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<title>Ruby on Rails 教程 - 第 11 章 激活账户</title>
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<article class="article">
<section data-type="chapter" id="account-activation">
<h1><span class="title-label">第 11 章</span> 激活账户</h1>
<p>目前，用户注册后立即就能完全控制自己的账户（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter7.html#sign-up">第 7 章</a>）。本章，我们将添加一步，激活用户的账户，从而确认用户拥有注册时填写的电子邮件地址。为此，我们要为用户创建激活令牌和摘要，然后给用户发送一封电子邮件，提供包含令牌的链接。用户点击这个链接后，激活自己的账户。在<a class="xref-link" href="chapter12.html#password-reset">第 12 章</a>，我们将通过相同的方式让忘记密码的用户重设密码。实现这两个功能都要创建新资源，借此机会我们还能再介绍一下控制器、路由和数据库迁移。在这个过程中，我们将学习如何在开发环境和生产环境中发送电子邮件。</p>
<p>我们要采取的实现步骤与注册用户（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter8.html#logging-in">8.2 节</a>）和记住用户（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter9.html#remember-me">9.1 节</a>）差不多，如下所示：<sup>[<a id="fn-ref-1" href="#fn-1">1</a>]</sup></p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>用户一开始处于“未激活”状态；</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>用户注册后，生成一个激活令牌和对应的激活摘要；</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>把激活摘要存储在数据库中，然后给用户发送一封电子邮件，提供一个包含激活令牌和用户电子邮件地址的链接；<sup>[<a id="fn-ref-2" href="#fn-2">2</a>]</sup></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>用户点击那个链接后，使用电子邮件地址查找用户，并且对比令牌和摘要，验证用户的身份；</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>身份验证通过后，把状态由“未激活”改为“已激活”。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>因为与密码和记忆令牌类似，实现账户激活（以及密码重设）功能时可以继续使用前面的很多方法，包括 <code>User.digest</code>、<code>User.new_token</code> 和 <code>user.authenticated?</code> 的修改版。这几个功能（包括<a class="xref-link" href="chapter12.html#password-reset">第 12 章</a>将实现的密码重设）之间的对比，如<a class="xref-link" href="#table-password-token-digest">表 11.1</a> 所示。</p>
<table id="table-password-token-digest" class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 100%;">
<caption><span class="title-label">表 11.1</span>：登录、记住登录状态、账户激活和密码重设之间的对比</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%;" />
<col style="width: 20%;" />
<col style="width: 25%;" />
<col style="width: 40%;" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">查找方式</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">原始字符串</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">摘要</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">认证</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>email</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>password</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>password_digest</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>authenticate(password)</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>id</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>remember_token</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>remember_digest</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>authenticated?(:remember, token)</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>email</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>activation_token</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>activation_digest</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>authenticated?(:activation, token)</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>email</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset_token</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset_digest</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>authenticated?(:reset, token)</code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>在 <a class="xref-link" href="#account-activations-resource">11.1 节</a>，我们将为账户激活功能创建一个资源和数据模型；在 <a class="xref-link" href="#account-activation-emails">11.2 节</a>，我们将创建一个邮件程序（mailer），发送账户激活电子邮件；在 <a class="xref-link" href="#activating-the-account">11.3 节</a>，我们将实现激活账户的具体步骤，届时会定义通用版 <code>authenticated?</code> 方法。</p>
<section data-type="sect1" id="account-activations-resource">
<h1><span class="title-label">11.1</span> <code>AccountActivations</code> 资源</h1>
<p>与会话一样（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter8.html#sessions">8.1 节</a>），我们要把“账户激活”看做一个资源（<code>AccountActivations</code>），不过这个资源不对应 Active Record 模型，相关的数据（包括激活令牌和激活状态）存储在 <code>User</code> 模型中。</p>
<p>我们将把“账户激活”看做一个资源，因此要使用标准的 REST URL 与之交互。激活链接要修改用户的激活状态，按照 REST 架构的规定，这种改动要向 <code>update</code> 动作发送 <code>PATCH</code> 请求（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter7.html#table-restful-users">表 7.1</a>）。可是激活链接在电子邮件中，必须经由用户点击，因此请求类型是 <code>GET</code>，而不是 <code>PATCH</code>。鉴于此，我们不能使用 <code>update</code> 动作；退而求其次，我们将使用 <code>edit</code> 动作，这个动作用于响应 <code>GET</code> 请求。</p>
<p>和之前一样，我们要在主题分支中开发新功能：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-sh"><pre><code><span class="nv">$ </span>git checkout <span class="nt">-b</span> account-activation
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<section data-type="sect2" id="account-activations-controller">
<h2><span class="title-label">11.1.1</span> <code>AccountActivations</code> 控制器</h2>
<p>与 <code>Users</code> 和 <code>Sessions</code> 资源类似，<code>AccountActivations</code> 资源相关的动作（这里只需要一个）放在 <code>AccountActivations</code> 控制器中。执行下述命令，生成 <code>AccountActivations</code> 控制器：<sup>[<a id="fn-ref-3" href="#fn-3">3</a>]</sup></p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-sh"><pre><code><span class="nv">$ </span>rails generate controller AccountActivations
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>在 <a class="xref-link" href="#mailer-templates">11.2.1 节</a>将看到，我们会使用下面的方法生成一个 URL，放在激活邮件中：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="n">edit_account_activation_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">activation_token</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>因此，我们要为 <code>edit</code> 动作设定一个具名路由——通过<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activations-route">代码清单 11.1</a> 中高亮显示的那行 <code>resources</code> 规则实现。那条规则得到的 REST 式路由见<a class="xref-link" href="#table-restful-account-activations">表 11.2</a>。</p>
<div id="listing-account-activations-route" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.1</span>：为 <code>AccountActivations</code> 控制器的 <code>edit</code> 动作添加路由</h5>
<div class="source-file">config/routes.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="no">Rails</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">routes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">draw</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">root</span> <span class="s1">'static_pages#home'</span>
<span class="n">get</span> <span class="s1">'/help'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s1">'static_pages#help'</span>
<span class="n">get</span> <span class="s1">'/about'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s1">'static_pages#about'</span>
<span class="n">get</span> <span class="s1">'/contact'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s1">'static_pages#contact'</span>
<span class="n">get</span> <span class="s1">'/signup'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s1">'users#new'</span>
<span class="n">get</span> <span class="s1">'/login'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s1">'sessions#new'</span>
<span class="n">post</span> <span class="s1">'/login'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s1">'sessions#create'</span>
<span class="n">delete</span> <span class="s1">'/logout'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s1">'sessions#destroy'</span>
<span class="n">resources</span> <span class="ss">:users</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">resources</span> <span class="ss">:account_activations</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">only: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="ss">:edit</span><span class="p">]</span></span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<table id="table-restful-account-activations" class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 100%;">
<caption><span class="title-label">表 11.2</span>：在<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activations-route">代码清单 11.1</a> 中添加那条规则后得到的 REST 式路由</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%;" />
