pgsql.c

/*
   +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | Copyright (c) The PHP Group                                          |
   +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | This source file is subject to version 3.01 of the PHP license,      |
   | that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE, and is        |
   | available through the world-wide-web at the following url:           |
   | https://www.php.net/license/3_01.txt                                 |
   | If you did not receive a copy of the PHP license and are unable to   |
   | obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send a note to          |
   | license@php.net so we can mail you a copy immediately.               |
   +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
   | Authors: Zeev Suraski <zeev@php.net>                                 |
   |          Jouni Ahto <jouni.ahto@exdec.fi>                            |
   |          Yasuo Ohgaki <yohgaki@php.net>                              |
   |          Youichi Iwakiri <yiwakiri@st.rim.or.jp> (pg_copy_*)         |
   |          Chris Kings-Lynne <chriskl@php.net> (v3 protocol)           |
   +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
 */

#include <stdlib.h>

#define PHP_PGSQL_PRIVATE 1

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#include "php.h"
#include "php_ini.h"
#include "ext/standard/info.h"
#include "zend_smart_str.h"
#include "ext/pcre/php_pcre.h"
#ifdef PHP_WIN32
# include "win32/time.h"
#endif
#include "php_pgsql.h"
#include "php_globals.h"
#include "zend_exceptions.h"
#include "zend_attributes.h"
#include "zend_interfaces.h"
#include "php_network.h"

#ifdef HAVE_PGSQL

#ifndef InvalidOid
#define InvalidOid ((Oid) 0)
#endif

#define PGSQL_ASSOC           1<<0
#define PGSQL_NUM             1<<1
#define PGSQL_BOTH            (PGSQL_ASSOC|PGSQL_NUM)

#define PGSQL_NOTICE_LAST     1  /* Get the last notice */
#define PGSQL_NOTICE_ALL      2  /* Get all notices */
#define PGSQL_NOTICE_CLEAR    3  /* Remove notices */

#define PGSQL_STATUS_LONG     1
#define PGSQL_STATUS_STRING   2

#define PGSQL_MAX_LENGTH_OF_LONG   30
#define PGSQL_MAX_LENGTH_OF_DOUBLE 60

char pgsql_libpq_version[16];

#include "pgsql_arginfo.h"

#if ZEND_LONG_MAX < UINT_MAX
#define PGSQL_RETURN_OID(oid) do { \
	if (oid > ZEND_LONG_MAX) { \
		RETURN_STR(zend_ulong_to_str(oid)); \
	} \
	RETURN_LONG((zend_long)oid); \
} while(0)
#else
#define PGSQL_RETURN_OID(oid) RETURN_LONG((zend_long)oid)
#endif

#define CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(x) \
	if ((x) == NULL) { \
		zend_throw_error(NULL, "No PostgreSQL connection opened yet"); \
		RETURN_THROWS(); \
	}

/* This is a bit hacky as the macro usage is "link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();" */
#define FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK() \
		(PGG(default_link) ? pgsql_link_from_obj(PGG(default_link)) : NULL); \
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_DEPRECATED, "Automatic fetching of PostgreSQL connection is deprecated")

/* Used only when creating a connection */
#define FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK_NO_WARNING() \
		(PGG(default_link) ? pgsql_link_from_obj(PGG(default_link)) : NULL)

#define CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link_handle) \
	if (link_handle->conn == NULL) { \
		zend_throw_error(NULL, "PostgreSQL connection has already been closed"); \
		RETURN_THROWS(); \
	}

#define CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(result_handle) \
	if (result_handle->result == NULL) { \
		zend_throw_error(NULL, "PostgreSQL result has already been closed"); \
		RETURN_THROWS(); \
	}

#define CHECK_PGSQL_LOB(lob) \
	if (lob->conn == NULL) { \
		zend_throw_error(NULL, "PostgreSQL large object has already been closed"); \
		RETURN_THROWS(); \
	}

#ifndef HAVE_PQERRORS_SQLSTATE
#define PQERRORS_SQLSTATE 0
#endif

ZEND_DECLARE_MODULE_GLOBALS(pgsql)
static PHP_GINIT_FUNCTION(pgsql);

static const zend_module_dep pgsql_module_deps[] = {
	ZEND_MOD_REQUIRED("pcre")
	ZEND_MOD_END
};

/* {{{ pgsql_module_entry */
zend_module_entry pgsql_module_entry = {
	STANDARD_MODULE_HEADER_EX, NULL,
	pgsql_module_deps,
	"pgsql",
	ext_functions,
	PHP_MINIT(pgsql),
	PHP_MSHUTDOWN(pgsql),
	PHP_RINIT(pgsql),
	PHP_RSHUTDOWN(pgsql),
	PHP_MINFO(pgsql),
	PHP_PGSQL_VERSION,
	PHP_MODULE_GLOBALS(pgsql),
	PHP_GINIT(pgsql),
	NULL,
	NULL,
	STANDARD_MODULE_PROPERTIES_EX
};
/* }}} */

#ifdef COMPILE_DL_PGSQL
#ifdef ZTS
ZEND_TSRMLS_CACHE_DEFINE()
#endif
ZEND_GET_MODULE(pgsql)
#endif

static int le_plink;

static zend_class_entry *pgsql_link_ce, *pgsql_result_ce, *pgsql_lob_ce;
static zend_object_handlers pgsql_link_object_handlers, pgsql_result_object_handlers, pgsql_lob_object_handlers;

static inline pgsql_link_handle *pgsql_link_from_obj(zend_object *obj) {
	return (pgsql_link_handle *)((char *)(obj) - XtOffsetOf(pgsql_link_handle, std));
}

#define Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(zv) pgsql_link_from_obj(Z_OBJ_P(zv))

static zend_object *pgsql_link_create_object(zend_class_entry *class_type) {
	pgsql_link_handle *intern = zend_object_alloc(sizeof(pgsql_link_handle), class_type);

	zend_object_std_init(&intern->std, class_type);
	object_properties_init(&intern->std, class_type);

	return &intern->std;
}

static zend_function *pgsql_link_get_constructor(zend_object *object) {
	zend_throw_error(NULL, "Cannot directly construct PgSql\\Connection, use pg_connect() or pg_pconnect() instead");
	return NULL;
}

static void pgsql_link_free(pgsql_link_handle *link)
{
	PGresult *res;

	while ((res = PQgetResult(link->conn))) {
		PQclear(res);
	}
	if (!link->persistent) {
		PQuntrace(link->conn);
		PQfinish(link->conn);
	}
	PGG(num_links)--;

	zend_hash_del(&PGG(connections), link->hash);

	link->conn = NULL;
	zend_string_release(link->hash);

	if (link->notices) {
		zend_hash_destroy(link->notices);
		FREE_HASHTABLE(link->notices);
		link->notices = NULL;
	}
}

static void pgsql_link_free_obj(zend_object *obj)
{
	pgsql_link_handle *link = pgsql_link_from_obj(obj);

	if (link->conn) {
		pgsql_link_free(link);
	}

	zend_object_std_dtor(&link->std);
}

static inline pgsql_result_handle *pgsql_result_from_obj(zend_object *obj) {
	return (pgsql_result_handle *)((char *)(obj) - XtOffsetOf(pgsql_result_handle, std));
}

#define Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(zv) pgsql_result_from_obj(Z_OBJ_P(zv))

static zend_object *pgsql_result_create_object(zend_class_entry *class_type) {
	pgsql_result_handle *intern = zend_object_alloc(sizeof(pgsql_result_handle), class_type);

	zend_object_std_init(&intern->std, class_type);
	object_properties_init(&intern->std, class_type);

	return &intern->std;
}

static zend_function *pgsql_result_get_constructor(zend_object *object) {
	zend_throw_error(NULL, "Cannot directly construct PgSql\\Result, use a dedicated function instead");
	return NULL;
}

static void pgsql_result_free(pgsql_result_handle *pg_result)
{
	PQclear(pg_result->result);
	pg_result->result = NULL;
}

static void pgsql_result_free_obj(zend_object *obj)
{
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result = pgsql_result_from_obj(obj);

	if (pg_result->result) {
		pgsql_result_free(pg_result);
	}

	zend_object_std_dtor(&pg_result->std);
}

static inline pgLofp *pgsql_lob_from_obj(zend_object *obj) {
	return (pgLofp *)((char *)(obj) - XtOffsetOf(pgLofp, std));
}

#define Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(zv) pgsql_lob_from_obj(Z_OBJ_P(zv))

static zend_object *pgsql_lob_create_object(zend_class_entry *class_type) {
	pgLofp *intern = zend_object_alloc(sizeof(pgLofp), class_type);

	zend_object_std_init(&intern->std, class_type);
	object_properties_init(&intern->std, class_type);

	return &intern->std;
}

static zend_function *pgsql_lob_get_constructor(zend_object *object) {
	zend_throw_error(NULL, "Cannot directly construct PgSql\\Lob, use pg_lo_open() instead");
	return NULL;
}

static void pgsql_lob_free_obj(zend_object *obj)
{
	pgLofp *lofp = pgsql_lob_from_obj(obj);

	zend_object_std_dtor(&lofp->std);
}

/* Compatibility definitions */

static zend_string *_php_pgsql_trim_message(const char *message)
{
	size_t i = strlen(message);

	if (i>2 && (message[i-2] == '\r' || message[i-2] == '\n') && message[i-1] == '.') {
		--i;
	}
	while (i>1 && (message[i-1] == '\r' || message[i-1] == '\n')) {
		--i;
	}
	return zend_string_init(message, i, 0);
}

#define PHP_PQ_ERROR(text, pgsql) { \
		zend_string *msgbuf = _php_pgsql_trim_message(PQerrorMessage(pgsql)); \
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, text, ZSTR_VAL(msgbuf)); \
		zend_string_release(msgbuf); \
} \

static void php_pgsql_set_default_link(zend_object *obj)
{
	GC_ADDREF(obj);

	if (PGG(default_link) != NULL) {
		zend_object_release(PGG(default_link));
	}

	PGG(default_link) = obj;
}

static void _close_pgsql_plink(zend_resource *rsrc)
{
	PGconn *link = (PGconn *)rsrc->ptr;
	PGresult *res;

	while ((res = PQgetResult(link))) {
		PQclear(res);
	}
	PQfinish(link);
	PGG(num_persistent)--;
	PGG(num_links)--;
	rsrc->ptr = NULL;
}

static void _php_pgsql_notice_handler(void *l, const char *message)
{
	if (l == NULL) {
		/* This connection does not currently have a valid context, ignore this notice */
		return;
	}
	if (PGG(ignore_notices)) {
		return;
	}

	zval tmp;
	pgsql_link_handle *link = (pgsql_link_handle *) l;

	if (!link->notices) {
		link->notices = zend_new_array(1);
	}

	zend_string *trimmed_message = _php_pgsql_trim_message(message);
	if (PGG(log_notices)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "%s", ZSTR_VAL(trimmed_message));
	}

	ZVAL_STR(&tmp, trimmed_message);
	zend_hash_next_index_insert(link->notices, &tmp);
}

static int _rollback_transactions(zval *el)
{
	PGconn *link;
	PGresult *res;
	zend_resource *rsrc = Z_RES_P(el);

	if (rsrc->type != le_plink) {
		return ZEND_HASH_APPLY_KEEP;
	}

	link = (PGconn *) rsrc->ptr;

	/* unset notice processor if we initially did set it */
	if (PQsetNoticeProcessor(link, NULL, NULL) == _php_pgsql_notice_handler) {
		PQsetNoticeProcessor(link, _php_pgsql_notice_handler, NULL);
	}

	if (PQsetnonblocking(link, 0)) {
		php_error_docref("ref.pgsql", E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		return -1;
	}

	while ((res = PQgetResult(link))) {
		PQclear(res);
	}
	if (PQtransactionStatus(link) != PQTRANS_IDLE) {
		int orig = PGG(ignore_notices);
		PGG(ignore_notices) = 1;
		res = PQexec(link,"ROLLBACK;");
		PQclear(res);
		PGG(ignore_notices) = orig;
	}

	return ZEND_HASH_APPLY_KEEP;
}

static void release_string(zval *zv)
{
	zend_string_release((zend_string *) Z_PTR_P(zv));
}

static bool _php_pgsql_identifier_is_escaped(const char *identifier, size_t len) /* {{{ */
{
	/* Handle edge case. Cannot be a escaped string */
	if (len <= 2) {
		return false;
	}
	/* Detect double quotes */
	if (identifier[0] == '"' && identifier[len-1] == '"') {
		size_t i;

		/* Detect wrong format of " inside of escaped string */
		for (i = 1; i < len-1; i++) {
			if (identifier[i] == '"' && (identifier[++i] != '"' || i == len-1)) {
				return false;
			}
		}
	} else {
		return false;
	}
	/* Escaped properly */
	return true;
}

#ifndef HAVE_PG_CHANGE_PASSWORD
static PGresult *PQchangePassword(PGconn *conn, const char *user, const char *passwd)
{
	/**
	 * It is more appropriate to let the configured password encryption algorithm
	 * being picked up, so we pass NULL
	 */
	char *enc = PQencryptPasswordConn(conn, passwd, user, NULL);

	if (!enc) {
		return NULL;
	}

	char *fmtenc = PQescapeLiteral(conn, enc, strlen(enc));
	PQfreemem(enc);

	if (!fmtenc) {
		return NULL;
	}

	char *fmtuser = PQescapeIdentifier(conn, user, strlen(user));

	if (!fmtuser) {
		PQfreemem(fmtenc);
		return NULL;
	}

	char *query;

	spprintf(&query, 0, "ALTER USER %s PASSWORD %s", fmtuser, fmtenc);

	PGresult *pg_result = PQexec(conn, query);

	efree(query);
	PQfreemem(fmtuser);
	PQfreemem(fmtenc);

	return pg_result;
}
#endif

#if !defined(HAVE_PG_SOCKET_POLL)
static int PQsocketPoll(int socket, int read, int write, time_t timeout)
{
	if (!read && !write)
		return 0;

	php_pollfd fd;
	int ts = -1;

	fd.fd = socket;
	fd.events = POLLERR;
	fd.revents = 0;

	if (read) {
		fd.events |= POLLIN;
	}

	if (write) {
		fd.events |= POLLOUT;
	}

	if (timeout != (time_t)ts) {
		time_t cur = time(NULL);

		if (timeout > cur) {
			ts = (timeout - cur) * 1000;
		} else {
			ts = 0;
		}
	}

	return php_poll2(&fd, 1, ts);
}
#endif

/* {{{ PHP_INI */
PHP_INI_BEGIN()
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN( "pgsql.allow_persistent",      "1",  PHP_INI_SYSTEM, OnUpdateBool, allow_persistent,      zend_pgsql_globals, pgsql_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY_EX("pgsql.max_persistent",       "-1",  PHP_INI_SYSTEM, OnUpdateLong, max_persistent,        zend_pgsql_globals, pgsql_globals, display_link_numbers)
STD_PHP_INI_ENTRY_EX("pgsql.max_links",            "-1",  PHP_INI_SYSTEM, OnUpdateLong, max_links,             zend_pgsql_globals, pgsql_globals, display_link_numbers)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN( "pgsql.auto_reset_persistent", "0",  PHP_INI_SYSTEM, OnUpdateLong, auto_reset_persistent, zend_pgsql_globals, pgsql_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN( "pgsql.ignore_notice",         "0",  PHP_INI_ALL,    OnUpdateBool, ignore_notices,        zend_pgsql_globals, pgsql_globals)
STD_PHP_INI_BOOLEAN( "pgsql.log_notice",            "0",  PHP_INI_ALL,    OnUpdateBool, log_notices,           zend_pgsql_globals, pgsql_globals)
PHP_INI_END()

static PHP_GINIT_FUNCTION(pgsql)
{
#if defined(COMPILE_DL_PGSQL) && defined(ZTS)
	ZEND_TSRMLS_CACHE_UPDATE();
#endif

	size_t i = 0;
	memset(pgsql_globals, 0, sizeof(zend_pgsql_globals));
	zend_hash_init(&pgsql_globals->connections, 0, NULL, NULL, 1);

#define ADD_REGEX(reg)									\
	do {										\
		ZEND_ASSERT(i < PGSQL_MAX_REGEXES);					\
		pgsql_globals->regexes[i ++] = zend_string_init(reg, strlen(reg), true);\
	} while(0)
	ADD_REGEX("#^([+-]{0,1}[0-9]+)$#n");
	ADD_REGEX("#^[-+]?[0-9]*\\.?[0-9]+([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?$#n");
	ADD_REGEX("#^[+-]{0,1}(inf)(inity){0,1}$#ni");
	ADD_REGEX("#^[0-9]+$#n");
	ADD_REGEX("#^((25[0-5]|(2[0-4]|1{0,1}[0-9]){0,1}[0-9])\\.){3,3}(25[0-5]|(2[0-4]|1{0,1}[0-9]){0,1}[0-9])(\\/[0-9]{1,3})?$#n");
	ADD_REGEX("#^(([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){7,7}[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,7}:|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,6}:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,5}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,2}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,4}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,3}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,3}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,4}|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,2}(:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,5}|[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:((:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,6})|:((:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){1,7}|:)|fe80:(:[0-9a-fA-F]{0,4}){0,4}%[0-9a-zA-Z]{1,}|::(ffff(:0{1,4}){0,1}:){0,1}((25[0-5]|(2[0-4]|1{0,1}[0-9]){0,1}[0-9])\\.){3,3}(25[0-5]|(2[0-4]|1{0,1}[0-9]){0,1}[0-9])|([0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}:){1,4}:((25[0-5]|(2[0-4]|1{0,1}[0-9]){0,1}[0-9])\\.){3,3}(25[0-5]|(2[0-4]|1{0,1}[0-9]){0,1}[0-9]))(\\/[0-9]{1,3})?$#n");
	ADD_REGEX("#^([0-9]{4}[/-][0-9]{1,2}[/-][0-9]{1,2})(([ \\t]+|T)(([0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}){1}(:[0-9]{1,2}){0,1}(\\.[0-9]+){0,1}([ \\t]*([+-][0-9]{1,4}(:[0-9]{1,2}){0,1}|[-a-zA-Z_/+]{1,50})){0,1})){0,1}$#ni");
	ADD_REGEX("#^([0-9]{4}[/-][0-9]{1,2}[/-][0-9]{1,2})$#ni");
	ADD_REGEX("#^(([0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}){1}(:[0-9]{1,2}){0,1}){0,1}$#ni");
	ADD_REGEX("#^(@?[ \\t]+)?("
	/* Textual time units and their abbreviations: */
	"(([-+]?[ \\t]+)?"
	"[0-9]+(\\.[0-9]*)?[ \\t]*"
	"(millenniums|millennia|millennium|mil|mils|"
	"centuries|century|cent|c|"
	"decades|decade|dec|decs|"
	"years|year|y|"
	"months|month|mon|"
	"weeks|week|w|"
	"days|day|d|"
	"hours|hour|hr|hrs|h|"
	"minutes|minute|mins|min|m|"
	"seconds|second|secs|sec|s))+|"
	/* Textual time units plus (dd)* hh[:mm[:ss]] */
	"((([-+]?[ \\t]+)?"
	"[0-9]+(\\.[0-9]*)?[ \\t]*"
	"(millenniums|millennia|millennium|mil|mils|"
	"centuries|century|cent|c|"
	"decades|decade|dec|decs|"
	"years|year|y|"
	"months|month|mon|"
	"weeks|week|w|"
	"days|day|d))+"
	"([-+]?[ \\t]+"
	"([0-9]+[ \\t]+)+"				 /* dd */
	"(([0-9]{1,2}:){0,2}[0-9]{0,2})" /* hh:[mm:[ss]] */
	")?))"
	"([ \\t]+ago)?$#ni");
	ADD_REGEX("#^([0-9a-f]{2,2}:){5,5}[0-9a-f]{2,2}$#ni");
}

static void php_libpq_version(char *buf, size_t len)
{
	int version = PQlibVersion();
	int major = version / 10000;
	if (major >= 10) {
		int minor = version % 10000;
		snprintf(buf, len, "%d.%d", major, minor);
	} else {
		int minor = version / 100 % 100;
		int revision = version % 100;
		snprintf(buf, len, "%d.%d.%d", major, minor, revision);
	}
}

