. There is, however, a relatively new technology for transmitting light through dielectric conduits, guided-wave optics. It has been developed to provide long-distance light transmission without the use of relay lenses. Guided-wave optics has important applications in directing light to awkward places, in establishing secure communications, and in the fabrication of miniaturized optical and optoelectronic devices requiring the confinement of light. The basic concept of optical confinement is quite simple. Integrated optics is the technology of integrating various optical devices and components for the generation, focusing, splitting, combining, isolation, polarization, coupling, switching, modulation and detection of light, all on a single substrate (chip). The basic theory of optical waveguides is presented here. This chapter deals with rectangular waveguides which are used extensively in integrated optics. Cylindrical waveguides, which are used to make optical fibers, integrated-optic devices (such as semiconductor lasers and detectors, modulators, and switches) are considered. Fiber-optic communication systems are discussed in other chapters.},
	pages = {238--271},
	booktitle = {Fundamentals of Photonics},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {Saleh, Bahaa E. A and Teich, Malvin C.},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	date = {1991},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1002/0471213748.ch7},
	note = {Section: 7
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/0471213748.ch7},
	keywords = {problems, exercises, guided-wave optics, optical coupling, planar dielectric waveguides, planar-mirror waveguides, two-dimensional waveguides},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/S3D333TV/0471213748.html:text/html},
}

@article{chen_broadband_2017,
	title = {Broadband Silicon-On-Insulator directional couplers using a combination of straight and curved waveguide sections},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07618-6},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-07618-6},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Broadband Silicon-On-Insulator ({SOI}) directional couplers are designed based on a combination of curved and straight coupled waveguide sections. A design methodology based on the transfer matrix method ({TMM}) is used to determine the required coupler section lengths, radii, and waveguide cross-sections. A 50/50 power splitter with a measured bandwidth of 88 nm is designed and fabricated, with a device footprint of 20 
              μ
              m × 3 
              μ
              m. In addition, a balanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer is fabricated showing an extinction ratio of {\textgreater}16 {dB} over 100 nm of bandwidth.},
	pages = {7246},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Chen, George F. R. and Ong, Jun Rong and Ang, Thomas Y. L. and Lim, Soon Thor and Png, Ching Eng and Tan, Dawn T. H.},
	urldate = {2023-06-14},
	date = {2017-08-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Chen et al. - 2017 - Broadband Silicon-On-Insulator directional coupler.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/WJQVQUKJ/Chen et al. - 2017 - Broadband Silicon-On-Insulator directional coupler.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{chen_low-loss_2016,
	title = {Low-loss and broadband 2 × 2 silicon thermo-optic Mach–Zehnder switch with bent directional couplers},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {0146-9592, 1539-4794},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-41-4-836},
	doi = {10.1364/OL.41.000836},
	pages = {836},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Optics Letters},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Lett.},
	author = {Chen, Sitao and Shi, Yaocheng and He, Sailing and Dai, Daoxin},
	urldate = {2023-06-14},
	date = {2016-02-15},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Chen et al. - 2016 - Low-loss and broadband 2 × 2 silicon thermo-optic .pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/RY2WKV9D/Chen et al. - 2016 - Low-loss and broadband 2 × 2 silicon thermo-optic .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{tormen_wavelength-flattened_2005,
	title = {Wavelength-flattened directional couplers for mirror-symmetric interferometers},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {0733-8724},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1566768/},
	doi = {10.1109/JLT.2005.859430},
	abstract = {In the context of guided optics, the authors derive, analytically and geometrically, a rigorous general criterion to design wavelength-insensitive interferometers with mirror symmetry, which are needed for wavelength multiplexing/demultiplexing. The criterion is applied to a practical case, resulting in an interferometer that works on a band wider than 70 nm.},
	pages = {4387--4392},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	shortjournal = {J. Lightwave Technol.},
	author = {Tormen, M. and Cherchi, M.},
	urldate = {2023-06-22},
	date = {2005-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Tormen and Cherchi - 2005 - Wavelength-flattened directional couplers for mirr.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/XLQKP75B/Tormen and Cherchi - 2005 - Wavelength-flattened directional couplers for mirr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{song_low-loss_2022,
	title = {Low-Loss Calibration-Free 2 × 2 Mach-Zehnder Switches With Varied-Width Multimode-Interference Couplers},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0733-8724, 1558-2213},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9772325/},
	doi = {10.1109/JLT.2022.3174133},
	abstract = {Large-scale photonic switches are essential components for telecommunications and interconnects, incorporating many cascaded 2 × 2 optical switches. To keep the excess loss of the entire switch low, it is crucial to develop ultralow-loss 2 × 2 optical switches by introducing new coupler designs. In this paper, a low-loss calibration-free 2 × 2 Mach-Zehnder switch ({MZS}) designed with varied-width multimode-interference ({MMI}) couplers is proposed and fabricated. In this design, the {MMI} coupler has a varied-width {MMI} region and two multimode output waveguides. The {MMI} coupler optimized by the particle swarm optimization ({PSO}) algorithm has an ultralow excess loss {\textless} 0.053 {dB} and a suppressed higher-order mode excitation {\textless} −26 {dB} across the Cband (1530–1565 nm). Such a varied-width {MMI} coupler with two multimode output waveguides can be used compatibly for the {MZS} with widened phase shifters, so that the random phase imbalance between the two {MZS} arms can be suppressed effectively, which thus is promising for calibration-free operation. For the present {MZS} fabricated with standard 180-nm silicon photonic foundry processes, the excess loss is ∼0.5 {dB} across the C-band and the extinction ratio is ∼25 {dB} without calibration.},
	pages = {5254--5259},
	number = {15},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	shortjournal = {J. Lightwave Technol.},
	author = {Song, Lijia and Liu, Weixi and Peng, Yingying and Liu, Hongxuan and Li, Huan and Shi, Yaocheng and Dai, Daoxin},
	urldate = {2023-05-29},
	date = {2022-08-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Song et al. - 2022 - Low-Loss Calibration-Free 2 × 2 Mach-Zehnder Switc.pdf:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/NR8E5DMB/Song et al. - 2022 - Low-Loss Calibration-Free 2 × 2 Mach-Zehnder Switc.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{zehnder_neuer_1891,
	title = {Ein neuer interferenzrefraktor},
	volume = {11},
	pages = {275--285},
	journaltitle = {Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde},
	author = {Zehnder, Ludwig},
	date = {1891},
}

@article{mach_ueber_1892,
	title = {Ueber einen interferenzrefraktor},
	volume = {12},
	pages = {89},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde},
	author = {Mach, Ludwig},
	date = {1892},
}

@article{soldano_optical_1995,
	title = {Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: principles and applications},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1558-2213},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/372474},
	doi = {10.1109/50.372474},
	shorttitle = {Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging},
	abstract = {This paper presents an overview of integrated optics routing and coupling devices based on multimode interference. The underlying self-imaging principle in multimode waveguides is described using a guided mode propagation analysis. Special issues concerning the design and operation of multimode interference devices are discussed, followed by a survey of reported applications. It is shown that multimode interference couplers offer superior performance, excellent tolerance to polarization and wavelength variations, and relaxed fabrication requirements when compared to alternatives such as directional couplers, adiabatic X- or Y-junctions, and diffractive star couplers.{\textless}{\textgreater}},
	pages = {615--627},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	author = {Soldano, L.B. and Pennings, E.C.M.},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	date = {1995-04},
	note = {Conference Name: Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, Integrated optics, Optical coupling, Optical devices, Couplers, Fabrication, Routing, Polarization, Interference, Optical propagation},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/X5UST8Q4/372474.html:text/html},
}

@article{hosseini_1_2011,
	title = {1× N Multimode Interference Beam Splitter Design Techniques for On-Chip Optical Interconnections},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1558-4542},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5702357},
	doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2010.2099210},
	abstract = {We derive an analytical relation for the maximum number of output channels for high-performance multimode interference ({MMI})-based 1 × N optical beam splitters for a given {MMI} width. Using eigenvalue-expansion-based simulation results, we validate the analytical relation. Experimental data from {MMIs} fabricated on silicon nanomembrane also confirm the effectiveness of the design methodology for on-chip optical beam splitter designs.},
	pages = {510--515},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Hosseini, Amir and Kwong, David N. and Zhang, Yang and Subbaraman, Harish and Xu, Xiaochuan and Chen, Ray T.},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	date = {2011-05},
	note = {Conference Name: {IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, Silicon, silicon photonics, Optical device fabrication, Couplers, optical, Optical imaging, optical interconnects, Multimode interference coupler, Optical beams, System-on-a-chip, waveguide theory},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/YA2NZCD6/5702357.html:text/html},
}

@article{kim_experimental_2022,
	title = {Experimental demonstration of inverse-designed silicon integrated photonic power splitters},
	volume = {11},
	rights = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
	issn = {2192-8614},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0443/html},
	doi = {10.1515/nanoph-2022-0443},
	abstract = {The on-chip optical power splitter is a common and important device in photonic integrated circuits ({PICs}). To achieve a low insertion loss and high uniformity while splitting the guided light, multi-mode interferometer-based structures utilizing a self-imaging principle are widely used mainly in the form of a 1 × 2 configuration. Recently, an inverse design method for nanophotonic devices has emerged to overcome the limited capability of the conventional design methods and make it possible to explore the vast number of design parameters. Because of the non-intuitive shape of inverse-designed structures, they allow us to discover interesting and complex optical responses which are almost impossible to find with conventional design methods. Here, we report two kinds of inverse-designed 1 × 4 optical power splitters composed of silicon bars of different lengths, which are fabricated with a standard {CMOS}-compatible process. The particle swarm optimization method was used to minimize the insertion loss and divide the power evenly into each output port with finite-difference time-domain method simulation. The first optical power splitter has a compact size of 8.14 × 12 μm 2 and the second optical power splitter has an even more compact size of 6.0 × 7.2 μm 2 . With the inverse designed structures, we fabricated the chip with a {CMOS}-compatible fabrication process. Experimental verification of the structures is provided and good agreement with the numerical results is obtained. The first 1 × 4 optical power splitter has a low insertion loss of less than 0.76 {dB} and uniformity of less than 0.84 {dB}, and the second more compact optical power splitter has a low insertion loss of less than 1.08 {dB} and uniformity of less than 0.81 {dB}. As the complexity of on-chip photonic systems has steadily increased, the inverse design of photonic structures holds great potential to be an essential part of advanced design tools.},
	pages = {4581--4590},
	number = {20},
	journaltitle = {Nanophotonics},
	author = {Kim, Junhyeong and Kim, Jae-Yong and Yoon, Jinhyeong and Yoon, Hyeonho and Park, Hyo-Hoon and Kurt, Hamza},
	urldate = {2024-07-04},
	date = {2022-09-05},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	keywords = {silicon photonics, {MMI}, particle swarm optimization, nanophotonics, inverse design, optical power splitter},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/K6FGI8QK/Kim et al. - 2022 - Experimental demonstration of inverse-designed sil.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sheng_compact_2012,
	title = {A Compact and Low-Loss {MMI} Coupler Fabricated With {CMOS} Technology},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1943-0655},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6363508},
	doi = {10.1109/JPHOT.2012.2230320},
	abstract = {We present the design, fabrication, and measurement of a compact and low-loss multimode interference ({MMI}) coupler based on the silicon nanowire waveguide. The device is carefully designed to achieve both a good performance and a compact size by using the mode matching method. The device is fabricated on silicon-on-insulator ({SOI}) with 0.13-μm {CMOS} technology. By measuring the {MMI} coupler with a cascaded configuration, a very low excess loss of 0.06 {dB} at the wavelength of 1550 nm is obtained. The device can also work well for a wide wavelength band. The present {MMI} coupler is very compact with a footprint of 3.6 × 11.5 μm2 for the multimode region.},
	pages = {2272--2277},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Photonics Journal},
	author = {Sheng, Zhen and Wang, Zhiqi and Qiu, Chao and Li, Le and Pang, Albert and Wu, Aimin and Wang, Xi and Zou, Shichang and Gan, Fuwan},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	date = {2012-12},
	note = {Conference Name: {IEEE} Photonics Journal},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, Silicon, silicon photonics, Loss measurement, Wavelength measurement, Performance evaluation, Couplers, Fabrication, low loss, Multimode interference ({MMI}) coupler},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/9BCI7KG2/Sheng et al. - 2012 - A Compact and Low-Loss MMI Coupler Fabricated With CMOS Technology.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/T2NJ7M3W/6363508.html:text/html},
}

