diff --git a/example/damaged_helmet/color_pass.cpp b/example/damaged_helmet/color_pass.cpp
index d13b9ec..01519f5 100644
--- a/example/damaged_helmet/color_pass.cpp
+++ b/example/damaged_helmet/color_pass.cpp
@@ -292,4 +292,4 @@ void ColorPass::draw(RenderContext &ctx, const glm::ivec2 &g_size,
     // End rendering to FBO
     ctx.endRendering();
   }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/example/damaged_helmet/color_pass.h b/example/damaged_helmet/color_pass.h
index 09a7e28..8449d27 100644
--- a/example/damaged_helmet/color_pass.h
+++ b/example/damaged_helmet/color_pass.h
@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ class ColorPass {
   Buffer m_material_ubo;
 };
 
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/example/damaged_helmet/final_pass.h b/example/damaged_helmet/final_pass.h
index c94e8e5..fc76ead 100644
--- a/example/damaged_helmet/final_pass.h
+++ b/example/damaged_helmet/final_pass.h
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ class FinalPass {
   std::unique_ptr<GraphicsPipeline> m_pipeline;
 };
 
-} // namespace paimon
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace paimon
diff --git a/example/damaged_helmet/main.cpp b/example/damaged_helmet/main.cpp
index 9265f9f..bd68776 100644
--- a/example/damaged_helmet/main.cpp
+++ b/example/damaged_helmet/main.cpp
@@ -108,9 +108,8 @@ int main() {
   // Create render context
   RenderContext ctx;
 
-  // Create screen quad (it will load shaders internally from singleton)
-  ColorPass color_pass(ctx);
-  FinalPass final_pass(ctx);
+  // Create Renderer (it will own per-pass resources)
+  Renderer renderer(ctx, texturePtrMap);
 
 
   LOG_INFO("Setup complete, entering render loop");
@@ -156,4 +155,4 @@ int main() {
   LOG_INFO("Shutting down");
 
   return 0;
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/example/damaged_helmet/renderer.cpp b/example/damaged_helmet/renderer.cpp
index e69de29..43a4545 100644
--- a/example/damaged_helmet/renderer.cpp
+++ b/example/damaged_helmet/renderer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#include "renderer.h"
+
+using namespace paimon;
+
+Renderer::Renderer(RenderContext &renderContext,
+                   const std::map<std::shared_ptr<sg::Texture>, Texture *> &texturePtrMap)
+    : m_renderContext(renderContext),
+      m_colorPass(renderContext),
+      m_finalPass(renderContext),
+      m_transformUbo(),
+      m_materialUbo(),
+      m_lightingUbo(),
+      m_texturePtrMap(texturePtrMap) {
+  m_transformUbo.set_storage(sizeof(TransformUBO), nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_STORAGE_BIT);
+  m_materialUbo.set_storage(sizeof(MaterialUBO), nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_STORAGE_BIT);
+  m_lightingUbo.set_storage(sizeof(LightingUBO), nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_STORAGE_BIT);
+}
+
+void Renderer::draw(const glm::ivec2 &resolution, const Camera &camera,
+                    const LightingUBO &lighting,
+                    const std::vector<MeshData> &meshes) {
+  // Prepare transform UBO
+  TransformUBO transformData;
+  transformData.model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
+  transformData.view = glm::lookAt(camera.position, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), camera.up);
+  transformData.projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.fov),
+                                              static_cast<float>(resolution.x) / resolution.y,
+                                              0.1f, 100.0f);
+  m_transformUbo.set_sub_data(0, sizeof(TransformUBO), &transformData);
+
+  // Update lighting UBO (copy viewPos from camera)
+  LightingUBO lightingData = lighting;
+  lightingData.viewPos = camera.position;
+  m_lightingUbo.set_sub_data(0, sizeof(LightingUBO), &lightingData);
+
+  // First pass: render scene to color texture
+  m_colorPass.draw(m_renderContext, resolution, meshes, m_texturePtrMap, m_transformUbo, m_materialUbo, m_lightingUbo);
+
+  // Second pass: blit color texture to default framebuffer
+  m_finalPass.draw(m_renderContext, *m_colorPass.getColorTexture(), resolution);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/example/damaged_helmet/renderer.h b/example/damaged_helmet/renderer.h
index bf3584f..1e5b095 100644
--- a/example/damaged_helmet/renderer.h
+++ b/example/damaged_helmet/renderer.h
@@ -1,21 +1,58 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+
 #include "paimon/rendering/render_context.h"
-#include "paimon/core/fg/transient_resources.h"
+#include "paimon/opengl/buffer.h"
+#include "paimon/opengl/texture.h"
+
+#include "color_pass.h"
+#include "final_pass.h"
+#include "mesh_data.h"
 