PHP_MINIT_FUNCTION(pgsql)
{
	REGISTER_INI_ENTRIES();

	le_plink = zend_register_list_destructors_ex(NULL, _close_pgsql_plink, "pgsql link persistent", module_number);

	pgsql_link_ce = register_class_PgSql_Connection();
	pgsql_link_ce->create_object = pgsql_link_create_object;
	pgsql_link_ce->default_object_handlers = &pgsql_link_object_handlers;

	memcpy(&pgsql_link_object_handlers, &std_object_handlers, sizeof(zend_object_handlers));
	pgsql_link_object_handlers.offset = XtOffsetOf(pgsql_link_handle, std);
	pgsql_link_object_handlers.free_obj = pgsql_link_free_obj;
	pgsql_link_object_handlers.get_constructor = pgsql_link_get_constructor;
	pgsql_link_object_handlers.clone_obj = NULL;
	pgsql_link_object_handlers.compare = zend_objects_not_comparable;

	pgsql_result_ce = register_class_PgSql_Result();
	pgsql_result_ce->create_object = pgsql_result_create_object;
	pgsql_result_ce->default_object_handlers = &pgsql_result_object_handlers;

	memcpy(&pgsql_result_object_handlers, &std_object_handlers, sizeof(zend_object_handlers));
	pgsql_result_object_handlers.offset = XtOffsetOf(pgsql_result_handle, std);
	pgsql_result_object_handlers.free_obj = pgsql_result_free_obj;
	pgsql_result_object_handlers.get_constructor = pgsql_result_get_constructor;
	pgsql_result_object_handlers.clone_obj = NULL;
	pgsql_result_object_handlers.compare = zend_objects_not_comparable;

	pgsql_lob_ce = register_class_PgSql_Lob();
	pgsql_lob_ce->create_object = pgsql_lob_create_object;
	pgsql_lob_ce->default_object_handlers = &pgsql_lob_object_handlers;

	memcpy(&pgsql_lob_object_handlers, &std_object_handlers, sizeof(zend_object_handlers));
	pgsql_lob_object_handlers.offset = XtOffsetOf(pgLofp, std);
	pgsql_lob_object_handlers.free_obj = pgsql_lob_free_obj;
	pgsql_lob_object_handlers.get_constructor = pgsql_lob_get_constructor;
	pgsql_lob_object_handlers.clone_obj = NULL;
	pgsql_lob_object_handlers.compare = zend_objects_not_comparable;

	/* libpq version */
	php_libpq_version(pgsql_libpq_version, sizeof(pgsql_libpq_version));

	register_pgsql_symbols(module_number);

	return SUCCESS;
}

PHP_MSHUTDOWN_FUNCTION(pgsql)
{
	UNREGISTER_INI_ENTRIES();
	zend_hash_destroy(&PGG(connections));

	for (size_t i = 0; i < PGSQL_MAX_REGEXES; i ++)
		zend_string_release_ex(PGG(regexes[i]), true);

	return SUCCESS;
}

PHP_RINIT_FUNCTION(pgsql)
{
	PGG(default_link) = NULL;
	PGG(num_links) = PGG(num_persistent);
	zend_hash_init(&PGG(field_oids), 0, NULL, release_string, 0);
	zend_hash_init(&PGG(table_oids), 0, NULL, release_string, 0);
	return SUCCESS;
}

PHP_RSHUTDOWN_FUNCTION(pgsql)
{
	if (PGG(default_link)) {
		zend_object_release(PGG(default_link));
		PGG(default_link) = NULL;
	}

	zend_hash_destroy(&PGG(field_oids));
	zend_hash_destroy(&PGG(table_oids));
	/* clean up persistent connection */
	zend_hash_apply(&EG(persistent_list), (apply_func_t) _rollback_transactions);
	return SUCCESS;
}

PHP_MINFO_FUNCTION(pgsql)
{
	char buf[256];

	php_info_print_table_start();
	php_info_print_table_row(2, "PostgreSQL Support", "enabled");
	php_info_print_table_row(2, "PostgreSQL (libpq) Version", pgsql_libpq_version);
	php_info_print_table_row(2, "Multibyte character support", "enabled");
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), ZEND_LONG_FMT, PGG(num_persistent));
	php_info_print_table_row(2, "Active Persistent Links", buf);
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), ZEND_LONG_FMT, PGG(num_links));
	php_info_print_table_row(2, "Active Links", buf);
	php_info_print_table_end();

	DISPLAY_INI_ENTRIES();
}

static void php_pgsql_do_connect(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS, int persistent)
{
	char *connstring;
	size_t connstring_len;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	smart_str str = {0};
	zend_long connect_type = 0;
	PGresult *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_PATH(connstring, connstring_len)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(connect_type)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	smart_str_appends(&str, "pgsql");
	smart_str_appendl(&str, connstring, connstring_len);
	smart_str_appendc(&str, '_');
	/* make sure that the PGSQL_CONNECT_FORCE_NEW bit is not part of the hash so that subsequent
	 * connections can re-use this connection. See bug #39979. */
	smart_str_append_long(&str, connect_type & ~PGSQL_CONNECT_FORCE_NEW);
	smart_str_0(&str);

	if (persistent && PGG(allow_persistent)) {
		zend_resource *le;

		/* try to find if we already have this link in our persistent list */
		if ((le = zend_hash_find_ptr(&EG(persistent_list), str.s)) == NULL) {  /* we don't */
			if (PGG(max_links) != -1 && PGG(num_links) >= PGG(max_links)) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING,
								 "Cannot create new link. Too many open links (" ZEND_LONG_FMT ")", PGG(num_links));
				goto err;
			}
			if (PGG(max_persistent) != -1 && PGG(num_persistent) >= PGG(max_persistent)) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING,
								 "Cannot create new link. Too many open persistent links (" ZEND_LONG_FMT ")", PGG(num_persistent));
				goto err;
			}

			/* create the link */
			pgsql = PQconnectdb(connstring);
			if (pgsql == NULL || PQstatus(pgsql) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
				PHP_PQ_ERROR("Unable to connect to PostgreSQL server: %s", pgsql)
				if (pgsql) {
					PQfinish(pgsql);
				}
				goto err;
			}

			/* hash it up */
			if (zend_register_persistent_resource(ZSTR_VAL(str.s), ZSTR_LEN(str.s), pgsql, le_plink) == NULL) {
				goto err;
			}
			PGG(num_links)++;
			PGG(num_persistent)++;
		} else {  /* we do */
			if (le->type != le_plink) {
				goto err;
			}
			if (connect_type & PGSQL_CONNECT_FORCE_NEW) {
				PGresult *pg_result;

				while ((pg_result = PQgetResult(le->ptr))) {
					PQclear(pg_result);
				}
				PQreset(le->ptr);
			}
			/* ensure that the link did not die */
			if (PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 1) {
				/* need to send & get something from backend to
				   make sure we catch CONNECTION_BAD every time */
				PGresult *pg_result;
				pg_result = PQexec(le->ptr, "select 1");
				PQclear(pg_result);
			}
			if (PQstatus(le->ptr) == CONNECTION_BAD) { /* the link died */
				if (le->ptr == NULL) {
					le->ptr = PQconnectdb(connstring);
				}
				else {
					PQreset(le->ptr);
				}
				if (le->ptr == NULL || PQstatus(le->ptr) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
					php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING,"PostgreSQL connection lost, unable to reconnect");
					zend_hash_del(&EG(persistent_list), str.s);
					goto err;
				}
			}
			pgsql = (PGconn *) le->ptr;
			/* consider to use php_version_compare() here */
			if (zend_strtod(PQparameterStatus(pgsql, "server_version"), NULL) >= 7.2) {
				pg_result = PQexec(pgsql, "RESET ALL;");
				PQclear(pg_result);
			}
		}

		object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_link_ce);
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(return_value);
		link->conn = pgsql;
		link->hash = zend_string_copy(str.s);
		link->notices = NULL;
		link->persistent = 1;
	} else { /* Non persistent connection */
		zval *index_ptr;

		/* first we check the hash for the hashed_details key. If it exists,
		 * it should point us to the right offset where the actual pgsql link sits.
		 * if it doesn't, open a new pgsql link, add it to the resource list,
		 * and add a pointer to it with hashed_details as the key.
		 */
		if (!(connect_type & PGSQL_CONNECT_FORCE_NEW)
			&& (index_ptr = zend_hash_find(&PGG(connections), str.s)) != NULL) {
			php_pgsql_set_default_link(Z_OBJ_P(index_ptr));
			ZVAL_COPY(return_value, index_ptr);

			goto cleanup;
		}
		if (PGG(max_links) != -1 && PGG(num_links) >= PGG(max_links)) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Cannot create new link. Too many open links (" ZEND_LONG_FMT ")", PGG(num_links));
			goto err;
		}

		/* Non-blocking connect */
		if (connect_type & PGSQL_CONNECT_ASYNC) {
			pgsql = PQconnectStart(connstring);
			if (pgsql==NULL || PQstatus(pgsql)==CONNECTION_BAD) {
				PHP_PQ_ERROR("Unable to connect to PostgreSQL server: %s", pgsql);
				if (pgsql) {
					PQfinish(pgsql);
				}
				goto err;
			}
		} else {
			pgsql = PQconnectdb(connstring);
			if (pgsql==NULL || PQstatus(pgsql)==CONNECTION_BAD) {
				PHP_PQ_ERROR("Unable to connect to PostgreSQL server: %s", pgsql);
				if (pgsql) {
					PQfinish(pgsql);
				}
				goto err;
			}
		}

		object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_link_ce);
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(return_value);
		link->conn = pgsql;
		link->hash = zend_string_copy(str.s);
		link->notices = NULL;
		link->persistent = 0;

		/* add it to the hash */
		zend_hash_update(&PGG(connections), str.s, return_value);

		/* Keep track of link => hash mapping, so we can remove the hash entry from connections
		 * when the connection is closed. This uses the address of the connection rather than the
		 * zend_resource, because the resource destructor is passed a stack copy of the resource
		 * structure. */

		PGG(num_links)++;
	}
	/* set notice processor */
	if (! PGG(ignore_notices) && Z_TYPE_P(return_value) == IS_OBJECT) {
		PQsetNoticeProcessor(pgsql, _php_pgsql_notice_handler, link);
	}
	php_pgsql_set_default_link(Z_OBJ_P(return_value));

cleanup:
	smart_str_free(&str);
	return;

err:
	smart_str_free(&str);
	RETURN_FALSE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Open a PostgreSQL connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_connect)
{
	php_pgsql_do_connect(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,0);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Poll the status of an in-progress async PostgreSQL connection attempt*/
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_connect_poll)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *pgsql_handle;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	int ret;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pgsql_handle = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(pgsql_handle);
	pgsql = pgsql_handle->conn;

	ret = PQconnectPoll(pgsql);

	RETURN_LONG(ret);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Open a persistent PostgreSQL connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_pconnect)
{
	php_pgsql_do_connect(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,1);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Close a PostgreSQL connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_close)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(0, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS_OR_NULL(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (!pgsql_link) {
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
		zend_object_release(PGG(default_link));
		PGG(default_link) = NULL;
		RETURN_TRUE;
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);

	if (link == FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK_NO_WARNING()) {
		GC_DELREF(PGG(default_link));
		PGG(default_link) = NULL;
	}
	pgsql_link_free(link);

	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

#define PHP_PG_DBNAME 1
#define PHP_PG_ERROR_MESSAGE 2
#define PHP_PG_OPTIONS 3
#define PHP_PG_PORT 4
#define PHP_PG_TTY 5
#define PHP_PG_HOST 6
#define PHP_PG_VERSION 7
#define PHP_PG_JIT 8
#define PHP_PG_SERVICE 9

/* php_pgsql_get_link_info */
static void php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS, int entry_type)
{
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	char *result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(0, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS_OR_NULL(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (!pgsql_link) {
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else {
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	switch(entry_type) {
		case PHP_PG_DBNAME:
			result = PQdb(pgsql);
			break;
		case PHP_PG_ERROR_MESSAGE:
			RETURN_STR(_php_pgsql_trim_message(PQerrorMessage(pgsql)));
		case PHP_PG_OPTIONS:
			result = PQoptions(pgsql);
			break;
		case PHP_PG_PORT:
			result = PQport(pgsql);
			break;
		case PHP_PG_TTY:
			result = PQtty(pgsql);
			break;
		case PHP_PG_HOST:
			result = PQhost(pgsql);
			break;
		case PHP_PG_VERSION: {
			array_init(return_value);
			char *tmp;
			add_assoc_string(return_value, "client", pgsql_libpq_version);
			add_assoc_long(return_value, "protocol", PQprotocolVersion(pgsql));
			add_assoc_string(return_value, "server", (char*)PQparameterStatus(pgsql, "server_version"));

#define PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM(_x) tmp = (char*)PQparameterStatus(pgsql, _x); \
	if(tmp) add_assoc_string(return_value, _x, tmp); \
	else add_assoc_null(return_value, _x);

			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("server_encoding");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("client_encoding");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("is_superuser");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("session_authorization");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("DateStyle");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("IntervalStyle");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("TimeZone");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("integer_datetimes");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("standard_conforming_strings");
			PHP_PQ_COPY_PARAM("application_name");
			return;
		}
		case PHP_PG_JIT: {
			PGresult *res;
			array_init(return_value);
			res = PQexec(pgsql, "SHOW jit_provider");
			if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
				add_assoc_null(return_value, "jit_provider");
			} else {
				add_assoc_string(return_value, "jit_provider", PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
			}
			PQclear(res);
			res = PQexec(pgsql, "SHOW jit");
			if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
				add_assoc_null(return_value, "jit");
			} else {
				add_assoc_string(return_value, "jit", PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
			}
			PQclear(res);
			return;
		}
#if defined(HAVE_PG_SERVICE)
		case PHP_PG_SERVICE: {
			result = PQservice(pgsql);
			break;
		}
#endif
		EMPTY_SWITCH_DEFAULT_CASE()
	}
	if (result) {
		RETURN_STRING(result);
	} else {
		RETURN_EMPTY_STRING();
	}
}

/* Get the database name */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_dbname)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_DBNAME);
}

/* Get the error message string */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_last_error)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_ERROR_MESSAGE);
}

/* Get the options associated with the connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_options)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_OPTIONS);
}

/* Return the port number associated with the connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_port)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_PORT);
}

/* Return the tty name associated with the connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_tty)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_TTY);
}

/* Returns the host name associated with the connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_host)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_HOST);
}

/* Returns an array with client, protocol and server version (when available) */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_version)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_VERSION);
}

PHP_FUNCTION(pg_jit)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_JIT);
}

#if defined(HAVE_PG_SERVICE)
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_service)
{
	php_pgsql_get_link_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_SERVICE);
}
#endif

/* Returns the value of a server parameter */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_parameter_status)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	char *param;
	size_t len;

	if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "Os", &pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce, &param, &len) == FAILURE) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(param, len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else {
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	param = (char*)PQparameterStatus(pgsql, param);
	if (param) {
		RETURN_STRING(param);
	} else {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}

/* Ping database. If connection is bad, try to reconnect. */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_ping)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	PGresult *res;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(0, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS_OR_NULL(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (pgsql_link == NULL) {
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else {
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	/* ping connection */
	res = PQexec(pgsql, "SELECT 1;");
	PQclear(res);

	/* check status. */
	if (PQstatus(pgsql) == CONNECTION_OK)
		RETURN_TRUE;

	/* reset connection if it's broken */
	PQreset(pgsql);
	if (PQstatus(pgsql) == CONNECTION_OK) {
		RETURN_TRUE;
	}
	RETURN_FALSE;
}

/* Execute a query */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_query)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	char *query;
	size_t query_len;
	bool leftover = false;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	ExecStatusType status;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 1) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(1, 2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,"Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
		leftover = true;
	}
	if (leftover) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Found results on this connection. Use pg_get_result() to get these results first");
	}
	pgsql_result = PQexec(pgsql, query);
	if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_OK) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
		PQreset(pgsql);
		pgsql_result = PQexec(pgsql, query);
	}

	if (pgsql_result) {
		status = PQresultStatus(pgsql_result);
	} else {
		status = (ExecStatusType) PQstatus(pgsql);
	}

	switch (status) {
		case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
		case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
		case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
		case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
			PHP_PQ_ERROR("Query failed: %s", pgsql);
			PQclear(pgsql_result);
			RETURN_FALSE;
			break;
		case PGRES_COMMAND_OK: /* successful command that did not return rows */
		default:
			if (pgsql_result) {
				object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_result_ce);
				pgsql_result_handle *pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(return_value);
				pg_result->conn = pgsql;
				pg_result->result = pgsql_result;
				pg_result->row = 0;
			} else {
				PQclear(pgsql_result);
				RETURN_FALSE;
			}
			break;
	}
}

/* The char pointer MUST refer to the char* of a zend_string struct */
static void php_pgsql_zend_string_release_from_char_pointer(char *ptr) {
	zend_string_release((zend_string*) (ptr - XtOffsetOf(zend_string, val)));
}

static void _php_pgsql_free_params(char **params, uint32_t num_params)
{
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_params; i++) {
		if (params[i]) {
			php_pgsql_zend_string_release_from_char_pointer(params[i]);
		}
	}
	efree(params);
}

static char **php_pgsql_make_arguments(const HashTable *param_arr, int *num_params)
{
	/* This conversion is safe because of the limit of number of elements in a table. */
	*num_params = (int) zend_hash_num_elements(param_arr);
	char **params = safe_emalloc(sizeof(char *), *num_params, 0);
	uint32_t i = 0;

	ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_VAL(param_arr, zval *tmp) {
		ZVAL_DEREF(tmp);
		if (Z_TYPE_P(tmp) == IS_NULL) {
			params[i] = NULL;
		} else {
			zend_string *param_str = zval_try_get_string(tmp);
			if (!param_str) {
				_php_pgsql_free_params(params, i);
				return NULL;
			}
			params[i] = ZSTR_VAL(param_str);
		}
		i++;
	} ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_END();

	return params;
}

/* Execute a query */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_query_params)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	zval *pv_param_arr;
	char *query;
	size_t query_len;
	bool leftover = false;
	int num_params;
	char **params = NULL;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	ExecStatusType status;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
			Z_PARAM_ARRAY(pv_param_arr)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 3) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
			Z_PARAM_ARRAY(pv_param_arr)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(2, 3);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,"Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
		leftover = true;
	}
	if (leftover) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Found results on this connection. Use pg_get_result() to get these results first");
	}

	params = php_pgsql_make_arguments(Z_ARRVAL_P(pv_param_arr), &num_params);
	if (UNEXPECTED(!params)) {
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql_result = PQexecParams(pgsql, query, num_params,
					NULL, (const char * const *)params, NULL, NULL, 0);
	if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_OK) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
		PQreset(pgsql);
		pgsql_result = PQexecParams(pgsql, query, num_params,
						NULL, (const char * const *)params, NULL, NULL, 0);
	}

	if (pgsql_result) {
		status = PQresultStatus(pgsql_result);
	} else {
		status = (ExecStatusType) PQstatus(pgsql);
	}