@article{gabriel_performance_2020,
	title = {Performance analysis of carrier depletion silicon {PIN} phase shifter},
	rights = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
	issn = {2191-6322},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/joc-2019-0259/html},
	doi = {10.1515/joc-2019-0259},
	abstract = {In this paper, we report the performance of a carrier depletion Silicon {PIN} phase shifter with over layer of 130 nm. It is observed that an optimum intrinsic gap of 250 nm for a device length of 5 mm at 2 V, resulted in Extinction Ratio ({ER}) of 23.41 {dB} and Bit Error Rate ({BER}) of 1.00 × 10 −7 is obtained for 50 Gbps. The phase shifter is also designed for length 2 mm with an intrinsic gap of 100 nm at an operating voltage \<4 V. The study also reveals that the proposed design for Mach-Zehnder modulator operating at a data rate of 100 Gbps for the concentration of P  = 7 × 10 17  cm −3 and N  = 5 × 10 17 cm −3 gives better {BER} and phase performance. The proposed design was also analysed in an intra-data centre communication setup of fibre length 15 km.},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Optical Communications},
	author = {Gabriel, Jesuwanth Sugesh Ramesh and Arunagiri, Sivasubramanian},
	urldate = {2024-02-06},
	date = {2020-10-23},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	keywords = {{BER}, electro optic effect, {ER}, Mach-Zehnder modulator, silicon {PIN} phase shifter},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/5MIEVVA9/Gabriel y Arunagiri - 2020 - Performance analysis of carrier depletion silicon .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{maldonado_electro-optic_1995,
	title = {Electro-Optic Modulators},
	shorttitle = {Handbook of optics. 2},
	booktitle = {Handbook of optics. 2: Devices, measurements, and properties},
	author = {Maldonado, Theresa A.},
	date = {1995},
	langid = {english},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/N4R9GM7X/1995 - Handbook of optics. 2 Devices, measurements, and properties.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{yoshioka_cmos-compatible_2024,
	title = {{CMOS}-compatible, {AlScN}-based integrated electro-optic phase shifter},
	volume = {13},
	rights = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
	issn = {2192-8614},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0263/html},
	doi = {10.1515/nanoph-2024-0263},
	abstract = {Commercial production of integrated photonic devices is limited by scalability of desirable material platforms. We explore a relatively new photonic material, {AlScN}, for its use in electro-optic phase shifting and modulation. Its {CMOS}-compatibility could facilitate large-scale production of integrated photonic modulators, and it exhibits an enhanced second-order optical nonlinearity compared to intrinsic {AlN}, indicating the possibility for efficient modulation. Here, we measure the electro-optic effect in Al 0.80 Sc 0.20 N-based phase shifters. We utilized the {TM}0 mode, allowing use of the r 33 electro-optic coefficient, and demonstrated V π L around 750 V cm. Since the electro-optic response is smaller than expected, we discuss potential causes for the reduced response and future outlook for {AlScN}-based photonics.},
	pages = {3327--3335},
	number = {18},
	journaltitle = {Nanophotonics},
	author = {Yoshioka, Valerie and Jin, Jicheng and Zhou, Haiqi and Tang, Zichen and Iii, Roy H. Olsson and Zhen, Bo},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	date = {2024-08-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	keywords = {integrated photonics, electro-optic phase shifter, photonic materials},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/7BUGGZT3/Yoshioka et al. - 2024 - CMOS-compatible, AlScN-based integrated electro-optic phase shifter.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{errando-herranz_mems_2020,
	title = {{MEMS} for Photonic Integrated Circuits},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1558-4542},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8847362},
	doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2019.2943384},
	abstract = {The field of microelectromechanical systems ({MEMS}) for photonic integrated circuits ({PICs}) is reviewed. This field leverages mechanics at the nanometer to micrometer scale to improve existing components and introduce novel functionalities in {PICs}. This review covers the {MEMS} actuation principles and the mechanical tuning mechanisms for integrated photonics. The state of the art of {MEMS} tunable components in {PICs} is quantitatively reviewed and critically assessed with respect to suitability for large-scale integration in existing {PIC} technology platforms. {MEMS} provide a powerful approach to overcome current limitations in {PIC} technologies and to enable a new design dimension with a wide range of applications.},
	pages = {1--16},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Errando-Herranz, Carlos and Takabayashi, Alain Yuji and Edinger, Pierre and Sattari, Hamed and Gylfason, Kristinn B. and Quack, Niels},
	urldate = {2024-03-26},
	date = {2020-03},
	note = {Conference Name: {IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, integrated optics, silicon photonics, Integrated optics, Optical refraction, Tuning, Microelectromechanical systems, photonic integrated circuits, photonics, Optical variables control, Micromechanical devices, nanoelectromechanical systems, nanophotonics, Nonlinear optics},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/P6LFIUD3/8847362.html:text/html;IEEE Xplore Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/M2QGW4UX/Errando-Herranz et al. - 2020 - MEMS for Photonic Integrated Circuits.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{quack_integrated_2023,
	title = {Integrated silicon photonic {MEMS}},
	volume = {9},
	rights = {2023 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2055-7434},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41378-023-00498-z},
	doi = {10.1038/s41378-023-00498-z},
	abstract = {Silicon photonics has emerged as a mature technology that is expected to play a key role in critical emerging applications, including very high data rate optical communications, distance sensing for autonomous vehicles, photonic-accelerated computing, and quantum information processing. The success of silicon photonics has been enabled by the unique combination of performance, high yield, and high-volume capacity that can only be achieved by standardizing manufacturing technology. Today, standardized silicon photonics technology platforms implemented by foundries provide access to optimized library components, including low-loss optical routing, fast modulation, continuous tuning, high-speed germanium photodiodes, and high-efficiency optical and electrical interfaces. However, silicon’s relatively weak electro-optic effects result in modulators with a significant footprint and thermo-optic tuning devices that require high power consumption, which are substantial impediments for very large-scale integration in silicon photonics. Microelectromechanical systems ({MEMS}) technology can enhance silicon photonics with building blocks that are compact, low-loss, broadband, fast and require very low power consumption. Here, we introduce a silicon photonic {MEMS} platform consisting of high-performance nano-opto-electromechanical devices fully integrated alongside standard silicon photonics foundry components, with wafer-level sealing for long-term reliability, flip-chip bonding to redistribution interposers, and fibre-array attachment for high port count optical and electrical interfacing. Our experimental demonstration of fundamental silicon photonic {MEMS} circuit elements, including power couplers, phase shifters and wavelength-division multiplexing devices using standardized technology lifts previous impediments to enable scaling to very large photonic integrated circuits for applications in telecommunications, neuromorphic computing, sensing, programmable photonics, and quantum computing.},
	pages = {1--22},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Microsystems \& Nanoengineering},
	shortjournal = {Microsyst Nanoeng},
	author = {Quack, Niels and Takabayashi, Alain Yuji and Sattari, Hamed and Edinger, Pierre and Jo, Gaehun and Bleiker, Simon J. and Errando-Herranz, Carlos and Gylfason, Kristinn B. and Niklaus, Frank and Khan, Umar and Verheyen, Peter and Mallik, Arun Kumar and Lee, Jun Su and Jezzini, Moises and Zand, Iman and Morrissey, Padraic and Antony, Cleitus and O’Brien, Peter and Bogaerts, Wim},
	urldate = {2024-03-26},
	date = {2023-03-20},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Nanoscale devices, {NEMS}, Other photonics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/A65IFYTG/Quack et al. - 2023 - Integrated silicon photonic MEMS.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kruckel_towards_2021,
	title = {Towards Maximum Energy Efficiency of Carrier-Injection-Based Silicon Photonics},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-39-9-2931},
	abstract = {We present carrier-injection-based photonic switches, engineered for optical pulse distribution with maximum energy efficiency. We apply small-signal analysis and for the first time large-signal modelling to methodically optimize the switches for minimum energy consumption and to classify the electronic contributions from resistance, capacitance, and diode. We present optimized electronic switch activation, which yields a sixfold reduction in energy consumption and we show how static power consumption becomes a negligible factor for optical pulse switching. We demonstrate that with adjusted phase shifter dimensions, {MZI}-based switches can operate with additional 50\% enhanced energy efficiency with down to 4 {pJ} per switching operation. We show even further efficiency improvement using ring-based designs, allowing an additional improvement of 50\% in energy efficiency and we discuss the trade-off between efficiency and optical bandwidth associated to the Q-factor. We benchmark carrier-injection-based switches together with comparable technologies of the silicon photonics platform and identify carrier-injection to be the most suitable technology for pulse switching applications.},
	pages = {2931--2940},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	shortjournal = {J. Lightwave Technol., {JLT}},
	author = {Krückel, Clemens J. and Becker, Hanna and Ban, Yoojin and Heck, Martijn J. R. and Campenhout, Joris Van and Thourhout, Dries Van},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	date = {2021-05-01},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Refractive index, Extinction ratios, Switching, Phase modulation, Phase shift},
}

@incollection{saleh_wave_1991,
	title = {Wave Optics},
	isbn = {978-0-471-21374-1},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471213748.ch2},
	abstract = {Light propagates in the form of waves. The wave theory of light encompasses the ray theory. Strictly speaking, ray optics is the limit of wave optics when the wavelength is infinitesimally short. However, the wavelength need not actually be equal to zero for the ray-optics theory to be useful. As long as the light waves propagate through and around objects whose dimensions are much greater than the wavelength, the ray theory suffices for describing most phenomena. Because the wavelength of visible light is much shorter than the dimensions of the visible objects encountered in our daily lives, manifestations of the wave nature of light are not apparent without careful observation. In this chapter, light is described by a scalar function, called the wavefunction, which obeys the wave equation. The precise physical meaning of the wavefunction is not specified; it suffices to say at this point that it may represent any of the components of the electric or magnetic fields. This, and a relation between the optical power density and the wavefunction, constitute the postulates of the scalar wave model of light, hereafter called wave optics. The consequences of these simple postulates are many and far reaching. Wave optics constitutes a basis for describing a host of optical phenomena that fall outside the confines of ray optics, including interference and diffraction, as demonstrated here. Wave optics has its limitations. It is not capable of providing a complete picture of the reflection and refraction of light at the boundaries between dielectric materials, nor of explaining those optical phenomena that require a vector formulation, such as polarization effects. This chapter begins with the postulates of wave optics. Monochromatic waves and polychromatic light are discussed. Elementary waves, such as the plane wave and the spherical wave, are introduced. We establish that ray optics can be derived from wave optics. The transmission of optical waves through simple optical components such as mirrors, prisms, lenses, and gratings is examined. Interference, an important manifestation of the wave nature of light, is the subject the last portion of this chapter.},
	pages = {41--79},
	booktitle = {Fundamentals of Photonics},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {Saleh, Bahaa E. A and Teich, Malvin C.},
	urldate = {2025-03-13},
	date = {1991},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1002/0471213748.ch2},
	note = {Section: 2
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/0471213748.ch2},
	keywords = {problems, exercises, Helmholtz equations, interference, monochromatic waves, optical components, polychromatic light, postulates, wave optics},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/NHX98QYD/0471213748.html:text/html},
}

