tinyraytracer.cpp

#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include "geometry.h"

#include "Light.hpp"
#include "Material.hpp"
#include "Sphere.hpp"

Vec3f reflect(const Vec3f &I, const Vec3f &N) {
    return I - N*2.f*(I*N);
}

Vec3f refract(const Vec3f &I, const Vec3f &N, const float eta_t, const float eta_i=1.f) { // Snell's law
    float cosi = - std::max(-1.f, std::min(1.f, I*N));
    if (cosi<0) return refract(I, -N, eta_i, eta_t); // if the ray comes from the inside the object, swap the air and the media
    float eta = eta_i / eta_t;
    float k = 1 - eta*eta*(1 - cosi*cosi);
    return k<0 ? Vec3f(1,0,0) : I*eta + N*(eta*cosi - sqrtf(k)); // k<0 = total reflection, no ray to refract. I refract it anyways, this has no physical meaning
}

bool scene_intersect(const Vec3f &orig, const Vec3f &dir, const std::vector<Sphere> &spheres, Vec3f &hit, Vec3f &N, Material &material) {
    float spheres_dist = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
    for (size_t i=0; i < spheres.size(); i++) {
        float dist_i;
        if (spheres[i].ray_intersect(orig, dir, dist_i) && dist_i < spheres_dist) {
            spheres_dist = dist_i;
            hit = orig + dir*dist_i;
            N = (hit - spheres[i].center).normalize();
            material = spheres[i].material;
        }
    }

    float checkerboard_dist = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
    if (fabs(dir.y)>1e-3)  {
        float d = -(orig.y+4)/dir.y; // the checkerboard plane has equation y = -4
        Vec3f pt = orig + dir*d;
        if (d>0 && fabs(pt.x)<10 && pt.z<-10 && pt.z>-30 && d<spheres_dist) {
            checkerboard_dist = d;
            hit = pt;
            N = Vec3f(0,1,0);
            material.diffuse_color = (int(.5*hit.x+1000) + int(.5*hit.z)) & 1 ? Vec3f(.3, .3, .3) : Vec3f(.3, .2, .1);
        }
    }
    return std::min(spheres_dist, checkerboard_dist)<1000;
}

Vec3f cast_ray(const Vec3f &orig, const Vec3f &dir, const std::vector<Sphere> &spheres, const std::vector<Light> &lights, size_t depth=0) {
    Vec3f point, N;
    Material material;

    if (depth>4 || !scene_intersect(orig, dir, spheres, point, N, material)) {
        return Vec3f(0.2, 0.7, 0.8); // background color
    }

    Vec3f reflect_dir = reflect(dir, N).normalize();
    Vec3f refract_dir = refract(dir, N, material.refractive_index).normalize();
    Vec3f reflect_orig = reflect_dir*N < 0 ? point - N*1e-3 : point + N*1e-3; // offset the original point to avoid occlusion by the object itself
    Vec3f refract_orig = refract_dir*N < 0 ? point - N*1e-3 : point + N*1e-3;
    Vec3f reflect_color = cast_ray(reflect_orig, reflect_dir, spheres, lights, depth + 1);
    Vec3f refract_color = cast_ray(refract_orig, refract_dir, spheres, lights, depth + 1);

    float diffuse_light_intensity = 0, specular_light_intensity = 0;
    for (size_t i=0; i<lights.size(); i++) {
        Vec3f light_dir      = (lights[i].position - point).normalize();
        float light_distance = (lights[i].position - point).norm();

        Vec3f shadow_orig = light_dir*N < 0 ? point - N*1e-3 : point + N*1e-3; // checking if the point lies in the shadow of the lights[i]
        Vec3f shadow_pt, shadow_N;
        Material tmpmaterial;
        if (scene_intersect(shadow_orig, light_dir, spheres, shadow_pt, shadow_N, tmpmaterial) && (shadow_pt-shadow_orig).norm() < light_distance)
            continue;

        diffuse_light_intensity  += lights[i].intensity * std::max(0.f, light_dir*N);
        specular_light_intensity += powf(std::max(0.f, -reflect(-light_dir, N)*dir), material.specular_exponent)*lights[i].intensity;
    }
    return material.diffuse_color * diffuse_light_intensity * material.albedo[0] + Vec3f(1., 1., 1.)*specular_light_intensity * material.albedo[1] + reflect_color*material.albedo[2] + refract_color*material.albedo[3];
}

void render(const std::vector<Sphere> &spheres, const std::vector<Light> &lights) {
    const int   width    = 1024;
    const int   height   = 768;
    const float fov      = M_PI/3.;
    std::vector<Vec3f> framebuffer(width*height);

    for (size_t j = 0; j<height; j++) { // actual rendering loop
        for (size_t i = 0; i<width; i++) {
            float dir_x =  (i + 0.5) -  width/2.;
            float dir_y = -(j + 0.5) + height/2.;    // this flips the image at the same time
            float dir_z = -height/(2.*tan(fov/2.));
            framebuffer[i+j*width] = cast_ray(Vec3f(0,0,0), Vec3f(dir_x, dir_y, dir_z).normalize(), spheres, lights);
        }
    }

    std::ofstream ofs; // save the framebuffer to file
    ofs.open("./out.ppm",std::ios::binary);
    ofs << "P6\n" << width << " " << height << "\n255\n";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < height*width; ++i) {
        Vec3f &c = framebuffer[i];
        float max = std::max(c[0], std::max(c[1], c[2]));
        if (max>1) c = c*(1./max);
        for (size_t j = 0; j<3; j++) {
            ofs << (char)(255 * std::max(0.f, std::min(1.f, framebuffer[i][j])));
        }
    }
}

int main() {
    Material      ivory(1.0, Vec4f(0.6,  0.3, 0.1, 0.0), Vec3f(0.4, 0.4, 0.3),   50.);
    Material      glass(1.5, Vec4f(0.0,  0.5, 0.1, 0.8), Vec3f(0.6, 0.7, 0.8),  125.);
    Material red_rubber(1.0, Vec4f(0.9,  0.1, 0.0, 0.0), Vec3f(0.3, 0.1, 0.1),   10.);
    Material     mirror(1.0, Vec4f(0.0, 10.0, 0.8, 0.0), Vec3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), 1425.);

    std::vector<Sphere> spheres;
    spheres.push_back(Sphere(Vec3f(-3,    0,   -16), 2,      ivory));
    spheres.push_back(Sphere(Vec3f(-1.0, -1.5, -12), 2,      glass));
    spheres.push_back(Sphere(Vec3f( 1.5, -0.5, -18), 3, red_rubber));
    spheres.push_back(Sphere(Vec3f( 7,    5,   -18), 4,     mirror));

    std::vector<Light>  lights;
    lights.push_back(Light(Vec3f(-20, 20,  20), 1.5));
    lights.push_back(Light(Vec3f( 30, 50, -25), 1.8));
    lights.push_back(Light(Vec3f( 30, 20,  30), 1.7));

    render(spheres, lights);

    return 0;
}