	_php_pgsql_free_params(params, num_params);

	switch (status) {
		case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
		case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
		case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
		case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
			PHP_PQ_ERROR("Query failed: %s", pgsql);
			PQclear(pgsql_result);
			RETURN_FALSE;
			break;
		case PGRES_COMMAND_OK: /* successful command that did not return rows */
		default:
			if (pgsql_result) {
				object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_result_ce);
				pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(return_value);
				pg_result->conn = pgsql;
				pg_result->result = pgsql_result;
				pg_result->row = 0;
			} else {
				PQclear(pgsql_result);
				RETURN_FALSE;
			}
			break;
	}
}

/* Prepare a query for future execution */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_prepare)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	char *query, *stmtname;
	size_t query_len, stmtname_len;
	bool leftover = false;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	ExecStatusType status;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(stmtname, stmtname_len)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 3) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(stmtname, stmtname_len)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(2, 3);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,"Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
		leftover = true;
	}
	if (leftover) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Found results on this connection. Use pg_get_result() to get these results first");
	}
	pgsql_result = PQprepare(pgsql, stmtname, query, 0, NULL);
	if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_OK) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
		PQreset(pgsql);
		pgsql_result = PQprepare(pgsql, stmtname, query, 0, NULL);
	}

	if (pgsql_result) {
		status = PQresultStatus(pgsql_result);
	} else {
		status = (ExecStatusType) PQstatus(pgsql);
	}

	switch (status) {
		case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
		case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
		case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
		case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
			PHP_PQ_ERROR("Query failed: %s", pgsql);
			PQclear(pgsql_result);
			RETURN_FALSE;
			break;
		case PGRES_COMMAND_OK: /* successful command that did not return rows */
		default:
			if (pgsql_result) {
				object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_result_ce);
				pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(return_value);
				pg_result->conn = pgsql;
				pg_result->result = pgsql_result;
				pg_result->row = 0;
			} else {
				PQclear(pgsql_result);
				RETURN_FALSE;
			}
			break;
	}
}

/* Execute a prepared query  */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_execute)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	zval *pv_param_arr;
	char *stmtname;
	size_t stmtname_len;
	bool leftover = false;
	int num_params;
	char **params = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	ExecStatusType status;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(stmtname, stmtname_len)
			Z_PARAM_ARRAY(pv_param_arr)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 3) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(stmtname, stmtname_len)
			Z_PARAM_ARRAY(pv_param_arr)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(2, 3);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,"Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
		leftover = true;
	}
	if (leftover) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Found results on this connection. Use pg_get_result() to get these results first");
	}

	params = php_pgsql_make_arguments(Z_ARRVAL_P(pv_param_arr), &num_params);
	if (UNEXPECTED(!params)) {
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql_result = PQexecPrepared(pgsql, stmtname, num_params,
					(const char * const *)params, NULL, NULL, 0);
	if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_OK) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
		PQreset(pgsql);
		pgsql_result = PQexecPrepared(pgsql, stmtname, num_params,
						(const char * const *)params, NULL, NULL, 0);
	}

	if (pgsql_result) {
		status = PQresultStatus(pgsql_result);
	} else {
		status = (ExecStatusType) PQstatus(pgsql);
	}

	_php_pgsql_free_params(params, num_params);

	switch (status) {
		case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
		case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
		case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
		case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
			PHP_PQ_ERROR("Query failed: %s", pgsql);
			PQclear(pgsql_result);
			RETURN_FALSE;
			break;
		case PGRES_COMMAND_OK: /* successful command that did not return rows */
		default:
			if (pgsql_result) {
				object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_result_ce);
				pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(return_value);
				pg_result->conn = pgsql;
				pg_result->result = pgsql_result;
				pg_result->row = 0;
			} else {
				PQclear(pgsql_result);
				RETURN_FALSE;
			}
			break;
	}
}

#define PHP_PG_NUM_ROWS 1
#define PHP_PG_NUM_FIELDS 2
#define PHP_PG_CMD_TUPLES 3

/* php_pgsql_get_result_info */
static void php_pgsql_get_result_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS, int entry_type)
{
	zval *result;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	switch (entry_type) {
		case PHP_PG_NUM_ROWS:
			RETVAL_LONG(PQntuples(pgsql_result));
			break;
		case PHP_PG_NUM_FIELDS:
			RETVAL_LONG(PQnfields(pgsql_result));
			break;
		case PHP_PG_CMD_TUPLES:
			RETVAL_LONG(atoi(PQcmdTuples(pgsql_result)));
			break;
		EMPTY_SWITCH_DEFAULT_CASE()
	}
}

/* Return the number of rows in the result */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_num_rows)
{
	php_pgsql_get_result_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_NUM_ROWS);
}

/* Return the number of fields in the result */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_num_fields)
{
	php_pgsql_get_result_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_NUM_FIELDS);
}

/* Returns the number of affected tuples */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_affected_rows)
{
	php_pgsql_get_result_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_CMD_TUPLES);
}

/* Returns the last notice set by the backend */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_last_notice)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	zval *notice;
	HashTable *notices;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_long option = PGSQL_NOTICE_LAST;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(option)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);

	notices = link->notices;
	switch (option) {
		case PGSQL_NOTICE_LAST:
			if (notices) {
				zend_hash_internal_pointer_end(notices);
				if ((notice = zend_hash_get_current_data(notices)) == NULL) {
					RETURN_EMPTY_STRING();
				}
				RETURN_COPY(notice);
			} else {
				RETURN_EMPTY_STRING();
			}
			break;
		case PGSQL_NOTICE_ALL:
			if (notices) {
				RETURN_ARR(zend_array_dup(notices));
			} else {
				array_init(return_value);
				return;
			}
			break;
		case PGSQL_NOTICE_CLEAR:
			if (notices) {
				zend_hash_clean(notices);
			}
			RETURN_TRUE;
			break;
		default:
			zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be one of PGSQL_NOTICE_LAST, PGSQL_NOTICE_ALL, or PGSQL_NOTICE_CLEAR");
			RETURN_THROWS();
	}
	ZEND_UNREACHABLE();
}

static inline bool is_valid_oid_string(zend_string *oid, Oid *return_oid)
{
	char *end_ptr;
	*return_oid = (Oid) strtoul(ZSTR_VAL(oid), &end_ptr, 10);
	return ZSTR_VAL(oid) + ZSTR_LEN(oid) == end_ptr;
}

static zend_string *get_field_name(PGconn *pgsql, Oid oid)
{
	zend_string *ret = zend_hash_index_find_ptr(&PGG(field_oids), oid);
	if (ret) {
		zend_string_addref(ret);
		return ret;
	}

	PGresult *result = PQexec(pgsql, "select oid,typname from pg_type");
	if (!result || PQresultStatus(result) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
		if (result) {
			PQclear(result);
		}
		return ZSTR_EMPTY_ALLOC();
	}

	int num_rows = PQntuples(result);
	int oid_offset = PQfnumber(result,"oid");
	int name_offset = PQfnumber(result,"typname");
	for (int i = 0; i < num_rows; i++) {
		char *tmp_oid_str = PQgetvalue(result, i, oid_offset);
		if (!tmp_oid_str) {
			continue;
		}

		char *tmp_name = PQgetvalue(result, i, name_offset);
		if (!tmp_name) {
			continue;
		}

		Oid tmp_oid = strtoul(tmp_oid_str, NULL, 10);

		zend_string *name = zend_string_init(tmp_name, strlen(tmp_name), 0);
		zend_hash_index_update_ptr(&PGG(field_oids), tmp_oid, name);
		if (!ret && tmp_oid == oid) {
			ret = zend_string_copy(name);
		}
	}

	PQclear(result);
	return ret;
}

/* Returns the name of the table field belongs to, or table's oid if oid_only is true */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_field_table)
{
	zval *result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	zend_long fnum = -1;
	bool return_oid = false;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(fnum)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_BOOL(return_oid)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);

	if (fnum < 0) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be greater than or equal to 0");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (fnum >= PQnfields(pg_result->result)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be less than the number of fields for this result set");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	Oid oid = PQftable(pg_result->result, (int)fnum);
	if (InvalidOid == oid) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	if (return_oid) {
		PGSQL_RETURN_OID(oid);
	}

	zend_string *field_table = zend_hash_index_find_ptr(&PGG(table_oids), oid);
	if (field_table) {
		RETURN_STR_COPY(field_table);
	}

	/* Not found, lookup by querying PostgreSQL system tables */
	smart_str querystr = {0};
	smart_str_appends(&querystr, "select relname from pg_class where oid=");
	smart_str_append_unsigned(&querystr, oid);
	smart_str_0(&querystr);

	PGresult *tmp_res = PQexec(pg_result->conn, ZSTR_VAL(querystr.s));
	smart_str_free(&querystr);
	if (!tmp_res || PQresultStatus(tmp_res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
		if (tmp_res) {
			PQclear(tmp_res);
		}
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	char *table_name = PQgetvalue(tmp_res, 0, 0);
	if (!table_name) {
		PQclear(tmp_res);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	field_table = zend_string_init(table_name, strlen(table_name), 0);
	zend_hash_index_update_ptr(&PGG(table_oids), oid, field_table);

	PQclear(tmp_res);
	RETURN_STR_COPY(field_table);
}
/* }}} */

#define PHP_PG_FIELD_NAME 1
#define PHP_PG_FIELD_SIZE 2
#define PHP_PG_FIELD_TYPE 3
#define PHP_PG_FIELD_TYPE_OID 4

/* {{{ php_pgsql_get_field_info */
static void php_pgsql_get_field_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS, int entry_type)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long field;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	Oid oid;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(field)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);

	if (field < 0) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be greater than or equal to 0");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	if (field >= PQnfields(pgsql_result)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be less than the number of fields for this result set");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	switch (entry_type) {
		case PHP_PG_FIELD_NAME:
			RETURN_STRING(PQfname(pgsql_result, (int)field));
			break;
		case PHP_PG_FIELD_SIZE:
			RETURN_LONG(PQfsize(pgsql_result, (int)field));
			break;
		case PHP_PG_FIELD_TYPE:
			RETURN_STR(get_field_name(pg_result->conn, PQftype(pgsql_result, (int)field)));
			break;
		case PHP_PG_FIELD_TYPE_OID:

			oid = PQftype(pgsql_result, (int)field);
			PGSQL_RETURN_OID(oid);
			break;
		EMPTY_SWITCH_DEFAULT_CASE()
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns the name of the field */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_field_name)
{
	php_pgsql_get_field_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_FIELD_NAME);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns the internal size of the field */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_field_size)
{
	php_pgsql_get_field_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_FIELD_SIZE);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns the type name for the given field */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_field_type)
{
	php_pgsql_get_field_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_FIELD_TYPE);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns the type oid for the given field */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_field_type_oid)
{
	php_pgsql_get_field_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU,PHP_PG_FIELD_TYPE_OID);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns the field number of the named field */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_field_num)
{
	zval *result;
	char *field;
	size_t field_len;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(field, field_len)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	RETURN_LONG(PQfnumber(pgsql_result, field));
}
/* }}} */

static zend_long field_arg_to_offset(
		PGresult *result, zend_string *field_name, zend_long field_offset, int arg_num) {
	if (field_name) {
		field_offset = PQfnumber(result, ZSTR_VAL(field_name));
		if (field_offset < 0) {
			/* Avoid displaying the argument name, as the signature is overloaded and the name
			 * might not line up. */
			zend_value_error("Argument #%d must be a field name from this result set", arg_num);
			return -1;
		}
	} else {
		if (field_offset < 0) {
			zend_value_error("Argument #%d must be greater than or equal to 0", arg_num);
			return -1;
		}
		if (field_offset >= PQnfields(result)) {
			zend_value_error("Argument #%d must be less than the number of fields for this result set", arg_num);
			return -1;
		}
	}
	return field_offset;
}

/* {{{ Returns values from a result identifier */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fetch_result)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_string *field_name;
	zend_long row, field_offset = 0;
	bool row_is_null = false;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	int pgsql_row;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		if (zend_string_equals_literal(EX(func)->common.function_name, "pg_fetch_result")) {
			zend_error(E_DEPRECATED, "Calling pg_fetch_result() with 2 arguments is deprecated, "
				"use the 3-parameter signature with a null $row parameter instead");
			if (UNEXPECTED(EG(exception))) {
				RETURN_THROWS();
			}
		}

		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
			Z_PARAM_STR_OR_LONG(field_name, field_offset)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 3) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
			if (zend_string_equals_literal(EG(current_execute_data)->func->common.function_name, "pg_result")) {
				Z_PARAM_LONG(row)
			} else {
				Z_PARAM_LONG_OR_NULL(row, row_is_null)
			}
			Z_PARAM_STR_OR_LONG(field_name, field_offset)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(2, 3);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2 || row_is_null) {
		if (pg_result->row < 0) {
			pg_result->row = 0;
		}
		pgsql_row = pg_result->row;
		if (pgsql_row >= PQntuples(pgsql_result)) {
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
		pg_result->row++;
	} else {
		if (row < 0) {
			zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be greater than or equal to 0");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		if (row >= PQntuples(pgsql_result)) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to jump to row " ZEND_LONG_FMT " on PostgreSQL result index " ZEND_LONG_FMT,
							row, Z_LVAL_P(result));
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
		pgsql_row = (int)row;
	}

	field_offset = field_arg_to_offset(pgsql_result, field_name, field_offset, ZEND_NUM_ARGS());
	if (field_offset < 0) {
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (PQgetisnull(pgsql_result, pgsql_row, field_offset)) {
		RETVAL_NULL();
	} else {
		RETVAL_STRINGL(PQgetvalue(pgsql_result, pgsql_row, field_offset),
				PQgetlength(pgsql_result, pgsql_row, field_offset));
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* Returns true when the return_value was populated with an array,
 * otherwise when an error occurs false is returned, in which case the return_value is NOT initialized */
static bool php_pgsql_fetch_hash(zval *return_value, const zval *result, zend_long row, bool row_is_null, zend_long result_type)
{
	PGresult            *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	int             i, num_fields, pgsql_row;
	char            *field_name;

	if (!row_is_null && row < 0) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be greater than or equal to 0");
		return false;
	}

	if (!(result_type & PGSQL_BOTH)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(3, "must be one of PGSQL_ASSOC, PGSQL_NUM, or PGSQL_BOTH");
		return false;
	}

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	if (UNEXPECTED(pg_result->result == NULL)) {
		zend_throw_error(NULL, "PostgreSQL result has already been closed");
		return false;
	}
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	if (!row_is_null) {
		if (row >= PQntuples(pgsql_result)) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to jump to row " ZEND_LONG_FMT " on PostgreSQL result index " ZEND_LONG_FMT,
							row, Z_LVAL_P(result));
			return false;
		}
		pgsql_row = (int)row;
		pg_result->row = pgsql_row;
	} else {
		/* If 2nd param is NULL, use internal row counter to access next row */
		pgsql_row = pg_result->row;
		if (pgsql_row < 0 || pgsql_row >= PQntuples(pgsql_result)) {
			return false;
		}
		pg_result->row++;
	}

	array_init(return_value);
	for (i = 0, num_fields = PQnfields(pgsql_result); i < num_fields; i++) {
		if (PQgetisnull(pgsql_result, pgsql_row, i)) {
			if (result_type & PGSQL_NUM) {
				add_index_null(return_value, i);
			}
			if (result_type & PGSQL_ASSOC) {
				field_name = PQfname(pgsql_result, i);
				add_assoc_null(return_value, field_name);
			}
		} else {
			const char *element = PQgetvalue(pgsql_result, pgsql_row, i);
			if (element) {
				const size_t element_len = strlen(element);

				if (result_type & PGSQL_NUM) {
					add_index_stringl(return_value, i, element, element_len);
				}

				if (result_type & PGSQL_ASSOC) {
					field_name = PQfname(pgsql_result, i);
					add_assoc_stringl(return_value, field_name, element, element_len);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return true;
}

/* {{{ Get a row as an enumerated array */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fetch_row)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long row = 0;
	bool row_is_null = true;
	zend_long result_type = PGSQL_NUM;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG_OR_NULL(row, row_is_null)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(result_type)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (UNEXPECTED(!php_pgsql_fetch_hash(return_value, result, row, row_is_null, result_type))) {
		/* Either an exception is thrown, or we return false */
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Fetch a row as an assoc array */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fetch_assoc)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long row = 0;
	bool row_is_null = true;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG_OR_NULL(row, row_is_null)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (UNEXPECTED(!php_pgsql_fetch_hash(return_value, result, row, row_is_null, PGSQL_ASSOC))) {
		/* Either an exception is thrown, or we return false */
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Fetch a row as an array */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fetch_array)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long row = 0;
	bool row_is_null = true;
	zend_long result_type = PGSQL_BOTH;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG_OR_NULL(row, row_is_null)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(result_type)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (UNEXPECTED(!php_pgsql_fetch_hash(return_value, result, row, row_is_null, result_type))) {
		/* Either an exception is thrown, or we return false */
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Fetch a row as an object */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fetch_object)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long row = 0;
	bool row_is_null = true;
	zend_class_entry *ce = NULL;
	HashTable *ctor_params = NULL;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 4)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG_OR_NULL(row, row_is_null)
		Z_PARAM_CLASS(ce)
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY_HT(ctor_params)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (!ce) {
		ce = zend_standard_class_def;
	}

	if (!ce->constructor && ctor_params && zend_hash_num_elements(ctor_params) > 0) {
		zend_argument_value_error(3,
			"must be empty when the specified class (%s) does not have a constructor",
			ZSTR_VAL(ce->name)
		);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	zval dataset;
	if (UNEXPECTED(!php_pgsql_fetch_hash(&dataset, result, row, row_is_null, PGSQL_ASSOC))) {
		/* Either an exception is thrown, or we return false */
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	// TODO: Check CE is an instantiable class earlier?
	zend_result obj_initialized = object_init_ex(return_value, ce);
	if (UNEXPECTED(obj_initialized == FAILURE)) {
		zval_ptr_dtor(&dataset);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}
	if (!ce->default_properties_count && !ce->__set) {
		Z_OBJ_P(return_value)->properties = Z_ARR(dataset);
	} else {
		zend_merge_properties(return_value, Z_ARRVAL(dataset));
		zval_ptr_dtor(&dataset);
	}

