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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<h1 class="separator textShadow herotxt" style="text-align: left;">Technology</h1>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="introduction " class="introduction panel_shadow u-full-width">
<div class="container banner-h-size" >
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<h6 class="light-text center-text banner-bar"><a href="https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/soundwire/software/jacktrip/" target="_blank" class="red-links">Click here</a> to learn more about the technology around JackTrip!</h6>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="latency-in-depth" class="latency-in-depth panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width"
style="padding-top:100px;">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<h3 class="separator dark-text-title mainHead">Why is Latency Important?</h3>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns">The Internet is widely used for audio communications. Numerous
collaboration
applications exist that make it trivial to carry on a conversation with almost anyone, worldwide. Likely,
you already use these applications regularly. What is thought of as traditional phone lines have even
largely migrated towards running over the Internet. So, why is performing music any different?</p>
<div class="pic_env float_r seven columns" reset-margin-padding><img src="images/band2.jpg" alt="Image of a band playing on stage together."></div>
<p class="pic_env dark-text font-400 five columns">The answer lies in the problem of trying to keep a common rhythm going between remote musicians. Maintaining a shared beat or sense of pulse is difficult if it takes too long for one musician's sound to reach another's ears. There can be drastic consequences. The "Happy Birthday" effect is familiar from family video conferences. The length of time for sound to get between individuals makes it impossible for the group to sing together. Singers find themselves in a situation of "I'm waiting for you and you're waiting for me" and that's the problem. Video calls are engineered for turn taking in conversation. Music is different because it involves simultaneous coordinated activity rather than alternation. Tightly synchronized performance only works over the Internet with extremely low-latency audio applications like JackTrip.</p>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns">
A group’s ability to maintain a steady pulse is heavily impacted by what is known as latency. This is a term which refers to how long it takes for one performer's sound to reach the another's ears. It is typically measured in milliseconds (msec), or 1/1000 of a second. Research has found that the ability to perform syncronized rhythms together requires a latency below 25-30 msec one way. There isn’t a hard and fast number for this because everyone is different and musical situations differ. Particularly important in this regard is the speed or tempo of a piece (measured in beats-per-minute). Slower tempi can tolerate relatively longer Internet latencies. </p>
<!-- <div class="pic_env float_l lp six columns"><img src="images/graphic_25ft_25ms.png" alt="Graphic representing how fast sound travels."></div> -->
<p class="pic_env dark-text font-400 float_r lp twelve columns">To help put this into perspective, sounds traveling through air 25 feet (roughly 8 meters) take about 25 msec. We're comfortable playing or singing together at distances within this range. As a group spreads out, say across a football field, the ability to keep a coordinated rhythm becomes increasingly difficult. This is why minimizing latency is so important.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="line-separator"></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="optimizing-in-depth-01" class="optimizing-in-depth-01 panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<h3 class="separator dark-text-title mainHead">Optimizing Latency</h3>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 5%;">When performing music over the Internet, the sound you make has to pass through several stages to reach another performer. Each of these stages adds latency. </p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="four columns opt-in-depth">
<div class="pic_env float_l"><img src="images/graphic_internet_backbone.svg" alt="Graphic of the US and different internet hubs."></div>
</div>
<div class="eight columns float_r" style="margin: 4% 0 0 0">
<div class="warn-cont">
<h5 class="bold-text-bullets" style="font-size: 1.55rem; font-weight: 400;">Neutral <div
class="warning-colors"><img src="images/blue_rect.svg" alt=""></div>
</h5>
<h4 class="separator dark-text main-margin-title-l" style="margin-bottom: 1%; ">Geographical latency and Internet backbone </h4>
</div>
<div class="line-separator" style="margin-top:0;"></div>
<ul style="padding-left: 2%; padding-top:2%;">
<li class="bold-text-bullets" style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;">
Geographical distance between performers</li>
<li class="bold-text-bullets" style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;">
Internet paths and hops</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="twelve columns float_l">