@article{zhuang_programmable_2015,
	title = {Programmable photonic signal processor chip for radiofrequency applications},
	volume = {2},
	rights = {© 2015 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {2334-2536},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?uri=optica-2-10-854},
	doi = {10.1364/OPTICA.2.000854},
	abstract = {Integrated microwave photonics, an emerging technology combining radio frequency ({RF}) engineering and integrated photonics, has great potential to be adopted for wideband analog processing applications. However, it has been a challenge to provide photonic integrated circuits with equal levels of function flexibility as compared with their electronic counterparts. Here, we introduce a disruptive approach to tackle this need, which is analogous to an electronic field-programmable gate array. We use a grid of tunable Mach\&\#x2013;Zehnder couplers interconnected in a two-dimensional mesh network, each working as a photonic processing unit. Such a device is able to be programmed into many different circuit topologies and thereby provide a diversity of functions. This paper provides, to the best of our knowledge, the first ever demonstration of this concept and shows that a programmable chip with a free spectral range of 14\&\#{xA}0;{GHz} enables {RF} filters featuring continuous, over-two-octave frequency coverage, i.e., 1.6\&\#x2013;6\&\#{xA}0;{GHz}, and variable passband shaping ranging from a 55\&\#{xA}0;{dB} extinction notch filter to a 1.6\&\#{xA}0;{GHz} bandwidth flat-top filter.},
	pages = {854--859},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Optica},
	shortjournal = {Optica, {OPTICA}},
	author = {Zhuang, Leimeng and Roeloffzen, Chris G. H. and Hoekman, Marcel and Boller, Klaus-J. and Lowery, Arthur J.},
	urldate = {2025-03-14},
	date = {2015-10-20},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated photonics, Waveguide design, Optical signals, Microwave photonics, Field programmable gate arrays, Notch filters},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/7NCKFRNW/Zhuang et al. - 2015 - Programmable photonic signal processor chip for radiofrequency applications.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{lu_programmable_2019,
	title = {Programmable {SCOW} Mesh Silicon Photonic Processor for Linear Unitary Operator},
	volume = {10},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-666X},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/10/10/646},
	doi = {10.3390/mi10100646},
	abstract = {Universal unitary multiport interferometers ({UMIs}) can perform any arbitrary unitary transformation to a vector of input optical modes, which are essential for a wide range of applications. Most {UMIs} are realized by fixed photonic circuits with a triangular or a rectangular architecture. Here, we present the implementation of an N × N rectangular {UMI} with a programmable photonic processor based on two-dimensional meshes of self-coupled optical waveguide ({SCOW}) resonant structures. Our architecture shows a high tolerance to the unbalanced loss upon interference. This work enriches the functionality of the {SCOW} mesh photonic processors, which are promising for field-programmable photonic arrays.},
	pages = {646},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Micromachines},
	author = {Lu, Liangjun and Zhou, Linjie and Chen, Jianping},
	urldate = {2025-03-14},
	date = {2019-10},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 10
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {silicon photonics, unitary transformation, photonic processors},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/822LB98P/Lu et al. - 2019 - Programmable SCOW Mesh Silicon Photonic Processor for Linear Unitary Operator.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{lopez-hernandez_automatic_2022,
	title = {Automatic Self-calibration of Programmable Photonic Processors},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9975587},
	doi = {10.1109/IPC53466.2022.9975587},
	abstract = {In this work, we present and demonstrate a fully-automated routine to characterize the calibration curves of every phase actuator in highly-coupled programmable photonic processors. We apply and experimentally validate it to a 72-cell silicon hexagonal mesh arrangement.},
	eventtitle = {2022 {IEEE} Photonics Conference ({IPC})},
	pages = {1--2},
	booktitle = {2022 {IEEE} Photonics Conference ({IPC})},
	author = {López-Hernández, Aitor and Gutiérrez-Zubillaga, Mikel and Pérez-López, Daniel},
	urldate = {2025-03-21},
	date = {2022-11},
	note = {{ISSN}: 2575-274X},
	keywords = {Silicon, integrated optics, Couplings, Computer architecture, Programmable photonics, photonic processors, Actuators, Microprocessors, Optical waveguide components, Program processors},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/5VJISIJY/9975587.html:text/html},
}

@misc{jia_calibration_2024,
	title = {Calibration of cascaded phase shifters using pairwise scan method in silicon photonics integrated chip},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03951},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2412.03951},
	abstract = {Cascaded phase shifters ({CPSs}) based on silicon photonics integrated chips play important roles in quantum information processing tasks. Owing to an increase in the scale of silicon photonics chips, the time required to calibrate various {CPSs} has increased. We propose a pairwise scan method for rapidly calibrating {CPSs} by introducing equivalent Mach Zehnder Interferometer structures and a reasonable constraint of the initial relative phase. The calibration can be nearly completed when the scanning process is finished, and only a little calculation is required. To achieve better performance, the key components, thermal optical phase shifter and 2 × 2 50/50 multimode interference coupler, were simulated and optimized to prevent thermal crosstalk and ensure a good balance. A 6-{CPSs} structure in a packaged silicon photonics chip under different temperature was used to verify the rapid pairwise scan method, and a fidelity of 99.97\% was achieved.},
	number = {{arXiv}:2412.03951},
	publisher = {{arXiv}},
	author = {Jia, Yanxiang and Wang, Xuyang and Hou, Yizhuo and Zhang, Yu and Shi, Yuqi and Zhang, Qiang and Zou, Jun and Li, Yongmin},
	urldate = {2025-03-22},
	date = {2024-12-05},
	langid = {english},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {2412.03951 [quant-ph]},
	keywords = {Quantum Physics},
	file = {PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/BTCERCZD/Jia et al. - 2024 - Calibration of cascaded phase shifters using pairwise scan method in silicon photonics integrated ch.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{chen_graph_2020,
	title = {Graph Representations for Programmable Photonic Circuits},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1558-2213},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9056549},
	doi = {10.1109/JLT.2020.2984990},
	abstract = {We propose graph representations for reconfigurable photonic mesh circuits. Waveguide mesh circuits are abstracted into a graph to highlight the connectivity and topology. We model the optical ports as graph nodes. Performance metrics for each connection are incorporated into the edge attributes in categories such as propagation loss, crosstalk penalty, power consumption, phase accumulation, and so on. We use three types of graph representations for tunable couplers to model the flow of light and create a circuit graph representation to an example hexagonal mesh. The representation should respect the physics of waveguide circuits (e.g. directional flow of light). Of the three types, the directed graph with eight artificial nodes performs best for solving light distributions with feedback paths. This graph representation is demonstrated in four distribution cases: a single pair input-output, multi-pair inputs and outputs without collisions, a single input to multiple outputs (distribution), and multiple distributions without collisions. The programming tolerance against malfunctioning tunable elements is also demonstrated. With this circuit representation, we can reduce all these distribution cases to different graph problems and leverage a wealth of existing algorithms developed in graph theory to program the photonic mesh. Thus we provide a systematical strategy to design and program complex reconfigurable photonic circuits, especially in photonic meshes with feedback paths.},
	pages = {4009--4018},
	number = {15},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	author = {Chen, Xiangfeng and Stroobant, Pieter and Pickavet, Mario and Bogaerts, Wim},
	urldate = {2025-03-22},
	date = {2020-08},
	note = {Conference Name: Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, Photonics, silicon photonics, Optical coupling, Couplings, Optical crosstalk, Couplers, photonic integrated circuits, programmable photonics, Graph theory, optical routing, Optical feedback},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/2ABBJBQ5/9056549.html:text/html},
}

@article{bardeen_transistor_1948,
	title = {The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode},
	volume = {74},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.74.230},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.74.230},
	pages = {230--231},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Physical Review},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Rev.},
	author = {Bardeen, J. and Brattain, W. H.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {1948-07-15},
	note = {Publisher: American Physical Society},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/5F38SLLK/PhysRev.74.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/7TLE3ETR/Bardeen and Brattain - 1948 - The Transistor, A Semi-Conductor Triode.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{riordan_crystal_1997,
	title = {Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age},
	isbn = {978-0-393-04124-8},
	shorttitle = {Crystal Fire},
	abstract = {It is hard to imagine any device more crucial to modern life than the microchip and the transistor from which it sprang. Every waking hour people of the world take their vast benefits for granted - in cellular phones, {ATMs}, wrist watches, calculators, computers, automobiles, radios, televisions, fax machines, copiers, stoplights, and thousands of other electronic devices. Without a doubt, the transistor is the most important artifact of the twentieth century and the "nerve cell" of our electronic age. Crystal Fire recounts the story of the transistor team at Bell Labs headed up by William Shockley who shared the Nobel Prize with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. While his colleagues went on to other research, Shockley grew increasingly obsessed with the new gadget. Eventually he formed his own firm - the first semiconductor company in what would become Silicon Valley, spawning hundreds of other businesses and a multi-billion-dollar industry. Above all, Crystal Fire is a tale of the human factors in technology - the pride and jealousies coupled with scientific and economic aspiration that led to the creation of modern microelectronics and ignited the greatest technological explosion in history.},
	pagetotal = {382},
	publisher = {Norton},
	author = {Riordan, Michael and Hoddeson, Lillian},
	date = {1997},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: 0bTpcTLCu6MC},
	keywords = {Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / General, Computers / General, Science / General, Science / History, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / Transistors, Technology \& Engineering / History},
}

@article{kilby_invention_1976,
	title = {Invention of the integrated circuit},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {1557-9646},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1478481},
	doi = {10.1109/T-ED.1976.18467},
	pages = {648--654},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Transactions on Electron Devices},
	author = {Kilby, J.S.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {1976-07},
	note = {Conference Name: {IEEE} Transactions on Electron Devices},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/5K873IEM/1478481.html:text/html},
}

@article{moore_cramming_2006,
	title = {Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Reprinted from Electronics, volume 38, number 8, April 19, 1965, pp.114 ff.},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1098-4232},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4785860},
	doi = {10.1109/N-SSC.2006.4785860},
	abstract = {Moore's theories about the future of transistor technology first appeared in Electronics magazine in April 1965. Termed a "law" years later by Caltech professor Carver Mead, Moore's Law went on to become a self-fulfilling prophecy.},
	pages = {33--35},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter},
	author = {Moore, Gordon E.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2006-09},
	note = {Conference Name: {IEEE} Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter},
	keywords = {Silicon, Computers, Data mining, Films, Heating, Integrated circuits, Microwave amplifiers},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/X4YXISAG/4785860.html:text/html},
}

@patent{wanlass_low_1967,
	title = {Low stand-by power complementary field effect circuitry},
	url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US3356858A/en},
	holder = {Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp},
	type = {patentus},
	number = {3356858A},
	author = {Wanlass, Frank M.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {1967-12-05},
	keywords = {field, insulated gate, semiconductor device, source, type},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/9DIM4EVC/Wanlass - 1967 - Low stand-by power complementary field effect circuitry.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{noauthor_announcing_nodate,
	title = {Announcing a New Era of Integrated Electronics},
	url = {https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/virtual-vault/articles/the-intel-4004.html},
	abstract = {Intel’s 4004 microprocessor began as a contract project for Japanese calculator company Busicom. Intel repurchased the rights to the 4004 from Busicom},
	titleaddon = {Intel},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/CNF3WA49/the-intel-4004.html:text/html},
}

@book{tanenbaum_structured_2013,
	title = {Structured Computer Organization},
	isbn = {978-0-13-291652-3},
	abstract = {Structured Computer Organization,  specifically written for undergraduate students, is a best-selling guide that provides an accessible introduction to computer hardware and architecture. This text will also serve as a useful resource for all computer professionals and engineers who need an overview or introduction to computer architecture.  This book takes a modern structured, layered approach to understanding computer systems. It's highly accessible - and it's been thoroughly updated to reflect today's most critical new technologies and the latest developments in computer organization and architecture. Tanenbaum's renowned writing style and painstaking research make this one of the most accessible and accurate books available, maintaining the author's popular method of presenting a computer as a series of layers, each one built upon the ones below it, and understandable as a separate entity.},
	pagetotal = {775},
	publisher = {Pearson},
	author = {Tanenbaum, Andrew S. and Austin, Todd},
	date = {2013},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: m0HHygAACAAJ},
	keywords = {Computers / Programming / General, Computers / Software Development \& Engineering / Systems Analysis \& Design, Computers / General, Computers / Computer Architecture},
}