<col style="width: 35%;" />
<col style="width: 15%;" />
<col style="width: 35%;" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">HTTP 请求</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">URL</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">动作</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">具名路由</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>GET</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">/account_activation/<token>/edit</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>edit</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>edit_account_activation_url(token)</code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>接下来，我们先创建所需的数据模型和邮件程序，<a class="xref-link" href="#activation-edit-action">11.3.2 节</a>再定义 <code>edit</code> 动作。</p>
<h5 id="exercises-account-activations-controller" class="discrete">练习</h5>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>确认测试组件仍能通过。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a class="xref-link" href="#table-restful-account-activations">表 11.2</a> 为什么列出具名路由的 <code>_url</code> 形式，而不是 <code>_path</code> 形式？提示：我们将在电子邮件中使用链接。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section data-type="sect2" id="account-activation-data-model">
<h2><span class="title-label">11.1.2</span> 数据模型</h2>
<p>前面说过，我们要在激活邮件中发送一个独一无二的激活令牌。为此，可以在数据库中存储一个字符串，并将其放到激活地址中。可是，这样做有安全隐患，一旦被“脱库”，将造成危害。例如，攻击者获得数据库的访问权后可以立即激活新注册的账户（将以那个用户的身份登录），然后修改密码，获得账户的控制权。<sup>[<a id="fn-ref-4" href="#fn-4">4</a>]</sup></p>
<p>为了避免这种情况发生，我们将参照密码（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter6.html#modeling-users">第 6 章</a>）和记住我功能（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter9.html#advanced-login">第 9 章</a>）的实现方式，公开一个虚拟属性的值，并在数据库中存储哈希摘要。这样，我们便能使用下述方法获取激活令牌：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>还能使用下面的代码验证用户的身份：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">authenticated?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:activation</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">token</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>（不过得先修改<a class="xref-link" href="chapter9.html#listing-authenticated-p">代码清单 9.6</a> 中定义的 <code>authenticated?</code> 方法。）</p>
<p>我们还将在 <code>User</code> 模型中添加一个布尔值属性 <code>activated</code>，使用自动生成的布尔值方法检查用户是否已经激活（类似 <a class="xref-link" href="chapter10.html#administrative-users">10.4.1 节</a>使用的方法）：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activated?</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>最后，还要记录激活的日期和时间，虽然本书用不到，但说不定你以后需要使用。完整的数据模型如<a class="xref-link" href="#fig-user-model-account-activation">图 11.1</a> 所示。</p>
<div id="fig-user-model-account-activation" class="figure"><img src="images/chapter11/user_model_account_activation.png" alt="user model account activation" /><div class="figcaption"><span class="title-label">图 11.1</span>：添加账户激活相关属性后的 <code>User</code> 模型</div></div>
<p>下面的命令生成一个迁移，添加这些属性。我们在命令行中指定了要添加的三个属性：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-sh"><pre><code><span class="nv">$ </span>rails generate migration add_activation_to_users <span class="se">\</span>
<span class="o">></span> activation_digest:string activated:boolean activated_at:datetime
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter8.html#testing-layout-changes">8.2.4 节</a>说过，第二行开头的 <code>></code> 是“行接续”符号，是 shell 自动插入的，无需输入。）与 <code>admin</code> 属性一样（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter10.html#listing-admin-migration">代码清单 10.54</a>），我们要把 <code>activated</code> 属性的默认值设为 <code>false</code>，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-add-activation-to-users-migration">代码清单 11.2</a> 所示。</p>
<div id="listing-add-activation-to-users-migration" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.2</span>：添加账户激活所需属性的迁移</h5>
<div class="source-file">db/migrate/[timestamp]_add_activation_to_users.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">AddActivationToUsers</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ActiveRecord</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">Migration</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">5.0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">change</span>
<span class="n">add_column</span> <span class="ss">:users</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:activation_digest</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:string</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">add_column</span> <span class="ss">:users</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:activated</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:boolean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">default: </span><span class="kp">false</span></span>
<span class="n">add_column</span> <span class="ss">:users</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:activated_at</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:datetime</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>然后像之前一样，执行迁移：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-sh"><pre><code><span class="nv">$ </span>rails db:migrate
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<section data-type="sect3" id="activation-token-callback">
<h3>创建激活令牌的回调</h3>
<p>因为每个新注册的用户都得激活，所以我们应该在创建用户对象之前为用户分配激活令牌和摘要。类似的操作在 <a class="xref-link" href="chapter6.html#uniqueness-validation">6.2.5 节</a>见过，那时我们要在用户存入数据库之前把电子邮件地址转换成小写形式，使用的是 <code>before_save</code> 回调和 <code>downcase</code> 方法（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter6.html#listing-email-downcase">代码清单 6.32</a>）。<code>before_save</code> 回调在保存对象之前，包括创建对象和更新对象时自动调用。不过现在我们只想在创建用户之前调用这个回调，创建激活摘要。为此，我们要使用 <code>before_create</code> 回调，按照下面的方式定义：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="n">before_create</span> <span class="ss">:create_activation_digest</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>这种写法叫方法引用（method reference），Rails 会寻找一个名为 <code>create_activation_digest</code> 的方法，在创建用户之前调用。（在<a class="xref-link" href="chapter6.html#listing-email-downcase">代码清单 6.32</a> 中，我们直接把一个块传给 <code>before_save</code>。不过方法引用是推荐的做法。）<code>create_activation_digest</code> 方法只会在 <code>User</code> 模型内使用，所以没必要公开。如 <a class="xref-link" href="chapter7.html#strong-parameters">7.3.2 节</a>所示，在 Ruby 中可以使用 <code>private</code> 关键字实现这个需求：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="kp">private</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_activation_digest</span>
<span class="c1"># 创建令牌和摘要</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>在一个类中，<code>private</code> 之后的方法都会自动“隐藏”。我们可以在控制台会话中验证这一点：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-irb"><pre><code><span class="go">$ rails console</span>
<span class="go">>> User.first.create_activation_digest</span>
<span class="gr">NoMethodError: private method `create_activation_digest' called for #<User></span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>这个 <code>before_create</code> 回调的作用是为用户分配令牌和对应的摘要，实现方式如下：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="nb">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">new_token</span>
<span class="nb">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_digest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">digest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">activation_token</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>这里用到了实现“记住我”功能时用来生成令牌和摘要的方法。我们可以把这两行代码和<a class="xref-link" href="chapter9.html#listing-user-model-remember">代码清单 9.3</a> 中的 <code>remember</code> 方法比较一下：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="c1"># 为了持久保存会话，在数据库中记住用户</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">remember</span>
<span class="nb">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">remember_token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">new_token</span>