<p class="dark-text font-400"> The farther away one performer is from another, the longer it will take the sound to travel between them. The globe is laced with fiberoptic cables running across land and under the sea. Connected together, these form the Internet. Data travels at near the speed-of-light (roughly 70%) across these “backbone” network segments and transits from one to another at relay points called “network hops”. The greater the distance and the greater the number of hops the longer a sound will take to get from source to destination. Good, tight latencies are achievable when musicians are physically located no more than a few hundred miles apart (approximately 1000 kilometers). Figure about 10-12 msec to go traverse a large metropolitan area (one way).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="line-separator"></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="optimizing-in-depth-02" class="optimizing-in-depth-02 panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="four columns opt-in-depth;">
<div class="pic_env float_l"><img src="images/graphic_internet_connection.svg" alt="Graphic of a house and telephone lines that connect a user to the internet."></div>
</div>
<div class="eight columns float_r" style="margin: 4% 0 0 0">
<div class="warn-cont">
<h5 class="bold-text-bullets" style="font-size: 1.55rem; font-weight: 400;">High Level <div
class="warning-colors">
<img src="images/red_rect.svg" alt=""></div>
</h5>
<h4 class="separator dark-text main-margin-title-l" style="margin-bottom: 1%; ">Internet service latency
</h4>
</div>
<div class="line-separator" style="margin-top:0;"></div>
<ul style="padding-left: 2%; padding-top:2%;">
<li class="dark-text bold-text-bullets"
style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;"> Connection from home to Internet</li>
<li class="dark-text bold-text-bullets"
style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;">Service plans</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="twelve columns float_l">
<p class="dark-text font-400">Each musician's home or studio has an Internet connection. Latency depends on the type of connection, with fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) being fastest (about 2 msec) and cable or DSL being among the slowest (about 10-15 msec). Internet connection latency is not the same as the bandwidth of your Internet connection which specifies how much data can be transmitted over a given period of time. Having a high bandwidth rate (even gigabit) may not correspond to having low latency. The typical tools to measure quality-of-service (QoS) of a connection are speed test and round-trip ping time (which measures data echoes off a test point elsewhere on the Internet). However, these only give a rough approximation of the QoS required for network music performance. One aspect of QoS which has great impact for latency is the smoothness of very fast data flows (audio packet jitter). This is best when connections are uncongested.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="line-separator"></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="optimizing-in-depth-03" class="optimizing-in-depth-03 panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="four columns opt-in-depth">
<div class="pic_env float_l"><img src="images/graphic_home_network.svg" alt="Graphic of a computer connected to a modem."></div>
</div>
<div class="eight columns float_r" style="margin: 4% 0 0 0">
<div class="warn-cont">
<h5 class="bold-text-bullets" style="font-size: 1.55rem; font-weight: 400;">Medium Level <div
class="warning-colors"><img src="images/yellow_rect.svg" alt=""></div>
</h5>
<h4 class="separator dark-text main-margin-title-l" style="margin-bottom: 1%; ">Home network latency</h4>
</div>
<div class="line-separator" style="margin-top:0;"></div>
<ul style="padding-left: 2%; padding-top:2%;">
<li class="bold-text-bullets" style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;">
Wired only (not WiFi)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="twelve columns float_l">
<p class="dark-text font-400">Quite simply, do not use WiFi. Even the best
WiFi routers add significant latency and an impossible amount of jitter (occasionally stalling audio packet flows for 10's of msec). Computers or devices being used for JackTrip need to be connected to the home network using an Ethernet cable (usually plugged into Ethernet ports in the back of the WiFi router). Latency across the wired portions of a home network can be less than 1 msec.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="line-separator"></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="optimizing-in-depth-04" class="optimizing-in-depth-04 panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width">
<div class="row">
<div class="four columns opt-in-depth">
<div class="pic_env float_l"><img src="images/graphic_adc_dac.svg" alt="Graphic of a ADC chip inside a computer."></div>
</div>
<div class="eight columns float_r" style="margin: 4% 0 0 0">
<div class="warn-cont">
<h5 class="bold-text-bullets" style="font-size: 1.55rem; font-weight: 400;">Medium Level <div
class="warning-colors">
<img src="images/yellow_rect.svg" alt=""></div>
</h5>
<h4 class="separator dark-text main-margin-title-l" style="margin-bottom: 1%; ">ADC and DAC latency in computers</h4>
</div>
<div class="line-separator" style="margin-top:0;"></div>
<ul style="padding-left: 2%; padding-top:2%;">
<li class="bold-text-bullets" style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;">Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) electronics in your computer</li>
<li class="bold-text-bullets" style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;">Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) electronics in the other performer’s computer</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="twelve columns float_l">
