From 35cd362ff770b09e332b80b7f4c22fc0dd26e9fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Androooou Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 15:11:27 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 01/12] Added back links and mutual links lists --- eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py | 21 +- eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose2.py | 219 --- .../diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.py | 1222 +++++++++-------- .../diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.pyc | Bin 20469 -> 22146 bytes eduwiki/eduwiki.db | Bin 131072 -> 131072 bytes eduwiki/templates/base.html | 14 +- eduwiki/templates/eduprototype/index.html | 8 +- eduwiki/templates/eduprototype/learn.html | 4 +- 8 files changed, 685 insertions(+), 803 deletions(-) delete mode 100755 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose2.py mode change 100755 => 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.py diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py index 95e7149..9663f8b 100644 --- a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py @@ -105,7 +105,6 @@ def plainTextSummary(self, n=2): if cached: page_content = cached else: - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) page_content = self.page.content self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-plainTextSummary", page_content) first_n_paragraphs = "\n".join(page_content.split("\n")[:n]) @@ -117,7 +116,6 @@ def topWikiLinks(self, n=2): if cached: links = json.loads(cached) else: - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) links = self.page.links self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-links", json.dumps(links)) return links @@ -128,7 +126,6 @@ def categoryTitles(self): if cached: categories = json.loads(cached) else: - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) categories = self.page.categories self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-categories", json.dumps(categories)) @@ -141,7 +138,6 @@ def returnWhatIs(self): if cached: whatis = cached else: - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) regex_str = '('+self.topic[:5]+'('+self.topic[5:]+')?'+'|'+'('+self.topic[:len(self.topic)-5]+')?'+self.topic[len(self.topic)-5:] + ')' + '(\s[^\.]*(is|was|can be regarded as)|[^,\.]{,15}?,)\s([^\.]+)\.(?=\s)' mentions = re.findall(regex_str, self.page.content, re.IGNORECASE) @@ -152,6 +148,23 @@ def returnWhatIs(self): self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-whatis", whatis) return whatis + def backlinks(self): + cached = self.cache and self.fetcher.fetch(self.topic+"-backlinks") + if cached: + backlinks = json.loads(cached) + else: + backlinks = self.page.backlinks + self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-backlinks", json.dumps(backlinks)) + return backlinks + + def mutuallinks(self): + cached = self.cache and self.fetcher.fetch(self.topic+"-mutuallinks") + if cached: + mutuallinks = json.loads(cached) + else: + mutuallinks = self.page.mutuallinks + self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-mutuallinks", json.dumps(mutuallinks)) + return mutuallinks class DiskCacheFetcher: def __init__(self, cache_dir=None): diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose2.py b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose2.py deleted file mode 100755 index 2bb7918..0000000 --- a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose2.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,219 +0,0 @@ -import pyjs -import md5, os, tempfile, time -import wikipedia -import re -import json -import sys -import array -import unicodedata - -class EduTopic: - def __init__(self, name, distractors, description): - self.name = name - self.distractors = distractors - self.description = description - def to_JSON(self): - return json.dumps(self, default=lambda o: o.__dict__, sort_keys=True, indent=4) - -class WikiEducate: - def __init__(self, topic, cache=True): - self.topic = topic - self.cache = cache - self.fetcher = DiskCacheFetcher('url_cache') - - - def wikitext(self): - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) - text = self.page.wikitext() - return text - - def wikilinks(self): - wtext = self.wikitext() - #print wtext - wikilink_rx = re.compile(r'\[\[([^|\]]*\|)?([^\]]+)\]\]') - link_array = [] - for m in wikilink_rx.finditer(wtext): - #print '%02d-%02d: %s' % (m.start(), m.end(), m.group(2)) - if link_array.append(m.group(1)): - link_array.append(m.group(1)) - else: - link_array.append(m.group(2)) - - return link_array - - - # Returns (up to) first n paragraphs of given Wikipedia article. - def plainTextSummary(self, n=2): - cached = self.cache and self.fetcher.fetch(self.topic+"-plainTextSummary") - if cached: - page_content = cached - else: - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) - page_content = self.page.content - self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-plainTextSummary", page_content) - first_n_paragraphs = "\n".join(page_content.split("\n")[:n]) - return first_n_paragraphs - - # Returns an array of article titles for wiki links within given wiki text. - def topWikiLinks(self, n=2): - cached = self.cache and self.fetcher.fetch(self.topic+"-links") - if cached: - links = json.loads(cached) - else: - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) - links = self.page.links - self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-links", json.dumps(links)) - return links - - # Returns an array of category titles - def categoryTitles(self): - cached = self.cache and self.fetcher.fetch(self.topic+"-categories") - if cached: - categories = json.loads(cached) - else: - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) - categories = self.page.categories - self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-categories", json.dumps(categories)) - return categories - - # Returns first mention in article of the following regex - # "\s[^\.](is|was)([^\.])+\." or None (if no matches) - def returnWhatIs(self): - cached = self.cache and self.fetcher.fetch(self.topic+"-whatis") - if cached: - whatis = cached - else: - self.page = wikipedia.page(self.topic) - #print self.topic + "||" + self.topic[:7] + "||" + self.page.content[:200] + "\n" - regex_str = '('+self.topic[:5]+'('+self.topic[5:]+')?'+'|'+'('+self.topic[:len(self.topic)-5]+')?'+self.topic[len(self.topic)-5:] + ')' + '(\s[^\.]*(is|was|can be regarded as)|[^,\.]{,15}?,)\s([^\.]+)\.(?=\s)' - #print regex_str + "\n" - mentions = re.findall(regex_str, self.page.content, re.IGNORECASE) - - if len(mentions) > 0: - whatis = mentions[0][5] - whatis = re.sub(r'.*\sis\s+(.*)$', r'\1', whatis) - else: - whatis = None - self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-whatis", whatis) - return whatis - -class DiskCacheFetcher: - def __init__(self, cache_dir=None): - # If no cache directory specified, use system temp directory - if cache_dir is None: - cache_dir = tempfile.gettempdir() - self.cache_dir = cache_dir - - def fetch(self, url, max_age=60000): - # Use MD5 hash of the URL as the filename - filename = md5.new(url).hexdigest() - filepath = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, filename) - if os.path.exists(filepath): - if int(time.time()) - os.path.getmtime(filepath) < max_age: - return open(filepath).read() - - #if cache not found, simply return false - return False - - def cache(self, url, data): - # Use MD5 hash of the URL as the filename - filename = md5.new(url).hexdigest() - filepath = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, filename) - if __name__ != "__main__": - filepath = os.path.join('diagnose', filepath) - filepath = os.path.join('eduprototype', filepath) - - fd, temppath = tempfile.mkstemp() - fp = os.fdopen(fd, 'w') - fp.write(data.encode("ascii", "ignore")) - fp.close() - os.rename(temppath, filepath) - return data - -#takes a search term and, optionally, a depth and branch factor, and returns a JSON tree -#representing the term's prereqs and distractors -def query(search_term, depth = 1, children = 3): - #set a max depth and #children as a failsafe - if depth > 10: - depth = 10 - if children > 10: - children = 10 - - #get the topic and the names of its prereq links - topic_name = unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', search_term).encode('ascii') - main_topic = WikiEducate(search_term) - prereqs = main_topic.wikilinks() - - #create a JSON tree which will be recursively built - json_children = [] - - #get topic text, descriptor, and distractors - topic_text = main_topic.plainTextSummary(1) - description = main_topic.returnWhatIs() #note: I'm referring to the actual - distractor_names = main_topic.wikilinks() #string of text as the distractor - distractors = [] - for i in range(0,3): - distractor_name = unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', distractor_names[i]).encode('ascii') - distractor_obj = WikiEducate(distractor_name) - distractor = distractor_obj.returnWhatIs() - distractors.append(distractor) #append dis tractor *vroom* - - #run for children if depth left - if depth != 0: - for j in range(0,children): - json_child = query(prereqs[j], depth = depth - 1, children = children) - json_children.append(json_child) - - #assemble the tree and return it - json_tree = {'title': topic_name, 'text': topic_text, - 'description': description, 'distractors': distractors, - 'children': json_children} - return json.dumps(json_tree) - - - -""" -# An example query. -main_topic = WikiEducate(sys.argv[1], True) -prereqs = main_topic.wikilinks() - -my_json = [] - -for i in range(0, 4): - #print "Investigating " + prereqs[i] + "\n" - topic_name = unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', prereqs[i]).encode('ascii', 'ignore') - topic = WikiEducate(topic_name, True) - description = topic.returnWhatIs() - distractors = topic.wikilinks() - distractor_defs = [] - for j in range(0,3): - distractor_name = unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', distractors[j]).encode('ascii', 'ignore') - distractor = WikiEducate(distractor_name, True) - distractor_description = distractor.returnWhatIs() - distractor_defs.append(distractor_description) - #print "D: " + distractor_name + "=" + distractor_description + "\n" - #print prereqs[i] + ": " + description + "\n" - topic_text = topic.plainTextSummary(1) - #print "TOPIC TEXT" + topic_text + "\n\n"; - #print "\n" - #topic_learner = EduTopic(topic_name, distractor_defs, topic_text) - #my_json.append(topic_learner) - my_json.append({'name': topic_name, 'def': description,'distractors': distractor_defs, 'text': topic_text}) - -sys.stdout.write(json.dumps(my_json)) -""" - -#print wikitext - -#summary = wikieducate.plainTextSummary() -#links = wikieducate.topWikiLinks() -#categories = wikieducate.categoryTitles() -#first_mention = wikieducate.returnWhatIs() - -#print "Summary:", summary -#print -#print "Links:", links -#print -#print "Categories:", categories -#print -#print "First Mention:", first_mention diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.py b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.py old mode 100755 new mode 100644 index 3544831..393791f --- a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.py +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.py @@ -1,12 +1,16 @@ import requests import time from datetime import datetime, timedelta -import os, sys, inspect -currentdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))) +import os +import sys +import inspect +currentdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath + (inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))) parentdir = os.path.dirname(currentdir) -sys.path.insert(0,parentdir) +sys.path.insert(0, parentdir) from bs4 import BeautifulSoup -from .exceptions import PageError, DisambiguationError, RedirectError, HTTPTimeoutError, WikipediaException +from .exceptions import PageError, DisambiguationError, RedirectError +from .exceptions import HTTPTimeoutError, WikipediaException from .util import cache, stdout_encode API_URL = 'http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php' @@ -16,663 +20,747 @@ def set_lang(prefix): - ''' - Change the language of the API being requested. - Set `prefix` to one of the two letter prefixes found on the `list of all Wikipedias `_. + ''' +Change the language of the API being requested. + Set `prefix` to one of the two letter prefixes found on the + `list of all Wikipedias + `_. - After setting the language, the cache for ``search``, ``suggest``, and ``summary`` will be cleared. + After setting the language, the cache for ``search``, ``suggest``, + and ``summary`` will be cleared. - .. note:: Make sure you search for page titles in the language that you have set. - ''' - global API_URL - API_URL = 'http://' + prefix.lower() + '.wikipedia.org/w/api.php' + .. note:: Make sure you search for page titles in the + language that you have set. + ''' + global API_URL + API_URL = 'http://' + prefix.lower() + '.wikipedia.org/w/api.php' - for cached_func in (search, suggest, summary): - cached_func.clear_cache() + for cached_func in (search, suggest, summary): + cached_func.clear_cache() def set_rate_limiting(rate_limit, min_wait=timedelta(milliseconds=50)): - ''' - Enable or disable rate limiting on requests to the Mediawiki servers. - If rate limiting is not enabled, under some circumstances (depending on - load on Wikipedia, the number of requests you and other `wikipedia` users - are making, and other factors), Wikipedia may return an HTTP timeout error. + ''' + Enable or disable rate limiting on requests to the Mediawiki servers. + If rate limiting is not enabled, under some circumstances (depending on + load on Wikipedia, the number of requests you and other `wikipedia` users + are making, and other factors), Wikipedia may return an HTTP timeout error. - Enabling rate limiting generally prevents that issue, but please note that - HTTPTimeoutError still might be raised. + Enabling rate limiting generally prevents that issue, but please note that + HTTPTimeoutError still might be raised. - Arguments: + Arguments: - * rate_limit - (Boolean) whether to enable rate limiting or not + * rate_limit - (Boolean) whether to enable rate limiting or not - Keyword arguments: + Keyword arguments: - * min_wait - if rate limiting is enabled, `min_wait` is a timedelta describing the minimum time to wait before requests. + * min_wait - if rate limiting is enabled, `min_wait` is a timedelta + describing the minimum time to wait before requests. Defaults to timedelta(milliseconds=50) - ''' - global RATE_LIMIT - global RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT - global RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL - - RATE_LIMIT = rate_limit - if not rate_limit: - RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT = None - else: - RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT = min_wait - - RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL = None - - -@cache -def search(query, results=10, suggestion=False): - ''' - Do a Wikipedia search for `query`. - - Keyword arguments: - - * results - the maxmimum number of results returned - * suggestion - if True, return results and suggestion (if any) in a tuple - ''' - - search_params = { - 'list': 'search', - 'srprop': '', - 'srlimit': results - } - if suggestion: - search_params['srinfo'] = 'suggestion' - search_params['srsearch'] = query - search_params['limit'] = results - - raw_results = _wiki_request(**search_params) - - if 'error' in raw_results: - if raw_results['error']['info'] in ('HTTP request timed out.', 'Pool queue is full'): - raise HTTPTimeoutError(query) - else: - raise WikipediaException(raw_results['error']['info']) - - search_results = (d['title'] for d in raw_results['query']['search']) + ''' + global RATE_LIMIT + global RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT + global RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL - if suggestion: - if raw_results['query'].get('searchinfo'): - return list(search_results), raw_results['query']['searchinfo']['suggestion'] + RATE_LIMIT = rate_limit + if not rate_limit: + RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT = None else: - return list(search_results), None + RATE_LIMIT_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT = min_wait - return list(search_results) + RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL = None @cache -def suggest(query): - ''' - Get a Wikipedia search suggestion for `query`. - Returns a string or None if no suggestion was found. - ''' - - search_params = { - 'list': 'search', - 'srinfo': 'suggestion', - 'srprop': '', - } - search_params['srsearch'] = query - - raw_result = _wiki_request(**search_params) - - if raw_result['query'].get('searchinfo'): - return raw_result['query']['searchinfo']['suggestion'] - - return None +def search(query, results=10, suggestion=False): + ''' + Do a Wikipedia search for `query`. + Keyword arguments: -def random(pages=1): - ''' - Get a list of random Wikipedia article titles. + * results - the maxmimum number of results returned + * suggestion - if True, return results and suggestion (if any) in a tuple + ''' - .. note:: Random only gets articles from namespace 0, meaning no Category, User talk, or other meta-Wikipedia pages. + search_params = { + 'list': 'search', + 'srprop': '', + 'srlimit': results + } + if suggestion: + search_params['srinfo'] = 'suggestion' + search_params['srsearch'] = query + search_params['limit'] = results - Keyword arguments: + raw_results = _wiki_request(**search_params) - * pages - the number of random pages returned (max of 10) - ''' - #http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=random&rnlimit=5000&format=jsonfm - query_params = { - 'list': 'random', - 'rnnamespace': 0, - 'rnlimit': pages, - } + if 'error' in raw_results: + if raw_results['error']['info'] in \ + ('HTTP request timed out.', 'Pool queue is full'): + raise HTTPTimeoutError(query) + else: + raise WikipediaException(raw_results['error']['info']) - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - titles = [page['title'] for page in request['query']['random']] + search_results = (d['title'] for d in raw_results['query']['search']) - if len(titles) == 1: - return titles[0] + if suggestion: + if raw_results['query'].get('searchinfo'): + return list(search_results), \ + raw_results['query']['searchinfo']['suggestion'] + else: + return list(search_results), None - return titles + return list(search_results) @cache -def summary(title, sentences=0, chars=0, auto_suggest=True, redirect=True): - ''' - Plain text summary of the page. - - .. note:: This is a convenience wrapper - auto_suggest and redirect are enabled by default - - Keyword arguments: - - * sentences - if set, return the first `sentences` sentences - * chars - if set, return only the first `chars` characters. - * auto_suggest - let Wikipedia find a valid page title for the query - * redirect - allow redirection without raising RedirectError - ''' - - # use auto_suggest and redirect to get the correct article - # also, use page's error checking to raise DisambiguationError if necessary - page_info = page(title, auto_suggest=auto_suggest, redirect=redirect) - title = page_info.title - pageid = page_info.pageid - - query_params = { - 'prop': 'extracts', - 'explaintext': '', - 'titles': title - } - - if sentences: - query_params['exsentences'] = sentences - elif chars: - query_params['exchars'] = chars - else: - query_params['exintro'] = '' - - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - summary = request['query']['pages'][pageid]['extract'] - - return summary - - -def page(title=None, pageid=None, auto_suggest=True, redirect=True, preload=False): - ''' - Get a WikipediaPage object for the page with title `title` or the pageid - `pageid` (mutually exclusive). - - Keyword arguments: - - * title - the title of the page to load - * pageid - the numeric pageid of the page to load - * auto_suggest - let Wikipedia find a valid page title for the query - * redirect - allow redirection without raising RedirectError - * preload - load content, summary, images, references, and links during initialization - ''' - - if title is not None: - if auto_suggest: - results, suggestion = search(title, results=1, suggestion=True) - try: - title = suggestion or results[0] - except IndexError: - # if there is no suggestion or search results, the page doesn't exist - raise PageError(title) - return WikipediaPage(title, redirect=redirect, preload=preload) - elif pageid is not None: - return WikipediaPage(pageid=pageid, preload=preload) - else: - raise ValueError("Either a title or a pageid must be specified") - - - -class WikipediaPage(object): - ''' - Contains data from a Wikipedia page. - Uses property methods to filter data from the raw HTML. - ''' - - def __init__(self, title=None, pageid=None, redirect=True, preload=False, original_title=''): - if title is not None: - self.title = title - self.original_title = original_title or title - elif pageid is not None: - self.pageid = pageid - else: - raise ValueError("Either a title or a pageid must be specified") - - self.load(redirect=redirect, preload=preload) - - if preload: - for prop in ('content', 'summary', 'images', 'references', 'links', 'sections'): - getattr(self, prop) - - def __repr__(self): - return stdout_encode(u''.format(self.title)) - - def __eq__(self, other): - try: - return ( - self.pageid == other.pageid - and self.title == other.title - and self.url == other.url - ) - except: - return False - - def load(self, redirect=True, preload=False): +def suggest(query): ''' - Load basic information from Wikipedia. - Confirm that page exists and is not a disambiguation/redirect. - - Does not need to be called manually, should be called automatically during __init__. + Get a Wikipedia search suggestion for `query`. + Returns a string or None if no suggestion was found. ''' - query_params = { - 'prop': 'info|pageprops', - 'inprop': 'url', - 'ppprop': 'disambiguation', - } - if not getattr(self, 'pageid', None): - query_params['titles'] = self.title - else: - query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid - - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - - pages = request['query']['pages'] - pageid = list(pages.keys())[0] - data = pages[pageid] - - # missing is equal to empty string if it is True - if data.get('missing') == '': - if hasattr(self, 'title'): - raise PageError(self.title) - else: - raise PageError(pageid=self.pageid) - - # same thing for redirect - elif data.get('redirect') == '': - if redirect: - # change the title and reload the whole object - query_params = { - 'prop': 'extracts', - 'explaintext': '', - 'titles': self.title - } - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - - extract = request['query']['pages'][pageid]['extract'] - - # extract should be of the form "REDIRECT " - # ("REDIRECT" could be translated to current language) - title = ' '.join(extract.split('\n')[0].split()[1:]).strip() - - self.__init__(title, redirect=redirect, preload=preload) - - else: - raise RedirectError(getattr(self, 'title', data['title'])) - - # since we only asked for disambiguation in ppprop, - # if a pageprop is returned, - # then the page must be a disambiguation page - elif data.get('pageprops'): - query_params = { - 'prop': 'revisions', - 'rvprop': 'content', - 'rvparse': '', - 'rvlimit': 1 - } - if hasattr(self, 'pageid'): - query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid - else: - query_params['titles'] = self.title - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - html = request['query']['pages'][pageid]['revisions'][0]['*'] - - #print html + search_params = { + 'list': 'search', + 'srinfo': 'suggestion', + 'srprop': '', + } + search_params['srsearch'] = query - lis = BeautifulSoup(html).find_all('li') - filtered_lis = [li for li in lis if not 'tocsection' in ''.join(li.get('class', []))] - may_refer_to = [li.a.get_text() for li in filtered_lis if li.a] - descriptions = [li.get_text() for li in filtered_lis if li.a] - links = [li.a[u'href'].split('/')[-1].replace("_", "+") for li in filtered_lis if li.a] + raw_result = _wiki_request(**search_params) - raise DisambiguationError(getattr(self, 'title', data['title']), may_refer_to, descriptions, links) + if raw_result['query'].get('searchinfo'): + return raw_result['query']['searchinfo']['suggestion'] - else: - self.pageid = pageid - self.title = data['title'] - self.url = data['fullurl'] + return None - def html(self): - ''' - Get full page HTML. - .. warning:: This can get pretty slow on long pages. +def random(pages=1): ''' + Get a list of random Wikipedia article titles. - if not getattr(self, '_html', False): - query_params = { - 'prop': 'revisions', - 'rvprop': 'content', - 'rvlimit': 1, - 'rvparse': '', - 'titles': self.title - } + .. note:: Random only gets articles from namespace 0, meaning no Category, + User talk, or other meta-Wikipedia pages. - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - self._html = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['revisions'][0]['*'] - - return self._html - - def wikitext(self): - ''' - Get full page as wiki text. + Keyword arguments: - .. warning:: This can get pretty slow on long pages. + * pages - the number of random pages returned (max of 10) ''' + # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&list=random&rnlimit=5000&format=jsonfm + query_params = { + 'list': 'random', + 'rnnamespace': 0, + 'rnlimit': pages, + } - if not getattr(self, '_wikitext', False): - query_params = { - 'prop': 'revisions', - 'rvprop': 'content', - 'rvlimit': 1, - 'action': 'query', - 'titles': self.title - } - - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - self._wikitext = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['revisions'][0]['*'] + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + titles = [page['title'] for page in request['query']['random']] - return self._wikitext + if len(titles) == 1: + return titles[0] - @property - def content(self): - ''' - Plain text content of the page, excluding images, tables, and other data. - ''' + return titles - if not getattr(self, '_content', False): - query_params = { - 'prop': 'extracts|revisions', - 'explaintext': '', - 'rvprop': 'ids' - } - if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: - query_params['titles'] = self.title - else: - query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - self._content = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['extract'] - self._revision_id = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['revisions'][0]['revid'] - self._parent_id = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['revisions'][0]['parentid'] - - return self._content - - @property - def revision_id(self): - ''' - Revision ID of the page. - The revision ID is a number that uniquely identifies the current - version of the page. It can be used to create the permalink or for - other direct API calls. See `Help:Page history - `_ for more - information. +@cache +def summary(title, sentences=0, chars=0, auto_suggest=True, redirect=True): ''' + Plain text summary of the page. - if not getattr(self, '_revid', False): - # fetch the content (side effect is loading the revid) - self.content + .. note:: This is a convenience wrapper - auto_suggest and redirect are + enabled by default - return self._revision_id + Keyword arguments: - @property - def parent_id(self): - ''' - Revision ID of the parent version of the current revision of this - page. See ``revision_id`` for more information. + * sentences - if set, return the first `sentences` sentences + * chars - if set, return only the first `chars` characters. + * auto_suggest - let Wikipedia find a valid page title for the query + * redirect - allow redirection without raising RedirectError ''' - if not getattr(self, '_parentid', False): - # fetch the content (side effect is loading the revid) - self.content - - return self._parent_id - - @property - def summary(self): - ''' - Plain text summary of the page. - ''' + # use auto_suggest and redirect to get the correct article + # also, use page's error checking to raise DisambiguationError if necessary + page_info = page(title, auto_suggest=auto_suggest, redirect=redirect) + title = page_info.title + pageid = page_info.pageid - if not getattr(self, '_summary', False): - query_params = { + query_params = { 'prop': 'extracts', 'explaintext': '', - 'exintro': '', - } - if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: - query_params['titles'] = self.title - else: - query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid - - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - self._summary = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['extract'] - - return self._summary - - @property - def images(self): - ''' - List of URLs of images on the page. - ''' + 'titles': title + } - if not getattr(self, '_images', False): - query_params = { - 'generator': 'images', - 'gimlimit': 'max', - 'prop': 'imageinfo', - 'iiprop': 'url', - } - if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: - query_params['titles'] = self.title - else: - query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid + if sentences: + query_params['exsentences'] = sentences + elif chars: + query_params['exchars'] = chars + else: + query_params['exintro'] = '' - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + summary = request['query']['pages'][pageid]['extract'] - image_keys = request['query']['pages'].keys() - images = (request['query']['pages'][key] for key in image_keys) - self._images = [image['imageinfo'][0]['url'] for image in images if image.get('imageinfo')] + return summary - return self._images - @property - def references(self): - ''' - List of URLs of external links on a page. - May include external links within page that aren't technically cited anywhere. +def page(title=None, pageid=None, auto_suggest=True, redirect=True, + preload=False): ''' + Get a WikipediaPage object for the page with title `title` or the pageid + `pageid` (mutually exclusive). - if not getattr(self, '_references', False): - query_params = { - 'prop': 'extlinks', - 'ellimit': 'max', - } - if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: - query_params['titles'] = self.title - else: - query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid + Keyword arguments: - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - - links = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['extlinks'] - relative_urls = (link['*'] for link in links) - - def add_protocol(url): - return url if url.startswith('http') else 'http:' + url + * title - the title of the page to load + * pageid - the numeric pageid of the page to load + * auto_suggest - let Wikipedia find a valid page title for the query + * redirect - allow redirection without raising RedirectError + * preload - load content, summary, images, references, + and links during initialization + ''' - self._references = [add_protocol(url) for url in relative_urls] + if title is not None: + if auto_suggest: + results, suggestion = search(title, results=1, suggestion=True) + try: + title = suggestion or results[0] + except IndexError: + # if there is no suggestion or search results, + # the page doesn't exist + raise PageError(title) + return WikipediaPage(title, redirect=redirect, preload=preload) + elif pageid is not None: + return WikipediaPage(pageid=pageid, preload=preload) + else: + raise ValueError("Either a title or a pageid must be specified") - return self._references - @property - def links(self): +class WikipediaPage(object): ''' - List of titles of Wikipedia page links on a page. - - .. note:: Only includes articles from namespace 0, meaning no Category, User talk, or other meta-Wikipedia pages. + Contains data from a Wikipedia page. + Uses property methods to filter data from the raw HTML. ''' - if not getattr(self, '_links', False): - self._links = [] - - request = { - 'prop': 'links', - 'plnamespace': 0, - 'pllimit': 'max', - } - if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: - request['titles'] = self.title - else: - request['pageids'] = self.pageid - lastContinue = {} - - # based on https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Query#Continuing_queries - while True: - params = request.copy() - params.update(lastContinue) - - request = _wiki_request(**params) - self._links.extend([link['title'] for link in request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['links']]) - - if 'continue' not in request: - break + def __init__(self, title=None, pageid=None, redirect=True, preload=False, + original_title=''): + if title is not None: + self.title = title + self.original_title = original_title or title + elif pageid is not None: + self.pageid = pageid + else: + raise ValueError("Either a title or a pageid must be specified") + + self.load(redirect=redirect, preload=preload) + + if preload: + for prop in ('content', 'summary', 'images', 'references', + 'links', 'sections'): + getattr(self, prop) + + def __repr__(self): + return stdout_encode(u''.format(self.title)) + + def __eq__(self, other): + try: + return ( + self.pageid == other.pageid + and self.title == other.title + and self.url == other.url + ) + except: + return False + + def load(self, redirect=True, preload=False): + ''' + Load basic information from Wikipedia. + Confirm that page exists and is not a disambiguation/redirect. + + Does not need to be called manually, should be called automatically + during __init__. + ''' + query_params = { + 'prop': 'info|pageprops', + 'inprop': 'url', + 'ppprop': 'disambiguation', + } + if not getattr(self, 'pageid', None): + query_params['titles'] = self.title + else: + query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid - lastContinue = request['continue'] + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - return self._links + pages = request['query']['pages'] + pageid = list(pages.keys())[0] + data = pages[pageid] + + # missing is equal to empty string if it is True + if data.get('missing') == '': + if hasattr(self, 'title'): + raise PageError(self.title) + else: + raise PageError(pageid=self.pageid) + + # same thing for redirect + elif data.get('redirect') == '': + if redirect: + # change the title and reload the whole object + query_params = { + 'prop': 'extracts', + 'explaintext': '', + 'titles': self.title + } + + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + + extract = request['query']['pages'][pageid]['extract'] + + # extract should be of the form "REDIRECT " + # ("REDIRECT" could be translated to current language) + title = ' '.join(extract.split('\n')[0].split()[1:]).strip() + + self.__init__(title, redirect=redirect, preload=preload) + + else: + raise RedirectError(getattr(self, 'title', data['title'])) + + # since we only asked for disambiguation in ppprop, + # if a pageprop is returned, + # then the page must be a disambiguation page + elif data.get('pageprops'): + query_params = { + 'prop': 'revisions', + 'rvprop': 'content', + 'rvparse': '', + 'rvlimit': 1 + } + if hasattr(self, 'pageid'): + query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid + else: + query_params['titles'] = self.title + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + html = request['query']['pages'][pageid]['revisions'][0]['*'] + + # print html + + lis = BeautifulSoup(html).find_all('li') + filtered_lis = [li for li in lis if 'tocsection' not in + ''.join(li.get('class', []))] + may_refer_to = [li.a.get_text() for li in filtered_lis if li.a] + descriptions = [li.get_text() for li in filtered_lis if li.a] + links = [li.a[u'href'].split('/')[-1].replace("_", "+") + for li in filtered_lis if li.a] + + raise DisambiguationError(getattr(self, 'title', data['title']), + may_refer_to, descriptions, links) + + else: + self.pageid = pageid + self.title = data['title'] + self.url = data['fullurl'] + + def html(self): + ''' + Get full page HTML. + + .. warning:: This can get pretty slow on long pages. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_html', False): + query_params = { + 'prop': 'revisions', + 'rvprop': 'content', + 'rvlimit': 1, + 'rvparse': '', + 'titles': self.title + } + + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + self._html = \ + request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['revisions'][0]['*'] + + return self._html + + def wikitext(self): + ''' + Get full page as wiki text. + + .. warning:: This can get pretty slow on long pages. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_wikitext', False): + query_params = { + 'prop': 'revisions', + 'rvprop': 'content', + 'rvlimit': 1, + 'action': 'query', + 'titles': self.title + } + + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + self._wikitext = \ + request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['revisions'][0]['*'] + + return self._wikitext + + @property + def content(self): + ''' + Plain text content of the page, excluding images, + tables, and other data. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_content', False): + query_params = { + 'prop': 'extracts|revisions', + 'explaintext': '', + 'rvprop': 'ids' + } + if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: + query_params['titles'] = self.title + else: + query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + self._content = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['extract'] + self._revision_id = \ + request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['revisions'][0]['revid'] + self._parent_id = \ + request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['revisions'][0]['parentid'] + + return self._content + + @property + def revision_id(self): + ''' + Revision ID of the page. + + The revision ID is a number that uniquely identifies the current + version of the page. It can be used to create the permalink or for + other direct API calls. See `Help:Page history + `_ for more + information. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_revid', False): + # fetch the content (side effect is loading the revid) + self.content + + return self._revision_id + + @property + def parent_id(self): + ''' + Revision ID of the parent version of the current revision of this + page. See ``revision_id`` for more information. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_parentid', False): + # fetch the content (side effect is loading the revid) + self.content + + return self._parent_id + + @property + def summary(self): + ''' + Plain text summary of the page. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_summary', False): + query_params = { + 'prop': 'extracts', + 'explaintext': '', + 'exintro': '', + } + if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: + query_params['titles'] = self.title + else: + query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid + + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + self._summary = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['extract'] + + return self._summary + + @property + def images(self): + ''' + List of URLs of images on the page. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_images', False): + query_params = { + 'generator': 'images', + 'gimlimit': 'max', + 'prop': 'imageinfo', + 'iiprop': 'url', + } + if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: + query_params['titles'] = self.title + else: + query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid + + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + + image_keys = request['query']['pages'].keys() + images = (request['query']['pages'][key] for key in image_keys) + self._images = [image['imageinfo'][0]['url'] + for image in images if image.get('imageinfo')] + + return self._images + + @property + def references(self): + ''' + List of URLs of external links on a page. + May include external links within page that aren't + technically cited anywhere. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_references', False): + query_params = { + 'prop': 'extlinks', + 'ellimit': 'max', + } + if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: + query_params['titles'] = self.title + else: + query_params['pageids'] = self.pageid + + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + + links = request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['extlinks'] + relative_urls = (link['*'] for link in links) + + def add_protocol(url): + return url if url.startswith('http') else 'http:' + url + + self._references = [add_protocol(url) for url in relative_urls] + + return self._references + + @property + def links(self): + ''' + List of titles of Wikipedia page links on a page. + + .. note:: Only includes articles from namespace 0, meaning no Category, + User talk, or other meta-Wikipedia pages. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_links', False): + self._links = [] + + request = { + 'prop': 'links', + 'plnamespace': 0, + 'pllimit': 'max', + } + if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: + request['titles'] = self.title + else: + request['pageids'] = self.pageid + lastContinue = {} + + # based on + # https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Query#Continuing_queries + while True: + params = request.copy() + params.update(lastContinue) + + request = _wiki_request(**params) + self._links.extend([link['title'] for link in + request['query']['pages'] + [self.pageid]['links']]) + + if 'continue' not in request: + break + + lastContinue = request['continue'] + + return self._links + + @property + def backlinks(self): + ''' + List of titles of Wikipedia page backlinks on a page. + + .. note:: Only includes articles from namespace 0, meaning no Category, + User talk, or other meta-Wikipedia pages. + ''' + + + if not getattr(self, '_backlinks', False): + self._backlinks = [] + + request = { + 'list': 'backlinks', + 'blnamespace': 0, + 'bllimit': 'max', + 'blfilterredir': 'nonredirects', + } + if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: + request['bltitle'] = self.title + else: + request['blpageid'] = self.pageid + lastContinue = {} + + # based on + # https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Query#Continuing_queries + while True: + params = request.copy() + params.update(lastContinue) + + request = _wiki_request(**params) + self._backlinks.extend([bl['title'] for bl in request['query']['backlinks']]) + + if 'continue' not in request: + break + + lastContinue = request['blcontinue'] + + return self._backlinks + + @property + def mutuallinks(self): + if not getattr(self, '_mutuallinks', False): + self._mutuallinks = list(set(self._links) & set(self._backlinks)) - @property - def categories(self): - ''' - List of titles of Wikipedia page categories on a page. + return self._mutuallinks + + @property + def categories(self): + ''' + List of titles of Wikipedia page categories on a page. + + .. note:: Only includes articles from namespace 14, meaning Category. + ''' + + if not getattr(self, '_categories', False): + self._categories = [] + + request = { + 'prop': 'links', + 'plnamespace': 14, + 'pllimit': 'max', + } + if getattr(self, 'title', None) is not None: + request['titles'] = self.title + else: + request['pageids'] = self.pageid + lastContinue = {} + + # based on + # https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Query#Continuing_queries + while True: + params = request.copy() + params.update(lastContinue) + + request = _wiki_request(**params) + + self._categories.extend( + [link['title'].replace("Category:", "") + for link in + request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['links']]) + + if 'continue' not in request: + break - .. note:: Only includes articles from namespace 14, meaning Category. - ''' + lastContinue = request['continue'] - if not getattr(self, '_categories', False): - self._categories = [] + return self._categories - request = { - 'prop': 'links', - 'plnamespace': 14, - 'pllimit': 'max', - } - if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: - request['titles'] = self.title - else: - request['pageids'] = self.pageid - lastContinue = {} + @property + def sections(self): + ''' + List of section titles from the table of contents on the page. + ''' - # based on https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Query#Continuing_queries - while True: - params = request.copy() - params.update(lastContinue) + if not getattr(self, '_sections', False): + query_params = { + 'action': 'parse', + 'prop': 'sections', + } + if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: + query_params['page'] = self.title + else: + query_params['pageid'] = self.pageid + + request = _wiki_request(**query_params) + self._sections = \ + [section['line'] for section in request['parse']['sections']] + + return self._sections + + def section(self, section_title): + ''' + Get the plain text content of a section from `self.sections`. + Returns None if `section_title` isn't found, otherwise returns a + whitespace stripped string. + + This is a convenience method that wraps self.content. + + .. warning:: Calling `section` on a section that has subheadings will + NOT return the full text of all of the subsections. It only gets + the text between `section_title` and the next subheading, + which is often empty. + ''' - request = _wiki_request(**params) - - self._categories.extend([link['title'].replace("Category:", "") for link in request['query']['pages'][self.pageid]['links']]) + section = u"== {} ==".format(section_title) + try: + index = self.content.index(section) + len(section) + except ValueError: + return None - if 'continue' not in request: - break + try: + next_index = self.content.index("==", index) + except ValueError: + next_index = len(self.content) - lastContinue = request['continue'] + return self.content[index:next_index].lstrip("=").strip() - return self._categories - @property - def sections(self): +def donate(): ''' - List of section titles from the table of contents on the page. + Open up the Wikimedia donate page in your favorite browser. ''' + import webbrowser - if not getattr(self, '_sections', False): - query_params = { - 'action': 'parse', - 'prop': 'sections', - } - if not getattr(self, 'title', None) is None: - query_params['page'] = self.title - else: - query_params['pageid'] = self.pageid - - request = _wiki_request(**query_params) - self._sections = [section['line'] for section in request['parse']['sections']] + webbrowser.open( + 'https://donate.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:FundraiserLandingPage', + new=2) - return self._sections - def section(self, section_title): +def _wiki_request(**params): ''' - Get the plain text content of a section from `self.sections`. - Returns None if `section_title` isn't found, otherwise returns a whitespace stripped string. - - This is a convenience method that wraps self.content. - - .. warning:: Calling `section` on a section that has subheadings will NOT return - the full text of all of the subsections. It only gets the text between - `section_title` and the next subheading, which is often empty. + Make a request to the Wikipedia API using the given search parameters. + Returns a parsed dict of the JSON response. ''' + global RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL - section = u"== {} ==".format(section_title) - try: - index = self.content.index(section) + len(section) - except ValueError: - return None - - try: - next_index = self.content.index("==", index) - except ValueError: - next_index = len(self.content) - - return self.content[index:next_index].lstrip("=").strip() - - -def donate(): - ''' - Open up the Wikimedia donate page in your favorite browser. - ''' - import webbrowser - - webbrowser.open('https://donate.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:FundraiserLandingPage', new=2) - - -def _wiki_request(**params): - ''' - Make a request to the Wikipedia API using the given search parameters. - Returns a parsed dict of the JSON response. - ''' - global RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL + params['format'] = 'json' + if 'action' not in params: + params['action'] = 'query' - params['format'] = 'json' - if not 'action' in params: - params['action'] = 'query' - - headers = { - 'User-Agent': 'wikipedia (https://github.com/goldsmith/Wikipedia/)' - } - - if RATE_LIMIT and RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL and \ - RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL + RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT > datetime.now(): + headers = { + 'User-Agent': 'wikipedia (https://github.com/goldsmith/Wikipedia/)' + } - # it hasn't been long enough since the last API call - # so wait until we're in the clear to make the request + if RATE_LIMIT and RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL and \ + RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL + RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT > datetime.now(): - wait_time = (RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL + RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT) - datetime.now() - time.sleep(int(wait_time.total_seconds())) + # it hasn't been long enough since the last API call + # so wait until we're in the clear to make the request - #print params + wait_time = \ + (RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL + RATE_LIMIT_MIN_WAIT) - datetime.now() + time.sleep(int(wait_time.total_seconds())) - r = requests.get(API_URL, params=params, headers=headers) + r = requests.get(API_URL, params=params, headers=headers) - if RATE_LIMIT: - RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL = datetime.now() + if RATE_LIMIT: + RATE_LIMIT_LAST_CALL = datetime.now() - return r.json() + return r.json() diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.pyc b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.pyc index 3507dde24492c04e2c65f337f5c1730cdf86c83b..395bb80a297772746360bb081e8ae7b6b453493e 100644 GIT binary patch delta 5685 zcma)A3v64}89wLQvEx_lIEfwSdHYD>yxX+Rqe;`GP1@$=hT9hn4A+Too7>n<>U*;` z&?>C$7_YIhf7+l3%76jY#J1AG1Vd;{8*F2!dqIZ;5==v&X<}j%Xxez}|Ic;fqzjBV z_xCyfJ?H$d@Bhy^e*Y{#`4}&?{L|z7+7Hg}nqZkf8-DlTqd#|N>F?)xJcq^YERoNW zMQp5yB?D|Mzyvp!C4wwj%*KjYGQ`G0$aSz-2~$g1tcG85UyOTxncF5n2kK7}Eq7y~p`14Eyf4dnn*2>OJ3jSd~9) z`gS_MNmzY8zuPOz2HBU6rQ*{`r3^mIuPPF&R3lfz*-S)KsfSkod2b8$Z^K9TBVlg% z!2g1Dp2OC4H5QWcR>6QNp{Xz^Bm)WK<`kN9mw+F@rP?RprSI(e4);WvRU`=ji*#M0M;H@Hqtl{2ehVN*_)o?x7F z!^)0}bUn#ginFUh4a)p(xG5+XBAT!^>=GL2uVy^`L~!IA#jAz&?Zpi+UfjB1eOaj8 zbkFY4s#*+sBPt+VtjN^DC!;-CKa*Ay)3LbH2ls_;t|ZG%GZt)Ab`X!&KrEgeoE#NC zx`=(9@|5}9+{P=og%@&<#m58O%?l)j0K23pZlMWwR9?kehP4GL=5rzb!$&1AwW@Bc zP@>#m0ShqdVyQCgS5VX@oKVb^U136@ei#WM;f>N-u$OgN(aLh@FMHiaQBih4xct5f z5yd?0Pp7p*S}K-^8k&(%P4kA~FXc5QS#!;KG+80ijh1R~M}@oMee9ZsVxBp;AI-yz zlLDA&7Vd;6E5=>4N|+$5?8!{C<)+n{bTn$?aHcZ7Qs6?UL)kN%P8d1(y)Bl|RTK4l zph-RGI)T!>dmP1jL^Sr~+igm*U4Qk#iv zrA5eKStsf=!L_TP% zDyxrUgXO|&HN##XujBPRjB(s71-Kv9hVOO|W=-E;441<@;Z5`8auKg6t**pzfa%o{ zY9X34xpj!TqLv<{7CHI~=PHxPGt0d2&ln96{uQnf@tLO~WP$00Hil+lH9;G4lI>#STR*CNqOxJZ)236VmJ8AUJPO{3D=blv^dlZV zNZ{OH)RT+NquP{4CHEv$HiS^)j)s3Pa&CL$hTO}zg=Awn+|*dxDX=O$NGKC=)Z)5u zvFRq^(*yV}>sS*2arkRvb!FD6%OUR+G&j|{1hz6I8l76LP!#VXV3c5k+5LzHbAK)7 zKFNdGUM8)U;Jv0^$0&|6{e56<2u7P7u%~$d&NL6fo6T)G1d}fKp%j9aH8p+IqfAUE zW8~*-jtb{T)9M$sxVhnEl@@sV3M#RbEKp`3+9AJX0$y*;oA{7$LZfVE zwTy(xm;cAW85$zaPj_G|OqKs~ZlfeRRR|lRq98^f(pJpdVbpP*ONrpSw@G9L{I;#! zV&QG@Zrh(7XOL~W;^p=huynL$GpVCv1?=ru*(4nCbsT3Na1seEsTs?A0tdmh?)83= z`%4@Ff9sgXGbJQ9Ci#A`vGsNO2197S@B!nWE56@G0VWO>r5^H>QMj)&V7r%^wE83* z*qq~%Xmyc^xffcxHgL!D_}(-&v8fY2?pY64=LfR}Pv_T{5E$ssOs#~Ln$nd~TDBXS zyF=9rZkYKjH$bX8xG0ckY5o;(9YCJgcqXQ2=7g}>8Qg zJ`BU1t>WO?8$zo6t?_na3Fb7IONT6`M zTprwU4x0l65mAtwS%}bu&)kr*AZcC<5CRDv6-m%NcJ=|8f^54!SH`y7GzffjB3gPz~JqkQp8ro+_p$y zbON*T5T5#RV=xN=GPOJ;%KbzLGs<^}h{M-1rwSe8!nT^L%xyGJb%cmWSX`j9JK7Vp ziV1;UYW5KsAhHYwlw7dE2+u?g#%MW~sbh?U&*c*i5;;u^?i>ijPMu>lo9s9>P!#um}q4nB`v_rUW zwvyI=kTfpD2D6!Gsf@OGXM$(?e&YB9k!q@Tynh=!+uxTh=F+y6AaC0Y*K8XIiXoz` zBZ=(XEvHpuHl2c}x3!ipd1p+jGMzK!an(4gswr@9udP`!;^?F{F)3@hJbe($v#cg( zj5+f_2E*H{_Ut45>FgyA`C2Nj9#b|DZz(SqovF}JO|5u2)_%YNH_%JJJ!w%z>Lwvy+p1iaxD?MwTNTC zauQpjOwpM}O&fDUW#v{Ha61tJ?+CSa5)rtka-#f*$dg1w_(>^IU9tp5cV5#fZtQ=@ zm!kIAtTx()d=87l>D})LI0D`huixwO2E3)-3U4ib?A|(W0AOIVy&q?x$KldI4-^gF z!heB4*7IK`%X9G+v%2xJj91~xp+DJg%#8hTXbAd;*939frm}Td$IFO_gaB$S+&VnO zAAwhfr%D>|wIV9-FR^6;?-Ant3a%MBkwX>s4S0Pd7_=4QS-liRd8M$JM88oeFM=!b z8XtpqBIO;W#BdX#O+lewnapGr&ZBe?p`IQ;j3E^cQC^@i_0YX@ehVcIZO!xx2Yvj! o6rTd_<7LRB9|Xk5;wUUyVd4H-Z@^t@;l*JbTN(I-z3p)Q7pyTD_5c6? delta 4617 zcma)9eNbH06~FiGzJ-0uvV85be7}$Y4;Byz1jAPdF`@((e2|(@+wErG3%tNCxNk8* zF~k_nWLjJGOdWMnv9?XMqt=+Ijyh?LcE--MnQ=Ng(?4pfc50{pwbN#5>p1B-_Ynx4 zXal=v?>+b4^UnR9-#Pcb<1g?_E4`cPH;B4iJ4($_-U1q%T7q_epFTqWq?*ucQZ3&9L^I9wumt_nLYT zQB~-5wZWaPZg|NRhTq_?*F6BE?i#qu-2p#!SDky;t#DrfVM8D>1^z5oaS3FP7LH3~ zI*ty~10N(ie#iOdIrIIKoQ9)u833{?#k0PqMsM$awLPB^abYe~u^ye+{LvTLtY56jaD`4ce z!;|?#5Z@8u3XEijp{1b5pP>z<<0)e>tCg zP0?jOSSWl){vNRcPPJE~&FP|BgQ}T|ADA@_^}wQPm<`65nN;PRFmpsnU6xVvUoi)t*St<;nnL#kMrSgaY#psL#BK5=J> zSTvuWo455|delDncTLkCVShXJ1%Dlq+D`rwt3@=$P|~t(wC-fO*tFPh51HyCF#vbg z2KgYItX26iJX^c0jgy)ZUU1z3O;mz1)FBZWn=uz{Jp!Y3ZG0~ruiK&TL#38aOD0IH zL%Pm+a!c3}7L0f%u2a~Zd?KUMndB@|p0QcW)~BIR>*S+Eseq0;31PPHzy`~Lx3yt! z7msj_4@eqR);}TNj(P>&tgnEN>bEb8e2kGfoml3;HcTzzjYIi^)TR2Mn3KE0i^ta(rD2^7Xj6j25nTQ^vmDNtE?xvax-|5l|wf=x<-se`MOS z0y~>K;AnFNtTfkj3-SrXh&CcnmSGD>9asd0w9j=Qod_r3a&v9fI*8Yz)^WJ$hI*eM z&pL{=6tw#&@}<~do&qc+&cPSvd6FOVv7B$=buir4FSm=rH`Y=OceU(>U$hK@(z+FP zw(jhqBuXdagq@RG0?b(2yvs72iofofV9A5{tgF+yxh;=B4m;XLWCBuwv6d2ev8@&U z)YjhYL~=f!#>3zX%$?k5F0gtu(2AI4`~=?I`g5tCL0?hbG9|uiO z#Vo2(&itP(&CwKbUwH^yn&9~wr!sVWi!H=N{TjipC>28IxP=dOj%fI2=njQuTqHlr zp<;Ul?}Fa#AIroJ1+=a<_&R0@ZtiT&EPog2p}@ZON;G!EkdLPa%-&A*U! zky=^jzT4Zu<(E;ZKVKSSaNB*Y>1LuwsHaW!6~`w@vVBnY@^Sh*$8Tz_4_NjI+o_u(zC$n;DFR&E_! zJ@IT)9AVCl8H=WE>c{9IV{F>6EyPQC-G&)7+75 z_|=NS7@Jf#yE8+ zWtd0wcGB&Ezl{|6Y;3MZ0s_&H=Xn}>5hBqeTc~MJ0E)1|asqe~s`&CJBY#Wqw@`}W z8}&QU)`SSNxU1}?)pRq`ze<8`Q94~q^!reV+@qRprZbDeCH)kQ5s7s{N-BOjRSAc! z&r(ao>3O)YH`yXC@gJhnu14W;d!%r{>+&jrz22ZV7$^=D1pI+epfpess0q{tf{;D7 zL*9u~6^M@Y!^2}I`Ky9j$8PiakJ8R4t(iMVg44JCPQF{rya$2#mEIf_JUC?I5W1ByS#Zp)x`_y0->Bz7Z2BkD?^vrir4#Jq19*Z diff --git a/eduwiki/eduwiki.db b/eduwiki/eduwiki.db index 3bb845e7d65af66a22d391eef5498a9ec265c9c6..6d37f725e6dd8ec98fe44533dbfc29ca2d3edb72 100644 GIT binary patch delta 832 zcmY+C&2G~`5XZAsODohbE?hVOLLg2kvGY;)f^di(huRfsrV_=H<=ye@|3CAaoz2!}v$Z#OHuiG4+`X$8 zy?tCkd+%SJ{#jWs=hn;bZf&0*e?%9nx!k5@et3BN6W!0&kIZ>1TbGGM@}@+JmZ%l> z^;(gNR>6`qPB9HFVWcLe!h)RrL)s<6<^=N0=kx6)^m-XRJ3GCBmX{)T{^=$fpw+Xd zXvO@zkqMW`L<`AbEu{j)CuT~q9n!<#i0VY5n2fEi#YtBStw|038@#@CtlwS zn6M{V`9un`0%9tZ6io9jR^oqRU?lO8kB=7T!a_(Ki_@x_uzGXoVO}Nvo#bDZneMBWC1p))lF=L~~7e>$}(}BjNPzgvhIFsxSa2{M~bUmq* z2b!P>#1^>)CR$*6Nm{trj=)QXX45I4hq*2~B9c9V0`hQ>6Q>aazP_OsprB4d>t+Bk zKz9wj12IX9U~D}wA2XoX*7*pENzb kUp9Aki}G$>c~Ys!<(HV%7{+s@A1MghN{E3E2~|QuLR7Y6)4E%n#O|5eRrBSKsrI=#+p(KSt&=!Q z!p6V=LRA)4#7u{lkp(d!{)NJh1fAH*>$XS?ObAQX+3$OIzvp>QHyY(fqx|z*S8*Lcwbm|Hl=+jdRrx^Z8?axZACMU10}iCMzbjYS44 zYL~=3bqtU>lnklcRxCl0wIk*i1JElfAfkWa5cndtWI8bSJ zB6mlJW^w#!7Tq37uF*^#L-*Z)4cvkX2sO>ngrk&jdTJZZ#4BVTn(2B;iXEfBhZX39 zjVvRm`EDHTS!T6Mz@la7j9b7k3N5U#k!z?C38bzaNRUy3)(tW7)>`yDGeHD@dKW~r zwrdhYKtE9$!FovrsnuP(h9BXm8j&4Uz!k3pK0B7dj34IFgYoep|huL!FQv$QNMGpukpk4`>cgTkM+V{|fi0}A|Vfm>P;_yWtr?aUr@l>d%?&iw*w C|2vQX diff --git a/eduwiki/templates/base.html b/eduwiki/templates/base.html index 9d06953..8fa9dc2 100644 --- a/eduwiki/templates/base.html +++ b/eduwiki/templates/base.html @@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ EduWiki - + - - + + - \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/eduwiki/templates/eduprototype/learn.html b/eduwiki/templates/eduprototype/learn.html index 0510c3d..66e41d3 100644 --- a/eduwiki/templates/eduprototype/learn.html +++ b/eduwiki/templates/eduprototype/learn.html @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@

{{ tree.title }}

-

+

{{ tree.text }}

{% for subtopic in subtopics %} @@ -15,4 +15,4 @@

{{subtopic.title}}

{% endfor %}
-{% endblock %} \ No newline at end of file +{% endblock %} From abe9b62736feb5e1756d9ba0c9974ef885cf69e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Androooou Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 15:19:06 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 02/12] Added properties for number of back/mutual links --- eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py | 19 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+) diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py index 9663f8b..a6540db 100644 --- a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py @@ -148,6 +148,8 @@ def returnWhatIs(self): self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-whatis", whatis) return whatis + #gets pages in alphabetical order that link to the page + @property def backlinks(self): cached = self.cache and self.fetcher.fetch(self.topic+"-backlinks") if cached: @@ -157,6 +159,16 @@ def backlinks(self): self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-backlinks", json.dumps(backlinks)) return backlinks + @property + def back(self): + if self.back: + return self.back + else: + return len(self.backlinks) + + # gets pages in alphabetical order that link to the page and are + # linked to by the page + @property def mutuallinks(self): cached = self.cache and self.fetcher.fetch(self.topic+"-mutuallinks") if cached: @@ -166,6 +178,13 @@ def mutuallinks(self): self.fetcher.cache(self.topic+"-mutuallinks", json.dumps(mutuallinks)) return mutuallinks + @property + def mutual(self): + if self.mutual: + return self.mutual + else: + return len(self.mutuallinks) + class DiskCacheFetcher: def __init__(self, cache_dir=None): # If no cache directory specified, use system temp directory From 0a7da53ebfde974bca89038988b256785eef80fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Androooou Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 16:03:38 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 03/12] Added a simple filter and more error handling --- OtherResources/wikiparse.py | 17 + eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py | 52 +- eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.pyc | Bin 7308 -> 8887 bytes .../03f9cad2f2e5a024a1699e9d47f308fe | 83 ++++ .../04c6bda7bd6b0b92c60aa80adf701e82 | 1 + .../07524df3c8abc9e2a963bc9388238734 | 1 + .../08dff0dd11dba301fc646fdd8d8c4426 | 1 + .../0f4edd6b138854e170ced8343135903d | 55 +++ .../0fbff2fd839b741916db3b5adf3e0e5f | 1 + .../1038c8a1d27491f2d329aea92dc16906 | 1 + .../11457a8f497afd424fabc8aa8ead501a | 1 + .../1195f26aa858198495ad78b2212c776a | 1 + .../11d17179efaff77bc63233f106d21aa8 | 1 + .../12e67ac97926ddf1e59000597b559aad | 1 + .../15a0ffda4885bebc64b49be61f56ae55 | 1 + .../19590291274bca3b2233c811b7e7d0c5 | 1 + .../1b2814c8c237133d1b0e2769f1a6545f | 1 + .../1bc7095c51bc89b3f4a3d5a3eadca4b8 | 1 + .../224b0a0764ecd76047aa8e9986447d7c | 1 + .../241fc31f4fa04b44eac51c13032504ca | 1 + .../24f1eff1a0e669943e36497f88d08cb9 | 79 +++ .../26ee85bacab007c3a92461e71179c0c0 | 79 +++ .../2769c5fee24aae0f1b7c3fe9e8e94c48 | 1 + .../298b43f58e847032e6785d341884ceb2 | 1 + .../2ab6fcd56b1aeb8ffe20ed697ce867d2 | 1 + .../2c1d7bb0863b32f53466bf594d10ad91 | 1 + .../2e5932eb48dd0a554e6e133c0266e692 | 1 + .../2e631bfc85b485f1f9f2d3e6d75efb6d | 1 + .../300c31207732d640c4f3250a77d9b42e | 1 + .../35ea0a9fab14ef926a1836274689289e | 1 + .../3c8019243fb4a3968430b6324e3beb56 | 1 + .../3e497bc5e022989932ff3a0facf6b9a4 | 1 + .../3e8f7056dccf76f2dadac9a5736394cf | 1 + .../3f75d1f40b0684e42f7159162a5f379a | 1 + .../40951ce0e7bbb02c70977d4385990e5b | 1 + .../41fc33c8b5d22da14352225ecc9d86fa | 1 + .../43724864e14ed2907c47cf46da81dcdb | 1 + .../43dc1f6ff2a63750034e760c24f0f18c | 1 + .../461b46d69f38f0f1a0cef86a37ee2ba9 | 1 + .../4ab43824a94f1abf5facdc5b51acbe4c | 1 + .../4ad999aa48e4ed0d089d360163b830d2 | 1 + .../4f767dfc17349929ce6acf37f20a76d7 | 1 + .../56a4c84186257dbde453234cc1d4c14c | 1 + .../58c07b7ba53dbc8bedb19f4f915db8c1 | 1 + .../58f6ad26bc8e336411f193d2449f9b73 | 314 ++++++++++++ .../5bfa8310320a7b054ca06cefed7f52cb | 1 + .../5c057d55fa063c1d3ddbdc0e1878ad12 | 1 + .../5dce1760aa63288768e13d4659f7235f | 1 + .../6030c020726601780b4ab28be8f8d944 | 1 + .../60660fb43a97cb2b9b00f529ae99a686 | 1 + .../651686f92298d1e66f04b4a72777064c | 1 + .../68672f83869ae1fcb7fae3d53acb4017 | 1 + .../6a46bd426ab028b84f02838be591bfeb | 1 + .../6bc33afc3730f1fa4c200d06442856b8 | 1 + .../6d253e6a806376133b85e593a9d81757 | 1 + .../6d53e213e6b89d39c57c1f9675c31dd0 | 1 + .../6df0e8e6efa94472bd0190144aad4f36 | 1 + .../6ef2b4a08ae0080138a14bf6e1abc827 | 1 + .../70bd5286f2e50aa28d3351c55a5f5301 | 1 + .../77da3f85468590a28d929e173e729cda | 1 + .../7ac9eb9e226e4971573ebfd1da414c1a | 1 + .../7aed174cd3b93ad85531b42173f569f1 | 1 + .../7db9dc0dc06903cd1ddd42f38097b0a4 | 458 ++++++++++++++++++ .../7f04b90200eff35646b181e56ee28c20 | 1 + .../7f3ef64223e213c198f9ce07b530b5cf | 1 + .../84c9521bcbed316c68e36c0727bbbc10 | 1 + .../865615183f5c1311483c0c97f81da63e | 1 + .../87a9159c1b38289ce9ff18124695e15c | 28 ++ .../8b5e85c251698223e7abffe53cf6d6fc | 1 + .../8d9d3504437562ddab3cc153e2e9620f | 1 + .../8dbf8aee6b8cf4a5328e4205a7152895 | 1 + .../90e5b0cda9f5c72653ca35c1047036d9 | 1 + .../92949fef196c9c9c40b43fbb12e18eb8 | 1 + .../92a3806429c9dcc234a59365380161a8 | 1 + .../95d95e6198fe91bad48c544b93c28fd7 | 153 ++++++ .../96289c5db4b9eb52face524e786a8a6b | 1 + .../96ab2b4ae3108ea92ecf18e0ccf4b87d | 1 + .../9d7fc03ab1bb3957c1937ce8969a24f9 | 1 + .../a05380a8c9c1916c3989a60cc1e476c6 | 1 + .../a1fd6cd162f821b26fbf148cbbaddbad | 1 + .../a34cdd94c93883f2c5212044b5f435d7 | 7 + .../a5bfb42e313320b41c20cfec6c039521 | 1 + .../a6288a940704553034bc16dc239cc3d7 | 1 + .../a7d4f950a417a1e9375d7d247d35f243 | 1 + .../a98a90c1ef234a2ed99875ccaae26128 | 1 + .../aaef94f2c09c1a55b863507c2a3a4873 | 1 + .../ace775b503cd1364a503c8b7b883fd09 | 1 + .../ae5ff043b5ad7d46320bc8508440502a | 1 + .../af685cefbebd472a3ab83ee5a6d196bb | 1 + .../b165b2f89e39cfa0bc7c009da2a50755 | 1 + .../b36c46c7e34481242354a46f25176171 | 130 +++++ .../b3c008f9a67870ef02d6efd323bf2a89 | 1 + .../b4954438689d15d5543c1db70a832bbe | 1 + .../b6132706ddd61131ae2d03f746bc74a9 | 1 + .../b61e468b2e8306d2e4588e7b8bf77553 | 73 +++ .../b7a57cbd8e6ea789390bcba2f9b994ef | 1 + .../b840584219e6508b9e38eb05c89ca551 | 1 + .../b8a2cccf8af63e7deac769ce367087d5 | 156 ++++++ .../b985d2b76e17e41d4c671a4d73e9ea06 | 1 + .../bd4bfbb38e20978a4e801d9dd35a38e2 | 1 + .../be7540ffe2b0cc10bb1b0e3fb781e348 | 1 + .../c0ee36a02c92c976511f6f68aa834848 | 1 + .../c3858ba2327a02963c76b8626d102a14 | 1 + .../c43dc6e8941700b31d4421644426be51 | 1 + .../c55c4fb2979828711232bfc58ec1b406 | 1 + .../c6820f448fb69abeb93b27742223f2ea | 1 + .../c7450b6b780d9cca7cbbc351fcbbd170 | 1 + .../c9f92970a961e6b4834084c2a4611360 | 1 + .../cadeda61e11243d89e41e1a10edbb35b | 1 + .../cc859372a9bede32c996f19be2469996 | 1 + .../d054f8dfdd22e0d572f45eebbca339cd | 1 + .../d14f7414408d15ff7d9ac63567f5e651 | 1 + .../d17c3cd20993ff42648fa8115966f6f1 | 1 + .../d17cb453796a56f29648ec8372ff5e3b | 1 + .../d35799641e158823595de5215d9e9093 | 1 + .../d36694e971d4301b5b0d09a6c7410678 | 1 + .../d38d8672f4389b9adab7f0ee9bfae19d | 1 + .../d3fb9427cb5c487b93ba150e380cec71 | 1 + .../d4428142c55d85a4b8dac42d4f7d9757 | 1 + .../d457afae203dc3fad91c4eca3535c800 | 1 + .../d62e3cbfe038b930d18c27b3a7a92f89 | 1 + .../d822d64c0365fc31de8a41f464f626ed | 1 + .../d8e5785f8f3326b9e85f5b2d902cb3ef | 1 + .../dc2a91ea40ae2738c1457623eeeb3b60 | 1 + .../df42ca1dfffccc3d58362ddfea2f12f4 | 1 + .../df72b3e1dd992b906329cc84c5fa7db4 | 1 + .../df9281aaad10eeb35c7f78a915e565b7 | 56 +++ .../e6e778f7369209830e4a41d1266eb0dc | 1 + .../e869eb591834d64a78c1bbf1fdfd1339 | 1 + .../eae82c89aca7f6786308995a4fab7f87 | 1 + .../ebd555ffcc1e41e6f451e4f02bfcef23 | 1 + .../ed5daa7818eede9c2c8d6c75a63ee608 | 1 + .../ee2ec45f130ea50fddd4c4ad92c1c0f7 | 1 + .../f4a28fb7b62a5878bd4da0e1908731d7 | 1 + .../f4fb5f6d5fe663b26e0dd7e6f45ed02e | 195 ++++++++ .../f624ed94f1a072a696038bdf0b909d4e | 1 + .../f645b36545b2470a4a62a37f44fd5aa0 | 1 + .../f6a4b7a07a4467549b882ebdff6e2113 | 1 + .../fa787923a769cd86a4f68b93a9f27a63 | 1 + .../fc6323a004de3d38ebc2496323dd83fb | 1 + .../fed868fcce3042353e89dfc1a8d17ac7 | 194 ++++++++ .../diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.py | 2 +- .../diagnose/wikipedia/wikipedia.pyc | Bin 22146 -> 22146 bytes eduwiki/eduwiki.db | Bin 131072 -> 131072 bytes eduwiki/templates/eduprototype/quiz.html | 3 +- 145 files changed, 2237 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) create mode 100644 OtherResources/wikiparse.py create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/03f9cad2f2e5a024a1699e9d47f308fe create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/04c6bda7bd6b0b92c60aa80adf701e82 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/07524df3c8abc9e2a963bc9388238734 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/08dff0dd11dba301fc646fdd8d8c4426 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/0f4edd6b138854e170ced8343135903d create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/0fbff2fd839b741916db3b5adf3e0e5f create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1038c8a1d27491f2d329aea92dc16906 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/11457a8f497afd424fabc8aa8ead501a create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1195f26aa858198495ad78b2212c776a create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/11d17179efaff77bc63233f106d21aa8 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/12e67ac97926ddf1e59000597b559aad create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/15a0ffda4885bebc64b49be61f56ae55 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/19590291274bca3b2233c811b7e7d0c5 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1b2814c8c237133d1b0e2769f1a6545f create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1bc7095c51bc89b3f4a3d5a3eadca4b8 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/224b0a0764ecd76047aa8e9986447d7c create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/241fc31f4fa04b44eac51c13032504ca create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/24f1eff1a0e669943e36497f88d08cb9 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/26ee85bacab007c3a92461e71179c0c0 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2769c5fee24aae0f1b7c3fe9e8e94c48 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/298b43f58e847032e6785d341884ceb2 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2ab6fcd56b1aeb8ffe20ed697ce867d2 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2c1d7bb0863b32f53466bf594d10ad91 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2e5932eb48dd0a554e6e133c0266e692 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2e631bfc85b485f1f9f2d3e6d75efb6d create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/300c31207732d640c4f3250a77d9b42e create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/35ea0a9fab14ef926a1836274689289e create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3c8019243fb4a3968430b6324e3beb56 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3e497bc5e022989932ff3a0facf6b9a4 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3e8f7056dccf76f2dadac9a5736394cf create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3f75d1f40b0684e42f7159162a5f379a create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/40951ce0e7bbb02c70977d4385990e5b create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/41fc33c8b5d22da14352225ecc9d86fa create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/43724864e14ed2907c47cf46da81dcdb create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/43dc1f6ff2a63750034e760c24f0f18c create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/461b46d69f38f0f1a0cef86a37ee2ba9 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4ab43824a94f1abf5facdc5b51acbe4c create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4ad999aa48e4ed0d089d360163b830d2 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4f767dfc17349929ce6acf37f20a76d7 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/56a4c84186257dbde453234cc1d4c14c create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/58c07b7ba53dbc8bedb19f4f915db8c1 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/58f6ad26bc8e336411f193d2449f9b73 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/5bfa8310320a7b054ca06cefed7f52cb create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/5c057d55fa063c1d3ddbdc0e1878ad12 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/5dce1760aa63288768e13d4659f7235f create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/6030c020726601780b4ab28be8f8d944 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/60660fb43a97cb2b9b00f529ae99a686 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/651686f92298d1e66f04b4a72777064c create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/68672f83869ae1fcb7fae3d53acb4017 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/6a46bd426ab028b84f02838be591bfeb create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/6bc33afc3730f1fa4c200d06442856b8 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/6d253e6a806376133b85e593a9d81757 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/6d53e213e6b89d39c57c1f9675c31dd0 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/6df0e8e6efa94472bd0190144aad4f36 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/6ef2b4a08ae0080138a14bf6e1abc827 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/70bd5286f2e50aa28d3351c55a5f5301 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/77da3f85468590a28d929e173e729cda create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/7ac9eb9e226e4971573ebfd1da414c1a create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/7aed174cd3b93ad85531b42173f569f1 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/7db9dc0dc06903cd1ddd42f38097b0a4 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/7f04b90200eff35646b181e56ee28c20 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/7f3ef64223e213c198f9ce07b530b5cf create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/84c9521bcbed316c68e36c0727bbbc10 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/865615183f5c1311483c0c97f81da63e create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/87a9159c1b38289ce9ff18124695e15c create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/8b5e85c251698223e7abffe53cf6d6fc create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/8d9d3504437562ddab3cc153e2e9620f create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/8dbf8aee6b8cf4a5328e4205a7152895 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/90e5b0cda9f5c72653ca35c1047036d9 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/92949fef196c9c9c40b43fbb12e18eb8 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/92a3806429c9dcc234a59365380161a8 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/95d95e6198fe91bad48c544b93c28fd7 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/96289c5db4b9eb52face524e786a8a6b create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/96ab2b4ae3108ea92ecf18e0ccf4b87d create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/9d7fc03ab1bb3957c1937ce8969a24f9 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/a05380a8c9c1916c3989a60cc1e476c6 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/a1fd6cd162f821b26fbf148cbbaddbad create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/a34cdd94c93883f2c5212044b5f435d7 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/a5bfb42e313320b41c20cfec6c039521 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/a6288a940704553034bc16dc239cc3d7 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/a7d4f950a417a1e9375d7d247d35f243 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/a98a90c1ef234a2ed99875ccaae26128 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/aaef94f2c09c1a55b863507c2a3a4873 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/ace775b503cd1364a503c8b7b883fd09 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/ae5ff043b5ad7d46320bc8508440502a create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/af685cefbebd472a3ab83ee5a6d196bb create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b165b2f89e39cfa0bc7c009da2a50755 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b36c46c7e34481242354a46f25176171 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b3c008f9a67870ef02d6efd323bf2a89 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b4954438689d15d5543c1db70a832bbe create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b6132706ddd61131ae2d03f746bc74a9 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b61e468b2e8306d2e4588e7b8bf77553 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b7a57cbd8e6ea789390bcba2f9b994ef create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b840584219e6508b9e38eb05c89ca551 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b8a2cccf8af63e7deac769ce367087d5 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/b985d2b76e17e41d4c671a4d73e9ea06 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/bd4bfbb38e20978a4e801d9dd35a38e2 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/be7540ffe2b0cc10bb1b0e3fb781e348 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/c0ee36a02c92c976511f6f68aa834848 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/c3858ba2327a02963c76b8626d102a14 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/c43dc6e8941700b31d4421644426be51 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/c55c4fb2979828711232bfc58ec1b406 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/c6820f448fb69abeb93b27742223f2ea create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/c7450b6b780d9cca7cbbc351fcbbd170 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/c9f92970a961e6b4834084c2a4611360 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/cadeda61e11243d89e41e1a10edbb35b create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/cc859372a9bede32c996f19be2469996 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d054f8dfdd22e0d572f45eebbca339cd create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d14f7414408d15ff7d9ac63567f5e651 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d17c3cd20993ff42648fa8115966f6f1 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d17cb453796a56f29648ec8372ff5e3b create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d35799641e158823595de5215d9e9093 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d36694e971d4301b5b0d09a6c7410678 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d38d8672f4389b9adab7f0ee9bfae19d create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d3fb9427cb5c487b93ba150e380cec71 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d4428142c55d85a4b8dac42d4f7d9757 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d457afae203dc3fad91c4eca3535c800 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d62e3cbfe038b930d18c27b3a7a92f89 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d822d64c0365fc31de8a41f464f626ed create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/d8e5785f8f3326b9e85f5b2d902cb3ef create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/dc2a91ea40ae2738c1457623eeeb3b60 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/df42ca1dfffccc3d58362ddfea2f12f4 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/df72b3e1dd992b906329cc84c5fa7db4 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/df9281aaad10eeb35c7f78a915e565b7 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/e6e778f7369209830e4a41d1266eb0dc create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/e869eb591834d64a78c1bbf1fdfd1339 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/eae82c89aca7f6786308995a4fab7f87 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/ebd555ffcc1e41e6f451e4f02bfcef23 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/ed5daa7818eede9c2c8d6c75a63ee608 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/ee2ec45f130ea50fddd4c4ad92c1c0f7 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/f4a28fb7b62a5878bd4da0e1908731d7 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/f4fb5f6d5fe663b26e0dd7e6f45ed02e create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/f624ed94f1a072a696038bdf0b909d4e create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/f645b36545b2470a4a62a37f44fd5aa0 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/f6a4b7a07a4467549b882ebdff6e2113 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/fa787923a769cd86a4f68b93a9f27a63 create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/fc6323a004de3d38ebc2496323dd83fb create mode 100644 eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/fed868fcce3042353e89dfc1a8d17ac7 diff --git a/OtherResources/wikiparse.py b/OtherResources/wikiparse.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2e6d5b --- /dev/null +++ b/OtherResources/wikiparse.py @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +from bs4 import BeautifulSoup +import wikipedia +import requests +import urllib + +class Article(object): + """Represents a wikipedia article""" + def __init__(self, title): + if not title: + raise Exception + + url = urllib.quote(title) + url = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"+url + html = requests.get(url) + soup = BeautifulSoup(html) + + diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py index a6540db..c84f852 100644 --- a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.py @@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def query(search_term, depth=1, children=3): children = 6 # get the topic and the names of its prereq links - main_topic = WikiEducate(normal(search_term)) - prereqs = main_topic.wikilinks(children) + main_topic = WikiEducate(search_term) + prereqs = main_topic.good_wikilinks(children) topic_name = main_topic.page.title # create a JSON tree which will be recursively built @@ -31,18 +31,12 @@ def query(search_term, depth=1, children=3): # note: I'm referring to the actual string of text as the distractor topic_text = main_topic.plainTextSummary(1) description = main_topic.returnWhatIs() - distractor_names = main_topic.wikilinks(children) - distractors = [] - for i in range(0, 3): - distractor_name = normal(distractor_names[i]) - distractor_obj = WikiEducate(distractor_name) - distractor = distractor_obj.returnWhatIs() - distractors.append(distractor) # append dis tractor *vroom* + distractors = [prereq.returnWhatIs() for prereq in prereqs] # run for children if depth left if depth != 0: - for j in range(0, children): - json_child = query(prereqs[j], depth=depth - 1, children=children) + for prereq in prereqs: + json_child = query(prereq.topic, depth=depth - 1, children=children) json_children.append(json_child) # assemble the tree and return it @@ -78,14 +72,12 @@ def wikitext(self): text = self.page.wikitext() return text - def wikilinks(self, num): + def wikilinks(self): wtext = self.wikitext() # print wtext wikilink_rx = re.compile(r'\[\[([^|\]]*\|)?([^\]]+)\]\]') link_array = [] for m in wikilink_rx.finditer(wtext): - if len(link_array) > num: - break if m.group(1) is not None: if "Image" in m.group(1) or "Template" in m.group(1) or \ "File" in m.group(1): @@ -97,6 +89,28 @@ def wikilinks(self, num): continue link_array.append(m.group(2)) return link_array + + def good_wikilinks(self, num): + link_names = self.wikilinks() + link_pages = [] + for name in link_names: + try: + link_pages.append(WikiEducate(normal(name))) + except: + continue + good_pages = [] + for link_page in link_pages: + if len(good_pages) >= num: break + #simple filter, needs fixing + if link_page.topic in self.mutuallinks and link_page.back < 400: + good_pages.append(link_page) + #fill out the rest if not enough + for link_page in link_pages: + if len(good_pages) >= num: break + if link_page.topic not in self.mutuallinks or not link_page.back < 400: + good_pages.append(link_page) + return good_pages + # Returns (up to) first n paragraphs of given Wikipedia article. def plainTextSummary(self, n=2): @@ -161,9 +175,10 @@ def backlinks(self): @property def back(self): - if self.back: - return self.back + if getattr(self, '_back', False): + return self._back else: + self._back = len(self.backlinks) return len(self.backlinks) # gets pages in alphabetical order that link to the page and are @@ -180,9 +195,10 @@ def mutuallinks(self): @property def mutual(self): - if self.mutual: - return self.mutual + if getattr(self, '_mutual', False): + return self._mutual else: + self._mutual = len(self.mutuallinks) return len(self.mutuallinks) class DiskCacheFetcher: diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.pyc b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/diagnose.pyc index 2cc1500cdc1ebb82f79423d40655c3b4f1ace470..d6ad04f8fbae9e22779d3d98ef4e4bb30c6243be 100644 GIT binary patch literal 8887 zcmd5>OK)4p6`mm}Qj}>ak)6m+;#zqirWDJrTOOvL0sgdVDz!Q+YqhG=_KaH1q~)wy&8Fp? zTFs^93AH+rmh);gpOy=1wUCx4)#{`QuoPCvsk>OVsDcS~7yC}BATNbuDkw;yqyh{^ zUS#!-Qr}-at^$lher(t@&4X9V)3`+RAN;FCnnm8O#_Tv!0qF{oJ%PSHZl%>$PQ{O~ zu&-4cjX0BQT$IKP8xyo+V~okFepYR24r4VZ)r{KAs{IL7S86{mEue)PP>|{b54}Ih z0sWj>UY}L_Mb$5=P3gFmQQLcJe@YINRa;pV|3mG*;)Z^ULldlu(V!kS#Hlmt6o@5f z$m}0e{k+TEUSc^n(j|^+F%h3itsDC-DQa74ZYEOsE(3ODe&_*t*2Y z)$$aGQ;G7(9raL9$po?>>?Vz55~W%rY6fxGmgXc%nqiXTsBkw)j>$+{i=%E5b=s~T z*(COBNhh{t_DkbRv=v*;m8kmz2;Lhe_d;~>yh*1U)j&6;{BAdF2eRa*#hK(by;j$ji3mB3 z4gI**@RBfY8MG-we$Bbry4})qFhhZ5NC7FE-rHk*|Ft!(8YlHAR7vG4IH+#2D*zMShVbCMl4*quI zPSQ#Cy5Yqj^6Tx69ThHg_Y8S3gJhpYrZOd6)JWNqp3$XjK8IYNMeVpgt50Sh*3)`Q z*GLbtg69_bc@c%ZGZYL60|bWR0WpB^2=1#Z?UO2(0L)V={L@ljIF;!bu6J6Q^c(ph~5loX1kR1=B`B2qn4Ewis8xgjoGiI^Vad5Pe9 zm{73DKTArf(NRf#IV$DNsXTBNRJ@~gRmfTqY4LkW$M)*=&?b)9ynt}=n%}hH1Gx$% zZg3SZ+=X^|84ZIA2|;V9%ReIFbtL<9WFhQ}R$+#JfZ|=)9T*@jRz`I8T?~NQ%t{M% zBpP9rU;#z<(lDV6P3jC2Y}TZVoKhjIl`~HmP?G8tyP#EJtk~-;6{^!xEv3CP%2Y)a z)yRM}2_s%b1N1$F%R?a}1#m=66c%QCRzZ+pM^N5`md2PY`Nb|V!l|@TyY%9wSMzI) zP?RUx=%sul3k~5Xd~|~dgXPF>UE!2#VS+qPh@p)^nQKz{bVDc_L-;!h<{fO<+>iy$ zIn>Nk>_i%mP7}N2c~Lt`JnuE^GLXe0blX4{iFL}H(Deigj$qJUcVL=9OIklClpHFz zk!5*7>Tn13=h#O`jqfsM3Cq8MWJyPrUVy5XT#^esjFY+xxYI*Ose37^YCj{6NLKBB zM$Eu9!QIfly#6uc-c*a*z8x1b4y$v46l91Qp(B>AZvkWXNVjbu`~3PQh&#bcg3Ti@8kJ#?C*)` zYK;$LVpP-Z#lsM?DP79U=)8VZKcW|r^7>51{XV8^ygjcz^Z_OhfpCbr7m2#%^=}ev za1orp4BEjP05-rd_or93Pb;l8a{PUOv{Hv8PN?1YIcItO9XivXB-~ic0EV|FRQ!>8 zk4`!qUZ?W%L{hveEl|-I1Qww>Ax?UpGxheW!r#j7_uRUbd#(HDFRoiq_TPurEybT4 zS@;vR{fSz^W&`sW{S+h-7@C*Jb8=s-k(oyc1W>9Oww<1(o73tgJ-<0}d2jo*Er&Nj z3&*#6tr0fpY&z#tph83Ld}Z-M>0yW;?b@lGhr`APB|}WCBRPK(-eVrVBfX%kJ|^W^ zmCHP-PiBs5l=M^jq!z&vKoLxoInio6C^)UwIV%OxYHSfBJqKn&xdC1ACFXdHwV#!7 zP&pIwHWPOgc5pO@<}f49Cv_7v6i^~ADgZUl1p%-e_(xh-?8C^Hjy^Rk&BByp>p2w7 z0x}V0F@(;_QTK>(tl^1)$C0Rj%}(Ur8@Ahwk^_2xE4IadtkJjzVvxx;FP%>3b|Z>y z;6ih*+{s+=~I?wU%_ym2J?z|9z3R>aKcYM4TZmj%2(snOR0zAUc_M9 zMVSd1E_?~oKs-KZ>B$K9P#Q>>r3qXTi7E5M&buH(%rY~&Foq9G;ZL*U2iBQ#9$cmw zzJ0_`5tVG--if2o{%>lVw=vognp$Wy%~6{d za?}<=zl-V^2~GA7POx`_@d^85v{*KeNPR*-e-WqK z>8PxlpM!Rp8>pYGIy;9K#2lUw2byWpWH`VLujmw}V2o=z+K2gh%q^%nC_6yf=`fBh zP(s*JRCf@35-o~rM{iwn=lrfZk% z8FXXabICkCuX%r-MsGd{hhZlPGu=}&d1B(M&(^|^~!72 zt75Qi@AgP>i=q&{Js?RDvv9d^*F%s?yulWfKSE#QRMix*kCE)7$Q-1LnTGyGW?Fo< zB2;#by!u+`5gvAlj?Gt4+6UAK2|Jv1Pc4D~^%%8?;qt#kawU z5WzhyLJoCGw-@p%o-YcXbA;2DYQTUPrKuto%M%xnA|?pM^Tbb**gTB}bCa1MSgy_^ zh*BM&DmAZQk6$CX_jG1f7m&U_*rJMBI^aZqRU>7{v3r7w9b=>?m;Wu&g98=yx93RY z)Yuvt9G>X3J3Ps)9{`?2bGpO)fmE18rUs}gOVp7qo&?oBPqeY;wK_qs8KO#gyAk(7 za~=hGk-JwGuV|<*OoiEd%&2ul9U~at#nXIGmtFIYyS3sO!n zd`N{M?