@book{hennessy_computer_2017,
	title = {Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach},
	isbn = {978-0-12-811906-8},
	shorttitle = {Computer Architecture},
	abstract = {Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Sixth Edition has been considered essential reading by instructors, students and practitioners of computer design for over 20 years. The sixth edition of this classic textbook from Hennessy and Patterson, winners of the 2017 {ACM} A.M. Turing Award recognizing contributions of lasting and major technical importance to the computing field, is fully revised with the latest developments in processor and system architecture. The text now features examples from the {RISC}-V ({RISC} Five) instruction set architecture, a modern {RISC} instruction set developed and designed to be a free and openly adoptable standard. It also includes a new chapter on domain-specific architectures and an updated chapter on warehouse-scale computing that features the first public information on Google's newest {WSC}. True to its original mission of demystifying computer architecture, this edition continues the longstanding tradition of focusing on areas where the most exciting computing innovation is happening, while always keeping an emphasis on good engineering design. - Winner of a 2019 Textbook Excellence Award (Texty) from the Textbook and Academic Authors Association - Includes a new chapter on domain-specific architectures, explaining how they are the only path forward for improved performance and energy efficiency given the end of Moore's Law and Dennard scaling - Features the first publication of several {DSAs} from industry - Features extensive updates to the chapter on warehouse-scale computing, with the first public information on the newest Google {WSC} - Offers updates to other chapters including new material dealing with the use of stacked {DRAM}; data on the performance of new {NVIDIA} Pascal {GPU} vs. new {AVX}-512 Intel Skylake {CPU}; and extensive additions to content covering multicore architecture and organization - Includes "Putting It All Together" sections near the end of every chapter, providing real-world technology examples that demonstrate the principles covered in each chapter - Includes review appendices in the printed text and additional reference appendices available online - Includes updated and improved case studies and exercises - {ACM} named John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, recipients of the 2017 {ACM} A.M. Turing Award for pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry},
	pagetotal = {939},
	publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
	author = {Hennessy, John L. and Patterson, David A.},
	date = {2017-11-23},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: {cM}8mDwAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Computers / General, Computers / Computer Architecture},
}

@book{tanenbaum_modern_2009,
	title = {Modern Operating Systems},
	isbn = {978-0-13-813459-4},
	abstract = {For Introductory Courses in Operating Systems in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Electrical Engineering programs. The widely anticipated revision of this worldwide best-seller incorporates the latest developments in operating systems ({OS})technologies. The Third Edition includes up-to-date materials on relevant. {OS} such as Linux, Windows, and embedded real-time and multimedia systems. Tanenbaum also provides information on current research based on his experience as an operating systems researcher. Student Resources�Include:  Online Exercises - Provide hands-on experience with building as well as analyzing the performance of {OS}. In particular, these exercises have been designed to provide experience with analyzing the resource consumptions in Windows and Linux. Simulation Exercises - Designed to provide experience with building some key components of an {OS}, including process scheduling, main memory allocation, paging algorithms and virtual memory, and file systems. Lab Experiments Please note, {GOAL} is no longer available with this book.  Password-Protected Instructor Resources (Select the Resources Tab to View Downloadable Files):  Power Point Lecture Slides Figures in both .jpeg and .eps file format Solutions to Exercises Please note, {GOAL} is no longer available with this book.  Modern Operating Systems, 3e is the recipient of the Text and Authors Association ({TAA}) 2010 {McGuffey} Longevity Award. The {McGuffey} Longevity Award recognizes textbooks whose excellence has been demonstrated over time.},
	pagetotal = {1072},
	publisher = {Pearson Prentice Hall},
	author = {Tanenbaum, Andrew S.},
	date = {2009},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: 3PM5ngEACAAJ},
}

@book{corbet_linux_2005,
	title = {Linux Device Drivers: Where the Kernel Meets the Hardware},
	isbn = {978-0-596-55538-2},
	shorttitle = {Linux Device Drivers},
	abstract = {Device drivers literally drive everything you're interested in--disks, monitors, keyboards, modems--everything outside the computer chip and memory. And writing device drivers is one of the few areas of programming for the Linux operating system that calls for unique, Linux-specific knowledge. For years now, programmers have relied on the classic Linux Device Drivers from O'Reilly to master this critical subject. Now in its third edition, this bestselling guide provides all the information you'll need to write drivers for a wide range of devices.Over the years the book has helped countless programmers learn:how to support computer peripherals under the Linux operating systemhow to develop and write software for new hardware under Linuxthe basics of Linux operation even if they are not expecting to write a {driverThe} new edition of Linux Device Drivers is better than ever. The book covers all the significant changes to Version 2.6 of the Linux kernel, which simplifies many activities, and contains subtle new features that can make a driver both more efficient and more flexible. Readers will find new chapters on important types of drivers not covered previously, such as consoles, {USB} drivers, and more.Best of all, you don't have to be a kernel hacker to understand and enjoy this book. All you need is an understanding of the C programming language and some background in Unix system calls. And for maximum ease-of-use, the book uses full-featured examples that you can compile and run without special hardware.Today Linux holds fast as the most rapidly growing segment of the computer market and continues to win over enthusiastic adherents in many application areas. With this increasing support, Linux is now absolutely mainstream, and viewed as a solid platform for embedded systems. If you're writing device drivers, you'll want this book. In fact, you'll wonder how drivers are ever written without it.},
	pagetotal = {640},
	publisher = {"O'Reilly Media, Inc."},
	author = {Corbet, Jonathan and Rubini, Alessandro and Kroah-Hartman, Greg},
	date = {2005-02-07},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: M7RHMACEkg4C},
	keywords = {Computers / Programming / General, Computers / Networking / General, Computers / Operating Systems / General, Computers / Operating Systems / Linux},
}

@book{gamma_design_1994,
	title = {Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software},
	isbn = {978-0-321-70069-8},
	shorttitle = {Design Patterns},
	abstract = {The Gang of Four’s seminal catalog of 23 patterns to solve commonly occurring design problems Patterns allow designers to create more flexible, elegant, and ultimately reusable designs without having to rediscover the design solutions themselves. Highly influential, Design Patterns is a modern classic that introduces what patterns are and how they can help you design object-oriented software and provides a catalog of simple solutions for those already programming in at last one object-oriented programming language.   Each pattern:  Describes the circumstances in which it is applicable, when it can be applied in view of other design constraints, and the consequences and trade-offs of using the pattern within a larger design Is compiled from real systems and based on real-world examples Includes downloadable C++ source code that demonstrates how patterns can be implemented and Python  From the preface: “Once you the design patterns and have had an ‘Aha!’ (and not just a ‘Huh?’) experience with them, you won't ever think about object-oriented design in the same way. You'll have insights that can make your own designs more flexible, modular, reusable, and understandable - which is why you're interested in object-oriented technology in the first place, right?”},
	pagetotal = {496},
	publisher = {Pearson Education},
	author = {Gamma, Erich and Helm, Richard and Johnson, Ralph and Vlissides, John},
	date = {1994-10-31},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: 6oHuKQe3TjQC},
	keywords = {Computers / Artificial Intelligence / Computer Vision \& Pattern Recognition},
}

@book{lienig_fundamentals_2021,
	title = {Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits},
	isbn = {978-3-030-39286-4},
	abstract = {This book covers the fundamental knowledge of layout design from the ground up, addressing both physical design, as generally applied to digital circuits, and analog layout. Such knowledge provides the critical awareness and insights a layout designer must possess to convert a structural description produced during circuit design into the physical layout used for {IC}/{PCB} fabrication. The book introduces the technological know-how to transform silicon into functional devices, to understand the technology for which a layout is targeted (Chap. 2). Using this core technology knowledge as the foundation, subsequent chapters delve deeper into specific constraints and aspects of physical design, such as interfaces, design rules and libraries (Chap. 3), design flows and models (Chap. 4), design steps (Chap. 5), analog design specifics (Chap. 6), and finally reliability measures (Chap. 7). Besides serving as a textbook for engineering students, this book is a foundational reference for today’s circuit designers. For Slides and Other Information: https://www.ifte.de/books/pd/index.html},
	pagetotal = {306},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Lienig, Jens and Scheible, Juergen},
	date = {2021-03-20},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: {OkQ}8zgEACAAJ},
	keywords = {Technology \& Engineering / Electrical, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / Circuits / General},
}

@incollection{baets_silicon_2017,
	location = {Cham},
	title = {Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits},
	isbn = {978-3-319-42367-8},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42367-8_14},
	abstract = {The chapter covers fundamentals of Silicon Photonic {ICs} including the driving forces, basic physics, technological implementations, current state of the art, ongoing R\&D and trends for future research. The treatment includes all relevant devices excluding Silicon Photonics based sources. The chapter comprises specific sections on wavelength selective devices such as delay-line based- and ring resonator-based spectral filters, and covers grating couplers, waveguide-integrated germanium photodetectors, and optical isolators as well. Nonlinear optic devices constitute a more advanced topic, and its coverage includes fundamental aspects and a number of corresponding devices including wavelength converters, all optical amplifiers, phase sensitive amplifiers, and a section on the design of complex Silicon Photonic {ICs}.},
	pages = {673--737},
	booktitle = {Fibre Optic Communication: Key Devices},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Baets, Roel and Bogaerts, Wim and Kuyken, Bart and Rahim, Abdul and Roelkens, Günther and Spuesens, Thijs and Van Campenhout, Joris and Van Thourhout, Dries},
	editor = {Venghaus, Herbert and Grote, Norbert},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2017},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-42367-8_14},
}

@article{soref_past_2006,
	title = {The Past, Present, and Future of Silicon Photonics},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1558-4542},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4032698},
	doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2006.883151},
	abstract = {The pace of the development of silicon photonics has quickened since 2004 due to investment by industry and government. Commercial state-of-the-art {CMOS} silicon-on-insulator ({SOI}) foundries are now being utilized in a crucial test of 1.55-mum monolithic optoelectronic ({OE}) integration, a test sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ({DARPA}). The preliminary results indicate that the silicon photonics are truly {CMOS} compatible. R\&D groups have now developed 10-100-Gb/s electro-optic modulators, ultrafast Ge-on-Si photodetectors, efficient fiber-to-waveguide couplers, and Si Raman lasers. Electrically pumped silicon lasers are under intense investigation, with several approaches being tried; however, lasing has not yet been attained. The new paradigm for the Si-based photonic and optoelectric integrated circuits is that these chip-scale networks, when suitably designed, will operate at a wavelength anywhere within the broad spectral range of 1.2-100 mum, with cryocooling needed in some cases},
	pages = {1678--1687},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Soref, Richard},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2006-11},
	note = {Conference Name: {IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	keywords = {Photonics, Silicon on insulator technology, Fiber lasers, {CMOS}, Defense industry, electroabsorption, Foundries, Ge photodetectors, {GeSn}, Government, Investments, Lasers and electrooptics, optoelectronic integrated circuits, photonic crystals ({PhCs}), photonic integrated circuits ({PICs}), plasmonics, Pump lasers, {SiGeSn}, silicon lasers, Testing},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/4LF5RCVS/4032698.html:text/html},
}