	// TODO: Need to grab constructor via object handler as this allows instantiating internal objects with overridden get_constructor
	if (ce->constructor) {
		zend_call_known_function(ce->constructor, Z_OBJ_P(return_value), Z_OBJCE_P(return_value),
			/* retval */ NULL, /* argc */ 0, /* params */ NULL, ctor_params);
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Fetch all rows into array */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fetch_all)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long result_type = PGSQL_ASSOC;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(result_type)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (!(result_type & PGSQL_BOTH)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be one of PGSQL_ASSOC, PGSQL_NUM, or PGSQL_BOTH");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	array_init(return_value);
	php_pgsql_result2array(pgsql_result, return_value, result_type);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Fetch all rows into array */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fetch_all_columns)
{
	zval *result;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	zend_long colno=0;
	int pg_numrows, pg_row;
	size_t num_fields;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(colno)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);

	if (colno < 0) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be greater than or equal to 0");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	num_fields = PQnfields(pgsql_result);
	if (colno >= (zend_long)num_fields) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be less than the number of fields for this result set");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if ((pg_numrows = PQntuples(pgsql_result)) <= 0) {
		RETURN_EMPTY_ARRAY();
	}

	array_init_size(return_value, pg_numrows);
	zend_hash_real_init_packed(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value));

	for (pg_row = 0; pg_row < pg_numrows; pg_row++) {
		if (PQgetisnull(pgsql_result, pg_row, (int)colno)) {
			add_index_null(return_value, pg_row);
		} else {
			add_index_string(return_value, pg_row, PQgetvalue(pgsql_result, pg_row, (int)colno));
		}
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Set internal row offset */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_result_seek)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long row;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(row)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);

	if (row < 0 || row >= PQntuples(pg_result->result)) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	/* seek to offset */
	pg_result->row = (int)row;
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

#define PHP_PG_DATA_LENGTH 1
#define PHP_PG_DATA_ISNULL 2

/* {{{ php_pgsql_data_info */
static void php_pgsql_data_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS, int entry_type, bool nullable_row)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_string *field_name;
	zend_long row, field_offset = 0;
	bool row_is_null = false;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	int pgsql_row;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		if (nullable_row) {
			zend_error(E_DEPRECATED, "Calling %s() with 2 arguments is deprecated, "
				"use the 3-parameter signature with a null $row parameter instead",
				ZSTR_VAL(EX(func)->common.function_name));
			if (UNEXPECTED(EG(exception))) {
				RETURN_THROWS();
			}
		}

		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
			Z_PARAM_STR_OR_LONG(field_name, field_offset)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 3) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
			if (nullable_row) {
				Z_PARAM_LONG_OR_NULL(row, row_is_null)
			} else {
				Z_PARAM_LONG(row)
			}
			Z_PARAM_STR_OR_LONG(field_name, field_offset)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(2, 3);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2 || row_is_null) {
		if (pg_result->row < 0) {
			pg_result->row = 0;
		}
		pgsql_row = pg_result->row;
		if (pgsql_row < 0 || pgsql_row >= PQntuples(pgsql_result)) {
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
	} else {
		if (row < 0) {
			zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be greater than or equal to 0");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		if (row >= PQntuples(pgsql_result)) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to jump to row " ZEND_LONG_FMT " on PostgreSQL result index " ZEND_LONG_FMT,
							row, Z_LVAL_P(result));
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
		pgsql_row = (int)row;
	}

	field_offset = field_arg_to_offset(pgsql_result, field_name, field_offset, ZEND_NUM_ARGS());
	if (field_offset < 0) {
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	switch (entry_type) {
		case PHP_PG_DATA_LENGTH:
			RETVAL_LONG(PQgetlength(pgsql_result, pgsql_row, field_offset));
			break;
		case PHP_PG_DATA_ISNULL:
			RETVAL_LONG(PQgetisnull(pgsql_result, pgsql_row, field_offset));
			break;
		EMPTY_SWITCH_DEFAULT_CASE()
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns the printed length */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_field_prtlen)
{
	php_pgsql_data_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, PHP_PG_DATA_LENGTH, true);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns the printed length */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fieldprtlen)
{
	php_pgsql_data_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, PHP_PG_DATA_LENGTH, false);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Test if a field is NULL */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_field_is_null)
{
	php_pgsql_data_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, PHP_PG_DATA_ISNULL, true);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Test if a field is NULL */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_fieldisnull)
{
	php_pgsql_data_info(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, PHP_PG_DATA_ISNULL, false);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Free result memory */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_free_result)
{
	zval *result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);

	pgsql_result_free(pg_result);
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns the last object identifier */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_last_oid)
{
	zval *result;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	Oid oid;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	oid = PQoidValue(pgsql_result);
	if (oid == InvalidOid) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	PGSQL_RETURN_OID(oid);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Enable tracing a PostgreSQL connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_trace)
{
	char *z_filename, *mode = "w";
	size_t z_filename_len, mode_len;
	zend_long trace_mode = 0;
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	FILE *fp = NULL;
	php_stream *stream;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 4)
		Z_PARAM_PATH(z_filename, z_filename_len)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_STRING(mode, mode_len)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS_OR_NULL(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(trace_mode)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (!pgsql_link) {
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else {
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	stream = php_stream_open_wrapper(z_filename, mode, REPORT_ERRORS, NULL);

	if (!stream) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	if (FAILURE == php_stream_cast(stream, PHP_STREAM_AS_STDIO, (void**)&fp, REPORT_ERRORS))	{
		php_stream_close(stream);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	php_stream_auto_cleanup(stream);
	PQtrace(pgsql, fp);
	if (trace_mode > 0) {
#ifdef PQTRACE_REGRESS_MODE
		if (!(trace_mode & (PQTRACE_SUPPRESS_TIMESTAMPS|PQTRACE_REGRESS_MODE))) {
			zend_argument_value_error(4, "must be PGSQL_TRACE_SUPPRESS_TIMESTAMPS and/or PGSQL_TRACE_REGRESS_MODE");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		} else {
			PQsetTraceFlags(pgsql, trace_mode);
		}
#else
		zend_argument_value_error(4, "cannot set as trace is unsupported");
		RETURN_THROWS();
#endif
	}
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Disable tracing of a PostgreSQL connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_untrace)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(0, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS_OR_NULL(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (pgsql_link == NULL) {
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else {
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	PQuntrace(pgsql);
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Create a large object */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_create)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL, *oid = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	Oid pgsql_oid, wanted_oid = InvalidOid;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(0, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_ZVAL(pgsql_link)
		Z_PARAM_ZVAL(oid)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	/* Overloaded method uses default link if arg 1 is not an object, set oid pointer */
	if ((ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 1) && (Z_TYPE_P(pgsql_link) != IS_OBJECT)) {
		oid = pgsql_link;
		pgsql_link = NULL;
	}

	if (pgsql_link == NULL) {
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else if ((Z_TYPE_P(pgsql_link) == IS_OBJECT && instanceof_function(Z_OBJCE_P(pgsql_link), pgsql_link_ce))) {
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		zend_argument_type_error(1, "must be of type PgSql\\Connection when the connection is provided");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (oid) {
		switch (Z_TYPE_P(oid)) {
		case IS_STRING:
			{
				if (!is_valid_oid_string(Z_STR_P(oid), &wanted_oid)) {
					/* wrong integer format */
					zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
					RETURN_THROWS();
				}
			}
			break;
		case IS_LONG:
			if (Z_LVAL_P(oid) < (zend_long)InvalidOid) {
				zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
				RETURN_THROWS();
			}
			wanted_oid = (Oid)Z_LVAL_P(oid);
			break;
		default:
			zend_type_error("OID value must be of type string|int, %s given", zend_zval_value_name(oid));
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		if ((pgsql_oid = lo_create(pgsql, wanted_oid)) == InvalidOid) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to create PostgreSQL large object");
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}

		PGSQL_RETURN_OID(pgsql_oid);
	}

	if ((pgsql_oid = lo_creat(pgsql, INV_READ|INV_WRITE)) == InvalidOid) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to create PostgreSQL large object");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	PGSQL_RETURN_OID(pgsql_oid);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Delete a large object */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_unlink)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	zend_long oid_long;
	zend_string *oid_string;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	Oid oid;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	/* accept string type since Oid type is unsigned int */
	if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "OS", &pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce, &oid_string) == SUCCESS) {
		if (!is_valid_oid_string(oid_string, &oid)) {
			/* wrong integer format */
			zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "Ol", &pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce, &oid_long) == SUCCESS) {
		if (oid_long <= (zend_long)InvalidOid) {
			zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		oid = (Oid)oid_long;
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "S", &oid_string) == SUCCESS) {
		if (!is_valid_oid_string(oid_string, &oid)) {
			/* wrong integer format */
			zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "l", &oid_long) == SUCCESS) {
		if (oid_long <= (zend_long)InvalidOid) {
			zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		oid = (Oid)oid_long;
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	}
	else {
		zend_argument_count_error("Requires 1 or 2 arguments, %d given", ZEND_NUM_ARGS());
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (lo_unlink(pgsql, oid) == -1) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to delete PostgreSQL large object %u", oid);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Open a large object and return fd */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_open)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	zend_long oid_long;
	zend_string *oid_string;
	zend_string *mode;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	Oid oid;
	int pgsql_mode=0, pgsql_lofd;
	bool create = false;
	pgLofp *pgsql_lofp;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	/* accept string type since Oid is unsigned int */
	if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "OSS", &pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce, &oid_string, &mode) == SUCCESS) {
		if (!is_valid_oid_string(oid_string, &oid)) {
			/* wrong integer format */
			zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "OlS", &pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce, &oid_long, &mode) == SUCCESS) {
		if (oid_long <= (zend_long)InvalidOid) {
			zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		oid = (Oid)oid_long;
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "SS", &oid_string, &mode) == SUCCESS) {
		if (!is_valid_oid_string(oid_string, &oid)) {
			/* wrong integer format */
			zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "lS", &oid_long, &mode) == SUCCESS) {
		if (oid_long <= (zend_long)InvalidOid) {
			zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		oid = (Oid)oid_long;
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	}
	else {
		zend_argument_count_error("Requires 1 or 2 arguments, %d given", ZEND_NUM_ARGS());
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	/* r/w/+ is little bit more PHP-like than INV_READ/INV_WRITE and a lot of
	   faster to type. Unfortunately, doesn't behave the same way as fopen()...
	   (Jouni)
	*/
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(mode, "r")) {
		pgsql_mode |= INV_READ;
	} else if (zend_string_equals_literal(mode, "w")) {
		pgsql_mode |= INV_WRITE;
		create = true;
	} else if (zend_string_equals_literal(mode, "r+")) {
		pgsql_mode |= INV_READ;
		pgsql_mode |= INV_WRITE;
	} else if (zend_string_equals_literal(mode, "w+")) {
		pgsql_mode |= INV_READ;
		pgsql_mode |= INV_WRITE;
		create = true;
	} else {
		zend_value_error("Mode must be one of 'r', 'r+', 'w', or 'w+'");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if ((pgsql_lofd = lo_open(pgsql, oid, pgsql_mode)) == -1) {
		if (create) {
			if ((oid = lo_creat(pgsql, INV_READ|INV_WRITE)) == 0) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to create PostgreSQL large object");
				RETURN_FALSE;
			} else {
				if ((pgsql_lofd = lo_open(pgsql, oid, pgsql_mode)) == -1) {
					if (lo_unlink(pgsql, oid) == -1) {
						php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Something is really messed up! Your database is badly corrupted in a way NOT related to PHP");
					} else {
						php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to open PostgreSQL large object");
					}

					RETURN_FALSE;
				}
			}
		} else {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to open PostgreSQL large object");
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
	}

	object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_lob_ce);
	pgsql_lofp = Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(return_value);
	pgsql_lofp->conn = pgsql;
	pgsql_lofp->lofd = pgsql_lofd;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Close a large object */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_close)
{
	zval *pgsql_lofp;
	pgLofp *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_lofp, pgsql_lob_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pgsql = Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(pgsql_lofp);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LOB(pgsql);

	if (lo_close((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd) < 0) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Unable to close PostgreSQL large object descriptor %d", pgsql->lofd);
		RETVAL_FALSE;
	} else {
		RETVAL_TRUE;
	}

	return;
}
/* }}} */

#define PGSQL_LO_READ_BUF_SIZE  8192

/* {{{ Read a large object */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_read)
{
	zval *pgsql_id;
	zend_long buffer_length = PGSQL_LO_READ_BUF_SIZE;
	int nbytes;
	zend_string *buf;
	pgLofp *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_id, pgsql_lob_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(buffer_length)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pgsql = Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(pgsql_id);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LOB(pgsql);

	if (buffer_length < 0) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be greater or equal than 0");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	buf = zend_string_alloc(buffer_length, 0);
	if ((nbytes = lo_read((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd, ZSTR_VAL(buf), ZSTR_LEN(buf)))<0) {
		zend_string_efree(buf);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	ZSTR_VAL(buf)[nbytes] = '\0';
	buf = zend_string_truncate(buf, nbytes, 0);
	RETURN_NEW_STR(buf);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Write a large object */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_write)
{
	zval *pgsql_id;
	zend_string *str;
	zend_long z_len;
	bool z_len_is_null = true;
	size_t nbytes;
	size_t len;
	pgLofp *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_id, pgsql_lob_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(str)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG_OR_NULL(z_len, z_len_is_null)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (!z_len_is_null) {
		if (z_len < 0) {
			zend_argument_value_error(3, "must be greater than or equal to 0");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		if (z_len > (zend_long)ZSTR_LEN(str)) {
			zend_argument_value_error(3, "must be less than or equal to the length of argument #2 ($buf)");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		len = z_len;
	}
	else {
		len = ZSTR_LEN(str);
	}

	pgsql = Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(pgsql_id);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LOB(pgsql);

	if ((nbytes = lo_write((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd, ZSTR_VAL(str), len)) == (size_t)-1) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	RETURN_LONG(nbytes);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Read a large object and send straight to browser */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_read_all)
{
	zval *pgsql_id;
	int tbytes;
	volatile int nbytes;
	char buf[PGSQL_LO_READ_BUF_SIZE];
	pgLofp *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_id, pgsql_lob_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pgsql = Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(pgsql_id);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LOB(pgsql);

	tbytes = 0;
	while ((nbytes = lo_read((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd, buf, PGSQL_LO_READ_BUF_SIZE))>0) {
		PHPWRITE(buf, nbytes);
		tbytes += nbytes;
	}
	RETURN_LONG(tbytes);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Import large object direct from filesystem */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_import)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL, *oid = NULL;
	zend_string *file_in;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	Oid returned_oid;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	/* Deprecated signature with implicit connection */
	if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "P|z", &file_in, &oid) == FAILURE) {
		if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "OP|z", &pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce, &file_in, &oid) == FAILURE) {
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		/* Load implicit connection */
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	}

	if (php_check_open_basedir(ZSTR_VAL(file_in))) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (oid) {
		Oid wanted_oid;
		switch (Z_TYPE_P(oid)) {
		case IS_STRING:
			{
				if (!is_valid_oid_string(Z_STR_P(oid), &wanted_oid)) {
					/* wrong integer format */
					zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
					RETURN_THROWS();
				}
			}
			break;
		case IS_LONG:
			if (Z_LVAL_P(oid) < (zend_long)InvalidOid) {
				zend_value_error("Invalid OID value passed");
				RETURN_THROWS();
			}
			wanted_oid = (Oid)Z_LVAL_P(oid);
			break;
		default:
			zend_type_error("OID value must be of type string|int, %s given", zend_zval_value_name(oid));
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}

		returned_oid = lo_import_with_oid(pgsql, ZSTR_VAL(file_in), wanted_oid);

		if (returned_oid == InvalidOid) {
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}

		PGSQL_RETURN_OID(returned_oid);
	}

	returned_oid = lo_import(pgsql, ZSTR_VAL(file_in));

	if (returned_oid == InvalidOid) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	PGSQL_RETURN_OID(returned_oid);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Export large object direct to filesystem */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_export)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	zend_string *oid_string;
	zend_string *file_out;
	zend_long oid_long;
	Oid oid;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	/* allow string to handle large OID value correctly */
	if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "OlP", &pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce, &oid_long, &file_out) == SUCCESS) {
		if (oid_long <= (zend_long)InvalidOid) {
			zend_argument_value_error(2, "Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		oid = (Oid)oid_long;
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "OSP", &pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce, &oid_string, &file_out) == SUCCESS) {
		if (!is_valid_oid_string(oid_string, &oid)) {
			/* wrong integer format */
			zend_argument_value_error(2, "Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
									  "lP",  &oid_long, &file_out) == SUCCESS) {
		if (oid_long <= (zend_long)InvalidOid) {
			zend_argument_value_error(1, "Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		oid = (Oid)oid_long;
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	}
	else if (zend_parse_parameters_ex(ZEND_PARSE_PARAMS_QUIET, ZEND_NUM_ARGS(),
								 "SP", &oid_string, &file_out) == SUCCESS) {
		if (!is_valid_oid_string(oid_string, &oid)) {
			/* wrong integer format */
			zend_argument_value_error(1, "Invalid OID value passed");
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	}
	else {
		zend_argument_count_error("Requires 2 or 3 arguments, %d given", ZEND_NUM_ARGS());
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (php_check_open_basedir(ZSTR_VAL(file_out))) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	RETURN_BOOL(lo_export(pgsql, oid, ZSTR_VAL(file_out)) != -1);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Seeks position of large object */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_seek)
{
	zval *pgsql_id = NULL;
	zend_long result, offset = 0, whence = SEEK_CUR;
	pgLofp *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_id, pgsql_lob_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(offset)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(whence)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (whence != SEEK_SET && whence != SEEK_CUR && whence != SEEK_END) {
		zend_argument_value_error(3, "must be one of PGSQL_SEEK_SET, PGSQL_SEEK_CUR, or PGSQL_SEEK_END");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(pgsql_id);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LOB(pgsql);

	if (PQserverVersion((PGconn *)pgsql->conn) >= 90300) {
		result = lo_lseek64((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd, offset, (int)whence);
	} else {
		result = lo_lseek((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd, (int)offset, (int)whence);
	}

	if (result > -1) {
		RETURN_TRUE;
	} else {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Returns current position of large object */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_tell)
{
	zval *pgsql_id = NULL;
	zend_long offset = 0;
	pgLofp *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_id, pgsql_lob_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pgsql = Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(pgsql_id);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LOB(pgsql);

#ifdef VE_PG_LO64
	if (PQserverVersion((PGconn *)pgsql->conn) >= 90300) {
		offset = lo_tell64((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd);
	} else {
		offset = lo_tell((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd);
	}
#else
	offset = lo_tell((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd);
#endif
	RETURN_LONG(offset);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Truncate large object to size */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_lo_truncate)
{
	zval *pgsql_id = NULL;
	zend_long size;
	pgLofp *pgsql;
	int result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_id, pgsql_lob_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(size)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pgsql = Z_PGSQL_LOB_P(pgsql_id);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LOB(pgsql);

#ifdef VE_PG_LO64
	if (PQserverVersion((PGconn *)pgsql->conn) >= 90300) {
		result = lo_truncate64((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd, size);
	} else {
		result = lo_truncate((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd, size);
	}
#else
	result = lo_truncate((PGconn *)pgsql->conn, pgsql->lofd, size);
#endif
	if (!result) {
		RETURN_TRUE;
	} else {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Set error verbosity */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_set_error_verbosity)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	zend_long verbosity;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 1) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
			Z_PARAM_LONG(verbosity)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
			Z_PARAM_LONG(verbosity)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(1, 2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (verbosity & (PQERRORS_TERSE|PQERRORS_DEFAULT|PQERRORS_VERBOSE|PQERRORS_SQLSTATE)) {
		RETURN_LONG(PQsetErrorVerbosity(pgsql, verbosity));
	} else {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