<span class="n">update_attribute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:remember_digest</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">digest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">remember_token</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>二者之间的主要区别是，<code>remember</code> 方法中使用的是 <code>update_attribute</code>。因为，创建记忆令牌和摘要时，用户已经存在于数据库中了，而 <code>before_create</code> 回调在创建用户之前执行，没有属性可更新。有了这个回调，使用 <code>User.new</code> 新建用户后（例如用户注册后，参见<a class="xref-link" href="chapter7.html#listing-create-action-strong-parameters">代码清单 7.19</a>），会自动为 <code>activation_token</code> 和 <code>activation_digest</code> 属性赋值；而且，因为 <code>activation_digest</code> 对应数据库中的一个列（<a class="xref-link" href="#fig-user-model-account-activation">图 11.1</a>），所以保存用户时会自动把属性的值存入数据库。</p>
<p>综上所述，<code>User</code> 模型如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-user-model-activation-code">代码清单 11.3</a> 所示。因为激活令牌是虚拟属性，所以我们又添加了一个 <code>attr_accessor</code>。注意，我们还把电子邮件地址转换成小写的回调改成了方法引用形式。</p>
<div id="listing-user-model-activation-code" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.3</span>：在 <code>User</code> 模型中添加账户激活相关的代码 <span class="green">GREEN</span></h5>
<div class="source-file">app/models/user.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ApplicationRecord</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="nb">attr_accessor</span> <span class="ss">:remember_token</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">:activation_token</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">before_save</span> <span class="ss">:downcase_email</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">before_create</span> <span class="ss">:create_activation_digest</span></span>
<span class="n">validates</span> <span class="ss">:name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">presence: </span><span class="kp">true</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">length: </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">maximum: </span><span class="mi">50</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">.</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">private</span>
<span class="c1"># 把电子邮件地址转换成小写</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">downcase_email</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="nb">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">email</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">email</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">downcase</span></span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="c1"># 创建并赋值激活令牌和摘要</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_activation_digest</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="nb">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">new_token</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="nb">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_digest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">digest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">activation_token</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section data-type="sect3" id="seed-and-fixture-users">
<h3>为用户创建种子数据和固件</h3>
<p>在继续之前，我们还要修改种子数据，把示例用户和测试用户设为已激活，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-seed-users-activated">代码清单 11.4</a> 和<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-fixture-users-activated">代码清单 11.5</a> 所示。（<code>Time.zone.now</code> 是 Rails 提供的辅助方法，基于服务器使用的时区，返回当前时间戳。）</p>
<div id="listing-seed-users-activated" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.4</span>：激活种子数据中的用户</h5>
<div class="source-file">db/seeds.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-yaml"><pre><code><span class="s">User.create!(name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="s">Example</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">User"</span><span class="err">,</span>
<span class="na">email</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="s">example@railstutorial.org"</span><span class="err">,</span>
<span class="na">password</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="s">foobar"</span><span class="err">,</span>
<span class="na">password_confirmation</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="s">foobar"</span><span class="err">,</span>
<span class="na">admin</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span><span class="s">,</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span><span class="s">,</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated_at</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Time.zone.now)</span></span>
<span class="s">99.times do |n|</span>
<span class="s">name = Faker::Name.name</span>
<span class="s">email = "example-#{n+1}@railstutorial.org"</span>
<span class="s">password = "password"</span>
<span class="s">User.create!(name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">name,</span>
<span class="s">email</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">email,</span>
<span class="s">password</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">password,</span>
<span class="s">password_confirmation</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">password,</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="s">activated</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span><span class="s">,</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="s">activated_at</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Time.zone.now)</span></span>
<span class="s">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="listing-fixture-users-activated" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.5</span>：激活固件中的用户</h5>
<div class="source-file">test/fixtures/users.yml</div>
<div class="highlight language-yaml"><pre><code><span class="na">michael</span><span class="pi">:</span>
<span class="na">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Michael Example</span>
<span class="na">email</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">michael@example.com</span>
<span class="na">password_digest</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= User.digest('password') %></span>
<span class="na">admin</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated_at</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= Time.zone.now %></span></span>
<span class="na">archer</span><span class="pi">:</span>
<span class="na">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Sterling Archer</span>
<span class="na">email</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">duchess@example.gov</span>
<span class="na">password_digest</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= User.digest('password') %></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated_at</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= Time.zone.now %></span></span>
<span class="na">lana</span><span class="pi">:</span>
<span class="na">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Lana Kane</span>
<span class="na">email</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">hands@example.gov</span>
<span class="na">password_digest</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= User.digest('password') %></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated_at</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= Time.zone.now %></span></span>
<span class="na">malory</span><span class="pi">:</span>
<span class="na">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">Malory Archer</span>
<span class="na">email</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s">boss@example.gov</span>
<span class="na">password_digest</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= User.digest('password') %></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated_at</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= Time.zone.now %></span></span>
<span class="s"><% 30.times do |n| %></span>
<span class="s">user_<%= n %></span><span class="pi">:</span>
<span class="na">name</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= "User</span> <span class="c1">#{n}" %></span>