<p class="dark-text font-400">The latency from ADC and DAC processing is determined by the hardware you are using, often referred to as your “sound card” or audio interface. Every sound card is different and there's a very large range. Laptops can easily have latencies over 100 milliseconds, and even the best USB-based audio interfaces have latencies in the range of 5-15 milliseconds (total in and out). Low latency is more of a priority for sound card manufacturers targeting music studio applications rather than use cases like music players, video players, gaming, and dialog recording. Unfortunately, USB microphones are not yet proving to be low enough latency, either.</p>
<p class="dark-text font-400">The best way to reduce sound card latency is to use a hardware device which is designed for minimal latency. An economical way we’ve found is what's bundled in our JackTrip Analog Bridge, which includes a HiFiBerry sound card. Latency is exceptionally good at about 1 msec.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="line-separator"></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="optimizing-in-depth-05" class="optimizing-in-depth-05 panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="four columns opt-in-depth">
<div class="pic_env float_l"><img src="images/graphic_audio_hardware.svg" alt="Graphic of lady singing into a microphone while wearing headphones."></div>
</div>
<div class="eight columns float_r" style="margin: 4% 0 0 0">
<div class="warn-cont">
<h5 class="bold-text-bullets" style="font-size: 1.55rem; font-weight: 400;">Low Level <div
class="warning-colors">
<img src="images/black_rect.svg" alt=""></div>
</h5>
<h4 class="separator dark-text main-margin-title-l" style="margin-bottom: 1%; ">Acoustical latency</h4>
</div>
<div class="line-separator" style="margin-top:0;"></div>
<ul style="padding-left: 2%; padding-top:2%;">
<li class="bold-text-bullets" style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;">
The distance to your microphone and loudspeakers. </li>
<li class="bold-text-bullets"
style="list-style:disc; margin-top: 1%; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 400;">The distance between the other performer and their microphone and loudspeakers</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="twelve columns float_l">
<p class="dark-text font-400">Bluetooth devices are out, consider it important to use analog only. Remembering that the speed of sound in air can be significant (1 msec per foot, or roughly 3 msec per meter), care should be taken to keep the microphone close to the sound source. Analog headphones are obviously great for this proximity delay but loudspeakers can also be used, bearing in mind that they should be nearby (while avoiding the possibility of feedback). Electronic instruments (guitars, keyboards, etc.) can be plugged directly into the analog input of the audio interface. Monitor their sound by mixing it to the headphones or loudspeakers via the device's direct monitoring.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="line-separator"></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="tech-models-1" class="tech-models panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width" style="margin:40px auto auto auto">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<h3 class="separator dark-text-title mainHead">Understanding Connection Topologies</h3>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" >When connecting remote musicians together over the Internet, there are two common ways to wire-up multiple sites: the client-server (hub and spoke) method and the peer-to-peer (p2p) method. Let’s explore the differences between these.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<h4 class="separator dark-text main-margin-title-l bottom-margin-rem" style="margin-top:40px;">The Client Server Model (hub and spoke)</h4>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 50px;">In the Client-Server Model, every performer’s computer sends a single copy of their audio input to a central server. The server mixes all the audio streams together and sends a single copy of the mix back to every performer’s computer, which plays it to their audio output.
You can visualize this method as a hub and spoke pattern:
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="model-graphic"><img src="images/hub-and-spoke.svg" alt="Graphic of Hub and Spoke."></div>
</section>
<section id="model-tint2" class="model-tint2 panel_shadow u-full-width light-text">
<div class="container centered" style="max-width:1000px;">
<div class="six columns client-server">
<h5 class="main-margin-title-l-light center-text center-div">
Client-Server
</h5>
<p class="model-p">
Pros:
</p>
<ul class="model-ul">
<li>Requires no changes in the performers’ home Internet firewalls, except in very rare circumstances</li>
<li>Minimal processing and bandwidth requirements for the performers' computers and
home Internet connections</li>
</ul>
<p class="model-p">
Cons:
</p>
<ul class="model-ul">
<li>Requires configuration and management of a
central (hub) server</li>
<li>Adds latency through an additional stage in the
audio path (the hub server)
</li>
<li style="visibility: hidden; padding-bottom:40px;">Please ignore.Please ignore.Please
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="six columns imgs">
<img src="images/pros_cons_image2.jpg" alt="Image a woman singing into a mic and playing a guitar.">
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="tech-models" class="tech-models panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width" style="padding-top:60px">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 40px;">The processing and bandwidth requirements for each performer in the client-server model remain constant and low regardless of the number of performers. However, the server’s processing and bandwidth requirements will grow proportionally with the number of performers. Servers are designed for this, so it's not a problem because they can easily be scaled to handle up to handle hundreds of simultaneous performer connections. This makes the client-server pattern most suitable for use with groups that are larger than a handful of performers.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<h4 class="separator dark-text main-margin-title-l bottom-margin-rem">The Peer-to-Peer Model (p2p)</h4>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 50px;">In the peer-to-peer (or p2p) method, each performer’s computer sends a copy of their audio input directly to every other performer. Each performer’s computer mixes all the incoming audio streams together and plays the result to their audio output. You can visualize this as a mesh pattern:
