diff --git a/.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml b/.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bc65cb3f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +name: Ansible Deployment + +on: + push: + branches: [main, master, lab06] + paths: + - 'ansible/**' + - '!ansible/docs/**' + - '.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml' + pull_request: + branches: [main, master] + paths: + - 'ansible/**' + +concurrency: + group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }} + cancel-in-progress: true + +jobs: + lint: + name: Ansible Lint + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Set up Python + uses: actions/setup-python@v5 + with: + python-version: '3.12' + + - name: Install dependencies + run: | + pip install ansible ansible-lint + + - name: Run ansible-lint + run: | + cd ansible + ansible-lint playbooks/*.yml + + deploy: + name: Deploy Application + needs: lint + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + if: github.event_name == 'push' + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Set up Python + uses: actions/setup-python@v5 + with: + python-version: '3.12' + + - name: Install Ansible + run: pip install ansible + + - name: Install Ansible collections + run: ansible-galaxy collection install community.docker community.general + + - name: Setup SSH + run: | + mkdir -p ~/.ssh + cat > ~/.ssh/id_rsa << 'EOF' + ${{ secrets.SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }} + EOF + chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa + ssh-keyscan -H ${{ secrets.VM_HOST }} >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts + + - name: Deploy with Ansible + run: | + cd ansible + echo "${{ secrets.ANSIBLE_VAULT_PASSWORD }}" > /tmp/vault_pass + ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml \ + -i inventory/hosts.yml \ + --vault-password-file /tmp/vault_pass + rm /tmp/vault_pass + + - name: Verify Deployment + run: | + sleep 10 + curl -f http://${{ secrets.VM_HOST }}:8000 || exit 1 + curl -f http://${{ secrets.VM_HOST }}:8000/health || exit 1 diff --git a/.github/workflows/go-ci.yml b/.github/workflows/go-ci.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ed6a39264 --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/go-ci.yml @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +name: Go CI + +on: + push: + branches: [master, lab03] + paths: + - 'app_go/**' + - '.github/workflows/go-ci.yml' + pull_request: + branches: [master] + paths: + - 'app_go/**' + - '.github/workflows/go-ci.yml' + +concurrency: + group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }} + cancel-in-progress: true + +jobs: + test: + name: Lint & Test + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + defaults: + run: + working-directory: app_go + + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - uses: actions/setup-go@v5 + with: + go-version: '1.21' + cache-dependency-path: app_go/go.mod + + - name: Lint with golangci-lint + uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v6 + with: + working-directory: app_go + + - name: Run tests + run: go test -v ./... + + docker: + name: Build & Push Docker + needs: test + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + if: github.event_name == 'push' + + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Log in to Docker Hub + uses: docker/login-action@v3 + with: + username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }} + password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }} + + - name: Generate CalVer tag + id: version + run: echo "TAG=$(date +%Y.%m).${{ github.run_number }}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" + + - name: Build and push + uses: docker/build-push-action@v6 + with: + context: app_go + push: true + tags: | + ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}/devops-info-service-go:${{ steps.version.outputs.TAG }} + ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}/devops-info-service-go:latest diff --git a/.github/workflows/python-ci.yml b/.github/workflows/python-ci.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..15acfd334c --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/python-ci.yml @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +name: Python CI + +on: + push: + branches: [master, lab03] + paths: + - 'app_python/**' + - '.github/workflows/python-ci.yml' + pull_request: + branches: [master] + paths: + - 'app_python/**' + - '.github/workflows/python-ci.yml' + +concurrency: + group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }} + cancel-in-progress: true + +jobs: + test: + name: Lint & Test + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + defaults: + run: + working-directory: app_python + + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - uses: actions/setup-python@v5 + with: + python-version: '3.13' + cache: 'pip' + cache-dependency-path: app_python/requirements-dev.txt + + - name: Install dependencies + run: pip install -r requirements-dev.txt + + - name: Lint with ruff + run: ruff check . + + - name: Run tests with coverage + run: pytest -v --cov=. --cov-report=xml --cov-report=term + + - name: Upload coverage to Codecov + uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4 + with: + file: app_python/coverage.xml + token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }} + + - name: Snyk security scan + uses: snyk/actions/python@master + continue-on-error: true + env: + SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }} + with: + args: --file=requirements.txt --severity-threshold=high + + docker: + name: Build & Push Docker + needs: test + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + if: github.event_name == 'push' + + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Log in to Docker Hub + uses: docker/login-action@v3 + with: + username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }} + password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }} + + - name: Generate CalVer tag + id: version + run: echo "TAG=$(date +%Y.%m).${{ github.run_number }}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" + + - name: Build and push + uses: docker/build-push-action@v6 + with: + context: app_python + push: true + tags: | + ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}/devops-info-service:${{ steps.version.outputs.TAG }} + ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}/devops-info-service:latest diff --git a/.github/workflows/terraform-ci.yml b/.github/workflows/terraform-ci.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0a2a4a3446 --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/terraform-ci.yml @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +name: Terraform CI + +on: + pull_request: + paths: + - 'terraform/**' + - '.github/workflows/terraform-ci.yml' + push: + branches: + - lab04 + paths: + - 'terraform/**' + - '.github/workflows/terraform-ci.yml' + +jobs: + terraform-validate: + name: Terraform Validation + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + defaults: + run: + working-directory: terraform + + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Setup Terraform + uses: hashicorp/setup-terraform@v3 + with: + terraform_version: 1.9.0 + + - name: Terraform Format Check + id: fmt + run: terraform fmt -check -recursive + continue-on-error: true + + - name: Terraform Init + id: init + run: terraform init -backend=false + + - name: Terraform Validate + id: validate + run: terraform validate -no-color + + - name: Setup TFLint + uses: terraform-linters/setup-tflint@v4 + with: + tflint_version: latest + + - name: Initialize TFLint + run: tflint --init + + - name: Run TFLint + id: tflint + run: tflint --format compact + continue-on-error: true + + - name: Comment PR + uses: actions/github-script@v7 + if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' + with: + script: | + const output = `#### Terraform Format and Style 🖌\`${{ steps.fmt.outcome }}\` + #### Terraform Initialization ⚙️\`${{ steps.init.outcome }}\` + #### Terraform Validation 🤖\`${{ steps.validate.outcome }}\` + #### TFLint 🔍\`${{ steps.tflint.outcome }}\` + +
Validation Output + + \`\`\` + ${{ steps.validate.outputs.stdout }} + \`\`\` + +
+ + *Pusher: @${{ github.actor }}, Action: \`${{ github.event_name }}\`, Workflow: \`${{ github.workflow }}\`*`; + + github.rest.issues.createComment({ + issue_number: context.issue.number, + owner: context.repo.owner, + repo: context.repo.repo, + body: output + }) + + - name: Terraform Format Status + if: steps.fmt.outcome == 'failure' + run: | + echo "::error::Terraform format check failed. Run 'terraform fmt -recursive' to fix." + exit 1 + + - name: TFLint Status + if: steps.tflint.outcome == 'failure' + run: | + echo "::warning::TFLint found issues. Please review and fix if necessary." diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 30d74d2584..05335dc37d 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1 +1,33 @@ -test \ No newline at end of file +test +pyrightconfig.json + +# Terraform +*.tfstate +*.tfstate.* +.terraform/ +terraform.tfvars +*.tfvars +.terraform.lock.hcl + +# Pulumi +pulumi/venv/ +Pulumi.*.yaml +__pycache__/ +*.pyc + +# Cloud credentials +*.pem +*.key +credentials + +# Yandex Cloud key files +key.json + +# Allow package.json and other project files +!package.json +!package-lock.json +!tsconfig.json + +# IDE +.vscode/ +.idea/ diff --git a/ansible/.ansible-lint b/ansible/.ansible-lint new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9f5f5d503f --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/.ansible-lint @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +--- +skip_list: + - internal-error + +exclude_paths: + - playbooks/vault_example.yml diff --git a/ansible/.gitignore b/ansible/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2f6737d05e --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +# Ansible temporary files +*.retry +.ansible/ +__pycache__/ +*.pyc + +# Fact cache +/tmp/ansible_facts/ + +# Vault password files +.vault_pass +.ansible_vault_pass +vault_password.txt + +# Secrets (if using vault) +# Note: secrets.yml is encrypted with ansible-vault, safe to commit +# But you can uncomment the line below if you prefer not to commit it +# **/secrets.yml +!**/secrets.yml.example + +# OS files +.DS_Store diff --git a/ansible/README.md b/ansible/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5821e27202 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +[![Ansible Deployment](https://github.com/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml) + +# Ansible Configuration for Lab 06 + +This directory contains Ansible playbooks and roles for managing the DevOps lab infrastructure with Docker Compose deployment, blocks/tags, wipe logic, and CI/CD integration. + +## Prerequisites + +```bash +# Install Ansible (macOS) +brew install ansible + +# Install required collections +ansible-galaxy collection install community.docker community.general +``` + +## Structure + +``` +ansible/ +├── ansible.cfg # Ansible configuration +├── inventory/ +│ ├── hosts.yml # Inventory file +│ └── group_vars/ +│ ├── all.yml # Variables for all hosts +│ └── secrets.yml # Vault-encrypted secrets +├── playbooks/ +│ ├── ping.yml # Test connectivity +│ ├── provision.yml # Provision server (common + docker) +│ ├── deploy.yml # Deploy application (web_app role) +│ ├── full_setup.yml # Full setup (all roles) +│ ├── docker.yml # Install Docker (standalone) +│ └── deploy_app.yml # Deploy app (standalone, legacy) +├── roles/ +│ ├── common/ # System packages and user config +│ ├── docker/ # Docker installation and config +│ └── web_app/ # Docker Compose app deployment +│ ├── defaults/ # Default variables +│ ├── meta/ # Role dependencies +│ ├── tasks/ # Deployment and wipe tasks +│ └── templates/ # Docker Compose Jinja2 template +├── docs/ +│ └── LAB06.md # Lab 6 documentation +└── README.md # This file +``` + +## Usage + +### Provision Server + +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml +``` + +### Deploy Application + +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml +``` + +### Selective Execution with Tags + +```bash +# Run only docker tasks +ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml --tags "docker" + +# Run only package installation +ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml --tags "packages" + +# Skip common role +ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml --skip-tags "common" + +# List all available tags +ansible-playbook playbooks/full_setup.yml --list-tags +``` + +### Wipe Logic + +```bash +# Wipe only (remove app) +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml -e "web_app_wipe=true" --tags web_app_wipe + +# Clean reinstall (wipe + deploy) +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml -e "web_app_wipe=true" +``` + +## Target Infrastructure + +- **Host:** plumini +- **IP:** 62.84.119.211 +- **User:** ubuntu +- **SSH Key:** ~/.ssh/test_vm +- **OS:** Ubuntu 24.04 LTS + +## Variables + +Configuration variables are in `inventory/group_vars/all.yml` and `roles/*/defaults/main.yml`: + +- `app_name`: Application/container name +- `docker_image`: Docker Hub image +- `docker_tag`: Image tag +- `app_port`: Host port +- `app_internal_port`: Container port +- `web_app_wipe`: Wipe control variable (default: false) + +## Security + +- SSH key authentication (no passwords) +- Ansible Vault for secrets +- Double-gated wipe logic (variable + tag) +- GitHub Actions secrets for CI/CD diff --git a/ansible/ansible.cfg b/ansible/ansible.cfg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..56153543a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/ansible.cfg @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +[defaults] +inventory = inventory/hosts.yml +remote_user = ubuntu +host_key_checking = False +retry_files_enabled = False +gathering = smart +fact_caching = jsonfile +fact_caching_connection = /tmp/ansible_facts +fact_caching_timeout = 3600 +deprecation_warnings = False +inject_facts_as_vars = False +roles_path = roles + +[privilege_escalation] +become = True +become_method = sudo +become_user = root +become_ask_pass = False + +[ssh_connection] +pipelining = True +ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s diff --git a/ansible/docs/LAB06.md b/ansible/docs/LAB06.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bb942d0a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/docs/LAB06.md @@ -0,0 +1,508 @@ +# Lab 6: Advanced Ansible & CI/CD - Submission + +**Name:** Sergey +**Date:** 2026-03-05 +**Lab Points:** 10 + +--- + +## Task 1: Blocks & Tags (2 pts) + +### Implementation + +Both the `common` and `docker` roles were refactored to use Ansible blocks with error handling (rescue/always) and tags for selective execution. + +#### Common Role (`roles/common/tasks/main.yml`) + +Two blocks were created: + +1. **Packages block** (tag: `packages`): + - Updates apt cache, upgrades packages, installs common utilities + - `rescue`: runs `apt-get update --fix-missing` and retries installation + - `always`: writes a log file to `/tmp/common_packages_complete.log` + - `become: true` applied at block level + +2. **Users block** (tag: `users`): + - Ensures deploy user exists + - Configures timezone to UTC + - Sets hostname + - `become: true` applied at block level + +#### Docker Role (`roles/docker/tasks/main.yml`) + +Two blocks were created: + +1. **Docker Install block** (tag: `docker_install`): + - Installs prerequisites, adds GPG key, configures repository, installs Docker packages + - `rescue`: waits 10 seconds, retries apt update and Docker installation + - `always`: ensures Docker service is enabled and started + - `become: true` applied at block level + +2. **Docker Config block** (tag: `docker_config`): + - Adds user to docker group + - Verifies Docker installation + - `become: true` applied at block level + +#### Tag Strategy + +| Tag | Scope | Description | +|-----|-------|-------------| +| `common` | Role-level (in playbook) | Entire common role | +| `packages` | Block-level | Package installation tasks | +| `users` | Block-level | User and system configuration | +| `docker` | Role-level (in playbook) | Entire docker role | +| `docker_install` | Block-level | Docker installation | +| `docker_config` | Block-level | Docker configuration | + +#### Execution Examples + +```bash +```bash +# List all available tags +ansible-playbook playbooks/full_setup.yml --list-tags + +playbook: playbooks/full_setup.yml + + play #1 (all): Complete server setup with roles TAGS: [] + TASK TAGS: [app_deploy, common, compose, docker, docker_config, docker_install, packages, users, web_app, web_app_wipe] +``` + +**Example: Run only docker tasks:** + +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml --tags "docker" --private-key ~/.ssh/test_vm + +PLAY [Provision server] ******************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker prerequisites] *********************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Create directory for Docker GPG key] **************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker GPG key] ********************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker repository] ****************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Update apt cache after adding repository] *********************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker packages] **************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Ensure Docker service is enabled and started] ******************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Add user to docker group] *************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Verify Docker installation] ************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Display Docker version] ***************************************** +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Docker version 29.2.1, build a5c7197" +} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +plumini : ok=11 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +### Research Answers + +**Q: What happens if rescue block also fails?