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<body>
<h1
id="effective-java-3rd-edition-chinese-english-bilingual">Effective-Java-3rd-edition-Chinese-English-bilingual</h1>
<p>Effective Java（第 3 版）各章节的中英文学习参考，希望对 Java
技术的提高有所帮助，欢迎通过 issue 或 pr 提出建议和修改意见。</p>
<h2 id="目录contents">目录（Contents）</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying
Objects（创建和销毁对象）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Introduction.html">Chapter 2
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-1-Consider-static-factory-methods-instead-of-constructors.html">Item
1: Consider static factory methods instead of
constructors（考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-2-Consider-a-builder-when-faced-with-many-constructor-parameters.html">Item
2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor
parameters（在面对多个构造函数参数时，请考虑构建器）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-3-Enforce-the-singleton-property-with-a-private-constructor-or-an-enum-type.html">Item
3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum
type（使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-4-Enforce-noninstantiability-with-a-private-constructor.html">Item
4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private
constructor（用私有构造函数实施不可实例化）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-5-Prefer-dependency-injection-to-hardwiring-resources.html">Item
5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring
resources（依赖注入优于硬连接资源）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-6-Avoid-creating-unnecessary-objects.html">Item
6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects（避免创建不必要的对象）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-7-Eliminate-obsolete-object-references.html">Item
7: Eliminate obsolete object references（排除过时的对象引用）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-8-Avoid-finalizers-and-cleaners.html">Item
8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners（避免使用终结器和清除器）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-2/Chapter-2-Item-9-Prefer-try-with-resources-to-try-finally.html">Item
9: Prefer try with resources to try finally（使用 try-with-resources
优于 try-finally）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 3. Methods Common to All
Objects（对象的通用方法）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Introduction.html">Chapter 3
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-10-Obey-the-general-contract-when-overriding-equals.html">Item
10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals（覆盖 equals
方法时应遵守的约定）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-11-Always-override-hashCode-when-you-override-equals.html">Item
11: Always override hashCode when you override equals（当覆盖 equals
方法时，总要覆盖 hashCode 方法）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-12-Always-override-toString.html">Item 12:
Always override toString（始终覆盖 toString 方法）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-13-Override-clone-judiciously.html">Item
13: Override clone judiciously（明智地覆盖 clone 方法）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-14-Consider-implementing-Comparable.html">Item
14: Consider implementing Comparable（考虑实现 Comparable
接口）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces（类和接口）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Introduction.html">Chapter 4
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-15-Minimize-the-accessibility-of-classes-and-members.html">Item
15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and
members（尽量减少类和成员的可访问性）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-16-In-public-classes-use-accessor-methods-not-public-fields.html">Item
16: In public classes use accessor methods not public
fields（在公共类中，使用访问器方法，而不是公共字段）</a></li>
<li><a href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-17-Minimize-mutability.html">Item
17: Minimize mutability（减少可变性）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-18-Favor-composition-over-inheritance.html">Item
18: Favor composition over
inheritance（优先选择复合而不是继承）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-19-Design-and-document-for-inheritance-or-else-prohibit-it.html">Item
19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit
it（继承要设计良好并且具有文档，否则禁止使用）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-20-Prefer-interfaces-to-abstract-classes.html">Item
20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes（接口优于抽象类）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-21-Design-interfaces-for-posterity.html">Item
21: Design interfaces for posterity（为后代设计接口）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-22-Use-interfaces-only-to-define-types.html">Item
22: Use interfaces only to define types（接口只用于定义类型）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-23-Prefer-class-hierarchies-to-tagged-classes.html">Item
23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged
classes（类层次结构优于带标签的类）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-24-Favor-static-member-classes-over-nonstatic.html">Item
24: Favor static member classes over
nonstatic（静态成员类优于非静态成员类）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-4/Chapter-4-Item-25-Limit-source-files-to-a-single-top-level-class.html">Item
25: Limit source files to a single top level
class（源文件仅限有单个顶层类）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 5. Generics（泛型）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Introduction.html">Chapter 5
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-26-Do-not-use-raw-types.html">Item
26: Do not use raw types（不要使用原始类型）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-27-Eliminate-unchecked-warnings.html">Item
27: Eliminate unchecked warnings（消除 unchecked 警告）</a></li>
<li><a href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-28-Prefer-lists-to-arrays.html">Item
28: Prefer lists to arrays（list 优于数组）</a></li>
<li><a href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-29-Favor-generic-types.html">Item