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="model-graphic" ><img src="images/peer-to-peer.svg" alt="Graphic of Peer-to-Peer."></div>
</section>
<section id="model-tint" class="model-tint panel_shadow u-full-width light-text">
<div class="container centered" style="max-width:1000px;">
<div class="six columns peer2peer">
<h5 class="main-margin-title-l-light center-text center-div">
Peer-to-Peer
</h5>
<!-- <img src="images/pros_cons_image1.jpg"> -->
<p class="model-p">
Pros:
</p>
<ul class="model-ul">
<li>Does not require a central server</li>
<li>Achieves the lowest latency</li>
</ul>
<p class="model-p">
Cons:
</p>
<ul class="model-ul">
<li>High processing requirements for each performer’s computer</li>
<li>High upload and download bandwidth requirements for each performer’s home Internet connection</li>
<li>Requires changes in many of the performers' home Internet firewalls to forward ports to their computer</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="six columns imgs">
<img src="images/pros_cons_image1.jpg" alt="Image a woman singing into a mic.">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="tech-models-2" class="tech-models panel-padding panel_shadow u-full-width" style="margin: 40px auto 0px auto;">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve columns">
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 0;">The processing and bandwidth requirements for each performer’s computer are directly proportional to the number of connected performers. Today's laptops and home Internet connections tend to max out beyond a dozen or so performers. This method is not viable for larger groups.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="dark-text"><a href="https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/soundwire/software/jacktrip/">Click here</a> to
learn more about JackTrip.</p>
</div>
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<h3 class="separator dark-text-title mainHead">Why JackTrip?</h3>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 5%;">
The mission of JackTrip is to make performing music over the Internet as easy and accessible as possible.
Most companies you may be familiar with use a peer-to-peer based technology. They are designed to help you jam
with a buddy, or at best connect with a few other bandmates. Instead, we are using client-server technology to
facilitate both small and large groups.
</p>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 5%;">
Configuring and managing your own central server can be hard. Some applications make it easy to run a server on
your own computer, but this can increase everyone’s latency significantly. Your home Internet connection is always
one of the slowest stages, and running your own server requires that everyone’s sound traverses it not once, but
twice, usually adding over 10 milliseconds of latency. Few people also have server-class hardware in their homes,
or the upstream bandwidth required to handle more than a few performers.
</p>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 5%;">
Our servers are located in an optimal location on the Internet backbone. They include sufficient bandwidth and
processing power to handle up to hundreds of performers. Provided that you live within one of our supported
geographical locations, the additional latency of using a JackTrip server compared to P2P will be insignificant.
</p>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 5%;">
Our web application does all the work of managing servers for you. You can easily pause servers when you are not
using them, and you only have to pay for the resources they consume while they are running.
</p>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 5%;">
You can use the popular, open-source JackTrip and Jamulus clients directly with JackTrip servers. For the best
possible experience, we offer free disk images for Raspberry Pi that supports both USB and popular HAT sound devices.
Users of these images can also use our web application to fully manage their devices. You never need to use a Unix
command line, or even plug in a keyboard or monitor. We also offer fully assembled devices for the ultimate
plug-and-play experience.
</p>
<p class="dark-text"><a href="https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/soundwire/software/jacktrip/">Click here</a> to learn more.</p>
<h3 class="separator dark-text-title mainHead">Why Not JackTrip?</h3>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 5%;">
JackTrip is not ideal for everyone. The additional latency of using our servers can become a barrier if all performers
do not reside within one of our supported geographical areas. If this is you, please keep checking back with us.
We intend to expand these over time.
</p>
<p class="dark-text font-400 twelve columns" style="margin-bottom: 5%;">
If you are able to make firewall changes, and just want to jam with a few other performers, one of the available P2P
applications may be a viable alternative. We recommend trying out JamKazam, SoundJack and the Raspberry Jam project.
</p>
</div>
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