<span class="na">email</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= "user-#{n}@example.com" %></span>
<span class="na">password_digest</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= User.digest('password') %></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="no">true</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="na">activated_at</span><span class="pi">:</span> <span class="s"><%= Time.zone.now %></span></span>
<span class="s"><% end %></span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>为了让<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-seed-users-activated">代码清单 11.4</a> 中的改动生效，我们要还原数据库，然后像之前一样写入种子数据：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-sh"><pre><code><span class="nv">$ </span>rails db:migrate:reset
<span class="nv">$ </span>rails db:seed
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<h5 id="exercises-account-activation-data-model" class="discrete">练习</h5>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>确认做了本节的改动之后测试组件仍能通过。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>在控制台中实例化一个 <code>User</code> 对象，然后调用 <code>create_activation_digest</code> 方法，确认会抛出 <code>NoMethodError</code> 异常（因为它是私有方法）。那个用户的激活摘要是什么？</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>我们在<a class="xref-link" href="chapter6.html#listing-downcase-bang">代码清单 6.34</a> 中见过，把电子邮件地址转换成小写的代码可以简写成 <code>email.downcase!</code>（不用赋值）。像这样修改<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-user-model-activation-code">代码清单 11.3</a> 中的 <code>downcase_email</code> 方法，然后运行测试组件，确认改得没错。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section data-type="sect1" id="account-activation-emails">
<h1><span class="title-label">11.2</span> 账户激活邮件</h1>
<p>创建数据模型之后，我们要编写代码，发送账户激活邮件。我们要使用 Action Mailer 库创建一个邮件程序，在 <code>Users</code> 控制器的 <code>create</code> 动作中发送一封包含激活链接的邮件。邮件程序的结构和控制器动作差不多，邮件模板使用视图定义。我们要在邮件模板中写入一个链接，在链接中指定激活令牌和账户对应的电子邮件地址。</p>
<section data-type="sect2" id="mailer-templates">
<h2><span class="title-label">11.2.1</span> 邮件程序模板</h2>
<p>与模型和控制器类似，我们可以使用 <code>rails generate</code> 命令生成邮件程序：</p>
<div id="listing-generate-user-mailer" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.6</span>：生成 <code>User</code> 邮件程序</h5>
<div class="highlight language-sh"><pre><code><span class="nv">$ </span>rails generate mailer UserMailer account_activation password_reset
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>除了这里所需的 <code>account_activation</code> 方法之外，<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generate-user-mailer">代码清单 11.6</a> 还会生成<a class="xref-link" href="chapter12.html#password-reset">第 12 章</a>使用的 <code>password_reset</code> 方法。</p>
<p>生成邮件程序时，Rails 还会为每个邮件程序生成两个视图模板，一个用于纯文本邮件，一个用于 HTML 邮件。账户激活邮件程序的两个视图如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-account-activation-view-text">代码清单 11.7</a> 和<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-account-activation-view-html">代码清单 11.8</a> 所示。（密码重设相关的模板在<a class="xref-link" href="chapter12.html#password-reset">第 12 章</a>分析。）</p>
<div id="listing-generated-account-activation-view-text" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.7</span>：生成的账户激活邮件视图，纯文本格式</h5>
<div class="source-file">app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.text.erb</div>
<div class="highlight language-erb"><pre><code>UserMailer#account_activation
<span class="cp"><%=</span> <span class="vi">@greeting</span> <span class="cp">%></span>, find me in app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.text.erb
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="listing-generated-account-activation-view-html" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.8</span>：生成的账户激活邮件视图，HTML 格式</h5>
<div class="source-file">app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.html.erb</div>
<div class="highlight language-erb"><pre><code><span class="nt"><h1></span>UserMailer#account_activation<span class="nt"></h1></span>
<span class="nt"><p></span>
<span class="cp"><%=</span> <span class="vi">@greeting</span> <span class="cp">%></span>, find me in app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.html.erb
<span class="nt"></p></span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>我们看一下生成的邮件程序，了解它是如何工作的，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-application-mailer">代码清单 11.9</a> 和<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-user-mailer">代码清单 11.10</a>所示。<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-application-mailer">代码清单 11.9</a> 设置了一个默认的发件人地址（<code>from</code>），整个应用中的所有邮件程序都会使用这个地址。（<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-application-mailer">代码清单 11.9</a> 还设置了各种邮件格式使用的布局。本书不会讨论邮件的布局，生成的 HTML 和纯文本格式邮件布局在 <code>app/views/layouts</code> 文件夹中。）在生成的代码中有一个实例变量 <code>@greeting</code>，这个变量可在邮件程序的视图中使用，就像控制器中的实例变量可以在普通的视图中使用一样。</p>
<div id="listing-generated-application-mailer" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.9</span>：生成的 <code>Application</code> 邮件程序</h5>
<div class="source-file">app/mailers/application_mailer.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ApplicationMailer</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ActionMailer</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">Base</span>
<span class="n">default</span> <span class="ss">from: </span><span class="s2">"from@example.com"</span>
<span class="n">layout</span> <span class="s1">'mailer'</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="listing-generated-user-mailer" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.10</span>：生成的 <code>User</code> 邮件程序</h5>
<div class="source-file">app/mailers/user_mailer.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserMailer</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ApplicationMailer</span>
<span class="c1"># Subject can be set in your I18n file at config/locales/en.yml</span>
<span class="c1"># with the following lookup:</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># en.user_mailer.account_activation.subject</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">account_activation</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="vi">@greeting</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Hi"</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">mail</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s2">"to@example.org"</span></span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="c1"># Subject can be set in your I18n file at config/locales/en.yml</span>
<span class="c1"># with the following lookup:</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># en.user_mailer.password_reset.subject</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">password_reset</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="vi">@greeting</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Hi"</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">mail</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s2">"to@example.org"</span></span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>为了发送激活邮件，我们首先要修改生成的模板，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-application-mailer">代码清单 11.11</a> 所示。然后要创建一个实例变量，其值是用户对象，以便在视图中使用，然后把邮件发给 <code>user.email</code>。如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-mail-account-activation">代码清单 11.12</a> 所示，<code>mail</code> 方法还可以接受 <code>subject</code> 参数，指定邮件的主题。</p>
<div id="listing-application-mailer" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.11</span>：在 <code>Application</code> 邮件程序中设定默认的发件人地址</h5>
<div class="source-file">app/mailers/application_mailer.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ApplicationMailer</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ActionMailer</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">Base</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">default</span> <span class="ss">from: </span><span class="s2">"noreply@example.com"</span></span>
<span class="n">layout</span> <span class="s1">'mailer'</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="listing-mail-account-activation" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.12</span>：发送账户激活链接</h5>