** +The play fails for that host. The `always` block still executes regardless of whether the rescue succeeds or fails. The host is marked as failed and subsequent tasks are skipped for that host. + +**Q: Can you have nested blocks?** +Yes, blocks can be nested within other blocks. Inner blocks can have their own rescue/always sections. This allows for fine-grained error handling at different levels. + +**Q: How do tags inherit to tasks within blocks?** +Tags applied to a block are inherited by all tasks within that block (including rescue and always sections). Tasks inside a block can also have their own additional tags. + +--- + +## Task 2: Docker Compose (3 pts) + +### Role Rename + +The `app_deploy` role was renamed to `web_app` for better specificity and to support future multi-app patterns. + +- `roles/app_deploy` → `roles/web_app` +- All playbook references updated +- Variable prefixes aligned with `web_app_*` naming + +### Docker Compose Template + +**File:** `roles/web_app/templates/docker-compose.yml.j2` + +```yaml +--- +version: '{{ docker_compose_version }}' + +services: + {{ app_name }}: + image: {{ docker_image }}:{{ docker_tag }} + container_name: {{ app_name }} + ports: + - "{{ app_port }}:{{ app_internal_port }}" + environment: + ENV: production + HOST: "0.0.0.0" + PORT: "{{ app_internal_port }}" + restart: unless-stopped +``` + +All values are templated with Jinja2 variables, with defaults defined in `roles/web_app/defaults/main.yml`. + +### Role Dependencies + +**File:** `roles/web_app/meta/main.yml` + +```yaml +dependencies: + - role: docker +``` + +Running `deploy.yml` (which only references `web_app`) automatically installs Docker first via the dependency chain. + +### Deployment Implementation + +The deployment uses `community.docker.docker_compose_v2` module with a block structure: + +1. Creates app directory at `/opt/{{ app_name }}` +2. Templates the docker-compose.yml file +3. Deploys with Docker Compose (pulls latest image) +4. Rescue block logs failure details + +Tags: `app_deploy`, `compose` + +### Variables + +| Variable | Default | Description | +|----------|---------|-------------| +| `app_name` | `devops-app` | Container/service name | +| `docker_image` | `4hellboy4/devops-info-service` | Docker Hub image | +| `docker_tag` | `latest` | Image version | +| `app_port` | `8000` | Host port | +| `app_internal_port` | `8000` | Container port | +| `compose_project_dir` | `/opt/{{ app_name }}` | Project directory | +| `docker_compose_version` | `3.8` | Compose file version | + +### Before/After Comparison + +**Before (Lab 5):** Used `community.docker.docker_container` module with imperative `docker run` style deployment. Required manual container stop/remove before redeployment. + +**After (Lab 6):** Uses Docker Compose with declarative configuration. Template-based, idempotent deployment with `community.docker.docker_compose_v2` module. + +### Testing + +```bash +# Full deployment +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml + +# Idempotency check (second run should show no changes) +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml + +# Verify on target +ssh ubuntu@62.84.119.211 "docker ps" +ssh ubuntu@62.84.119.211 "cat /opt/devops-app/docker-compose.yml" +curl http://62.84.119.211:8000 +``` + +### Research Answers + +**Q: What's the difference between `restart: always` and `restart: unless-stopped`?** +`always` restarts the container whenever it stops, including after Docker daemon restarts, even if the container was manually stopped. `unless-stopped` behaves like `always` except it does not restart containers that were manually stopped before the daemon restart. + +**Q: How do Docker Compose networks differ from Docker bridge networks?** +Docker Compose automatically creates a dedicated bridge network for all services in a project, enabling service-to-service communication by container name (DNS-based service discovery). Standard Docker bridge networks require manual `--link` or network creation for name resolution. + +**Q: Can you reference Ansible Vault variables in the template?** +Yes. Vault-encrypted variables are decrypted at runtime by Ansible and can be used in Jinja2 templates just like any other variable. The decrypted values are never written to disk in plaintext (only in the rendered template on the target). + +--- + +## Task 3: Wipe Logic (1 pt) + +### Implementation + +Wipe logic is implemented with double-gating for safety: + +1. **Variable gate:** `web_app_wipe` (default: `false`) +2. **Tag gate:** `web_app_wipe` tag on include and block + +#### Wipe Tasks (`roles/web_app/tasks/wipe.yml`) + +The wipe block performs: +1. Stop and remove containers via `docker_compose_v2` with `state: absent` +2. Remove docker-compose.yml file +3. Remove application directory +4. Optionally remove Docker image +5. Log wipe completion + +All destructive tasks use `ignore_errors: true` to handle cases where resources are already absent. + +#### Integration in Main Tasks + +Wipe is included at the **beginning** of `main.yml` (before deployment), enabling the clean reinstall workflow: wipe old → deploy new. + +```yaml +- name: Include wipe tasks + include_tasks: wipe.yml + tags: + - web_app_wipe +``` + +### Test Scenarios + +**Scenario 1: Normal deployment (wipe should NOT run)** +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml +# Result: app deploys normally, wipe tasks not tag-selected +``` + +**Scenario 2: Wipe only** +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml \ + -e "web_app_wipe=true" \ + --tags web_app_wipe +# Result: app removed, deployment skipped (tag filter excludes deploy) +``` + +**Scenario 3: Clean reinstallation** +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml \ + -e "web_app_wipe=true" +# Result: wipe runs first, then fresh deployment +``` + +**Scenario 4: Safety check (tag but no variable)** +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml --tags web_app_wipe +# Result: wipe include selected but when condition (false) blocks execution +``` + +### Research Answers + +**1. Why use both variable AND tag?** +Double safety mechanism: the tag prevents wipe tasks from being selected during normal execution (no `--tags`), and the variable provides a runtime check even if the tag is specified. Both must be explicitly set for wipe to execute. + +**2. What's the difference between `never` tag and this approach?** +The `never` tag unconditionally prevents task execution unless explicitly overridden with `--tags never`. This approach is more flexible: the variable allows conditional execution at runtime (e.g., from CI/CD) without requiring tag specification, supporting the clean reinstall use case. + +**3. Why must wipe logic come BEFORE deployment in main.yml?** +Placing wipe before deployment enables the clean reinstall scenario. When both are executed (variable true, no tag filter), wipe removes the old installation first, then deployment creates a fresh one in a single playbook run. + +**4. When would you want clean reinstallation vs. rolling update?** +Clean reinstall is needed for major version changes with breaking schema/config changes, corrupted state, or when you need to verify the full deployment pipeline. Rolling updates are better for minor changes, zero-downtime requirements, and when persistent data must be preserved. + +**5. How would you extend this to wipe Docker images and volumes too?** +Add tasks using `community.docker.docker_image` with `state: absent` (already included) and `community.docker.docker_volume` with `state: absent` for named volumes. Add a `docker system prune` command for comprehensive cleanup. + +--- + +## Task 4: CI/CD (3 pts) + +### Workflow Architecture + +**File:** `.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml` + +``` +Code Push → Lint Ansible → Deploy Application → Verify Deployment +``` + +Two jobs: +1. **lint** - Runs `ansible-lint` on all playbooks +2. **deploy** - Deploys via SSH to target VM (depends on lint passing) + +### Workflow Results + +![Successful CI/CD Workflow](../../app_python/docs/screenshots/15-successful-workflow-run.png) + +Both jobs passed successfully: +- ✅ Ansible Lint (push) - Successful in 46s +- ✅ Deploy Application (push) - Successful in 1m + +The workflow automatically: +1. Checks out code +2. Sets up Python and Ansible +3. Runs ansible-lint for syntax validation +4. Configures SSH authentication +5. Executes the deployment playbook +6. Verifies the application is accessible + +### Application Verification + +Application successfully deployed and accessible: + +```bash +$ curl http://62.84.119.211:8000 +{ + "service": { + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "DevOps course info service", + "framework": "FastAPI" + }, + "system": { + "hostname": "6b11b26efc9e", + "platform": "Linux", + "platform_version": "Linux-6.8.0-100-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.41", + "architecture": "x86_64", + "cpu_count": 2, + "python_version": "3.13.12" + }, + "runtime": { + "uptime_seconds": 564, + "uptime_human": "0 hours, 9 minutes", + "current_time": "2026-03-05T20:17:03.340005+00:00", + "timezone": "UTC" + } +} + +$ curl http://62.84.119.211:8000/health +{ + "status": "healthy", + "timestamp": "2026-03-05T20:17:03.374947+00:00", + "uptime_seconds": 564 +} +``` + +### Trigger Configuration + +```yaml +on: + push: + branches: [main, master, lab06] + paths: + - 'ansible/**' + - '!ansible/docs/**' + - '.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml' + pull_request: + branches: [main, master] + paths: + - 'ansible/**' +``` + +Path filters ensure the workflow only triggers on Ansible code changes, excluding documentation. + +### Required GitHub Secrets + +| Secret | Purpose | +|--------|---------| +| `ANSIBLE_VAULT_PASSWORD` | Decrypt Vault-encrypted secrets | +| `SSH_PRIVATE_KEY` | SSH key for target VM access | +| `VM_HOST` | Target VM IP/hostname | + +### Lint Job + +- Uses Python 3.12 +- Installs `ansible` and `ansible-lint` +- Runs `ansible-lint playbooks/*.yml` + +### Deploy Job + +- Runs only on push events (not PRs) +- Sets up SSH with key from GitHub Secrets +- Runs `ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml` with vault password +- Verifies deployment by curling the app endpoints + +### Verification + +```yaml +- name: Verify Deployment + run: | + sleep 10 + curl -f http://${{ secrets.VM_HOST }}:8000 || exit 1 + curl -f http://${{ secrets.VM_HOST }}:8000/health || exit 1 +``` + +### Status Badge + +Added to `ansible/README.md`: + +```markdown +[![Ansible Deployment](https://github.com/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml) +``` + +### Research Answers + +**1. What are the security implications of storing SSH keys in GitHub Secrets?** +GitHub Secrets are encrypted at rest and masked in logs. However, anyone with admin/write access to the repository can use them in workflows. The SSH key grants full access to the target VM, so repository access control is critical. Rotate keys regularly and use dedicated deploy keys with minimal permissions. + +**2. How would you implement a staging → production deployment pipeline?** +Use separate inventory files for staging and production. Create two deploy jobs: staging deploys first, production requires manual approval via GitHub Environments. Use branch protection rules and separate secrets for each environment. + +**3. What would you add to make rollbacks possible?** +Store the previous image tag as an artifact or in a version file. Create a rollback playbook that deploys the previous version. Use Docker image tags (not `latest`) for traceability. Implement blue/green deployment with two Compose files. + +**4. How does self-hosted runner improve security compared to GitHub-hosted?** +Self-hosted runners operate within your network, eliminating the need to expose SSH keys to GitHub infrastructure. Direct access to servers without SSH tunneling reduces attack surface. However, self-hosted runners require their own maintenance and security hardening. + +--- + +## Task 5: Documentation + +This file serves as the complete documentation for Lab 6. + +--- + +## Testing Results + +### Tag Execution + +```bash +# List all tags +ansible-playbook playbooks/full_setup.yml --list-tags +# Shows: common, packages, users, docker, docker_install, docker_config, web_app, app_deploy, compose, web_app_wipe + +# Selective docker execution +ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml --tags "docker" +# Only docker role tasks execute + +# Package installation only +ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml --tags "packages" +# Only package block from common role executes +``` + +### Docker Compose Deployment + +```bash +# Deploy application +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml +# Docker dependency auto-resolves, compose template rendered, app started + +# Verify idempotency +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml +# Second run shows "ok" status, no "changed" tasks +``` + +### Wipe Logic Verification + +All four scenarios tested as described in Task 3 section above. + +--- + +## Challenges & Solutions + +1. **Module selection for Docker Compose**: Chose `community.docker.docker_compose_v2` over the deprecated `docker_compose` module since Docker Compose v2 (CLI plugin) is already installed on the target. + +2. **Tag interaction with include_tasks**: Dynamic includes (`include_tasks`) require tags on both the include directive and the included tasks for proper filtering with `--tags`. + +3. **Wipe safety**: Implemented `ignore_errors: true` on destructive wipe tasks to handle cases where resources are already removed. + +--- + +## Summary + +- Refactored all roles with blocks (rescue/always) and comprehensive tag strategy +- Migrated from `docker run` to Docker Compose with Jinja2 templating +- Implemented role dependencies (web_app depends on docker) +- Created double-gated wipe logic (variable + tag) +- Set up GitHub Actions CI/CD with linting and automated deployment +- All research questions answered with analysis diff --git a/ansible/inventory/group_vars/all.yml b/ansible/inventory/group_vars/all.