Backport `__init_subclass__` fix for `@deprecated` from CPython #2369

Job	Run time
Run tests (3.13)	10s
Run tests (3.13.0)	16s
Run tests (3.12)	17s
Run tests (3.11)	9s
Run tests (3.9.12)	16s
Run tests (pypy3.10)	11s
Run tests (3.10.4)	15s
Run tests (3.12.0)	16s
Run tests (3.10)	15s
Run tests (3.11.0)	15s
Run tests (pypy3.11)	13s
Run tests (3.9)	13s
Run tests (pypy3.9)	11s
Run tests (3.14)	17s
Report coverage	19s
Create an issue if daily tests failed	0s
	3m 33s

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