<div class="source-file">app/mailers/user_mailer.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserMailer</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ApplicationMailer</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">account_activation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="vi">@user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">user</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">mail</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">email</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">subject: </span><span class="s2">"Account activation"</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="k">end</span></span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">password_reset</span>
<span class="vi">@greeting</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Hi"</span>
<span class="n">mail</span> <span class="ss">to: </span><span class="s2">"to@example.org"</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>与普通的视图一样，在邮件程序的视图中也可以使用嵌入式 Ruby。在邮件中我们要添加一个针对用户的欢迎消息，以及一个激活链接。我们计划使用电子邮件地址查找用户，然后使用激活令牌认证用户，所以链接中要包含电子邮件地址和令牌。因为我们把“账户激活”视作一个资源（<code>AccountActivations</code>），所以可以把令牌作为参数传给<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activations-route">代码清单 11.1</a> 中定义的具名路由：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="n">edit_account_activation_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>我们知道，<code>edit_user_url(user)</code> 生成的地址是下面这种形式：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-text"><pre><code>http://www.example.com/users/1/edit
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>那么，激活账户的链接应该是这种形式：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-text"><pre><code>http://www.example.com/account_activations/q5lt38hQDc_959PVoo6b7A/edit
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>其中，<code>q5lt38hQDc_959PVoo6b7A</code> 是使用 <code>new_token</code> 方法（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter9.html#listing-token-method">代码清单 9.2</a>）生成的 base64 字符串，可放心地在 URL 中使用。这个值的作用和 /users/1/edit 中的用户 ID 一样，在 <code>AccountActivations</code> 控制器的 <code>edit</code> 动作中可以通过 <code>params[:id]</code> 获取。</p>
<p>为了加上电子邮件地址，我们要使用查询参数（query parameter）。查询参数放在 URL 中的问号后面，使用键值对形式指定：<sup>[<a id="fn-ref-5" href="#fn-5">5</a>]</sup></p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-text"><pre><code>account_activations/q5lt38hQDc_959PVoo6b7A/edit?email=foo%40example.com
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>注意，电子邮件地址中的“@”变成了 <code>%40</code>，也就是被转义了。这样，URL 才是有效的。在 Rails 中设定查询参数的方法是，把一个散列传给具名路由：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="n">edit_account_activation_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">email: </span><span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">email</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>使用这种方式设定查询参数，Rails 会自动转义所有特殊字符。而且，在控制器中会自动反转义电子邮件地址，通过 <code>params[:email]</code> 可以获取电子邮件地址。</p>
<p>定义好实例变量 <code>@user</code> 之后（<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-mail-account-activation">代码清单 11.12</a>），我们可以使用 <code>edit</code> 动作的具名路由和嵌入式 Ruby 创建所需的链接了，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activation-view-text">代码清单 11.13</a> 和<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activation-view-html">代码清单 11.14</a> 所示。注意，在<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activation-view-html">代码清单 11.14</a> 中，我们使用 <code>link_to</code> 方法创建有效的链接。</p>
<div id="listing-account-activation-view-text" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.13</span>：账户激活邮件的纯文本视图</h5>
<div class="source-file">app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.text.erb</div>
<div class="highlight language-erb"><pre><code>Hi <span class="cp"><%=</span> <span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">name</span> <span class="cp">%></span>,
Welcome to the Sample App! Click on the link below to activate your account:
<span class="cp"><%=</span> <span class="n">edit_account_activation_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">email: </span><span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">email</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">%></span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="listing-account-activation-view-html" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.14</span>：账户激活邮件的 HTML 视图</h5>
<div class="source-file">app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.html.erb</div>
<div class="highlight language-erb"><pre><code><span class="nt"><h1></span>Sample App<span class="nt"></h1></span>
<span class="nt"><p></span>Hi <span class="cp"><%=</span> <span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">name</span> <span class="cp">%></span>,<span class="nt"></p></span>
<span class="nt"><p></span>
Welcome to the Sample App! Click on the link below to activate your account:
<span class="nt"></p></span>
<span class="cp"><%=</span> <span class="n">link_to</span> <span class="s2">"Activate"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">edit_account_activation_url</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="ss">email: </span><span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">email</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">%></span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<h5 id="exercises-mailer-templates" class="discrete">练习</h5>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>打开 Rails 控制台，确认 <code>CGI</code> 模块中的 <code>escape</code> 方法能像<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-cgi-escape">代码清单 11.15</a> 那样转义电子邮件地址。<code>"Don’t panic!"</code> 这个字符串转义后的值是什么？</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div id="listing-cgi-escape" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.15</span>：使用 <code>CGI.escape</code> 方法转义电子邮件地址</h5>
<div class="highlight language-irb"><pre><code><span class="go">>> CGI.escape('foo@example.com')</span>
<span class="p">=></span> <span class="s2">"foo%40example.com"</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section data-type="sect2" id="email-previews">
<h2><span class="title-label">11.2.2</span> 预览邮件</h2>
<p>若想查看这两个邮件视图的效果，可以使用邮件预览功能。Rails 提供了一些特殊的 URL，用来预览邮件。首先，我们要在应用的开发环境中添加一些设置，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-development-email-settings">代码清单 11.16</a> 所示。</p>
<div id="listing-development-email-settings" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.16</span>：开发环境中的邮件设置</h5>
<div class="source-file">config/environments/development.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="no">Rails</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">configure</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">.</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">config</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">action_mailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">raise_delivery_errors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kp">true</span>
<span class="n">config</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">action_mailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">delivery_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ss">:test</span>
<span class="n">host</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'example.com'</span> <span class="c1"># 不要原封不动使用这个域名，</span>
<span class="c1"># 应该使用你本地的开发主机地址</span>
<span class="c1"># 在云端 IDE 中使用这一行</span>
<span class="n">config</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">action_mailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">default_url_options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">host: </span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">protocol: </span><span class="s1">'https'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># 在本地设备中使用这一行</span>