%L;{tmn+Xj=vkptv_iV;D_^-gX1hi6Hy15kwp;h}Vi} z`1n(PPy@Z-eSy%}dN2TA>14nuxLAx)U|ea?w0WFEt6Xdvj3CS_LVjSMpPxLbq~CJn zsfe#W!>>GLK4`>RG<@4=Mz^seLJPt3!lp*J8$=8fNc5_cep*W!<{CyBa?BvO%ukE} z+%CL4EA#Pi6@g14eBYu}g8eP2@O+S|wsgm#ABZ*?`A9Myp=LQ!%is0VARCb+feJ3i zO4m;sB6*VCcepHLo4+DizNJ;>5q%253FJ^XWql$msNqp~AwkXWQFuV8nH0wzfl7c2 zp$i1MfG@b}h}k>D;lnXpe4qvqTzvUPJAzsAPSflV$Y@TQW{k=q(mmg(4l8B@xv4X2 z@K%)W9rGBAWORhjf^jIwF%jx!lNoTSOp_U3_eTI?YG`vj#Rpm_0$FGy5GYXic47oU z4V`oGWNJ-(c$6{tR*blni=QyAWf*1<^zi$h`G`#n{Rl!gf}!RiJX~9Mj3_yWo&SmC zoasX-nMDj_3h%^9nKTnIF(0x-1?j91F(xmK(Fvt=-@(jP|A-{IFRx4a(#(M^sRA75 z$R*QdCVX9Fi4PtZ6rpCYd)7S87QXN$FlnA-=^18nQ7(L7an#iPzK<~ZWoO#IOK?j3 VxdZ_{^gloIRIvc7nLF{5{{rRk8?pcZ delta 2499 zcmah~O>7fK6nRO*wSo(bMAfSF(nEVJ<U_CYHG?B zjg|v6MYOCdOMonILr_h1y3I?Wm%laC{xB_`AvZ{tpDc}T`)F|D2rWklry5j?&`Jx= zjgm`Li>gEGs8&Zs&u5HkVJfoc7?#BRLmI0IIGgcP^?+C$Uh@sS@ZC?#adO!)Bac&y z6(DT)QM1Ls0ok{lpqj2+CX~yI^Ur9kOl0#`zE+S1YK%6-e<89A{tJ^8=0Ba-#lUis zTm}@OS`uH6W+EKO5nE?z3kV)$`(>YRq&v#0i}f*k#vZa3@;SHQVrRKhoz0aPC6WBZ zcXD4fSDx}#a&vQqvgHPNWqzShU2-+nicY1hOxD8eoRg`S5r26+!3&n{xYb-O8MummRI+@~=Qd9GAL&UG&IQ>oxhK zo)jnL6TL%>%0KnJuW*H|3cAXn=4uHjopYhnD$!NWMo=jRnWLGId=Ok^FFQiVQix*) zfl|?O3Zv|`s3m&uF-0RETS2Msy`qQn-*wBCnpOcZDCaPyY2!zt6$K3mf%{WA`|t+ z0f=c@@rj*noDc*ioG`Nahz%Sm5o&eK{a8(tPr_Gpgxc(v1Cj2mpVd;q zE9t3fWnoU`ZKP5zn036AL5$5T3l}@f3$ya=$cLv*c(}mBNwXjk^?CJIFEr68dU@z# zr_cLu6*dy4vIb5djVfz*iAv!02)=QQtX8+#8Ul&49dV5ba6>^rAp3nOb^k9 z%`VS4COU_ri;A&%8lMeAys0?3m`wCKJay0kNOUsddPW=-T_TUxf}9|xDxSE)k@o+A zE{`?sVBE?2o(unp+kAuFZi0->=$TWMs?E(!;l}A6ZUy-)AfEuzwT(*`ZMRf#-eHS_ z4>n(*fqRv@0^o04p-sp~$xM3|Y-Apnf7`M!Xlh|4f(L~k6LbSV4r5|Ef6M0$zaGY0v1LLxGH4#gmV+$V zCzq97wsNJCc}g}nrggBz9G1r$SMO_D*BzcY%`Cjzqu{1R$`?}{F+{7#gyqMrd%Dru zP4qg&EmI}u45lLxc)2npf7*VHFHVFyQ8l59xNc}hW3( diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/03f9cad2f2e5a024a1699e9d47f308fe b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/03f9cad2f2e5a024a1699e9d47f308fe new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e198d8d --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/03f9cad2f2e5a024a1699e9d47f308fe @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +Particle physics is a branch of physics which studies the nature of particles that are the constituents of what is usually referred to as matter and radiation. In current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics. Although the word "particle" can be used in reference to many objects (e.g. a proton, a gas particle, or even household dust), the term "particle physics" usually refers to the study of "smallest" particles and the fundamental fields that must be defined in order to explain the observed particles. These cannot be defined by a combination of other fundamental fields. The current set of fundamental fields and their dynamics are summarized in a theory called the Standard Model, therefore particle physics is largely the study of the Standard Model's particle content and its possible extensions. + + +== Subatomic particles == + +Modern particle physics research is focused on subatomic particles, including atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are composite particles called baryons, made of quarks), produced by radioactive and scattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles. Dynamics of particles is also governed by quantum mechanics; they exhibit waveparticle duality, displaying particle-like behavior under certain experimental conditions and wave-like behavior in others. In more technical terms, they are described by quantum state vectors in a Hilbert space, which is also treated in quantum field theory. Following the convention of particle physicists, the term elementary particles is applied to those particles that are, according to current understanding, presumed to be indivisible and not composed of other particles. + +All particles, and their interactions observed to date, can be described almost entirely by a quantum field theory called the Standard Model. The Standard Model, as currently formulated, has 61 elementary particles. Those elementary particles can combine to form composite particles, accounting for the hundreds of other species of particles that have been discovered since the 1960s. The Standard Model has been found to agree with almost all the experimental tests conducted to date. However, most particle physicists believe that it is an incomplete description of nature, and that a more fundamental theory awaits discovery (See Theory of Everything). In recent years, measurements of neutrino mass have provided the first experimental deviations from the Standard Model. + + +== History == + +The idea that all matter is composed of elementary particles dates to at least the 6th century BC. In the 19th century, John Dalton, through his work on stoichiometry, concluded that each element of nature was composed of a single, unique type of particle. The word atom, after the Greek word atomos meaning "indivisible", denotes the smallest particle of a chemical element since then, but physicists soon discovered that atoms are not, in fact, the fundamental particles of nature, but conglomerates of even smaller particles, such as the electron. The early 20th-century explorations of nuclear physics and quantum physics culminated in proofs of nuclear fission in 1939 by Lise Meitner (based on experiments by Otto Hahn), and nuclear fusion by Hans Bethe in that same year; both discoveries also led to the development of nuclear weapons. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a bewildering variety of particles were found in scattering experiments. It was referred to as the "particle zoo". That term was deprecated after the formulation of the Standard Model during the 1970s in which the large number of particles was explained as combinations of a (relatively) small number of fundamental particles. + + +== Standard Model == + +The current state of the classification of all elementary particles is explained by the Standard Model. It describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental interactions, using mediating gauge bosons. The species of gauge bosons are the gluons, W, W+ and Z bosons, and the photons. The Standard Model also contains 24 fundamental particles, (12 particles and their associated anti-particles), which are the constituents of all matter. Finally, the Standard Model also predicted the existence of a type of boson known as the Higgs boson. Early in the morning on 4 July 2012, physicists with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced they have found a new particle that behaves similarly to what is expected from the Higgs boson. + + +== Experimental laboratories == +In particle physics, the major international laboratories are located at the: +Brookhaven National Laboratory (Long Island, United States). Its main facility is the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), which collides heavy ions such as gold ions and polarized protons. It is the world's first heavy ion collider, and the world's only polarized proton collider. +Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (Novosibirsk, Russia). Its main projects are now the electron-positron colliders VEPP-2000, operated since 2006, and VEPP-4, started experiments in 1994. Earlier facilities include the first electron-electron beam-beam collider VEP-1, which conducted experiments from 1964 to 1968; the electron-positron colliders VEPP-2, operated from 1965 to 1974; and, its successor VEPP-2M, performed experiments from 1974 to 2000. +CERN, (Franco-Swiss border, near Geneva). Its main project is now the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which had its first beam circulation on 10 September 2008, and is now the world's most energetic collider of protons. It also became the most energetic collider of heavy ions after it began colliding lead ions. Earlier facilities include the Large ElectronPositron Collider (LEP), which was stopped on 2 November 2000 and then dismantled to give way for LHC; and the Super Proton Synchrotron, which is being reused as a pre-accelerator for the LHC. +DESY (Hamburg, Germany). Its main facility is the Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage (HERA), which collides electrons and positrons with protons. +Fermilab, (Batavia, United States). Its main facility until 2011 was the Tevatron, which collided protons and antiprotons and was the highest-energy particle collider on earth until the Large Hadron Collider surpassed it on 29 November 2009. +KEK, (Tsukuba, Japan). It is the home of a number of experiments such as the K2K experiment, a neutrino oscillation experiment and Belle, an experiment measuring the CP violation of B mesons. +Many other particle accelerators do exist. +The techniques required to do modern, experimental, particle physics are quite varied and complex, constituting a sub-specialty nearly completely distinct from the theoretical side of the field. + + +== Theory == +Theoretical particle physics attempts to develop the models, theoretical framework, and mathematical tools to understand current experiments and make predictions for future experiments. See also theoretical physics. There are several major interrelated efforts being made in theoretical particle physics today. One important branch attempts to better understand the Standard Model and its tests. By extracting the parameters of the Standard Model, from experiments with less uncertainty, this work probes the limits of the Standard Model and therefore expands our understanding of nature's building blocks. Those efforts are made challenging by the difficulty of calculating quantities in quantum chromodynamics. Some theorists working in this area refer to themselves as phenomenologists and they may use the tools of quantum field theory and effective field theory. Others make use of lattice field theory and call themselves lattice theorists. +Another major effort is in model building where model builders develop ideas for what physics may lie beyond the Standard Model (at higher energies or smaller distances). This work is often motivated by the hierarchy problem and is constrained by existing experimental data. It may involve work on supersymmetry, alternatives to the Higgs mechanism, extra spatial dimensions (such as the Randall-Sundrum models), Preon theory, combinations of these, or other ideas. +A third major effort in theoretical particle physics is string theory. String theorists attempt to construct a unified description of quantum mechanics and general relativity by building a theory based on small strings, and branes rather than particles. If the theory is successful, it may be considered a "Theory of Everything". +There are also other areas of work in theoretical particle physics ranging from particle cosmology to loop quantum gravity. +This division of efforts in particle physics is reflected in the names of categories on the arXiv, a preprint archive: hep-th (theory), hep-ph (phenomenology), hep-ex (experiments), hep-lat (lattice gauge theory). + + +== Practical applications == +In principle, all physics (and practical applications developed therefrom) can be derived from the study of fundamental particles. In practice, even if "particle physics" is taken to mean only "high-energy atom smashers", many technologies have been developed during these pioneering investigations that later find wide uses in society. Cyclotrons are used to produce medical isotopes for research and treatment (for example, isotopes used in PET imaging), or used directly for certain cancer treatments. The development of Superconductors has been pushed forward by their use in particle physics. The World Wide Web and touchscreen technology were initially developed at CERN. +Additional applications are found in medicine, national security, industry, computing, science, and workforce development, illustrating a long and growing list of beneficial practical applications with contributions from particle physics. + + +== Future == +The primary goal, which is pursued in several distinct ways, is to find and understand what physics may lie beyond the standard model. There are several powerful experimental reasons to expect new physics, including dark matter and neutrino mass. There are also theoretical hints that this new physics should be found at accessible energy scales. Furthermore, there may be surprises that will give us opportunities to learn about nature. +Much of the effort to find this new physics are focused on new collider experiments. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was completed in 2008 to help continue the search for the Higgs boson, supersymmetric particles, and other new physics. An intermediate goal is the construction of the International Linear Collider (ILC), which will complement the LHC by allowing more precise measurements of the properties of newly found particles. In August 2004, a decision for the technology of the ILC was taken but the site has still to be agreed upon. +In addition, there are important non-collider experiments that also attempt to find and understand physics beyond the Standard Model. One important non-collider effort is the determination of the neutrino masses, since these masses may arise from neutrinos mixing with very heavy particles. In addition, cosmological observations provide many useful constraints on the dark matter, although it may be impossible to determine the exact nature of the dark matter without the colliders. Finally, lower bounds on the very long lifetime of the proton put constraints on Grand Unified Theories at energy scales much higher than collider experiments will be able to probe any time soon. +In May 2014, the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel released its report on particle physics funding priorities for the United States over the next decade. This report emphasized continued U.S. participation in the LHC and ILC, and expansion of the Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment, among other recommendations. + + +== See also == + + +== References == + + +== Further reading == +Introductory reading +Close, Frank (2004). Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280434-0. +Close, Frank; Marten, Michael; Sutton, Christine (2004). The Particle Odyssey: A Journey to the Heart of the Matter. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198609438. +Ford, Kenneth W. (2005). The Quantum World. Harvard University Press. +Oerter, Robert (2006). The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics. Plume. +Schumm, Bruce A. (2004). Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7971-X. +Close, Frank (2006). The New Cosmic Onion. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-58488-798-2. +Advanced reading +Robinson, Matthew B.; Bland, Karen R.; Cleaver, Gerald. B.; Dittmann, Jay R. (2008). "A Simple Introduction to Particle Physics". arXiv:0810.3328 [hep-th]. +Robinson, Matthew B.; Cleaver, Gerald; Cleaver, Gerald B. (2009). "A Simple Introduction to Particle Physics Part II". arXiv:0908.1395 [hep-th]. +Griffiths, David J. (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-60386-4. +Kane, Gordon L. (1987). Modern Elementary Particle Physics. Perseus Books. ISBN 0-201-11749-5. +Perkins, Donald H. (1999). Introduction to High Energy Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62196-8. +Povh, Bogdan (1995). Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-59439-6. +Boyarkin, Oleg (2011). Advanced Particle Physics Two-Volume Set. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-0412-4. + + +== External links == +Symmetry magazine +Fermilab +Particle physics it matters the Institute of Physics +Nobes, Matthew (2002) "Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics" on Kuro5hin: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3a, Part 3b. +CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research +The Particle Adventure educational project sponsored by the Particle Data Group of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/04c6bda7bd6b0b92c60aa80adf701e82 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/04c6bda7bd6b0b92c60aa80adf701e82 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0595972 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/04c6bda7bd6b0b92c60aa80adf701e82 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Quantum chromodynamics", "Color charge", "Greenberg", "Nikolay Bogolyubov", "List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1968", "Index of physics articles (O)", "Amitava Raychaudhuri"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/07524df3c8abc9e2a963bc9388238734 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/07524df3c8abc9e2a963bc9388238734 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6ea3e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/07524df3c8abc9e2a963bc9388238734 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Altruism", "Analysis", "Artificial intelligence", "Adam Smith", "Approval voting", "Algebraic geometry", "Arithmetic", "Adaptive expectations", "Brouwer fixed-point theorem", "Chess", "Combinatorics", "Calculus", "Claude Shannon", "Category theory", "Carl von Clausewitz", "P versus NP problem", "Control theory", "David Hume", "Duopoly", "David Ricardo", "Discrete mathematics", "Differential geometry", "Dr. Strangelove", "Discrimination", "Economics", "Evolutionarily stable strategy", "Evolutionary psychology", "Elementary algebra", "List of economists", "Econometrics", "Economies of scale", "Functional analysis", "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bastiat", "Friedrich Hayek", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "Graph theory", "Gross domestic product", "Gomoku", "Gambler's fallacy", "Hungary", "Hyperinflation", "History of mathematics", "History of science", "Intellectual property", "Information theory", "Inheritance", "John Stuart Mill", "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "John von Neumann", "John Locke", "John Maynard Smith", "John von Neumann Theory Prize", "Keynesian economics", "Live action role-playing game", "List of agnostics", "Linear algebra", "Long-Term Capital Management", "Microeconomics", "Macroeconomics", "Mathematics", "Monopoly", "Monopolistic competition", "Mathematician", "Minimax", "Mathematical logic", "Milton Friedman", "Model theory", "Metric space", "Modular arithmetic", "Mathematical model", "Natural selection", "Numerical analysis", "Number theory", "Neoclassical economics", "Nuclear weapon", "Negotiation", "Oligopoly", "Perfect competition", "Poker", "Pot odds", "Aggression (poker)", "Probability theory", "Property", "Peter Singer", "Political science", "Tax per head", "Property law", "Privatization", "Personal property", "Peace", "Recession", "Rational choice theory", "Two-round system", "Real property", "Ronald Coase", "Recreational mathematics", "Statistics", "Social science", "Sexual selection", "Stagflation", "Rock-paper-scissors", "Set theory", "Squatting", "Strategy", "Supply and demand", "Topology", "Statistical hypothesis testing", "Tax", "Tactical voting", "The Evolution of Cooperation", "Theory of computation", "Theory", "Tragedy of the commons", "Theft", "Tragedy of the anticommons", "Utilitarianism", "Vector space", "War", "Well-ordering theorem", "Zero-sum game", "1940s", "Cartel", "Hex (board game)", "Josiah Willard Gibbs", "William H. Riker", "List of political scientists", "Inflation", "Social contract", "Campaign finance reform in the United States", "Convex hull", "Compromise", "Population transfer", "Monetarism", "Operations research", "Prisoner's dilemma", "Linear programming", "Norm (social)", "Kill Doctor Lucky", "Reciprocal altruism", "Nash equilibrium", "Pareto efficiency", "Utility", "Opportunity cost", "Economic history", "Public capital", "Human capital", "Pre-emptive nuclear strike", "Michigan Technological University", "General equilibrium theory", "Mutual assured destruction", "Nuclear strategy", "Jeremy Bentham", "Political economy", "Nuclear blackmail", "Philosophy of mathematics", "Means of production", "Deadweight loss", "Environmental economics", "Determinism", "David Gauthier", "Mathematical analysis", "Deflation", "William Vickrey", "Economic surplus", "Post-Keynesian economics", "The Economist", "Regional science", "Industrial organization", "Public choice", "Mathematical optimization", "Free rider problem", "Poaching", "Wage slavery", "Politician", "James M. Buchanan", "Aggression", "Consumer education", "Addition", "Evaluation", "Auction", "Real estate", "Financial economics", "Solved game", "Uncertainty", "Go (game)", "Rational expectations", "Reinforcement learning", "Secrecy", "Market failure", "Bluff (poker)", "Bounded rationality", "Satisficing", "Hugo Steinhaus", "Economic indicator", "Market price", "Game classification", "List of poker variants", "Texas hold 'em", "Developed country", "New Keynesian economics", "Bioprospecting", "University of Bonn", "Arrow's impossibility theorem", "Index of economics articles", "Neoliberalism", "Moral realism", "Robert Lucas, Jr.", "Coalition", "John Forbes Nash, Jr.", "Sunk costs", "List of Austrians", "Gift economy", "Primogeniture", "Henry George", "Regulatory taking", "Eminent domain", "Transaction cost", "Hysteresis", "Private property", "Power (social and political)", "Economic development", "Karl Menger", "W. D. Hamilton", "What Is Property?", "Iannis Xenakis", "Alpha\u2013beta pruning", "Index of gaming articles", "Collusion", "Evolutionary economics", "Profit maximization", "John Boyd (military strategist)", "Daniel Kahneman", "Herman Kahn", "Original position", "Business cycle", "Pleasure", "Outline of computer science", "Mindset", "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences", "Elasticity (economics)", "Public good", "Mathematical physics", "Best alternative to a negotiated agreement", "Steven Brams", "Moral hazard", "Economic geography", "Ecological economics", "Energy economics", "Behavioral economics", "Feminist economics", "Paradox of hedonism", "General topology", "Land reform", "Public property", "Plan", "Oligopsony", "Metamathematics", "Informal mathematics", "Felicific calculus", "Erving Goffman", "Enclosure", "Machiavellian intelligence", "List of matrices", "Collective action", "Shapley value", "Suffering", "Henry Sidgwick", "Development economics", "Reinhard Selten", "Pascal's Wager", "Cross elasticity of demand", "Community property", "Transformation problem", "Marginalism", "Multivalued function", "Road pricing", "Title (property)", "Strategic planning", "Economic equilibrium", "Congestion pricing", "Mastermind (board game)", "Consumer choice", "Hypergraph", "Economies of scope", "Mafia (party game)", "Rendezvous problem", "Strategic management", "Psychological pricing", "Brinkmanship", "Competitive advantage", "List of academic disciplines and sub-disciplines", "History of nuclear weapons", "Multilinear algebra", "Emanuel Lasker", "Welfare", "Core competency", "Porter five forces analysis", "Outline of industrial organization", "John Glen Wardrop", "Decision-making", "Health economics", "Conflict theories", "Finite geometry", "Game tree", "Tit for tat", "Superrationality", "Allen Newell", "Lesser of two evils principle", "Stochastic", "Combinatorial game theory", "Behavioral ecology", "Institution", "Monetary economics", "Law and economics", "Bible code", "Collaboration", "Freedom Evolves", "Common good", "Mere addition paradox", "Medium of exchange", "Hard currency", "Employment", "Porter's generic strategies", "M,n,k-game", "Perfect information", "History of biology", "Ethnomathematics", "Rational ignorance", "Marginal cost", "Mathematics education", "Rent-seeking", "Natural and legal rights", "Michael Shermer", "Handicap principle", "Attrition warfare", "Hyperreality", "Outline of discrete mathematics", "\u00c9mile Borel", "The Crown", "Banach\u2013Mazur game", "Haas School of Business", "Gridlock", "Georgism", "Coase theorem", "Property tax", "Cost\u2013benefit analysis", "Value chain", "Unemployment benefits", "Game (disambiguation)", "Open access", "Chicken (game)", "OODA loop", "Discrete geometry", "David Lewis (philosopher)", "Semantics (computer science)", "Game studies", "Democratic peace theory", "R\u00f9m", "Chicago school of economics", "State ownership", "Index of philosophy articles (D\u2013H)", "List of Israelis", "Jacob Viner", "Productivity", "Freedom to roam", "Marginal rate of substitution", "List of utilitarians", "Economic interventionism", "Branching factor", "Welfare economics", "John Harsanyi", "Decision theory", "Urban economics", "Fixed point (mathematics)", "Penalty kick", "Pure mathematics", "Outline of the European Union", "Income\u2013consumption curve", "Mamihlapinatapai", "Forced migration", "Lemur", "Agree to disagree", "Systematic political science", "Correspondence (mathematics)", "Joseph Louis Fran\u00e7ois Bertrand", "Coin flipping", "Sicilian Defence", "Post-industrial society", "Territory (animal)", "Computer poker players", "Socioeconomics", "Quantitative analyst", "List of cognitive biases", "Cooperation", "Krohn\u2013Rhodes theory", "Balanced scorecard", "Managerial economics", "Lists of mathematics topics", "Bertrand paradox (economics)", "Thomas L. Saaty", "Real bills doctrine", "Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne", "Edgeworth box", "Hugh Everett III", "Experimental economics", "Voter turnout", "Lucas critique", "Abstract strategy game", "Backward chaining", "Consumption (economics)", "Very Short Introductions", "Bao (mancala game)", "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior", "Rivalry (economics)", "Winner's curse", "1928 in science", "Big push model", "List of theorems", "Preference utilitarianism", "George R. Price", "Kingmaker", "Equity theory", "Prisoners and hats puzzle", "Retrograde analysis", "Player (game)", "Crown land", "Homestead principle", "1950 in science", "Intransitivity", "Game semantics", "Formal theory", "International political economy", "Reinsurance", "Economic model", "Cooperative game", "Robert Wright (journalist)", "Competition law", "Fair division", "List of mathematical theories", "Stable marriage problem", "Mechanism design", "Perfect rationality", "Irrationality", "Economic system", "Thomas Schelling", "The Guns of August", "Bank run", "List of important publications in mathematics", "Real versus nominal value (economics)", "The Calculus of Consent", "The Wealth of Nations", "Principal\u2013agent problem", "Agricultural economics", "Deterrence theory", "Expected utility hypothesis", "Rostow's stages of growth", "Accumulation by dispossession", "Best response", "Diminishing returns", "Output (economics)", "Self-ownership", "Marcel Mauss", "Karl Polanyi", "Political strategy", "Evolutionary game theory", "Strategist", "Replicator equation", "Price/wage spiral", "Universal pragmatics", "List of important publications in economics", "George Stigler", "Ultimatum game", "Economic sociology", "Geoff Parker", "Craig Reucassel", "Oskar Morgenstern", "Online auction", "Use value", "Capital accumulation", "Neo-Keynesian economics", "List of Hungarian Jews", "Leonard Jimmie Savage", "Land tenure", "Evolutionary theory and the political left", "Strategyproof", "Peace gaming", "Mathematical statistics", "Samson Abramsky", "Extreme physical information", "Riparian water rights", "Usufruct", "Battle of the Bismarck Sea", "Common land", "Two Treatises of Government", "Mesh networking", "Exclusive economic zone", "Demand curve", "Pseudomathematics", "Albert W. Tucker", "Coordination game"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/08dff0dd11dba301fc646fdd8d8c4426 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/08dff0dd11dba301fc646fdd8d8c4426 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67d8a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/08dff0dd11dba301fc646fdd8d8c4426 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Assistive technology", "Android (robot)", "Algorithms (journal)", "Algorithm", "Assembly line", "Alan Turing", "Aquaculture", "A Fire Upon the Deep", "Aesthetics", "List of artificial intelligence projects", "Analysis of algorithms", "Abstract data type", "Automated theorem proving", "Ai", "AI-complete", "Baruch Spinoza", "Brain", "Blade Runner", "Buckminster Fuller", "Bertrand Russell", "Bootstrapping", "Bioinformatics", "Biotechnology", "Boolean satisfiability problem", "Biomedical engineering", "Combinatorics", "Chemistry", "Computing", "Computer programming", "Carbon nanotube", "Computer science", "Computational linguistics", "Cognitive science", "Clarke's three laws", "Consciousness", "Claude Shannon", "Cyberpunk", "Civil engineering", "Computer program", "Category theory", "Cognitive psychology", "Computational chemistry", "Chemical engineering", "P versus NP problem", "Chinese room", "Computer vision", "Chrono Trigger", "Garbage collection (computer science)", "Cryonics", "Computer animation", "Carl Sagan", "List of computer scientists", "Chomsky (surname)", "Cyc", "Cyborgs in fiction", "Computer music", "Concept", "Control engineering", "Control theory", "Cryogenics", "Cyberspace", "Computational complexity theory", "Douglas Engelbart", "Deus Ex", "Daniel Dennett", "Darwin's Dangerous Idea", "Douglas Hofstadter", "DARPA", "Davros", "Epistemology", "Engineering", "Entertainment", "Epiphenomenalism", "Edmund Husserl", "Electrical engineering", "Many-worlds interpretation", "Education reform", "Euphoria (programming language)", "Energy", "Electronics", "Erewhon", "Evolutionary psychology", "Expert system", "Empiricism", "Experimental cancer treatment", "ELIZA", "ELIZA effect", "Emotion", "Flying car (aircraft)", "Finite-state machine", "Freeciv", "Frame problem", "Fermi paradox", "Game theory", "G. E. Moore", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "Geotechnical engineering", "Genetic engineering", "Graph theory", "Genetic programming", "George Mason University", "Greg Egan", "Gene therapy", "Henri Bergson", "Hugo de Garis", "Homeostasis", "Herbert A. Simon", "HAL 9000", "History of science", "Industry", "Isaac Asimov", "Information theory", "Interdisciplinarity", "Idealism", "Junk science", "Joseph Weizenbaum", "Judge Dredd", "Karl Popper", "Knowledge representation and reasoning", "Knowledge Systems Laboratory", "Kevin Warwick", "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "Lisp (programming language)", "Lisp machine", "Linked list", "Index of philosophy articles (A\u2013C)", "Logo (programming language)", "Music", "Mental event", "Modus ponens", "Mental process", "Monism", "Maurice Merleau-Ponty", "Materialism", "Mind", "Mechanical engineering", "Machinima", "Materials science", "Mathematical logic", "Molecular nanotechnology", "Marvin Minsky", "Metallurgy", "Machine translation", "ML", "Mining", "Mathematical model", "Neuroscience", "Neutral monism", "Niklas Luhmann", "Nanotechnology", "Numerical analysis", "Artificial neural network", "Nutrition", "Number theory", "Noam Chomsky", "Nial", "Natural language processing", "Ontology", "Psychology", "Probability", "Physics", "Pseudoscience", "Physicalism", "Philosophy of perception", "Prolog", "Outline of physical science", "Python (programming language)", "Project management", "Energy storage", "Protoscience", "Process philosophy", "Pharmacology", "Paul J. McAuley", "Pathological science", "Psychometrics", "Posthumanism", "Quake III Arena", "Quantum computer", "Quantum teleportation", "Ridley Scott", "Ren\u00e9 Descartes", "Robot", "Renewable energy", "Ray Kurzweil", "List of fictional robots and androids", "Ray Bradbury", "Science", "Social science", "Science fiction", "StarCraft", "Scientific method", "Scientist", "Software engineering", "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard", "B'Elanna Torres", "Set theory", "Superfluid helium-4", "List of science fiction themes", "Systems engineering", "Seymour Papert", "Systematics", "Symbolics", "Serial Experiments Lain", "Search algorithm", "Slackware", "Software testing", "Semantic Web", "System Shock", "Space elevator", "Relationship between religion and science", "Safety engineering", "Semiotics", "Solar sail", "Speech recognition", "Sustainable development", "SNOBOL", "Scientific misconduct", "Technology", "The Matrix", "Problem of other minds", "Transhumanism", "The Sims (video game)", "Tetrahedron", "Tool", "Time-sharing", "Turing Award", "Tabula rasa", "Travelling salesman problem", "Tic-tac-toe", "University of Pennsylvania", "User Friendly", "Ubiquitous computing", "Ultima (series)", "Platform game", "History of video games", "Vint Cerf", "Vernor Vinge", "Virtual reality", "Wargaming", "Wearable computer", "William Gibson", "Weapon", "Working memory", "WordNet", "Winona Ryder", "WarGames", "2.PAK", "Occam's razor", "Philosophy of science", "Thought", "Nuclear engineering", "Society", "Martin Heidegger", "Scientific journal", "List of political scientists", "Engineer", "Natural science", "Dyson's eternal intelligence", "Manufacturing", "Moore's law", "Stephen Cook", "Genetic algorithm", "Type theory", "Space technology", "Electro-optics", "Data mining", "Reason", "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)", "Invention", "Greg Bear", "Blood Music (novel)", "Warren Sturgis McCulloch", "Printing", "User interface", "Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya", "Weapons in Star Trek", "Where Mathematics Comes From", "Structural engineering", "Wisdom", "Planner (programming language)", "Wangame Studios", "AIML", "AIBO", "Doctor Doom", "Bomb", "Data (Star Trek)", "Texas Instruments", "Maclisp", "Disruptive innovation", "Free will", "Autonomous robot", "Carnegie Mellon University", "Humanoid robot", "Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast", "Optical character recognition", "Marathon Trilogy", "Fuzzy logic", "Thought experiment", "Bayesian inference", "Ontology (information science)", "Arcade game", "Precautionary principle", "Computer engineering", "Personal rapid transit", "Transport engineering", "Astronomy", "Environmental engineering", "Construction engineering", "Gundam", "List of computing and IT abbreviations", "Machine", "Mathematical optimization", "The Diamond Age", "Half-Life (video game)", "Toy Story", "2030", "Ontological commitment", "DARPA Agent Markup Language", "Sokoban", "Talcott Parsons", "Technological singularity", "Computer algebra system", "Quantum Leap", "Forbidden Planet", "Fusion power", "World Brain", "List of linguists", "HVAC", "Mad scientist", "Thorin Oakenshield", "The Culture", "Unmanned aerial vehicle", "Derek Parfit", "Interpreter (computing)", "Three Laws of Robotics", "Abductive reasoning", "Larry Page", "Rationality", "Spintronics", "Genera (operating system)", "Stuart Kauffman", "Complex systems", "Norbert Wiener", "The Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands", "Go (game)", "Poplog", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction", "Petroleum engineering", "Holography", "TOPS-20", "Iron Man", "Life sciences", "Surface science", "Attention", "Connection Machine", "Timeline of historic inventions", "Forensic engineering", "Science museum", "Hermeneutics", "Music technology", "Feersum Endjinn", "Butlerian Jihad", "Kristen Nygaard", "Knowledge management", "Technology assessment", "Hilary Putnam", "Texas hold 'em", "Krypton (comics)", "Naval architecture", "Workflow", "Phenomenology (philosophy)", "Francisco Varela", "TX-2", "Domestic technology", "Johnny Mnemonic (film)", "Droid (robot)", "Solipsism", "Alien invasion", "Franz Brentano", "Electronic warfare", "Robby the Robot", "University of Manchester", "UIN", "Lazarus Long", "Subsumption architecture", "Information Age", "Timeline of computing 1950\u201379", "Military science", "CycL", "The Age of Spiritual Machines", "List of IBM products", "Brewster Kahle", "Instructional technology", "Ultima Online", "Greedy algorithm", "Identity (philosophy)", "William James", "Military technology", "Intelligent transportation system", "Jean Piaget", "Gerald Jay Sussman", "Depth-first search", "Nuclear technology", "Natural language understanding", "SHRDLU", "Algorithmics", "Douglas Lenat", "Military engineering", "Rez", "High-temperature superconductivity", "List of fictional computers", "John F. Sowa", "John Forbes Nash, Jr.", "Automata theory", "Heinz von Foerster", "Reproductive technology", "Cognition", "Computational physics", "Technical analysis", "Fischer Black", "Pattern recognition", "Optoelectronics", "Tactical shooter", "Kardashev scale", "Anthony Stafford Beer", "Creativity", "Alexander Bain", "Motor vehicle", "Le Ton beau de Marot", "John Searle", "Heechee", "Industrial robot", "Computational biology", "Information science", "Zardoz", "Cyberpunk 2020", "Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II", "Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns", "Intuition (psychology)", "Aerospace", "Technophobia", "Computability theory", "Training", "Microtechnology", "Planescape: Torment", "National Science Foundation", "Strategy of Technology", "Destination: Void", "Robot fetishism", "PlanetMath", "Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology", "Formal methods", "Index of cognitive science articles", "Idea", "Gandalf (theorem prover)", "The Postman", "Mind uploading", "Robots in literature", "Zhuang Zhou", "Brain transplant", "Head transplant", "Sentience", "Na\u00efve physics", "Metamagical Themas", "Ingenuity", "Outline of computer science", "3-D Tic-Tac-Toe", "Persuasive technology", "Computational archaeology", "Probert Encyclopaedia", "Machine vision", "Perceptron", "Extropianism", "Automation", "Platoon (automobile)", "Paradigm", "Dualism (philosophy of mind)", "Major appliance", "Computational geometry", "Immortality", "Richard Powers", "Mars Express", "Matt Frewer", "The Animatrix", "Paranoia (role-playing game)", "Science education", "Exploratory engineering", "Learning", "Description logic", "Intentionality", "Home automation", "Conscience", "Dragon Quest", "Biofuel", "Hydrogen vehicle", "Programming paradigm", "Appropriate technology", "Visual technology", "Evolutionary algorithm", "OLED"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/0f4edd6b138854e170ced8343135903d b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/0f4edd6b138854e170ced8343135903d new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7567714 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/0f4edd6b138854e170ced8343135903d @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Temporal difference (TD) learning is a prediction method. It has been mostly used for solving the reinforcement learning problem. "TD learning is a combination of Monte Carlo ideas and dynamic programming (DP) ideas." TD resembles a Monte Carlo method because it learns by sampling the environment according to some policy. TD is related to dynamic programming techniques because it approximates its current estimate based on previously learned estimates (a process known as bootstrapping). The TD learning algorithm is related to the temporal difference model of animal learning. +As a prediction method, TD learning takes into account the fact that subsequent predictions are often correlated in some sense. In standard supervised predictive learning, one learns only from actually observed values: A prediction is made, and when the observation is available, the prediction is adjusted to better match the observation. As elucidated in, the core idea of TD learning is that we adjust predictions to match other, more accurate, predictions about the future. This procedure is a form of bootstrapping, as illustrated with the following example: +Suppose you wish to predict the weather for Saturday, and you have some model that predicts Saturday's weather, given the weather of each day in the week. In the standard case, you would wait until Saturday and then adjust all your models. However, when it is, for example, Friday, you should have a pretty good idea of what the weather would be on Saturday - and thus be able to change, say, Monday's model before Saturday arrives. +Mathematically speaking, both in a standard and a TD approach, we would try to optimize some cost function, related to the error in our predictions of the expectation of some random variable, E[z]. However, while in the standard approach we in some sense assume E[z] = z (the actual observed value), in the TD approach we use a model. For the particular case of reinforcement learning, which is the major application of TD methods, z is the total return and E[z] is given by the Bellman equation of the return. + + +== TD algorithm in neuroscience == +The TD algorithm has also received attention in the field of neuroscience. Researchers discovered that the firing rate of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNc) appear to mimic the error function in the algorithm. The error function reports back the difference between the estimated reward at any given state or time step and the actual reward received. The larger the error function, the larger the difference between the expected and actual reward. When this is paired with a stimulus that accurately reflects a future reward, the error can be used to associate the stimulus with the future reward. +Dopamine cells appear to behave in a similar manner. In one experiment measurements of dopamine cells were made while training a monkey to associate a stimulus with the reward of juice. Initially the dopamine cells increased firing rates when the monkey received juice, indicating a difference in expected and actual rewards. Over time this increase in firing back propagated to the earliest reliable stimulus for the reward. Once the monkey was fully trained, there was no increase in firing rate upon presentation of the predicted reward. Continually, the firing rate for the dopamine cells decreased below normal activation when the expected reward was not produced. This mimics closely how the error function in TD is used for reinforcement learning. +The relationship between the model and potential neurological function has produced research attempting to use TD to explain many aspects of behavioral research. It has also been used to study conditions such as schizophrenia or the consequences of pharmacological manipulations of dopamine on learning. + + +== Mathematical formulation == +Let be the reinforcement on time step t. Let be the correct prediction that is equal to the discounted sum of all future reinforcement. The discounting is done by powers of factor of such that reinforcement at distant time step is less important. + +where . This formula can be expanded + +by changing the index of i to start from 0. + +Thus, the reinforcement is the difference between the ideal prediction and the current prediction. + +TD-Lambda is a learning algorithm invented by Richard S. Sutton based on earlier work on temporal difference learning by Arthur Samuel. This algorithm was famously applied by Gerald Tesauro to create TD-Gammon, a program that learned to play the game of backgammon at the level of expert human players. The lambda () parameter refers to the trace decay parameter, with . Higher settings lead to longer lasting traces; that is, a larger proportion of credit from a reward can be given to more distant states and actions when is higher, with producing parallel learning to Monte Carlo RL algorithms. + + +== See also == +Reinforcement learning +Q-learning +SARSA +Rescorla-Wagner model +PVLV + + +== Notes == +^ a b Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto (1998). Reinforcement Learning. MIT Press. ISBN 0-585-02445-6. +^ a b Richard Sutton (1988). "Learning to predict by the methods of temporal differences". Machine Learning 3 (1): 944. doi:10.1007/BF00115009. (A revised version is available on Richard Sutton's publication page) +^ Schultz, W, Dayan, P & Montague, PR. (1997). "A neural substrate of prediction and reward". Science 275 (5306): 15931599. doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593. PMID 9054347. +^ Schultz, W. (1998). "Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons". J Neurophysiology 80 (1): 127. +^ Dayan, P. (2001). "Motivated reinforcement learning". