Backport `__init_subclass__` fix for `@deprecated` from CPython (#673) #2370

Job	Run time
Run tests (3.10)	15s
Run tests (3.11)	14s
Run tests (3.9)	16s
Run tests (3.11.0)	18s
Run tests (3.12.0)	17s
Run tests (3.10.4)	17s
Run tests (3.9.12)	17s
Run tests (pypy3.10)	10s
Run tests (3.13)	16s
Run tests (pypy3.11)	11s
Run tests (3.12)	14s
Run tests (pypy3.9)	11s
Run tests (3.13.0)	17s
Run tests (3.14)	16s
Report coverage	15s
Create an issue if daily tests failed	-1s
	3m 43s

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