<span class="c1"># config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: host, protocol: 'http' }</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">.</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p><a class="xref-link" href="#listing-development-email-settings">代码清单 11.16</a> 中设置的主机地址是 <code>'example.com'</code>，如注释所述，你应该使用你开发环境的主机地址。例如，在我的系统中，可以使用下面的地址（包括云端 IDE 和本地服务器）：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="c1"># 云端 IDE</span>
<span class="n">host</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'rails-tutorial-mhartl.c9users.io'</span>
<span class="n">config</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">action_mailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">default_url_options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">host: </span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">protocol: </span><span class="s1">'https'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># 本地服务器</span>
<span class="n">host</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'localhost:3000'</span>
<span class="n">config</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">action_mailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">default_url_options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">host: </span><span class="n">host</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">protocol: </span><span class="s1">'http'</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>注意，针对本地服务器的设置把 <code>https</code> 改成了 <code>http</code>。</p>
<p>然后重启开发服务器，让<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-development-email-settings">代码清单 11.16</a> 中的配置生效。接下来，我们要修改 <code>User</code> 邮件程序的预览文件。<a class="xref-link" href="#account-activation-emails">11.2 节</a> 生成邮件程序时已经自动生成了这个文件，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-user-mailer-previews">代码清单 11.17</a> 所示。</p>
<div id="listing-generated-user-mailer-previews" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.17</span>：生成的 <code>User</code> 邮件预览程序</h5>
<div class="source-file">test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="c1"># Preview all emails at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserMailerPreview</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ActionMailer</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">Preview</span>
<span class="c1"># Preview this email at</span>
<span class="c1"># http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/account_activation</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">account_activation</span>
<span class="no">UserMailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">account_activation</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="c1"># Preview this email at</span>
<span class="c1"># http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/password_reset</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">password_reset</span>
<span class="no">UserMailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">password_reset</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>因为<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-mail-account-activation">代码清单 11.12</a> 中定义的 <code>account_activation</code> 方法需要一个有效的用户作为参数，所以<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-user-mailer-previews">代码清单 11.17</a> 中的代码现在还不能使用。为了解决这个问题，我们要定义 <code>user</code> 变量，把开发数据库中的第一个用户赋值给它，然后作为参数传给 <code>UserMailer.account_activation</code> 方法，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activation-preview">代码清单 11.18</a> 所示。注意，在这段代码中，我们还给 <code>user.activation_token</code> 赋了值，因为<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activation-view-text">代码清单 11.13</a> 和<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activation-view-html">代码清单 11.14</a> 中的模板要使用账户激活令牌。（<code>activation_token</code> 是虚拟属性，所以数据库中的用户并没有激活令牌。）</p>
<div id="listing-account-activation-preview" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.18</span>：预览账户激活邮件所需的方法</h5>
<div class="source-file">test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="c1"># Preview all emails at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserMailerPreview</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ActionMailer</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">Preview</span>
<span class="c1"># Preview this email at</span>
<span class="c1"># http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/account_activation</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">account_activation</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">first</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">new_token</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="no">UserMailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">account_activation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span></span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="c1"># Preview this email at</span>
<span class="c1"># http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/password_reset</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">password_reset</span>
<span class="no">UserMailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">password_reset</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>这样修改之后，我们就可以访问注释中提示的 URL 预览账户激活邮件了。（如果使用云端 IDE，要把 <code>localhost:3000</code> 换成相应的基 URL。）HTML 和纯文本邮件分别如<a class="xref-link" href="#fig-account-activation-html-preview">图 11.2</a> 和<a class="xref-link" href="#fig-account-activation-text-preview">图 11.3</a> 所示。</p>
<div id="fig-account-activation-html-preview" class="figure"><img src="images/chapter11/account_activation_html_preview_4th_ed.png" alt="account activation html preview 4th ed" /><div class="figcaption"><span class="title-label">图 11.2</span>：预览 HTML 格式的账户激活邮件</div></div>
<div id="fig-account-activation-text-preview" class="figure"><img src="images/chapter11/account_activation_text_preview_4th_ed.png" alt="account activation text preview 4th ed" /><div class="figcaption"><span class="title-label">图 11.3</span>：预览纯文本格式的账户激活邮件</div></div>
<h5 id="exercises-email-previews" class="discrete">练习</h5>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>在浏览器中预览邮件模板。你看到的发送日期是什么？</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section data-type="sect2" id="email-tests">
<h2><span class="title-label">11.2.3</span> 测试电子邮件</h2>
<p>最后，我们要编写一些测试，再次确认邮件的内容。这并不难，因为 Rails 生成了一些有用的测试示例，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-user-mailer-test">代码清单 11.19</a> 所示。</p>
<div id="listing-generated-user-mailer-test" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.19</span>：Rails 为 <code>User</code> 邮件程序生成的测试</h5>
<div class="source-file">test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="nb">require</span> <span class="s1">'test_helper'</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserMailerTest</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ActionMailer</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">TestCase</span>
<span class="nb">test</span> <span class="s2">"account_activation"</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">mail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">UserMailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">account_activation</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="s2">"Account activation"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">subject</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"to@example.org"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">to</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"from@example.com"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">from</span>
<span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="s2">"Hi"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">encoded</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="nb">test</span> <span class="s2">"password_reset"</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">mail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">UserMailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">password_reset</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="s2">"Password reset"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">subject</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"to@example.org"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">to</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"from@example.com"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">from</span>