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (MIT Press) 14: 1118. +^ Smith, A., Li, M., Becker, S. and Kapur, S. (2006). "Dopamine, prediction error, and associative learning: a model-based account". Network: Computation in Neural Systems 17 (1): 6184. doi:10.1080/09548980500361624. PMID 16613795. +^ Tesauro, Gerald (March 1995). "Temporal Difference Learning and TD-Gammon". Communications of the ACM 38 (3). Retrieved 2010-02-08. + + +== Bibliography == +Sutton, R.S., Barto A.G. (1990). "Time Derivative Models of Pavlovian Reinforcement". Learning and Computational Neuroscience: Foundations of Adaptive Networks: 497537. +Gerald Tesauro (March 1995). "Temporal Difference Learning and TD-Gammon". Communications of the ACM 38 (3). +Imran Ghory. Reinforcement Learning in Board Games. +S. P. Meyn, 2007. Control Techniques for Complex Networks, Cambridge University Press, 2007. See final chapter, and appendix with abridged Meyn & Tweedie. + + +== External links == +Scholarpedia Temporal difference Learning +TD-Gammon +TD-Networks Research Group +Connect Four TDGravity Applet (+ mobile phone version) - self-learned using TD-Leaf method (combination of TD-Lambda with shallow tree search) +Self Learning Meta-Tic-Tac-Toe Example web app showing how temporal difference learning can be used to learn state evaluation constants for a minimax AI playing a simple board game. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/0fbff2fd839b741916db3b5adf3e0e5f b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/0fbff2fd839b741916db3b5adf3e0e5f new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2524adf --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/0fbff2fd839b741916db3b5adf3e0e5f @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1038c8a1d27491f2d329aea92dc16906 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1038c8a1d27491f2d329aea92dc16906 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..433ba43 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1038c8a1d27491f2d329aea92dc16906 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Anarchism", "Aristotle", "Altruism", "Artificial intelligence", "Ancient philosophy", "Afterlife", "Alan Turing", "Animism", "Aesthetics", "Axiology", "Baruch Spinoza", "Being", "Buddhist philosophy", "Behavior", "B. F. Skinner", "Consciousness", "Cognitive behavioral therapy", "Confucianism", "Chinese philosophy", "Casuistry", "Cognitive psychology", "Chinese room", "Classical liberalism", "Concept", "Carl Rogers", "Critical psychology", "David Hume", "Dualism", "Daniel Dennett", "Deconstruction", "Developmental psychology", "Ethical egoism", "Epistemology", "Ethics", "Existence", "Epiphenomenalism", "Edmund Husserl", "Existentialism", "Evolutionary psychology", "Evil", "Esotericism", "Empiricism", "Educational psychology", "Emotion", "Faith and rationality", "Foundationalism", "Fundamentalism", "Feminist theology", "G. E. Moore", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "Gaia philosophy", "Gnosticism", "Gilles Deleuze", "Hedonism", "Henri Bergson", "Hermann Ebbinghaus", "History of science", "Immanuel Kant", "Internalism and externalism", "Intelligent design", "Idealism", "Differential psychology", "Industrial and organizational psychology", "Justice", "Karl Popper", "Constantin Stanislavski", "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "Learning theory (education)", "Leonard Bloomfield", "Index of philosophy articles (A\u2013C)", "Logical positivism", "Language acquisition", "Mental event", "Metaphilosophy", "Metaphysics", "Milgram experiment", "Mental process", "Monism", "Maurice Merleau-Ponty", "Materialism", "Mind", "Monotheism", "Modernism", "Marvin Minsky", "Medical psychology", "Mohism", "Nominalism", "Neutral monism", "Noam Chomsky", "Nihilism", "New Age", "Nervous system", "Objectivism (Ayn Rand)", "Ontology", "Psychology", "Psychological egoism", "Philosophy of religion", "Political philosophy", "Physicalism", "Philosophy of perception", "Pantheism", "Postmodern philosophy", "Platonic idealism", "Psychophysiology", "Process theology", "Process philosophy", "Platonic realism", "Philosophy of law", "Post-structuralism", "Psychotherapy", "Psychometrics", "Philosophy of education", "Personality psychology", "Posthumanism", "Paradigm shift", "Psychohistory", "Religion", "Ren\u00e9 Descartes", "Sigmund Freud", "Social psychology", "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard", "Stanley Milgram", "Secular humanism", "Relationship between religion and science", "Truth", "Problem of evil", "Problem of other minds", "Pre-Socratic philosophy", "Taoism", "Theism", "Taking Children Seriously", "Tabula rasa", "Utilitarianism", "Universalism", "Value theory", "Watchmen", "Wilhelm Wundt", "1970s", "Philosophy of science", "Causality", "Martin Heidegger", "Adoption", "Epicureanism", "Nature versus nurture", "Scholasticism", "Carl Jung", "Whole language", "Cosmogony", "Morality", "Reality", "Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya", "Jeremy Bentham", "Philosophy of mathematics", "Determinism", "Relativism", "Moral relativism", "Philosophical movement", "Action theory (philosophy)", "Virtue", "Cognitive neuroscience", "Miracle", "Ivan Pavlov", "Dialectic", "Benjamin Spock", "Stimulus", "Time-out (parenting)", "Parenting", "Transformational grammar", "Epiphenomenon", "Derek Parfit", "Nyaya", "Rationality", "Deductive reasoning", "Operational definition", "Reinforcement learning", "Attention", "Gestalt psychology", "Hermeneutics", "Otto Rank", "Psychologist", "Hilary Putnam", "Ideology", "Transportation planning", "Phenomenology (philosophy)", "Will (philosophy)", "Alfred Adler", "Solipsism", "Franz Brentano", "Parent", "Edward Thorndike", "Act Without Words I", "Identity (philosophy)", "William James", "John B. Watson", "Instructional design", "Pragmatism", "Lev Vygotsky", "Jean Piaget", "Andrei Chikatilo", "Noumenon", "Belief", "Alfred Sch\u00fctz", "Cognition", "Philosophy of physics", "Operant conditioning", "Alexander Bain", "James Mark Baldwin", "Psychoanalytic theory", "John Searle", "Popular psychology", "Self-esteem", "Eastern philosophy", "Intuition (psychology)", "Milton H. Erickson", "Walden Two", "Sexual fetishism", "Consciousness Explained", "Crowd psychology", "Analytic philosophy", "Psycholinguistics", "Wyndham Lewis", "Idea", "Leon Festinger", "Transcendentalism", "Zhuang Zhou", "Islamic philosophy", "Jewish philosophy", "Adult", "Human intelligence", "Ingenuity", "Ancient Greek philosophy", "Early Islamic philosophy", "Paradigm", "Dualism (philosophy of mind)", "Psychological testing", "Viktor Frankl", "Philosophy of history", "Hans Eysenck", "List of psychological research methods", "Behavioral economics", "Positive psychology", "Organizational commitment", "Ken Wilber", "Intentionality", "Conscience", "Operant conditioning chamber", "Classical conditioning", "Greedy reductionism", "Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson", "Christian philosophy", "Functionalism (philosophy of mind)", "Thomas Nagel", "Nuclear family", "Averroism", "List of psychologists", "School of Names", "Gustav Fechner", "Philosophical skepticism", "Richard Rorty", "19th-century philosophy", "Leo Strauss", "Reinforcement", "John McDowell", "Understanding", "German idealism", "Aristotelian theology", "Index of psychology articles", "Stepfamily", "Single parent", "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)", "Motivation", "Albert Bandura", "J. L. Austin", "Abnormal psychology", "Autofellatio", "Knowledge", "Eclecticism", "Albert Ellis", "Philosophy of psychology", "Deterministic system (philosophy)", "Boxer (dog)", "David Chalmers", "Virtue ethics", "Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics", "Radical behaviorism", "Connectionism", "Coherentism", "Black box theory", "Sexual identity", "Neuropsychology", "Instinct", "Renaissance humanism", "Pythagoreanism", "Legal positivism", "Charles Taylor (philosopher)", "Hypodermic needle model", "Donald Davidson (philosopher)", "Deontological ethics", "Curfew", "Experience", "Zellig Harris", "Concept and object", "Abraham Maslow", "Young Earth creationism", "Nanny", "Case study", "Vasubandhu", "Hindu philosophy", "Symbolic interactionism", "Continental philosophy", "Aristotelianism", "Indian philosophy", "Mutually exclusive events", "Cognitivism (psychology)", "Inference", "Introspection", "Action (philosophy)", "Donald O. Hebb", "Humanistic psychology", "Phenomenalism", "Applied psychology", "Social learning theory", "Pornography in the United States", "George Herbert Mead", "Good and evil", "Man's Search for Meaning", "New Confucianism", "Eliminative materialism", "Emergent materialism", "Folk psychology", "Shared parenting", "Experimental psychology", "Experimental analysis of behavior", "Quantitative psychological research", "Fatalism", "Comparative psychology", "Natural philosophy", "Transpersonal psychology", "Foster care", "George Armitage Miller", "Cognitive neuropsychology", "Inductive reasoning", "David Lewis (philosopher)", "Roderick Chisholm", "List of people from South Carolina", "Praxeology", "Patricia Churchland", "Propositional attitude", "Jerry Fodor", "Philia", "George Kelly (psychologist)", "Erik Erikson", "Psychophysics", "J. J. C. Smart", "Edward C. Tolman", "Generative grammar", "Modularity of mind", "Human subject research", "Analytical psychology", "Ian Stevenson", "Social cognition", "Educational assessment", "School psychology", "Learned helplessness", "Content analysis", "Forensic psychology", "Pain (philosophy)", "Physiological psychology", "Theory of mind", "Kyoto School", "Soccer mom", "Awareness", "Clinical psychology", "Intervening variable", "Counseling psychology", "Psychology of religion", "Margaret Floy Washburn", "Aaron T. Beck", "Abstract and concrete", "Prenatal and perinatal psychology", "Intelligence", "Euthyphro dilemma", "Peripatetic school", "1953 in science", "Bobo doll experiment", "Behavioralism", "Bernard Williams", "Symphony No. 1 (Shostakovich)", "T. Berry Brazelton", "Human behavior", "Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin memory model", "Brand Blanshard", "Attachment parenting", "Co-sleeping", "William Sears (physician)", "Nondualism", "New riddle of induction", "Martin Seligman", "Jnana", "Social philosophy", "Ordinary language philosophy", "G. E. M. Anscombe", "Traffic psychology", "Mental image", "Fetal alcohol syndrome", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Digital philosophy", "Dasein", "Philosophy of sex", "Na\u00efve realism", "Existence of God", "Activity theory", "Hard problem of consciousness", "Kenneth and Mamie Clark", "Episteme", "Neuroethology", "Logotherapy", "Language of thought hypothesis", "Philosophy of space and time", "Community psychology", "Kantianism", "Parental alienation", "Techne", "Ren\u00e9 Gu\u00e9non", "Au pair", "Agency (philosophy)", "New mysterianism", "Complex (psychology)", "Timeline of philosophers", "Timeline of Eastern philosophers", "Timeline of Western philosophers", "History of philosophy", "Ernst Heinrich Weber", "Consumer behaviour", "Child discipline", "Philosophical zombie", "Emergentism", "Modern philosophy", "20th-century philosophy", "Contemporary philosophy", "Co-counselling", "The Lathe of Heaven", "Julien Offray de La Mettrie", "C. D. Broad", "Thomism", "Phronesis", "Harry Harlow", "Weapon focus", "Social exchange theory", "Role theory", "Psychology of learning", "Mary Midgley", "Edward E. Jones", "Legal psychology", "Practical reason", "Attachment theory", "Axial Age", "C. E. M. Joad", "Will to power", "Hegelianism", "Theoretical psychology", "James J. Gibson", "Discursive psychology", "Mental health", "Certainty", "Phallic stage", "Gilbert Ryle", "List of philosophies", "Philosophy of business", "Socratic dialogue", "Moral psychology", "Paternal bond", "Maternal bond", "List of psychological schools", "Christian existentialism", "Cognitive restructuring", "The Concept of Mind", "Rudolf Dreikurs", "Mental property", "Deadbeat parent", "Inclusivism", "Integrative psychotherapy", "Cognitive closure (philosophy)", "Vladimir Bekhterev", "Gordon Allport", "Beyond Freedom and Dignity", "List of important publications in psychology", "Psychological Review", "Raymond Cattell", "Detection theory", "Neo-Kantianism", "James Hillman", "Repertory grid", "William McDougall (psychologist)", "Visual memory", "Ernest Nagel", "Sincerity", "Charles Knowlton", "Neurophenomenology", "Philosophical realism"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/11457a8f497afd424fabc8aa8ead501a b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/11457a8f497afd424fabc8aa8ead501a new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9879c04 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/11457a8f497afd424fabc8aa8ead501a @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Charge", "Conservation law", "Dark matter", "Fundamental interaction", "Elementary particle", "Grand Unified Theory", "Gluon", "Hadron", "Muon", "Murray Gell-Mann", "Particle physics", "Proton decay", "Quark", "Quantum chromodynamics", "Strong interaction", "Weak interaction", "Standard Model", "Lepton", "List of Russian people", "Strange quark", "Color (disambiguation)", "Color confinement", "Up quark", "Down quark", "Charm quark", "Top quark", "Bottom quark", "Muon neutrino", "Electron neutrino", "Frank Wilczek", "Pati\u2013Salam model", "Abdus Salam", "Tau (particle)", "Baryon number", "W and Z bosons", "Continuity equation", "Gauge boson", "Charge carrier", "AdS/CFT correspondence", "Higgs mechanism", "David Gross", "Asymptotic freedom", "Infrared fixed point", "Bound state", "Gaugino", "Conservation", "Glueball", "Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider", "Pomeron", "Preon", "Oscar W. Greenberg", "QCD matter", "Vacuum polarization", "Rishon model", "Banks\u2013Zaks fixed point", "Quark model", "Standard Model (mathematical formulation)", "Diquark", "Tau neutrino", "Sterile neutrino", "Lund string model", "Nikolay Bogolyubov", "Generator (mathematics)", "Moo-Young Han", "Charge number", "Particle physics and representation theory", "Sfermion", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Charge (physics)", "Quark\u2013lepton complementarity", "Scattering cross-section", "X and Y bosons", "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything", "Color\u2013flavor locking", "Quark\u2013gluon plasma", "Scientific terminology", "Relativistic quantum mechanics", "TASSO", "Higgs boson", "Bogolyubov Prize", "Science and technology in Russia", "Gauge theory", "Strangeness production", "Field (physics)", "List of Russian scientists", "List of Russian physicists", "Gluon field strength tensor", "Index of physics articles (C)", "Symmetry in quantum mechanics", "Gluon field", "Boris Struminsky"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1195f26aa858198495ad78b2212c776a b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1195f26aa858198495ad78b2212c776a new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e30eb03 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1195f26aa858198495ad78b2212c776a @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Adobe", "Abiotic stress", "Adhesive", "Albinism", "Background radiation", "Computer data storage", "Physical cosmology", "Inflation (cosmology)", "Curium", "Catalysis", "Carcinogen", "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "Carl Sagan", "Cauchy distribution", "December 28", "David Hilbert", "December 27", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Electronics", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Fallout shelter", "General relativity", "Gamma World", "Gustav Kirchhoff", "Galileo (spacecraft)", "Hypoxia (medical)", "Half-life", "Laser", "Median lethal dose", "Human spaceflight", "Missile", "Main sequence", "Maser", "Microwave", "Mariner program", "Motion (physics)", "Neutron", "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear fusion", "Nuclear weapon", "Neutron activation analysis", "N ray", "Nuclear fission", "Nuclear reactor", "Nuclear power", "Ordovician", "Prion", "Paleontology", "Particle physics", "Photoelectric effect", "Particle radiation", "Positron emission tomography", "P53", "Pioneer 11", "Quasar", "Quantum field theory", "Refractive index", "Rudy Giuliani", "Radiation therapy", "Red-eye effect", "Sun", "Star", "Somalia", "William Crookes", "Supernova", "Spectroscopy", "Stimulated emission", "Soviet submarine K-8", "Soviet submarine K-19", "Space colonization", "Safety engineering", "Syringomyelia", "Tokyo", "Tidal acceleration", "Transformer", "Uranium", "University of California, Davis", "Ultraviolet", "Volcano", "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin", "X-ray", "Ytterbium", "Nuclear warfare", "Nuclear engineering", "Radionuclide", "Radioactive waste", "Depleted uranium", "Enriched uranium", "Nuclear thermal rocket", "Beta particle", "Pioneer 10", "Optical depth", "Hanford Site", "Planetary nebula", "Hubble Space Telescope", "Magnetohydrodynamics", "MOSFET", "Electrometer", "Communications jamming", "Effective height", "Electromagnetic radiation and health", "Electronic deception", "Image antenna", "Inverse-square law", "Knife-edge effect", "Visible spectrum", "Reflective array antenna", "Shadow loss", "Spread spectrum", "Janez Strnad", "Fusor", "Callisto (moon)", "Coaxial cable", "Automated teller machine", "Radio telescope", "Death Valley", "Instrumentation", "Climate model", "Low Earth orbit", "Cosmic ray", "Window", "X-ray computed tomography", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "Obstetrics", "Joseph Stefan", "Puck (moon)", "Nuclear fallout", "Solar flare", "Dew", "Fusion power", "LZ 129 Hindenburg", "Allergy", "Red dwarf", "Pleiades", "HVAC", "Van Allen radiation belt", "Trinity (nuclear test)", "Luminescence", "Decompression sickness", "Motion sickness", "Picture archiving and communication system", "Politics of Sweden", "Breast cancer", "Stress\u2013energy tensor", "Astrochemistry", "Satyendra Nath Bose", "Decay energy", "Green Lantern", "Anaphylaxis", "Glasses", "Hyperthermia", "Krypton (comics)", "Spaceflight", "Altitude sickness", "Moon landing conspiracy theories", "Orbital (The Culture)", "Mir", "Pioneer P-30", "Pioneer P-31", "Ranger 2", "Crab Nebula", "Mars trilogy", "Computer and network surveillance", "Bunker", "Military", "Superoxide", "Radiography", "Captain Marvel (Marvel Comics)", "Nuclear technology", "Radio wave", "Asphyxia", "Bolometer", "Luna programme", "Cancer", "Space weather", "Binding energy", "Hypothermia", "Acute radiation syndrome", "Technophobia", "Wind chill", "Sievert", "Potassium chloride", "Scattering", "General Circulation Model", "Fissile material", "Centaur (minor planet)", "Nuclear weapon design", "BoPET", "Transportation Security Administration", "Hawking radiation", "Gravitational field", "Molecular evolution", "Orion Nebula", "Outer space", "STS-31", "Thermal radiation", "Rajneesh", "Myelodysplastic syndrome", "Neutron moderator", "Kent Hovind", "Feng shui", "USS New York (BB-34)", "OLED", "Bladder cancer", "Ultimate fate of the universe", "Astronautics", "Rock dove", "Radioactive decay", "Nuclear reprocessing", "Bivalvia", "Ionizing radiation", "Atmosphere of Earth", "Atmosphere", "Fortification", "Colorectal cancer", "Nuclear power plant", "Photometry (astronomy)", "Thermoluminescence dating", "Atomic Age", "Wilfred Burchett", "Radioisotope thermoelectric generator", "Musca", "Electric shock", "Scintillation counter", "Nebular hypothesis", "L\u00e9on Foucault", "The Oblongs", "Starvation", "Erythropoietin", "Rosette Nebula", "Ultraviolet catastrophe", "Drowning", "Operation Crossroads", "Davy Crockett (nuclear device)", "Cephalic disorder", "Colpocephaly", "Microcephaly", "Lunar Orbiter 1", "Burn", "Neutropenia", "Invisible Woman", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", "Protostar", "Hermann Joseph Muller", "Nuclear chemistry", "Silkwood", "History of nuclear weapons", "Effects of nuclear explosions", "Observable universe", "James Pond", "Tiberium", "X-ray generator", "Thermodynamic equilibrium", "Solar proton event", "Aramid", "External beam radiotherapy", "Brachytherapy", "Human Torch (android)", "Radiation therapist", "Isocentric technique", "Line-replaceable unit", "Theodor Wulf", "Rhinoplasty", "Predeal", "Soft-tissue sarcoma", "Accidental death and dismemberment insurance", "Single-photon emission computed tomography", "Pedro Albizu Campos", "Epithelium", "Testicular cancer", "Jamie Madrox", "Dir En Grey", "Water pollution", "Thermography", "Arnold Orville Beckman", "Therac-25", "FGM-148 Javelin", "Doctor Octopus", "Thermosetting polymer", "Hypersensitivity", "Smoke detector", "Directional antenna", "Radiation resistance", "Nuclear medicine", "Soyuz 14", "1888 in science", "Dr. Who and the Daleks", "Dry cask storage", "Laser Interferometer Space Antenna", "Inertial electrostatic confinement", "Frostbite", "Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry", "Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents", "SL-1", "Physical oceanography", "Impact winter", "Relay program", "Squamous-cell carcinoma", "List of states with nuclear weapons", "Petkau effect", "Hyperion (comics)", "The Case for Mars", "Sandman (Marvel Comics)", "Luis Guti\u00e9rrez", "Sterilization (microbiology)", "Renal cell carcinoma", "Sexmission", "Irradiated mail", "Mass\u2013energy equivalence", "Gyeongju", "Sidney H. Liebson", "Hank Pym", "Kree-Skrull War", "Edward B. Lewis", "Emil Wolf", "Myocarditis", "Directed-energy weapon", "Mars Science Laboratory", "Rattlesnake", "Prosper-Ren\u00e9 Blondlot", "Barotrauma", "Fran Bo\u0161njakovi\u0107", "Occupational injury", "Captain Planet and the Planeteers", "Nuclear propulsion", "Alpine climate", "Pierre Pr\u00e9vost", "STS-28", "Shade's Children", "Professional diving", "Observational astronomy", "The Ripping Friends", "ATLAS experiment", "Dafydd Williams", "Beamline", "Optically stimulated luminescence", "Monochromator", "Chilblains", "Physical abuse", "Psychological abuse", "Vandal Savage", "Southern African Large Telescope", "Chondrite", "Radiance", "Energy development", "Health physics", "Monju Nuclear Power Plant", "H1 (particle detector)", "Elena Filatova", "Falcon Lake incident", "Natural environment", "Extraterrestrial hypothesis", "Ant\u00f4nio Vilas Boas", "Space adaptation syndrome", "Chromosomal translocation", "Radiate", "Lethal dose", "Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation", "Graft-versus-host disease", "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson", "Nuclear arms race", "Nuclear submarine", "France and weapons of mass destruction", "Pebble bed modular reactor", "Peripheral neuropathy", "The Amtrak Wars", "The Daleks", "Chemical ecology", "Radioactive contamination", "On Your Mark", "Raman scattering", "MythBusters", "Horace W. Babcock", "Plant physiology", "List of nuclear weapons", "Joseph Larmor", "Effective field theory", "Orbital airship", "Pericarditis", "Nuclear fission product", "Ultraviolet divergence", "Electroscope", "Life and Energy", "Malignant hyperthermia", "Glovebox", "William Joseph Chaminade", "Polyacetylene", "Klaw (Marvel Comics)", "Demron", "Liquid scintillation counting", "Hypopituitarism", "James Hopwood Jeans", "Stade de France", "History of software engineering", "Ernest Fox Nichols", "The Atrocity Exhibition", "Occupational hygiene", "Atmospheric physics", "Semiconductor detector", "Laboratory for Laser Energetics", "Transformers technology", "Castle Bravo", "Aura (satellite)", "Invasion of the Bee Girls", "Rumford Prize", "Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca", "DNA repair", "Kamandi", "Gamma camera", "General Zod", "Hugo Strange", "Shenzhou 3", "Marsha Hunt (singer and novelist)", "Reflow oven", "Explorer 3", "Namie, Fukushima", "Mars Radiation Environment Experiment", "Lunar Orbiter 3", "Lunar Orbiter 5", "Thermal-neutron reactor", "Superheated steam", "Monolith (Space Odyssey)", "Sea surface temperature", "Emissivity", "Transparent ceramics", "X-ray tube", "Zenker's paralysis", "Laryngectomy", "Carina Nebula", "Nuclear navy", "Ivy Mike", "Operation Wigwam", "Beginning of the End (film)", "Active Denial System", "Radiation exposure", "Omega Nebula", "Angioedema", "Rings of Neptune", "Airsickness", "Operation Plumbbob", "Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash", "Charles Steen", "Spinal tumor", "Splenomegaly", "Prolactinoma", "Oligodendroglioma", "Meningioma", "Glioblastoma multiforme", "Acute pancreatitis", "Radiation Safety Officer", "Walther M\u00fcller", "Radiation hardening", "American Nuclear Society", "Aultsville, Ontario", "Io (moon)", "Knut \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m", "Space capsule", "Amazo", "Radiation hormesis", "Delta ray", "Art exhibition", "Syreeta Wright", "KEK", "Bas-Lag", "Radiosurgery", "Polychlorotrifluoroethylene", "Pezzottaite", "Chondrosarcoma", "Pulsar", "November 2004", "Radiation zone", "Resonance Raman spectroscopy", "Plasma window", "Schreckstoff", "Mutant League Football", "Acoma Pueblo", "Mobile phone radiation and health", "Neurotmesis", "South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control", "Adverse drug reaction", "Julius No", "List of Red Dwarf characters", "Roswell Park Cancer Institute", "Seasickness", "Measurement tower", "Rad (unit)", "Abner Jenkins", "Irradiation", "Dry-bulb temperature", "Introduction to general relativity", "Height 611 UFO incident", "Spectral mask", "Batman (Terry McGinnis)", "Pp-wave spacetime", "Robotix", "Transit Research and Attitude Control", "Mobile phones on aircraft", "Adverse effect", "Spermatocyte", "Homodyne detection"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/11d17179efaff77bc63233f106d21aa8 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/11d17179efaff77bc63233f106d21aa8 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5c80f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/11d17179efaff77bc63233f106d21aa8 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +or R \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/12e67ac97926ddf1e59000597b559aad b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/12e67ac97926ddf1e59000597b559aad new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7dfc59 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/12e67ac97926ddf1e59000597b559aad @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Benjamin Franklin", "Cognitive science", "Control engineering", "Alcohol intoxication", "Garbage in, garbage out", "Herbert A. Simon", "Nervous system", "Systems engineering", "Safety engineering", "Work breakdown structure", "Wernher von Braun", "Configuration management", "System lifecycle", "Systems design", "Deliberative assembly", "Systems analysis", "Cognitive bias", "Patience", "Cognitive neuroscience", "Mathematical optimization", "Satisficing", "Coming out", "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator", "Precision agriculture", "Amygdala", "System dynamics", "Public policy", "Freedom of information laws by country", "Daniel Kahneman", "Autonomy", "Central Military Commission (China)", "Medical decision making", "Delphi method", "James S. Albus", "Planning", "OODA loop", "Anterior cingulate cortex", "Fundamental theorem of poker", "Decision theory", "Information management", "Decision support system", "Human brain", "Information overload", "Requirements analysis", "Engineering management", "Systems development life cycle", "Program evaluation", "Association football tactics and skills", "The Calculus of Consent", "Executive information system", "The Road to Serfdom", "Failure mode and effects analysis", "Mental model", "Multiple-criteria decision analysis", "Organizational behavior", "Business process modeling", "Deal or No Deal", "Decision analysis", "Simon Ramo", "Medical consensus", "V-Model", "Accounting information system", "Youth empowerment", "Reliability engineering", "Lean software development", "Lost Our Lisa", "Social peer-to-peer processes", "Somatic marker hypothesis", "Lean Government", "Mark Turner (cognitive scientist)", "Open-source governance", "Media transparency", "Regulatory agency", "Democratic education", "Timothy Wilson", "Youth participation", "John N. Warfield", "Workers Party, USA", "Student voice", "Situation awareness", "Smoke-filled room", "Advanced practice registered nurse", "Diogenes syndrome", "Regional integration", "Earth systems engineering and management", "List of systems engineers", "Fourth World Conference on Women", "Adaptive bias", "Equality Now", "Executive functions", "Orbitofrontal cortex", "Paul Thagard", "Multi-level governance", "Health impact assessment", "Walter Mischel", "Economic history of China (1949\u2013present)", "Enterprise architecture framework", "Scrum (software development)", "Energy monitoring and targeting", "Evidence-based management", "Systems Modeling Language", "Virtual Health Library", "At What Cost?, Cornell", "Public participation", "Carbon accounting", "Sven Ove Hansson", "Anarchist law", "An Economic Theory of Democracy", "Personality type", "Telelogic", "PivotPoint Technology Corporation", "Performance engineering", "Joseph Francis Shea", "Morale hazard", "Teenage rebellion", "Mission statement", "Enterprise systems engineering", "Rational planning model", "Brain fitness", "Participatory development communication", "System integration", "European charter for equality of women and men in local life", "Functional specification", "Governance in higher education", "Robert E. Machol", "Biological systems engineering", "Decision downloading", "Project COPE", "Decision-making models", "Ventromedial prefrontal cortex", "Ole Holsti", "Women's Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace", "Harold Chestnut", "Advice (opinion)", "Verification and validation", "Arthur David Hall III", "Derek Hitchins", "Multiscale decision-making", "Sales and operations planning", "Operating room management", "Capital Jury Project", "Uncertainty analysis", "High-velocity human factors", "Belarusian State University Faculty of Economics", "Humanitarian Response Index", "Alexander Balankin", "FBI Buffalo Field Office", "SysML Partners", "Pinang xi shi", "Distributed architecture for mobile navigation", "Group decision-making", "Staff ride", "Lawrence J. Rosenblum", "Predictably Irrational", "Military policy", "J.D. Trout", "Function model", "Indecision", "List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics", "Howard Nusbaum", "Project management simulation", "Karol G. Ross", "Groupthink", "European Forest Institute", "Aerospace engineering", "GOAL agent programming language", "John R. Clymer", "Glenn D. Paige", "Quality of life (healthcare)", "AER Youth Regional Network", "Regulatory focus theory", "Participative decision-making", "Triune continuum paradigm", "Movement pattern analysis", "Effectuation", "Ecosystem management", "System archetype", "Systems modeling", "Let Simon Decide", "IDEF6", "Beyondoc", "Decision-making software", "Dynamic decision-making", "Diggers and Dreamers", "Market intelligence", "Rule of law", "Digital mailroom", "Thierry Aimar", "Story Workshop", "Australian Classification Board", "Design review", "Fuzzy-trace theory", "Heuristics in judgment and decision-making", "Allen Bostrom", "Decision-making paradox", "Social data revolution", "Rank reversals in decision-making", "Centre for Workforce Intelligence", "Mind Quiz: Exercise Your Brain", "Institute for Spatial Policies", "Forest informatics", "Fixes that fail", "Artifact-centric business process model", "Reactive business intelligence", "Political economy of climate change", "Market orientation", "Embodied cognition", "Judge\u2013advisor system", "Dehaene\u2013Changeux model", "Neuroscience in space", "Memory and decision-making", "Time-Based Prospective Memory", "Leadership style", "Statistical language acquisition", "Ecologically based invasive plant management", "Cognitive Neuroscience (journal)", "Strategic delegation", "Industrial democracy", "Normative model of decision-making", "Data-informed decision-making", "Cross-cultural differences in decision-making", "The Signal (2014 film)", "Federal Joint Committee (Germany)", "Requirements Modeling Framework", "Adaptive performance", "Dual-career commuter couples", "Milan Zeleny", "Alta Outcome Document", "Risk aversion (psychology)", "Outline of the human nervous system", "Sarah-Jayne Blakemore", "Stephan Lewandowsky", "Institute of Finance and International Management"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/15a0ffda4885bebc64b49be61f56ae55 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/15a0ffda4885bebc64b49be61f56ae55 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55ef2f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/15a0ffda4885bebc64b49be61f56ae55 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Albert Einstein", "Angular momentum", "Electric current", "Casimir effect", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Electromagnetism", "Electricity", "Electronics", "Electric charge", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Germanium", "History of physics", "Hydrogen atom", "Hall effect", "Insulator (electricity)", "Kaluza\u2013Klein theory", "Laser", "Lorentz transformation", "Lorentz force", "Magnetism", "Michael Faraday", "Maxwell's equations", "Meaning of life", "M-theory", "Momentum", "Ignition magneto", "Oscillation", "Physicist", "Photon", "Outline of physics", "Pauli matrices", "Quantization (physics)", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum computer", "Quantum field theory", "Quantum electrodynamics", "Radiation", "String theory", "Stimulated emission", "Speed of light", "Source separation", "Telepathy", "Tetrahedron", "Vacuum", "Voltage", "Vector calculus", "Wormhole", "Magnetic field", "Power transmission", "Tesla coil", "Electric field", "Electromagnetic environment", "Electromagnetic radiation and health", "Field strength", "Image antenna", "Radiation pattern", "Electrical impedance", "Data transmission", "Cable", "Radio frequency", "Alternating current", "Shark", "Tin foil hat", "Coaxial cable", "Direct current", "Atomic, molecular, and optical physics", "Ohm's law", "Aurora", "Poynting vector", "Conformal map", "Quantum harmonic oscillator", "Magnet", "Relative permittivity", "Gravitational singularity", "Phase transition", "Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics", "Electric potential", "Triboelectric effect", "Electrical resistance and conductance", "Plasma source", "Vector field", "Electromagnetic induction", "Magnetic flux", "Electromotive force", "Equations of motion", "Gauss's law", "Electrostatic discharge", "Biot\u2013Savart law", "Graphics tablet", "Zero-point energy", "Phonon", "List of Russian people", "Capacitance", "Fluorescent lamp", "Shock wave", "T-symmetry", "Faraday cage", "Vortex", "Paranormal", "Hybrid vehicle", "Scalar field", "Inductance", "Radio-frequency identification", "Electromagnetic", "Lenz's law", "Hermann Weyl", "Force carrier", "Ball lightning", "Hamiltonian mechanics", "Electrical conductor", "Amp\u00e8re's circuital law", "Static electricity", "Interaction", "Stress (mechanics)", "Storm (Marvel Comics)", "Medical imaging", "Nilpotent", "Evanescent wave", "Schumann resonances", "Mind's eye", "Near and far field", "Coherent states", "Aharonov\u2013Bohm effect", "Introduction to gauge theory", "Observable", "Field", "Optical tweezers", "Vacuum energy", "Dirac sea", "Action (physics)", "Tidal power", "Index of engineering articles", "Induction welding", "Anti-gravity", "Toyota Prius", "Second Industrial Revolution", "Electrostatics", "Willem Einthoven", "Space-division multiple access", "Magnifying transmitter", "Ilya Frank", "Aluminium foil", "Accelerator physics", "Einstein field equations", "Classical electromagnetism", "S-duality", "Electron cyclotron resonance", "Auriculotherapy", "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice", "Eddy current", "History of perpetual motion machines", "Frequency classification of plasmas", "Afterglow plasma", "Base station", "Equipartition theorem", "Resonator", "Magnetic moment", "George Francis FitzGerald", "Displacement current", "List of fictional diseases", "Moisture", "Synchrotron", "Electrostatic deflection", "Zilch", "AdS/CFT correspondence", "Quantum optics", "Scale invariance", "Polarization density", "Semiclassical physics", "Electrostatic induction", "Canonical commutation relation", "Kinetic term", "Laplace\u2013Runge\u2013Lenz vector", "Electromagnetic four-potential", "Faraday's law of induction", "Reactive-ion etching", "DC motor", "Wave power", "Electromagnetic cavity", "Canonical quantization", "Beno\u00eet Lecomte", "Differential TTL", "Vehicle bus", "Metamaterial", "Friedrich Kohlrausch", "Tesla (unit)", "Specific absorption rate", "Electromagnetic theories of consciousness", "Poynting's theorem", "Conserved current", "Ghost Hunters", "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope", "Norilsk", "Abraham\u2013Minkowski controversy", "Magnetic potential", "Hamiltonian system", "Superposition principle", "Electric flux", "Misuse of statistics", "Parity (physics)", "Voltage-gated ion channel", "Current transformer", "Nina Kulagina", "Proca action", "Classical field theory", "Particle beam", "G. V. Skrotskii", "Wacom", "Whisker (metallurgy)", "Electromagnetic forming", "Dongting Lake Bridge", "Multipole expansion", "Bipolarity", "Kerr\u2013Newman metric", "Pp-wave spacetime", "Electrodeless lamp", "Gupta\u2013Bleuler formalism", "Outline of electrical engineering", "Magnetostatics", "Nonsymmetric gravitational theory", "Compactification (physics)", "Electromagnetic shielding", "Postulates of special relativity", "Hydraulic analogy", "Lipoatrophia semicircularis", "Electron magnetic dipole moment", "Exact solutions in general relativity", "Four-current", "Lorenz gauge condition", "Wattmeter", "Mathematics of general relativity", "Atomic coherence", "Thomas precession", "Ion acoustic wave", "Electromagnetic tensor", "Dielectric heating", "Vacuum polarization", "Electric potential energy", "Gauge fixing", "Petrov classification", "DC bias", "Monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave", "Optical microcavity", "Overvoltage", "History of quantum field theory", "Ponderomotive force", "Mains hum", "Representation theory of the Lorentz group", "Automatic train stop", "Momentum operator", "Classification of electromagnetic fields", "Algebra of physical space", "Lanczos tensor", "Magnetization", "Reciprocity (electromagnetism)", "Electrovacuum solution", "Litz wire", "Retarded time", "Advanced Design System", "Uranium rhodium germanium", "Bedlam (comics)", "Homogeneity (physics)", "Wireless electronic devices and health", "Laws of attraction", "Chris French", "Index of electrical engineering articles", "Spin tensor", "Circle bundle", "Introduction to quantum mechanics", "Core (novel)", "Ampullae of Lorenzini", "Majorana equation", "Metafluid