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29bcf3a72d --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/inventory/group_vars/all.yml @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +--- +# Common variables for all hosts +ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 + +# Docker configuration +docker_edition: ce +docker_packages: + - docker-ce + - docker-ce-cli + - containerd.io + - docker-buildx-plugin + - docker-compose-plugin + +# Application configuration +web_app_name: devops-app +web_app_docker_image: 4hellboy4/devops-info-service +web_app_docker_tag: latest +web_app_port: 8000 +web_app_internal_port: 8000 +web_app_compose_project_dir: "/opt/{{ web_app_name }}" +web_app_docker_compose_version: "3.8" + +# User configuration +deploy_user: ubuntu diff --git a/ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml b/ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..965e13b3ad --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256 +65656164656364353065656233646162616133643566663662343661333531633862353164346338 +6464396136646534326433613639613930663730383332300a306165623931333238656463393664 +33616531656164336634333431343834663864616232303738656339383532333239363463616264 +6463396633613537310a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diff --git a/ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml.example b/ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml.example new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8f958510e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml.example @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +# Example secrets file - THIS FILE IS NOT ENCRYPTED +# Use: ansible-vault encrypt ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml +# to encrypt this file with a password + +# Database credentials (example) +db_password: change_me_and_encrypt +db_user: app_user +db_host: localhost +db_port: 5432 + +# API keys (example) +api_key: your_api_key_here +docker_hub_token: your_token_here + +# SSL/TLS certificates paths (example) +ssl_cert_path: /etc/ssl/certs/app.crt +ssl_key_path: /etc/ssl/private/app.key + +# Application secrets (example) +app_secret_key: super_secret_key_change_me +jwt_secret: jwt_secret_key_change_me diff --git a/ansible/inventory/hosts.yml b/ansible/inventory/hosts.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..22e9008fe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/inventory/hosts.yml @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +all: + children: + lab_servers: + hosts: + plumini: + ansible_host: 62.84.119.211 + ansible_user: ubuntu + ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 + vars: + env: production + region: ru-central1-a diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/deploy.yml b/ansible/playbooks/deploy.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..463d3468d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/deploy.yml @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +--- +- name: Deploy Application + hosts: all + become: true + + roles: + - role: web_app + tags: + - web_app diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/deploy_app.yml b/ansible/playbooks/deploy_app.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..01382cbc73 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/deploy_app.yml @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +- name: Deploy DevOps Info Service + hosts: all + become: true + gather_facts: true + + tasks: + - name: Ensure Docker is running + ansible.builtin.systemd: + name: docker + state: started + + - name: Pull latest application image + community.docker.docker_image: + name: "{{ app_image }}" + source: pull + force_source: true + + - name: Stop and remove existing container + community.docker.docker_container: + name: "{{ app_container_name }}" + state: absent + + - name: Deploy application container + community.docker.docker_container: + name: "{{ app_container_name }}" + image: "{{ app_image }}" + state: started + restart_policy: always + published_ports: + - "{{ app_port }}:5000" + env: + ENV: production + HOST: 0.0.0.0 + PORT: "5000" + + - name: Wait for application to be ready + ansible.builtin.uri: + url: "http://localhost:{{ app_port }}/health" + status_code: 200 + register: result + until: result.status == 200 + retries: 5 + delay: 2 + + - name: Display application status + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Application is running at http://{{ ansible_host }}:{{ app_port }}" diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/docker.yml b/ansible/playbooks/docker.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4a34929423 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/docker.yml @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +- name: Install Docker on Ubuntu servers + hosts: all + become: true + gather_facts: true + + tasks: + - name: Update apt cache + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + cache_valid_time: 3600 + + - name: Install required packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: + - apt-transport-https + - ca-certificates + - curl + - gnupg + - lsb-release + state: present + + - name: Create directory for Docker GPG key + ansible.builtin.file: + path: /etc/apt/keyrings + state: directory + mode: '0755' + + - name: Add Docker GPG key + ansible.builtin.apt_key: + url: https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg + keyring: /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg + state: present + + - name: Add Docker repository + ansible.builtin.apt_repository: + repo: >- + deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] + https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu + {{ ansible_facts['distribution_release'] }} stable + state: present + filename: docker + + - name: Update apt cache after adding repository + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + cache_valid_time: 3600 + + - name: Install Docker packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ docker_packages }}" + state: present + + - name: Ensure Docker service is started and enabled + ansible.builtin.systemd: + name: docker + state: started + enabled: true + + - name: Add ubuntu user to docker group + ansible.builtin.user: + name: "{{ deploy_user }}" + groups: docker + append: true + + - name: Verify Docker installation + ansible.builtin.command: docker --version + register: docker_version + changed_when: false + + - name: Display Docker version + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "{{ docker_version.stdout }}" diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/full_setup.yml b/ansible/playbooks/full_setup.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a43884c45c --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/full_setup.yml @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +--- +- name: Complete server setup with roles + hosts: all + become: true + + roles: + - role: common + tags: + - common + - role: docker + tags: + - docker + - role: web_app + tags: + - web_app + + post_tasks: + - name: Display completion message + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Server setup complete! All services are running." diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/ping.yml b/ansible/playbooks/ping.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1aefc8a5c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/ping.yml @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +- name: Test connectivity to all hosts + hosts: all + gather_facts: true + + tasks: + - name: Ping all hosts + ansible.builtin.ping: + + - name: Display hostname and OS + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Host {{ inventory_hostname }} is running {{ ansible_distribution }} {{ ansible_distribution_version }}" diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/provision.yml b/ansible/playbooks/provision.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0aaeffd15a --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/provision.yml @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +- name: Provision server + hosts: all + become: true + + roles: + - role: common + tags: + - common + - role: docker + tags: + - docker diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/vault_example.yml b/ansible/playbooks/vault_example.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..99029b387e --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/vault_example.yml @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +- name: Example playbook using vaulted secrets + hosts: all + become: yes + + vars_files: + - ../inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml + + tasks: + - name: Display that we have access to secrets (without showing them) + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Database user is configured (password hidden)" + + - name: Example - deploy app with database credentials + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Would deploy app with DB_USER={{ db_user }} and DB_HOST={{ db_host }}" + # In real scenario, you'd pass these as environment variables: + # env: + # DB_USER: "{{ db_user }}" + # DB_PASSWORD: "{{ db_password }}" + # DB_HOST: "{{ db_host }}" + + - name: Show API key is available (first 10 chars only) + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "API key starts with: {{ api_key[:10] }}..." + when: api_key is defined diff --git a/ansible/roles/common/tasks/main.yml b/ansible/roles/common/tasks/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba90247efe --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/common/tasks/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +- name: Install system packages + become: true + tags: + - packages + block: + - name: Update apt cache + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + cache_valid_time: 3600 + + - name: Upgrade apt packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + upgrade: safe + + - name: Install common packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: + - curl + - wget + - git + - vim + - htop + - net-tools + - software-properties-common + state: present + + rescue: + - name: Fix apt cache and retry + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + force_apt_get: true + changed_when: true + + - name: Retry package installation + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: + - curl + - wget + - git + - vim + - htop + - net-tools + - software-properties-common + state: present + update_cache: true + + always: + - name: Log package installation completion + ansible.builtin.copy: + content: "Package installation completed at {{ ansible_date_time.iso8601 }}\n" + dest: /tmp/common_packages_complete.log + mode: '0644' + +- name: Configure users and system + become: true + tags: + - users + block: + - name: Ensure deploy user exists + ansible.builtin.user: + name: "{{ deploy_user }}" + state: present + shell: /bin/bash + + - name: Configure timezone + community.general.timezone: + name: UTC + + - name: Set hostname + ansible.builtin.hostname: + name: "{{ inventory_hostname }}" + when: inventory_hostname is defined diff --git a/ansible/roles/docker/defaults/main.yml b/ansible/roles/docker/defaults/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e526b2918f --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/docker/defaults/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- +# Default variables for Docker role +docker_packages: + - docker-ce + - docker-ce-cli + - containerd.io + - docker-buildx-plugin + - docker-compose-plugin + +docker_deploy_user: ubuntu diff --git a/ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml b/ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9d395b7f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +--- +- name: Install Docker + become: true + tags: + - docker_install + block: + - name: Install Docker prerequisites + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: + - apt-transport-https + - ca-certificates + - curl + - gnupg + - lsb-release + state: present + update_cache: true + cache_valid_time: 3600 + + - name: Create directory for Docker GPG key + ansible.builtin.file: + path: /etc/apt/keyrings + state: directory + mode: '0755' + + - name: Add Docker GPG key + ansible.builtin.apt_key: + url: https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg + keyring: /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg + state: present + + - name: Add Docker repository + ansible.builtin.apt_repository: + repo: >- + deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] + https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu + {{ ansible_facts['distribution_release'] }} stable + state: present + filename: docker + + - name: Update apt cache after adding repository + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + cache_valid_time: 3600 + + - name: Install Docker packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ docker_packages }}" + state: present + + rescue: + - name: Wait before retrying + ansible.builtin.pause: + seconds: 10 + + - name: Retry apt update + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + + - name: Retry Docker installation + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ docker_packages }}" + state: present + + always: + - name: Ensure Docker service is enabled and started + ansible.builtin.systemd: + name: docker + state: started + enabled: true + +- name: Configure Docker + become: true + tags: + - docker_config + block: + - name: Add user to docker group + ansible.builtin.user: + name: "{{ docker_deploy_user }}" + groups: docker + append: true + + - name: Verify Docker installation + ansible.builtin.command: docker --version + register: docker_version + changed_when: false + + - name: Display Docker version + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "{{ docker_version.stdout }}" diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/defaults/main.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/defaults/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..44025fc3fb --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/defaults/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +# Application configuration +web_app_name: devops-app +web_app_docker_image: 4hellboy4/devops-info-service +web_app_docker_tag: latest +web_app_port: 8000 +web_app_internal_port: 8000 + +# Docker Compose config +web_app_compose_project_dir: "/opt/{{ web_app_name }}" +web_app_docker_compose_version: "3.8" + +# Wipe Logic Control +# Set to true to remove application completely +# Wipe only: ansible-playbook deploy.yml -e "web_app_wipe=true" --tags web_app_wipe +# Clean install: ansible-playbook deploy.yml -e "web_app_wipe=true" +web_app_wipe: false diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/meta/main.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/meta/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cb7d8e0460 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/meta/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +--- +dependencies: + - role: docker diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/main.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7b6324df1a --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +--- +- name: Include wipe tasks + ansible.builtin.include_tasks: wipe.yml + tags: + - web_app_wipe + +- name: Deploy application with Docker Compose + become: true + tags: + - app_deploy + - compose + block: + - name: Create app directory + ansible.builtin.file: + path: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" + state: directory + mode: '0755' + + - name: Template docker-compose file + ansible.builtin.template: + src: docker-compose.yml.j2 + dest: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}/docker-compose.yml" + mode: '0644' + + - name: Deploy with docker compose + community.docker.docker_compose_v2: + project_src: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" + state: present + pull: always + + rescue: + - name: Handle deployment failure + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Deployment of {{ web_app_name }} failed. Check logs for details." diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/wipe.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/wipe.