PHP_FUNCTION(pg_set_error_context_visibility)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	zend_long visibility;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(visibility)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (visibility == PQSHOW_CONTEXT_NEVER || visibility & (PQSHOW_CONTEXT_ERRORS|PQSHOW_CONTEXT_ALWAYS)) {
		RETURN_LONG(PQsetErrorContextVisibility(pgsql, visibility));
	} else {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be one of PGSQL_SHOW_CONTEXT_NEVER, PGSQL_SHOW_CONTEXT_ERRORS or PGSQL_SHOW_CONTEXT_ALWAYS");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}
}

#ifdef HAVE_PG_RESULT_MEMORY_SIZE
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_result_memory_size)
{
	zval *result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);

	RETURN_LONG(PQresultMemorySize(pg_result->result));
}
#endif

/* {{{ Set client encoding */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_set_client_encoding)
{
	char *encoding;
	size_t encoding_len;
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 1) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(encoding, encoding_len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(encoding, encoding_len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(1, 2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	RETURN_LONG(PQsetClientEncoding(pgsql, encoding));
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get the current client encoding */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_client_encoding)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(0, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS_OR_NULL(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (pgsql_link == NULL) {
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else {
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	/* Just do the same as found in PostgreSQL sources... */

	RETURN_STRING((char *) pg_encoding_to_char(PQclientEncoding(pgsql)));
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Sync with backend. Completes the Copy command */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_end_copy)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	int result = 0;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(0, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS_OR_NULL(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (pgsql_link == NULL) {
		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else {
		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	result = PQendcopy(pgsql);

	if (result!=0) {
		PHP_PQ_ERROR("Query failed: %s", pgsql);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Send null-terminated string to backend server*/
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_put_line)
{
	char *query;
	size_t query_len;
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	int result = 0;

	if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 1) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
		CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
	} else if (ZEND_NUM_ARGS() == 2) {
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
			Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
			Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
		ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

		link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
		CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	} else {
		zend_wrong_parameters_count_error(1, 2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	result = PQputline(pgsql, query);
	if (result==EOF) {
		PHP_PQ_ERROR("Query failed: %s", pgsql);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Copy table to array */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_copy_to)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *table_name;
	zend_string *pg_delimiter = NULL;
	char *pg_null_as = "\\\\N";
	size_t pg_null_as_len = 0;
	char *query;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	ExecStatusType status;
	char *csv = (char *)NULL;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 4)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(table_name)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_STR(pg_delimiter)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(pg_null_as, pg_null_as_len)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (!pg_delimiter) {
		pg_delimiter = ZSTR_CHAR('\t');
	} else if (ZSTR_LEN(pg_delimiter) != 1) {
		zend_argument_value_error(3, "must be one character");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	spprintf(&query, 0, "COPY %s TO STDOUT DELIMITER E'%c' NULL AS E'%s'", ZSTR_VAL(table_name), *ZSTR_VAL(pg_delimiter), pg_null_as);

	while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
	}
	pgsql_result = PQexec(pgsql, query);
	efree(query);

	if (pgsql_result) {
		status = PQresultStatus(pgsql_result);
	} else {
		status = (ExecStatusType) PQstatus(pgsql);
	}

	switch (status) {
		case PGRES_COPY_OUT:
			if (pgsql_result) {
				bool copydone = false;

				PQclear(pgsql_result);
				array_init(return_value);
				zend_hash_real_init_packed(Z_ARRVAL_P(return_value));
				while (!copydone)
				{
					int ret = PQgetCopyData(pgsql, &csv, 0);
					switch (ret) {
						case -1:
							copydone = true;
							break;
						case 0:
						case -2:
							PHP_PQ_ERROR("getline failed: %s", pgsql);
							RETURN_FALSE;
							break;
						default:
							add_next_index_string(return_value, csv);
							PQfreemem(csv);
							break;
					}
				}
				while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
					PQclear(pgsql_result);
				}
			} else {
				PQclear(pgsql_result);
				RETURN_FALSE;
			}
			break;
		default:
			PQclear(pgsql_result);
			PHP_PQ_ERROR("Copy command failed: %s", pgsql);
			RETURN_FALSE;
			break;
	}
}
/* }}} */

static zend_result pgsql_copy_from_query(PGconn *pgsql, PGresult *pgsql_result, zval *value)
{
	zend_string *tmp_tmp;
	zend_string *tmp = zval_try_get_tmp_string(value, &tmp_tmp);
	if (UNEXPECTED(!tmp)) {
		return FAILURE;
	}

	int result;
	if (ZSTR_LEN(tmp) > 0 && ZSTR_VAL(tmp)[ZSTR_LEN(tmp) - 1] != '\n') {
		char *zquery = emalloc(ZSTR_LEN(tmp) + 2);
		memcpy(zquery, ZSTR_VAL(tmp), ZSTR_LEN(tmp) + 1);
		zquery[ZSTR_LEN(tmp)] = '\n';
		zquery[ZSTR_LEN(tmp) + 1] = '\0';
		result = PQputCopyData(pgsql, zquery, ZSTR_LEN(tmp) + 1);
		efree(zquery);
	} else {
		result = PQputCopyData(pgsql, ZSTR_VAL(tmp), ZSTR_LEN(tmp));
	}

	zend_tmp_string_release(tmp_tmp);

	return result != 1 ? FAILURE : SUCCESS;
}

/* {{{ Copy table from array */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_copy_from)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL, *pg_rows;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zval *value;
	zend_string *table_name;
	zend_string *pg_delimiter = NULL;
	char *pg_null_as = "\\\\N";
	size_t pg_null_as_len;
	char *query;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	ExecStatusType status;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 5)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(table_name)
		Z_PARAM_ITERABLE(pg_rows)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_STR(pg_delimiter)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(pg_null_as, pg_null_as_len)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (!pg_delimiter) {
		pg_delimiter = ZSTR_CHAR('\t');
	} else if (ZSTR_LEN(pg_delimiter) != 1) {
		zend_argument_value_error(4, "must be one character");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	spprintf(&query, 0, "COPY %s FROM STDIN DELIMITER E'%c' NULL AS E'%s'", ZSTR_VAL(table_name), *ZSTR_VAL(pg_delimiter), pg_null_as);
	while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
		PQclear(pgsql_result);
	}
	pgsql_result = PQexec(pgsql, query);

	efree(query);

	if (pgsql_result) {
		status = PQresultStatus(pgsql_result);
	} else {
		status = (ExecStatusType) PQstatus(pgsql);
	}

	switch (status) {
		case PGRES_COPY_IN:
			if (pgsql_result) {
				PQclear(pgsql_result);
				bool command_failed = false;
				if (Z_TYPE_P(pg_rows) == IS_ARRAY) {
					ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_VAL(Z_ARRVAL_P(pg_rows), value) {
						if (pgsql_copy_from_query(pgsql, pgsql_result, value) == FAILURE) {
							PHP_PQ_ERROR("copy failed: %s", pgsql);
							RETURN_FALSE;
						}
					} ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_END();
				} else {
					zend_object_iterator *iter = Z_OBJCE_P(pg_rows)->get_iterator(Z_OBJCE_P(pg_rows), pg_rows, 0);
					if (UNEXPECTED(EG(exception) || iter == NULL)) {
						RETURN_THROWS();
					}

					if (iter->funcs->rewind) {
						iter->funcs->rewind(iter);
					}

					while (iter->funcs->valid(iter) == SUCCESS && EG(exception) == NULL) {
						zval *value = iter->funcs->get_current_data(iter);
						if (pgsql_copy_from_query(pgsql, pgsql_result, value) == FAILURE) {
							zend_iterator_dtor(iter);
							PHP_PQ_ERROR("copy failed: %s", pgsql);
							RETURN_FALSE;
						}
						iter->funcs->move_forward(iter);
					}
					zend_iterator_dtor(iter);
				}
				if (PQputCopyEnd(pgsql, NULL) != 1) {
					PHP_PQ_ERROR("putcopyend failed: %s", pgsql);
					RETURN_FALSE;
				}
				while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
					if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != PQresultStatus(pgsql_result)) {
						PHP_PQ_ERROR("Copy command failed: %s", pgsql);
						command_failed = true;
					}
					PQclear(pgsql_result);
				}
				if (command_failed) {
					RETURN_FALSE;
				}
			} else {
				PQclear(pgsql_result);
				RETURN_FALSE;
			}
			RETURN_TRUE;
			break;
		default:
			PQclear(pgsql_result);
			PHP_PQ_ERROR("Copy command failed: %s", pgsql);
			RETURN_FALSE;
			break;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Escape string for text/char type */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_escape_string)
{
	zend_string *from = NULL, *to = NULL;
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;

	switch (ZEND_NUM_ARGS()) {
		case 1:
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
				Z_PARAM_STR(from)
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

			link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
			break;
		default:
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
				Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
				Z_PARAM_STR(from)
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

			link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
			CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
			break;
	}

	to = zend_string_safe_alloc(ZSTR_LEN(from), 2, 0, 0);
	if (link) {
		int err;
		pgsql = link->conn;
		ZSTR_LEN(to) = PQescapeStringConn(pgsql, ZSTR_VAL(to), ZSTR_VAL(from), ZSTR_LEN(from), &err);
		if (err) {
			zend_argument_value_error(ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "Escaping string failed");
			zend_string_efree(to);
			RETURN_THROWS();
		}
	} else
	{
		ZSTR_LEN(to) = PQescapeString(ZSTR_VAL(to), ZSTR_VAL(from), ZSTR_LEN(from));
	}

	to = zend_string_truncate(to, ZSTR_LEN(to), 0);
	RETURN_NEW_STR(to);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Escape binary for bytea type  */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_escape_bytea)
{
	zend_string *from;
	char *to = NULL;
	size_t to_len;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	switch (ZEND_NUM_ARGS()) {
		case 1:
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
				Z_PARAM_STR(from)
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

			link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
			break;
		default:
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
				Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
				Z_PARAM_STR(from)
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

			link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
			CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
			break;
	}

	if (link) {
		pgsql = link->conn;
		to = (char *)PQescapeByteaConn(pgsql, (unsigned char *)ZSTR_VAL(from), ZSTR_LEN(from), &to_len);
	} else {
		to = (char *)PQescapeBytea((unsigned char *)ZSTR_VAL(from), ZSTR_LEN(from), &to_len);
	}
	if (to == NULL) {
		zend_argument_value_error(ZEND_NUM_ARGS(), "Escape failure");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	RETVAL_STRINGL(to, to_len-1); /* to_len includes additional '\0' */
	PQfreemem(to);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Unescape binary for bytea type  */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_unescape_bytea)
{
	char *from, *tmp;
	size_t to_len;
	size_t from_len;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(from, from_len)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	tmp = (char *)PQunescapeBytea((unsigned char*)from, &to_len);
	if (!tmp) {
		zend_error_noreturn(E_ERROR, "Out of memory");
	}

	RETVAL_STRINGL(tmp, to_len);
	PQfreemem(tmp);
}
/* }}} */

static void php_pgsql_escape_internal(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS, int escape_literal) /* {{{ */ {
	zend_string *from = NULL;
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	char *tmp;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;

	switch (ZEND_NUM_ARGS()) {
		case 1:
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
				Z_PARAM_STR(from)
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

			link = FETCH_DEFAULT_LINK();
			CHECK_DEFAULT_LINK(link);
			break;

		default:
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
				Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
				Z_PARAM_STR(from)
			ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

			link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
			CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
			break;
	}

	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (escape_literal) {
		tmp = PQescapeLiteral(pgsql, ZSTR_VAL(from), ZSTR_LEN(from));
	} else {
		tmp = PQescapeIdentifier(pgsql, ZSTR_VAL(from), ZSTR_LEN(from));
	}
	if (!tmp) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Failed to escape");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	RETVAL_STRING(tmp);
	PQfreemem(tmp);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Escape parameter as string literal (i.e. parameter)	*/
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_escape_literal)
{
	php_pgsql_escape_internal(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, 1);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Escape identifier (i.e. table name, field name)	*/
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_escape_identifier)
{
	php_pgsql_escape_internal(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, 0);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get error message associated with result */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_result_error)
{
	zval *result;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	char *err = NULL;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;
	if (!pgsql_result) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	err = PQresultErrorMessage(pgsql_result);
	RETURN_STRING(err);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get error message field associated with result */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_result_error_field)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long fieldcode;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;
	char *field = NULL;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(fieldcode)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;
	if (!pgsql_result) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	if (fieldcode & (PG_DIAG_SEVERITY|PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE|PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY|PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_DETAIL
				|PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_HINT|PG_DIAG_STATEMENT_POSITION
#ifdef PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_POSITION
				|PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_POSITION
#endif
#ifdef PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_QUERY
				|PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_QUERY
#endif
				|PG_DIAG_CONTEXT|PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FILE|PG_DIAG_SOURCE_LINE
				|PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FUNCTION)) {
		field = PQresultErrorField(pgsql_result, (int)fieldcode);
		if (field == NULL) {
			RETURN_NULL();
		} else {
			RETURN_STRING(field);
		}
	} else {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get connection status */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_connection_status)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	RETURN_LONG(PQstatus(pgsql));
}

/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get transaction status */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_transaction_status)
{
	zval *pgsql_link = NULL;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	RETURN_LONG(PQtransactionStatus(pgsql));
}

/* }}} */

/* {{{ Reset connection (reconnect) */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_connection_reset)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	PQreset(pgsql);
	
	RETURN_BOOL(PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_BAD);
}
/* }}} */

#define PHP_PG_ASYNC_IS_BUSY		1
#define PHP_PG_ASYNC_REQUEST_CANCEL 2

/* {{{ php_pgsql_flush_query */
static int php_pgsql_flush_query(PGconn *pgsql)
{
	PGresult *res;
	int leftover = 0;

	if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 1)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,"Cannot set connection to nonblocking mode");
		return -1;
	}
	while ((res = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
		PQclear(res);
		leftover++;
	}
	PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0);
	return leftover;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_do_async */
static void php_pgsql_do_async(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS, int entry_type)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 1)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to nonblocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	switch(entry_type) {
		case PHP_PG_ASYNC_IS_BUSY:
			PQconsumeInput(pgsql);
			/* PQisBusy
			 * Returns 1 if a command is busy, that is, PQgetResult would block waiting for input.
			 * A 0 return indicates that PQgetResult can be called with assurance of not blocking.
			 * https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-async.html#LIBPQ-PQISBUSY
			 */
			RETVAL_BOOL(PQisBusy(pgsql));
			break;
		case PHP_PG_ASYNC_REQUEST_CANCEL: {
			PGcancel *c;
			char err[256];
			int rc;

			c = PQgetCancel(pgsql);
			/* PQcancel
			 * The return value of PQcancel is 1 if the cancel request was successfully dispatched and 0 if not.
			 * If not, errbuf is filled with an explanatory error message.
			 * errbuf must be a char array of size errbufsize (the recommended size is 256 bytes).
			 * https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-cancel.html#LIBPQ-PQCANCEL
			 */
			rc = PQcancel(c, err, sizeof(err));
			RETVAL_BOOL(rc);
			if (rc == 0) {
				zend_error(E_WARNING, "cannot cancel the query: %s", err);
			}
			while ((pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
				PQclear(pgsql_result);
			}
			PQfreeCancel(c);
			break;
		}
		EMPTY_SWITCH_DEFAULT_CASE()
	}
	if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Cancel request */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_cancel_query)
{
	php_pgsql_do_async(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, PHP_PG_ASYNC_REQUEST_CANCEL);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get connection is busy or not */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_connection_busy)
{
	php_pgsql_do_async(INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAM_PASSTHRU, PHP_PG_ASYNC_IS_BUSY);
}
/* }}} */

static bool _php_pgsql_link_has_results(PGconn *pgsql) /* {{{ */
{
	PGresult *result;
	while ((result = PQgetResult(pgsql))) {
		PQclear(result);
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Send asynchronous query */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_send_query)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	char *query;
	size_t len;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	int is_non_blocking;
	int ret;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(query, len)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	is_non_blocking = PQisnonblocking(pgsql);

	if (is_non_blocking == 0 && PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 1) == -1) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to nonblocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	if (_php_pgsql_link_has_results(pgsql)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,
			"There are results on this connection. Call pg_get_result() until it returns FALSE");
	}

	if (is_non_blocking) {
		if (!PQsendQuery(pgsql, query)) {
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
		ret = PQflush(pgsql);
	} else {
		if (!PQsendQuery(pgsql, query)) {
			if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_OK) {
				PQreset(pgsql);
			}
			if (!PQsendQuery(pgsql, query)) {
				RETURN_FALSE;
			}
		}

		/* Wait to finish sending buffer */
		while ((ret = PQflush(pgsql))) {
			if (ret == -1) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Could not empty PostgreSQL send buffer");
				break;
			}
			usleep(10000);
		}

		if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0)) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		}
	}

	if (ret == 0) {
		RETURN_TRUE;
	} else if (ret == -1) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	} else {
		RETURN_LONG(0);
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Send asynchronous parameterized query */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_send_query_params)
{
	zval *pgsql_link, *pv_param_arr;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	int num_params;
	char **params = NULL;
	char *query;
	size_t query_len;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	int is_non_blocking;
	int ret;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY(pv_param_arr)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	is_non_blocking = PQisnonblocking(pgsql);

	if (is_non_blocking == 0 && PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 1) == -1) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to nonblocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	if (_php_pgsql_link_has_results(pgsql)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,
			"There are results on this connection. Call pg_get_result() until it returns FALSE");
	}

	params = php_pgsql_make_arguments(Z_ARRVAL_P(pv_param_arr), &num_params);
	if (UNEXPECTED(!params)) {
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (PQsendQueryParams(pgsql, query, num_params, NULL, (const char * const *)params, NULL, NULL, 0)) {
		_php_pgsql_free_params(params, num_params);
	} else if (is_non_blocking) {
		_php_pgsql_free_params(params, num_params);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	} else {
		if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_OK) {
			PQreset(pgsql);
		}
		if (!PQsendQueryParams(pgsql, query, num_params, NULL, (const char * const *)params, NULL, NULL, 0)) {
			_php_pgsql_free_params(params, num_params);
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
	}

	if (is_non_blocking) {
		ret = PQflush(pgsql);
	} else {
		/* Wait to finish sending buffer */
		while ((ret = PQflush(pgsql))) {
			if (ret == -1) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Could not empty PostgreSQL send buffer");
				break;
			}
			usleep(10000);
		}

		if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0) != 0) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		}
	}

	if (ret == 0) {
		RETURN_TRUE;
	} else if (ret == -1) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	} else {
		RETURN_LONG(0);
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Asynchronously prepare a query for future execution */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_send_prepare)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	char *query, *stmtname;
	size_t stmtname_len, query_len;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	int is_non_blocking;
	int ret;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(stmtname, stmtname_len)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(query, query_len)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	is_non_blocking = PQisnonblocking(pgsql);

	if (is_non_blocking == 0 && PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 1) == -1) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to nonblocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	if (_php_pgsql_link_has_results(pgsql)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,
			"There are results on this connection. Call pg_get_result() until it returns FALSE");
	}

	if (!PQsendPrepare(pgsql, stmtname, query, 0, NULL)) {
		if (is_non_blocking) {
			RETURN_FALSE;
		} else {
			if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_OK) {
				PQreset(pgsql);
			}
			if (!PQsendPrepare(pgsql, stmtname, query, 0, NULL)) {
				RETURN_FALSE;
			}
		}
	}