@article{li_silicon_2015,
	title = {Silicon and hybrid silicon photonic devices for intra-datacenter applications: state of the art and perspectives [Invited]},
	volume = {3},
	rights = {© 2015 Chinese Laser Press},
	issn = {2327-9125},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-3-5-B10},
	doi = {10.1364/PRJ.3.000B10},
	shorttitle = {Silicon and hybrid silicon photonic devices for intra-datacenter applications},
	abstract = {We review the state of the art and our perspectives on silicon and hybrid silicon photonic devices for optical interconnects in datacenters. After a brief discussion of the key requirements for intra-datacenter optical interconnects, we propose a wavelength-division-multiplexing ({WDM})-based optical interconnect for intra-datacenter applications. Following our proposed interconnects configuration, the bulk of the review emphasizes recent developments concerning on-chip hybrid silicon microlasers and {WDM} transmitters, and silicon photonic switch fabrics for intra-datacenters. For hybrid silicon microlasers and {WDM} transmitters, we outline the remaining challenges and key issues toward realizing low power consumption, direct modulation, and integration of multiwavelength microlaser arrays. For silicon photonic switch fabrics, we review various topologies and configurations of high-port-count N-by-N switch fabrics using Mach\&\#x2013;Zehnder interferometers and microring resonators as switch elements, and discuss their prospects toward practical implementations with active reconfiguration. For the microring-based switch fabrics, we review recent developments of active stabilization schemes at the subsystem level. Last, we outline several large challenges and problems for silicon and hybrid silicon photonics to meet for intra-datacenter applications and propose potential solutions.},
	pages = {B10--B27},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Photonics Research},
	shortjournal = {Photon. Res., {PRJ}},
	author = {Li, Yu and Zhang, Yu and Zhang, Lei and Poon, Andrew W.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2015-10-01},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical interconnects, Photonic crystal cavities, Multiple input multiple output, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Hybrid lasers, Laser arrays},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/7A8LHIA7/Li et al. - 2015 - Silicon and hybrid silicon photonic devices for intra-datacenter applications state of the art and.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{zhou_development_2018,
	title = {Development trends in silicon photonics for data centers},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1068-5200},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1068520017303309},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yofte.2018.03.009},
	series = {Special Issue on Data Center Communications},
	abstract = {An explosive increase in volume of global network and data center traffic requires an interconnection scheme with low cost, high energy efficiency, and high bandwidth capacity. The optical interconnects, especially utilizing silicon photonic platform, have been widely proposed to meet this challenging requirement as they intrinsically feature strong promise to obtain a high bandwidth and power efficient short-reach interconnection in much lower cost. In this review, we will discuss the current development trends in silicon photonics for datacenter application with emphasis on reducing cost, lowering energy consumption, and increasing capacity.},
	pages = {13--23},
	journaltitle = {Optical Fiber Technology},
	shortjournal = {Optical Fiber Technology},
	author = {Zhou, Zhiping and Chen, Ruixuan and Li, Xinbai and Li, Tiantian},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2018-08-01},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Energy consumption, Bandwidth capacity, Cost, Datacenter},
}

@article{chen_silicon_2017,
	title = {Silicon Photonics for Microwave Photonics Applications},
	volume = {35},
	rights = {© 2016 {IEEE}},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-35-4-824},
	abstract = {We provide an overview of recent work on developing integrated microwave photonic subsystems in silicon photonics for generating chirped microwave waveforms as well as for providing optical true time delay. First, we describe on-chip spectral shapers based on Bragg gratings ({BGs}), including a distributed Fabry–Pérot cavity, a Michelson interferometer incorporating identical chirped {BGs}, and a Sagnac loop incorporating a chirped {BG}, for use in wavelength-to-time mapping systems. The performance of these on-chip spectral shapers is compared to those based on microring resonators as well as fiber or free-space configurations. Second, we consider the development of an index variable optical true time delay line ({OTTDL}) using subwavelength grating ({SWG}) waveguides. For {SWG} waveguides of the same length, incremental delays can be obtained by tailoring the group index via control over the duty cycle. We compare the performance of {SWG} waveguide {OTTDLs} to other length variable implementations in silicon.},
	pages = {824--835},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	shortjournal = {J. Lightwave Technol., {JLT}},
	author = {Chen, Lawrence R.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2017-02-15},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}},
	keywords = {Electron beam lithography, Silicon photonics, Waveguide gratings, Subwavelength gratings, Photonic crystal waveguides, Michelson interferometers},
}

@article{marpaung_integrated_2019,
	title = {Integrated microwave photonics},
	volume = {13},
	rights = {2019 Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1749-4893},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-018-0310-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41566-018-0310-5},
	abstract = {Recent advances in photonic integration have propelled microwave photonic technologies to new heights. The ability to interface hybrid material platforms to enhance light–matter interactions has led to the development of ultra-small and high-bandwidth electro-optic modulators, low-noise frequency synthesizers and chip signal processors with orders-of-magnitude enhanced spectral resolution. On the other hand, the maturity of high-volume semiconductor processing has finally enabled the complete integration of light sources, modulators and detectors in a single microwave photonic processor chip and has ushered the creation of a complex signal processor with multifunctionality and reconfigurability similar to electronic devices. Here, we review these recent advances and discuss the impact of these new frontiers for short- and long-term applications in communications and information processing. We also take a look at the future perspectives at the intersection of integrated microwave photonics and other fields including quantum and neuromorphic photonics.},
	pages = {80--90},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Nature Photonics},
	shortjournal = {Nature Photon},
	author = {Marpaung, David and Yao, Jianping and Capmany, José},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2019-02},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated optics, Microwave photonics, Nonlinear optics},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/JJMZTXLM/Marpaung et al. - 2019 - Integrated microwave photonics.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{hashemi_review_2022,
	title = {A Review of Silicon Photonics {LiDAR}},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9772845},
	doi = {10.1109/CICC53496.2022.9772845},
	abstract = {In the early 20th century, the reflection of electromagnetic waves emitted by ships from the metallic frame of other nearby ships was used as early collision warning system in poor visibility weather condition. In subsequent decades, the importance of detecting incoming bombers motivated the advancement of radio detection and ranging (radar) systems where the roundtrip time of a short pulse was used to find the target distance whereas the direction of the antenna was used to localize the target. Later advancements in phased array technology replaced the mechanically scanned antenna with electronically scanned versions enabling faster target localization, and ultimately, tracking multiple concurrent targets. Light detection and ranging (Iidar), initially referred to as laser radar, was developed shortly after the invention of lasers in the 1960{\textbackslash}mathrms. The primary early applications were in metrology, military, and scientific discoveries and research. There has been a recent commercial interest in lidar for its potential application in advanced driver-assistance systems ({ADAS}) and self-driving cars.},
	eventtitle = {2022 {IEEE} Custom Integrated Circuits Conference ({CICC})},
	pages = {1--8},
	booktitle = {2022 {IEEE} Custom Integrated Circuits Conference ({CICC})},
	author = {Hashemi, Hossein},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2022-04},
	note = {{ISSN}: 2152-3630},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Phased arrays, Laser radar, Radar antennas, Radar detection, Target tracking, Technological innovation},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/ZM74HJ79/9772845.html:text/html},
}

@article{hsu_free-space_2022,
	title = {Free-Space Applications of Silicon Photonics: A Review},
	volume = {13},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2072-666X},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/13/7/990},
	doi = {10.3390/mi13070990},
	shorttitle = {Free-Space Applications of Silicon Photonics},
	abstract = {Silicon photonics has recently expanded its applications to delivering free-space emissions for detecting or manipulating external objects. The most notable example is the silicon optical phased array, which can steer a free-space beam to achieve a chip-scale solid-state {LiDAR}. Other examples include free-space optical communication, quantum photonics, imaging systems, and optogenetic probes. In contrast to the conventional optical system consisting of bulk optics, silicon photonics miniaturizes an optical system into a photonic chip with many functional waveguiding components. By leveraging the mature and monolithic {CMOS} process, silicon photonics enables high-volume production, scalability, reconfigurability, and parallelism. In this paper, we review the recent advances in beam steering technologies based on silicon photonics, including optical phased arrays, focal plane arrays, and dispersive grating diffraction. Various beam-shaping technologies for generating collimated, focused, Bessel, and vortex beams are also discussed. We conclude with an outlook of the promises and challenges for the free-space applications of silicon photonics.},
	pages = {990},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Micromachines},
	author = {Hsu, Chung-Yu and Yiu, Gow-Zin and Chang, You-Chia},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2022-07},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 7
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {silicon photonics, optical phased array, beam steering, {LiDAR}},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/DA4B34HK/Hsu et al. - 2022 - Free-Space Applications of Silicon Photonics A Review.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ye_review_2013,
	title = {Review of silicon photonics: history and recent advances},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0950-0340},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2013.839836},
	doi = {10.1080/09500340.2013.839836},
	shorttitle = {Review of silicon photonics},
	abstract = {Silicon photonics has attracted tremendous attention and research effort as a promising technology in optoelectronic integration for computing, communications, sensing, and solar harvesting. Mainly due to the combination of its excellent material properties and the complementary metal–oxide semiconductor ({CMOS}) fabrication processing technology, silicon has becoming the material choice for photonic and optoelectronic circuits with low cost, ultra-compact device footprint, and high-density integration. This review paper provides an overview on silicon photonics, by highlighting the early work from the mid-1980s on the fundamental building blocks such as silicon platforms and waveguides, and the main milestones that have been achieved so far in the field. A summary of reported work on functional elements in both passive and active devices, as well as the applications of the technology in interconnect, sensing, and solar cells, is identified.},
	pages = {1299--1320},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Modern Optics},
	author = {Ye, Winnie N. and Xiong, Yule},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2013-09-20},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2013.839836},
	keywords = {silicon photonics, active devices, history, integration, passive devices, review},
}

@inproceedings{chrostowski_silicon_2012,
	title = {Silicon photonic resonator sensors and devices},
	volume = {8236},
	url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/8236/823620/Silicon-photonic-resonator-sensors-and-devices/10.1117/12.916860.full},
	doi = {10.1117/12.916860},
	abstract = {Silicon photonic resonators, implemented using silicon-on-insulator substrates, are promising for numerous applications. The most commonly studied resonators are ring/racetrack resonators. We have fabricated these and other resonators including disk resonators, waveguide-grating resonators, ring resonator reflectors, contra-directional grating-coupler ring resonators, and racetrack-based multiplexer/demultiplexers. While numerous resonators have been demonstrated for sensing purposes, it remains unclear as to which structures provide the highest sensitivity and best limit of detection; for example, disc resonators and slot-waveguide-based ring resonators have been conjectured to provide an improved limit of detection. Here, we compare various resonators in terms of sensor metrics for label-free bio-sensing in a micro-fluidic environment. We have integrated resonator arrays with {PDMS} micro-fluidics for real-time detection of biomolecules in experiments such as antigen-antibody binding reaction experiments using Human Factor {IX} proteins. Numerous resonators are fabricated on the same wafer and experimentally compared. We identify that, while evanescent-field sensors all operate on the principle that the analyte's refractive index shifts the resonant frequency, there are important differences between implementations that lie in the relationship between the optical field overlap with the analyte and the relative contributions of the various loss mechanisms. The chips were fabricated in the context of the {CMC}-{UBC} Silicon Nanophotonics Fabrication course and workshop. This yearlong, design-based, graduate training program is offered to students from across Canada and, over the last four years, has attracted participants from nearly every Canadian university involved in photonics research. The course takes students through a full design cycle of a photonic circuit, including theory, modelling, design, and experimentation.},
	eventtitle = {Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control {XIV}},
	pages = {387--402},
	booktitle = {Laser Resonators, Microresonators, and Beam Control {XIV}},
	publisher = {{SPIE}},
	author = {Chrostowski, Lukas and Grist, Samantha and Flueckiger, Jonas and Shi, Wei and Wang, Xu and Ouellet, Eric and Yun, Han and Webb, Mitch and Nie, Ben and Liang, Zhen and Cheung, Karen C. and Schmidt, Shon A. and Ratner, Daniel M. and Jaeger, Nicolas A. F.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2012-02-06},
	file = {Full Text:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/FWKSRFZC/Chrostowski et al. - 2012 - Silicon photonic resonator sensors and devices.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{fathpour_silicon_2011,
	title = {Silicon Photonics for Telecommunications and Biomedicine},
	isbn = {978-1-4398-0637-1},
	abstract = {Given silicon’s versatile material properties, use of low-cost silicon photonics continues to move beyond light-speed data transmission through fiber-optic cables and computer chips. Its application has also evolved from the device to the integrated-system level. A timely overview of this impressive growth, Silicon Photonics for Telecommunications and Biomedicine summarizes state-of-the-art developments in a wide range of areas, including optical communications, wireless technologies, and biomedical applications of silicon photonics.  With contributions from world experts, this reference guides readers through fundamental principles and focuses on crucial advances in making commercial use of silicon photonics a viable reality in the telecom and biomedical industries. Taking into account existing and anticipated industrial directions, the book balances coverage of theory and practical experimental research to explore solutions for obstacles to the viable commercialization of silicon photonics. The book’s special features include:   A section on silicon plasmonic waveguides Detailed coverage of novel {III}-V applications A chapter on 3D integration Discussion of applications for energy harvesting/photovoltaics  This book reviews the most important technological trends and challenges. It presents topics involving major silicon photonics applications in telecommunications, high-power photonics, and biomedicine. It includes discussion of silicon plasmonic waveguides, piezoelectric tuning of silicon’s optical properties, and applications of two-photon absorption. Expert authors with industry research experience examine the challenge of hybridizing {III}-V compound semiconductors on silicon to achieve monolithic light sources. They also address economic compatibility and heat dissipation issues in {CMOS} chips, challenges in designing electronic photonics integrated circuits, and the need for standardization in computer-aided design of industrial chips.  This book gives an authoritative summary of the latest research in this emerging field, covering key topics for readers from various disciplines with an interest in integrated photonics.},
	pagetotal = {447},
	publisher = {{CRC} Press},
	author = {Fathpour, Sasan and Jalali, Bahram},
	date = {2011-12-12},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Google-Books-{ID}: {kDsB}\_3L1C\_0C},
	keywords = {Science / Physics / Optics \& Light, Technology \& Engineering / Lasers \& Photonics, Technology \& Engineering / Nanotechnology \& {MEMS}},
}