 namespace paimon {
 
+// Camera struct used by Renderer (matches previous main.cpp fields)
+struct Camera {
+  glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f);
+  glm::vec3 front = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
+  glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+  float yaw = -90.0f;
+  float pitch = 0.0f;
+  float fov = 45.0f;
+};
+
 class Renderer {
 public:
-  Renderer(RenderContext &renderContext);
+  Renderer(RenderContext &renderContext,
+           const std::map<std::shared_ptr<sg::Texture>, Texture *> &texturePtrMap);
+
+  // resolution: framebuffer size in pixels
+  // camera: camera state (position, fov...)
+  // lighting: LightingUBO structure (lightPos, viewPos)
+  // meshes: list of MeshData to render
+  void draw(const glm::ivec2 &resolution, const Camera &camera,
+            const LightingUBO &lighting,
+            const std::vector<MeshData> &meshes);
 
-  void render();
+  // expose color texture for tests or external use if needed
+  const Texture *getColorTexture() const { return m_colorPass.getColorTexture(); }
 
 private:
   RenderContext &m_renderContext;
-  TransientResources m_transientResources;
+  ColorPass m_colorPass;
+  FinalPass m_finalPass;
 
-  
-  float m_rotation = 0.0f;
+  Buffer m_transformUbo;
+  Buffer m_materialUbo;
+  Buffer m_lightingUbo;
+
+  const std::map<std::shared_ptr<sg::Texture>, Texture *> &m_texturePtrMap;
 };
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+
+} // namespace paimon
diff --git a/example/frame_graph/main.cpp b/example/frame_graph/main.cpp
index 67df2f3..9d46474 100644
--- a/example/frame_graph/main.cpp
+++ b/example/frame_graph/main.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
 
 #include "paimon/app/window.h"
+#include "paimon/core/log_system.h"
 #include "paimon/core/fg/frame_graph.h"
 #include "paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.h"
 #include "paimon/core/fg/transient_resources.h"
@@ -388,6 +389,8 @@ void renderScene(RenderData &rd, Program &program, bool isShadowPass) {
 }
 
 int main() {
+  LogSystem::init();
+
   auto window = Window::create(WindowConfig{
       .title = "Frame Graph Shadow Mapping Example",
       .format =
@@ -404,6 +407,9 @@ int main() {
       .vsync = true,
   });
 
+  RenderContext rc;
+  TransientResources allocator(rc);
+
   RenderData renderData;
 
   // Setup geometry and shaders
@@ -463,7 +469,7 @@ int main() {
             });
         data.shadow_map = builder.write(data.shadow_map);
       },
-      [&renderData](FrameGraphResources &resources, void *context) {
+      [&renderData](const ShadowPassData &data, FrameGraphResources &resources, void *context) {
         std::cout << "Executing Shadow Pass\n";
 
         // Bind shadow framebuffer
@@ -493,7 +499,7 @@ int main() {
       [&](FrameGraph::Builder &builder, ScenePassData &data) {
         data.shadow_input = builder.read(shadow_pass.shadow_map);
       },
-      [&renderData](FrameGraphResources &resources, void *context) {
+      [&renderData](const ScenePassData &data, FrameGraphResources &resources, void *context) {
         std::cout << "Executing Scene Pass\n";
 
         // Render to default framebuffer
@@ -548,8 +554,6 @@ int main() {
   while (!window->shouldClose()) {
     window->pollEvents();
 
-    RenderContext rc;
-    TransientResources allocator(rc);
     fg.execute(&rc, &allocator);
 
     window->swapBuffers();
diff --git a/source/paimon/core/ecs/entity.h b/source/paimon/core/ecs/entity.h
index 71377e7..078f1f3 100644
--- a/source/paimon/core/ecs/entity.h
+++ b/source/paimon/core/ecs/entity.h
@@ -107,4 +107,4 @@ class Entity {
 };
 