	if (is_non_blocking) {
		ret = PQflush(pgsql);
	} else {
		/* Wait to finish sending buffer */
		while ((ret = PQflush(pgsql))) {
			if (ret == -1) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Could not empty PostgreSQL send buffer");
				break;
			}
			usleep(10000);
		}
		if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0) != 0) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		}
	}

	if (ret == 0) {
		RETURN_TRUE;
	} else if (ret == -1) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	} else {
		RETURN_LONG(0);
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Executes prevriously prepared stmtname asynchronously */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_send_execute)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zval *pv_param_arr;
	int num_params;
	char **params = NULL;
	char *stmtname;
	size_t stmtname_len;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	int is_non_blocking;
	int ret;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_STRING(stmtname, stmtname_len)
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY(pv_param_arr)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	is_non_blocking = PQisnonblocking(pgsql);

	if (is_non_blocking == 0 && PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 1) == -1) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to nonblocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	if (_php_pgsql_link_has_results(pgsql)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE,
			"There are results on this connection. Call pg_get_result() until it returns FALSE");
	}

	params = php_pgsql_make_arguments(Z_ARRVAL_P(pv_param_arr), &num_params);
	if (UNEXPECTED(!params)) {
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (PQsendQueryPrepared(pgsql, stmtname, num_params, (const char * const *)params, NULL, NULL, 0)) {
		_php_pgsql_free_params(params, num_params);
	} else if (is_non_blocking) {
		_php_pgsql_free_params(params, num_params);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	} else {
		if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pgsql) != CONNECTION_OK) {
			PQreset(pgsql);
		}
		if (!PQsendQueryPrepared(pgsql, stmtname, num_params, (const char * const *)params, NULL, NULL, 0)) {
			_php_pgsql_free_params(params, num_params);
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
	}

	if (is_non_blocking) {
		ret = PQflush(pgsql);
	} else {
		/* Wait to finish sending buffer */
		while ((ret = PQflush(pgsql))) {
			if (ret == -1) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Could not empty PostgreSQL send buffer");
				break;
			}
			usleep(10000);
		}
		if (PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0) != 0) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to blocking mode");
		}
	}

	if (ret == 0) {
		RETURN_TRUE;
	} else if (ret == -1) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	} else {
		RETURN_LONG(0);
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get asynchronous query result */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_get_result)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	pgsql_result = PQgetResult(pgsql);
	if (!pgsql_result) {
		/* no result */
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_result_ce);
	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(return_value);
	pg_result->conn = pgsql;
	pg_result->result = pgsql_result;
	pg_result->row = 0;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get status of query result */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_result_status)
{
	zval *result;
	zend_long result_type = PGSQL_STATUS_LONG;
	ExecStatusType status;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	pgsql_result_handle *pg_result;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(result, pgsql_result_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(result_type)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	pg_result = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(result);
	CHECK_PGSQL_RESULT(pg_result);
	pgsql_result = pg_result->result;

	if (result_type == PGSQL_STATUS_LONG) {
		status = PQresultStatus(pgsql_result);
		RETURN_LONG((int)status);
	}
	else if (result_type == PGSQL_STATUS_STRING) {
		RETURN_STRING(PQcmdStatus(pgsql_result));
	} else {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be either PGSQL_STATUS_LONG or PGSQL_STATUS_STRING");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get asynchronous notification */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_get_notify)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_long result_type = PGSQL_ASSOC;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	PGnotify *pgsql_notify;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(result_type)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	if (!(result_type & PGSQL_BOTH)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be one of PGSQL_ASSOC, PGSQL_NUM, or PGSQL_BOTH");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	PQconsumeInput(pgsql);
	pgsql_notify = PQnotifies(pgsql);
	if (!pgsql_notify) {
		/* no notify message */
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	array_init(return_value);
	if (result_type & PGSQL_NUM) {
		add_index_string(return_value, 0, pgsql_notify->relname);
		add_index_long(return_value, 1, pgsql_notify->be_pid);
		/* consider to use php_version_compare() here */
		if (zend_strtod(PQparameterStatus(pgsql, "server_version"), NULL) >= 9.0) {
			add_index_string(return_value, 2, pgsql_notify->extra);
		}
	}
	if (result_type & PGSQL_ASSOC) {
		add_assoc_string(return_value, "message", pgsql_notify->relname);
		add_assoc_long(return_value, "pid", pgsql_notify->be_pid);
		/* consider to use php_version_compare() here */
		if (zend_strtod(PQparameterStatus(pgsql, "server_version"), NULL) >= 9.0) {
			add_assoc_string(return_value, "payload", pgsql_notify->extra);
		}
	}
	PQfreemem(pgsql_notify);
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get backend(server) pid */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_get_pid)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	RETURN_LONG(PQbackendPID(pgsql));
}
/* }}} */

static ssize_t php_pgsql_fd_write(php_stream *stream, const char *buf, size_t count) /* {{{ */
{
	return -1;
}
/* }}} */

static ssize_t php_pgsql_fd_read(php_stream *stream, char *buf, size_t count) /* {{{ */
{
	return -1;
}
/* }}} */

static int php_pgsql_fd_close(php_stream *stream, int close_handle) /* {{{ */
{
	return EOF;
}
/* }}} */

static int php_pgsql_fd_flush(php_stream *stream) /* {{{ */
{
	return FAILURE;
}
/* }}} */

static int php_pgsql_fd_set_option(php_stream *stream, int option, int value, void *ptrparam) /* {{{ */
{
	PGconn *pgsql = (PGconn *) stream->abstract;
	switch (option) {
		case PHP_STREAM_OPTION_BLOCKING:
			return PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, value);
		default:
			return FAILURE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

static int php_pgsql_fd_cast(php_stream *stream, int cast_as, void **ret) /* {{{ */
{
	PGconn *pgsql = (PGconn *) stream->abstract;

	switch (cast_as)	{
		case PHP_STREAM_AS_FD_FOR_SELECT:
		case PHP_STREAM_AS_FD:
		case PHP_STREAM_AS_SOCKETD: {
				int fd_number = PQsocket(pgsql);
				if (fd_number == -1) {
					return FAILURE;
				}

				if (ret) {
					*(php_socket_t *)ret = fd_number;
				}
			}
				return SUCCESS;
			ZEND_FALLTHROUGH;
		default:
			return FAILURE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get a read-only handle to the socket underlying the pgsql connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_socket)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	php_stream *stream;
	PGconn *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	stream = php_stream_alloc(&php_stream_pgsql_fd_ops, pgsql, NULL, "r");

	if (stream) {
		php_stream_to_zval(stream, return_value);
		return;
	}

	RETURN_FALSE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Reads input on the connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_consume_input)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	RETURN_BOOL(PQconsumeInput(pgsql));
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Flush outbound query data on the connection */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_flush)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGconn *pgsql;
	int ret;
	int is_non_blocking;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	is_non_blocking = PQisnonblocking(pgsql);

	if (is_non_blocking == 0 && PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 1) == -1) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Cannot set connection to nonblocking mode");
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}

	ret = PQflush(pgsql);

	if (is_non_blocking == 0 && PQsetnonblocking(pgsql, 0) == -1) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Failed resetting connection to blocking mode");
	}

	switch (ret) {
		case 0: RETURN_TRUE; break;
		case 1: RETURN_LONG(0); break;
		default: RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_meta_data
 * table_name must not be empty
 * TODO: Add meta_data cache for better performance
 */
PHP_PGSQL_API zend_result php_pgsql_meta_data(PGconn *pg_link, const zend_string *table_name, zval *meta, bool extended)
{
	PGresult *pg_result;
	char *src, *tmp_name, *tmp_name2 = NULL;
	char *escaped;
	smart_str querystr = {0};
	size_t new_len, len;
	int i, num_rows, err;
	zval elem;

	ZEND_ASSERT(ZSTR_LEN(table_name) != 0);

	src = estrdup(ZSTR_VAL(table_name));
	tmp_name = php_strtok_r(src, ".", &tmp_name2);
	if (!tmp_name) {
		efree(src);
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be specified (%s)", ZSTR_VAL(table_name));
		return FAILURE;
	}
	if (!tmp_name2 || !*tmp_name2) {
		/* Default schema */
		tmp_name2 = tmp_name;
		tmp_name = "public";
	}

	if (extended) {
		smart_str_appends(&querystr,
						  "SELECT a.attname, a.attnum, t.typname, a.attlen, a.attnotNULL, a.atthasdef, a.attndims, t.typtype, "
						  "d.description "
						  "FROM pg_class as c "
						  " JOIN pg_attribute a ON (a.attrelid = c.oid) "
						  " JOIN pg_type t ON (a.atttypid = t.oid) "
						  " JOIN pg_namespace n ON (c.relnamespace = n.oid) "
						  " LEFT JOIN pg_description d ON (d.objoid=a.attrelid AND d.objsubid=a.attnum AND c.oid=d.objoid) "
						  "WHERE a.attnum > 0  AND c.relname = '");
	} else {
		smart_str_appends(&querystr,
						  "SELECT a.attname, a.attnum, t.typname, a.attlen, a.attnotnull, a.atthasdef, a.attndims, t.typtype "
						  "FROM pg_class as c "
						  " JOIN pg_attribute a ON (a.attrelid = c.oid) "
						  " JOIN pg_type t ON (a.atttypid = t.oid) "
						  " JOIN pg_namespace n ON (c.relnamespace = n.oid) "
						  "WHERE a.attnum > 0 AND c.relname = '");
	}
	len = strlen(tmp_name2);
	escaped = (char *)safe_emalloc(len, 2, 1);
	new_len = PQescapeStringConn(pg_link, escaped, tmp_name2, len, &err);
	if (err) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Escaping table name '%s' failed", ZSTR_VAL(table_name));
		efree(src);
		efree(escaped);
		smart_str_free(&querystr);
		return FAILURE;
	}
	if (new_len) {
		smart_str_appendl(&querystr, escaped, new_len);
	}
	efree(escaped);

	smart_str_appends(&querystr, "' AND n.nspname = '");
	len = strlen(tmp_name);
	escaped = (char *)safe_emalloc(len, 2, 1);
	new_len = PQescapeStringConn(pg_link, escaped, tmp_name, len, &err);
	if (err) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Escaping table namespace '%s' failed", ZSTR_VAL(table_name));
		efree(src);
		efree(escaped);
		smart_str_free(&querystr);
		return FAILURE;
	}
	if (new_len) {
		smart_str_appendl(&querystr, escaped, new_len);
	}
	efree(escaped);

	smart_str_appends(&querystr, "' ORDER BY a.attnum;");
	smart_str_0(&querystr);
	efree(src);

	pg_result = PQexec(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(querystr.s));
	if (PQresultStatus(pg_result) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK || (num_rows = PQntuples(pg_result)) == 0) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Table '%s' doesn't exists", ZSTR_VAL(table_name));
		smart_str_free(&querystr);
		PQclear(pg_result);
		return FAILURE;
	}
	smart_str_free(&querystr);

	for (i = 0; i < num_rows; i++) {
		char *name;
		array_init(&elem);
		/* pg_attribute.attnum */
		add_assoc_long_ex(&elem, "num", sizeof("num") - 1, atoi(PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 1)));
		/* pg_type.typname */
		add_assoc_string_ex(&elem, "type", sizeof("type") - 1, PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 2));
		/* pg_attribute.attlen */
		add_assoc_long_ex(&elem, "len", sizeof("len") - 1, atoi(PQgetvalue(pg_result,i,3)));
		/* pg_attribute.attnonull */
		add_assoc_bool_ex(&elem, "not null", sizeof("not null") - 1, !strcmp(PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 4), "t"));
		/* pg_attribute.atthasdef */
		add_assoc_bool_ex(&elem, "has default", sizeof("has default") - 1, !strcmp(PQgetvalue(pg_result,i,5), "t"));
		/* pg_attribute.attndims */
		add_assoc_long_ex(&elem, "array dims", sizeof("array dims") - 1, atoi(PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 6)));
		/* pg_type.typtype */
		add_assoc_bool_ex(&elem, "is enum", sizeof("is enum") - 1, !strcmp(PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 7), "e"));
		if (extended) {
			/* pg_type.typtype */
			add_assoc_bool_ex(&elem, "is base", sizeof("is base") - 1, !strcmp(PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 7), "b"));
			add_assoc_bool_ex(&elem, "is composite", sizeof("is composite") - 1, !strcmp(PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 7), "c"));
			add_assoc_bool_ex(&elem, "is pseudo", sizeof("is pseudo") - 1, !strcmp(PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 7), "p"));
			/* pg_description.description */
			add_assoc_string_ex(&elem, "description", sizeof("description") - 1, PQgetvalue(pg_result, i, 8));
		}
		/* pg_attribute.attname */
		name = PQgetvalue(pg_result,i,0);
		add_assoc_zval(meta, name, &elem);
	}
	PQclear(pg_result);

	return SUCCESS;
}

/* }}} */

/* {{{ Get meta_data */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_meta_data)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *table_name;
	bool extended = false;
	PGconn *pgsql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(table_name)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_BOOL(extended)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pgsql = link->conn;

	/* php_pgsql_meta_data() asserts that table_name is not empty */
	if (ZSTR_LEN(table_name) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	array_init(return_value);
	if (php_pgsql_meta_data(pgsql, table_name, return_value, extended) == FAILURE) {
		zend_array_destroy(Z_ARR_P(return_value)); /* destroy array */
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_get_data_type */
static php_pgsql_data_type php_pgsql_get_data_type(const zend_string *type_name)
{
	/* This is stupid way to do. I'll fix it when I decide how to support
	   user defined types. (Yasuo) */
	/* boolean */
	if (zend_string_equals(type_name, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_BOOL)) ||zend_string_equals(type_name, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_BOOLEAN)))
		return PG_BOOL;
	/* object id */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "oid"))
		return PG_OID;
	/* integer */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "int2") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "smallint"))
		return PG_INT2;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "int4") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "integer"))
		return PG_INT4;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "int8") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "bigint"))
		return PG_INT8;
	/* real and other */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "float4") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "real"))
		return PG_FLOAT4;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "float8") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "double precision"))
		return PG_FLOAT8;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "numeric"))
		return PG_NUMERIC;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "money"))
		return PG_MONEY;
	/* character */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "text"))
		return PG_TEXT;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "bpchar") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "character"))
		return PG_CHAR;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "varchar") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "character varying"))
		return PG_VARCHAR;
	/* time and interval */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "abstime"))
		return PG_UNIX_TIME;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "reltime"))
		return PG_UNIX_TIME_INTERVAL;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "tinterval"))
		return PG_UNIX_TIME_INTERVAL;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "date"))
		return PG_DATE;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "time"))
		return PG_TIME;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "time with time zone") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "timetz"))
		return PG_TIME_WITH_TIMEZONE;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "timestamp without time zone") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "timestamp"))
		return PG_TIMESTAMP;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "timestamp with time zone") || zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "timestamptz"))
		return PG_TIMESTAMP_WITH_TIMEZONE;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "interval"))
		return PG_INTERVAL;
	/* binary */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "bytea"))
		return PG_BYTEA;
	/* network */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "cidr"))
		return PG_CIDR;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "inet"))
		return PG_INET;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "macaddr"))
		return PG_MACADDR;
	/* bit */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "bit"))
		return PG_BIT;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "bit varying"))
		return PG_VARBIT;
	/* geometric */
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "line"))
		return PG_LINE;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "lseg"))
		return PG_LSEG;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "box"))
		return PG_BOX;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "path"))
		return PG_PATH;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "point"))
		return PG_POINT;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "polygon"))
		return PG_POLYGON;
	if (zend_string_equals_literal(type_name, "circle"))
		return PG_CIRCLE;

	return PG_UNKNOWN;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_convert_match
 * test field value with regular expression specified.
 */
static int php_pgsql_convert_match(const zend_string *str, zend_string *regex)
{
	pcre_cache_entry *centry;
	pcre2_code *re;
	int res;
	size_t i;
	pcre2_match_data *match_data;

	/* Check invalid chars for POSIX regex */
	for (i = 0; i < ZSTR_LEN(str); i++) {
		if (ZSTR_VAL(str)[i] == '\n' ||
			ZSTR_VAL(str)[i] == '\r' ||
			ZSTR_VAL(str)[i] == '\0' ) {
			return FAILURE;
		}
	}

	centry = pcre_get_compiled_regex_cache(regex);
	if (NULL == centry) {
		return FAILURE;
	}

	re = php_pcre_pce_re(centry);
	match_data = php_pcre_create_match_data(0, re);
	if (NULL == match_data) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Cannot allocate match data");
		return FAILURE;
	}
	php_pcre_pce_incref(centry);
	res = pcre2_match(re, (PCRE2_SPTR)ZSTR_VAL(str), ZSTR_LEN(str), 0, 0, match_data, php_pcre_mctx());
	php_pcre_free_match_data(match_data);
	php_pcre_pce_decref(centry);

	if (res == PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH) {
		return FAILURE;
	} else if (res < 0) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "Cannot exec regex");
		return FAILURE;
	}
	return SUCCESS;
}

/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_add_quote
 * add quotes around string.
 */
static zend_string *php_pgsql_add_quotes(zend_string *src)
{
	return zend_string_concat3("E'", strlen("E'"), ZSTR_VAL(src), ZSTR_LEN(src), "'", strlen("'"));
}
/* }}} */

/* Raise E_NOTICE to E_WARNING or Error? */
#define PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE() \
	if (!err && Z_TYPE(new_val) == IS_STRING && zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR(new_val), "NULL")) { \
		/* if new_value is string "NULL" and field has default value, remove element to use default value */ \
		if (!(opt & PGSQL_CONV_IGNORE_DEFAULT) && Z_TYPE_P(has_default) == IS_TRUE) { \
			zval_ptr_dtor(&new_val); \
			skip_field = true; \
		} \
		/* raise error if it's not null and cannot be ignored */ \
		else if (!(opt & PGSQL_CONV_IGNORE_NOT_NULL) && Z_TYPE_P(not_null) == IS_TRUE) { \
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected NULL for 'NOT NULL' field '%s'", ZSTR_VAL(field)); \
			err = 1; \
		} \
	}

/* {{{ php_pgsql_convert
 * check and convert array values (fieldname=>value pair) for sql
 */
PHP_PGSQL_API zend_result php_pgsql_convert(PGconn *pg_link, const zend_string *table_name, const zval *values, zval *result, zend_ulong opt)
{
	zend_string *field = NULL;
	zval meta, *def, *type, *not_null, *has_default, *is_enum, *val, new_val;
	int err = 0, escape_err = 0;
	bool skip_field;
	php_pgsql_data_type data_type;

	ZEND_ASSERT(pg_link != NULL);
	ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(values) == IS_ARRAY);
	ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(result) == IS_ARRAY);
	ZEND_ASSERT(!(opt & ~PGSQL_CONV_OPTS));
	ZEND_ASSERT(table_name);
	/* Table name must not be empty for php_pgsql_meta_data() */
	ZEND_ASSERT(ZSTR_LEN(table_name) != 0);

	array_init(&meta);
	/* table_name is escaped by php_pgsql_meta_data */
	if (php_pgsql_meta_data(pg_link, table_name, &meta, false) == FAILURE) {
		zval_ptr_dtor(&meta);
		return FAILURE;
	}

	ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_STR_KEY_VAL(Z_ARRVAL_P(values), field, val) {
		skip_field = false;
		ZVAL_DEREF(val);
		ZVAL_NULL(&new_val);