<span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="s2">"Hi"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">encoded</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p><a class="xref-link" href="#listing-generated-user-mailer-test">代码清单 11.19</a> 中使用了强大的 <code>assert_match</code> 方法。这个方法既可以匹配字符串，也可以匹配正则表达式：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'foobar'</span> <span class="c1"># true</span>
<span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="s1">'baz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'foobar'</span> <span class="c1"># false</span>
<span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="sr">/\w+/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'foobar'</span> <span class="c1"># true</span>
<span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="sr">/\w+/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'$#!*+@'</span> <span class="c1"># false</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p><a class="xref-link" href="#listing-real-account-activation-test">代码清单 11.20</a> 使用 <code>assert_match</code> 方法检查邮件正文中是否有用户的名字、激活令牌和转义后的电子邮件地址。注意，转义用户电子邮件地址使用的方法是 <code>CGI::escape(user.email)</code>。<sup>[<a id="fn-ref-6" href="#fn-6">6</a>]</sup></p>
<div id="listing-real-account-activation-test" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.20</span>：测试当前的电子邮件实现 <span class="red">RED</span></h5>
<div class="source-file">test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="nb">require</span> <span class="s1">'test_helper'</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserMailerTest</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ActionMailer</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">TestCase</span>
<span class="nb">test</span> <span class="s2">"account_activation"</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:michael</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">new_token</span>
<span class="n">mail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">UserMailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">account_activation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="s2">"Account activation"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">subject</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">email</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">to</span>
<span class="n">assert_equal</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"noreply@example.com"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">from</span>
<span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">encoded</span>
<span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">activation_token</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">encoded</span>
<span class="n">assert_match</span> <span class="no">CGI</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">email</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mail</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">encoded</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>注意，我们在<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-real-account-activation-test">代码清单 11.20</a> 中为固件中的一个用户指定了激活令牌，否则这个值为空。（<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-real-account-activation-test">代码清单 11.20</a> 还删除了生成的密码重设测试，我们会在 <a class="xref-link" href="chapter12.html#reset-email-tests">12.2.2 节</a>添加相关的测试。）</p>
<p>为了让这个测试通过，我们要修改测试环境的配置，设定正确的主机地址，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-test-domain-host">代码清单 11.21</a> 所示。</p>
<div id="listing-test-domain-host" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.21</span>：设定测试环境的主机地址</h5>
<div class="source-file">config/environments/test.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="no">Rails</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">application</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">configure</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">.</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">config</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">action_mailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">delivery_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ss">:test</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">config</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">action_mailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">default_url_options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">host: </span><span class="s1">'example.com'</span> <span class="p">}</span></span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">.</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>现在，邮件程序的测试应该可以通过了：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.22</span>：<strong class="green">GREEN</strong></h5>
<div class="highlight language-sh"><pre><code><span class="nv">$ </span>rails <span class="nb">test</span>:mailers
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<h5 id="exercises-email-tests" class="discrete">练习</h5>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>确认整个测试组件仍然能通过。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>在<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-real-account-activation-test">代码清单 11.20</a> 中不要调用 <code>CGI.escape</code> 方法，确认测试会失败。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section data-type="sect2" id="updating-create">
<h2><span class="title-label">11.2.4</span> 更新 <code>Users</code> 控制器的 <code>create</code> 动作</h2>
<p>若要在我们的应用中使用这个邮件程序，只需在处理用户注册的 <code>create</code> 动作中添加几行代码，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-user-signup-with-account-activation">代码清单 11.23</a> 所示。注意，<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-user-signup-with-account-activation">代码清单 11.23</a> 修改了注册后的重定向地址。之前，我们把用户重定向到资料页面（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter7.html#successful-signups">7.4 节</a>），可是现在需要先激活，再转向这个页面就不合理了，所以把重定向地址改成了根地址。</p>
<div id="listing-user-signup-with-account-activation" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.23</span>：在注册过程中添加账户激活 <span class="red">RED</span></h5>
<div class="source-file">app/controllers/users_controller.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UsersController</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ApplicationController</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">.</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">def</span> <span class="n">create</span>
<span class="vi">@user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user_params</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">save</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="no">UserMailer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">account_activation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vi">@user</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nf">deliver_now</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="ss">:info</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Please check your email to activate your account."</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="n">redirect_to</span> <span class="n">root_url</span></span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="n">render</span> <span class="s1">'new'</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">.</span>
<span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>因为现在重定向到根地址而不是资料页面，而且不会像之前那样自动登入用户，所以测试组件无法通过，不过应用能按照我们设计的方式运行。我们暂时把导致失败的测试注释掉，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-comment-out-failing-tests">代码清单 11.24</a> 所示。我们会在 <a class="xref-link" href="#activation-test-and-refactoring">11.3.3 节</a>去掉注释，并且为账户激活编写能通过的测试。</p>
<div id="listing-comment-out-failing-tests" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.24</span>：临时注释掉失败的测试 <span class="green">GREEN</span></h5>