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8d0653e7f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/wipe.yml @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +--- +- name: Wipe web application + when: web_app_wipe | bool + become: true + tags: + - web_app_wipe + block: + - name: Stop and remove containers + community.docker.docker_compose_v2: + project_src: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" + state: absent + failed_when: false + + - name: Remove docker-compose file + ansible.builtin.file: + path: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}/docker-compose.yml" + state: absent + + - name: Remove application directory + ansible.builtin.file: + path: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" + state: absent + + - name: Remove Docker image + community.docker.docker_image: + name: "{{ web_app_docker_image }}" + tag: "{{ web_app_docker_tag }}" + state: absent + failed_when: false + + - name: Log wipe completion + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Application {{ web_app_name }} wiped successfully" diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/templates/docker-compose.yml.j2 b/ansible/roles/web_app/templates/docker-compose.yml.j2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4355146612 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/templates/docker-compose.yml.j2 @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +services: + {{ web_app_name }}: + image: {{ web_app_docker_image }}:{{ web_app_docker_tag }} + container_name: {{ web_app_name }} + ports: + - "{{ web_app_port }}:{{ web_app_internal_port }}" + environment: + ENV: production + HOST: "0.0.0.0" + PORT: "{{ web_app_internal_port }}" + restart: unless-stopped diff --git a/app_go/.dockerignore b/app_go/.dockerignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..130e674c30 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/.dockerignore @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +devops-info-service +.git/ +.gitignore +.vscode/ +.idea/ +*.md +docs/ +.DS_Store +Dockerfile +.dockerignore diff --git a/app_go/.gitignore b/app_go/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ffc25971dc --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Binary +devops-info-service +*.exe + +# IDE +.idea/ +.vscode/ + +# OS +.DS_Store diff --git a/app_go/Dockerfile b/app_go/Dockerfile new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b34c19e563 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/Dockerfile @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +FROM golang:1.21-alpine AS builder + +WORKDIR /build + +COPY go.mod . +COPY main.go . + +RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -o devops-info-service + +FROM scratch + +COPY --from=builder /build/devops-info-service /devops-info-service + +EXPOSE 8080 + +ENTRYPOINT ["/devops-info-service"] diff --git a/app_go/README.md b/app_go/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..28eabc5215 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +# DevOps Info Service (Go) + +A web service that reports system information and health status, built with Go's standard library `net/http`. + +## Prerequisites + +- Go 1.21+ + +## Build + +```bash +go build -o devops-info-service +``` + +## Running the Application + +```bash +./devops-info-service +``` + +With custom configuration: + +```bash +PORT=3000 ./devops-info-service +HOST=127.0.0.1 PORT=3000 ./devops-info-service +``` + +Or run directly without building: + +```bash +go run main.go +``` + +The service starts on `http://localhost:8080` by default. + +## API Endpoints + +| Method | Path | Description | +|--------|-----------|--------------------------------------| +| GET | `/` | Service and system information | +| GET | `/health` | Health check (status, uptime) | + +### `GET /` + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8080/ +``` + +### `GET /health` + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8080/health +``` + +## Configuration + +| Variable | Default | Description | +|----------|-----------|----------------------| +| `HOST` | `0.0.0.0` | Server bind address | +| `PORT` | `8080` | Server port | + +## Binary Size Comparison + +| Artifact | Size | +|----------------------|----------| +| Python (source) | ~5 KB | +| Go (compiled binary) | ~7 MB | + +The Go binary is self-contained — no runtime, no dependencies, no virtual environment needed. Just copy and run. diff --git a/app_go/docs/GO.md b/app_go/docs/GO.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e09b91ca10 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/docs/GO.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# Language Justification: Go + +## Why Go + +| Criteria | Python (FastAPI) | Go (net/http) | Java (Spring Boot) | +|---------------------|------------------|---------------------|---------------------| +| Binary size | N/A (interpreted)| ~7 MB | ~20 MB (fat JAR) | +| Startup time | ~1s | Instant | ~2-3s | +| Dependencies | pip + venv | Zero (stdlib only) | Maven + JDK | +| Compilation speed | N/A | Very fast | Moderate | +| Memory usage | Moderate | Very low | High | +| Concurrency | GIL-limited | Goroutines (native) | Threads | + +## Reasons for Choosing Go + +1. **Zero external dependencies** — the entire service is built using Go's standard library (`net/http`, `encoding/json`, `runtime`). No frameworks, no package managers, no dependency hell. + +2. **Single static binary** — `go build` produces one executable with everything baked in. No runtime needed, no JVM, no interpreter. Just copy the binary and run it anywhere. + +3. **Ideal for Docker** — small binary size and no runtime dependencies make for minimal Docker images. A multi-stage build with `FROM scratch` can produce images under 10 MB. + +4. **Fast compilation** — the entire project compiles in under a second, making the development loop fast. + +## Trade-offs + +- **Verbosity** — Go requires explicit struct definitions with JSON tags. More typing than Python dicts, but safer. +- **No auto-docs** — unlike FastAPI's built-in Swagger, Go's stdlib has no API documentation generation. +- **Error handling** — Go uses explicit `if err != nil` patterns instead of exceptions. More boilerplate but more predictable. diff --git a/app_go/docs/LAB01.md b/app_go/docs/LAB01.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..599a576455 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/docs/LAB01.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +# Lab 01 — DevOps Info Service (Go) + +## Implementation Details + +The Go implementation keeps everything in a single `main.go` file using only the standard library. This is idiomatic for small Go services — no need for a framework. + +**Key components:** +- Struct types with JSON tags for response serialization +- `rootHandler` and `healthHandler` for the two endpoints +- `getUptime()` and `getHostname()` helper functions +- `startTime` package-level variable for uptime tracking + +## Key Differences from Python Version + +| Aspect | Python (FastAPI) | Go (net/http) | +|-----------------|----------------------------|----------------------------| +| Models | Pydantic `BaseModel` | Structs with JSON tags | +| Routing | `@router.get("/")` | `http.HandleFunc("/", fn)` | +| JSON | Automatic from dict/model | `json.NewEncoder().Encode` | +| Server | uvicorn (external) | Built-in `http.ListenAndServe` | +| Dependencies | fastapi, uvicorn | None (stdlib only) | +| Field naming | `python_version` | `go_version` | + +## Build & Run + +```bash +go build -o devops-info-service +./devops-info-service +``` + +## Testing + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8080/ +curl http://localhost:8080/health +``` + +## Screenshots + +Screenshots in `screenshots/`: +- Compilation and binary output +- Running application with endpoint responses diff --git a/app_go/docs/LAB02.md b/app_go/docs/LAB02.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61ac9906ee --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/docs/LAB02.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Lab 02 — Docker Containerization (Go) + +## Multi-Stage Build Strategy + +The Go Dockerfile uses two stages: + +### Stage 1: Builder + +```dockerfile +FROM golang:1.21-alpine AS builder +WORKDIR /build +COPY go.mod . +COPY main.go . +RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -o devops-info-service +``` + +**Purpose:** Compile the Go source into a static binary. The `golang:1.21-alpine` image includes the full Go toolchain (~300 MB). `CGO_ENABLED=0` produces a fully static binary with no C library dependencies, which is required to run on `scratch`. + +### Stage 2: Runtime + +```dockerfile +FROM scratch +COPY --from=builder /build/devops-info-service /devops-info-service +EXPOSE 8080 +ENTRYPOINT ["/devops-info-service"] +``` + +**Purpose:** The final image starts from `scratch` — literally an empty filesystem. Only the compiled binary is copied in. No shell, no package manager, no OS — just the executable. + +## Size Comparison + +| Image | Size | +|------------------------|----------| +| golang:1.21-alpine | ~300 MB | +| Final image (scratch) | ~7 MB | +| Python (3.13-slim) | ~170 MB | + +The multi-stage build reduces the image from ~300 MB (builder) to ~7 MB (final) — a **97% reduction**. + +## Why Multi-Stage Builds Matter + +**Without multi-stage:** The final image includes the entire Go SDK, build tools, source code, and intermediate build artifacts. This wastes disk space and increases the attack surface. + +**With multi-stage:** The final image contains only the compiled binary. There is nothing else to exploit — no shell to exec into, no package manager to install tools, no OS libraries with CVEs. + +## Security Benefits + +- **`FROM scratch`** — the image has zero packages, zero CVEs by definition. There is literally nothing to patch. +- **No shell** — an attacker cannot `docker exec` into the container and run commands. +- **Static binary** — no dynamic library dependencies that could be exploited. +- **Minimal attack surface** — the only thing running is the application binary. + +## Build & Run + +```bash +cd app_go +docker build -t devops-info-service-go . +docker run -p 8080:8080 devops-info-service-go +``` + +## Testing + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8080/ +curl http://localhost:8080/health +``` + +## Challenges & Solutions + +1. **`scratch` has no CA certificates** — if the app needed HTTPS outbound calls, `scratch` would fail. For this service it's not needed, but for production apps you'd either copy certs from the builder stage or use `gcr.io/distroless/static` instead. +2. **Static compilation required** — `CGO_ENABLED=0` is mandatory for `scratch`. Without it, the binary dynamically links glibc, which doesn't exist in `scratch`. diff --git a/app_go/docs/screenshots/01-compilation-of-program.png b/app_go/docs/screenshots/01-compilation-of-program.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a68330b21a Binary files /dev/null and b/app_go/docs/screenshots/01-compilation-of-program.png differ diff --git a/app_go/docs/screenshots/02-root-endpoint.png b/app_go/docs/screenshots/02-root-endpoint.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ea1bc8ba62 Binary files /dev/null and b/app_go/docs/screenshots/02-root-endpoint.png differ diff --git a/app_go/docs/screenshots/03-health-endpoint.png b/app_go/docs/screenshots/03-health-endpoint.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0b43c98279 Binary files /dev/null and b/app_go/docs/screenshots/03-health-endpoint.png differ diff --git a/app_go/go.mod b/app_go/go.mod new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..307ce0d1c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/go.mod @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +module devops-info-service + +go 1.21 diff --git a/app_go/main.go b/app_go/main.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50d361272d --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/main.go @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +package main + +import ( + "encoding/json" + "fmt" + "log" + "net/http" + "os" + "runtime" + "time" +) + +var startTime = time.Now() + +type ServiceInfo struct { + Name string `json:"name"` + Version string `json:"version"` + Description string `json:"description"` + Framework string `json:"framework"` +} + +type SystemInfo struct { + Hostname string `json:"hostname"` + Platform string `json:"platform"` + Architecture string `json:"architecture"` + CPUCount int `json:"cpu_count"` + GoVersion string `json:"go_version"` +} + +type RuntimeInfo struct { + UptimeSeconds int64 `json:"uptime_seconds"` + UptimeHuman string `json:"uptime_human"` + CurrentTime string `json:"current_time"` + Timezone string `json:"timezone"` +} + +type RequestInfo struct { + ClientIP string `json:"client_ip"` + UserAgent string `json:"user_agent"` + Method string `json:"method"` + Path string `json:"path"` +} + +type EndpointInfo struct { + Path string `json:"path"` + Method string `json:"method"` + Description string `json:"description"` +} + +type RootResponse struct { + Service ServiceInfo `json:"service"` + System SystemInfo `json:"system"` + Runtime RuntimeInfo `json:"runtime"` + Request RequestInfo `json:"request"` + Endpoints []EndpointInfo `json:"endpoints"` +} + +type HealthResponse struct { + Status string `json:"status"` + Timestamp string `json:"timestamp"` + UptimeSeconds int64 `json:"uptime_seconds"` +} + +func getHostname() string { + hostname, err := os.Hostname() + if err != nil { + return "unknown" + } + return hostname +} + +func getUptime() (int64, string) { + seconds := int64(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()) + hours := seconds / 3600 + minutes := (seconds % 3600) / 60 + human := fmt.Sprintf("%d hours, %d minutes", hours, minutes) + return seconds, human +} + +func rootHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + if r.URL.Path != "/" { + http.NotFound(w, r) + return + } + + uptimeSeconds, uptimeHuman := getUptime() + + response := RootResponse{ + Service: ServiceInfo{ + Name: "devops-info-service", + Version: "1.0.0", + Description: "DevOps course info service", + Framework: "net/http", + }, + System: SystemInfo{ + Hostname: getHostname(), + Platform: runtime.GOOS, + Architecture: runtime.GOARCH, + CPUCount: runtime.NumCPU(), + GoVersion: runtime.Version(), + }, + Runtime: RuntimeInfo{ + UptimeSeconds: uptimeSeconds, + UptimeHuman: uptimeHuman, + CurrentTime: time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339), + Timezone: "UTC", + }, + Request: RequestInfo{ + ClientIP: r.RemoteAddr, + UserAgent: r.UserAgent(), + Method: r.Method, + Path: r.URL.Path, + }, + Endpoints: []EndpointInfo{ + {Path: "/", Method: "GET", Description: "Service information"}, + {Path: "/health", Method: "GET", Description: "Health check"}, + }, + } + + w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json") + if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response); err != nil { + http.Error(w, "failed to encode response", http.StatusInternalServerError) + } +} + +func healthHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + uptimeSeconds, _ := getUptime() + + response := HealthResponse{ + Status: "healthy", + Timestamp: time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339), + UptimeSeconds: uptimeSeconds, + } + + w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json") + if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response); err != nil { + http.Error(w, "failed to encode response", http.StatusInternalServerError) + } +} + +func main() { + port := os.Getenv("PORT") + if port == "" { + port = "8080" + } + + host := os.Getenv("HOST") + if host == "" { + host = "0.0.0.0" + } + + addr := host + ":" + port + + http.HandleFunc("/", rootHandler) + http.HandleFunc("/health", healthHandler) + + log.Printf("Starting DevOps Info Service on %s", addr) + log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(addr, nil)) +} diff --git a/app_go/main_test.go b/app_go/main_test.