		/* TODO: Check when meta data can be broken and see if can use assertions instead */

		if (!err && field == NULL) {
			zend_value_error("Array of values must be an associative array with string keys");
			err = 1;
		}

		if (!err && (def = zend_hash_find(Z_ARRVAL(meta), field)) == NULL) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Invalid field name (%s) in values", ZSTR_VAL(field));
			err = 1;
		}
		if (!err && (type = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(def), "type", sizeof("type") - 1)) == NULL) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected broken meta data. Missing 'type'");
			err = 1;
		}
		if (!err && (not_null = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(def), "not null", sizeof("not null") - 1)) == NULL) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected broken meta data. Missing 'not null'");
			err = 1;
		}
		if (!err && (has_default = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(def), "has default", sizeof("has default") - 1)) == NULL) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected broken meta data. Missing 'has default'");
			err = 1;
		}
		if (!err && (is_enum = zend_hash_str_find(Z_ARRVAL_P(def), "is enum", sizeof("is enum") - 1)) == NULL) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected broken meta data. Missing 'is enum'");
			err = 1;
		}
		if (!err && (Z_TYPE_P(val) == IS_ARRAY || Z_TYPE_P(val) == IS_OBJECT || Z_TYPE_P(val) == IS_RESOURCE)) {
			zend_type_error("Values must be of type string|int|float|bool|null, %s given", zend_zval_value_name(val));
			err = 1;
		}
		if (err) {
			break; /* break out for() */
		}

		if (zend_is_true(is_enum)) {
			/* enums need to be treated like strings */
			data_type = PG_TEXT;
		} else {
			data_type = php_pgsql_get_data_type(Z_STR_P(type));
		}

		switch(data_type)
		{
			case PG_BOOL:
				switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							if (zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "t") || zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "T") ||
								zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "y") || zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "Y") ||
								zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "true") || zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "True") ||
								zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "yes") || zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "Yes") ||
								zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "1")) {
								ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, "'t'", sizeof("'t'")-1);
							}
							else if (zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "f") || zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "F") ||
									 zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "n") || zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "N") ||
									 zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "false") ||  zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "False") ||
									 zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "no") ||  zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "No") ||
									 zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "0")) {
								ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, "'f'", sizeof("'f'")-1);
							}
							else {
								zend_value_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type bool, invalid PostgreSQL string boolean value \"%s\" given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(val));
								err = 1;
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_LONG:
						if (Z_LVAL_P(val)) {
							ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, "'t'", sizeof("'t'")-1);
						}
						else {
							ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, "'f'", sizeof("'f'")-1);
						}
						break;

					case IS_TRUE:
						ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, "'t'", sizeof("'t'")-1);
						break;

					case IS_FALSE:
						ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, "'f'", sizeof("'f'")-1);
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null|int|bool, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;

			case PG_OID:
			case PG_INT2:
			case PG_INT4:
			case PG_INT8:
				switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							/* FIXME: better regex must be used */
							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[0])) == FAILURE) {
								err = 1;
							}
							else {
								ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, Z_STRVAL_P(val), Z_STRLEN_P(val));
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_DOUBLE:
						ZVAL_DOUBLE(&new_val, Z_DVAL_P(val));
						convert_to_long(&new_val);
						break;

					case IS_LONG:
						ZVAL_LONG(&new_val, Z_LVAL_P(val));
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type int|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;

			case PG_NUMERIC:
			case PG_MONEY:
			case PG_FLOAT4:
			case PG_FLOAT8:
				switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							/* better regex? */
							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[1])) == FAILURE) {
								if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[2])) == FAILURE) {
									err = 1;
								} else {
									ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(Z_STR_P(val)));
								}
							}
							else {
								ZVAL_STRING(&new_val, Z_STRVAL_P(val));
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_LONG:
						ZVAL_LONG(&new_val, Z_LVAL_P(val));
						break;

					case IS_DOUBLE:
						ZVAL_DOUBLE(&new_val, Z_DVAL_P(val));
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type %s|int|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), (data_type == PG_MONEY ? "money" : "float"), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;

				/* Exotic types are handled as string also.
				   Please feel free to add more valitions. Invalid query fails
				   at execution anyway. */
			case PG_TEXT:
			case PG_CHAR:
			case PG_VARCHAR:
				/* bit */
			case PG_BIT:
			case PG_VARBIT:
				/* geometric */
			case PG_LINE:
			case PG_LSEG:
			case PG_POINT:
			case PG_BOX:
			case PG_PATH:
			case PG_POLYGON:
			case PG_CIRCLE:
				/* unknown. JSON, Array etc */
			case PG_UNKNOWN:
				switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							if (opt & PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL) {
								ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
							} else {
								ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, "''", sizeof("''")-1);
							}
						}
						else {
							zend_string *str;
							/* PostgreSQL ignores \0 */
							str = zend_string_alloc(Z_STRLEN_P(val) * 2, 0);
							/* better to use PGSQLescapeLiteral since PGescapeStringConn does not handle special \ */
							ZSTR_LEN(str) = PQescapeStringConn(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(str),
									Z_STRVAL_P(val), Z_STRLEN_P(val), &escape_err);
							if (escape_err) {
								err = 1;
							} else {
								ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(str));
							}
							zend_string_release_ex(str, false);
						}
						break;

					case IS_LONG:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, zend_long_to_str(Z_LVAL_P(val)));
						break;

					case IS_DOUBLE:
						ZVAL_DOUBLE(&new_val, Z_DVAL_P(val));
						convert_to_string(&new_val);
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					if (escape_err) {
						php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, 
							"String value escaping failed for PostgreSQL '%s' (%s)",
							Z_STRVAL_P(type), ZSTR_VAL(field));
					} else {
						zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null, %s given",
							get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
					}
				}
				break;

			case PG_UNIX_TIME:
			case PG_UNIX_TIME_INTERVAL:
				/* these are the actallay a integer */
				switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							/* better regex? */
							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[3])) == FAILURE) {
								err = 1;
							}
							else {
								ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, Z_STRVAL_P(val), Z_STRLEN_P(val));
								convert_to_long(&new_val);
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_DOUBLE:
						ZVAL_DOUBLE(&new_val, Z_DVAL_P(val));
						convert_to_long(&new_val);
						break;

					case IS_LONG:
						ZVAL_LONG(&new_val, Z_LVAL_P(val));
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type int|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), zend_zval_value_name(val));
				}
				break;

			case PG_CIDR:
			case PG_INET:
				switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							/* The inet type holds an IPv4 or IPv6 host address, and optionally its subnet, all in one field. See more in the doc.
							 	The regex might still be not perfect, but catches the most of IP variants. We might decide to remove the regex
								at all though and let the server side to handle it.*/
							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[4])) == FAILURE
								&& php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[5])) == FAILURE) {
								err = 2;
							}
							else {
								ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(Z_STR_P(val)));
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					if (err == 2) {
						zend_value_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address string, \"%s\" given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(val));
					} else {
						zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null, given %s", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), zend_zval_value_name(val));
					}
				}
				break;

			case PG_TIME_WITH_TIMEZONE:
			case PG_TIMESTAMP:
			case PG_TIMESTAMP_WITH_TIMEZONE:
				switch(Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						} else if (zend_string_equals_literal_ci(Z_STR_P(val), "now()")) {
							ZVAL_STRINGL(&new_val, "NOW()", sizeof("NOW()")-1);
						} else {
							/* better regex? */
							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[6])) == FAILURE) {
								err = 1;
							} else {
								ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(Z_STR_P(val)));
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;

			case PG_DATE:
				switch(Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							/* FIXME: better regex must be used */
							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[7])) == FAILURE) {
								err = 1;
							}
							else {
								ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(Z_STR_P(val)));
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;

			case PG_TIME:
				switch(Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							/* FIXME: better regex must be used */
							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[8])) == FAILURE) {
								err = 1;
							}
							else {
								ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(Z_STR_P(val)));
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;

			case PG_INTERVAL:
				switch(Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {

							/* From the Postgres docs:

							   interval values can be written with the following syntax:
							   [@] quantity unit [quantity unit...] [direction]

							   Where: quantity is a number (possibly signed); unit is second, minute, hour,
							   day, week, month, year, decade, century, millennium, or abbreviations or
							   plurals of these units [note not *all* abbreviations] ; direction can be
							   ago or empty. The at sign (@) is optional noise.

							   ...

							   Quantities of days, hours, minutes, and seconds can be specified without explicit
							   unit markings. For example, '1 12:59:10' is read the same as '1 day 12 hours 59 min 10
							   sec'.
							*/

							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[9])) == FAILURE) {
								err = 1;
							}
							else {
								ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(Z_STR_P(val)));
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;
			case PG_BYTEA:
				switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							unsigned char *tmp;
							size_t to_len;
							zend_string *tmp_zstr;

							tmp = PQescapeByteaConn(pg_link, (unsigned char *)Z_STRVAL_P(val), Z_STRLEN_P(val), &to_len);
							if (tmp == NULL) {
								php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Escaping value failed for %s field (%s)", Z_STRVAL_P(type), ZSTR_VAL(field));
								err = 1;
								break;
							}
							tmp_zstr = zend_string_init((char *)tmp, to_len - 1, false); /* PQescapeBytea's to_len includes additional '\0' */
							PQfreemem(tmp);

							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(tmp_zstr));
							zend_string_release_ex(tmp_zstr, false);
						}
						break;

					case IS_LONG:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, zend_long_to_str(Z_LVAL_P(val)));
						break;

					case IS_DOUBLE:
						ZVAL_DOUBLE(&new_val, Z_DVAL_P(val));
						convert_to_string(&new_val);
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;

			case PG_MACADDR:
				switch(Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
					case IS_STRING:
						if (Z_STRLEN_P(val) == 0) {
							ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						}
						else {
							if (php_pgsql_convert_match(Z_STR_P(val), PGG(regexes[10])) == FAILURE) {
								err = 1;
							}
							else {
								ZVAL_STR(&new_val, php_pgsql_add_quotes(Z_STR_P(val)));
							}
						}
						break;

					case IS_NULL:
						ZVAL_STR(&new_val, ZSTR_KNOWN(ZEND_STR_NULL));
						break;

					default:
						err = 1;
				}
				PGSQL_CONV_CHECK_IGNORE();
				if (err) {
					zend_type_error("%s(): Field \"%s\" must be of type string|null, %s given", get_active_function_name(), ZSTR_VAL(field), Z_STRVAL_P(type));
				}
				break;

			default:
				/* should not happen */
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Unknown or system data type '%s' for '%s'. Report error", Z_STRVAL_P(type), ZSTR_VAL(field));
				err = 1;
				break;
		} /* switch */

		if (err) {
			zval_ptr_dtor(&new_val);
			break; /* break out for() */
		}
		/* If field is NULL and HAS DEFAULT, should be skipped */
		if (!skip_field) {
			if (_php_pgsql_identifier_is_escaped(ZSTR_VAL(field), ZSTR_LEN(field))) {
				zend_hash_update(Z_ARRVAL_P(result), field, &new_val);
			} else {
				char *escaped = PQescapeIdentifier(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(field), ZSTR_LEN(field));
				if (escaped == NULL) {
					/* This cannot fail because of invalid string but only due to failed memory allocation */
					php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Escaping field '%s' failed", ZSTR_VAL(field));
					err = 1;
					break;
				}
				add_assoc_zval(result, escaped, &new_val);
				PQfreemem(escaped);
			}
		}
	} ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_END(); /* for */

	zval_ptr_dtor(&meta);

	if (err) {
		/* shouldn't destroy & free zval here */
		return FAILURE;
	}
	return SUCCESS;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Check and convert values for PostgreSQL SQL statement */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_convert)
{
	zval *pgsql_link, *values;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *table_name;
	zend_long option = 0;
	PGconn *pg_link;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 4)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(table_name)
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY(values)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(option)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (ZSTR_LEN(table_name) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (option & ~PGSQL_CONV_OPTS) {
		zend_argument_value_error(4, "must be a valid bit mask of PGSQL_CONV_IGNORE_DEFAULT, "
			"PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL, and PGSQL_CONV_IGNORE_NOT_NULL");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pg_link = link->conn;

	if (php_pgsql_flush_query(pg_link)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected unhandled result(s) in connection");
	}
	array_init(return_value);
	if (php_pgsql_convert(pg_link, table_name, values, return_value, option) == FAILURE) {
		zend_array_destroy(Z_ARR_P(return_value));
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
}
/* }}} */

static bool do_exec(smart_str *querystr, ExecStatusType expect, PGconn *pg_link, zend_ulong opt) /* {{{ */
{
	if (opt & PGSQL_DML_ASYNC) {
		if (PQsendQuery(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(querystr->s))) {
			return true;
		}
	} else {
		PGresult *pg_result;

		pg_result = PQexec(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(querystr->s));
		if (PQresultStatus(pg_result) == expect) {
			PQclear(pg_result);
			return true;
		} else {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "%s", PQresultErrorMessage(pg_result));
			PQclear(pg_result);
		}
	}

	return false;
}
/* }}} */

static inline zend_result build_tablename(smart_str *querystr, PGconn *pg_link, const zend_string *table) /* {{{ */
{
	/* schema.table should be "schema"."table" */
	const char *dot = memchr(ZSTR_VAL(table), '.', ZSTR_LEN(table));
	size_t len = dot ? dot - ZSTR_VAL(table) : ZSTR_LEN(table);

	if (_php_pgsql_identifier_is_escaped(ZSTR_VAL(table), len)) {
		smart_str_appendl(querystr, ZSTR_VAL(table), len);
	} else {
		char *escaped = PQescapeIdentifier(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(table), len);
		if (escaped == NULL) {
			php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Failed to escape table name '%s'", ZSTR_VAL(table));
			return FAILURE;
		}
		smart_str_appends(querystr, escaped);
		PQfreemem(escaped);
	}
	if (dot) {
		const char *after_dot = dot + 1;
		len = ZSTR_LEN(table) - len - 1;
		/* "schema"."table" format */
		if (_php_pgsql_identifier_is_escaped(after_dot, len)) {
			smart_str_appendc(querystr, '.');
			smart_str_appendl(querystr, after_dot, len);
		} else {
			char *escaped = PQescapeIdentifier(pg_link, after_dot, len);
			if (escaped == NULL) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Failed to escape table name '%s'", ZSTR_VAL(table));
				return FAILURE;
			}
			smart_str_appendc(querystr, '.');
			smart_str_appends(querystr, escaped);
			PQfreemem(escaped);
		}
	}

	return SUCCESS;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_insert */
PHP_PGSQL_API zend_result php_pgsql_insert(PGconn *pg_link, const zend_string *table, zval *var_array, zend_ulong opt, zend_string **sql)
{
	zval *val, converted;
	char buf[256];
	char *tmp;
	smart_str querystr = {0};
	zend_result ret = FAILURE;
	zend_string *fld;

	ZEND_ASSERT(pg_link != NULL);
	ZEND_ASSERT(table != NULL);
	ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(var_array) == IS_ARRAY);

	ZVAL_UNDEF(&converted);
	if (zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(var_array)) == 0) {
		smart_str_appends(&querystr, "INSERT INTO ");
		if (build_tablename(&querystr, pg_link, table) == FAILURE) {
			goto cleanup;
		}
		smart_str_appends(&querystr, " DEFAULT VALUES");

		goto no_values;
	}

	/* convert input array if needed */
	if (!(opt & (PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE))) {
		array_init(&converted);
		if (php_pgsql_convert(pg_link, table, var_array, &converted, (opt & PGSQL_CONV_OPTS)) == FAILURE) {
			goto cleanup;
		}
		var_array = &converted;
	}

	smart_str_appends(&querystr, "INSERT INTO ");
	if (build_tablename(&querystr, pg_link, table) == FAILURE) {
		goto cleanup;
	}
	smart_str_appends(&querystr, " (");

	ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_STR_KEY(Z_ARRVAL_P(var_array), fld) {
		if (fld == NULL) {
			zend_value_error("Array of values must be an associative array with string keys");
			goto cleanup;
		}
		if (opt & PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE) {
			tmp = PQescapeIdentifier(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(fld), ZSTR_LEN(fld));
			if (tmp == NULL) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Failed to escape field '%s'", ZSTR_VAL(fld));
				goto cleanup;
			}
			smart_str_appends(&querystr, tmp);
			PQfreemem(tmp);
		} else {
			smart_str_append(&querystr, fld);
		}
		smart_str_appendc(&querystr, ',');
	} ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_END();
	ZSTR_LEN(querystr.s)--;
	smart_str_appends(&querystr, ") VALUES (");

	/* make values string */
	ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_STR_KEY_VAL(Z_ARRVAL_P(var_array), fld, val) {
		/* we can avoid the key_type check here, because we tested it in the other loop */
		switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
			case IS_STRING:
				if (opt & PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE) {
					int error;
					char *tmp = safe_emalloc(Z_STRLEN_P(val), 2, 1);
					size_t new_len = PQescapeStringConn(pg_link, tmp, Z_STRVAL_P(val), Z_STRLEN_P(val), &error);
					if (error) {
						php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Failed to escape field '%s' value", ZSTR_VAL(fld));
						efree(tmp);
						goto cleanup;
					}
					smart_str_appendc(&querystr, '\'');
					smart_str_appendl(&querystr, tmp, new_len);
					smart_str_appendc(&querystr, '\'');
					efree(tmp);
				} else {
					smart_str_append(&querystr, Z_STR_P(val));
				}
				break;
			case IS_LONG:
				smart_str_append_long(&querystr, Z_LVAL_P(val));
				break;
			case IS_DOUBLE:
				smart_str_appendl(&querystr, buf, snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%F", Z_DVAL_P(val)));
				break;
			case IS_NULL:
				smart_str_appendl(&querystr, "NULL", sizeof("NULL")-1);
				break;
			default:
				zend_type_error("Value must be of type string|int|float|null, %s given", zend_zval_value_name(val));
				goto cleanup;
		}
		smart_str_appendc(&querystr, ',');
	} ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_END();
	/* Remove the trailing "," */
	ZSTR_LEN(querystr.s)--;
	smart_str_appends(&querystr, ");");

no_values:

	smart_str_0(&querystr);

	if ((opt & (PGSQL_DML_EXEC|PGSQL_DML_ASYNC)) &&
		do_exec(&querystr, PGRES_COMMAND_OK, pg_link, (opt & PGSQL_CONV_OPTS))) {
		ret = SUCCESS;
	}
	else if (opt & PGSQL_DML_STRING) {
		ret = SUCCESS;
	}

cleanup:
	zval_ptr_dtor(&converted);
	if (ret == SUCCESS && (opt & PGSQL_DML_STRING)) {
		*sql = querystr.s;
	}
	else {
		smart_str_free(&querystr);
	}
	return ret;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Insert values (filed=>value) to table */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_insert)
{
	zval *pgsql_link, *values;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *table;
	zend_long option = PGSQL_DML_EXEC, return_sql;
	PGconn *pg_link;
	PGresult *pg_result;
	ExecStatusType status;
	zend_string *sql = NULL;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 4)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(table)
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY(values)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(option)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (ZSTR_LEN(table) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (option & ~(PGSQL_CONV_OPTS|PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_EXEC|PGSQL_DML_ASYNC|PGSQL_DML_STRING|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(4, "must be a valid bit mask of PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL, PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV, "
			"PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE, PGSQL_DML_EXEC, PGSQL_DML_ASYNC, and PGSQL_DML_STRING");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pg_link = link->conn;

	if (php_pgsql_flush_query(pg_link)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected unhandled result(s) in connection");
	}
	return_sql = option & PGSQL_DML_STRING;
	if (option & PGSQL_DML_EXEC) {
		/* return object when executed */
		option = option & ~PGSQL_DML_EXEC;
		if (php_pgsql_insert(pg_link, table, values, option|PGSQL_DML_STRING, &sql) == FAILURE) {
			RETURN_FALSE;
		}
		pg_result = PQexec(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(sql));
		if ((PGG(auto_reset_persistent) & 2) && PQstatus(pg_link) != CONNECTION_OK) {
			PQclear(pg_result);
			PQreset(pg_link);
			pg_result = PQexec(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(sql));
		}
		efree(sql);

		if (pg_result) {
			status = PQresultStatus(pg_result);
		} else {
			status = (ExecStatusType) PQstatus(pg_link);
		}

		switch (status) {
			case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
			case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
			case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
			case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
				PHP_PQ_ERROR("Query failed: %s", pg_link);
				PQclear(pg_result);
				RETURN_FALSE;
				break;
			case PGRES_COMMAND_OK: /* successful command that did not return rows */
			default:
				if (pg_result) {
					object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_result_ce);
					pgsql_result_handle *pg_res = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(return_value);
					pg_res->conn = pg_link;
					pg_res->result = pg_result;
					pg_res->row = 0;
					return;
				} else {
					PQclear(pg_result);
					RETURN_FALSE;
				}
			break;
		}
	} else if (php_pgsql_insert(pg_link, table, values, option, &sql) == FAILURE) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	if (return_sql) {
		RETURN_STR(sql);
		return;
	}
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

static inline int build_assignment_string(PGconn *pg_link, smart_str *querystr, HashTable *ht, int where_cond, const char *pad, int pad_len, zend_ulong opt) /* {{{ */
{
	zend_string *fld;
	zval *val;

	ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_STR_KEY_VAL(ht, fld, val) {
		if (fld == NULL) {
			zend_value_error("Array of values must be an associative array with string keys");
			return -1;
		}
		if (opt & PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE) {
			char *tmp = PQescapeIdentifier(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(fld), ZSTR_LEN(fld));
			if (tmp == NULL) {
				php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Failed to escape field '%s'", ZSTR_VAL(fld));
				return -1;
			}
			smart_str_appends(querystr, tmp);
			PQfreemem(tmp);
		} else {
			smart_str_append(querystr, fld);
		}
		if (where_cond && (Z_TYPE_P(val) == IS_TRUE || Z_TYPE_P(val) == IS_FALSE ||
				(Z_TYPE_P(val) == IS_STRING && zend_string_equals_literal(Z_STR_P(val), "NULL")))) {
			smart_str_appends(querystr, " IS ");
		} else {
			smart_str_appendc(querystr, '=');
		}

		switch (Z_TYPE_P(val)) {
			case IS_STRING:
				if (opt & PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE) {
					int error;
					char *tmp = (char *)safe_emalloc(Z_STRLEN_P(val), 2, 1);
					size_t new_len = PQescapeStringConn(pg_link, tmp, Z_STRVAL_P(val), Z_STRLEN_P(val), &error);
					if (error) {
						php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Failed to escape field '%s' value", ZSTR_VAL(fld));
						efree(tmp);
						return -1;
					}
					smart_str_appendc(querystr, '\'');
					smart_str_appendl(querystr, tmp, new_len);
					smart_str_appendc(querystr, '\'');
					efree(tmp);
				} else {
					smart_str_append(querystr, Z_STR_P(val));
				}
				break;
			case IS_LONG:
				smart_str_append_long(querystr, Z_LVAL_P(val));
				break;
			case IS_DOUBLE: {
				char buf[256];
				smart_str_appendl(querystr, buf, MIN(snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%F", Z_DVAL_P(val)), sizeof(buf) - 1));
				}
				break;
			case IS_NULL:
				smart_str_appendl(querystr, "NULL", sizeof("NULL")-1);
				break;
			default:
				zend_type_error("Value must be of type string|int|float|null, %s given", zend_zval_value_name(val));
				return -1;
		}
		smart_str_appendl(querystr, pad, pad_len);
	} ZEND_HASH_FOREACH_END();
	if (querystr->s) {
		ZSTR_LEN(querystr->s) -= pad_len;
	}

	return 0;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_update */
PHP_PGSQL_API zend_result php_pgsql_update(PGconn *pg_link, const zend_string *table, zval *var_array, zval *ids_array, zend_ulong opt, zend_string **sql)
{
	zval var_converted, ids_converted;
	smart_str querystr = {0};
	zend_result ret = FAILURE;

	ZEND_ASSERT(pg_link != NULL);
	ZEND_ASSERT(table != NULL);
	ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(var_array) == IS_ARRAY);
	ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(ids_array) == IS_ARRAY);
	ZEND_ASSERT(!(opt & ~(PGSQL_CONV_OPTS|PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_EXEC|PGSQL_DML_STRING|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE)));

	if (zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(var_array)) == 0
			|| zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(ids_array)) == 0) {
		return FAILURE;
	}

	ZVAL_UNDEF(&var_converted);
	ZVAL_UNDEF(&ids_converted);
	if (!(opt & (PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE))) {
		array_init(&var_converted);
		if (php_pgsql_convert(pg_link, table, var_array, &var_converted, (opt & PGSQL_CONV_OPTS)) == FAILURE) {
			goto cleanup;
		}
		var_array = &var_converted;
		array_init(&ids_converted);
		if (php_pgsql_convert(pg_link, table, ids_array, &ids_converted, (opt & PGSQL_CONV_OPTS)) == FAILURE) {
			goto cleanup;
		}
		ids_array = &ids_converted;
	}

	smart_str_appends(&querystr, "UPDATE ");
	if (build_tablename(&querystr, pg_link, table) == FAILURE) {
		goto cleanup;
	}
	smart_str_appends(&querystr, " SET ");

	if (build_assignment_string(pg_link, &querystr, Z_ARRVAL_P(var_array), 0, ",", 1, opt))
		goto cleanup;

	smart_str_appends(&querystr, " WHERE ");

	if (build_assignment_string(pg_link, &querystr, Z_ARRVAL_P(ids_array), 1, " AND ", sizeof(" AND ")-1, opt))
		goto cleanup;

	smart_str_appendc(&querystr, ';');
	smart_str_0(&querystr);

	if ((opt & PGSQL_DML_EXEC) && do_exec(&querystr, PGRES_COMMAND_OK, pg_link, opt)) {
		ret = SUCCESS;
	} else if (opt & PGSQL_DML_STRING) {
		ret = SUCCESS;
	}

cleanup:
	zval_ptr_dtor(&var_converted);
	zval_ptr_dtor(&ids_converted);
	if (ret == SUCCESS && (opt & PGSQL_DML_STRING)) {
		*sql = querystr.s;
	}
	else {
		smart_str_free(&querystr);
	}
	return ret;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Update table using values (field=>value) and ids (id=>value) */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_update)
{
	zval *pgsql_link, *values, *ids;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *table;
	zend_long option =  PGSQL_DML_EXEC;
	PGconn *pg_link;
	zend_string *sql = NULL;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(4, 5)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(table)
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY(values)
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY(ids)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(option)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (ZSTR_LEN(table) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (option & ~(PGSQL_CONV_OPTS|PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_EXEC|PGSQL_DML_STRING|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(5, "must be a valid bit mask of PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL, PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV, "
			"PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE, PGSQL_DML_EXEC, PGSQL_DML_ASYNC, and PGSQL_DML_STRING");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pg_link = link->conn;

	if (php_pgsql_flush_query(pg_link)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected unhandled result(s) in connection");
	}
	if (php_pgsql_update(pg_link, table, values, ids, option, &sql) == FAILURE) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	if (option & PGSQL_DML_STRING) {
		RETURN_STR(sql);
	}
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_delete */
PHP_PGSQL_API zend_result php_pgsql_delete(PGconn *pg_link, const zend_string *table, zval *ids_array, zend_ulong opt, zend_string **sql)
{
	zval ids_converted;
	smart_str querystr = {0};
	zend_result ret = FAILURE;

	ZEND_ASSERT(pg_link != NULL);
	ZEND_ASSERT(table != NULL);
	ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(ids_array) == IS_ARRAY);
	ZEND_ASSERT(!(opt & ~(PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL|PGSQL_DML_EXEC|PGSQL_DML_STRING|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE)));

	if (zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(ids_array)) == 0) {
		return FAILURE;
	}

	ZVAL_UNDEF(&ids_converted);
	if (!(opt & (PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE))) {
		array_init(&ids_converted);
		if (php_pgsql_convert(pg_link, table, ids_array, &ids_converted, (opt & PGSQL_CONV_OPTS)) == FAILURE) {
			goto cleanup;
		}
		ids_array = &ids_converted;
	}

	smart_str_appends(&querystr, "DELETE FROM ");
	if (build_tablename(&querystr, pg_link, table) == FAILURE) {
		goto cleanup;
	}
	smart_str_appends(&querystr, " WHERE ");

	if (build_assignment_string(pg_link, &querystr, Z_ARRVAL_P(ids_array), 1, " AND ", sizeof(" AND ")-1, opt))
		goto cleanup;

	smart_str_appendc(&querystr, ';');
	smart_str_0(&querystr);

	if ((opt & PGSQL_DML_EXEC) && do_exec(&querystr, PGRES_COMMAND_OK, pg_link, opt)) {
		ret = SUCCESS;
	} else if (opt & PGSQL_DML_STRING) {
		ret = SUCCESS;
	}

cleanup:
	zval_ptr_dtor(&ids_converted);
	if (ret == SUCCESS && (opt & PGSQL_DML_STRING)) {
		*sql = querystr.s;
	}
	else {
		smart_str_free(&querystr);
	}
	return ret;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Delete records has ids (id=>value) */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_delete)
{
	zval *pgsql_link, *ids;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *table;
	zend_long option = PGSQL_DML_EXEC;
	PGconn *pg_link;
	zend_string *sql;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 4)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(table)
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY(ids)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(option)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (ZSTR_LEN(table) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (option & ~(PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL|PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_EXEC|PGSQL_DML_STRING|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(4, "must be a valid bit mask of PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL, PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV, "
			"PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE, PGSQL_DML_EXEC, PGSQL_DML_ASYNC, and PGSQL_DML_STRING");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pg_link = link->conn;

	if (php_pgsql_flush_query(pg_link)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected unhandled result(s) in connection");
	}
	if (php_pgsql_delete(pg_link, table, ids, option, &sql) == FAILURE) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	if (option & PGSQL_DML_STRING) {
		RETURN_STR(sql);
	}
	RETURN_TRUE;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_result2array */
PHP_PGSQL_API void php_pgsql_result2array(PGresult *pg_result, zval *ret_array, long result_type)
{
	zval row;
	char *field_name;
	size_t num_fields;
	int pg_numrows, pg_row;
	uint32_t i;

	ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(ret_array) == IS_ARRAY);

	pg_numrows = PQntuples(pg_result);
	for (pg_row = 0; pg_row < pg_numrows; pg_row++) {
		array_init(&row);
		for (i = 0, num_fields = PQnfields(pg_result); i < num_fields; i++) {
			field_name = PQfname(pg_result, i);
			if (PQgetisnull(pg_result, pg_row, i)) {
				if (result_type & PGSQL_ASSOC) {
					add_assoc_null(&row, field_name);
				}
				if (result_type & PGSQL_NUM) {
					add_next_index_null(&row);
				}
			} else {
				char *element = PQgetvalue(pg_result, pg_row, i);
				if (element) {
					const size_t element_len = strlen(element);
					if (result_type & PGSQL_ASSOC) {
						add_assoc_stringl(&row, field_name, element, element_len);
					}
					if (result_type & PGSQL_NUM) {
						add_next_index_stringl(&row, element, element_len);
					}
				}
			}
		}
		add_index_zval(ret_array, pg_row, &row);
	}
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ php_pgsql_select */
PHP_PGSQL_API zend_result php_pgsql_select(PGconn *pg_link, const zend_string *table, zval *ids_array, zval *ret_array, zend_ulong opt, long result_type, zend_string **sql)
{
	zval ids_converted;
	smart_str querystr = {0};
	zend_result ret = FAILURE;
	PGresult *pg_result;

	ZEND_ASSERT(pg_link != NULL);
	ZEND_ASSERT(table != NULL);
	if (ids_array) {
		ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(ids_array) == IS_ARRAY);
	}
	ZEND_ASSERT(Z_TYPE_P(ret_array) == IS_ARRAY);
	ZEND_ASSERT(!(opt & ~(PGSQL_CONV_OPTS|PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_EXEC|PGSQL_DML_ASYNC|PGSQL_DML_STRING|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE)));

	zend_bool is_valid_ids_array = ids_array && zend_hash_num_elements(Z_ARRVAL_P(ids_array)) != 0;

	if (is_valid_ids_array) {
		ZVAL_UNDEF(&ids_converted);
		if (!(opt & (PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE))) {
			array_init(&ids_converted);
			if (php_pgsql_convert(pg_link, table, ids_array, &ids_converted, (opt & PGSQL_CONV_OPTS)) == FAILURE) {
				goto cleanup;
			}
			ids_array = &ids_converted;
		}
	}

	smart_str_appends(&querystr, "SELECT * FROM ");
	if (build_tablename(&querystr, pg_link, table) == FAILURE) {
		goto cleanup;
	}

	if (is_valid_ids_array) {
		smart_str_appends(&querystr, " WHERE ");
		if (build_assignment_string(pg_link, &querystr, Z_ARRVAL_P(ids_array), 1, " AND ", sizeof(" AND ")-1, opt)) {
			goto cleanup;
		}
	}

	smart_str_appendc(&querystr, ';');
	smart_str_0(&querystr);

	pg_result = PQexec(pg_link, ZSTR_VAL(querystr.s));
	if (PQresultStatus(pg_result) == PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
		php_pgsql_result2array(pg_result, ret_array, result_type);
		ret = SUCCESS;
	} else {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Failed to execute '%s'", ZSTR_VAL(querystr.s));
	}
	PQclear(pg_result);

cleanup:
	if (is_valid_ids_array) {
		zval_ptr_dtor(&ids_converted);
	}
	if (ret == SUCCESS && (opt & PGSQL_DML_STRING)) {
		*sql = querystr.s;
	}
	else {
		smart_str_free(&querystr);
	}
	return ret;
}
/* }}} */

/* {{{ Select records that has ids (id=>value) */
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_select)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	zval *ids = NULL;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *table;
	zend_long option = PGSQL_DML_EXEC;
	zend_long result_type = PGSQL_ASSOC;
	PGconn *pg_link;
	zend_string *sql = NULL;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 5)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(table)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_ARRAY(ids)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(option)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(result_type)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (ZSTR_LEN(table) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	if (option & ~(PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL|PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV|PGSQL_DML_EXEC|PGSQL_DML_ASYNC|PGSQL_DML_STRING|PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(4, "must be a valid bit mask of PGSQL_CONV_FORCE_NULL, PGSQL_DML_NO_CONV, "
			"PGSQL_DML_ESCAPE, PGSQL_DML_EXEC, PGSQL_DML_ASYNC, and PGSQL_DML_STRING");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}
	if (!(result_type & PGSQL_BOTH)) {
		zend_argument_value_error(5, "must be one of PGSQL_ASSOC, PGSQL_NUM, or PGSQL_BOTH");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);
	pg_link = link->conn;

	if (php_pgsql_flush_query(pg_link)) {
		php_error_docref(NULL, E_NOTICE, "Detected unhandled result(s) in connection");
	}
	array_init(return_value);
	if (php_pgsql_select(pg_link, table, ids, return_value, option, result_type, &sql) == FAILURE) {
		zval_ptr_dtor(return_value);
		RETURN_FALSE;
	}
	if (option & PGSQL_DML_STRING) {
		zval_ptr_dtor(return_value);
		RETURN_STR(sql);
	}
	return;
}
/* }}} */

PHP_FUNCTION(pg_change_password)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGresult *pg_result;
	zend_string *user, *passwd;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 3)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_STR(user)
		Z_PARAM_STR(passwd)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (ZSTR_LEN(user) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	/* it is technically possible, but better to disallow it */
	if (ZSTR_LEN(passwd) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(3);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);

	pg_result = PQchangePassword(link->conn, ZSTR_VAL(user), ZSTR_VAL(passwd));
	RETVAL_BOOL(PQresultStatus(pg_result) == PGRES_COMMAND_OK);
	PQclear(pg_result);
}

#endif

PHP_FUNCTION(pg_put_copy_data)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *cmd;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_STR(cmd)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);

	// PQputCopyData accepts empty buffers as well

	RETURN_LONG((zend_long)PQputCopyData(link->conn, ZSTR_VAL(cmd), ZSTR_LEN(cmd)));
}

PHP_FUNCTION(pg_put_copy_end)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_string *error = NULL;
	char *err = NULL;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_STR_OR_NULL(error)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);

	if (error != NULL && ZSTR_LEN(error) != 0) {
		err = ZSTR_VAL(error);
	}

	RETURN_LONG((zend_long)PQputCopyEnd(link->conn, err));
}

PHP_FUNCTION(pg_socket_poll)
{
	php_stream *stream;
	php_socket_t socket;
	zend_long read, write;
	zend_long ts = -1;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(3, 4)
		PHP_Z_PARAM_STREAM(stream)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(read)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(write)
		Z_PARAM_OPTIONAL
		Z_PARAM_LONG(ts)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (UNEXPECTED(php_stream_cast(stream, PHP_STREAM_AS_SOCKETD, (void **)&socket, 0) == FAILURE)) {
		zend_argument_type_error(1, "invalid resource socket");
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	RETURN_LONG((zend_long)PQsocketPoll(socket, (int)read, (int)write, (int)ts));
}

#if defined(HAVE_PG_SET_CHUNKED_ROWS_SIZE)
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_set_chunked_rows_size)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	zend_long size;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_LONG(size)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (size < 1 || size > INT_MAX) {
		zend_argument_value_error(2, "must be between 1 and %d", INT_MAX);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);

	/** can still fail if it is not allowed e.g. already fetched results **/

	RETURN_BOOL(PQsetChunkedRowsMode(link->conn, (int)size) == 1);
}
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_PG_CLOSE_STMT)
PHP_FUNCTION(pg_close_stmt)
{
	zval *pgsql_link;
	pgsql_link_handle *link;
	PGresult *pgsql_result;
	zend_string *stmt;

	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(2, 2)
		Z_PARAM_OBJECT_OF_CLASS(pgsql_link, pgsql_link_ce)
		Z_PARAM_PATH_STR(stmt)
	ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

	if (ZSTR_LEN(stmt) == 0) {
		zend_argument_must_not_be_empty_error(2);
		RETURN_THROWS();
	}

	link = Z_PGSQL_LINK_P(pgsql_link);
	CHECK_PGSQL_LINK(link);

	pgsql_result = PQclosePrepared(link->conn, ZSTR_VAL(stmt));

	if (PQresultStatus(pgsql_result) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
		RETURN_FALSE;
	} else {
		pgsql_result_handle *pg_handle;
		object_init_ex(return_value, pgsql_result_ce);
		pg_handle = Z_PGSQL_RESULT_P(return_value);
		pg_handle->conn = link->conn;
		pg_handle->result = pgsql_result;
		pg_handle->row = 0;
	}
}
#endif