dynamics", "Relativistic electromagnetism", "Cathodic arc deposition", "Homography", "Scalar theories of gravitation", "Superlens", "Charge conservation", "Bioelectromagnetics", "Charge density", "Maxwell stress tensor", "Magnetotellurics", "Infrared thermometer", "Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy", "Optical fiber", "Piezoelectric sensor", "Earthscope", "List of alien races in DC Comics", "Probability current", "Building biology", "Invention of radio", "Computational electromagnetics", "Slow light", "Waveguide (electromagnetism)", "Jefimenko's equations", "Electromagnetic hypersensitivity", "String galvanometer", "Perfectly matched layer", "Orientation (Lost)", "First quantization", "Elbmarsch", "Nanophotonics", "Electromagnetic stress\u2013energy tensor", "Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism", "Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime", "Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation", "Reactionless drive", "Electromagnetic mass", "Hamilton's principle", "Dean Winchester", "Prolate spheroidal coordinates", "Ghost hunting", "Charge (physics)", "Test probe", "Frieder Kempe", "Eiffel Tower in popular culture", "Rabi frequency", "Nonclassical light", "History of electromagnetic theory", "List of Boogiepop characters", "Inductive charging", "Induction sealing", "Norilsk Nickel", "Disease burden", "Celebrity Paranormal Project", "Double Dragon (TV series)", "Black's equation", "Outline of automation", "R. E. Siday", "Plasma modeling", "Multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan", "Split-ring resonator", "Directional array", "History of quantum mechanics", "Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field", "Pauli equation", "Heavy Rydberg system", "Li\u00e9nard\u2013Wiechert potential", "ETS-Lindgren", "Proximity sensor", "Retarded potential", "Physical theories modified by general relativity", "Near-field scanner", "RuBee", "Magnetic water treatment", "Electromagnetic log", "IEEE Heinrich Hertz Medal", "Badr-B", "Outline of radio", "Quantum imaging", "Spectral flux density", "Perepiteia", "Amp\u00e8re's force law", "Gauss's law for magnetism", "The Girly Ghosthunters", "Classical electromagnetism and special relativity", "PIMEX", "Compressed magnetic flux generator", "Induction brazing", "Parry Moon", "Kapitsa\u2013Dirac effect", "Fiber optic sensor", "Optical heterodyne detection", "Particle accelerator", "Seismoelectrical method", "Relativistic quantum mechanics", "Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System", "Quickfield", "Spin (physics)", "EMF", "Matter", "Optical phase space", "Meep", "Boson", "Ghost Adventures", "Colony collapse disorder", "Changchun University of Science and Technology", "Bridgewire", "Battle Frenzy", "NGC 6072", "Branches of physics", "Gauge principle", "Vector (mathematics and physics)", "EMF measurement", "Marine energy", "Trojan wave packet", "Gauge theory", "Winding factor", "Cherenkov radiation", "Terahertz metamaterials", "Metamaterial antenna", "Matter collineation", "Tunable metamaterials", "Six-dimensional space", "Photonic metamaterial", "Microwave heat distribution", "Waveguide filter", "Electric dipole transition", "Radiofrequency coil", "Nonlinear metamaterials", "Metamaterial cloaking", "Vector inversion generator", "Plasma (physics)", "Brane", "Coulomb's law", "EMT-7", "Physics of magnetic resonance imaging", "History of metamaterials", "Integrated topside design", "Via fence", "Aftermath (TV series)", "Archie Brain", "Field (physics)", "Point Aconi Generating Station", "Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals", "Theories of cloaking", "Transformation optics", "Measuring instrument", "Non-radiative dielectric waveguide", "Static forces and virtual-particle exchange", "Konrad Bleuler", "Vaidya metric", "Electromagnetic pump", "The Brass Rail (Hoboken, New Jersey)", "James Clerk Maxwell", "Demagnetizing field", "Cellebrite", "New Jersey Paranormal Research", "Saturated absorption spectroscopy", "The Man from the Other Side", "Electric dipole moment", "Cavity perturbation theory", "Artificial dielectrics", "Computational human phantom", "Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center", "Haunted Collector", "Defining equation (physics)", "Mode of a linear field", "Canneto (Caronia)", "Chu\u2013Harrington limit", "Angular momentum of light", "Orbital angular momentum of light", "Microscanner", "List of plasma (physics) articles", "Gustav Ising", "Toroidal moment", "Weber electrodynamics", "Two-body Dirac equations", "Microsoft Surface", "Schwinger limit", "Bryan & Baxter", "Glossary of engineering", "Glossary of physics", "Riemann\u2013Silberstein vector", "Electromagnetic Field (Festival)", "List of electromagnetism equations", "Bargmann\u2013Wigner equations", "Bioelectrodynamics", "Salvius (robot)", "Fish physiology", "Sensory systems in fish", "Beamstrahlung", "Pulsed-power water treatment", "Index of physics articles (E)", "Matrix representation of Maxwell's equations", "Semiconductor Bloch equations", "History of Maxwell's equations", "Quantum-optical spectroscopy", "Conductive wireless charging", "Material inference", "Reflectometry", "Breit\u2013Wheeler process", "Tri Alpha Energy, Inc.", "Magnetoquasistatic field", "Dario Graffi"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/19590291274bca3b2233c811b7e7d0c5 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/19590291274bca3b2233c811b7e7d0c5 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7341045 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/19590291274bca3b2233c811b7e7d0c5 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Albert Einstein", "Antimatter", "Antiparticle", "Aage Bohr", "Baryon", "Dartmouth College", "Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger", "Eugene Wigner", "Electroweak interaction", "Enrico Fermi", "Felix Bloch", "February 28", "Fermion", "Guglielmo Marconi", "Gluon", "John Bardeen", "July 10", "Karl Ferdinand Braun", "Leon M. Lederman", "List of agnostics", "John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh", "Max Planck", "Marie Curie", "Murray Gell-Mann", "Niels Bohr", "Particle physics", "Physicist", "Photon", "List of physicists", "Pierre Curie", "Paul Dirac", "Quantum chromodynamics", "Richard Feynman", "Strong interaction", "Werner Heisenberg", "William Shockley", "Walter Houser Brattain", "Weak interaction", "Wolfgang Pauli", "1959", "1920", "Ernest Lawrence", "Zhores Alferov", "Carlo Rubbia", "Standard Model", "Robert Andrews Millikan", "Louis de Broglie", "Charles K. Kao", "Nobel Prize in Physics", "Henri Becquerel", "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes", "Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics", "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen", "Max Born", "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory", "Jack Kilby", "J. J. Thomson", "Igor Tamm", "Lev Landau", "Antiproton", "Hendrik Lorentz", "Gustaf Dal\u00e9n", "Albert A. Michelson", "Riccardo Giacconi", "Robert Hofstadter", "Maria Goeppert-Mayer", "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar", "Ernst Ruska", "Wilhelm Wien", "Frederick Reines", "Alexander Prokhorov", "Hannes Alfv\u00e9n", "Dennis Gabor", "James Chadwick", "Color charge", "Hans Bethe", "Hideki Yukawa", "Force carrier", "Masatoshi Koshiba", "Isidor Isaac Rabi", "Steven Weinberg", "List of people on stamps of Gabon", "Pieter Zeeman", "Subatomic particle", "Leo Esaki", "Johannes Diderik van der Waals", "Rudolf M\u00f6ssbauer", "Carl Wieman", "Frits Zernike", "Samuel C. C. Ting", "Chen-Ning Yang", "Tsung-Dao Lee", "Pavel Cherenkov", "Louis N\u00e9el", "Julian Schwinger", "Frank Wilczek", "C. V. Raman", "Sin-Itiro Tomonaga", "Deadhead", "Antony Hewish", "William Lawrence Bragg", "Pyotr Kapitsa", "Abdus Salam", "Herbert Kroemer", "Robert Woodrow Wilson", "Arno Allan Penzias", "Luis Walter Alvarez", "Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett", "Peter Higgs", "Vitaly Ginzburg", "Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov", "Bertram Brockhouse", "Georges Charpak", "Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "John Cockcroft", "1920 in science", "Walther Bothe", "Ernest Walton", "Donald A. Glaser", "Emilio G. Segr\u00e8", "James Franck", "1959 in science", "Philipp Lenard", "Max von Laue", "William Henry Bragg", "Charles Glover Barkla", "Victor Francis Hess", "Carl David Anderson", "Otto Stern", "Percy Williams Bridgman", "Edward Victor Appleton", "C. F. Powell", "Edward Mills Purcell", "Polykarp Kusch", "Ilya Frank", "J. Hans D. Jensen", "Charles Hard Townes", "Alfred Kastler", "Leon Cooper", "John Robert Schrieffer", "Ivar Giaever", "Brian Josephson", "Martin Ryle", "Ben Roy Mottelson", "James Rainwater", "Burton Richter", "Philip Warren Anderson", "Nevill Francis Mott", "John Hasbrouck Van Vleck", "Sheldon Lee Glashow", "James Cronin", "Val Logsdon Fitch", "Nicolaas Bloembergen", "Arthur Leonard Schawlow", "Kai Siegbahn", "Kenneth G. Wilson", "Eric Allin Cornell", "Douglas Osheroff", "Arthur Compton", "Johannes Stark", "Willis Lamb", "Gerard 't Hooft", "Martinus J. G. Veltman", "Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.", "Russell Alan Hulse", "Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.", "Owen Willans Richardson", "Bruno Rossi", "Clifford Shull", "Tetraquark", "Charles \u00c9douard Guillaume", "Manne Siegbahn", "Jean Baptiste Perrin", "Pierre-Gilles de Gennes", "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson", "William Alfred Fowler", "Wolfgang Paul", "1955 in science", "Claude Cohen-Tannoudji", "William Daniel Phillips", "Higgs mechanism", "David Gross", "Plekton", "Anthony James Leggett", "Klaus von Klitzing", "Robert B. Laughlin", "Experimental physics", "Wolfgang Ketterle", "Gaugino", "Chargino", "Higgsino", "George Paget Thomson", "Jerome Isaac Friedman", "Exotic baryon", "Simon van der Meer", "Jack Steinberger", "Glueball", "Humanism and Its Aspirations", "Daniel C. Tsui", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley", "Alpha Theta", "Clinton Davisson", "List of University of California, Berkeley faculty", "Yoichiro Nambu", "Hyperon", "Henry Stapp", "List of Nobel laureates", "Point particle", "Saul Perlmutter", "Nikolay Basov", "Horst Ludwig St\u00f6rmer", "Martin Lewis Perl", "Germantown Friends School", "Peter Gr\u00fcnberg", "Albert Fert", "List of Nobel laureates by country", "Raymond Davis, Jr.", "List of Dartmouth College alumni", "David Lee (physicist)", "Hans Georg Dehmelt", "Melvin Schwartz", "Henry Way Kendall", "Robert Coleman Richardson", "List of humanists", "Gabriel Lippmann", "Timeline of particle discoveries", "List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation", "Bevatron", "Thomas Ypsilantis", "Clyde Wiegand", "Roy J. Glauber", "Theodor W. H\u00e4nsch", "John L. Hall", "List of University of Chicago alumni", "List of people diagnosed with Parkinson's disease", "Willard Boyle", "George E. Smith", "2006 in science", "Deaths in February 2006", "Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology", "Nathan Isgur", "Majorana fermion", "Adam Riess", "1920 in the United States", "Brian Schmidt", "John C. Mather", "George Smoot", "Georg Bednorz", "Gerd Binnig", "Heinrich Rohrer", "K. Alex M\u00fcller", "Steven Chu", "Fran\u00e7ois Englert", "Timeline of particle physics", "List of Theta Chi members", "Gerson Goldhaber", "Chamberlain (surname)", "Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)", "Toshihide Maskawa", "List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1957", "International House Berkeley", "List of members of the National Academy of Sciences (Physics)", "Serge Haroche", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Chicago", "Swapan Chattopadhyay", "Andre Geim", "Index of World War II articles (O)", "Oreste Piccioni", "Committee of Concerned Scientists", "Spin (physics)", "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "Higgs boson", "Boson", "Timeline of United States discoveries", "David J. Wineland", "Konstantin Novoselov", "Richard E. Taylor", "Hugh David Politzer", "Harold Agnew", "Search for the Higgs boson", "Index of physics articles (O)"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1b2814c8c237133d1b0e2769f1a6545f b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1b2814c8c237133d1b0e2769f1a6545f new file mode 100644 index 0000000..709d0a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1b2814c8c237133d1b0e2769f1a6545f @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Masnavi"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1bc7095c51bc89b3f4a3d5a3eadca4b8 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1bc7095c51bc89b3f4a3d5a3eadca4b8 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03524f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/1bc7095c51bc89b3f4a3d5a3eadca4b8 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +a fundamental phenomenon of electromagnetism, behaving as waves and also as particles called photons which travel through space carrying radiant energy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/224b0a0764ecd76047aa8e9986447d7c b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/224b0a0764ecd76047aa8e9986447d7c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9cd348 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/224b0a0764ecd76047aa8e9986447d7c @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Albedo", "Abstract data type", "Calculus", "Chaos theory", "Control engineering", "Control theory", "Catenary", "Dynamical system", "Engineering", "Existence", "Electrical engineering", "Engineering statistics", "European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts", "Finance", "Game theory", "George Dantzig", "Hydrology", "Hierarchy", "Light pollution", "Linear algebra", "Leap second", "Linear prediction", "Laplace transform", "Mathematician", "Model theory", "Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics", "Physics", "Propeller", "Phylogenetics", "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event", "Parameter", "Sun", "Social science", "Scientific method", "Systems engineering", "Stellar evolution", "String theory", "Simple harmonic motion", "Spacetime", "Theoretical ecology", "Usability testing", "Zero-sum game", "Tornado", "Wide area network", "Jupiter", "Physical modelling synthesis", "Probability space", "Simulation", "Operations research", "Linear programming", "X-ray astronomy", "Submarine communications cable", "4769 Castalia", "Climate model", "Fuzzy logic", "Bipolar junction transistor", "Cognitive neuroscience", "Cerebellum", "Astronomy", "Mathematical optimization", "IS\u2013LM model", "Predation", "Non-Euclidean geometry", "Abscissa", "Rapid update cycle", "Complex systems", "Financial economics", "Aeroelasticity", "Rayleigh fading", "System of linear equations", "Black\u2013Scholes model", "Climatology", "Charles River", "Milutin Milankovi\u0107", "General Circulation Model", "Heat equation", "Outline of computer science", "Computational archaeology", "Ecological economics", "Fermi gas", "Michael Behe", "Percolation theory", "Bertil Ohlin", "Crash test dummy", "Bayesian network", "Declarative programming", "Daisyworld", "Historical school of economics", "Utah teapot", "Hyperbolic geometry", "Heliocentrism", "Prediction", "Forecasting", "Mathematical problem", "Model", "Health economics", "Formal verification", "Signal (electrical engineering)", "Tren Urbano", "Lattice model (physics)", "Dynamic positioning", "Word problem (mathematics education)", "Free University of Berlin", "Random coil", "Nicolaus Copernicus", "Tierra (computer simulation)", "Bounded variation", "Korteweg\u2013de Vries equation", "Artificial neuron", "1870 in science", "Monad (category theory)", "Cognitive model", "Gene regulatory network", "Bio-inspired computing", "Astrophysics", "Newtonian fluid", "Computer simulation", "Thermohaline circulation", "Quantitative research", "Witch of Agnesi", "Digital organism", "Item response theory", "Ponytail", "Thermodynamic system", "Classical electromagnetism", "Edge of chaos", "Lotka\u2013Volterra equation", "Systems biology", "Bingham plastic", "Linear least squares (mathematics)", "Damping", "Stochastic programming", "Deterministic system", "Duality (projective geometry)", "Engineering management", "System identification", "The Long Dark", "Discrete system", "Open-loop controller", "Feed forward (control)", "Scientific visualization", "External ballistics", "Closed-form expression", "1973 in science", "Surface layer", "Sensitivity analysis", "Input selection", "Economic model", "Asymptotic analysis", "AdS/CFT correspondence", "Interactive computation", "Philosophy of space and time", "San Lorenzo River", "Physical model", "International Standard Atmosphere", "List of predictions", "Linear system", "Probability of kill", "Expected utility hypothesis", "Buridan's ass", "Current source", "Community Climate System Model", "Evolutionary game theory", "Quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship", "Master equation", "Turn (geometry)", "Dataflow", "Xbox Live", "Macroeconomic model", "Mohr\u2013Coulomb theory", "Dynamical systems theory", "Hyperbolic quaternion", "Paul Fitts", "NRLMSISE-00", "Squeeze mapping", "Climateprediction.net", "Crime prevention through environmental design", "Social stratification", "CellML", "Painted turtle", "Short-rate model", "Hull\u2013White model", "Areas of mathematics", "Control volume", "MM5 (weather model)", "Erosion prediction", "HIRLAM", "Continuous modelling", "Gravitropism", "Context mixing", "Numerical weather prediction", "Autoregressive integrated moving average", "Bioturbation", "Language Weaver", "Bielefeld University", "HadCM3", "Mathematical chemistry", "Coupled model intercomparison project", "Neurally controlled animat", "Edward Norton Lorenz", "Reliability engineering", "Mathematical software", "Hopsan", "Momentum theory", "Charlie Eppes", "Turbidity current", "Elementary mathematics", "Klaus Hasselmann", "Crank\u2013Nicolson method", "SIMCOS", "Ecological stability", "Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics", "McCloskey critique", "Theoretical astronomy", "ECMWF re-analysis", "Geodetic astronomy", "EdGCM", "Lake retention time", "Perfect mixing", "Erik Rauch", "Hyperbolic growth", "Conceptual model", "Robert E. Horton", "Isolated system", "Ensemble forecasting", "Arthur Winfree", "Data assimilation", "Haber's rule", "Earth System Modeling Framework", "Modular ocean model", "Latent variable", "Index of electrical engineering articles", "Syndemic", "John Burr Williams", "Phenomenology (particle physics)", "Computational model", "Financial modeling", "Parameter space", "Computational finance", "Kuramoto model", "Hodgkin\u2013Huxley model", "Mathematics Subject Classification", "Flory\u2013Huggins solution theory", "Entropy of mixing", "Tonkin Highway", "Measurement uncertainty", "Turbulence modeling", "Global Forecast System", "Kaufmann (Scully) vortex", "Dielectric breakdown model", "Infiltration (hydrology)", "Collinearity", "Scientific modelling", "Google Translate", "Models of non-Euclidean geometry", "Thermodynamic cycle", "Gompertz function", "Relativity of simultaneity", "Vasicek model", "Calculus of voting", "CCCma", "Transient climate simulation", "Neighbour-sensing model", "Formal science", "Logic", "Agent (economics)", "Atmospheric dispersion modeling", "Ocular dominance column", "Marjorie Hall Harrison", "Goodyear MPP", "Erosion control", "Dolev\u2013Yao model", "National Center for Atmospheric Research", "MIMIC", "Structure (mathematical logic)", "BBC Climate Change Experiment", "Raymond Pierrehumbert", "Hindcast", "Doctor of Canon Law", "Tropical cyclone forecast model", "Essynth", "Biological model", "Peter Ordeshook", "Bachelor of Economics", "Roadway air dispersion modeling", "History of gravitational theory", "Surface runoff", "CLaMS", "Gianni Bellocchi", "Roadway noise", "Spin magnetic moment", "Seasonal Attribution Project", "Heisenberg model (quantum)", "God's algorithm", "Mass distribution", "Cation\u2013pi interaction", "Computational mechanics", "Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics", "Games for Windows \u2013 Live", "Computer Bismarck", "Atmospheric model", "Social psychology (sociology)", "Hydrological transport model", "Orbit of the Moon", "Andrey Korotayev", "CALPUFF", "PUFF-PLUME", "Reservoir engineering", "Computer simulation and organizational studies", "Uncertainty quantification", "Reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo", "History of mathematical notation", "Conversion optimization", "Antecedent moisture", "Upper-atmospheric models", "GME of Deutscher Wetterdienst", "Relaxation (approximation)", "ADMS 3", "Formative assessment", "AERMOD", "Thermal contact conductance", "NAME (dispersion model)", "Line source", "Transportation forecasting", "DISPERSION21", "Weather Research and Forecasting Model", "Reservoir simulation", "Evolutionary suicide", "ESL Incorporated", "MERCURE", "Tropical cyclogenesis", "Homer A. McCrerey", "ISC3", "Enterprise modelling", "Chen model", "Michael Hassell", "Perceptual paradox", "List of XML markup languages", "Gambling mathematics", "Ecosystem model", "Bose\u2013Einstein condensation (network theory)", "National Conference on Mathematical and Computational Models", "Model output statistics", "MIT General Circulation Model", "Bacteria", "Multi-compartment model", "Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model", "Option (finance)", "GLUE (uncertainty assessment)", "David Orrell", "Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology", "The Dalmarnock fire tests", "Kinematic chain", "Periodic boundary conditions", "Decathlon scoring tables", "Red King (DC Comics)", "Global Environmental Multiscale Model", "Interaction Soil-Biosphere-Atmosphere", "Land-surface parameterisation model scheme", "List of master's degrees in North America", "Canadian Land Surface Scheme", "ERA-40", "Zombie (fictional)", "Disk loading", "Retirement planning", "Subprime mortgage crisis", "Philosophy of engineering", "Heston model", "MEMO Model", "Tropical cyclone forecasting", "Intermediate General Circulation Model", "Air pollution", "Dynamic simulation", "Archard equation", "Biochemical systems theory", "Biosphere model", "North American Mesoscale Model", "Population model", "Heat pump and refrigeration cycle", "Mortgage underwriting in the United States", "Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model", "ATSTEP", "Immunocomputing", "Novelty detection", "Transiogram", "Free parameter", "Discovery of Neptune", "NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis", "List of types of systems theory", "Edward Kofler", "PRECIS", "MOHID water modelling system", "Reinhart Heinrich", "Finite element updating", "List of engineering branches", "Louis Winslow Austin", "Uncertainty analysis", "F\u00e5hr\u00e6us\u2013Lindqvist effect", "Science and technology in Romania", "RIMPUFF", "AUSTAL2000", "Roy S. Freedman", "Automated valuation model", "EKV MOSFET Model", "Universal Soil Loss Equation", "Universal composability", "Vector field reconstruction", "SAFE AIR", "Log-linear model", "Stand density management diagram", "Asia Online", "Paul S. Wesson", "Spatial organization", "Electricity pricing", "Physical knot theory", "PROPT", "Chemical transport model", "MOZART (model)", "Measuring principle", "Kolmogorov structure function", "Marketing Science (journal)", "Unified Model", "Adverse event prediction", "Black box", "JULES", "Bio-MEMS", "The Accounting Review", "United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols model", "Mathematical diagram", "MOHID Land", "HEC-HMS", "Theoretical physics", "Ice-sheet model", "Bx-tree", "MapleSim", "Wildfire modeling", "Cliodynamics", "Tellus A", "TomSym", "Higgs boson", "Microbial enhanced oil recovery", "Fault detection and isolation", "Hypothesis", "ECHAM", "Integrated Forecast System", "Master of Financial Economics", "List of German inventors and discoverers", "Description (disambiguation)", "Measured quantity", "Experimental uncertainty analysis", "Spin model", "Innovations vector", "HadGEM1", "Common modeling infrastructure", "Sports biomechanics", "Black\u2013Litterman model", "Short rate", "Bidomain model", "Alternative stable state", "Real-time Control System", "Press\u2013Schechter formalism", "Mixed mating model", "Effective selfing model", "Swing timing", "Applied mathematics", "Uncertainty Principle (Numbers)", "SimulationX", "Plateau principle", "Blend time", "M\u00f3r Korach", "Rohn Emergency Scale", "Meteorological reanalysis", "TOMCAT/SLIMCAT", "Elementary effects method", "List of biophysicists", "Fire Technology", "Transport Chemical Aerosol Model", "Maxwell\u2013Stefan diffusion", "Apparent infection rate", "Sandy Stevens Tickodri-Togboa", "Black\u2013Karasinski model", "Next United Kingdom general election", "For the Win", "William Toy", "Centre de Recherche en Epist\u00e9mologie Appliqu\u00e9e", "Nested Grid Model", "Common Core State Standards Initiative", "Kirchhoff\u2013Love plate theory", "Neuroelectrodynamics", "Continuum structure function", "University of Michigan School of Kinesiology", "Operational Street Pollution Model", "Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest", "Fran\u00e7ois Frenkiel", "Ruth Farwell", "Living Earth Simulator Project", "NK model", "Extinction debt", "Water quality modelling", "Curie's law"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/241fc31f4fa04b44eac51c13032504ca b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/241fc31f4fa04b44eac51c13032504ca new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f629a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/241fc31f4fa04b44eac51c13032504ca @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +a model-free reinforcement learning technique \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/24f1eff1a0e669943e36497f88d08cb9 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/24f1eff1a0e669943e36497f88d08cb9 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e56c70a --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/24f1eff1a0e669943e36497f88d08cb9 @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +Q-learning is a model-free reinforcement learning technique. Specifically, Q-learning can be used to find an optimal action-selection policy for any given (finite) Markov decision process (MDP). It works by learning an action-value function that ultimately gives the expected utility of taking a given action in a given state and following the optimal policy thereafter. When such an action-value function is learned, the optimal policy can be constructed by simply selecting the action with the highest value in each state. One of the strengths of Q-learning is that it is able to compare the expected utility of the available actions without requiring a model of the environment. Additionally, Q-learning can handle problems with stochastic transitions and rewards, without requiring any adaptations. It has been proven that for any finite MDP, Q-learning eventually finds an optimal policy. + + +== Algorithm == +The problem model, the MDP, consists of an agent, states S and a set of actions per state A. By performing an action , the agent can move from state to state. Executing an action in a specific state provides the agent with a reward (a real or natural number). The goal of the agent is to maximize its total reward. It does this by learning which action is optimal for each state. +The algorithm therefore has a function which calculates the Quality of a state-action combination: + +Before learning has started, Q returns an (arbitrary) fixed value, chosen by the designer. Then, each time the agent selects an action, and observes a reward and a new state that both may depend on both the previous state and the selected action. The core of the algorithm is a simple value iteration update. It assumes the old value and makes a correction based on the new information. + +where is the reward observed after performing in , and where () is the learning rate (may be the same for all pairs). The discount factor () trades off the importance of sooner versus later rewards. +An episode of the algorithm ends when state is a final state (or, "absorbing state"). However, Q-learning can also learn in non-episodic tasks. If the discount factor is lower than 1, the action values are finite even if the problem can contain infinite loops. +Note that for all final states , is never updated and thus retains its initial value. In most cases, can be taken to be equal to zero. + + +== Influence of variables on the algorithm == + + +=== Learning rate === +The learning rate determines to what extent the newly acquired information will override the old information. A factor of 0 will make the agent not learn anything, while a factor of 1 would make the agent consider only the most recent information. In fully deterministic environments, a learning rate of is optimal. When the problem is stochastic, the algorithm still converges under some technical conditions on the learning rate, that require it to decrease to zero. In practice, often a constant learning rate is used, such as for all . + + +=== Discount factor === +The discount factor determines the importance of future rewards. A factor of 0 will make the agent "myopic" (or short-sighted) by only considering current rewards, while a factor approaching 1 will make it strive for a long-term high reward. If the discount factor meets or exceeds 1, the action values may diverge. + + +=== Initial conditions () === +Since Q-learning is an iterative algorithm, it implicitly assumes an initial condition before the first update occurs. A high initial value, also known as "optimistic initial conditions", can encourage exploration: no matter what action will take place, the update rule will cause it to have lower values than the other alternative, thus increasing their choice probability. Recently, it was suggested that the first reward could be used to reset the initial conditions. According to this idea, the first time an action is taken the reward is used to set the value of . This will allow immediate learning in case of fixed deterministic rewards. Surprisingly, this resetting-of-initial-conditions (RIC) approach seems to be consistent with human behaviour in repeated binary choice experiments. + + +== Implementation == +Q-learning at its simplest uses tables to store data. This very quickly loses viability with increasing levels of complexity of the system it is monitoring/controlling. One answer to this problem is to use an (adapted) artificial neural network as a function approximator, as demonstrated by Tesauro in his Backgammon playing temporal difference learning research. +More generally, Q-learning can be combined with function approximation. This makes it possible to apply the algorithm to larger problems, even when the state space is continuous, and therefore infinitely large. Additionally, it may speed up learning in finite problems, due to the fact that the algorithm can generalize earlier experiences to previously unseen states. + + +== Early study == +Q-learning was first introduced by Watkins in 1989. The convergence proof was presented later by Watkins and Dayan in 1992. + + +== Variants == +Delayed Q-learning is an alternative implementation of the online Q-learning algorithm, with Probably approximately correct learning (PAC). +Due to the fact that the maximum approximated action value is used in the Q-learning update, in noisy environments Q-learning can sometimes overestimate the actions values, slowing the learning. A recent variant called Double Q-learning was proposed to correct this. +Greedy GQ is a variant of Q-learning to use in combination with (linear) function approximation. The advantage of Greedy GQ is that convergence guarantees can be given even when function approximation is used to estimate the action values. +Q-learning may suffer from slow rate of convergence, especially when the discount factor is close to one. Speedy Q-learning, a new variant of Q-learning algorithm, deals with this problem and achieves a provably same rate of convergence as model-based methods such as value iteration. + + +== See also == +Reinforcement learning +Temporal difference learning +SARSA +Iterated prisoner's dilemma +Game theory +Fitted Q iteration algorithm + + +== External links == +Watkins, C.J.C.H. (1989). Learning from Delayed Rewards. PhD thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England. +Strehl, Li, Wiewiora, Langford, Littman (2006). PAC model-free reinforcement learning +Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction by Richard Sutton and Andrew S. Barto, an online textbook. See "6.5 Q-Learning: Off-Policy TD Control". +Piqle: a Generic Java Platform for Reinforcement Learning +Reinforcement Learning Maze, a demonstration of guiding an ant through a maze using Q-learning. +Q-learning work by Gerald Tesauro +Q-learning work by Tesauro Citeseer Link +Q-learning algorithm implemented in processing.org language +Q-learning with lambda and a feed-forward-neural-net implementation in JavaScript for a martial arts game + + +== References == +^ Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto. MIT Press, 1998. +^ http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~sutton/book/ebook/node21.html +^ The Role of First Impression in Operant Learning. Shteingart H, Neiman T, Loewenstein Y. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2013 May; 142(2):476-88. doi: 10.1037/a0029550. Epub 2012 Aug 27. +^ Tesauro, Gerald (March 1995). "Temporal Difference Learning and TD-Gammon". Communications of the ACM 38 (3). Retrieved 2010-02-08. +^ Hado van Hasselt. Reinforcement Learning in Continuous State and Action Spaces. In: Reinforcement Learning: State of the Art, Springer, pages 207-251, 2012 +^ Watkins, C.J.C.H., (1989), Learning from Delayed Rewards. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University. +^ Watkins and Dayan, C.J.C.H., (1992), 'Q-learning.Machine Learning' +^ Alexander L. Strehl, Lihong Li, Eric Wiewiora, John Langford, and Michael L. Littman. Pac model-free reinforcement learning. In Proc. 23nd ICML 2006, pages 881888, 2006. +^ Hado van Hasselt. Double Q-learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 23, pages 2613-2622, 2011. +^ Hamid Maei, and Csaba Szepesv{\'a}ri, Shalabh Bhatnagar and Richard Sutton. Toward off-policy learning control with function approximation. In proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Machine Learning, pages 719-726, 2010. +^ Csaba Szepesva ri. The asymptotic convergence-rate of Q-learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 10, Denver, Colorado, USA, 1997. +^ Mohammad Gheshlaghi Azar, Remi Munos, Mohammad Ghavamzadeh, and Hilbert J. Kappen. Speedy Q-Learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 24, pp. 2411-2419. 2011. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/26ee85bacab007c3a92461e71179c0c0 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/26ee85bacab007c3a92461e71179c0c0 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d312194 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/26ee85bacab007c3a92461e71179c0c0 @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +This article is about the Masnavi-i Ma'navi of Rumi; for the masnavi poetic form, see Masnavi (poetic form). +The Masnavi, or Masnavi-I Ma'navi (Persian: ), also written Mathnawi, Ma'navi, or Mathnavi, is an extensive poem written in Persian by Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, the celebrated Persian Sufi saint and poet. It is one of the best known and most influential works of both Sufism and Persian literature. The Masnavi is a series of six books of poetry that together amount to around 25,000 verses or 50,000 lines. It is a spiritual writing that teaches Sufis how to reach their goal of being in true love with God. + + +== General description == +The title Masnavi-I Ma'navi means "Rhyming Couplets of Profound Spiritual Meaning." The Masnavi is a poetic collection of rambling anecdotes and stories derived from the Quran, hadith sources, and everyday tales. Stories are told to illustrate a point and each moral is discussed in detail. It incorporates a variety of Islamic wisdom but primarily focuses on emphasizing inward personal Sufi interpretation. This work by Rumi is referred to as a sober Sufi text. It reasonably presents the various dimensions of Sufi spiritual life and advises disciples on their spiritual paths. More generally, it is aimed at anyone who has time to sit down and ponder the meaning of life and existence. + + +== Creation of the Masnavi == + +The Masnavi was a Sufi masterpiece started during the final years of Rumis life. He began dictating the first book around the age of 54 around the year 1258 and continued composing verses until his death in 1273. The sixth and final book would remain incomplete. +It is documented that Rumi began dictating the verses of the Masnavi at the request of his treasured disciple, Husam al-Din Chalabi, who observed that many of Rumis followers dutifully read the works of Sanai and Attar. Thus, Rumi began creating a work in the didactic style of Sanai and Attar to complement his other poetry. These men met regularly in meetings where Rumi would deliver the verses and Chalabi would record it and recite back to him. During the final years of Rumis life, the Masnavi was being created. +Each book consists of about 4,000 verses and contains its own prose introduction and prologue. Considering there are no epilogues, one must read the preceding volumes to fully benefit from the wisdom presented by Rumi. Some scholars suggest that in addition to the incomplete work of Book 6, there might be a seventh volume. + + +== Themes in the Masnavi == +The six books of the Masnavi can be divided into three groups of two because each pair is linked by a common theme: + +Books 1 and 2: They are principally concerned with the nafs, the lower carnal self, and its self-deception and evil tendencies. +Books 3 and 4: These books share the principal themes of Reason and Knowledge. These two themes are personified by Rumi in the Biblical and Quranic figure of the Prophet Moses. +Books 5 and 6: These last two books are joined by the universal ideal that man must deny his physical earthly existence to understand Gods existence. +In addition to the reoccurring themes presented in each book, Rumi includes multiple points of view or voices that continually invite his readers to fall into imaginative enchantment. There are seven principal voices that Rumi uses in his writing: +The Authorial Voice Each passage reflects the authority of the majestic Sufi teacher narrating the story. This voice generally appears when it addresses You, God, and you, of all humankind. +The Story-telling Voice The primary story is occasionally interrupted by side stories that help clarify a point being made in the original statement. Rumi sometimes takes hundreds of lines to make a point because he is constantly interrupting himself. +The Analogical Voice This voice interrupts the flow of the narration because it entertains an analogy which is used to explain a statement made in the previous verse. Rumis Masnavi is filled with analogies. +The Voice of Speech and Dialogue of Characters Rumi conveys many of his stories through dialogue and speeches presented by his characters. +The Moral Reflection Rumi supports his voice of morality by including quotations from the Quran and various hadith stories of events in the life of the Prophet Mohammed. +The Spiritual Discourse The Spiritual Discourse resembles the Analogical Voice where Rumi always includes a moral reflection on the wisdom revealed. +Hiatus Rumi occasionally questions the wisdom conveyed though the verses. Sometimes Rumi says that he cannot say more because of the readers incapacity to understand. + + +== Style of Rumi's Masnavi == +Book one of the Masnavi must be read in order to understand the other five volumes. It is a poetic art where Rumi layers his writing. For example, he begins a story, then moves on to a story within that story, and again moves to another within that one. Through this composition style, the poets personal voice comes through to his audience. The Masnavi has no framed plot. Its tone includes a variety of scenes. It includes popular stories from the local bazaar to fables and tales from Rumis time. It also includes quotations from the Quran and from hadith accounts from the time of Mohammed. +Although there is no constant frame, style, or plot, Rumi generally follows a certain writing pattern that flows in the following order: + + +== English translations == + +The Mesnevi of Mevln Jellu'd-dn er-Rm. Book first, together with some account of the life and acts of the Author, of his ancestors, and of his descendants, illustrated by a selection of characteristic anedocts, as collected by their historian, Mevln Shemsu'd-dn Ahmed el-Eflk el-'Arif, translated and the poetry versified by James W. Redhouse, London: 1881. Contains the translation of the first book only. +Masnav-i Ma'nav, the Spiritual Couplets of Mauln Jallu'd-din Muhammad Rm, translated and abridged by E. H. Whinfield, London: 1887; 1989. Abridged version from the complete poem. On-line editions at Sacred Texts and on wikisource. +The Masnav by Jallu'd-din Rm. Book II, translated for the first time from the Persian into prose, with a Commentary, by C.E. Wilson, London: 1910. +The Mathnaw of Jallu'ddn Rm, edited from