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..804047645d --- /dev/null +++ b/app_go/main_test.go @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +package main + +import ( + "encoding/json" + "net/http" + "net/http/httptest" + "testing" +) + +func TestRootHandler(t *testing.T) { + req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil) + w := httptest.NewRecorder() + rootHandler(w, req) + + if w.Code != http.StatusOK { + t.Errorf("expected 200, got %d", w.Code) + } + + var resp RootResponse + if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &resp); err != nil { + t.Fatalf("failed to parse JSON: %v", err) + } + + if resp.Service.Name != "devops-info-service" { + t.Errorf("expected service name 'devops-info-service', got '%s'", resp.Service.Name) + } + if resp.Service.Version != "1.0.0" { + t.Errorf("expected version '1.0.0', got '%s'", resp.Service.Version) + } + if resp.Service.Framework != "net/http" { + t.Errorf("expected framework 'net/http', got '%s'", resp.Service.Framework) + } + if resp.System.CPUCount <= 0 { + t.Errorf("expected cpu_count > 0, got %d", resp.System.CPUCount) + } + if resp.Runtime.Timezone != "UTC" { + t.Errorf("expected timezone 'UTC', got '%s'", resp.Runtime.Timezone) + } + if len(resp.Endpoints) < 2 { + t.Errorf("expected at least 2 endpoints, got %d", len(resp.Endpoints)) + } +} + +func TestHealthHandler(t *testing.T) { + req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/health", nil) + w := httptest.NewRecorder() + healthHandler(w, req) + + if w.Code != http.StatusOK { + t.Errorf("expected 200, got %d", w.Code) + } + + var resp HealthResponse + if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &resp); err != nil { + t.Fatalf("failed to parse JSON: %v", err) + } + + if resp.Status != "healthy" { + t.Errorf("expected status 'healthy', got '%s'", resp.Status) + } + if resp.UptimeSeconds < 0 { + t.Errorf("expected uptime >= 0, got %d", resp.UptimeSeconds) + } + if resp.Timestamp == "" { + t.Error("expected non-empty timestamp") + } +} + +func TestRootHandlerNotFound(t *testing.T) { + req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/nonexistent", nil) + w := httptest.NewRecorder() + rootHandler(w, req) + + if w.Code != http.StatusNotFound { + t.Errorf("expected 404, got %d", w.Code) + } +} + +func TestRootHandlerContentType(t *testing.T) { + req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil) + w := httptest.NewRecorder() + rootHandler(w, req) + + ct := w.Header().Get("Content-Type") + if ct != "application/json" { + t.Errorf("expected content-type 'application/json', got '%s'", ct) + } +} diff --git a/app_python/.coverage b/app_python/.coverage new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bc2460004b Binary files /dev/null and b/app_python/.coverage differ diff --git a/app_python/.dockerignore b/app_python/.dockerignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b9e2e9397 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/.dockerignore @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +__pycache__/ +*.py[cod] +*.pyo +venv/ +.venv/ +.git/ +.gitignore +.vscode/ +.idea/ +*.md +docs/ +tests/ +.DS_Store +Dockerfile +.dockerignore diff --git a/app_python/.gitignore b/app_python/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..efe14f9287 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Python +__pycache__/ +*.py[cod] +*.pyo +venv/ +.venv/ +*.egg-info/ +dist/ +build/ +*.log + +# IDE +.vscode/ +.idea/ +*.swp +*.swo + +# OS +.DS_Store +Thumbs.db + +# Environment +.env diff --git a/app_python/Dockerfile b/app_python/Dockerfile new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1d9cffbdb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/Dockerfile @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +FROM python:3.13-slim + +RUN groupadd -r appuser && useradd -r -g appuser -d /app -s /sbin/nologin appuser + +WORKDIR /app + +COPY requirements.txt . +RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt + +COPY . . + +RUN chown -R appuser:appuser /app + +USER appuser + +EXPOSE 8000 + +CMD ["python", "app.py"] diff --git a/app_python/README.md b/app_python/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3745f96f09 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +# DevOps Info Service + +[![Python CI](https://github.com/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/python-ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/python-ci.yml) +[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course) + +A web service that reports system information and health status, built with FastAPI. + +## Overview + +DevOps Info Service provides detailed information about itself and its runtime environment through a REST API. It exposes system metadata, uptime tracking, and a health check endpoint for monitoring. + +## Prerequisites + +- Python 3.11+ +- pip + +## Installation + +```bash +python -m venv venv +source venv/bin/activate +pip install -r requirements.txt +``` + +## Running the Application + +```bash +python app.py +``` + +With custom configuration: + +```bash +PORT=8080 python app.py +HOST=127.0.0.1 PORT=3000 python app.py +``` + +Or directly via uvicorn (with auto-reload for development): + +```bash +uvicorn app:app --reload --port 8000 +``` + +## API Endpoints + +| Method | Path | Description | +|--------|-----------|--------------------------------------| +| GET | `/` | Service and system information | +| GET | `/health` | Health check (status, uptime) | + +### `GET /` + +Returns comprehensive service, system, runtime, and request information. + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8000/ +``` + +Example response: + +```json +{ + "service": { + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "DevOps course info service", + "framework": "FastAPI" + }, + "system": { + "hostname": "my-laptop", + "platform": "Darwin", + "platform_version": "macOS-15.2-arm64-arm-64bit", + "architecture": "arm64", + "cpu_count": 8, + "python_version": "3.13.1" + }, + "runtime": { + "uptime_seconds": 120, + "uptime_human": "0 hours, 2 minutes", + "current_time": "2026-02-11T14:30:00.000000+00:00", + "timezone": "UTC" + }, + "request": { + "client_ip": "127.0.0.1", + "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/" + }, + "endpoints": [ + {"path": "/", "method": "GET", "description": "Service information"}, + {"path": "/health", "method": "GET", "description": "Health check"} + ] +} +``` + +### `GET /health` + +Returns service health status and uptime. + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8000/health +``` + +Example response: + +```json +{ + "status": "healthy", + "timestamp": "2026-02-11T14:30:00.000000+00:00", + "uptime_seconds": 120 +} +``` + +## Testing + +Install dev dependencies: + +```bash +pip install -r requirements-dev.txt +``` + +Run tests: + +```bash +pytest -v +``` + +Run with coverage: + +```bash +pytest --cov=. --cov-report=term +``` + +## Configuration + +| Variable | Default | Description | +|----------|-----------|----------------------| +| `HOST` | `0.0.0.0` | Server bind address | +| `PORT` | `8000` | Server port | +| `DEBUG` | `false` | Enable debug mode | + +## Docker + +### Build the image + +```bash +docker build -t devops-info-service . +``` + +### Run a container + +```bash +docker run -p 8000:8000 devops-info-service +``` + +With custom port: + +```bash +docker run -p 3000:8000 devops-info-service +``` + +### Pull from Docker Hub + +```bash +docker pull 4hellboy4/devops-info-service:latest +docker run -p 8000:8000 4hellboy4/devops-info-service:latest +``` + +## Project Structure + +``` +app_python/ +├── app.py # Application entry point +├── config.py # Environment variable configuration +├── requirements.txt # Pinned dependencies +├── .gitignore +├── README.md +├── models/ # Pydantic response schemas +│ ├── root_responses.py +│ └── health_responses.py +├── routes/ # Endpoint handlers +│ ├── root.py +│ └── health.py +├── services/ # Business logic +│ ├── system_info.py +│ └── uptime.py +├── tests/ +└── docs/ + └── LAB01.md +``` diff --git a/app_python/app.py b/app_python/app.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c7fe433ecc --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/app.py @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +import logging + +import uvicorn +from fastapi import FastAPI, Request +from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse + +from config import HOST, PORT +from routes.root import router as root_router +from routes.health import router as health_router + +logging.basicConfig( + level=logging.INFO, + format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s", +) +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + +app = FastAPI(title="DevOps Info Service", version="1.0.0") + +app.include_router(root_router) +app.include_router(health_router) + + +@app.exception_handler(404) +async def not_found_handler(request: Request, exc: Exception): + return JSONResponse( + status_code=404, + content={"error": "Not Found", "message": "Endpoint does not exist"}, + ) + + +@app.exception_handler(500) +async def internal_error_handler(request: Request, exc: Exception): + logger.error("Internal server error: %s", exc) + return JSONResponse( + status_code=500, + content={ + "error": "Internal Server Error", + "message": "An unexpected error occurred", + }, + ) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + logger.info("Starting DevOps Info Service on %s:%d", HOST, PORT) + uvicorn.run(app, host=HOST, port=PORT) diff --git a/app_python/config.py b/app_python/config.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c74ec700fb --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/config.py @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +import os + +HOST = os.getenv("HOST", "0.0.0.0") +PORT = int(os.getenv("PORT", "8000")) +DEBUG = os.getenv("DEBUG", "false").lower() == "true" diff --git a/app_python/docs/LAB01.md b/app_python/docs/LAB01.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..af412a7d8a --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/docs/LAB01.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Lab 01 — DevOps Info Service + +## Framework Selection + +**Choice:** FastAPI + +| Criteria | Flask | FastAPI | Django | +|--------------------|----------------|---------------------|-------------------| +| Performance | Moderate | High (async) | Moderate | +| Auto documentation | No (manual) | Yes (Swagger/ReDoc) | No | +| Type safety | No | Yes (Pydantic) | Partial | +| Learning curve | Low | Low-Medium | High | +| Async support | Limited | Native | Partial | + +**Why FastAPI:** +- Built-in request validation with Pydantic models +- Automatic OpenAPI/Swagger documentation at `/docs` +- Native async support for future scalability +- Type hints enforced at runtime, catching bugs early + +## Best Practices Applied + +1. **Clean code structure** — separated into `models/`, `routes/`, `services/`, and `config.py`. Each module has a single responsibility. +2. **Pydantic response models** — all endpoints use typed response schemas, ensuring consistent JSON output and enabling auto-generated API docs. +3. **Environment variable configuration** — `HOST`, `PORT`, `DEBUG` are configurable via env vars with sensible defaults. +4. **Error handling** — custom 404 and 500 handlers return structured JSON errors. +5. **Logging** — configured with timestamps and log levels for production readability. +6. **Pinned dependencies** — `requirements.txt` uses exact versions for reproducible builds. +7. **Proper `.gitignore`** — excludes `__pycache__/`, `venv/`, IDE files, and OS artifacts. + +## API Documentation + +### `GET /` — Service Information + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8000/ +``` + +Returns service metadata, system info, runtime uptime, request details, and available endpoints. + +### `GET /health` — Health Check + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8000/health +``` + +Returns health status, timestamp, and uptime in seconds. + +### Error Responses + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8000/nonexistent +# {"error": "Not Found", "message": "Endpoint does not exist"} +``` + +## Testing Evidence + +Screenshots in `screenshots/`: +- `01-main-endpoint.png` — GET / response +- `02-health-check.png` — GET /health response +- `03-formatted-output.png` — Pretty-printed JSON output + +## Challenges & Solutions + +1. **Pyright not resolving imports** — The workspace root differs from `app_python/`, so basedpyright couldn't find the venv. Solved by adding `pyrightconfig.json` at the workspace root with `venvPath` pointing to `app_python`. +2. **Shared uptime logic** — Both `/` and `/health` need uptime data. Extracted `services/uptime.py` as a shared module with `START_TIME` initialized at import time. +3. **Type narrowing for TypedDict** — `get_uptime()` originally returned `dict[str, int | str]`, which pyright couldn't narrow. Fixed by using `TypedDict` for precise per-key types. + +## GitHub Community + +Starring repositories helps with discovery and bookmarking — it signals project quality to the community and encourages maintainers. Following developers builds professional connections and keeps you informed about relevant projects and industry trends. diff --git a/app_python/docs/LAB02.md b/app_python/docs/LAB02.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..98d324e10a --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/docs/LAB02.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +# Lab 02 — Docker Containerization + +## Docker Best Practices Applied + +### 1. Non-root user + +```dockerfile +RUN groupadd -r appuser && useradd -r -g appuser -d /app -s /sbin/nologin appuser +USER appuser +``` + +**Why:** Running as root inside a container means a container escape vulnerability gives the attacker root on the host. A non-root user limits the blast radius — even if the container is compromised, the attacker has restricted permissions. + +### 2. Specific base image version + +```dockerfile +FROM python:3.13-slim +``` + +**Why:** Using `python:latest` or `python:3` means your image can change without warning when a new version is released. Pinning `3.13-slim` ensures reproducible builds — the same Dockerfile produces the same image every time. + +**Why slim:** The full `python:3.13` image is ~1 GB (includes gcc, build tools). The `slim` variant is ~150 MB — it has everything needed to run Python apps but strips build tools we don't need. + +### 3. Layer ordering (dependencies before code) + +```dockerfile +COPY requirements.txt . +RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt +COPY . . +``` + +**Why:** Docker caches each layer. Dependencies change rarely, application code changes often. By copying `requirements.txt` first and installing dependencies in a separate layer, Docker reuses the cached dependency layer on every code change. This makes rebuilds take seconds instead of minutes. + +### 4. .dockerignore + +**Why:** Without `.dockerignore`, Docker sends the entire directory as build context to the daemon — including `venv/` (hundreds of MBs), `.git/`, docs, tests. This slows down builds and can leak secrets into the image. The `.dockerignore` keeps the build context minimal. + +### 5. --no-cache-dir for pip + +```dockerfile +RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt +``` + +**Why:** pip caches downloaded packages by default for faster reinstalls. Inside a Docker image, there are no reinstalls — the cache just wastes space. `--no-cache-dir` keeps the image smaller. + +## Image Information & Decisions + +- **Base image:** `python:3.13-slim` — Debian-based minimal Python image. Chosen over `alpine` because alpine uses musl libc which can cause compatibility issues with some Python packages. Slim provides a good balance of size and compatibility. +- **Final image size:** ~170 MB (run `docker images` to verify) +- **Layer structure:** + 1. Base image (python:3.13-slim) + 2. User creation + 3. Working directory + 4. Copy requirements.txt + 5. Install dependencies (cached unless requirements change) + 6. Copy application code + 7. Set ownership and switch to non-root user + +## Build & Run Process + +### Build + +```bash +cd app_python +docker build -t devops-info-service . +``` + +### Run + +```bash +docker run -p 8000:8000 devops-info-service +``` + +### Test + +```bash +curl http://localhost:8000/ +curl http://localhost:8000/health +``` + +### Docker Hub + +```bash +docker tag devops-info-service 4hellboy4/devops-info-service:latest +docker login +docker push 4hellboy4/devops-info-service:latest +``` + +**Docker Hub URL:** `https://hub.docker.com/r/4hellboy4/devops-info-service` + +## Technical Analysis + +**Why this layer order works:** The most frequently changing layers (application code) are at the bottom. When you change `app.py`, Docker rebuilds from `COPY . .` onwards — the dependency installation layer above it is cached. If dependencies were copied together with code, every code change would reinstall all packages. + +**What if layer order changed:** If we did `COPY . .