29: Favor generic types（优先使用泛型）</a></li>
<li><a href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-30-Favor-generic-methods.html">Item
30: Favor generic methods（优先使用泛型方法）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-31-Use-bounded-wildcards-to-increase-API-flexibility.html">Item
31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API
flexibility（使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-32-Combine-generics-and-varargs-judiciously.html">Item
32: Combine generics and varargs
judiciously（明智地合用泛型和可变参数）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-5/Chapter-5-Item-33-Consider-typesafe-heterogeneous-containers.html">Item
33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous
containers（考虑类型安全的异构容器）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations（枚举和注解）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Introduction.html">Chapter 6
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-34-Use-enums-instead-of-int-constants.html">Item
34: Use enums instead of int constants（用枚举类型代替 int
常量）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-35-Use-instance-fields-instead-of-ordinals.html">Item
35: Use instance fields instead of
ordinals（使用实例字段替代序数）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-36-Use-EnumSet-instead-of-bit-fields.html">Item
36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields（用 EnumSet 替代位字段）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-37-Use-EnumMap-instead-of-ordinal-indexing.html">Item
37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing（使用 EnumMap
替换序数索引）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-38-Emulate-extensible-enums-with-interfaces.html">Item
38: Emulate extensible enums with
interfaces（使用接口模拟可扩展枚举）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-39-Prefer-annotations-to-naming-patterns.html">Item
39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns（注解优于命名模式）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-40-Consistently-use-the-Override-annotation.html">Item
40: Consistently use the Override annotation（坚持使用 <span
class="citation" data-cites="Override">@Override</span> 注解）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-41-Use-marker-interfaces-to-define-types.html">Item
41: Use marker interfaces to define
types（使用标记接口定义类型）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams（λ 表达式和流）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Introduction.html">Chapter 7
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-42-Prefer-lambdas-to-anonymous-classes.html">Item
42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes（λ 表达式优于匿名类）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-43-Prefer-method-references-to-lambdas.html">Item
43: Prefer method references to lambdas（方法引用优于 λ
表达式）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-44-Favor-the-use-of-standard-functional-interfaces.html">Item
44: Favor the use of standard functional
interfaces（优先使用标准函数式接口）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-45-Use-streams-judiciously.html">Item 45:
Use streams judiciously（明智地使用流）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-46-Prefer-side-effect-free-functions-in-streams.html">Item
46: Prefer side effect free functions in
streams（在流中使用无副作用的函数）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-47-Prefer-Collection-to-Stream-as-a-return-type.html">Item
47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type（优先选择 Collection
而不是流作为返回类型）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-7/Chapter-7-Item-48-Use-caution-when-making-streams-parallel.html">Item
48: Use caution when making streams parallel（谨慎使用并行流）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 8. Methods（方法）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Introduction.html">Chapter 8
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-49-Check-parameters-for-validity.html">Item
49: Check parameters for validity（检查参数的有效性）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-50-Make-defensive-copies-when-needed.html">Item
50: Make defensive copies when needed（在需要时制作防御性副本）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-51-Design-method-signatures-carefully.html">Item
51: Design method signatures carefully（仔细设计方法签名）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-52-Use-overloading-judiciously.html">Item
52: Use overloading judiciously（明智地使用重载）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-53-Use-varargs-judiciously.html">Item 53:
Use varargs judiciously（明智地使用可变参数）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-54-Return-empty-collections-or-arrays-not-nulls.html">Item
54: Return empty collections or arrays, not
nulls（返回空集合或数组，而不是 null）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-55-Return-optionals-judiciously.html">Item
55: Return optionals judiciously（明智地的返回 Optional）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-56-Write-doc-comments-for-all-exposed-API-elements.html">Item
56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements（为所有公开的 API
元素编写文档注释）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 9. General Programming（通用程序设计）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Introduction.html">Chapter 9
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-57-Minimize-the-scope-of-local-variables.html">Item
57: Minimize the scope of local
variables（将局部变量的作用域最小化）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-58-Prefer-for-each-loops-to-traditional-for-loops.html">Item
58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops（for-each
循环优于传统的 for 循环）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-59-Know-and-use-the-libraries.html">Item
59: Know and use the libraries（了解并使用库）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-60-Avoid-float-and-double-if-exact-answers-are-required.html">Item
60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are
required（若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-61-Prefer-primitive-types-to-boxed-primitives.html">Item