@article{weimann_silicon_2017,
	title = {Silicon photonic integrated circuit for fast and precise dual-comb distance metrology},
	volume = {25},
	rights = {© 2017 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-25-24-30091},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.25.030091},
	abstract = {We demonstrate an optical distance sensor integrated on a silicon photonic chip with a footprint of well below 1 mm2. The integrated system comprises a heterodyne receiver structure with tunable power splitting ratio and on-chip photodetectors. The functionality of the device is demonstrated in a synthetic-wavelength interferometry experiment using frequency combs as optical sources. We obtain accurate and fast distance measurements with an unambiguity range of 3.75 mm, a root-mean-square error of 3.4 \&\#x00B5;m and acquisition times of 14 \&\#x00B5;s.},
	pages = {30091--30104},
	number = {24},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {Weimann, C. and Lauermann, M. and Hoeller, F. and Freude, W. and Koos, C.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2017-11-27},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated photonics, Silicon photonics, Laser sources, Frequency combs, Optical coherence tomography, Absolute distance measurement},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/PFJCV4IK/Weimann et al. - 2017 - Silicon photonic integrated circuit for fast and precise dual-comb distance metrology.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{khial_nanophotonic_2018,
	title = {Nanophotonic optical gyroscope with reciprocal sensitivity enhancement},
	volume = {12},
	rights = {2018 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {1749-4893},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-018-0266-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41566-018-0266-5},
	abstract = {An integrated silicon photonic optical gyroscope achieves two orders of magnitude size reduction and a factor of thirty better phase-shift sensitivity using reciprocal sensitivity enhancement.},
	pages = {671--675},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Nature Photonics},
	shortjournal = {Nature Photon},
	author = {Khial, Parham P. and White, Alexander D. and Hajimiri, Ali},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2018-11},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Nanophotonics and plasmonics, Imaging and sensing},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/K5UGAP4Z/Khial et al. - 2018 - Nanophotonic optical gyroscope with reciprocal sensitivity enhancement.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sibson_integrated_2017,
	title = {Integrated silicon photonics for high-speed quantum key distribution},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2334-2536},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/optica/abstract.cfm?uri=optica-4-2-172},
	doi = {10.1364/OPTICA.4.000172},
	abstract = {Integrated photonics offers great potential for quantum communication devices in terms of complexity, robustness, and scalability. Silicon photonics in particular is a leading platform for quantum photonic technologies, with further benefits of miniaturization, cost-effective device manufacture, and compatibility with {CMOS} microelectronics. However, effective techniques for high-speed modulation of quantum states in standard silicon photonic platforms have been limited. Here we overcome this limitation and demonstrate high-speed low-error quantum key distribution modulation with silicon photonic devices combining slow thermo-optic {DC} biases and fast (10 {GHz} bandwidth) carrier-depletion modulation. The ability to scale up these integrated circuits and incorporate microelectronics opens the way to new and advanced integrated quantum communication technologies and larger adoption of quantum-secured communications.},
	pages = {172--177},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Optica},
	shortjournal = {Optica, {OPTICA}},
	author = {Sibson, Philip and Kennard, Jake E. and Stanisic, Stasja and Erven, Chris and O’Brien, Jeremy L. and Thompson, Mark G.},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2017-02-20},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated photonics, Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors, Quantum key distribution, Modulation techniques, Quantum communications, Quantum light sources},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/BM9Z8ILU/Sibson et al. - 2017 - Integrated silicon photonics for high-speed quantum key distribution.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{harris_large-scale_2016,
	title = {Large-scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon},
	volume = {5},
	rights = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.},
	issn = {2192-8614},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0146/html},
	doi = {10.1515/nanoph-2015-0146},
	abstract = {Quantum information science offers inherently more powerful methods for communication, computation, and precision measurement that take advantage of quantum superposition and entanglement. In recent years, theoretical and experimental advances in quantum computing and simulation with photons have spurred great interest in developing large photonic entangled states that challenge today’s classical computers. As experiments have increased in complexity, there has been an increasing need to transition bulk optics experiments to integrated photonics platforms to control more spatial modes with higher fidelity and phase stability. The silicon-on-insulator ({SOI}) nanophotonics platform offers new possibilities for quantum optics, including the integration of bright, nonclassical light sources, based on the large third-order nonlinearity (χ (3) ) of silicon, alongside quantum state manipulation circuits with thousands of optical elements, all on a single phase-stable chip. How large do these photonic systems need to be? Recent theoretical work on Boson Sampling suggests that even the problem of sampling from e30 identical photons, having passed through an interferometer of hundreds of modes, becomes challenging for classical computers. While experiments of this size are still challenging, the {SOI} platform has the required component density to enable low-loss and programmable interferometers for manipulating hundreds of spatial modes. Here, we discuss the {SOI} nanophotonics platform for quantum photonic circuits with hundreds-to-thousands of optical elements and the associated challenges. We compare {SOI} to competing technologies in terms of requirements for quantum optical systems. We review recent results on large-scale quantum state evolution circuits and strategies for realizing high-fidelity heralded gates with imperfect, practical systems. Next, we review recent results on silicon photonics-based photon-pair sources and device architectures, and we discuss a path towards large-scale source integration. Finally, we review monolithic integration strategies for single-photon detectors and their essential role in on-chip feed forward operations.},
	pages = {456--468},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Nanophotonics},
	author = {Harris, Nicholas C. and Bunandar, Darius and Pant, Mihir and Steinbrecher, Greg R. and Mower, Jacob and Prabhu, Mihika and Baehr-Jones, Tom and Hochberg, Michael and Englund, Dirk},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2016-08-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	keywords = {photonics, silicon, linear optics, optics, quantum},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/HIPMPRA4/Harris et al. - 2016 - Large-scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{serafino_toward_2019,
	title = {Toward a New Generation of Radar Systems Based on Microwave Photonic Technologies},
	volume = {37},
	rights = {© 2019 {IEEE}},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-37-2-643},
	abstract = {This paper reviews on the latest advances in microwave photonics applied to radar systems, tracing the evolutions of functionalities in the photonic radar toward a new generation of enhanced-performance systems. Photonics is demonstrated to enable a new generation of miniaturized, heterogeneous, and distributed radars, i.e., future radars on chip with different features, working in different radio spectral regions, and organized in spatially distributed sensors for the enhanced detection of a wider range of target properties. In these systems, the use of photonics assures benefits in terms of frequency flexibility, accuracy, and computational load reduction. Innovative capabilities supported by the photonic approach are presented, such as the use of coherent sparse bands for the synthesis of ultrawide bands, the use of distributed sensors for multiple-input multiple-output detections, and the use of an ultrawide band photonics-based receiver for radio frequency spectrum scanning. The presented novel concepts will open the way to new research activities both in photonic technology and radar systems, contributing to the development of a new generation of remote sensing systems. This expanding cross fertilization will lead to exciting and challenging research activities in the years to come.},
	pages = {643--650},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	shortjournal = {J. Lightwave Technol., {JLT}},
	author = {Serafino, Giovanni and Scotti, Filippo and Lembo, Leonardo and Hussain, Bilal and Porzi, Claudio and Malacarne, Antonio and Maresca, Salvatore and Onori, Daniel and Ghelfi, Paolo and Bogoni, Antonella},
	urldate = {2025-03-25},
	date = {2019-01-15},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}},
	keywords = {Laser sources, Microwave photonics, Synthetic aperture radar, Absolute distance measurement, Radar, Remote sensing},
}

@incollection{hariharan_interferometry_2005,
	title = {Interferometry},
	rights = {Copyright © 2005 Wiley-{VCH} Verlag {GmbH} \& Co. {KGaA}},
	isbn = {978-3-527-60043-4},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/3527600434.eap185.pub2},
	abstract = {This article reviews the field of interferometry. It begins by outlining the fundamentals of two-beam and multiple-beam interference. The rest of the article discusses the applications of interferometry for measurement of length, optical testing, fringe analysis, interference microscopy, interferometric sensors, interference spectroscopy, nonlinear interferometers, interferometric imaging, space-time and gravitation, holographic interferometry, Moiré techniques, and speckle interferometry. Each section provides a referenced (and cross-referenced) overview of the application area.},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Applied Physics},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {Hariharan, Parameswaran and Creath, Katherine},
	urldate = {2025-03-27},
	date = {2005},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1002/3527600434.eap185.pub2},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/3527600434.eap185.pub2},
	keywords = {interference, interferometers, interferometry, nondestructive testing, optical metrology, optical testing},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/52VXP2CC/3527600434.eap185.html:text/html},
}

@article{fujimoto_optical_2003,
	title = {Optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh resolution in vivo imaging},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {1087-0156},
	doi = {10.1038/nbt892},
	abstract = {Optical coherence tomography ({OCT}) is an emerging biomedical optical imaging technique that performs high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic imaging of microstructure in biological systems. {OCT} can achieve image resolutions of 1-15 microm, one to two orders of magnitude finer than standard ultrasound. The image penetration depth of {OCT} is determined by the optical scattering and is up to 2-3 mm in tissue. {OCT} functions as a type of 'optical biopsy' to provide cross-sectional images of tissue structure on the micron scale. It is a promising imaging technology because it can provide images of tissue in situ and in real time, without the need for excision and processing of specimens.},
	pages = {1361--1367},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Nature Biotechnology},
	shortjournal = {Nat Biotechnol},
	author = {Fujimoto, James G.},
	date = {2003-11},
	pmid = {14595364},
	keywords = {Arteries, Image Enhancement, Ophthalmoscopes, Ophthalmoscopy, Sensitivity and Specificity, Technology Assessment, Biomedical, Tomography, Optical Coherence},
}