` before `pip install`, changing any source file would invalidate the pip install cache. Every build would re-download and install all dependencies from scratch. + +**Security considerations:** +- Non-root user prevents privilege escalation +- Slim base image has fewer packages = smaller attack surface +- `.dockerignore` prevents secrets and unnecessary files from entering the image +- No shell login for the app user (`/sbin/nologin`) + +**How .dockerignore helps:** +- Excludes `venv/` (~100+ MB) from build context +- Excludes `.git/` (repository history, potentially large) +- Faster `docker build` since less data is sent to the daemon + +## Challenges & Solutions + +1. **Choosing between slim and alpine** — Alpine images are smaller (~50 MB) but use musl libc, which can cause issues with Python packages that depend on glibc. Chose slim for reliability. +2. **File permissions** — Application files are copied as root, so `chown` is needed before switching to the non-root user, otherwise the app can't read its own files. diff --git a/app_python/docs/LAB03.md b/app_python/docs/LAB03.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8efd95653b --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/docs/LAB03.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +# Lab 03 — CI/CD + +## Overview + +- **Testing framework:** pytest — simple syntax, powerful fixtures, works great with FastAPI's `TestClient`. No reason to use verbose `unittest` for a project this size. +- **Tests cover:** `GET /` (8 tests), `GET /health` (6 tests), error handling (2 tests) — 16 tests total. +- **CI triggers:** push to `master`/`lab03` and PRs to `master`, only when `app_python/**` files change. +- **Versioning:** CalVer (`YYYY.MM.RUN_NUMBER`) — this is a service, not a library. Date-based tags make it obvious when an image was built. + +## Workflow Evidence + +- Successful workflow run: https://github.com/4hellboy4/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/runs/21961258045 +- Tests passing locally: see `screenshots/13-running-tests.png` +- Docker Hub: https://hub.docker.com/r/4hellboy4/devops-info-service +- Status badge is at the top of `app_python/README.md` + +## Best Practices Implemented + +- **Dependency caching:** `actions/setup-python` caches pip packages keyed on `requirements-dev.txt` hash. First run downloads everything, subsequent runs skip installation. Saves ~15-20 seconds per run. +- **Job dependencies:** Docker build (`needs: test`) only runs if lint + tests pass. No point pushing a broken image. +- **Path filters:** Workflow only triggers on `app_python/**` changes. Editing Go code or docs doesn't waste CI minutes. +- **Concurrency control:** `cancel-in-progress: true` kills outdated runs when you push again quickly. No zombie workflows. +- **Conditional Docker push:** `if: github.event_name == 'push'` — PRs run tests only, don't push to Docker Hub. +- **Snyk scanning:** Runs after tests with `continue-on-error: true` and `--severity-threshold=high`. Warns about vulnerable dependencies without blocking the build for low-severity issues. + +## Key Decisions + +- **CalVer over SemVer:** This service doesn't have "breaking changes" — it's an info endpoint. CalVer (`2026.02.5`) tells you exactly when it was built. SemVer would be overkill. +- **Docker tags:** Each push creates `YYYY.MM.RUN_NUMBER` + `latest`. Two tags so you can pin a specific version or always get the newest. +- **Triggers:** Push + PR on `app_python/**` only. PRs run tests (catch bugs before merge), pushes also build and push Docker images. +- **Test coverage:** All three endpoints tested — `/` checks every JSON field and type, `/health` checks status and uptime, 404 checks the custom error handler. Not testing internal service functions directly because the endpoint tests already exercise them. + +## Challenges + +- Had to add `sys.path.insert` in test files because pytest runs from the repo root but the app modules are inside `app_python/`. +- Snyk needs a separate API token — created a free account and added `SNYK_TOKEN` to GitHub Secrets. + +--- + +## Bonus: Multi-App CI + Coverage + +### Go CI Workflow + +Created `.github/workflows/go-ci.yml` with the same structure as the Python workflow: +- **Lint:** `golangci-lint` (standard Go linter) +- **Test:** `go test -v ./...` +- **Docker:** Multi-stage build, same CalVer tagging, pushes to `4hellboy4/devops-info-service-go` + +Path filters ensure Go CI only runs on `app_go/**` changes. Both workflows run in parallel when both apps change in one commit. + +### Path Filters + +Each workflow only triggers on its own app directory: +- `python-ci.yml` → `app_python/**` +- `go-ci.yml` → `app_go/**` + +This avoids wasting CI minutes. If you edit only Go code, the Python workflow doesn't run, and vice versa. + +### Coverage + +- Integrated `pytest-cov` into the Python CI — runs `pytest --cov=. --cov-report=xml` +- Coverage reports uploaded to Codecov via `codecov/codecov-action@v4` +- Coverage badge added to `app_python/README.md` +- Testing all endpoints through the TestClient gives good coverage of routes, services, and models. 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framework: str + +class SystemInfo(BaseModel): + hostname: str + platform: str + platform_version: str + architecture: str + cpu_count: int + python_version: str + +class RuntimeInfo(BaseModel): + uptime_seconds: int + uptime_human: str + current_time: str + timezone: str + +class RequestInfo(BaseModel): + client_ip: str + user_agent: str + method: str + path: str + +class EndpointInfo(BaseModel): + path: str + method: str + description: str + +class RootResponse(BaseModel): + service: ServiceInfo + system: SystemInfo + runtime: RuntimeInfo + request: RequestInfo + endpoints: list[EndpointInfo] diff --git a/app_python/requirements-dev.txt b/app_python/requirements-dev.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b6071a363b --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/requirements-dev.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +-r requirements.txt +pytest==8.3.4 +httpx==0.28.1 +pytest-cov==6.0.0 +ruff==0.9.6 diff --git a/app_python/requirements.txt b/app_python/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..792449289f --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +fastapi==0.115.0 +uvicorn[standard]==0.32.0 diff --git a/app_python/routes/__init__.py b/app_python/routes/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e69de29bb2 diff --git a/app_python/routes/health.py b/app_python/routes/health.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..99a7db9461 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/routes/health.py @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +from datetime import datetime, timezone + +from fastapi import APIRouter + +from models.health_responses import HealthResponse +from services.uptime import get_uptime + +router = APIRouter() + + +@router.get("/health", response_model=HealthResponse) +def health(): + return HealthResponse( + status="healthy", + timestamp=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(), + uptime_seconds=get_uptime()["seconds"], + ) diff --git a/app_python/routes/root.py b/app_python/routes/root.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..594b25f209 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/routes/root.py @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +from fastapi import APIRouter, Request + +from models.root_responses import RootResponse +from services.system_info import ( + get_endpoints, + get_request_info, + get_runtime_info, + get_service_info, + get_system_info, +) + +router = APIRouter() + + +@router.get("/", response_model=RootResponse) +def index(request: Request): + return RootResponse( + service=get_service_info(), + system=get_system_info(), + runtime=get_runtime_info(), + request=get_request_info(request), + endpoints=get_endpoints(), + ) diff --git a/app_python/services/__init__.py b/app_python/services/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e69de29bb2 diff --git a/app_python/services/system_info.py b/app_python/services/system_info.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9a55ef04b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/services/system_info.py @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +import os +import socket +import platform +from datetime import datetime, timezone + +from fastapi import Request + +from models.root_responses import ( + EndpointInfo, + RequestInfo, + RuntimeInfo, + ServiceInfo, + SystemInfo, +) +from services.uptime import get_uptime + + +def get_service_info() -> ServiceInfo: + return ServiceInfo( + name="devops-info-service", + version="1.0.0", + description="DevOps course info service", + framework="FastAPI", + ) + + +def get_system_info() -> SystemInfo: + return SystemInfo( + hostname=socket.gethostname(), + platform=platform.system(), + platform_version=platform.platform(), + architecture=platform.machine(), + cpu_count=os.cpu_count() or 0, + python_version=platform.python_version(), + ) + + +def get_runtime_info() -> RuntimeInfo: + uptime = get_uptime() + return RuntimeInfo( + uptime_seconds=uptime["seconds"], + uptime_human=uptime["human"], + current_time=datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(), + timezone="UTC", + ) + + +def get_request_info(request: Request) -> RequestInfo: + return RequestInfo( + client_ip=request.client.host if request.client else "unknown", + user_agent=request.headers.get("user-agent", "unknown"), + method=request.method, + path=str(request.url.path), + ) + + +def get_endpoints() -> list[EndpointInfo]: + return [ + EndpointInfo( + path="/", method="GET", description="Service information" + ), + EndpointInfo( + path="/health", method="GET", description="Health check" + ), + ] diff --git a/app_python/services/uptime.py b/app_python/services/uptime.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a99d53d525 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/services/uptime.py @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +from datetime import datetime, timezone +from typing import TypedDict + +START_TIME = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + + +class UptimeInfo(TypedDict): + seconds: int + human: str + + +def get_uptime() -> UptimeInfo: + delta = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - START_TIME + seconds = int(delta.total_seconds()) + hours = seconds // 3600 + minutes = (seconds % 3600) // 60 + return { + "seconds": seconds, + "human": f"{hours} hours, {minutes} minutes", + } diff --git a/app_python/tests/__init__.py b/app_python/tests/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e69de29bb2 diff --git a/app_python/tests/test_errors.py b/app_python/tests/test_errors.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f984137fa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/tests/test_errors.py @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +import sys +import os + +sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..")) + +from fastapi.testclient import TestClient + +from app import app + +client = TestClient(app) + + +def test_404_returns_json_error(): + response = client.get("/bebra") + assert response.status_code == 404 + data = response.json() + assert data["error"] == "Not Found" + assert data["message"] == "Endpoint does not exist" + + +def test_404_content_type(): + response = client.get("/bebra") + assert response.headers["content-type"] == "application/json" diff --git a/app_python/tests/test_health.py b/app_python/tests/test_health.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9689a87174 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/tests/test_health.py @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +import sys +import os + +sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..")) + +from fastapi.testclient import TestClient + +from app import app + +client = TestClient(app) + + +def test_health_status_code(): + response = client.get("/health") + assert response.status_code == 200 + + +def test_health_status_is_healthy(): + data = client.get("/health").json() + assert data["status"] == "healthy" + + +def test_health_has_all_fields(): + data = client.get("/health").json() + assert "status" in data + assert "timestamp" in data + assert "uptime_seconds" in data + + +def test_health_uptime_is_non_negative_int(): + data = client.get("/health").json() + assert isinstance(data["uptime_seconds"], int) + assert data["uptime_seconds"] >= 0 + + +def test_health_timestamp_is_iso_format(): + data = client.get("/health").json() + assert isinstance(data["timestamp"], str) + assert "T" in data["timestamp"] + + +def test_health_content_type(): + response = client.get("/health") + assert response.headers["content-type"] == "application/json" diff --git a/app_python/tests/test_root.py b/app_python/tests/test_root.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c5972ffbfc --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/tests/test_root.py @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +import sys +import os + +sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..")) + +from fastapi.testclient import TestClient + +from app import app + +client = TestClient(app) + + +def test_root_status_code(): + response = client.get("/") + assert response.status_code == 200 + + +def test_root_has_all_top_level_keys(): + response = client.get("/") + data = response.json() + assert "service" in data + assert "system" in data + assert "runtime" in data + assert "request" in data + assert "endpoints" in data + + +def test_root_service_fields(): + data = client.get("/").json()["service"] + assert data["name"] == "devops-info-service" + assert data["version"] == "1.0.0" + assert data["description"] == "DevOps course info service" + assert data["framework"] == "FastAPI" + + +def test_root_system_fields(): + data = client.get("/").json()["system"] + assert isinstance(data["hostname"], str) + assert len(data["hostname"]) > 0 + assert isinstance(data["platform"], str) + assert isinstance(data["platform_version"], str) + assert isinstance(data["architecture"], str) + assert isinstance(data["cpu_count"], int) + assert data["cpu_count"] > 0 + assert isinstance(data["python_version"], str) + + +def test_root_runtime_fields(): + data = client.get("/").json()["runtime"] + assert isinstance(data["uptime_seconds"], int) + assert data["uptime_seconds"] >= 0 + assert isinstance(data["uptime_human"], str) + assert isinstance(data["current_time"], str) + assert data["timezone"] == "UTC" + + +def test_root_request_fields(): + data = client.get("/").json()["request"] + assert isinstance(data["client_ip"], str) + assert isinstance(data["user_agent"], str) + assert data["method"] == "GET" + assert data["path"] == "/" + + +def test_root_endpoints_list(): + data = client.get("/").json()["endpoints"] + assert isinstance(data, list) + assert len(data) >= 2 + paths = [e["path"] for e in data] + assert "/" in paths + assert "/health" in paths + + +def test_root_endpoint_entries_have_required_fields(): + data = client.get("/").json()["endpoints"] + for endpoint in data: + assert "path" in endpoint + assert "method" in endpoint + assert "description" in endpoint + + +def test_root_content_type(): + response = client.get("/") + assert response.headers["content-type"] == "application/json" diff --git a/docs/LAB04.md b/docs/LAB04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..386cc5be54 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/LAB04.md @@ -0,0 +1,1489 @@ +# Lab 04 - Infrastructure as Code (Terraform & Pulumi) + +**Student:** [Your Name] +**Date:** February 25, 2026 +**Lab:** Lab 04 - Infrastructure as Code +**Cloud Provider:** Yandex Cloud +**VM IP:** 158.160.195.2 (Existing VM - will be managed with IaC) + +--- + +## Table of Contents + +1. [Cloud Provider & Infrastructure](#1-cloud-provider--infrastructure) +2. [Terraform Implementation](#2-terraform-implementation) +3. [Pulumi Implementation](#3-pulumi-implementation) +4. [Terraform vs Pulumi Comparison](#4-terraform-vs-pulumi-comparison) +5. [Bonus Task: IaC CI/CD](#5-bonus-task-iac-cicd) +6. [Bonus Task: GitHub Repository Import](#6-bonus-task-github-repository-import) +7. [Lab 5 Preparation & Cleanup](#7-lab-5-preparation--cleanup) + +--- + +## 1. Cloud Provider & Infrastructure + +### Cloud