61: Prefer primitive types to boxed
primitives（基本数据类型优于包装类）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-62-Avoid-strings-where-other-types-are-more-appropriate.html">Item
62: Avoid strings where other types are more
appropriate（其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-63-Beware-the-performance-of-string-concatenation.html">Item
63: Beware the performance of string
concatenation（当心字符串连接引起的性能问题）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-64-Refer-to-objects-by-their-interfaces.html">Item
64: Refer to objects by their interfaces（通过接口引用对象）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-65-Prefer-interfaces-to-reflection.html">Item
65: Prefer interfaces to reflection（接口优于反射）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-66-Use-native-methods-judiciously.html">Item
66: Use native methods judiciously（明智地使用本地方法）</a></li>
<li><a href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-67-Optimize-judiciously.html">Item
67: Optimize judiciously（明智地进行优化）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-9/Chapter-9-Item-68-Adhere-to-generally-accepted-naming-conventions.html">Item
68: Adhere to generally accepted naming
conventions（遵守被广泛认可的命名约定）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 10. Exceptions（异常）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Introduction.html">Chapter 10
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-69-Use-exceptions-only-for-exceptional-conditions.html">Item
69: Use exceptions only for exceptional
conditions（仅在确有异常条件下使用异常）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-70-Use-checked-exceptions-for-recoverable-conditions-and-runtime-exceptions-for-programming-errors.html">Item
70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime
exceptions for programming errors（对可恢复情况使用 checked
异常，对编程错误使用运行时异常）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-71-Avoid-unnecessary-use-of-checked-exceptions.html">Item
71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions（避免不必要地使用
checked 异常）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-72-Favor-the-use-of-standard-exceptions.html">Item
72: Favor the use of standard exceptions（鼓励复用标准异常）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-73-Throw-exceptions-appropriate-to-the-abstraction.html">Item
73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the
abstraction（抛出能用抽象解释的异常）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-74-Document-all-exceptions-thrown-by-each-method.html">Item
74: Document all exceptions thrown by each
method（为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-75-Include-failure-capture-information-in-detail-messages.html">Item
75: Include failure capture information in detail
messages（异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-76-Strive-for-failure-atomicity.html">Item
76: Strive for failure atomicity（尽力保证故障原子性）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-10/Chapter-10-Item-77-Don’t-ignore-exceptions.html">Item 77:
Don’t ignore exceptions（不要忽略异常）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 11. Concurrency（并发）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Introduction.html">Chapter 11
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-78-Synchronize-access-to-shared-mutable-data.html">Item
78: Synchronize access to shared mutable
data（对共享可变数据的同步访问）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-79-Avoid-excessive-synchronization.html">Item
79: Avoid excessive synchronization（避免过度同步）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-80-Prefer-executors,-tasks,-and-streams-to-threads.html">Item
80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to
threads（Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-81-Prefer-concurrency-utilities-to-wait-and-notify.html">Item
81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify（并发实用工具优于
wait 和 notify）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-82-Document-thread-safety.html">Item 82:
Document thread safety（文档应包含线程安全属性）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-83-Use-lazy-initialization-judiciously.html">Item
83: Use lazy initialization judiciously（明智地使用延迟初始化）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-11/Chapter-11-Item-84-Don’t-depend-on-the-thread-scheduler.html">Item
84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler（不要依赖线程调度器）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Chapter 12. Serialization（序列化）</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="Chapter-12/Chapter-12-Introduction.html">Chapter 12
Introduction（章节介绍）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-12/Chapter-12-Item-85-Prefer-alternatives-to-Java-serialization.html">Item
85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization（优先选择 Java
序列化的替代方案）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-12/Chapter-12-Item-86-Implement-Serializable-with-great-caution.html">Item
86: Implement Serializable with great caution（非常谨慎地实现
Serializable）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-12/Chapter-12-Item-87-Consider-using-a-custom-serialized-form.html">Item
87: Consider using a custom serialized
form（考虑使用自定义序列化形式）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-12/Chapter-12-Item-88-Write-readObject-methods-defensively.html">Item
88: Write readObject methods defensively（防御性地编写 readObject
方法）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-12/Chapter-12-Item-89-For-instance-control-prefer-enum-types-to-readResolve.html">Item
89: For instance control, prefer enum types to
readResolve（对于实例控制，枚举类型优于 readResolve）</a></li>
<li><a
href="Chapter-12/Chapter-12-Item-90-Consider-serialization-proxies-instead-of-serialized-instances.html">Item
90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized
instances（考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例）</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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