 } // namespace ecs
-} // namespace paimon
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace paimon
diff --git a/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph.h b/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph.h
index 882e8d7..73a8f71 100644
--- a/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph.h
+++ b/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph.h
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class FrameGraph {
 
   template <class TData, class TSetup, class TExecutor>
     requires std::invocable<TSetup, Builder &, TData &> &&
-             std::invocable<TExecutor, FrameGraphResources &, void *>
+             std::invocable<TExecutor, const TData&, FrameGraphResources &, void *>
   const TData &create_pass(std::string name, TSetup &&setup,
                            TExecutor &&executor) {
     auto id = m_pass_nodes.size();
diff --git a/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.cpp b/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.cpp
index d73eaad..a3e5547 100644
--- a/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.cpp
+++ b/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ void FrameGraphTexture::create(void *allocator, const Descriptor &desc) {
 void FrameGraphTexture::destroy(void *allocator, const Descriptor &desc) {
   auto *transientResources = static_cast<TransientResources *>(allocator);
   transientResources->releaseTexture(desc, m_texture);
-  m_texture = nullptr;
 }
 
 void FrameGraphTexture::preRead(void *context, const Descriptor &desc,
diff --git a/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.h b/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.h
index e8e1d5e..ed78d43 100644
--- a/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.h
+++ b/source/paimon/core/fg/frame_graph_texture.h
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ class FrameGraphTexture {
 
   void preWrite(void *context, const Descriptor &desc, uint32_t flags = 0);
 
+  Texture *getTexture() { return m_texture; }
+  const Texture *getTexture() const { return m_texture; }
+
 private:
   Texture *m_texture = nullptr;
 };
diff --git a/source/paimon/core/fg/pass.h b/source/paimon/core/fg/pass.h
index c6a121c..1168b8e 100644
--- a/source/paimon/core/fg/pass.h
+++ b/source/paimon/core/fg/pass.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Pass : public PassConcept {
   ~Pass() override = default;
 
   void execute(FrameGraphResources &resources, void *context) const override {
-    std::invoke(m_executor, resources, context);
+    std::invoke(m_executor, m_data, resources, context);
   }
 
   TData &get_data() { return m_data; }
diff --git a/source/paimon/core/fg/resource_entry.h b/source/paimon/core/fg/resource_entry.h
index a9b2058..04c497c 100644
--- a/source/paimon/core/fg/resource_entry.h
+++ b/source/paimon/core/fg/resource_entry.h
@@ -40,12 +40,14 @@ class ResourceEntry {
 
   template <class TResource>
   TResource &get() {
-    return dynamic_cast<Resource<TResource>>(*m_concept).get();
+    auto &resource = static_cast<Resource<TResource>&>(*m_concept);
+    return resource.get();
   }
 
   template <class TResource>
   typename TResource::Descriptor &get_desc() {
-    return dynamic_cast<Resource<TResource>>(*m_concept).get_desc();
+    auto &resource = static_cast<Resource<TResource>&>(*m_concept);
+    return resource.get_desc();
   }
 
 private:
diff --git a/source/paimon/rendering/render_context.cpp b/source/paimon/rendering/render_context.cpp
index 256f1e5..b2fde61 100644
--- a/source/paimon/rendering/render_context.cpp
+++ b/source/paimon/rendering/render_context.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ void RenderContext::beginRendering(const RenderingInfo& info) {
   if (info.depthAttachment.has_value()) {
     const auto& attachment = info.depthAttachment.value();
     if (attachment.loadOp == AttachmentLoadOp::Clear) {
-      float depth = attachment.clearValue.depthStencil.depth;
+      float depth = attachment.clearValue.depth;
       m_currentFbo->clear(GL_DEPTH, 0, &depth);
     }
   }
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ void RenderContext::beginRendering(const RenderingInfo& info) {
   if (info.stencilAttachment.has_value()) {
     const auto& attachment = info.stencilAttachment.value();
     if (attachment.loadOp == AttachmentLoadOp::Clear) {
-      GLint stencilValue = static_cast<GLint>(attachment.clearValue.depthStencil.stencil);
+      GLint stencilValue = static_cast<GLint>(attachment.clearValue.stencil);
       m_currentFbo->clear(GL_STENCIL, 0, &stencilValue);
     }
   }
diff --git a/source/paimon/rendering/rendering_info.h b/source/paimon/rendering/rendering_info.h
index 4c02bd9..218d550 100644
--- a/source/paimon/rendering/rendering_info.h
+++ b/source/paimon/rendering/rendering_info.h
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ struct ClearValue {
     struct {
       float r, g, b, a;
     } color;
+    float depth;
+    uint32_t stencil;
     struct {
       float depth;
       uint32_t stencil;
@@ -46,6 +48,18 @@ struct ClearValue {
     return value;
   }
 
+  static ClearValue Depth(float depth) {
+    ClearValue value;
+    value.depth = depth;
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  static ClearValue Stencil(uint32_t stencil) {
+    ClearValue value;
+    value.stencil = stencil;
+    return value;
+  }
+
   static ClearValue DepthStencil(float depth, uint32_t stencil = 0) {
     ClearValue value;
     value.depthStencil.depth = depth;