@article{siew_review_2021,
	title = {Review of Silicon Photonics Technology and Platform Development},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-39-13-4374},
	abstract = {Many breakthroughs in the laboratories often do not bridge the gap between research and commercialization. However, silicon photonics bucked the trend, with industry observers estimating the commercial market to close in on a billion dollars in 2020 [45]. Silicon photonics leverages the billions of dollars and decades of research poured into silicon semiconductor device processing to enable high yield, robust processing, and most of all, low cost. Silicon is also a good optical material, with transparency in the commercially important infrared wavelength bands, and is a suitable platform for large-scale photonic integrated circuits. Silicon photonics is therefore slated to address the world's ever-increasing needs for bandwidth. It is part of an emerging ecosystem which includes designers, foundries, and integrators. In this paper, we review most of the foundries that presently enable silicon photonics integrated circuits fabrication. Some of these are pilot lines of major research institutes, and others are fully commercial pure-play foundries. Since silicon photonics has been commercially active for some years, foundries have released process design kits ({PDK}) that contain a standard device library. These libraries represent optimized and well-tested photonic elements, whose performance reflects the stability and maturity of the integration platforms. We will document the early works in silicon photonics, as well as its commercial status. We will provide a comprehensive review of the development of silicon photonics and the foundry services which enable the productization, including various efforts to develop and release {PDK} devices. In this context, we will report the long-standing efforts and contributions that previously {IME}/A*{STAR} and now {AMF} has dedicated to accelerating this journey.},
	pages = {4374--4389},
	number = {13},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
	shortjournal = {J. Lightwave Technol., {JLT}},
	author = {Siew, S. Y. and Li, B. and Gao, F. and Zheng, H. Y. and Zhang, W. and Guo, P. and Xie, S. W. and Song, A. and Dong, B. and Luo, L. W. and Li, C. and Luo, X. and Lo, G.-Q.},
	urldate = {2025-03-27},
	date = {2021-07-01},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/L632ZH4C/Siew et al. - 2021 - Review of Silicon Photonics Technology and Platform Development.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{smit_past_2019,
	title = {Past, present, and future of {InP}-based photonic integration},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2378-0967},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5087862},
	doi = {10.1063/1.5087862},
	abstract = {The application market for Photonic Integrated Circuits ({PICs}) is rapidly growing. Photonic integration is the dominant technology in high bandwidth communications and is set to become dominant in many fields of photonics, just like microelectronics in the field of electronics. {PICs} offer compelling performance advances in terms of precision, bandwidth, and energy efficiency. To enable uptake in new sectors, the availability of highly standardized (generic) photonic integration platform technologies is of key importance as this separates design from technology, reducing barriers for new entrants. The major platform technologies today are Indium Phosphide ({InP})-based monolithic integration and Silicon Photonics. In this perspective paper, we will describe the current status and future developments of {InP}-based generic integration platforms.},
	pages = {050901},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {{APL} Photonics},
	shortjournal = {{APL} Photonics},
	author = {Smit, Meint and Williams, Kevin and van der Tol, Jos},
	urldate = {2025-03-27},
	date = {2019-05-30},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/E2VN77CN/Smit et al. - 2019 - Past, present, and future of InP-based photonic integration.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{boes_lithium_2023,
	title = {Lithium niobate photonics: Unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum},
	volume = {379},
	url = {https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abj4396},
	doi = {10.1126/science.abj4396},
	shorttitle = {Lithium niobate photonics},
	abstract = {Lithium niobate ({LN}), first synthesized 70 years ago, has been widely used in diverse applications ranging from communications to quantum optics. These high-volume commercial applications have provided the economic means to establish a mature manufacturing and processing industry for high-quality {LN} crystals and wafers. Breakthrough science demonstrations to commercial products have been achieved owing to the ability of {LN} to generate and manipulate electromagnetic waves across a broad spectrum, from microwave to ultraviolet frequencies. Here, we provide a high-level Review of the history of {LN} as an optical material, its different photonic platforms, engineering concepts, spectral coverage, and essential applications before providing an outlook for the future of {LN}.},
	pages = {eabj4396},
	number = {6627},
	journaltitle = {Science},
	author = {Boes, Andreas and Chang, Lin and Langrock, Carsten and Yu, Mengjie and Zhang, Mian and Lin, Qiang and Lončar, Marko and Fejer, Martin and Bowers, John and Mitchell, Arnan},
	urldate = {2025-03-27},
	date = {2023-01-06},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science},
}

@article{xiang_silicon_2022,
	title = {Silicon nitride passive and active photonic integrated circuits: trends and prospects},
	volume = {10},
	rights = {© 2022 Chinese Laser Press},
	issn = {2327-9125},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-10-6-A82},
	doi = {10.1364/PRJ.452936},
	shorttitle = {Silicon nitride passive and active photonic integrated circuits},
	abstract = {The use of silicon nitride in integrated photonics has rapidly progressed in recent decades. Ultra-low-loss waveguides based on silicon nitride are a favorable platform for the research of nonlinear and microwave photonics and their application to a wide variety of fields, including precision metrology, communications, sensing, imaging, navigation, computation, and quantum physics. In recent years, the integration of Si and {III}-V materials has enabled new large-scale, advanced silicon nitride-based photonic integrated circuits with versatile functionality. In this perspective article, we review current trends and the state-of-the-art in silicon nitride-based photonic devices and circuits. We highlight the hybrid and heterogeneous integration of {III}-V with silicon nitride for electrically pumped soliton microcomb generation and ultra-low-noise lasers with fundamental linewidths in the tens of {mHz} range. We also discuss several ultimate limits and challenges of silicon nitride-based photonic device performance and provide routes and prospects for future development.},
	pages = {A82--A96},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Photonics Research},
	shortjournal = {Photon. Res., {PRJ}},
	author = {Xiang, Chao and Jin, Warren and Bowers, John E.},
	urldate = {2025-03-27},
	date = {2022-06-01},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated photonics, Silicon photonics, Tunable diode lasers, Silicon nitride, Fiber lasers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/TEGKY9Y5/Xiang et al. - 2022 - Silicon nitride passive and active photonic integrated circuits trends and prospects.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{perez_reconfigurable_2016-1,
	title = {Reconfigurable lattice mesh designs for programmable photonic processors},
	volume = {24},
	rights = {© 2016 Optical Society of America},
	issn = {1094-4087},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-24-11-12093},
	doi = {10.1364/OE.24.012093},
	abstract = {We propose and analyse two novel mesh design geometries for the implementation of tunable optical cores in programmable photonic processors. These geometries are the hexagonal and the triangular lattice. They are compared here to a previously proposed square mesh topology in terms of a series of figures of merit that account for metrics that are relevant to on-chip integration of the mesh. We find that that the hexagonal mesh is the most suitable option of the three considered for the implementation of the reconfigurable optical core in the programmable processor.},
	pages = {12093--12106},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Optics Express},
	shortjournal = {Opt. Express, {OE}},
	author = {Pérez, Daniel and Gasulla, Ivana and Capmany, José and Soref, Richard A.},
	urldate = {2025-06-23},
	date = {2016-05-30},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Optical circuits, Optical directional couplers, Ring resonators, Mach Zehnder interferometers, Spatial resolution, Coupled resonators},
	file = {Full Text:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/NE3CH6JU/Pérez et al. - 2016 - Reconfigurable lattice mesh designs for programmable photonic processors.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{faralli_compact_2015,
	title = {A Compact Silicon Coherent Receiver Without Waveguide Crossing},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1943-0655},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7159016},
	doi = {10.1109/JPHOT.2015.2456632},
	abstract = {A monolithically integrated silicon coherent receiver based on a novel scheme with a crossing-free 90 $^{\textrm{{\textbackslash}circ}}$ hybrid optical coupler and two balanced germanium photodetectors is reported. The integrated receiver is compact (footprint is 0.8{\textbackslash}times 1.0{\textbackslash} {\textbackslash}hboxmm{\textasciicircum}2), and it is demonstrated by working with single-polarization 56-Gb/s quadrature phase-shift keying ({QPSK}) and 80-Gb/s 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-{QAM}) signals. In particular, {QPSK} transmission that is back-to-back at 28 Gbaud shows a bit-error rate ({BER}) below 10$^{\textrm{-4}}$ for an optical signal-to-noise ratio ({OSNR}) lower than 17 {dB}, whereas 16-{QAM} at 20 Gbaud shows a {BER} not better than 3{\textasciicircum}{\textbackslash}ast10{\textasciicircum}-2 because of the nonideal behavior of the device. Reasons for the performance limitations are discussed.},
	pages = {1--6},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Photonics Journal},
	author = {Faralli, S. and Meloni, G. and Gambini, F. and Klamkin, J. and Potì, L. and Contestabile, G.},
	urldate = {2025-06-24},
	date = {2015-08},
	keywords = {Optical waveguides, Silicon, silicon photonics, Bandwidth, Optical communications, Optical receivers, Couplers, Bit error rate, photonic integrated circuits ({PICs}), coherent receivers},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/3NZLE5VS/Faralli et al. - 2015 - A Compact Silicon Coherent Receiver Without Waveguide Crossing.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kim_fmcw_2020,
	title = {{FMCW} {LiDAR} System to Reduce Hardware Complexity and Post-Processing Techniques to Improve Distance Resolution},
	volume = {20},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {1424-8220},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/22/6676},
	doi = {10.3390/s20226676},
	abstract = {As the autonomous driving technology develops, research on related sensors is also being actively conducted. One system that is widely used today uses a light source with a wavelength in the 905 nm band for the pulse Light Detection And Ranging ({LiDAR}) system. This has the disadvantages of being harmful to the human eye and in making digital signal processing difficult at high sampling rates. The Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave ({FMCW}) {LiDAR} system has been proposed as an alternative. However, the {FMCW} {LiDAR} is formed with a high beat frequency by a method different from that of the {FMCW} Radar, which causes a hardware burden on the {FFT} (Fast Fourier Transform) module for interpreting the beat frequency information. In this paper, the {FFT} module that may occur in the {FMCW} {LiDAR} using Digital Down Convert ({DDC}) technology is extracted at 256 points, which is 25 times smaller than the existing 8192 points, and the beat frequency is 0 to 50 m at 3 cm intervals. As a result of generating and restoring the distance, the performance of 0.03 m Root Mean Square Error ({RMSE}) compared to the conventional one was confirmed. In this process, the hardware module was directly mounted and verified on the {FPGA}. In the case of the Simple Threshold-Constant False Alarm Rate ({ST}-{CFAR}) provided, the {RMSE} was measured by generating beat frequencies from 0 to 50 m at 1 cm intervals, and as a result, the result of 0.019 m was confirmed at 0.03 m in the past.},
	pages = {6676},
	number = {22},
	journaltitle = {Sensors},
	author = {Kim, Chankyu and Jung, Yunho and Lee, Seongjoo},
	urldate = {2025-06-24},
	date = {2020-01},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Number: 22
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {{FPGA}, {LiDAR}, Digital Down Convert, {FFT}, {FMCW}, {FMCW} {LiDAR}, hardware complexity},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/LT3L27MJ/Kim et al. - 2020 - FMCW LiDAR System to Reduce Hardware Complexity and Post-Processing Techniques to Improve Distance R.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{sakamoto_strongly-coupled_2017,
	title = {Strongly-coupled multi-core fiber and its optical characteristics for {MIMO} transmission systems},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1068-5200},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1068520016300608},
	doi = {10.1016/j.yofte.2016.07.010},
	series = {Next Generation Multiplexing Schemes in Fiber-based Systems},
	abstract = {We review recent progress on coupled multi-core fiber ({MCF}) technologies for optical multiple-input multiple-output ({MIMO}) transmission. First, we define types of {MCF}, namely non-coupled/coupled single-/few-mode {MCF}, and briefly report recent work on non-coupled/coupled {MCF}. We next describe the advantage of using coupled {MCF} in {MIMO} transmission systems, and present a coupled {MCF} design based on an analysis of coupling between super-modes in twisted bent {MCF}. We finally describe our experimental results for our strongly coupled {MCF} and its applicability for optical {MIMO} transmission systems.},
	pages = {8--18},
	journaltitle = {Optical Fiber Technology},
	shortjournal = {Optical Fiber Technology},
	author = {Sakamoto, Taiji and Mori, Takayoshi and Wada, Masaki and Yamamoto, Takashi and Yamamoto, Fumihiko and Nakajima, Kazuhide},
	urldate = {2025-06-24},
	date = {2017-02-01},
	keywords = {Differential mode delay, Multi-core fiber, Optical {MIMO} transmission},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/5BLMLC23/S1068520016300608.html:text/html},
}