<div class="source-file">test/integration/users_signup_test.rb</div>
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="nb">require</span> <span class="s1">'test_helper'</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UsersSignupTest</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="no">ActionDispatch</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">IntegrationTest</span>
<span class="nb">test</span> <span class="s2">"invalid signup information"</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">get</span> <span class="n">signup_path</span>
<span class="n">assert_no_difference</span> <span class="s1">'User.count'</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">post</span> <span class="n">users_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">params: </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">user: </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">name: </span><span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="ss">email: </span><span class="s2">"user@invalid"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="ss">password: </span><span class="s2">"foo"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="ss">password_confirmation: </span><span class="s2">"bar"</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="n">assert_template</span> <span class="s1">'users/new'</span>
<span class="n">assert_select</span> <span class="s1">'div#error_explanation'</span>
<span class="n">assert_select</span> <span class="s1">'div.field_with_errors'</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="nb">test</span> <span class="s2">"valid signup information"</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">get</span> <span class="n">signup_path</span>
<span class="n">assert_difference</span> <span class="s1">'User.count'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">do</span>
<span class="n">post</span> <span class="n">users_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ss">params: </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">user: </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="ss">name: </span><span class="s2">"Example User"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="ss">email: </span><span class="s2">"user@example.com"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="ss">password: </span><span class="s2">"password"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="ss">password_confirmation: </span><span class="s2">"password"</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="n">follow_redirect!</span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="c1"># assert_template 'users/show'</span></span>
<span class="hll"> <span class="c1"># assert is_logged_in?</span></span>
<span class="k">end</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>如果现在注册，重定向后显示的页面如<a class="xref-link" href="#fig-redirected-not-activated">图 11.4</a> 所示，而且会生成一封邮件，如<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activation-email">代码清单 11.25</a> 所示。注意，在开发环境中并不会真发送邮件，不过能在服务器的日志中看到（可能要往上滚动才能看到）。<a class="xref-link" href="#email-in-production">11.4 节</a>讨论如何在生产环境中发送邮件。</p>
<div id="listing-account-activation-email" data-type="listing">
<h5><span class="title-label">代码清单 11.25</span>：在服务器日志中看到的账户激活邮件</h5>
<div class="highlight language-text"><pre><code>UserMailer#account_activation: processed outbound mail in 292.4ms
Sent mail to michael@michaelhartl.com (47.3ms)
Date: Mon, 06 Jun 2016 20:17:41 +0000
From: noreply@example.com
To: michael@michaelhartl.com
Message-ID: <5755da6518cb4_f2c9222494c7178e@mhartl-rails-tutorial-3045526.mail>
Subject: Account activation
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative;
boundary="--==_mimepart_5755da6513e89_f2c9222494c71639";
charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
----==_mimepart_5755da6513e89_f2c9222494c71639
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hi Michael Hartl,
Welcome to the Sample App! Click on the link below to activate your account:
https://rails-tutorial-mhartl.c9users.io/account_activations/
-L9kBsbIjmrqpJGB0TUKcA/edit?email=michael%40michaelhartl.com
----==_mimepart_5755da6513e89_f2c9222494c71639
Content-Type: text/html;
charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<style>
/* Email styles need to be inline */
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>Hi Michael Hartl,</p>
<p>
Welcome to the Sample App! Click on the link below to activate your account:
</p>
<a href="https://rails-tutorial-mhartl.c9users.io/account_activations/
-L9kBsbIjmrqpJGB0TUKcA/edit?email=michael%40michaelhartl.com">Activate</a>
</body>
</html>
----==_mimepart_5755da6513e89_f2c9222494c71639--
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="fig-redirected-not-activated" class="figure"><img src="images/chapter11/redirected_not_activated.png" alt="redirected not activated" /><div class="figcaption"><span class="title-label">图 11.4</span>：注册后显示的首页，有一个提醒激活的消息</div></div>
<h5 id="exercises-updating-create" class="discrete">练习</h5>
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>新注册一个用户，确认能正确重定向。你在服务器的日志中会看到什么内容？激活令牌的值是什么？</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 Rails 控制台中确认创建了新用户，但是尚未激活。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section data-type="sect1" id="activating-the-account">
<h1><span class="title-label">11.3</span> 激活账户</h1>
<p>现在可以正确生成电子邮件了（<a class="xref-link" href="#listing-account-activation-email">代码清单 11.25</a>），接下来我们要编写 <code>AccountActivations</code> 控制器的 <code>edit</code> 动作，激活用户。与之前一样，我们将为这个动作编写一个测试，等测试通过后再重构，把一些代码移出 <code>AccountActivations</code> 控制器，移到 <code>User</code> 模型中。</p>
<section data-type="sect2" id="generalizing-the-authenticated-method">
<h2><span class="title-label">11.3.1</span> 通用的 <code>authenticated?</code> 方法</h2>
<p><a class="xref-link" href="#mailer-templates">11.2.1 节</a>说过，激活令牌和电子邮件地址可以分别通过 <code>params[:id]</code> 和 <code>params[:email]</code> 获取。参照密码（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter8.html#listing-find-authenticate-user">代码清单 8.7</a>）和记忆令牌（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter9.html#listing-persistent-current-user">代码清单 9.9</a>）的实现方式，我们计划使用下面的代码查找和验证用户：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="no">User</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">find_by</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">email: </span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="ss">:email</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">user</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">authenticated?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">:activation</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="ss">:id</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>（稍后会看到，上述代码还缺一个判断条件。看看你能否猜到缺了什么。）</p>
<p>上述代码使用 <code>authenticated?</code> 方法检查账户激活的摘要和指定的令牌是否匹配，但是现在不起作用，因为 <code>authenticated?</code> 方法是专门用来验证记忆令牌的（<a class="xref-link" href="chapter9.html#listing-authenticated-p">代码清单 9.6</a>）：</p>
<div data-type="listing">
<div class="highlight language-ruby"><pre><code><span class="c1"># 如果指定的令牌和摘要匹配，返回 true</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">authenticated?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">remember_token</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kp">false</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">remember_digest</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">nil?</span>
<span class="no">BCrypt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="no">Password</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">remember_digest</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nf">is_password?</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">remember_token</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">end</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>其中，<code>remember_digest</code> 是 <code>User</code> 模型的属性。在 <code>User</code> 模型中，我们可以将其改写成：</p>