the oldest manuscripts available, with critical notes, translation and commentary by Reynold A. Nicholson, in 8 volumes, London: Messrs Luzac & Co., 1925-1940. Contains the text in Persian. First complete English translation of the Mathnaw. +The Masnavi: Book One, translated by Jawid Mojaddedi, Oxford World's Classics Series, Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-280438-3. Translated for the first time from the Persian edition prepared by Mohammad Estelami, with an introduction and explanatory notes. Awarded the 2004 Lois Roth Prize for excellence in translation of Persian literature by the American Institute of Iranian Studies. +Rumi, Spiritual Verses, The First Book of the Masnavi-ye Ma'navi, newly translated from the latest Persian edition of M. Este'lami, with an Introduction on a reader's approach to Rumi's writing, and with explanatory Notes, by Alan Williams, London and New York, Penguin Classics, Penguin, xxxv + 422 pp. 2006 ISBN 0-14-044791-1. +The Masnavi: Book Two, translated by Jawid Mojaddedi, Oxford World's Classics Series, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-921259-0. The first ever verse translation of the unabridged text of Book Two, with an introduction and explanatory notes. +Mathnawi Rumi, translation by M.G. Gupta with Rajeev, in six volumes Hardbound edition, M.G. Publishers, Agra, Paperback edition, Huma Books Inc., New Delhi. Source material is the Persian text circulated by the Department of Culture, Government of India, New Delhi. + + +== Paraphrases of English translations == +The Essential Rumi, translated by Coleman Barks with John Moyne, A. J. Arberry, Reynold Nicholson, San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1996 ISBN 0-06-250959-4; Edison (NJ) and New York: Castle Books, 1997 ISBN 0-7858-0871-X. Selections. +The Illuminated Rumi, translated by Coleman Barks, Michael Green contributor, New York: Broadway Books, 1997 ISBN 0-7679-0002-2. + + +== Russian translation == +A Russian translation of the Masnavi was presented in the Russian State Library in 2012. + + +== Urdu variation of Masnavi == +Masnavi in Urdu literature is a form of poetry. It is in the majority of cases a poetic romance. It may extend to several thousand lines, but generally is much shorter. A few masnavis deal with ordinary domestic and other occurrences. Mir and Sauda wrote some of this kind. They are always in heroic couplets, and the common metre is bacchic tetrameter with an iambus for last foot. + + +== See also == +List of stories in the Masnavi + + +== References == + + +== External links == +Wikisource:Masnavi I Ma'navi +Persian or Farsi version is available at www.RumiSite.com +Guardian series of blogs on the Masnavi by Franklin Lewis, 2009 +An abridged version translated by E.H. Whinfield, (1898) +Dar al Masnavi +Treasure of National Library of Turkey 18th century Masnavi in Nesih calligraphy, Herat +Verse-translation of The Song of the Reed +The Song of the Reed (part one) +Masnavi Stories Online Classes (in Persian) +Urdu poetic forms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2769c5fee24aae0f1b7c3fe9e8e94c48 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2769c5fee24aae0f1b7c3fe9e8e94c48 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb825f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2769c5fee24aae0f1b7c3fe9e8e94c48 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["14th century in literature", "13th century in literature", "Masnavi", "Urdu poetry", "Amir Khusrow", "Turkish literature", "Nasir Khusraw", "Fuz\u00fbl\u00ee", "Diwan (poetry)", "Bostan (book)", "Nazm", "Am'aq", "Ottoman poetry", "Homam-e Tabrizi", "Gopi Chand Narang", "Battal Gazi", "Mukhammas", "Bah\u0101\u02be al-d\u012bn al-\u02bf\u0100mil\u012b", "Nazan Bekiro\u011flu", "1320s in poetry", "Hatt-i humayun", "Layla and Majnun", "Kadam Rao Padam Rao", "Deccani Masnavi", "Hilya", "Mustafa Sheykhoghlu", "Baha'i Mehmed Efendi"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/298b43f58e847032e6785d341884ceb2 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/298b43f58e847032e6785d341884ceb2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5531ef --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/298b43f58e847032e6785d341884ceb2 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +a free online dictionary that describes the origins of English-language words \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2ab6fcd56b1aeb8ffe20ed697ce867d2 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2ab6fcd56b1aeb8ffe20ed697ce867d2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4aff98 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2ab6fcd56b1aeb8ffe20ed697ce867d2 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Amphibian", "Anatomy", "Avicenna", "Acoustics", "Ammonia", "Acupuncture", "Albertus Magnus", "Age of consent", "Alternative medicine", "Adrenal gland", "Anal sex", "Astrobiology", "Brain", "Biostatistics", "Biochemistry", "Botany", "Bioinformatics", "Breast", "Outline of biology", "BDSM", "Chemistry", "Carl Linnaeus", "Condom", "Cognitive science", "Calcium", "Traditional Chinese medicine", "Collagen", "Chaos theory", "Cell biology", "Carnivore", "Cat", "Clitoris", "Chlamydia infection", "Control theory", "Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures", "Craig Venter", "Dianetics", "Developmental biology", "Engineering", "Erasmus Darwin", "Erotica", "Ethology", "Empedocles", "Ecology", "Ernst Haeckel", "Evolutionary psychology", "Endomembrane system", "Evidence-based medicine", "Emotion", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Fellatio", "Francis Crick", "Flirting", "George Whipple", "Genetics", "Galen", "Hippocrates", "Hans Selye", "Histology", "History of physics", "History of medicine", "Human sexual activity", "Hypnosis", "Henry Moseley", "Erectile dysfunction", "Isotropy", "International Council for Science", "Immunology", "Insulin-like growth factor", "Interdisciplinarity", "Junk science", "James Watson", "Kurt Cobain", "Kinsey Reports", "Karl Ernst von Baer", "Ligament", "List of agnostics", "Lucid dream", "Library of Congress Classification", "Life", "Medicine", "Molecular biology", "Mind", "Magnetic resonance imaging", "Materials science", "Marine biology", "Meditation", "Medical psychology", "Musicology", "Moose", "Mycology", "Nobel Prize", "Niels Bohr", "Neuroscience", "Nutrition", "Nature", "Neoteny", "Orgasm", "Psychology", "Physics", "Pseudoscience", "Paleontology", "Poultry", "Physician", "Paraphilia", "Outline of physical science", "Psychophysiology", "Polysaccharide", "Biological anthropology", "Protoscience", "Polyamory", "Pathological science", "Rheology", "Science", "Social science", "Sex", "Scientific method", "Sexology", "Scientist", "Sexual intercourse", "Systematics", "Safe sex", "Sexual orientation", "Relationship between religion and science", "Sex organ", "Structural biology", "Scientific misconduct", "Thomas Henry Huxley", "Tyrannosaurus", "Phenotypic trait", "Urology", "Vagina", "Waiting for Godot", "Wilhelm Wundt", "X-Men", "Zoology", "Svante Arrhenius", "Vertebrate", "Rice", "Philosophy of science", "Sexual revolution", "Scientific journal", "Gender", "Sexual abstinence", "Group sex", "Natural science", "Nature versus nurture", "Biosalinity", "Halotolerance", "Sex education", "Ichthyology", "Kama Sutra", "Ornithology", "Religion and sexuality", "Biofilm", "Erotic spanking", "\u00c9mile Zola", "Biodiversity", "Whitefish (fisheries term)", "Ninja", "Electrolyte", "Pathology", "Reductionism", "Robert Boyle", "Leishmania", "Astronomy", "Carbonic acid", "Heinrich Anton de Bary", "Thomas Young (scientist)", "University College London", "Ivan Pavlov", "Nobel Prize in Physics", "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine", "Psychosomatic medicine", "Gynaecology", "Hermann von Helmholtz", "Ewald Hering", "Emil Adolf von Behring", "Camillo Golgi", "Biophysics", "Folic acid", "Human body", "Genomics", "Supernatural", "Prostate", "Circadian rhythm", "Chronobiology", "Xenopus", "Corticosteroid", "Thomas Szasz", "Timeline of biology and organic chemistry", "Entomology", "Promiscuity", "Fisting", "Endosymbiotic theory", "Tetrapod", "Climate change and agriculture", "Deep sea fish", "J. B. S. Haldane", "Equilibrioception", "Fibroblast", "Epidemiology", "Ecological niche", "Life sciences", "Surface science", "Science museum", "Henrik Dam", "Natural History (Pliny)", "Emergency medical technician", "Archibald Hill", "Nernst equation", "Scar", "Aerobiology", "Pietro d'Abano", "Cybersex", "Bartholomeus Anglicus", "Military science", "G-spot", "William James", "Prostaglandin", "List of Brazilians", "Biogeography", "The Ants", "Bene Gesserit", "List of Russian people", "Foreplay", "Biomechanics", "Jared Diamond", "Guns, Germs, and Steel", "Sex tourism", "Ancel Keys", "Balliol College, Oxford", "Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford", "Felching", "Zoidberg", "Herpetology", "Gamaliel Bailey", "Tendon", "Susan Blackmore", "Andrew Huxley", "Stress (biology)", "Tracheal intubation", "Sex and the law", "Sex toy", "Seabird", "Pre-ejaculate", "Nipple", "Paracelsus", "Radiology", "Frederick Griffith", "Female ejaculation", "Dwayne Johnson", "Hinny", "Electrophysiology", "Action potential", "Physiological plant disorder", "Melange (fictional drug)", "Choline", "Urination", "List of fetish artists", "\u00dcbermensch", "Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology", "Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton", "Natural history", "Allan Kardec", "Sex position", "69 (sex position)", "Helena Blavatsky", "Vitalism", "Drosophila melanogaster", "Nicolas Malebranche", "Pierre Jean George Cabanis", "Animal welfare", "The Anatomy of Melancholy", "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster", "Outer space", "Friedrich Eduard Beneke", "University of North Texas", "Safavid dynasty", "Ribaldry", "Science education", "Jean Pierre Flourens", "Fish migration", "Swim bladder", "Conscience", "Sport Club Internacional", "Smile", "Lamarckism", "Muslim world", "Antoine Fran\u00e7ois, comte de Fourcroy", "Pharmacist", "Eric Kandel", "Cough", "Bumblebee", "General practitioner", "Science and technology in the United States", "Selective breeding", "Christian Wolff (philosopher)", "Scientific skepticism", "Red-light district", "Night", "Contortion", "Tinamou", "Primary production", "University of Birmingham", "Sexual attraction", "Negative feedback", "Positive feedback", "Lorenz Oken", "Christian Bohr", "Phon", "Paleolithic diet", "Geophysiology", "Conservation biology", "Karolinska Institutet", "History of anatomy in the 19th century", "Sexual assault", "Hypersexuality", "Cycad", "Teratology", "Emperor penguin", "Index of biology articles", "Missionary position", "Woman on top", "Doggy style", "Emanuel Swedenborg", "Physical intimacy", "Germination", "Sex doll", "Extracellular matrix", "Connective tissue", "Veterinary physician", "Lungfish", "Beluga whale", "The Joy of Sex", "Family planning", "Motivation", "Jean Senebier", "Dormancy", "Jean Fernel", "European eel", "Medical imaging", "Albert Memorial", "Dietary element", "Nitric oxide", "Snowballing (sexual practice)", "Biomedical model", "Amniote", "Heart murmur", "Pornographic film", "Autofellatio", "Sex shop", "R\u00f3bert B\u00e1r\u00e1ny", "Biological interaction", "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "Christiaan Eijkman", "Henry Hallett Dale", "List of academic disciplines and sub-disciplines", "Sex-positive movement", "Refractory period (physiology)", "Sir William Gull, 1st Baronet", "George Croom Robertson", "Emil du Bois-Reymond", "Renin", "James Hinton", "Bernardo Houssay", "Exhibitionism", "Masters and Johnson", "Whistle register", "Erasistratus", "Homosexuality and psychology", "List of fish families", "Adrenal cortex", "Dead space (physiology)", "Popular science", "Invertebrate paleontology", "Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)", "Sexual identity", "Laura Schlessinger", "Trace metal", "Rhinoplasty", "Mar del Plata", "Romance (love)", "Tribadism", "Soft tissue", "Usability", "Neuropsychology", "Blood sugar", "Premature ejaculation", "Biofeedback", "Dorsal fin", "Roe", "Andrology", "Charaka", "William Ross Ashby", "Acoustical engineering", "Charles Richet", "Dive computer", "Apoplexy", "Jos\u00e9 Gregorio Hern\u00e1ndez", "Body water", "Charles Corfield", "Women in ancient Rome", "Paolo Sarpi", "Franz Joseph Gall", "Brown adipose tissue", "Science policy", "Introspection", "Avian veterinarian", "Abraham Colles", "Sandworm (Dune)", "Brooklyn College", "Sexual fantasy", "August Krogh", "August Krogh Institute", "John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr", "Irritation", "Auburn University", "List of common fish names", "Wrasse", "Fish anatomy", "The Perfumed Garden", "Jan Baptist van Helmont", "Detoxification", "University of Zimbabwe", "Living fossil", "Nuclear medicine", "1905 in science", "Mouthbrooder", "Helicoverpa zea", "Gastric dilatation volvulus", "Folk medicine", "Alan Lloyd Hodgkin", "Grey alien", "Zymology", "Johann Friedrich Blumenbach", "Royal Military College of Canada", "Index of biochemistry articles", "Buteyko method", "Degrees of the University of Oxford", "Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild", "Willem Einthoven", "Stanley Rossiter Benedict", "Programmed cell death", "Neurophysiology", "NMDA receptor", "Claude Bernard", "George Romanes", "Filter feeder", "Calcium in biology", "Sydney Brenner", "Goby", "Story Musgrave", "Natural philosophy", "Vincent of Beauvais", "Johannes Peter M\u00fcller", "Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle", "Phineas Gage", "Marine Biological Laboratory", "American Academy of Arts and Sciences", "Relaxation", "Luis Federico Leloir", "North Berwick", "Stephen Hales", "Exercise physiology", "Barry Marshall", "General anaesthesia", "Concussion", "Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville", "Aarhus University", "Leopold Gmelin", "Cum shot", "Sexual stimulation", "Intercrural sex", "Sexual dysfunction", "Ananga Ranga", "Roscoe Bartlett", "Albert Einstein World Award of Science", "David Marr (neuroscientist)", "Frank Macfarlane Burnet", "Evolutionary biology", "Adipose tissue", "Applied science", "Motor unit", "Pierre Duhem", "1829 in science", "1833 in science", "Doctor of Medicine", "Claudie Haigner\u00e9", "Genetic program", "Evan Harris", "David Heath (politician)", "1817 in science", "1895 in science", "Flushing (physiology)", "Dietitian", "1854 in science", "Facial (sex act)", "University of Pisa", "Fringe science"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2c1d7bb0863b32f53466bf594d10ad91 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2c1d7bb0863b32f53466bf594d10ad91 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab19323 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2c1d7bb0863b32f53466bf594d10ad91 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +a prediction method \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2e5932eb48dd0a554e6e133c0266e692 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2e5932eb48dd0a554e6e133c0266e692 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..591c750 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2e5932eb48dd0a554e6e133c0266e692 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Aristotle", "Anthropology", "Alchemy", "Astronomer", "Atomic number", "Ambiguity", "Arthur Schopenhauer", "Albert Einstein", "Alpha", "Avicenna", "Augustin-Jean Fresnel", "Afterlife", "Acoustics", "Atomic physics", "Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re", "Acupuncture", "Alexander of Aphrodisias", "Alhazen", "Archimedes", "Arizona State University", "Alessandro Volta", "Alexander Grothendieck", "Andrew Tridgell", "Associative algebra", "Astrology", "Analytic geometry", "Arthur Eddington", "Abbe number", "Acceleration", "Abba Mari", "Anders Celsius", "Astrobiology", "Angular momentum", "Atomic theory", "Agner Krarup Erlang", "Andrew S. Tanenbaum", "Adin Steinsaltz", "Attribution of recent climate change", "Black", "Blaise Pascal", "Bertrand Russell", "Brownian motion", "BDSM", "Biosphere", "Calculus", "Chemistry", "Computer science", "Colloid", "Physical cosmology", "Condensed matter physics", "Cultural anthropology", "Conversion of units", "Crokinole", "Cognitive science", "Chemist", "Chemical element", "Catherine Coleman", "Complex analysis", "Civil engineering", "California Institute of Technology", "Complex number", "Copenhagen interpretation", "Continuum mechanics", "Color", "Chemical engineering", "List of equations in classical mechanics", "Curl (mathematics)", "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "Chaos theory", "Charles Proteus Steinmetz", "Carl Sagan", "Colon classification", "Outline of chemistry", "Cathode", "Conservation law", "Cauchy distribution", "Catenary", "Cryogenics", "Convolution", "Cosmic censorship hypothesis", "Cartesian coordinate system", "Professor X", "Coriolis effect", "Derivative", "David D. Friedman", "Dualism", "Examples of differential equations", "Dennis Ritchie", "Dinosaur", "Dipole", "Dimension (mathematics and physics)", "David Brewster", "Diffeomorphism", "Differential geometry", "Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit", "Douglas Hofstadter", "Davros", "Ernst Mayr", "Epistemology", "Engineering", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Electron", "Edmund Husserl", "Electrical engineering", "Electromagnetism", "Empedocles", "Electronvolt", "Ernest Rutherford", "Many-worlds interpretation", "Ecology", "Energy", "Exponential function", "Euclidean space", "Eindhoven University of Technology", "Entropy", "Equation of state", "Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger", "Etiology", "Explosive material", "Enrico Fermi", "Enthalpy", "Edwin Hubble", "Friedrich Nietzsche", "Frequency", "Fundamental interaction", "Felix Bloch", "Force", "Fluid", "Fluid dynamics", "Falsifiability", "Francis Bacon", "Freeman Dyson", "Faster-than-light", "Francis Crick", "Firmin Abauzit", "Fred Brooks", "Fourier analysis", "Fred Singer", "Ferromagnetism", "Greek language", "Game theory", "List of Greek words with English derivatives", "History of geometry", "General relativity", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "Gustav Kirchhoff", "Graph theory", "Georgius Agricola", "Gregor Mendel", "Geometric series", "Group representation", "GRE Physics Test", "Geometric algebra", "Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis", "Hydrology", "Heinrich Hertz", "H. G. Wells", "Henri Bergson", "History of physics", "Harvey Mudd College", "Homeopathy", "History of science", "Henry Moseley", "Harry Kroto", "Italy", "Isaac Newton", "Information theory", "Inertial frame of reference", "Inner product space", "International Council for Science", "Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur", "Inertia", "Isidore of Miletus", "International Space Station", "Interference (wave propagation)", "Interdisciplinarity", "Irving Langmuir", "Integral", "Junk science", "Johannes Kepler", "John Bardeen", "John von Neumann", "John Napier", "Jacob Anatoli", "Jerk (physics)", "John Ambrose Fleming", "Karl Popper", "Kaluza\u2013Klein theory", "Karl Ferdinand Braun", "Kinetic energy", "Kepler's laws of planetary motion", "Laser", "Slippery slope", "Lambda", "Leonhard Euler", "Light", "Lie algebra", "Lie group", "Leon M. Lederman", "Lift (force)", "Lise Meitner", "List of agnostics", "Relative direction", "List of deists", "John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh", "Lorentz transformation", "Luminiferous aether", "Linear algebra", "Laplace transform", "Lorentz force", "Liberal arts education", "Microeconomics", "Mathematics", "Music", "Mathematician", "Medicine", "Mass", "Group (mathematics)", "Mechanical engineering", "Mechanics", "Main group element", "Materials science", "Michael Faraday", "Maxwell's equations", "Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann distribution", "Metastability", "Max Planck", "M-theory", "Marie Curie", "Murray Gell-Mann", "Motion (physics)", "Mathematical model", "Micrometre", "Multiverse", "Nominalism", "Nobel Prize", "Niels Bohr", "Neuroscience", "Nuclear physics", "Neal Stephenson", "Normal distribution", "Numerical analysis", "Niels Henrik Abel", "Nonlinear optics", "New Age", "Nature", "Nucleon", "No-cloning theorem", "Nuclear winter", "Ontology", "Oort cloud", "Optics", "Orbit", "Oberlin College", "Omega", "Origen", "Oliver Heaviside", "Psychology", "Probability", "Polynomial", "Pseudoscience", "Paleontology", "Political correctness", "Parabola", "Particle physics", "Physicist", "Problem of universals", "Probability theory", "Probability distribution", "Pi", "Physical chemistry", "Outline of physical science", "Pierre Teilhard de Chardin", "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", "Potential energy", "Periodic table (large version)", "Parapsychology", "Pope John XXI", "Particle radiation", "Population inversion", "Power (physics)", "Protoscience", "Political science", "Phonograph", "Outline of physics", "Pierre Curie", "Power law", "Pisa", "Precession", "Paul Dirac", "Pathological science", "Pi Day", "Pauli effect", "Polar coordinate system", "Quadratic equation", "Quantization (physics)", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum field theory", "Quantum information", "Robert A. Heinlein", "Reed College", "Romania", "Rheology", "Ren\u00e9 Descartes", "The Renaissance", "Royal Institute of Technology", "Robert Freitas", "Robert Noyce", "Riemann zeta function", "Richard Smalley", "Radiation", "Rutherford scattering", "Robert Langlands", "Radian", "Revelation", "Rudolf Steiner", "Redshift", "Robert Nozick", "Richard R. Ernst", "Robert Jordan", "Science", "Social science", "Science fiction", "Slovakia", "Scientific method", "Solar System", "Special relativity", "Scientist", "Sexism", "Substance theory", "Space", "Semiconductor", "Systematics", "Separability", "Separable space", "Surface", "Spider-Man", "Strong interaction", "Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot", "String theory", "Outline of space science", "Simple harmonic motion", "Stimulated emission", "Statistical mechanics", "Solar wind", "Sokal affair", "Security engineering", "Speed of light", "Synchronization", "Stereochemistry", "Spacetime", "Signals intelligence", "Square root", "Systems theory", "Relationship between religion and science", "Spinor", "Statistical physics", "Scientific misconduct", "Technology", "Thomas Hobbes", "Thermodynamics", "Tensor", "Theory of relativity", "TeX", "Theory", "Tensor product", "Travelling salesman problem", "Tel Aviv", "Theoretical chemistry", "Time travel", "Unidentified flying object", "Universe", "Uncertainty principle", "University of California, San Diego", "Utrecht University", "University of Prince Edward Island", "Vector space", "Euclidean vector", "Vector calculus", "Wavelength", "Werner Heisenberg", "Walter Houser Brattain", "William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin", "Wave", "Wing", "William of Ockham", "Weak interaction", "Wave equation", "Wernher von Braun", "Willard Van Orman Quine", "Wolfgang Pauli", "Walter Gilbert", "Williams College", "Wilhelm Wundt", "York University", "0 (number)", "20th century", "1893", "1687", "1680s", "2D computer graphics", "10 micrometres", "100 micrometres", "Svante Arrhenius", "Occam's razor", "Laplace's equation", "Philosophy of science", "Frederick Seitz", "Conway's Game of Life", "Peter Debye", "Zeno of Citium", "Chrysippus", "Lars Onsager", "Causality", "His Dark Materials", "Scientific journal", "Josiah Willard Gibbs", "Emergence", "Complex system", "State of matter", "Museum", "Edward Teller", "M\u00f6bius strip", "Escape velocity", "Charles University in Prague", "Oak Ridge National Laboratory", "Erich H\u00fcckel", "Imre Lakatos", "Gregory Benford", "Gravitation", "ArXiv", "Natural science", "Cosmological constant", "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory", "Ernest Lawrence", "Robert S. Mulliken", "Quintessence (physics)", "Dyson's eternal intelligence", "Thermodynamic free energy", "Distance", "William Rowan Hamilton", "Correlation does not imply causation", "Genetic algorithm", "Josip Plemelj", "Jurij Vega", "Carl Woese", "Attenuation", "Caesium standard", "Coherence length", "Conduction band", "Cutoff frequency", "Dielectric", "Dielectric strength", "Field strength", "Group delay and phase delay", "Inverse-square law", "Phase distortion", "Stanislaw Ulam", "Avogadro constant", "Plane wave", "Reflection coefficient", "Resonance", "Rubidium standard", "Shot noise", "Specific detectivity", "Standing wave", "Surface wave", "Tropospheric wave", "Group theory", "Mass noun", "Intensity (physics)", "Amedeo Avogadro", "Christiaan Huygens", "Janez Strnad", "Dual number", "High school", "Philo Farnsworth", "Alfred North Whitehead", "Simulation", "Flux", "Reality", "Oceanography", "Carlo Rubbia", "Lp space", "Writer", "Sassari", "Surgery", "Structural engineering", "Exponential distribution", "White noise", "Otto Hahn", "Logarithmic integral function", "Distinct", "Climate model", "Standard Model", "Environmental economics", "Averroes", "Carnegie Mellon University", "Navier\u2013Stokes equations", "Mathematical analysis"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2e631bfc85b485f1f9f2d3e6d75efb6d b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2e631bfc85b485f1f9f2d3e6d75efb6d new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d147d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/2e631bfc85b485f1f9f2d3e6d75efb6d @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["A Clockwork Orange", "August 18", "Benjamin Lee Whorf", "Cognitive science", "Claude Shannon", "Cognitive behavioral therapy", "Cognitive psychology", "Craig Venter", "Carl Rogers", "Critical psychology", "Donald Knuth", "Developmental psychology", "Ernst Mayr", "Epiphenomenalism", "Evolutionary psychology", "E. O. Wilson", "Educational psychology", "Emotion", "Faith and rationality", "George Dantzig", "Glenn T. Seaborg", "Hermann Ebbinghaus", "Herbert A. Simon", "Hypnosis", "Harold Eugene Edgerton", "Instructional theory", "Differential psychology", "Industrial and organizational psychology", "James Watson", "Kurt G\u00f6del", "Konrad Emil Bloch", "Index of philosophy articles (A\u2013C)", "Language acquisition", "Milgram experiment", "Milton Friedman", "Medical psychology", "Norman Hackerman", "Psychology", "Paul Cohen (mathematician)", "Philosophy of perception", "Psychoanalysis", "Psychophysiology", "Political fiction", "Psychotherapy", "Psychometrics", "Personality psychology", "Psychohistory", "Robert Noyce", "Roald Hoffmann", "Sigmund Freud", "Social psychology", "Stanley Milgram", "Stephen Cole Kleene", "Taking Children Seriously", "Theodosius Dobzhansky", "Utopia", "Vannevar Bush", "Wernher von Braun", "Willard Van Orman Quine", "Wilhelm Wundt", "1970s", "1990", "1904", "Adoption", "Stephen Smale", "Carl Woese", "Carl Jung", "Alfred North Whitehead", "Henry David Thoreau", "Lynn Margulis", "Assured destruction", "Group psychotherapy", "Determinism", "Gary Becker", "Kenneth Arrow", "Cognitive neuroscience", "Ivan Pavlov", "Benjamin Spock", "Barbara McClintock", "Ernst Mach", "Time-out (parenting)", "Parenting", "John Milnor", "Norbert Wiener", "Jack Kilby", "Gestalt psychology", "Otto Rank", "John Backus", "Psychologist", "J. Presper Eckert", "List of inventors", "Alfred Adler", "Parent", "Edward Thorndike", "Obfuscation", "Robert M. Gagn\u00e9", "William James", "John B. Watson", "Jean Piaget", "National Medal of Science", "Roger Wolcott Sperry", "Jared Diamond", "Operant conditioning", "Susquehanna Depot, Pennsylvania", "Sandra Faber", "Alexander Bain", "James Mark Baldwin", "Psychoanalytic theory", "Popular psychology", "Milton H. Erickson", "Walden Two", "William Redington Hewlett", "Crowd psychology", "Psycholinguistics", "Leon Festinger", "Adult", "Human intelligence", "Elias James Corey", "Edwin H. Land", "David Baltimore", "Cyril Burt", "Dudley R. Herschbach", "Psychological testing", "Viktor Frankl", "Hans Eysenck", "List of psychological research methods", "Behavioral economics", "Positive psychology", "Organizational commitment", "Severo Ochoa", "Ken Wilber", "Telegraph key", "Operant conditioning chamber", "Greedy reductionism", "1948 in literature", "1971 in literature", "Nuclear family", "Eric Kandel", "Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n", "Catharsis", "Wilhelm Reich", "Igor Sikorsky", "List of psychologists", "Gustav Fechner", "William Feller", "Reinforcement", "Leroy Hood", "Robert Solow", "Paul Samuelson", "Music therapy", "Index of psychology articles", "Stepfamily", "Single parent", "Robert K. Merton", "Erwin Chargaff", "Albert Bandura", "Abnormal psychology", "Eric Trist", "Albert Ellis", "Philosophy of psychology", "Chen-Ning Yang", "Chien-Shiung Wu", "Yuan T. Lee", "Salvador Luria", "List of ethicists", "Jerome Bruner", "Radical behaviorism", "Peer group", "Norman Borlaug", "Sexual identity", "Allen Newell", "Neuropsychology", "Instinct", "George Emil Palade", "Walden", "Biofeedback", "Charles Taylor (philosopher)", "Curfew", "Richard Herrnstein", "Richard M. Karp", "Richard T. Whitcomb", "Twin Oaks Community, Virginia", "Abraham Maslow", "John Cocke", "Nanny", "Shing-Tung Yau", "Case study", "John McCarthy (computer scientist)", "Cognitivism (psychology)", "Introspection", "List of experiments", "Donald O. Hebb", "Humanistic psychology", "Isadore Singer", "Applied psychology", "Andrew Viterbi", "Saunders Mac Lane", "Gertrude B. Elion", "Raoul Bott", "To His Coy Mistress", "Man's Search for Meaning", "Fritz Albert Lipmann", "1904 in science", "Melvin Calvin", "Oscar Zariski", "Folk psychology", "William Julius Wilson", "Shared parenting", "Antoni Zygmund", "Experimental psychology", "Experimental analysis of behavior", "Quantitative psychological research", "Comparative psychology", "Herbert C. Brown", "Michael E. DeBakey", "Solomon Lefschetz", "Transpersonal psychology", "Foster care", "George Armitage Miller", "Cognitive neuropsychology", "Hassler Whitney", "Shiing-Shen Chern", "Eerie, Indiana", "Tung-Yen Lin", "John Tukey", "Elias M. Stein", "Preschool", "Nick Holonyak", "Har Gobind Khorana", "Rudolph A. Marcus", "Animal cognition", "Herbert Boyer", "Edward B. Lewis", "Aversion therapy", "Erik Erikson", "Psychophysics", "Edward C. Tolman", "Dialectical behavior therapy", "Human subject research", "Analytical psychology", "Charles Stark Draper", "Rita R. Colwell", "Harvard Society of Fellows", "Benjamin Bloom", "Leonard Kleinrock", "Educational assessment", "School psychology", "Gestalt therapy", "Content analysis", "Forensic psychology", "Physiological psychology", "Peter Lax", "Soccer mom", "Clinical psychology", "Joshua Lederberg", "Donald J. Cram", "Psychobiography", "Counseling psychology", "George Gaylord Simpson", "Psychology of religion", "Aaron T. Beck", "Prenatal and perinatal psychology", "Hamilton College (New York)", "William Hayward Pickering", "1953 in science", "Behaviorism", "T. Berry Brazelton", "Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin memory model", "Association (psychology)", "Attachment parenting", "Co-sleeping", "William Sears (physician)", "List of Harvard University people", "Traffic psychology", "Mental image", "Verbal Behavior", "Richard Brauer", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Robert Sternberg", "George Low", "Timeline of scientific experiments", "A Secular Humanist Declaration", "Activity theory", "Kenneth and Mamie Clark", "Logotherapy", "Yuan-Cheng Fung", "Michael Freedman", "Community psychology", "Harold E. Varmus", "Parental alienation", "Dance therapy", "List of people from Pennsylvania", "Stanley Cohen (biochemist)", "Au pair", "Rita Levi-Montalcini", "Rational emotive behavior therapy", "Victor A. McKusick", "Complex (psychology)", "Donald C. Spencer", "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow", "Ernst Heinrich Weber", "Marshall Harvey Stone", "Chu Ching-wu", "Marshall Warren Nirenberg", "Daniel Nathans", "Herman Goldstine", "Paul Berg", "Psychodrama", "Child discipline", "Guyford Stever", "George Stigler", "Torsten Wiesel", "J. P. Guilford", "Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.", "Gamebook", "Harry Harlow", "Weapon focus", "Bruce Ames", "Marston Morse", "John G. Thompson", "Legal psychology", "Alberto Calder\u00f3n", "Frederick Terman", "Attachment theory", "Albert Sabin", "Humanist Manifesto II", "Henry Taube", "Howard Martin Temin", "William Cumming Rose", "George C. Pimentel", "Will to power", "Walter H. Stockmayer", "Theoretical psychology", "Discursive psychology", "Mental health", "Clicker training", "Phallic stage", "Ryle's regress", "Law of effect", "Jerzy Konorski", "Arthur Kornberg", "Moral psychology", "Paternal bond", "Maternal bond", "List of psychological schools", "Yoichiro Nambu", "Psychiatric history", "Cognitive restructuring", "Phillip Allen Sharp", "Rudolf Dreikurs", "Martin David Kruskal", "Deadbeat parent", "List of University of Cambridge members", "Integrative psychotherapy", "Gordon Allport", "John R. Pierce", "Beyond Freedom and Dignity", "Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing", "Person-centered therapy", "Countertransference", "List of important publications in psychology", "Psychological Review", "Raymond Cattell", "Detection theory", "Ed Heinemann", "David Ausubel", "Repertory grid", "Transference", "Seymour Benzer", "Visual memory", "Simon Ramo", "Anthony Fauci", "Mildred Dresselhaus", "Morris Cohen (scientist)", "Richard C. Atkinson", "Peter H. Raven", "Cathleen Synge Morawetz", "List of eponymous adjectives in English", "Reality therapy", "G\u00e1bor A. Somorjai", "Thomas Cech", "Joseph L. Goldstein", "J. Michael Bishop", "Solution focused brief therapy", "Robert Huebner", "Coal Region", "Robert Glaser", "Relationship counseling", "C. R. Rao", "Baruj Benacerraf", "Political psychology", "Filipino psychology", "Health psychology", "Theodor Otto Diener", "Wendell L. Roelofs", "Jay Laurence Lush", "Stanley Norman Cohen", "Cognitive analytic therapy", "Bernard M. Oliver", "Surrogacy", "Janet Rowley", "Roger Guillemin", "List of National Medal of Science laureates", "Joseph L. Doob", "Psychodynamic psychotherapy", "Charles Yanofsky", "Ronald Coifman", "Lovaas model", "Donald Henderson", "History of psychology", "Mario Capecchi", "G. Ledyard Stebbins", "John B. Goodenough", "Anne Treisman", "Alfred Sturtevant", "A Clockwork Orange (film)", "Ruth Patrick", "Sewall Wright", "E. Donnall Thomas", "Michael Stuart Brown", "Michael Heidelberger", "Maurice Hilleman", "Parental investment", "Clark L. Hull", "C. B. van Niel", "Animal training", "Louis Nirenberg", "Child (archetype)", "Tibor R. Machan", "Keith Stanovich", "Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle", "Existential therapy", "Spoiled child", "Solomon W. Golomb", "Behaviour therapy", "Kurt Lewin", "Wonderlic Test", "Depth psychology", "Stuart A. Rice", "Alloparenting", "Ecopsychology", "Flashback (psychology)", "Mathematical psychology", "R. Duncan Luce", "Carl R. de Boor", "Hugh Latimer Dryden", "Robert S. Langer", "Bernard Brodie (military strategist)", "Katherine Esau", "Cognitive revolution", "Karl Abraham", "Ego psychology", "List of literary initials", "Francisco J. Ayala", "Ghost in the machine", "James E. Gunn", "William Summer Johnson", "Calvin Quate", "G. Evelyn Hutchinson", "Penelope Leach", "Language development", "Jerzy Neyman", "Mariette Hartley", "Cryptomnesia", "Principal Skinner", "Thomas Starzl", "Peter Carl Goldmark", "Standard social science model", "Jacob Robert Kantor", "Latchkey kid", "Julian Stanley", "Edwin Ray Guthrie", "Cultural psychology", "Behavior modification", "Cognitive complexity", "Asian psychology", "Sylvester James Gates", "Play therapy", "Mary Rotolo", "Bedtime story", "Roger Shepard", "ICD-10 Procedure Coding System", "Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute", "List of psychology disciplines", "Philosophy of artificial intelligence", "Solomon H. Snyder", "Don L. Anderson", "ICD-9-CM Volume 3", "Erwin Wilhelm M\u00fcller", "Brief psychotherapy", "Sidney Drell", "Paul Zamecnik", "Lee Cronbach", "Mostafa El-Sayed", "Barry Buzan", "Precision teaching", "John W. Cahn", "Thomas Eisner", "Leo Beranek", "George F. Carrier"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/300c31207732d640c4f3250a77d9b42e b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/300c31207732d640c4f3250a77d9b42e new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8adc0f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/300c31207732d640c4f3250a77d9b42e @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +generally divided into five domainsastronomy, biology, chemistry, earth science, and physics \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/35ea0a9fab14ef926a1836274689289e b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/35ea0a9fab14ef926a1836274689289e new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba916ac --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/35ea0a9fab14ef926a1836274689289e @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Adventure", "Artificial intelligence", "Abstraction", "Brain", "Baghdad", "B. F. Skinner", "Communication", "Cultural anthropology", "Cognitive science", "Consciousness", "Cognitive psychology", "Concept", "Developmental psychology", "Education", "Ethology", "Outline of education", "Fear", "Frank Herbert", "Flynn effect", "Grammar", "Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid", "Hermann Ebbinghaus", "Hierarchy", "Herbert A. Simon", "Internalization", "Intelligence quotient", "Industrial and organizational psychology", "Learning theory (education)", "Library of Congress Classification", "Language acquisition", "Mental process", "Mind", "Maze", "Manatee", "Natural language", "Neuroscience", "Artificial neural network", "Neurotransmitter", "Psychology", "Psychometrics", "Perception", "Race and intelligence", "Social science", "Seymour Papert", "Spaced repetition", "SuperMemo", "Sleep and learning", "Sociobiology", "Walking", "1966", "Thought", "Putamen", "Symbol", "Anti-psychiatry", "Socialization", "Reason", "Ornithology", "Substantia nigra", "Quiz bowl", "Cognitive neuroscience", "Observational learning", "Passive review", "Glutamic acid", "Attention", "E-learning", "Edward Thorndike", "Theory of multiple intelligences", "Teaching method", "Lev Vygotsky", "Emotional intelligence", "Basal ganglia", "Roger Wolcott Sperry", "Cognition", "Pattern recognition", "Operant conditioning", "Creativity", "Intuition (psychology)", "Student", "Training", "Tutorial", "Human intelligence", "Effects of cannabis", "Cognitive dissonance", "Sensitive periods", "Learning", "David Bohm", "Language education", "Imprinting (psychology)", "Nikolaas Tinbergen", "Classical conditioning", "Jarrow", "Vocabulary", "Eric Kandel", "Culture of ancient Rome", "Understanding", "Karolinska Institutet", "Index of psychology articles", "Organizational learning", "Machine learning", "Mafia (party game)", "Boredom", "Recall (memory)", "Temazepam", "Knowledge", "Mimicry", "Autodidacticism", "Instructional scaffolding", "Neurocognitive", "Kurt Koffka", "Self-organization", "Conditions of Learning", "Neuropsychology", "Instinct", "Educational software", "Behavioral ecology", "Society of Mind", "Karl H. Pribram", "Depth perception", "Color vision", "Visual system", "Educational game", "Volition (psychology)", "Groove (music)", "Learning curve", "Donald O. Hebb", "Applied psychology", "Mathematics education", "Homework", "Situated learning", "Long-term effects of alcohol", "Dendritic spine", "Eliminative materialism", "Skill", "Experimental psychology", "Bee learning and communication", "Long-term potentiation", "G factor (psychometrics)", "NMDA receptor", "Comparative psychology", "Neuropsychological test", "Cognitive neuropsychology", "Alexander Luria", "Histamine", "Intellectual giftedness", "J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber", "Education in China", "Index of philosophy articles (I\u2013Q)", "Pedagogy", "Preschool", "Social animal", "Synaptic plasticity", "Animal cognition", "List of educational programming languages", "Software agent", "Praxis (process)", "Flashcard", "Foraging", "Force-field analysis", "Animal communication", "List of regions in the human brain", "Face perception", "Cerebrum", "Eyeblink conditioning", "Fear conditioning", "Human brain", "Awareness", "Ring-tailed lemur", "Prenatal and perinatal psychology", "Intelligence", "Personal grooming", "Mushroom bodies", "Silent synapse", "California sea hare", "Arousal", "Interference theory", "Karl Lashley", "Flow (psychology)", "Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin memory model", "Zoosemiotics", "Busy work", "Imitation", "Habituation", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Clinical neuropsychology", "Brenda Milner", "Brain\u2013computer interface", "Neuroethology", "Antonio Damasio", "Individualized instruction", "Lesson", "Piracetam", "Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel", "Education in East Germany", "Neurogenesis", "Immediate early gene", "Sigma Tau Gamma", "Quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship", "Web Inquiry Projects", "Fluid and crystallized intelligence", "Psychology of learning", "Triarchic theory of intelligence", "Ananda Marga", "Spatial memory", "Batesian mimicry", "Erudition", "Bunkyo University", "Adaptation", "Ford Expedition", "Knowledge worker", "Didactic