@article{tsakyridis_photonic_2024,
	title = {Photonic neural networks and optics-informed deep learning fundamentals},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2378-0967},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0169810},
	doi = {10.1063/5.0169810},
	abstract = {The recent explosive compute growth, mainly fueled by the boost of artificial intelligence ({AI}) and deep neural networks ({DNNs}), is currently instigating the demand for a novel computing paradigm that can overcome the insurmountable barriers imposed by conventional electronic computing architectures. Photonic neural networks ({PNNs}) implemented on silicon integration platforms stand out as a promising candidate to endow neural network ({NN}) hardware, offering the potential for energy efficient and ultra-fast computations through the utilization of the unique primitives of photonics, i.e., energy efficiency, {THz} bandwidth, and low-latency. Thus far, several demonstrations have revealed the huge potential of {PNNs} in performing both linear and non-linear {NN} operations at unparalleled speed and energy consumption metrics. Transforming this potential into a tangible reality for deep learning ({DL}) applications requires, however, a deep understanding of the basic {PNN} principles, requirements, and challenges across all constituent architectural, technological, and training aspects. In this Tutorial, we, initially, review the principles of {DNNs} along with their fundamental building blocks, analyzing also the key mathematical operations needed for their computation in photonic hardware. Then, we investigate, through an intuitive mathematical analysis, the interdependence of bit precision and energy efficiency in analog photonic circuitry, discussing the opportunities and challenges of {PNNs}. Followingly, a performance overview of {PNN} architectures, weight technologies, and activation functions is presented, summarizing their impact in speed, scalability, and power consumption. Finally, we provide a holistic overview of the optics-informed {NN} training framework that incorporates the physical properties of photonic building blocks into the training process in order to improve the {NN} classification accuracy and effectively elevate neuromorphic photonic hardware into high-performance {DL} computational settings.},
	pages = {011102},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{APL} Photonics},
	shortjournal = {{APL} Photonics},
	author = {Tsakyridis, Apostolos and Moralis-Pegios, Miltiadis and Giamougiannis, George and Kirtas, Manos and Passalis, Nikolaos and Tefas, Anastasios and Pleros, Nikos},
	urldate = {2025-06-26},
	date = {2024-01-29},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/XHYRSV5M/Tsakyridis et al. - 2024 - Photonic neural networks and optics-informed deep learning fundamentals.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/KT2KLB58/5.html:text/html},
}

@book{tummala_fundamentals_2001,
	edition = {First edition},
	title = {Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging},
	isbn = {978-0-07-137169-8},
	url = {https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9780071371698},
	abstract = {A rigorous and thorough introduction to electronic packaging technologies. Each chapter covers a single major packaging technology illustrated with schematics and diagrams. Aspects of electrical, mechanical, chemical, and materials packaging are identified in each chapter},
	publisher = {{McGraw}-Hill Education},
	author = {Tummala, Rao},
	urldate = {2025-06-27},
	date = {2001},
	langid = {english},
}

@inproceedings{naffziger_22_2020,
	title = {2.2 {AMD} Chiplet Architecture for High-Performance Server and Desktop Products},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9063103},
	doi = {10.1109/ISSCC19947.2020.9063103},
	abstract = {{AMO}'s “Rome” and “Matisse” are second-generation {AMD} Infinity Fabric-based {SoCs} using 3 unique hybrid process technology chiplets to achieve leading performance, performance/\$ and performance/W, targeting server and client markets, respectively (Fig. 2.2.1). The chiplet architecture enables leading edge 7nm [1] {CPUs} for multiple markets, while retaining backward compatibility to complex 10 and memory subsystems in a scalable design with high reuse for improved time-to-market. A key benefit is the heterogeneous technology deployed between the {CPUs} and the 10/mixed-{signaIP}. It is well known that shrink factors in advanced nodes are much lower for analog circuitry than for digital logic and {SRAM}. By keeping the memory interfaces and {SerOes} in mature 12nm technology, costs are mitigated since those circuits see a very small shrink factor to 7nm and very little performance or power gain from advanced nodes. A low-cost 12nm 10 die ({IOD}) with the high-yielding 8 “Zen2” core, 74mm2 7nm {CPU} compute die ({CCD}) combine to provide very cost-effective performance.},
	eventtitle = {2020 {IEEE} International Solid-State Circuits Conference - ({ISSCC})},
	pages = {44--45},
	booktitle = {2020 {IEEE} International Solid-State Circuits Conference - ({ISSCC})},
	author = {Naffziger, Samuel and Lepak, Kevin and Paraschou, Milam and Subramony, Mahesh},
	urldate = {2025-06-27},
	date = {2020-02},
	note = {{ISSN}: 2376-8606},
	keywords = {Bandwidth, Fabrics, Computer architecture, Routing, Charge coupled devices, Clocks, Servers},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/K5X35K74/9063103.html:text/html},
}

@online{ondich_cs_2022,
	title = {{CS} 208 W 5 Jan 2022 class notes},
	url = {https://www.cs.carleton.edu/faculty/jondich/courses/cs208_w22/classnotes/cs208-2022-01-05.html},
	author = {Ondich, Jeff},
	urldate = {2025-06-27},
	date = {2022-01-05},
	file = {CS 208:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/VMMAJRQF/cs208-2022-01-05.html:text/html},
}

@article{darmawan_rigorous_2005,
	title = {A rigorous comparative analysis of directional couplers and multimode Interferometers based on ridge waveguides},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1558-4542},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1425485},
	doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2004.846521},
	abstract = {We present a rigorous comparison of the unique characteristics of directional couplers and multimode interferometers based on the unique properties of high-index contrast ridge waveguides. The two devices are intimately related as the multimode interference ({MMI}) is derived from the directional couplers ({DCs}). We show for the first time the continuous evolution from the two-mode coupling characteristic of {DC} to the multimode mixing and interference characteristic of {MMI}, as the {DC} is structurally transformed into the {MMI}. We also show that {DC} can be designed to have the {MMI} features of compactness and polarization-insensitivity, two traits that reflect their shared lineage. The performance of {MMI} and {DC} are compared in terms of coupling length, polarization dependence, crosstalk, excess loss, and fabrication tolerances. We show that the {DC}, as long as it is designed to have nearly the same coupling length for transverse electric and transverse magnetic, can potentially have better performance than the {MMI} in terms of crosstalk and polarization sensitivity. Such a {DC}, however, requires careful control of many design parameters, while the {MMI} design is more robust and involves fewer design variables. Finally, the effect of higher-order modes and mode filtering are also considered.},
	pages = {466--475},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Darmawan, S. and Lee, Shuh-Ying and Lee, Chee-Wei and Chin, Mee-Koy},
	urldate = {2025-06-27},
	date = {2005-03},
	keywords = {Crosstalk, integrated optics, polarization, Interferometers, Couplings, Directional couplers, Fabrication, Polarization, Interference, directional coupler ({DC}), Distributed control, Magnetic separation, multimode interference ({MMI}) devices, Performance loss, ridge waveguides},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/MDTS37T6/1425485.html:text/html},
}

@article{bogaerts_silicon_2012,
	title = {Silicon microring resonators},
	volume = {6},
	rights = {Copyright © 2012 {WILEY}-{VCH} Verlag {GmbH} \& Co. {KGaA}, Weinheim},
	issn = {1863-8899},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lpor.201100017},
	doi = {10.1002/lpor.201100017},
	abstract = {An overview is presented of the current state-of-the-art in silicon nanophotonic ring resonators. Basic theory of ring resonators is discussed, and applied to the peculiarities of submicron silicon photonic wire waveguides: the small dimensions and tight bend radii, sensitivity to perturbations and the boundary conditions of the fabrication processes. Theory is compared to quantitative measurements. Finally, several of the more promising applications of silicon ring resonators are discussed: filters and optical delay lines, label-free biosensors, and active rings for efficient modulators and even light sources.},
	pages = {47--73},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Laser \& Photonics Reviews},
	author = {Bogaerts, W. and De Heyn, P. and Van Vaerenbergh, T. and De Vos, K. and Kumar Selvaraja, S. and Claes, T. and Dumon, P. and Bienstman, P. and Van Thourhout, D. and Baets, R.},
	urldate = {2025-06-27},
	date = {2012},
	langid = {english},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/lpor.201100017},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, ring resonator.},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/RQ68VUZP/lpor.html:text/html},
}

@inproceedings{bawankar_microring_2021,
	title = {Microring Resonators Based Applications in Silicon Photonics - A Review},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9672427},
	doi = {10.1109/CICT53865.2020.9672427},
	abstract = {Silicon photonics is emerging as leading technology for development of photonic integrated circuits ({PIC}) which finds number of applications in various fields. Since {CMOS} fabrication process can be used to manufacture photonic integrated circuits, large scale integration and high volume production of {PIC} are possible at low cost. Due to various optical and material characteristics of crystalline silicon, silicon-on-insulator ({SOI}) is now widely used platform for silicon photonics. In this paper, we review the silicon micro-ring resonators with it's promising application in field of medical, communication and quantum electronics. We begin with the theory of silicon micro-ring resonators which is required to understand the basic principle of ring-resonators. Further, micro-ring resonators based applications such as label-free biosensors, modulators, filters, switches and application in quantum photonics is reviewed.},
	eventtitle = {2021 5th Conference on Information and Communication Technology ({CICT})},
	pages = {1--6},
	booktitle = {2021 5th Conference on Information and Communication Technology ({CICT})},
	author = {Bawankar, Yash R and Singh, Anamika},
	urldate = {2025-06-27},
	date = {2021-12},
	keywords = {Silicon photonics, Optical resonators, Optical filters, Resonator filters, Optical switches, Photonic integrated circuits, optical switches, micro-ring resonators, optical bio-sensing, optical modulators, Production, quantum pho-tonics, Silicon-on-insulator},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/YIKVCS6R/9672427.html:text/html},
}

@article{chao_polymer_2006,
	title = {Polymer microring resonators for biochemical sensing applications},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1558-4542},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1588892},
	doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2005.862945},
	abstract = {Polymer microring resonators were demonstrated for sensing biomolecules without using fluorescent labels. The microring devices, fabricated by a direct imprinting technique, possess high Q factors of /spl sim/20000. This feature provides high sensitivity and a low detection limit for biochemical sensing applications. With these properties, the devices were used to detect and quantify the biomolecules present either in a homogeneous solution that surrounds the microring waveguide (homogeneous sensing) or specifically bound on the waveguide surface (surface sensing). In the former sensing mechanism, the current devices can detect an effective index change of 10/sup -7/ refractive index units ({RIU}); in the latter, they can reach a detection limit of /spl sim/250 pg/mm/sup 2/ of biomolecular coverage on the microring surface. In addition, the experiments show that the devices can detect both small and large biomolecules.},
	pages = {134--142},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics},
	author = {Chao, Chung-Yen and Fung, W. and Guo, L.J.},
	urldate = {2025-06-27},
	date = {2006-01},
	keywords = {Optical resonators, Optical waveguides, integrated optics, waveguide, Resonance, Optical sensors, microring resonator, Biochemical sensors, biosensors, Chemical sensors, microresonator, microring, Molecular biophysics, nanoimprint, Optical surface waves, polymers, Polymers, Q factor, Surface waves},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/B9LG234H/1588892.html:text/html},
}

@article{little_toward_2000,
	title = {{TOWARD} {VERY} {LARGE}-{SCALE} {INTEGRATED} {PHOTONICS}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1541-3721},
	url = {https://opg.optica.org/opn/abstract.cfm?uri=opn-11-11-24},
	doi = {10.1364/OPN.11.11.000024},
	pages = {24},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Optics and Photonics News},
	shortjournal = {Optics \& Photonics News, {OPN}},
	author = {Little, Brent E. and Chu, Sai T.},
	urldate = {2025-06-27},
	date = {2000-11-01},
	note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
	keywords = {Integrated photonics, Photonic crystals, Optical resonators, Waveguide cores, Ring resonators, Optical signal processing devices},
}

@inproceedings{sanchez-jacome_parametric_2024,
	title = {Parametric Unitary Operators Experimentally Demonstrated on a Software-Defined Photonic Integrated Processor},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10926331},
	abstract = {We present the implementation of unitary operators as place and route elements that can be used on a commercially available photonic integrated processor. The flexibility of these operators is demonstrated by measuring 120 deg and 90 deg optical hybrids and a multicast switch for optical communication systems.},
	eventtitle = {{ECOC} 2024; 50th European Conference on Optical Communication},
	pages = {819--822},
	booktitle = {{ECOC} 2024; 50th European Conference on Optical Communication},
	author = {Sanchez-Jacome, David and Rodriguez-Losada, Maria and Sanchez-Gomariz, Erica and Perez-Lopez, Daniel},
	urldate = {2025-06-28},
	date = {2024-09},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/ricarvid/Zotero/storage/P5A6NNVR/10926331.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_optimization_nodate,
	title = {Optimization (scipy.optimize)},
	url = {https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/tutorial/optimize.html},
	titleaddon = {Optimization (scipy.optimize)},
	type = {User Guide},
	urldate = {2025-06-30},
}