diff --git a/jsonml-utils.js b/jsonml-utils.js
index 76e352a..9e26a2f 100644
--- a/jsonml-utils.js
+++ b/jsonml-utils.js
@@ -84,9 +84,38 @@ if (typeof module === 'object') {
 	 * @return {boolean}
 	 */
 	var isElement = JsonML.isElement = function(jml) {
-		return isArray(jml) && ('string' === typeof jml[0]);
+		return isArray(jml) && ('string' === typeof jml[0]) && (jml[0].charAt(0) !== '?');
 	};
 
+	/**
+	 * @param {*} jml
+	 * @return {boolean}
+	 */
+	var isProcessingInstruction = JsonML.isProcessingInstruction = function(jml) {
+		return isArray(jml) && ('string' === typeof jml[0]) && (jml[0].charAt(0) === '?');
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {*} jml
+	 * @return {string}
+	 */
+	var getTarget = JsonML.getTarget = function(jml) {
+		if (!isProcessingInstruction(jml)) {
+			throw new SyntaxError('invalid JsonML');
+		}
+		return jml[0].substring(1);
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * @param {*} jml
+	 * @return {string}
+	 */
+	var getData = JsonML.getData = function(jml) {
+		if (!isProcessingInstruction(jml)) {
+			throw new SyntaxError('invalid JsonML');
+		}
+		return jml[1];
+	};
 	/**
 	 * @param {*} jml
 	 * @return {boolean}
@@ -196,7 +225,7 @@ if (typeof module === 'object') {
 
 		} else if (child && 'object' === typeof child) {
 			if (isArray(child)) {
-				if (!isElement(child)) {
+				if (!isElement(child) && !isProcessingInstruction(child)) {
 					throw new SyntaxError('invalid JsonML');
 				}
 
diff --git a/jsonml-xml.js b/jsonml-xml.js
index e8d48c2..9c508b1 100644
--- a/jsonml-xml.js
+++ b/jsonml-xml.js
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ if (typeof module === 'object') {
 
 		} else if (tag.charAt(0) === '!') {
 			return document.createComment(tag === '!' ? '' : tag.substr(1)+' ');
+		} else if (tag.charAt(0) === '?') {
+			return document.createProcessingInstruction(tag === '!' ? '' : tag.substr(1), '');
 		}
 
 		return document.createElement(tag);
@@ -99,7 +101,8 @@ if (typeof module === 'object') {
 				if (child.nodeType === 3) { // text node
 					elem.nodeValue += child.nodeValue;
 				}
-
+			} else if (elem.nodeType === 7) {
+				elem.data = child.data;
 			} else if (elem.canHaveChildren !== false) {
 				elem.appendChild(child);
 			}
@@ -250,6 +253,10 @@ if (typeof module === 'object') {
 
 				addChildren(elem, filter, jml);
 
+				if (jml[0] === '' && jml.length === 2) {
+					jml = jml[1]
+				}
+
 				// filter result
 				if ('function' === typeof filter) {
 					jml = filter(jml, elem);
@@ -264,6 +271,17 @@ if (typeof module === 'object') {
 				// free references
 				elem = null;
 				return str;
+			case 7: // ProcessingInstruction node
+				var jml = ['?'+elem.target, elem.data]
+
+				// filter result
+				if ('function' === typeof filter) {
+					jml = filter(jml, elem);
+				}
+
+				// free references
+				elem = null;
+				return jml;
 			case 10: // doctype
 				jml = ['!'];
 
@@ -361,7 +379,7 @@ if (typeof module === 'object') {
 	 */
 	JsonML.fromXMLText = function(xmlText, filter) {
 		var elem = parseXML(xmlText);
-		elem = elem && (elem.ownerDocument || elem).documentElement;
+		elem = elem && (elem.ownerDocument || elem);
 
 		return fromXML(elem, filter);
 	};
diff --git a/test/xmlTests.js b/test/xmlTests.js
index 9b270bf..8561930 100644
--- a/test/xmlTests.js
+++ b/test/xmlTests.js
@@ -340,4 +340,21 @@ test('JsonML.fromXMLText/.toXMLText roundtrip, comments', function() {
 	same(actual, expected);
 });
 
+test('JsonML.fromXMLText/.toXMLText roundtrip, processing instructions', function() {
+
+	var expected =
+		'<?some-pi and its data?>' +
+		'<foo>' +
+			'<?another-pi with data?>' +
+		'</foo>';
+
+	// JsonML will strip the XML Declaration
+	var input = '<?xml version="1.0"?>' + expected;
+
+	var jml = JsonML.fromXMLText(input);
+	var actual = JsonML.toXMLText(jml);
+
+	same(actual, expected);
+});
+
 }catch(ex){alert(ex);}