method", "Lifelong learning", "Situated cognition", "Clicker training", "Mental model", "Learning styles", "Arthur Lester Benton", "Neuropsychological assessment", "Place cell", "Curiosity", "Goddess movement", "Kinesthetic learning", "Learning sciences", "Automaticity", "Ruffed lemur", "Rescorla\u2013Wagner model", "Dog training", "Qutb Shahi dynasty", "Monkey and banana problem", "Schreckstoff", "Cognitive development", "KWL table", "Neuroscience and intelligence", "Patrick Bateson", "Subvocalization", "Study guide", "Cognitive map", "List of unsolved problems in neuroscience", "McCollough effect", "History of Portuguese", "Robert Glaser", "Rodolfo Llin\u00e1s", "Logosophy", "Problem solving", "Religious experience", "School nursing", "Synapsin", "Metacognition", "Loneliness", "Popper's three worlds", "Artificial immune system", "Information ladder", "Fritz M\u00fcller", "Cognitive architecture", "Biological neural network", "Amusia", "Index of education articles", "The Scots College", "Clark L. Hull", "Pontine tegmentum", "Conflict management", "Substance dependence", "Animal sexual behaviour", "Unified Theories of Cognition", "Pericyte", "Comparative neuropsychology", "Solow residual", "Cognitive test", "Hoarding (animal behavior)", "Ampakine", "Ethogram", "Lyoness", "Second-order conditioning", "Religiosity and intelligence", "Carnegie Corporation of New York", "Fuzzy concept", "Behavioral sink", "Harem (zoology)", "Cognitive apprenticeship", "Altruism in animals", "Music education", "Benjamin Libet", "Amodal perception", "Modular Audio Recognition Framework", "Autotomy", "Mathematical psychology", "Flight zone", "Apparent death", "Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study", "Taste aversion", "Cognitive ethology", "Study skills", "M\u00fcllerian mimicry", "Cue-dependent forgetting", "Neuroactive steroid", "Edu-Ware", "Pedunculopontine nucleus", "Pecking order", "Inkhorn term", "Evolution of human intelligence", "Colin Blakemore", "Schaffer collateral", "Apical dendrite", "Oblique dendrite", "Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences", "Outdoor education", "Fixed action pattern", "A Treatise of Human Nature", "Cathemerality", "Cognitive complexity", "Networked learning", "Educational animation", "Metabotropic glutamate receptor", "Glutamate receptor", "Structural communication", "Dore Programme", "Student voice", "Philopatry", "Psychology, Philosophy and Physiology", "Network of practice", "Phenotypic plasticity", "Sensitization", "Dan Slobin", "Higher Education (novel)", "Zoopharmacognosy", "Neonatal perception", "Three-stratum theory", "Anthrozoology", "Library@esplanade", "Fission\u2013fusion society", "Mastery learning", "Central and East European Center for Cognitive Science", "Patricia Broadfoot", "Executive functions", "Transfer of learning", "Principles of Neural Science", "James McGaugh", "Mathetics", "Health and Social Care", "Latent learning", "Instinctive drift", "Psychology of programming", "Glossary of education terms (A\u2013C)", "Glossary of education terms (D\u2013F)", "Glossary of education terms (G\u2013L)", "Glossary of education terms (M\u2013O)", "Glossary of education terms (P\u2013R)", "Glossary of education terms (S)", "Brain mapping", "Cambridge University primates", "Salience (neuroscience)", "Music psychology", "Memory and aging", "Ulas family", "Neuromodulation", "Edith Kaplan", "Computer-supported collaborative learning", "Categorical perception", "Opsimath", "St Augustine's College (New South Wales)", "Islam in Iraq", "Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence", "Heritability of IQ", "Richard E. Mayer", "AP Psychology", "Albatross", "Workforce planning", "Religion in Iraq", "Metaplasticity", "Motivation in second-language learning", "List of MeSH codes (F02)", "Encoding (memory)", "Microlearning", "Emotion in animals", "Willingness to communicate", "Roger S\u00e4lj\u00f6", "Speech perception", "Evolutionary educational psychology", "Lawrence W. Barsalou", "Ionotropic glutamate receptor", "Memory inhibition", "William R. Boone High School", "Cognitive imitation", "Statistic (role-playing games)", "Leicester College", "List of thought processes", "Poison shyness", "NEPSY", "Spider behavior", "List of educational software", "Numerical cognition", "Intellectual need", "Learning Plan", "Frederick Institute of Technology", "Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institut", "Animal culture", "Ned Herrmann", "Vayelech", "Takeshi Utsumi", "Robert A. Bjork", "Molluscivore", "Leabra", "William Spady", "Height and intelligence", "Outline of thought", "Arts in education", "Co-construction", "Adaptive capacity", "Dissociation (neuropsychology)", "Practice-based professional learning", "Marc van Roon", "Pasko Rakic", "Market houses in Northern Ireland", "SK channel", "Project Insight", "Perkiomen Valley Academy", "Geir Overskeid", "\u00dcner Tan", "College Teaching", "Neuronal calcium sensor-1", "William H. Starbuck", "United Church Schools Trust", "Ballooning (spider)", "Spatial view cells", "Elkhonon Goldberg", "Habit (biology)", "Action learning", "Dale Schunk", "Allen Mendler", "Home range", "Displacement activity", "NMDA receptor antagonist", "United Friends School", "Heini Hediger", "Impact of health on intelligence", "St. Ambrose University", "F. R. Carrick Institute", "Laboratory for Interactive Learning Technologies", "Stotting", "Tinbergen's four questions", "Imagination", "Auditory hallucination", "Preparedness (learning)", "Social perception", "Feelix Growing", "Lymnaea stagnalis", "Transactive memory", "Study software", "IQ and Global Inequality", "Community of practice", "Inquiry-based learning", "K\u016btei-kan", "GDF2", "Practice (learning method)", "Speed learning", "Parametric determinism", "United Learning Trust", "The Meta Network", "Orval Hobart Mowrer", "Library of Congress Classification:Class B -- Philosophy, Psychology, Religion", "Education in Saskatchewan", "Information exchange", "Protein kinase C zeta type", "Innovation skill", "Cultured neuronal network", "Anterior nuclei of thalamus", "Elephant cognition", "Storage (memory)", "Behavioral neurology", "Norman Geschwind", "Kenneth Heilman", "Subgranular zone", "Content-based instruction", "Cattell\u2013Horn\u2013Carroll theory", "Common misunderstandings of genetics", "Hi-5 (Australian TV series)", "Smart Moves (book)", "Memory rehearsal", "Muriel Lezak", "Mentone Girls' Grammar School", "Environment and intelligence", "Patricia Goldman-Rakic", "Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas", "Infanticide (zoology)", "Agonistic behaviour", "New Cybernetics (Gordon Pask)", "Sugata Mitra", "Learning pathway", "Uner Tan syndrome", "MMP9", "City and Islington College", "Evisceration (autotomy)", "EPAM", "Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior", "Interlanguage fossilization", "Mount Washington College", "How Children Learn", "Quantitative analysis of behavior", "Girneys", "Tanjong Katong Primary School", "Man: A Course of Study"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3c8019243fb4a3968430b6324e3beb56 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3c8019243fb4a3968430b6324e3beb56 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5369326 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3c8019243fb4a3968430b6324e3beb56 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["PVLV", "Reinforcement learning", "Q-learning", "SARSA", "Richard S. Sutton", "Dopamine", "Backgammon"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3e497bc5e022989932ff3a0facf6b9a4 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3e497bc5e022989932ff3a0facf6b9a4 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93209d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3e497bc5e022989932ff3a0facf6b9a4 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +subject to the Pauli exclusion principle \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3e8f7056dccf76f2dadac9a5736394cf b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3e8f7056dccf76f2dadac9a5736394cf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f8cf9d --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3e8f7056dccf76f2dadac9a5736394cf @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Eindhoven University of Technology", "Robot", "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", "Network management", "Spamdexing", "Agent", "Reinforcement learning", "Distributed artificial intelligence", "Context awareness", "Backdoor (computing)", "FIPA", "Knowledge Navigator", "User agent", "Bonnie Nardi", "Infomorph", "Mobile computing", "Mobile agent", "BonziBuddy", "Domain knowledge", "Zabbix", "Crowd simulation", "Outline of human\u2013computer interaction", "Management agent", "Multi-agent system", "Agent-based model", "Rational agent", "Host-based intrusion detection system", "Strategy (game theory)", "Autonomous agent", "Metaverse", "Mail submission agent", "Media Dispatch Protocol", "System Center Operations Manager", "Ecosystem services", "Belief\u2013desire\u2013intention software model", "Grid MP", "Microformat", "Abstract state machines", "Multi-agent planning", "Sakura HyperMedia Desktop", "Fuzzy agent", "Intelligent agent", "ESTAR", "Computer facial animation", "AAFID", "Agent Communications Language", "Auction sniping", "Repast (modeling toolkit)", "Semantic service-oriented architecture", "Agent architecture", "Network traffic measurement", "Intel vPro", "3APL", "Hyperland", "Monitoring and Surveillance Agents", "Network Access Control", "RoboCup Simulation League", "HP Operations Manager", "Journal of Web Semantics", "Outline of artificial intelligence", "You Will", "Index of robotics articles", "Password fatigue", "OSSEC", "Cold start", "Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series", "ARMA 2", "Kevin Lenzo", "Agent systems reference model", "Java Agent Template", "Hierarchical control system", "Psi-Theory", "User (computing)", "Data pack", "Tamagotchi effect", "Open Agent Architecture", "Dell Support Center", "Social interface", "Daniel S. Weld", "Expertise finding", "Cognitive Computing Research Group", "SynfiniWay", "Intelligent software assistant", "AgentSpeak", "Jason (multi-agent systems development platform)", "JACK Intelligent Agents", "Email agent (infrastructure)", "Semantic P2P networks", "Prey (software)", "LIDA (cognitive architecture)", "June 1961", "Contract Net Protocol", "Techila Grid", "Agent-oriented programming", "Deliberative agent", "Task analysis environment modeling simulation", "Forest informatics", "Multi-Agent Programming Contest", "Golaem Crowd", "Automated personal assistant", "Intelligent personal assistant", "Subject-oriented business process management", "Pedagogical agent", "Juan Pav\u00f3n", "INGENIAS", "Outline of natural language processing", "Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning Group", "OpenLMI", "Automatic taxonomy induction", "Miarmy"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3f75d1f40b0684e42f7159162a5f379a b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3f75d1f40b0684e42f7159162a5f379a new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e273a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/3f75d1f40b0684e42f7159162a5f379a @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +born in Kabul, Afghanistan \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/40951ce0e7bbb02c70977d4385990e5b b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/40951ce0e7bbb02c70977d4385990e5b new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3115dd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/40951ce0e7bbb02c70977d4385990e5b @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["George Armitage Miller", "Martin Heidegger", "Neuropsychology", "John B. Watson", "List of psychological schools", "Phenomenalism", "Understanding", "Psychophysiology", "Baruch Spinoza", "Applied psychology", "Pain (philosophy)", "Humanistic psychology", "John McDowell", "Industrial and organizational psychology", "Mental process", "Gestalt psychology", "Gilbert Ryle", "Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya", "Emergent materialism", "Neutral monism", "Karl Popper", "Reinforcement", "Consumer behaviour", "Donald O. Hebb", "Propositional attitude", "Counseling psychology", "Walden Two", "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard", "Hard problem of consciousness", "Ingenuity", "Physicalism", "Experimental analysis of behavior", "Clinical psychology", "Logotherapy", "Franz Brentano", "Identity (philosophy)", "Albert Bandura", "G. E. Moore", "Raymond Cattell", "Metaphysics", "Mental event", "Idealism", "Vasubandhu", "Edward Thorndike", "Edmund Husserl", "Erik Erikson", "Introspection", "B. F. Skinner", "Behavioral neuroscience", "List of psychological research methods", "Zhuang Zhou", "Artificial intelligence", "Consciousness", "Marvin Minsky", "J. L. Austin", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "Intentionality", "Language acquisition", "Operant conditioning chamber", "David Chalmers", "Cognitivism (psychology)", "Sigmund Freud", "Carl Jung", "Thomas Nagel", "Albert Ellis", "Dualism (philosophy of mind)", "Community psychology", "Developmental psychology", "Eclecticism", "Richard Rorty", "Hilary Putnam", "Classical conditioning", "Concept and object", "List of important publications in psychology", "Psychoanalytic theory", "Epiphenomenalism", "Na\u00efve realism", "Concept", "G. E. M. Anscombe", "Intelligence", "Alexander Bain", "Psychometrics", "Cognitive closure (philosophy)", "Psychophysics", "Philosophy of psychology", "Chinese room", "Mental property", "Analytic philosophy", "Edward C. Tolman", "Abraham Maslow", "Psychology", "John Searle", "Cognitive psychology", "Mental image", "Traffic psychology", "Case study", "Pragmatism", "Philosophy of perception", "Evolutionary psychology", "Language of thought hypothesis", "C. D. Broad", "Ren\u00e9 Descartes", "Jean Piaget", "David Lewis (philosopher)", "Human subject research", "Gordon Allport", "Radical behaviorism", "Materialism", "Positive psychology", "Phenomenology (philosophy)", "Patricia Churchland", "Theoretical psychology", "New mysterianism", "List of psychologists", "Analytical psychology", "Hans Eysenck", "Problem of other minds", "Forensic psychology", "Derek Parfit", "Psycholinguistics", "School psychology", "Daniel Dennett", "Vladimir Bekhterev", "Noam Chomsky", "Neurophenomenology", "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "Personality psychology", "Medical psychology", "Transpersonal psychology", "Eliminative materialism", "Alfred Adler", "Cognitive neuroscience", "Abnormal psychology", "Content analysis", "Psychology of religion", "William James", "Jerry Fodor", "Social psychology", "Monism", "Carl Rogers", "Differential psychology", "Alan Turing", "Functionalism (philosophy of mind)", "Psychologist", "Solipsism", "Cognition", "Index of psychology articles", "Aaron T. Beck", "Educational psychology", "Henri Bergson", "Philosophical zombie", "Operant conditioning", "Ivan Pavlov", "Comparative psychology", "Viktor Frankl", "Wilhelm Wundt", "Tabula rasa", "Quantitative psychological research", "Donald Davidson (philosopher)", "Experimental psychology", "Kenneth and Mamie Clark", "Maurice Merleau-Ponty", "Mind", "Idea", "Cognitive behavioral therapy", "Legal psychology", "Leon Festinger", "Psychological testing", "Harry Harlow"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/41fc33c8b5d22da14352225ecc9d86fa b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/41fc33c8b5d22da14352225ecc9d86fa new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cd9b18 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/41fc33c8b5d22da14352225ecc9d86fa @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Advertising", "B. F. Skinner", "Cognitive behavioral therapy", "Cognitive psychology", "Carl Rogers", "Critical psychology", "Major depressive disorder", "Developmental psychology", "Epiphenomenalism", "Evolutionary psychology", "Educational psychology", "Emotion", "Fear", "Hermann Ebbinghaus", "History of science", "Differential psychology", "Industrial and organizational psychology", "Learning theory (education)", "Milgram experiment", "Medical psychology", "Manifesto", "Psychology", "Philosophy of perception", "Psychophysiology", "Psychotherapy", "Psychometrics", "Personality psychology", "Psychohistory", "Sigmund Freud", "Social psychology", "Stanley Milgram", "September 25", "Wilhelm Wundt", "Brave New World", "Nature versus nurture", "Carl Jung", "Determinism", "Cognitive neuroscience", "Ivan Pavlov", "Robert Yerkes", "Attention", "Gestalt psychology", "Otto Rank", "Psychologist", "Alfred Adler", "John Watson", "Edward Thorndike", "William James", "Jean Piaget", "Alexander Bain", "James Mark Baldwin", "Psychoanalytic theory", "Popular psychology", "Milton H. Erickson", "Crowd psychology", "Psycholinguistics", "Leon Festinger", "Adult", "Human intelligence", "Psychological testing", "Viktor Frankl", "Hans Eysenck", "List of psychological research methods", "Positive psychology", "Organizational commitment", "Learning", "Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson", "List of psychologists", "Gustav Fechner", "Reinforcement", "Index of psychology articles", "Albert Bandura", "Abnormal psychology", "Albert Ellis", "Philosophy of psychology", "Radical behaviorism", "Peer group", "Sexual identity", "Neuropsychology", "Abraham Maslow", "Case study", "Cognitivism (psychology)", "Introspection", "List of experiments", "Donald O. Hebb", "Humanistic psychology", "Applied psychology", "Man's Search for Meaning", "1913 in science", "1920 in science", "Folk psychology", "Experimental psychology", "Experimental analysis of behavior", "Quantitative psychological research", "Comparative psychology", "Transpersonal psychology", "George Armitage Miller", "Cognitive neuropsychology", "List of people from South Carolina", "Index of philosophy articles (I\u2013Q)", "Praxeology", "Animal cognition", "Erik Erikson", "Psychophysics", "Human subject research", "Analytical psychology", "School psychology", "Content analysis", "Forensic psychology", "Physiological psychology", "Clinical psychology", "Little Albert experiment", "Counseling psychology", "Psychology of religion", "Aaron T. Beck", "Prenatal and perinatal psychology", "Karl Lashley", "Behaviorism", "List of people from Maryland", "Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin memory model", "Traffic psychology", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Timeline of scientific experiments", "Activity theory", "Kenneth and Mamie Clark", "Logotherapy", "Community psychology", "Complex (psychology)", "Harold L. Ickes", "Ernst Heinrich Weber", "Jacques Loeb", "James Rowland Angell", "Child discipline", "Weapon focus", "Legal psychology", "Watson", "Will to power", "Theoretical psychology", "Discursive psychology", "Mental health", "Phallic stage", "Ryle's regress", "Moral psychology", "List of psychological schools", "Cognitive restructuring", "Integrative psychotherapy", "Vladimir Bekhterev", "Gordon Allport", "List of important publications in psychology", "Psychological Review", "Raymond Cattell", "Detection theory", "Repertory grid", "Visual memory", "Political psychology", "Filipino psychology", "Health psychology", "Psychodynamic psychotherapy", "History of psychology", "A Clockwork Orange (film)", "Perceptual control theory", "Clark L. Hull", "Child (archetype)", "Existential therapy", "Mary Cover Jones", "Kurt Lewin", "Wonderlic Test", "Depth psychology", "Ecopsychology", "Flashback (psychology)", "Mathematical psychology", "Cognitive revolution", "Karl Abraham", "Ego psychology", "JWT", "Mariette Hartley", "Edwin Ray Guthrie", "Laboratory rat", "Cultural psychology", "Behavior modification", "Cognitive complexity", "Asian psychology", "List of Johns Hopkins University people", "List of psychology disciplines", "Philosophy of artificial intelligence", "Mentalism (psychology)", "Timeline of psychology", "List of philosophy anniversaries", "List of University of Chicago alumni", "Outline of psychology", "Affect (psychology)", "Suicidology", "List of philosophers born in the 19th century", "Biological basis of love", "Music psychology", "Walter Mischel", "List of psychology organizations", "Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology", "Descriptive psychology", "Social isolation", "Journal of Psychohistory", "List of clinical psychologists", "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care", "List of philosophers (R\u2013Z)", "Media psychology", "Edwin Holt", "Stanley Schachter", "Thought suppression", "Neal E. Miller", "Concept learning", "Dissociation (neuropsychology)", "Feminist therapy", "Cultural-historical psychology", "Coffee culture", "Jerome Kagan", "Edwin B. Twitmyer", "American Journal of Psychology", "Phenomenology (psychology)", "Journal of Applied Psychology", "Psychological Bulletin", "List of psychiatrists", "Feminine psychology", "Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis", "Edna B. Foa", "Journal of Abnormal Psychology", "Child development", "Marian Breland Bailey", "Sequence learning", "Training and licensing of clinical psychologists", "Eastern philosophy in clinical psychology", "Expectancy-value theory", "Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training", "Disconfirmed expectancy", "Jungian archetypes", "Two-factor models of personality", "Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin", "Personality and Social Psychology Review", "Journal of Experimental Social Psychology", "Unus mundus", "Sufi psychology", "Organismic theory", "History of psychotherapy", "Adult development", "Animal consciousness", "Jochen Fahrenberg", "Mindfulness (psychology)", "Charles Ferster", "Genetic epistemology", "Personality systematics", "The Psychology of The Simpsons", "List of developmental psychologists", "Impulse (psychology)", "Dr. Fox effect", "Irving Gottesman", "List of Kappa Alpha Order members", "Human sexuality", "Fear of fish", "Psychological determinism", "Break (work)", "Behavior analysis of child development", "Norbert Schwarz", "Systems psychology", "Emotion classification", "Elias Porter", "Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior", "List of atheists (miscellaneous)", "List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field", "Subpersonality", "Occupational health psychology", "David McClelland", "Horacio Etchegoyen", "Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies", "Voodoo death", "Will to live", "Self and Identity", "Metapsychology", "Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control", "C. T. K. Chari", "Harry Tiebout", "Review of General Psychology", "Interpersonal perception", "Society for Occupational Health Psychology", "Test validity", "European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology", "David Sarwer", "Basic science (psychology)", "Steve Abadie-Rosier", "Harvey A. Carr", "Kerplunk experiment", "Employment integrity testing", "Psychobabble", "Hypostatic model of personality", "Cognitive-affective personality system", "Phenomenal field theory", "Biospheric model of personality", "Psychological behaviorism", "Behavioural genetics", "Handwriting movement analysis", "Situational strength", "Carl E. Thoresen", "Thomas G. Plante", "Feminist psychology", "Black psychology", "Archival research", "The Master and His Emissary", "Sport psychology", "Implicit learning", "David McNeill", "Barbara Hannah", "Hypoactivity", "Mental operations", "Psychology of Religion and Coping (book)", "Gregory Berns", "Visual capture", "Rolf Reber", "Robert S. Wyer", "Experiential avoidance", "Memory and social interactions", "Social competence", "Anton Formann", "Positive education", "Emotion (journal)", "Family therapy", "History of evolutionary psychology", "Middle Eastern Mental Health Issues & Syndromes", "Dylan Morgan", "Michael McCullough (psychologist)", "Richard M. Lerner", "Social cue", "Individual psychological assessment", "Retrieval-induced forgetting", "Faith and Health: Psychological Perspectives", "Certified Sex Therapist", "International Institute for Trauma and Addiction Professionals", "Cannabis and memory", "Conditioned emotional response", "Surface dyslexia", "Mechanical aptitude", "Peter L. Benson", "The Meditative Mind", "Behavioral epigenetics", "Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology", "Hubert Benoit (psychotherapist)", "Emotion perception", "Leston Havens", "J. E. Wallace Wallin", "Christian Goste\u010dnik", "List of Furman University people", "List of psychological effects", "Edward Wheeler Scripture", "Social sharing of emotions", "Graham Reed (psychologist)", "Jerrold Lee Shapiro", "David B. Feldman", "Shauna Shapiro", "Six degrees of separation", "Pogonophobia", "Dale Larson", "Rosalie Rayner", "Evaluative diversity", "Pearson-Marr Archetype Indicator (PMAI)", "Helmut Leder", "Paul Gilbert (psychologist)", "The Doctor and the Soul", "Children's use of information", "Structured cognitive behavioral training", "The Unconscious God", "Culture and positive psychology"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/43724864e14ed2907c47cf46da81dcdb b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/43724864e14ed2907c47cf46da81dcdb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4daab59 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/43724864e14ed2907c47cf46da81dcdb @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Albert W. Tucker", "Personal property", "John Harsanyi", "Population transfer", "Discrete mathematics", "Financial economics", "Homestead principle", "Economic system", "Mathematical statistics", "Elementary algebra", "Open access", "Microeconomics", "Common land", "Cooperative game", "Operations research", "Regulatory taking", "Evolutionarily stable strategy", "Daniel Kahneman", "Accumulation by dispossession", "Nuclear strategy", "Karl Polanyi", "Mathematical optimization", "Irrationality", "Economic history", "Environmental economics", "Fair division", "Property law", "Hex (board game)", "Best response", "Natural selection", "Gift economy", "Regional science", "Discrete geometry", "Health economics", "Chess", "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "Crown land", "Riparian water rights", "John Locke", "Index of economics articles", "Enclosure", "Decision theory", "Prisoners and hats puzzle", "John Maynard Smith", "Inheritance", "Minimax", "Lists of mathematics topics", "Community property", "Managerial economics", "Marcel Mauss", "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bastiat", "David Ricardo", "Natural and legal rights", "Artificial intelligence", "Poker", "Economic geography", "Public choice", "Mathematical model", "Player (game)", "Arithmetic", "Private property", "Duopoly", "Combinatorial game theory", "Altruism", "Brouwer fixed-point theorem", "Multilinear algebra", "Eminent domain", "Economics", "Game studies", "Number theory", "Political economy", "Property", "Evolutionary game theory", "Property tax", "Common good", "Reinforcement learning", "Land tenure", "Bounded rationality", "Mathematical physics", "Real property", "Behavioral economics", "Econometrics", "Perfect rationality", "Mechanism design", "Public property", "Nash equilibrium", "Category theory", "Rent-seeking", "Combinatorics", "Freedom to roam", "Reinhard Selten", "David Gauthier", "Ecological economics", "Calculus", "Agricultural economics", "Experimental economics", "Algebraic geometry", "Exclusive economic zone", "Adam Smith", "Mathematical analysis", "Industrial organization", "Political science", "Democratic peace theory", "Prisoner's dilemma", "Henry George", "Pareto efficiency", "Oskar Morgenstern", "Collusion", "Rock-paper-scissors", "Real estate", "Free rider problem", "Land reform", "Law and economics", "Rivalry (economics)", "Oligopoly", "Privatization", "List of important publications in economics", "List of economists", "John Forbes Nash, Jr.", "Macroeconomics", "Poaching", "Evolutionary economics", "Control theory", "Differential geometry", "Monetary economics", "Primogeniture", "Development economics", "Forced migration", "Arrow's impossibility theorem", "Perfect information", "Graph theory", "Chicken (game)", "Bioprospecting", "Functional analysis", "Ronald Coase", "Game semantics", "Coordination game", "George R. Price", "Dr. Strangelove", "Auction", "Linear algebra", "Information theory", "Probability theory", "Economic model", "Economic equilibrium", "Numerical analysis", "Finite geometry", "Deterrence theory", "Georgism", "Intellectual property", "John Stuart Mill", "Mathematical logic", "John von Neumann", "Pure mathematics"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/43dc1f6ff2a63750034e760c24f0f18c b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/43dc1f6ff2a63750034e760c24f0f18c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..575c4fd --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/43dc1f6ff2a63750034e760c24f0f18c @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Sun", "Depleted uranium", "Microwave", "Electrometer", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Mobile phone radiation and health", "Neutron activation analysis", "Neutron", "Health physics", "Nuclear physics", "Radionuclide", "Supernova", "Sievert", "Radiation hormesis", "Natural environment", "Ultraviolet", "Acute radiation syndrome", "Hawking radiation", "Inverse-square law", "Background radiation", "Nuclear fusion", "Radiation therapy", "Electromagnetic radiation and health", "Nuclear reactor", "Radioactive contamination", "Half-life", "Thermal radiation", "Radioactive decay", "Cosmic ray", "X-ray", "Nuclear weapon", "Particle radiation", "Cancer", "Quasar", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Nuclear fission", "Beta particle", "Ionizing radiation", "Radiation hardening"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/461b46d69f38f0f1a0cef86a37ee2ba9 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/461b46d69f38f0f1a0cef86a37ee2ba9 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1bb69ec --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/461b46d69f38f0f1a0cef86a37ee2ba9 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Albert Einstein", "Atomic physics", "Antimatter", "Antiparticle", "August 8", "Aage Bohr", "Arthur Eddington", "Bra\u2013ket notation", "Baryon", "Condensed matter physics", "Charles Babbage", "California Institute of Technology", "Copenhagen interpretation", "Casimir effect", "Double-slit experiment", "England", "Electron", "Many-worlds interpretation", "Edward Waring", "Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger", "Eugene Wigner", "Electroweak interaction", "Enrico Fermi", "EPR paradox", "Fundamental interaction", "Felix Bloch", "Fermion", "Feynman diagram", "General relativity", "Guglielmo Marconi", "Gluon", "History of physics", "Hydrogen atom", "Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)", "Interference (wave propagation)", "John Bardeen", "John von Neumann", "James Watson", "Karl Ferdinand Braun", "Leon M. Lederman", "List of agnostics", "John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh", "Luminiferous aether", "Mechanics", "Magnetism", "Max Planck", "M-theory", "Marie Curie", "Murray Gell-Mann", "Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics", "Numerology", "Niels Bohr", "Nuclear physics", "Neutrino", "No-cloning theorem", "October 20", "Optics", "Physics", "Physical constant", "Particle physics", "Physicist", "Photon", "List of physicists", "Pierre Curie", "Pauli exclusion principle", "Positron", "Quantization (physics)", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum chromodynamics", "Quantum field theory", "Quantum electrodynamics", "Quantum entanglement", "Richard Feynman", "Recreational mathematics", "Special relativity", "Schr\u00f6dinger's cat", "Strong interaction", "Spinor", "Theory of everything", "Theoretical chemistry", "Uncertainty principle", "Vacuum", "Werner Heisenberg", "William Shockley", "Walter Houser Brattain", "Wave\u2013particle duality", "Weak interaction", "Wolfgang Pauli", "1984", "1902", "1933", "Bristol", "Dirac delta function", "Antimatter rocket", "J. Robert Oppenheimer", "Ernest Lawrence", "Robert S. Mulliken", "Physical law", "Dirac equation", "Howard Florey", "Zhores Alferov", "Carlo Rubbia", "Clifford algebra", "Standard Model", "Atomic, molecular, and optical physics", "St John's College, Cambridge", "Robert Andrews Millikan", "Fine-structure constant", "Louis de Broglie", "John Polkinghorne", "Quantum harmonic oscillator", "Charles K. Kao", "Antihydrogen", "Nobel Prize in Physics", "Henri Becquerel", "De Broglie\u2013Bohm theory", "Interpretations of quantum mechanics", "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes", "Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics", "Timeline of thermodynamics", "Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions", "Timeline of cosmological theories", "Bracket", "Energy level", "Schr\u00f6dinger equation", "University of Bristol", "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen", "Max Born", "Density matrix", "Jack Kilby", "J. J. Thomson", "Wave function collapse", "Satyendra Nath Bose", "Principle of relativity", "Paul Ehrenfest", "Igor Tamm", "Lev Landau", "Quantum superposition", "University of Miami", "Antiproton", "Hendrik Lorentz", "Gustaf Dal\u00e9n", "Albert A. Michelson", "Isaac Barrow", "Riccardo Giacconi", "Robert Hofstadter", "Philosophy of physics", "Maria Goeppert-Mayer", "Ronald Fisher", "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar", "Wave function", "Ernst Ruska", "Lucasian Professor of Mathematics", "Wilhelm Wien", "University of Bath", "Frederick Reines", "Alexander Prokhorov", "John Edensor Littlewood", "Fermi\u2013Dirac statistics", "Hannes Alfv\u00e9n", "Dirac (video compression format)", "Hans Adolf Krebs", "Dennis Gabor", "Mathematical physics", "James Chadwick", "Magnetic monopole", "Tom Van Flandern", "Color charge", "List of unsolved problems in physics", "Institute for Advanced Study", "Quantum decoherence", "Hans Bethe", "Self-adjoint operator", "Hideki Yukawa", "William Whiston", "Quantum indeterminacy", "Force carrier", "Virtual particle", "Masatoshi Koshiba", "Nicholas Saunderson", "Isidor Isaac Rabi", "George Biddell Airy", "Steven Weinberg", "Pieter Zeeman", "Klein\u2013Gordon equation", "Density functional theory", "Hidden variable theory", "Subatomic particle", "Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet", "Bernard Katz", "Leo Esaki", "Multivalued function", "Matter wave", "Minkowski space", "Johannes Diderik van der Waals", "Rudolf M\u00f6ssbauer", "Dirac Prize", "Florida State University", "Carl Wieman", "Projective geometry", "Frits Zernike", "Principle of least action", "Samuel C. C. Ting", "Chen-Ning Yang", "Tsung-Dao Lee", "Pavel Cherenkov", "Louis N\u00e9el", "John C. Lilly", "Julian Schwinger", "Culture of the United Kingdom", "Frank Wilczek", "C. V. Raman", "Coherent states", "Aharonov\u2013Bohm effect", "Sin-Itiro Tomonaga", "Renormalization", "Introduction to gauge theory", "Wightman axioms", "Vacuum expectation value", "Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)", "Spontaneous symmetry breaking", "Antony Hewish", "William Lawrence Bragg", "Pyotr Kapitsa", "Abdus Salam", "Heisenberg picture", "Partition function (quantum field theory)", "Dirac sea", "Quantum chaos", "Herbert Kroemer", "Abraham Pais", "Robert Woodrow Wilson", "Arno Allan Penzias", "Luis Walter Alvarez", "Michael Berry (physicist)", "Friedrich Hund", "Order of Merit", "Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett", "Length contraction", "Peter Higgs", "Vitaly Ginzburg", "Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov", "Bertram Brockhouse", "Georges Charpak", "Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "1902 in science", "John Cockcroft", "Alan Lloyd Hodgkin", "Behram Kur\u015funo\u011flu", "Walther Bothe", "Astrophysics", "Ernest Walton", "Anomaly (physics)", "Harish-Chandra", "Copley Medal", "Donald A. Glaser", "Emilio G. Segr\u00e8", "James Franck", "Human Accomplishment", "Owen Chamberlain", "Tadeus Reichstein", "Chern\u2013Simons theory", "Philipp Lenard", "Formal system", "Matrix mechanics", "Max von Laue", "William Henry Bragg", "Charles Glover Barkla", "Victor Francis Hess", "Carl David Anderson", "Otto Stern", "Percy Williams Bridgman", "Edward Victor Appleton", "C. F. Powell", "Edward Mills Purcell", "Polykarp Kusch", "Ilya Frank", "J. Hans D. Jensen", "Charles Hard Townes", "Alfred Kastler", "Leon Cooper", "John Robert Schrieffer", "Ivar Giaever", "Brian Josephson", "Martin Ryle", "Ben Roy Mottelson", "James Rainwater", "Burton Richter", "Philip Warren Anderson", "Nevill Francis Mott", "John Hasbrouck Van Vleck", "Sheldon Lee Glashow", "James Cronin", "Val Logsdon Fitch", "Nicolaas Bloembergen", "Arthur Leonard Schawlow", "Kai Siegbahn", "Kenneth G. Wilson", "Eric Allin Cornell", "Complete Fermi\u2013Dirac integral", "Incomplete Fermi\u2013Dirac integral", "Hurwitz zeta function", "Frank Macfarlane Burnet", "Second quantization", "Schr\u00f6dinger picture", "Mass\u2013energy equivalence", "World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists", "Many-body problem", "Douglas Osheroff", "Arthur Compton", "Johannes Stark", "Path integral formulation", "Classical limit", "Analytical mechanics", "List of scientific constants named after people", "Willis Lamb", "Pure mathematics", "Baryogenesis", "Transactional interpretation", "List of theoretical physicists", "Prosopagnosia", "Gerard 't Hooft", "Martinus J. G. Veltman", "Tullio Levi-Civita", "Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.", "Russell Alan Hulse", "Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.", "Spectral theory", "Scientific phenomena named after people", "Owen Willans Richardson", "Clifford Shull", "Quantum number", "Azimuthal quantum number", "Tetraquark", "Robert Woodhouse", "Action at a distance", "Charles \u00c9douard Guillaume", "Manne Siegbahn", "Measurement in quantum mechanics", "Jean Baptiste Perrin", "Pierre-Gilles de Gennes", "Relativistic wave equations", "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson", "William Alfred Fowler", "1928 in science", "Penning trap", "Point (geometry)", "Wolfgang Paul", "1929 in science", "1984 in science", "B\u00e9la Bollob\u00e1s", "Timeline of scientific discoveries", "Claude Cohen-Tannoudji", "William Daniel Phillips", "Boris Podolsky", "Hilbert's sixth problem", "Quantum tunnelling", "Higgs mechanism", "David Gross", "Michael Green (physicist)", "Plekton", "John D. Barrow", "Quantum optics", "Anthony James Leggett", "Quantum information science", "Joseph Larmor", "Klaus von Klitzing", "Faddeev\u2013Popov ghost", "Lattice gauge theory", "Dirac string", "Yang\u2013Mills theory", "Effective field theory", "Quantum geometry", "Coupling constant", "Robert B. Laughlin", "Rotation operator (quantum mechanics)", "Propagator", "Semiclassical physics", "Correlation function (quantum field theory)", "Vacuum state", "List of predictions", "Canonical commutation relation", "Wolfgang Ketterle", "Quantum statistical mechanics", "Gaugino", "Chargino", "Higgsino", "Ralph H. Fowler", "Laplace\u2013Runge\u2013Lenz vector", "George Paget Thomson", "Jerome Isaac Friedman", "Robert H. Dicke", "Exotic baryon", "List of eponyms (A\u2013K)", "List of prizes named after people", "Simon van der Meer", "Sydney Chapman (mathematician)", "Jack Steinberger", "Consistent histories", "Proceedings of the Royal Society", "Yoshio Nishina", "Modern physics", "Glueball", "Sesquilinear form", "M. S. Bartlett", "Canonical quantization", "Harold Jeffreys", "First class constraint", "Bell test experiments", "Daniel C. Tsui", "Bishopston, Bristol", "Interaction picture", "Timeline of luminiferous aether", "Primary constraint", "Fermi's golden rule", "Clinton Davisson", "Antineutron", "James Lighthill", "Stern\u2013Gerlach experiment", "Lattice QCD", "Max Planck Medal", "Mass gap", "Rudolf Peierls", "Beta function (physics)", "Antimatter weapon", "Quantum field theory in curved spacetime", "Yoichiro Nambu", "Clebsch\u2013Gordan coefficients", "Lamb shift", "Spin quantum number", "E. T. Whittaker", "Dirac operator", "List of University of Cambridge members", "Hyperon", "Chronon", "List of Nobel laureates", "Old quantum theory", "Quantum cosmology", "Cyril Norman Hinshelwood", "Homi J. Bhabha", "The Fabric of the Cosmos", "Wheeler\u2013DeWitt equation", "Relativistic quantum chemistry", "Point particle", "Variable speed of light", "Meanings of minor planet names: 5501\u20136000", "Proca action", "Chung-Yao Chao", "Adric", "Richard C. Tolman", "Dirac large numbers hypothesis", "Quantum Darwinism", "LSZ reduction formula", "Charlotte Froese Fischer", "Copenhagen (play)", "Feynman slash notation", "History of chemistry", "Saul Perlmutter", "Free field", "Scientific formalism", "Complementarity (physics)", "Nikolay Basov", "Generalized function", "Introduction to special relativity", "Horst Ludwig St\u00f6rmer", "Martin Lewis Perl", "Jos\u00e9 Leite Lopes", "Gabriel Andrew Dirac", "RIKEN", "Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky", "Transformation theory (quantum mechanics)", "Royal Medal", "Tests of general relativity", "History of special relativity", "Peter Gr\u00fcnberg", "Albert Fert", "List of Nobel laureates by country", "Davisson\u2013Germer experiment", "Deductive-nomological model", "Cosmology", "Spin\u2013orbit interaction", "Wigner quasiprobability distribution", "Raymond Davis, Jr.", "Crossing (physics)", "History of general relativity", "Gauge fixing", "David Lee (physicist)", "Regularization (physics)", "Hans Georg Dehmelt", "Standard Model (mathematical formulation)", "A System of Logic", "History of quantum field theory", "List of Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen people", "Melvin Schwartz", "Henry Way Kendall", "Robert Coleman Richardson", "Jo\u00e3o Magueijo", "List of humanists", "Fermionic field", "Aether theories"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4ab43824a94f1abf5facdc5b51acbe4c b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4ab43824a94f1abf5facdc5b51acbe4c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdd2bec --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4ab43824a94f1abf5facdc5b51acbe4c @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Dynamic programming", "Stochastic game", "Partially observable Markov decision process", "Reinforcement learning", "Q-learning", "Markov property", "Ronald A. Howard", "Andrey Markov", "Markov chain", "Bellman equation"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4ad999aa48e4ed0d089d360163b830d2 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4ad999aa48e4ed0d089d360163b830d2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..362d6f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4ad999aa48e4ed0d089d360163b830d2 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Atom", "Big Bang", "Baryon", "Inflation (cosmology)", "California Institute of Technology", "Conservation law", "Casimir effect", "Dark matter", "Electron", "Electromagnetism", "Electroweak interaction", "Fundamental interaction", "Force", "Elementary particle", "Fermion", "Feynman diagram", "Grand Unified Theory", "Gluon", "History of physics", "Kaluza\u2013Klein theory", "Lie group", "Mass", "Group (mathematics)", "Meson", "Muon", "Neutron", "Nuclear physics", "Neutrino", "Physics", "Particle physics", "Proton", "Photon", "Proton decay", "Outline of physics", "Quark", "Quantization (physics)", "Quantum chromodynamics", "Quantum field theory", "Quantum electrodynamics", "Quantum gravity", "Strong interaction", "String theory", "Sudbury Neutrino Observatory", "Super-Kamiokande", "Speed of light", "Time", "Theory of everything", "Universe", "Weak interaction", "Magnetic field", "Radionuclide", "Cosmological constant", "Dirac equation", "Group theory", "Reality", "Carlo Rubbia", "Fine-structure constant", "Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics", "Lepton", "Zero-point energy", "List of group theory topics", "Tevatron", "List of letters used in mathematics and science", "C-symmetry", "Loop quantum gravity", "Scalar field", "Fifth force", "Planck scale", "Special unitary group", "Greisen\u2013Zatsepin\u2013Kuzmin limit", "Color charge", "List of unsolved problems in physics", "Hans Bethe", "Force carrier", "Lagrangian", "Orders of magnitude (time)", "Steven Weinberg", "Omega baryon", "6 (number)", "17 (number)", "Klein\u2013Gordon equation", "Subatomic particle", "Supersymmetry", "Top quark", "Newton's law of universal gravitation", "Compact Muon Solenoid", "Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics", "Instrumentalism", "List of Korean Americans", "Renormalization", "Renormalization group", "Introduction to gauge theory", "Wightman axioms", "Georgi\u2013Glashow model", "Technicolor (physics)", "Vacuum expectation value", "Schwinger model", "Spontaneous symmetry breaking", "Abdus Salam", "Partition function (quantum field theory)", "SM", "Neutralino", "Peter Higgs", "Anti-gravity", "Asymmetry", "Baryon number", "Brian Greene", "Large Hadron Collider", "Anomaly (physics)", "List of particles", "Kaon", "Chern\u2013Simons theory", "Quantum gauge theory", "W and Z bosons", "Second quantization", "Gauge boson", "Supergravity", "Path integral formulation", "Topological quantum field theory", "Dimensionless physical constant", "Baryogenesis", "BaBar experiment", "ATLAS experiment", "Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology", "The Astonishing Hypothesis", "List of mathematical topics in quantum theory", "Lorentz covariance", "Tetraquark", "H1 (particle detector)", "Action at a distance", "Relativistic wave equations", "Large Electron\u2013Positron Collider", "Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model", "Superpartner", "Goldstone boson", "Majoron", "The Elegant Universe", "Gravitino", "Hilbert's sixth problem", "Spin foam", "Higgs mechanism", "Andrew Strominger", "Asymptotic freedom", "Vector boson", "Plekton", "Faddeev\u2013Popov ghost", "Lattice gauge theory", "Randall\u2013Sundrum model", "Infrared fixed point", "Lisa Randall", "Yang\u2013Mills theory", "Isospin", "Effective field theory", "Coupling constant", "Hierarchy problem", "Landau pole", "Propagator", "Correlation function (quantum field theory)", "Vacuum state", "Fermi's interaction", "Gaugino", "Chargino", "Higgsino", "Exotic baryon", "Haag's theorem", "Noncommutative quantum field theory", "Glueball", "Infinite divisibility", "Canonical quantization", "Brans\u2013Dicke theory", "Lattice QCD", "Lambda-CDM model", "Mass gap", "Beta function (physics)", "Quantum field theory in curved spacetime", "Lamb shift", "The Road to Reality", "The Tao of Physics", "Cabibbo\u2013Kobayashi\u2013Maskawa matrix", "Hyperon", "International Linear Collider", "Astronomical radio source", "N-vector model", "Chirality (physics)", "Domain wall", "Norwegian American", "False vacuum", "Quantum cosmology", "Parity (physics)", "Wheeler\u2013DeWitt equation", "Point particle", "LHCb", "Proca action", "Stueckelberg action", "Yukawa interaction", "Neutrino oscillation", "Chiral model", "Lepton number", "Toda field theory", "Gauge anomaly", "LSZ reduction formula", "Seesaw mechanism", "Quartic interaction", "Preon", "Penguin diagram", "Free field", "Top quark condensate", "Non-linear sigma model", "Alternatives to the Standard Model Higgs", "Wess\u2013Zumino\u2013Witten model", "Tests of special relativity", "Sphaleron", "Weak hypercharge", "Leptogenesis (physics)", "Klaus Hasselmann", "Peter Woit", "Deductive-nomological model", "Flavour (particle physics)", "SO(10) (physics)", "Crossing (physics)", "Rishon model", "Gauge fixing", "Quark model", "Standard Model (mathematical formulation)", "Contact force", "Causal dynamical triangulation", "History of quantum field theory", "Double electron capture", "Scattering theory", "Baryon asymmetry", "Deep inelastic scattering", "Fermionic field", "Dirac fermion", "Nambu\u2013Jona-Lasinio model", "Yang\u2013Mills existence and mass gap", "Tau neutrino", "Generation (particle physics)", "Collider Detector at Fermilab", "Timeline of particle discoveries", "Sterile neutrino", "List of baryons", "MiniBooNE", "Gabriel Green", "Flavor-changing neutral current", "Particle zoo", "Cosmic neutrino background", "Wess\u2013Zumino model", "Gross\u2013Neveu model", "Symmetry (physics)", "Anomalous magnetic dipole moment", "John Clive Ward", "Phenomenology (particle physics)", "Introduction to quantum mechanics", "Majorana equation", "Gauge covariant derivative", "Split supersymmetry", "Supersplit supersymmetry", "D0 experiment", "Leptoquark", "ZEUS (particle detector)", "DONUT", "Callan\u2013Symanzik equation", "Thirring model", "Event generator", "Custodial symmetry", "Background field method", "Particle physics and representation theory", "Sfermion", "Scalar-tensor theory", "Walter Dr\u00f6scher", "Michel parameters", "Hidden sector", "Model building (particle physics)", "Canonical quantum gravity", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Nonlocal Lagrangian", "March 2006", "Thirty Meter Telescope", "Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model", "Warm dark matter", "Hans-Hermann Hupfeld", "Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment", "Universal extra dimension", "Naturalness (physics)", "Majorana fermion", "Electromagnetic mass", "ISOLTRAP", "Charge (physics)", "Nuclear astrophysics", "CLEO (particle detector)", "Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso", "Standard solar model", "History of electromagnetic theory", "BTeV experiment", "Giorgi Dvali", "G-factor (physics)", "History of mathematical notation", "Particle Data Group", "Deceleration parameter", "NO\u03bdA", "BRST quantization", "Lambda baryon", "Molecular Hamiltonian", "Enriched Xenon Observatory", "B\u2013Bbar oscillation", "Strange B meson", "Peskin\u2013Takeuchi parameter", "The Way the World Is", "Wick's theorem", "Noncommutative standard model", "331 model", "Sigma baryon", "Nuclear structure", "Bilepton", "Precision tests of QED", "Quark\u2013lepton complementarity", "C. R. Hagen", "Causal sets", "String-net liquid", "Invariance mechanics", "WITCH experiment", "Contemporary history", "Particle physics in cosmology", "Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)", "Toshihide Maskawa", "Type II supernova", "Chiral gauge theory", "David B. Kaplan", "John Iliopoulos", "Sundance Bilson-Thompson", "Daniel Z. Freedman", "Ashok Das", "Marcela Carena", "Unparticle physics", "Toroidal ring model", "Yoji Totsuka", "The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?", "Jos\u00e9 W. F. Valle", "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything", "The Five Ages of the Universe", "Color\u2013flavor locking", "Universal composability", "Large extra dimension", "B meson", "QCDOC", "D meson", "Automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay", "Neutron electric dipole moment", "MHV amplitudes", "Noether's second theorem", "Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments", "Standard model (disambiguation)", "India-based Neutrino Observatory", "Future of an expanding universe", "Quark\u2013gluon plasma", "Alexey Andreevich Anselm", "CP violation", "ZZ diboson", "Spin (physics)", "Theoretical physics", "Superstring theory", "Matter", "Vector meson dominance", "Higgs boson", "Boson", "Scientific controversy", "Shoichi Sakata", "Stop squark", "Fabiola Gianotti", "Higher-dimensional supergravity", "Quantum triviality", "Riazuddin (physicist)", "John Riley Holt", "CryoEDM", "Gauge principle", "Gauge theory", "1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers", "One-way speed of light", "List of Large Hadron Collider experiments", "NA62 experiment", "W\u2032 and Z\u2032 bosons", "Quantum spacetime", "Mary K. Gaillard", "Solar neutrino problem", "Yang\u2013Mills\u2013Higgs equations", "Chad J. Johnson", "Group field theory", "Standard Model (Exhibition)", "Pauli\u2013Lubanski pseudovector", "Standard-Model Extension", "SuperB", "Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations", "Thirring\u2013Wess model", "K\u00e4ll\u00e9n\u2013Lehmann spectral representation", "Alan Kosteleck\u00fd", "Ian Hinchliffe", "Hylogenesis", "Particle", "List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries", "Weyl equation", "Superfluid vacuum theory", "Tommy Ohlsson", "Center vortex", "The Quantum Universe", "QED vacuum", "Toichiro Kinoshita", "Superfluidity", "Two-body Dirac equations", "Dark radiation", "Schwinger limit", "Shape dynamics", "Wu experiment", "Glossary of string theory", "Mass generation", "Gamow\u2013Teller transition", "Search for the Higgs boson", "Bargmann\u2013Wigner equations", "Minicharged particle", "Mu to E Gamma", "Guido Tonelli", "Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity", "Tejinder Virdee", "Gluon field strength tensor", "Index of physics articles (S)", "Soler model", "Nonlinear Dirac equation", "List of University of the Punjab people", "Sau Lan Wu", "Dirac equation in curved spacetime", "Symmetry in quantum mechanics", "Physics applications of asymptotically safe gravity", "Riccardo Barbieri", "Gluon field", "Neutrino minimal standard model", "History of subatomic physics", "Terry Wyatt", "Glashow resonance", "Heymans' Law of Atomic Volume", "The loop representation in gauge theories and quantum gravity"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4f767dfc17349929ce6acf37f20a76d7 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4f767dfc17349929ce6acf37f20a76d7 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07b07ce --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/4f767dfc17349929ce6acf37f20a76d7 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Absolute magnitude", "Apollo 17", "Black", "Big Bang", "Black hole", "Bessel function", "Bohr model", "Background radiation", "Communication", "Inflation (cosmology)", "Caesium", "Color", "Electric current", "Chinese room", "Chemical reaction", "Cathode ray", "Crookes radiometer", "Color temperature", "DNA", "Diffraction", "Dark matter", "Ellipse", "Electron", "Electromagnetism", "Electricity", "Energy", "Electromagnetic field", "Electric charge", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Explosive material", "Gravitational redshift", "Frequency", "Elementary particle", "Freeman Dyson", "Fallout shelter", "Fluorescence", "Food and Drug Administration", "Germany", "Guglielmo Marconi", "Gold", "GRE Physics Test", "G protein-coupled receptor", "Heinrich Hertz", "Half-life", "History of physics", "Hertz", "Hall effect", "Immunology", "Interstellar cloud", "Infrared", "Insulator (electricity)", "Kinetic energy", "Kryptonite", "Laser", "Liquid-crystal display", "Light", "Lens (optics)", "Luminiferous aether", "Lorentz force", "Metre", "Mineral", "Microscopy", "Magnetism", "Maxwell's equations", "Mega-", "Microwave", "Momentum", "Mirror", "Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics", "Nitrogen", "Niels Bohr", "Niobium", "Nuclear fusion", "Nanometre", "Nuclear fission", "Oort cloud", "Optics", "Ozone", "Physics", "Parabola", "Physicist", "Photon", "Photography", "Physical chemistry", "Particle radiation", "Outline of physics", "Paradigm shift", "Phase velocity", "Quantum mechanics", "Radar", "Radiation", "Redshift", "Radiation therapy", "Sun", "International System of Units", "Star", "Solar System", "Special relativity", "Supernova", "Spectroscopy", "Sunlight", "Scanning electron microscope", "Search for extraterrestrial intelligence", "Speed of light", "Seismology", "Space observatory", "Signal processing", "Universe", "Ultraviolet", "Urban heat island", "Voltage", "Wavelength", "Wireless telegraphy", "Wave", "Wave equation", "X-ray crystallography", "X-ray", "Ytterbium", "1860s", "1896", "1895", "1880s", "Magnetic field", "Radionuclide", "Josiah Willard Gibbs", "State of matter", "Amplitude", "Ion thruster", "Magnetic sail", "Beta particle", "Atmospheric duct", "Attenuation", "Circular polarization", "Communications system", "Electrical length", "Electric field", "Electromagnetic compatibility", "Electromagnetic environment", "Nuclear electromagnetic pulse", "Electromagnetic radiation and health", "Elliptical polarization", "Gaussian beam", "Linear polarization", "Visible spectrum", "Plane wave", "Radiation pattern", "Radiometry", "Reradiation", "Resonance", "Responsivity", "Single-mode optical fiber", "Transmission medium", "Electrical impedance", "Radio frequency", "Detection", "Snell's law", "Alternating current", "Flux", "Radiation pressure", "Tin foil hat", "X-ray astronomy", "Ozone depletion", "Wien's displacement law", "Black body", "Atomic electron transition", "Pink noise", "Climate model", "Cosmic ray", "Direct current", "Fourier transform spectroscopy", "Atomic, molecular, and optical physics", "Gamma-ray burst", "Gravitational lens", "Ohm's law", "Poynting vector", "Astronomy", "Magnet", "Binary star", "Half-Life (video game)", "Hermann von Helmholtz", "Betelgeuse", "Permittivity", "Perpetual motion", "Bremsstrahlung", "Solar flare", "Conformance testing", "Infrared astronomy", "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "Fractal antenna", "Keystroke logging", "Microwave oven", "Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics", "Natural disaster", "Energy level", "Electric potential", "Luminescence", "Triboluminescence", "Photoconductivity", "Triboelectric effect", "Radio-frequency induction", "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen", "Electrical resistance and conductance", "Philadelphia Experiment", "Electromagnetic induction", "Magnetic flux", "Electromotive force", "Holography", "Passive solar building design", "Cassini\u2013Huygens", "Interstellar medium", "Laws of science", "Nothing", "Thermal conduction", "Gauss's law", "Electrostatic discharge", "Biot\u2013Savart law", "List of inventors", "Graphics tablet", "Doppler radar", "Twisted pair", "LIGO", "Electron capture", "Crab Nebula", "Radio astronomy", "Cygnus X-1", "Telephone tapping", "Circular dichroism", "Triple-alpha process", "Radiography", "Nuclear technology", "Radio wave", "Bolometer", "Accretion disc", "Delft University of Technology", "Edwards Air Force Base", "AM broadcasting", "Broadcasting", "Magnetar", "Capacitance", "Conservation of mass", "Anti-aircraft warfare", "Acute radiation syndrome", "Faraday cage", "Sievert", "Thomas Gold", "Ultra high frequency", "Very low frequency", "Scattering", "Wavenumber", "General Circulation Model", "Inductance", "Interferometry", "Radio-frequency identification", "Electromagnetic", "Cyclotron radiation", "Synchrotron radiation", "Electronic imager", "Amorphous silicon", "Whistler (radio)", "Ultraviolet astronomy", "Hawking radiation", "Infrastructure", "Horten Ho 229", "Active galactic nucleus", "Outer space", "Thyristor", "Cold dark matter", "Heat transfer", "Thermal radiation", "Wireless", "Antenna (radio)", "Lenz's law", "Lighting", "Hot dark matter", "X-ray binary", "Relaxation oscillator", "Radioactive decay", "Electrical conductor", "Johannes Rydberg", "Amp\u00e8re's circuital law", "Static electricity", "Ionizing radiation", "Orders of magnitude (time)", "Bioluminescence", "Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler", "Solar cycle", "Photometry (astronomy)", "COROT", "Pieter Zeeman", "Mie scattering", "Flame", "Incandescence", "List of X-Men members", "Remote sensing", "Klystron", "Medical imaging", "Electron density", "Conjugated system", "Reaction rate", "Rayleigh\u2013Jeans law", "Observable universe", "Planetary system", "Nondestructive testing", "Tiberium", "Monochrome", "Stealth technology", "Baryonic dark matter", "List of topics characterized as pseudoscience", "Radio propagation", "Stellvia", "Near and far field", "Astronomical spectroscopy", "Radiation therapist", "Signal (electrical engineering)", "Electric vehicle", "Babinet's principle", "Emission spectrum", "Index of electronics articles", "Coherer", "Field of view", "Le Sage's theory of gravitation", "Fourier optics", "Thermography", "Square wave", "Index of engineering articles", "Exponential decay", "Radiation protection", "Radiation resistance", "Index of optics articles", "Solar constant", "Oliver Lodge", "1908 in science", "Terahertz radiation", "Photochemistry", "Absorption spectroscopy", "Extremely low frequency", "Electrostatics", "Debye model", "Sensory system", "Synchrotron light source", "Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents", "List of computer term etymologies", "Zeta Puppis", "Photoreceptor cell", "Petkau effect", "Mass\u2013energy equivalence", "Classical electromagnetism", "Arthur Compton", "Diamond Light Source", "1895 in science", "Sachs\u2013Wolfe effect", "Robert W. Wood", "Riot control", "Eddy current", "Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer", "Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer", "ISO 31", "EM", "LightWave 3D", "Radiant energy", "Index of wave articles", "Transmittance", "Microwave plasma", "Rotational-vibrational spectroscopy", "Reionization", "Transverse mode", "Faraday effect", "Resonator", "Frequency (film)", "Fluorophore", "Radiance", "Dominant wavelength", "Thermoluminescence", "Magnetic moment", "Health physics", "H1 (particle detector)", "Displacement current", "Irradiance", "Wireless power", "Luminous flux", "Photoevaporation", "Hydrogen line", "Laser hair removal", "Predator 2", "Radioactive contamination", "Rodolfo Neri Vela", "Thomson scattering", "Van Eck phreaking", "Radio spectrum", "Glioma", "Photovoltaics", "Side channel attack", "Prior restraint", "Extremely high frequency", "Experimental physics", "Transition radiation", "Polarization density", "Electrostatic induction", "Black-body radiation", "Electromagnetic four-potential", "Striped rabbitfish", "Faraday's law of induction", "DC motor", "Chronovisor", "Solar thermal collector", "Phase center", "Moons of Neptune", "Radiometer", "Rumford Prize", "Beige", "Tired light", "Radiodensity", "Rotational transition", "Gamma ray spectrometer", "Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2", "Timeline of luminiferous aether", "X-ray microscope", "Transparent ceramics", "Metamaterial", "False color", "List of cycles", "Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees", "Scintigraphy", "Gunn\u2013Peterson trough", "Analytical technique", "Actinometer", "Far infrared", "Radio window", "Radiation hardening", "Perfect mirror", "Str\u00f6mgren sphere", "Electromagnetic interference", "Biosignature", "Laser Doppler velocimetry", "Radar imaging", "Spark-gap transmitter", "Radiation hormesis", "Photoelectrochemical cell", "Flatness problem", "Orders of magnitude (speed)", "Astronomical radio source", "Helmholtz equation", "Collimator", "Ellipsometry", "Invasiveness of surgical procedures", "Ground-penetrating radar", "Magnetic potential", "Spectral signature", "2010 (film)", "Electric flux", "Radiant intensity", "Pulsar", "Extinction (astronomy)", "Radiation zone", "Lockheed Have Blue", "Mobile phone radiation and health", "Luneburg lens", "Photodetector", "EMR", "Communicator (Star Trek)", "Low probability of intercept radar", "Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)", "Plasma stealth", "Solarization (physics)", "Infrared homing", "Energy harvesting", "Introduction to general relativity", "History of chemistry", "Pp-wave spacetime", "Effective temperature", "Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect", "Air shower (physics)", "Quadrupole", "Strange Visitor", "Rendering equation", "MHD generator", "Sun Boy", "Outline of electrical engineering", "Magnetostatics", "Arcminute Microkelvin Imager", "Stokes parameters", "Shielded cable", "List of Star Wars creatures", "Photoelasticity", "Jacob Kirkegaard", "Absorption band", "Optical medium", "Acoustic cryptanalysis", "Electromagnetic shielding", "Stochastic electrodynamics", "Babcock Model", "Photosensitivity", "Radiation implosion", "Multisensory integration", "Pigasus Award", "Guardian (Marvel Comics)", "GRB 970228", "Francesco Zantedeschi", "Over-the-horizon radar", "Four-current"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/56a4c84186257dbde453234cc1d4c14c b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/56a4c84186257dbde453234cc1d4c14c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..709d0a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/56a4c84186257dbde453234cc1d4c14c @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +["Masnavi"] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/58c07b7ba53dbc8bedb19f4f915db8c1 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/58c07b7ba53dbc8bedb19f4f915db8c1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bff5f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/58c07b7ba53dbc8bedb19f4f915db8c1 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +the phenomenon that color charged particles (such as quarks) cannot be isolated singularly, and therefore cannot be directly observed \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/58f6ad26bc8e336411f193d2449f9b73 b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/58f6ad26bc8e336411f193d2449f9b73 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aea0e7e --- /dev/null +++ b/eduwiki/eduprototype/diagnose/url_cache/58f6ad26bc8e336411f193d2449f9b73 @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ +Game theory is a study of strategic decision making. Specifically, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers". An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory. Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science, and biology. The subject first addressed zero-sum games, such that one person's gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant or participants. Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and has developed into an umbrella term for the logical side of decision science, including both humans and non-humans (e.g. computers). +Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann's original proof used Brouwer fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by the 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, co-written with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty. +This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. Ten game-theorists have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology. + + +== Representation of games == + +The games studied in game theory are well-defined mathematical objects. To be fully defined, a game must specify the following elements: the players of the game, the information and actions available to each player at each decision point, and the payoffs for each outcome. (Rasmusen refers to these four "essential elements" by the acronym "PAPI".) A game theorist typically uses these elements, along with a solution concept of their choosing, to deduce a set of equilibrium strategies for each player such that, when these strategies are employed, no player can profit by unilaterally deviating from their strategy. These equilibrium strategies determine an equilibrium to the gamea stable state in which either one outcome occurs or a set of outcomes occur with known probability. +Most cooperative games are presented in the characteristic function form, while the extensive and the normal forms are used to define noncooperative games. + + +=== Extensive form === + +The extensive form can be used to formalize games with a time sequencing of moves. Games here are played on trees (as pictured to the left). Here each vertex (or node) represents a point of choice for a player. The player is specified by a number listed by the vertex. The lines out of the vertex represent a possible action for that player. The payoffs are specified at the bottom of the tree. The extensive form can be viewed as a multi-player generalization of a decision tree. (Fudenberg & Tirole 1991, p. 67) +In the game pictured to the left, there are two players. Player 1 moves first and chooses either F or U. Player 2 sees Player 1's move and then chooses A or R. Suppose that Player 1 chooses U and then Player 2 chooses A, then Player 1 gets 8 and Player 2 gets 2. +The extensive form can also capture simultaneous-move games and games with imperfect information. To represent it, either a dotted line connects different vertices to represent them as being part of the same information set (i.e. the players do not know at which point they are), or a closed line is drawn around them. (See example in the imperfect information section.) + + +=== Normal form === + +The normal (or strategic form) game is usually represented by a matrix which shows the players, strategies, and payoffs (see the example to the right). More generally it can be represented by any function that associates a payoff for each player with every possible combination of actions. In the accompanying example there are two players; one chooses the row and the other chooses the column. Each player has two strategies, which are specified by the number of rows and the number of columns. The payoffs are provided in the interior. The first number is the payoff received by the row player (Player 1 in our example); the second is the payoff for the column player (Player 2 in our example). Suppose that Player 1 plays Up and that Player 2 plays Left. Then Player 1 gets a payoff of 4, and Player 2 gets 3. +When a game is presented in normal form, it is presumed that each player acts simultaneously or, at least, without knowing the actions of the other. If players have some information about the choices of other players, the game is usually presented in extensive form. +Every extensive-form game has an equivalent normal-form game, however the transformation to normal form may result in an exponential blowup in the size of the representation, making it computationally impractical.(Leyton-Brown & Shoham 2008, p. 35) + + +=== Characteristic function form === + +In games that possess removable utility separate rewards are not given; rather, the characteristic function decides the payoff of each unity. The idea is that the unity that is 'empty', so to speak, does not receive a reward at all. +The origin of this form is to be found in John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's book; when looking at these instances, they guessed that when a union appears, it works against the fraction as if two individuals were playing a normal game. The balanced payoff of C is a basic function. Although there are differing examples that help determine coalitional amounts from normal games, not all appear that in their function form can be derived from such. +Formally, a characteristic function is seen as: (N,v), where N represents the group of people and is a normal utility. +Such characteristic functions have expanded to describe games where there is no removable utility. + + +== General and applied uses == +As a method of applied mathematics, game theory has been used to study a wide variety of human and animal behaviors. It was initially developed in economics to understand a large collection of economic behaviors, including behaviors of firms, markets, and consumers. The first use of game-theoretic analysis was by Antoine Augustin Cournot in 1838 with his solution of the Cournot duopoly. The use of game theory in the social sciences has expanded, and game theory has been applied to political, sociological, and psychological behaviors as well. +Although pre-twentieth century naturalists such as Charles Darwin made game-theoretic kinds of statements, the use of game-theoretic analysis in biology began with Ronald Fisher's studies of animal behavior during the 1930s. This work predates the name "game theory", but it shares many important features with this field. The developments in economics were later applied to biology largely by John Maynard Smith in his book Evolution and the Theory of Games. +In addition to being used to describe, predict, and explain behavior, game theory has also been used to develop theories of ethical or normative behavior and to prescribe such behavior. In economics and philosophy, scholars have applied game theory to help in the understanding of good or proper behavior. Game-theoretic arguments of this type can be found as far back as Plato. + + +=== Description and modeling === + +The first known use is to describe and model how human populations behave. Some scholars believe that by finding the equilibria of games they can predict how actual human populations will behave when confronted with situations analogous to the game being studied. This particular view of game theory has come under recent criticism. First, it is criticized because the assumptions made by game theorists are often violated. Game theorists may assume players always act in a way to directly maximize their wins (the Homo economicus model), but in practice, human behavior often deviates from this model. Explanations of this phenomenon are many; irrationality, new models of deliberation, or even different motives (like that of altruism). Game theorists respond by comparing their assumptions to those used in physics. Thus while their assumptions do not always hold, they can treat game theory as a reasonable scientific ideal akin to the models used by physicists. However, in the centipede game, guess 2/3 of the average game, and the dictator game, people regularly do not play Nash equilibria. These experiments have demonstrated that individuals do not play equilibrium strategies. There is an ongoing debate regarding the importance of these experiments. +Alternatively, some authors claim that Nash equilibria do not provide predictions for human populations, but rather provide an explanation for why populations that play Nash equilibria remain in that state. However, the question of how populations reach those points remains open. +Some game theorists have turned to evolutionary game theory in order to resolve these issues. These models presume either no rationality or bounded rationality on the part of players. Despite the name, evolutionary game theory does not necessarily presume natural selection in the biological sense. Evolutionary game theory includes both biological as well as cultural evolution and also models of individual learning (for example, fictitious play dynamics). + + +=== Prescriptive or normative analysis === +On the other hand, some scholars see game theory not as a predictive tool for the behavior of human beings, but as a suggestion for how people ought to behave. Since a strategy, corresponding to a Nash equilibrium of a game constitutes one's best response to the actions of the other players provided they are in (the same) Nash equilibrium playing a strategy that is part of a Nash equilibrium seems appropriate. However, the rationality of such a decision has been proved only for special cases. This normative use of game theory has also come under criticism. First, in some cases it is appropriate to play a non-equilibrium strategy if one expects others to play non-equilibrium strategies as well. For an example, see guess 2/3 of the average. +Second, the prisoner's dilemma presents another potential counterexample. In the prisoner's dilemma, each player pursuing their own self-interest leads both players to be worse off than had they not pursued their own self-interests. + + +=== Economics and business === +Game theory is a major method used in mathematical economics and business for modeling competing behaviors of interacting agents. Applications include a wide array of economic phenomena and approaches, such as auctions, bargaining, Mergers & Acquisitions pricing, fair division, duopolies, oligopolies, social network formation, agent-based computational economics, general equilibrium, mechanism design, and voting systems; and across such broad areas as experimental economics, behavioral economics, information economics, industrial organization, and political economy. +This research usually focuses on particular sets of strategies known as "solution concepts" or "equilibria" based on what is required by norms of (ideal) rationality. In non-cooperative games, the most famous of these is the Nash equilibrium. A set of strategies is a Nash equilibrium if each represents a best response to the other strategies. So, if all the players are playing the strategies in a Nash equilibrium, they have no unilateral incentive to deviate, since their strategy is the best they can do given what others are doing. +The payoffs of the game are generally taken to represent the utility of individual players. Often in modeling situations the payoffs represent money, which presumably corresponds to an individual's utility. This assumption, however, can be faulty. +A prototypical paper on game theory in economics begins by presenting a game that is an abstraction of a particular economic situation. One or more solution concepts are chosen, and the author demonstrates which strategy sets in the presented game are equilibria of the appropriate type. Naturally one might wonder to what use this information should be put. Economists and business professors suggest two primary uses (noted above): descriptive and prescriptive. + + +=== Political science === +The application of game theory to political science is focused in the overlapping areas of fair division, political economy, public choice, war bargaining, positive political theory, and social choice theory. In each of these areas, researchers have developed game-theoretic models in which the players are often voters, states, special interest groups, and politicians. +Early examples of game theory applied to political science are provided by Anthony Downs. In his book An Economic Theory of Democracy,(Downs 1957) he applies the Hotelling firm location model to the political process. In the Downsian model, political candidates commit to ideologies on a one-dimensional policy space. Downs first shows how the political candidates will converge to the ideology preferred by the median voter if voters are fully informed, but then argues that voters choose to remain rationally ignorant which allows for candidate divergence. +It has also been proposed that game theory explains the stability of any form of political government. Taking the simplest case of a monarchy, for example, the king, being only one person, does not and cannot maintain his authority by personally exercising physical control over all or even any significant number of his subjects. Sovereign control is instead explained by the recognition by each citizen that all other citizens expect each other to view the king (or other established government) as the person whose orders will be followed. Coordinating communication among citizens to replace the sovereign is effectively barred, since conspiracy to replace the sovereign is generally punishable as a crime. Thus, in a process that can be modeled by variants of the prisoner's dilemma, during periods of stability no citizen will find it rational to move to replace the sovereign, even if all the citizens know they would be better off if they were all to act collectively. +A game-theoretic explanation for democratic peace is that public and open debate in democracies send clear and reliable information regarding their intentions to other states. In contrast, it is difficult to know the intentions of nondemocratic leaders, what effect concessions will have, and if promises will be kept. Thus there will be mistrust and unwillingness to make concessions if at least one of the parties in a dispute is a non-democracy (Levy & Razin 2003). +Game theory could also help predict nation's responses when there is a new rule or law to be applied to that nation. One example would be Peter John Wood's (2013) research when he looked into what nations could do to help reduce climate change. Wood thought this could be accomplished by making treaties with other nations to reduce green house gas emissions. However, he concluded that this idea could not work because it would create a prisoner's dilemma to the nations. + + +=== Biology === +Unlike those in economics, the payoffs for games in biology are often interpreted as corresponding to fitness. In addition, the focus has been less on equilibria that correspond to a notion of rationality and more on ones that would be maintained by evolutionary forces. The best known equilibrium in biology is known as the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), first introduced in (Smith & Price 1973). Although its initial motivation did not involve any of the mental requirements of the Nash equilibrium, every ESS is a Nash equilibrium. +In biology, game theory has been used to understand many different phenomena. It was first used to explain the evolution (and stability) of the approximate 1:1 sex ratios. (Fisher 1930) suggested that the 1:1 sex ratios are a result of evolutionary forces acting on individuals who could be seen as trying to maximize their number of grandchildren. +Additionally, biologists have used evolutionary game theory and the ESS to explain the emergence of animal communication (Harper & Maynard Smith 2003). The analysis of signaling games and other communication games has provided insight into the evolution of communication among animals. For example, the mobbing behavior of many species, in which a large number of prey animals attack a larger predator, seems to be an example of spontaneous emergent organization. Ants have also been shown to exhibit feed-forward behavior akin to fashion (see Paul Ormerod's Butterfly Economics). +Biologists have used the game of chicken to analyze fighting behavior and territoriality. +According to Maynard Smith, in the preface to Evolution and the Theory of Games, "paradoxically, it has turned out that game theory is more readily applied to biology than to the field of economic behaviour for which it was originally designed". Evolutionary game theory has been used to explain many seemingly incongruous phenomena in nature. +One such phenomenon is known as biological altruism. This is a situation in which an organism appears to act in a way that benefits other organisms and is detrimental to itself. This is distinct from traditional notions of altruism because such actions are not conscious, but appear to be evolutionary adaptations to increase overall fitness. Examples can be found in species ranging from vampire bats that regurgitate blood they have obtained from a night's hunting and give it to group members who have failed to feed, to worker bees that care for the queen bee for their entire lives and never mate, to Vervet monkeys that warn group members of a predator's approach, even when it endangers that individual's chance of survival. All of these actions increase the overall fitness of a group, but occur at a cost to the individual. +Evolutionary game theory explains this altruism with the idea of kin selection. Altruists discriminate between the individuals they help and favor relatives. Hamilton's rule explains the evolutionary reasoning behind this selection with the equation c