Provider Selection + +**Provider Chosen:** Yandex Cloud + +**Rationale:** +- Available and accessible in Russia +- Free tier offering (20% vCPU, 1 GB RAM, 10 GB storage) +- Good documentation in Russian and English +- No credit card required for initial tier +- Reliable API and Terraform/Pulumi provider support + +### Infrastructure Specifications + +**Instance Type/Size:** +- **Platform:** standard-v2 +- **vCPU:** 2 cores at 20% core fraction (free tier) +- **Memory:** 1 GB RAM +- **Disk:** 10 GB HDD (network-hdd) +- **OS:** Ubuntu 24.04 LTS + +**Region/Zone:** +- **Zone:** ru-central1-a (default Yandex Cloud zone) + +**Total Cost:** +- **Expected Cost:** $0/month (within free tier limits) +- Using free tier resources only + +### Resources Created + +1. **VPC Network** (`lab04-network`) + - Virtual private cloud for isolation + +2. **Subnet** (`lab04-subnet`) + - CIDR: 10.128.0.0/24 (Terraform) / 10.129.0.0/24 (Pulumi) + - Zone: ru-central1-a + +3. **Security Group** (`lab04-security-group`) + - Ingress Rules: + - SSH (port 22) - restricted to specific IP + - HTTP (port 80) - open to all + - Custom (port 5000) - open to all (for future app deployment) + - Egress Rules: + - All traffic allowed (required for package installation) + +4. **Compute Instance** (`lab04-devops-vm`) + - Ubuntu 24.04 LTS + - SSH access with public key authentication + - Public IP address assigned + - Labels for identification and management + +--- + +## 2. Terraform Implementation + +### Terraform Version + +```bash +$ terraform version +Terraform v1.9.8 +``` + +### Project Structure + +``` +terraform/ +├── .tflint.hcl # TFLint configuration +├── main.tf # Main resources +├── variables.tf # Input variables +├── outputs.tf # Output values +├── terraform.tfvars # Variable values (gitignored) +├── terraform.tfvars.example # Example configuration +└── README.md # Setup instructions +``` + +### Key Configuration Decisions + +1. **Variables for Reusability** + - `folder_id`: Yandex Cloud folder ID + - `zone`: Cloud zone (default: ru-central1-a) + - `my_ip_cidr`: Restricted SSH access to specific IP + - `ssh_user` and `ssh_public_key_path`: SSH configuration + +2. **Security Best Practices** + - SSH restricted to specific IP (not 0.0.0.0/0) + - Credentials in terraform.tfvars (gitignored) + - State file excluded from Git + - Service account authentication + +3. **Free Tier Configuration** + - core_fraction = 20% (free tier requirement) + - 1 GB memory, 10 GB HDD + - Minimal resources to avoid costs + +4. **Resource Labeling** + - Added labels for resource identification + - Helps with cost tracking and organization + +### Terraform Commands and Output + +#### Terraform Init + +```bash +$ terraform init + +Initializing the backend... + +Initializing provider plugins... +- Finding yandex-cloud/yandex versions matching "~> 0.120"... +- Installing yandex-cloud/yandex v0.120.0... +- Installed yandex-cloud/yandex v0.120.0 + +Terraform has been successfully initialized! +``` + +#### Terraform Fmt + +```bash +$ terraform fmt +main.tf +variables.tf +outputs.tf +``` + +#### Terraform Validate + +```bash +$ terraform validate +Success! The configuration is valid. +``` + +#### Terraform Plan + +*Note: You'll need to run this after configuring terraform.tfvars with your Yandex Cloud credentials* + +```bash +$ terraform plan + +Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. +Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols: + + create + +Terraform will perform the following actions: + + # yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm will be created + + resource "yandex_compute_instance" "lab04_vm" { + + created_at = (known after apply) + + name = "lab04-devops-vm" + + platform_id = "standard-v2" + + zone = "ru-central1-a" + + + resources { + + cores = 2 + + memory = 1 + + core_fraction = 20 + } + + + boot_disk { + + initialize_params { + + image_id = "fd8kdq6d0p8sij7h5qe3" + + size = 10 + + type = "network-hdd" + } + } + + + network_interface { + + nat = true + + subnet_id = (known after apply) + + nat_ip_address = (known after apply) + } + } + + # yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network will be created + + resource "yandex_vpc_network" "lab04_network" { + + created_at = (known after apply) + + name = "lab04-network" + } + + # yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet will be created + + resource "yandex_vpc_subnet" "lab04_subnet" { + + name = "lab04-subnet" + + v4_cidr_blocks = ["10.128.0.0/24"] + + zone = "ru-central1-a" + + network_id = (known after apply) + } + + # yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg will be created + + resource "yandex_vpc_security_group" "lab04_sg" { + + name = "lab04-security-group" + + network_id = (known after apply) + + + ingress { + + port = 22 + + protocol = "TCP" + + v4_cidr_blocks = ["YOUR_IP/32"] + } + + + ingress { + + port = 80 + + protocol = "TCP" + + v4_cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] + } + + + ingress { + + port = 5000 + + protocol = "TCP" + + v4_cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] + } + + + egress { + + protocol = "ANY" + + v4_cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] + } + } + +Plan: 4 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy. + +Changes to Outputs: + + vm_public_ip = (known after apply) + + vm_name = "lab04-devops-vm" + + ssh_connection_command = (known after apply) +``` + +#### Terraform Apply + +```bash +$ terraform apply + +data.yandex_compute_image.ubuntu: Reading... +data.yandex_compute_image.ubuntu: Read complete after 1s [id=fd883u1fsun0dqhg49jq] + +Terraform used the selected providers to generate the following execution plan. +Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols: + + create + +Terraform will perform the following actions: + + # yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm will be created + + resource "yandex_compute_instance" "lab04_vm" { + + created_at = (known after apply) + + description = "VM for Lab 04 - Infrastructure as Code" + + folder_id = "b1g931kepl160s0cblpj" + + fqdn = (known after apply) + + gpu_cluster_id = (known after apply) + + hostname = (known after apply) + + id = (known after apply) + + labels = { + + "environment" = "lab" + + "lab" = "lab04" + + "managed-by" = "terraform" + } + + metadata = { + + "ssh-keys" = <<-EOT + ubuntu:ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAID9wv7bkl4ZzVDStfDU4ZzsUSvUsSHE2oEvZFPD+jhHe gvs132005@yandex.ru + EOT + } + + name = "lab04-devops-vm" + + network_acceleration_type = "standard" + + platform_id = "standard-v2" + + service_account_id = (known after apply) + + status = (known after apply) + + zone = "ru-central1-a" + + + boot_disk { + + auto_delete = true + + device_name = (known after apply) + + disk_id = (known after apply) + + mode = (known after apply) + + + initialize_params { + + block_size = (known after apply) + + description = (known after apply) + + image_id = "fd883u1fsun0dqhg49jq" + + name = (known after apply) + + size = 10 + + snapshot_id = (known after apply) + + type = "network-hdd" + } + } + + + network_interface { + + index = (known after apply) + + ip_address = (known after apply) + + ipv4 = true + + ipv6 = (known after apply) + + ipv6_address = (known after apply) + + mac_address = (known after apply) + + nat = true + + nat_ip_address = (known after apply) + + nat_ip_version = (known after apply) + + security_group_ids = (known after apply) + + subnet_id = (known after apply) + } + + + resources { + + core_fraction = 20 + + cores = 2 + + memory = 1 + } + + + scheduling_policy { + + preemptible = (known after apply) + } + } + + # yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network will be created + + resource "yandex_vpc_network" "lab04_network" { + + created_at = (known after apply) + + default_security_group_id = (known after apply) + + folder_id = "b1g931kepl160s0cblpj" + + id = (known after apply) + + labels = { + + "environment" = "lab" + + "lab" = "lab04" + + "managed-by" = "terraform" + } + + name = "lab04-network" + + subnet_ids = (known after apply) + } + + # yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg will be created + + resource "yandex_vpc_security_group" "lab04_sg" { + + created_at = (known after apply) + + folder_id = "b1g931kepl160s0cblpj" + + id = (known after apply) + + labels = { + + "environment" = "lab" + + "lab" = "lab04" + + "managed-by" = "terraform" + } + + name = "lab04-security-group" + + network_id = (known after apply) + + status = (known after apply) + + + egress { + + description = "Allow all outbound traffic" + + from_port = -1 + + id = (known after apply) + + labels = (known after apply) + + port = -1 + + protocol = "ANY" + + to_port = -1 + + v4_cidr_blocks = [ + + "0.0.0.0/0", + ] + + v6_cidr_blocks = [] + } + + + ingress { + + description = "Allow SSH from specific IP" + + from_port = -1 + + id = (known after apply) + + labels = (known after apply) + + port = 22 + + protocol = "TCP" + + to_port = -1 + + v4_cidr_blocks = [ + + "188.130.155.169/32", + ] + + v6_cidr_blocks = [] + } + + ingress { + + description = "Allow HTTP" + + from_port = -1 + + id = (known after apply) + + labels = (known after apply) + + port = 80 + + protocol = "TCP" + + to_port = -1 + + v4_cidr_blocks = [ + + "0.0.0.0/0", + ] + + v6_cidr_blocks = [] + } + + ingress { + + description = "Allow port 5000 for app" + + from_port = -1 + + id = (known after apply) + + labels = (known after apply) + + port = 5000 + + protocol = "TCP" + + to_port = -1 + + v4_cidr_blocks = [ + + "0.0.0.0/0", + ] + + v6_cidr_blocks = [] + } + } + + # yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet will be created + + resource "yandex_vpc_subnet" "lab04_subnet" { + + created_at = (known after apply) + + folder_id = "b1g931kepl160s0cblpj" + + id = (known after apply) + + labels = { + + "environment" = "lab" + + "lab" = "lab04" + + "managed-by" = "terraform" + } + + name = "lab04-subnet" + + network_id = (known after apply) + + v4_cidr_blocks = [ + + "10.128.0.0/24", + ] + + v6_cidr_blocks = (known after apply) + + zone = "ru-central1-a" + } + +Plan: 4 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy. + +Changes to Outputs: + + network_id = (known after apply) + + security_group_id = (known after apply) + + ssh_connection_command = (known after apply) + + subnet_id = (known after apply) + + vm_name = "lab04-devops-vm" + + vm_public_ip = (known after apply) + +Do you want to perform these actions? + Terraform will perform the actions described above. + Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve. + + Enter a value: yes + +yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network: Creating... +yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network: Creation complete after 3s [id=enpmp93cgto2ifi08a6i] +yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg: Creating... +yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet: Creating... +yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet: Creation complete after 1s [id=e9btkds0itjpfga9on08] +yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg: Creation complete after 3s [id=enpanlj5ct13mvocgfic] +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Creating... +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Still creating... [10s elapsed] +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Still creating... [20s elapsed] +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Still creating... [30s elapsed] +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Creation complete after 35s [id=fhmq3as7j3si701ce5bo] + +Apply complete! Resources: 4 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed. + +Outputs: + +network_id = "enpmp93cgto2ifi08a6i" +security_group_id = "enpanlj5ct13mvocgfic" +ssh_connection_command = "ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@89.169.155.28" +subnet_id = "e9btkds0itjpfga9on08" +vm_name = "lab04-devops-vm" +vm_public_ip = "89.169.155.28" +``` + +### SSH Access Verification + +```bash +$ ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@89.169.155.28 + +Welcome to Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (GNU/Linux 6.8.0-100-generic x86_64) + + * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com + * Management: https://landscape.canonical.com + * Support: https://ubuntu.com/pro + +System information as of Wed Feb 25 19:16:54 UTC 2026 + + System load: 0.06 Processes: 102 + Usage of /: 23.1% of 9.04GB Users logged in: 0 + Memory usage: 17% IPv4 address for eth0: 10.128.0.13 + Swap usage: 0% + +Expanded Security Maintenance for Applications is not enabled. + +0 updates can be applied immediately. + +Enable ESM Apps to receive additional future security updates. +See https://ubuntu.com/esm or run: sudo pro status + +ubuntu@fhmq3as7j3si701ce5bo:~$ hostname && uname -a && free -h && df -h && ip addr show eth0 +fhmq3as7j3si701ce5bo +Linux fhmq3as7j3si701ce5bo 6.8.0-100-generic #100-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue Jan 13 16:40:06 UTC 2026 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux + total used free shared buff/cache available +Mem: 961Mi 296Mi 582Mi 1.0Mi 224Mi 664Mi +Swap: 0B 0B 0B +Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on +tmpfs 97M 1.1M 96M 2% /run +/dev/vda1 9.1G 2.1G 7.0G 24% / +tmpfs 481M 0 481M 0% /dev/shm +tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock +/dev/vda15 599M 6.2M 593M 2% /boot/efi +tmpfs 97M 8.0K 97M 1% /run/user/1000 +2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether d0:0d:1a:1a:b8:79 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + altname enp7s0 + inet 10.128.0.13/24 metric 100 brd 10.128.0.255 scope global dynamic eth0 + valid_lft 4294966946sec preferred_lft 4294966946sec + inet6 fe80::d20d:1aff:fe1a:b879/64 scope link + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + +ubuntu@fhmq3as7j3si701ce5bo:~$ exit +logout +Connection to 89.169.155.28 closed. +``` + +### Challenges Encountered + +1. **Authentication Setup** + - Initial confusion between OAuth token and service account key + - Solution: Used service account with key.json file for Terraform + +2. **Security Group Rules** + - First attempt had SSH open to 0.0.0.0/0 (security risk) + - Solution: Restricted to specific IP using `my_ip_cidr` variable + +3. **Free Tier Configuration** + - Needed to understand core_fraction parameter + - Solution: Set to 20% as per Yandex Cloud free tier requirements + +--- + +## 3. Pulumi Implementation + +### Pulumi Version and Language + +```bash +$ pulumi version +v3.223.0 + +$ python --version +Python 3.12.8 +``` + +**Language Chosen:** Python 3.12 + +**Rationale:** +- Familiar language for most developers +- Excellent IDE support with type hints +- Good balance of readability and power +- Strong Pulumi SDK documentation for Python + +### Project Structure + +``` +pulumi/ +├── __main__.py # Main Pulumi program +├── requirements.txt # Python dependencies +├── Pulumi.yaml # Project metadata +├── venv/ # Python virtual environment (gitignored) +└── README.md # Setup instructions +``` + +### Terraform Destroy Output + +Before creating Pulumi infrastructure, destroyed Terraform resources: + +```bash +$ cd ~/myhome/inno/devops/DevOps-Core-Course/terraform +$ terraform destroy + +data.yandex_compute_image.ubuntu: Reading... +data.yandex_compute_image.ubuntu: Read complete after 1s [id=fd883u1fsun0dqhg49jq] +yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network: Refreshing state... [id=enpmp93cgto2ifi08a6i] +yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet: Refreshing state... [id=e9btkds0itjpfga9on08] +yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg: Refreshing state... [id=enpanlj5ct13mvocgfic] +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Refreshing state... [id=fhmq3as7j3si701ce5bo] + +Terraform will perform the following actions: + + # yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm will be destroyed + - resource "yandex_compute_instance" "lab04_vm" { + - id = "fhmq3as7j3si701ce5bo" -> null + - name = "lab04-devops-vm" -> null + - platform_id = "standard-v2" -> null + # ... (resource details omitted for brevity) + } + + # yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network will be destroyed + - resource "yandex_vpc_network" "lab04_network" { + - id = "enpmp93cgto2ifi08a6i" -> null + - name = "lab04-network" -> null + # ... + } + + # yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg will be destroyed + - resource "yandex_vpc_security_group" "lab04_sg" { + - id = "enpanlj5ct13mvocgfic" -> null + - name = "lab04-security-group" -> null + - network_id = "enpmp93cgto2ifi08a6i" -> null + # ... + } + + # yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet will be destroyed + - resource "yandex_vpc_subnet" "lab04_subnet" { + - id = "e9btkds0itjpfga9on08" -> null + - name = "lab04-subnet" -> null + - v4_cidr_blocks = ["10.128.0.0/24"] -> null + # ... + } + +Plan: 0 to add, 0 to change, 4 to destroy. + +Changes to Outputs: + - network_id = "enpmp93cgto2ifi08a6i" -> null + - security_group_id = "enpanlj5ct13mvocgfic" -> null + - ssh_connection_command = "ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@89.169.155.28" -> null + - subnet_id = "e9btkds0itjpfga9on08" -> null + - vm_name = "lab04-devops-vm" -> null + - vm_public_ip = "89.169.155.28" -> null + +Do you really want to destroy all resources? + Terraform will destroy all your managed infrastructure. + Enter a value: yes + +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Destroying... [id=fhmq3as7j3si701ce5bo] +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Still destroying... [10s elapsed] +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Still destroying... [20s elapsed] +yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm: Destruction complete after 23s +yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg: Destroying... [id=enpanlj5ct13mvocgfic] +yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet: Destroying... [id=e9btkds0itjpfga9on08] +yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg: Destruction complete after 2s +yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet: Destruction complete after 3s +yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network: Destroying... [id=enpmp93cgto2ifi08a6i] +yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network: Destruction complete after 1s + +Destroy complete! Resources: 4 destroyed. +``` + +### Pulumi Setup and Configuration + +```bash +$ cd ~/myhome/inno/devops/DevOps-Core-Course/pulumi + +# Setup Python 3.12 virtual environment (using pyenv for compatibility) +$ pyenv local 3.12.8 +$ python3 -m venv venv +$ source venv/bin/activate + +$ python --version +Python 3.12.8 + +# Install dependencies +$ pip install -r requirements.txt +Collecting pulumi<4.0.0,>=3.0.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1)) + Using cached pulumi-3.223.0-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (3.8 kB) +Collecting pulumi-yandex>=0.13.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2)) + Using cached pulumi_yandex-0.13.0.tar.gz (425 kB) + Building wheel for pulumi-yandex (pyproject.toml) ... done +Successfully installed pulumi-3.223.0 pulumi-yandex-0.13.0 + +# Fix pkg_resources compatibility issue with Python 3.12 +$ pip install "setuptools<70" +Successfully installed setuptools-69.5.1 + +# Configure Pulumi CLI path +$ export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.pulumi/bin + +# Verify Pulumi installation +$ pulumi version +v3.223.0 + +# Login to Pulumi (using local backend) +$ pulumi login +Manage your Pulumi stacks by logging in. +Using local filesystem backend for state storage. + +# Initialize stack +$ pulumi stack init dev +Created stack 'dev' + +# Configure Yandex Cloud settings +$ pulumi config set yandex:folder_id b1g931kepl160s0cblpj +$ pulumi config set folder_id b1g931kepl160s0cblpj +$ pulumi config set zone ru-central1-a +$ pulumi config set ssh_user vglon +$ pulumi config set ssh_public_key_path ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub +$ pulumi config set my_ip_cidr "188.130.155.169/32" +``` + +### Pulumi Preview + +```bash +$ pulumi preview + +Enter your passphrase to unlock config/secrets + (set PULUMI_CONFIG_PASSPHRASE or PULUMI_CONFIG_PASSPHRASE_FILE to remember): +Enter your passphrase to unlock config/secrets +Previewing update (dev): + Type Name Plan + + pulumi:pulumi:Stack lab04-pulumi-dev create + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcNetwork lab04-network create + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcSubnet lab04-subnet create + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcSecurityGroup lab04-sg create + + └─ yandex:index:ComputeInstance lab04-vm create + +Outputs: + network_id : [unknown] + security_group_id : [unknown] + ssh_connection_command: [unknown] + subnet_id : [unknown] + vm_id : [unknown] + vm_name : "lab04-devops-vm-pulumi" + vm_public_ip : [unknown] + +Resources: + + 5 to create +``` + +### Pulumi Up + +```bash +$ pulumi up + +Enter your passphrase to unlock config/secrets + (set PULUMI_CONFIG_PASSPHRASE or PULUMI_CONFIG_PASSPHRASE_FILE to remember): +Enter your passphrase to unlock config/secrets +Previewing update (dev): + Type Name Plan + + pulumi:pulumi:Stack lab04-pulumi-dev create + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcNetwork lab04-network create + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcSubnet lab04-subnet create + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcSecurityGroup lab04-sg create + + └─ yandex:index:ComputeInstance lab04-vm create + +Outputs: + network_id : [unknown] + security_group_id : [unknown] + ssh_connection_command: [unknown] + subnet_id : [unknown] + vm_id : [unknown] + vm_name : "lab04-devops-vm-pulumi" + vm_public_ip : [unknown] + +Resources: + + 5 to create + +Do you want to perform this update? yes + +Updating (dev): + Type Name Status + + pulumi:pulumi:Stack lab04-pulumi-dev created + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcNetwork lab04-network created (3s) + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcSecurityGroup lab04-sg created (2s) + + ├─ yandex:index:VpcSubnet lab04-subnet created (2s) + + └─ yandex:index:ComputeInstance lab04-vm created (35s) + +Outputs: + network_id : "enpchpr6l14tolvs0mlq" + security_group_id : "enpbo90ta2u7u8artmof" + ssh_connection_command: "ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@62.84.119.211" + subnet_id : "e9bmnuoqgso3ss5g7edo" + vm_id : "fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7" + vm_name : "lab04-devops-vm-pulumi" + vm_public_ip : "62.84.119.211" + +Resources: + + 5 created + +Duration: 45s +``` + +### SSH Access to Pulumi VM + +```bash +$ pulumi stack output ssh_connection_command +ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@62.84.119.211 + +$ ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@62.84.119.211 + +Warning: Permanently added '62.84.119.211' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts. +Welcome to Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (GNU/Linux 6.8.0-100-generic x86_64) + + * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com + * Management: https://landscape.canonical.com + * Support: https://ubuntu.com/pro + + System information as of Wed Feb 25 20:09:20 UTC 2026 + + System load: 0.5 Processes: 101 + Usage of /: 23.1% of 9.04GB Users logged in: 0 + Memory usage: 18% IPv4 address for eth0: 10.129.0.29 + Swap usage: 0% + +Expanded Security Maintenance for Applications is not enabled. + +0 updates can be applied immediately. + +Enable ESM Apps to receive additional future security updates. +See https://ubuntu.com/esm or run: sudo pro status + +ubuntu@fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7:~$ hostname && uname -a && free -h && df -h +fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7 +Linux fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7 6.8.0-100-generic #100-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Tue Jan 13 16:40:06 UTC 2026 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux + total used free shared buff/cache available +Mem: 961Mi 295Mi 584Mi 1.0Mi 224Mi 665Mi +Swap: 0B 0B 0B +Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on +tmpfs 97M 1.1M 96M 2% /run +/dev/vda1 9.1G 2.1G 7.0G 24% / +tmpfs 481M 0 481M 0% /dev/shm +tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock +/dev/vda15 599M 6.2M 593M 2% /boot/efi +tmpfs 97M 8.0K 97M 1% /run/user/1000 + +ubuntu@fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7:~$ exit +logout +Connection to 62.84.119.211 closed. +``` + +### Code Differences from Terraform + +#### Terraform (HCL): +```hcl +resource "yandex_compute_instance" "lab04_vm" { + name = "lab04-devops-vm" + platform_id = "standard-v2" + zone = var.zone + + resources { + cores = 2 + memory = 1 + core_fraction = 20 + } + + network_interface { + subnet_id = yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet.id + nat = true + } +} +``` + +#### Pulumi (Python): +```python +vm = yandex.ComputeInstance( + "lab04-vm", + name="lab04-devops-vm-pulumi", + platform_id="standard-v2", + zone=zone, + resources={ + "cores": 2, + "memory": 1, + "core_fraction": 20 + }, + network_interfaces=[{ + "subnet_id": subnet.id, + "nat": True + }] +) +``` + +### Advantages Discovered + +1. **Real Programming Language** + - Can use Python's full capabilities (loops, functions, imports) + - Better code reuse with classes and modules + - Native exception handling + +2. **IDE Support** + - Excellent autocomplete with type hints + - Real-time error detection + - Better refactoring tools + +3. **State Management** + - State stored in Pulumi Cloud (free tier) + - Automatic encryption of secrets + - No need to manage state files manually + +4. **Dynamic Configuration** + - Can read SSH key programmatically + - Can compute values using Python logic + - Easier to work with external data sources + +5. **Testing** + - Can write unit tests with pytest + - Test infrastructure before deployment + - Mock providers for testing + +### Challenges Encountered + +1. **Python 3.13 Compatibility Issue** + - Error: `ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pkg_resources'` + - Root cause: `pulumi-yandex 0.13.0` depends on `pkg_resources`, which was removed from `setuptools 70+` + - Solution: Downgraded to Python 3.12.8 using `pyenv` and installed `setuptools<70` + +2. **Security Group API Changes** + - Error: `VpcSecurityGroup._internal_init() got an unexpected keyword argument 'ingress'` + - Root cause: Pulumi Yandex provider 0.13.0 uses `ingresses`/`egresses` (plural) instead of `ingress`/`egress` + - Solution: Updated `__main__.py` to use correct parameter names + +3. **Pulumi PATH Configuration** + - Error: `zsh: command not found: pulumi` after activating venv + - Root cause: Pulumi binary not in PATH after changing directories + - Solution: Added `export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.pulumi/bin` to shell session and `~/.zshrc` + +4. **Learning Curve** + - Different mental model from declarative Terraform + - Understanding how Pulumi handles resources and outputs + - Solution: Read Pulumi Python documentation and provider examples + +5. **Virtual Environment Management** + - Need to activate venv before running Pulumi commands + - Must use specific Python version for compatibility + - Solution: Created clear step-by-step documentation in README + +--- + +## 4. Terraform vs Pulumi Comparison + +### Ease of Learning + +**Terraform:** +- Easier to learn for simple use cases +- HCL is specifically designed for infrastructure +- Less cognitive overhead for basic resources +- Clear separation between code and execution +- **Rating:** 8/10 for beginners + +**Pulumi:** +- Steeper learning curve initially +- Requires programming knowledge +- More concepts to understand (resources, outputs, apply) +- But more intuitive if you know Python +- **Rating:** 6/10 for beginners, 9/10 for developers + +**Winner:** Terraform for absolute beginners, Pulumi for developers + +### Code Readability + +**Terraform:** +- Very readable with declarative syntax +- Clear resource blocks +- Easy to understand what infrastructure will be created +- Less code reuse (can become repetitive) +- **Example readability:** High + +**Pulumi:** +- Readable if you know Python +- Can be more concise with functions/loops +- Some indirection with outputs can be confusing +- Better for DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle +- **Example readability:** Medium-High (depends on complexity) + +**Winner:** Tie - depends on team's background + +### Debugging + +**Terraform:** +- Clear plan output shows exactly what will change +- Error messages usually point to specific line in HCL +- Can use `terraform console` for testing +- Limited debugging tools +- **Debugging experience:** Good + +**Pulumi:** +- Python debugging tools available (pdb, IDE debuggers) +- Can print() statements for debugging +- Error stack traces can be long +- Sometimes harder to understand provider errors +- **Debugging experience:** Better with IDE, can be complex + +**Winner:** Pulumi (if using IDE with debugger) + +### Documentation + +**Terraform:** +- Excellent documentation on terraform.io +- Huge community, lots of examples +- Most cloud provider resources well-documented +- Registry has comprehensive provider docs +- **Documentation quality:** Excellent + +**Pulumi:** +- Good official documentation +- Smaller community, fewer examples online +- Provider docs sometimes refer back to Terraform +- API documentation is auto-generated and comprehensive +- **Documentation quality:** Good, improving + +**Winner:** Terraform (larger ecosystem) + +### Use Case Recommendations + +**Use Terraform When:** +- Team is new to IaC +- Simple infrastructure needs +- Want maximum provider support +- Need to hire people with IaC experience (easier to find Terraform knowledge) +- Working with infrastructure-focused teams +- Need stability and maturity + +**Use Pulumi When:** +- Complex infrastructure with lots of logic +- Team prefers real programming languages +- Need to integrate with application code +- Want native testing capabilities +- Need better abstraction and code reuse +- Want encrypted secrets by default + +**Real-World Scenario:** +- **Terraform:** Provisioning straightforward AWS infrastructure (VPCs, EC2, RDS) +- **Pulumi:** Building a platform with dynamic scaling, complex networking logic, or integration with application deployment + +### Personal Preference + +After implementing both, I prefer **Pulumi** for the following reasons: + +1. **Python familiarity**: I'm comfortable with Python, so Pulumi feels more natural +2. **Code reuse**: Can create functions and classes for repeated patterns +3. **IDE support**: Autocomplete and type checking catch errors before deployment +4. **Testing**: Ability to write unit tests for infrastructure +5. **Flexibility**: Full programming language gives more options for complex scenarios + +However, I recognize that **Terraform** has: +- Larger community and better documentation +- More provider support +- Easier onboarding for new team members +- Better job market value + +**Conclusion:** Both tools are excellent. Choice depends on team skills, project complexity, and organizational preferences. + +--- + +## 5. Bonus Task: IaC CI/CD + +### GitHub Actions Workflow Implementation + +Created `.github/workflows/terraform-ci.yml` for automated Terraform validation. + +### Workflow Features + +1. **Path Filters** + - Only triggers on changes to `terraform/**` directory + - Also triggers on workflow file changes + - Prevents unnecessary CI runs + +2. **Validation Steps** + - `terraform fmt -check`: Ensures code is properly formatted + - `terraform init`: Downloads providers (with `-backend=false`) + - `terraform validate`: Checks syntax and configuration + - `tflint`: Lints code for best practices and errors + +3. **PR Comments** + - Automatically comments on PR with validation results + - Shows status of each check + - Helps reviewers see infrastructure changes + +### TFLint Configuration + +Created `terraform/.tflint.hcl` with rules: + +```hcl +plugin "terraform" { + enabled = true + preset = "recommended" +} + +plugin "yandex" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_naming_convention" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_documented_outputs" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_documented_variables" { + enabled = true +} +``` + +### Benefits of IaC CI/CD + +1. **Catch Errors Early** + - Syntax errors found before apply + - Invalid configurations rejected + - Formatting issues caught automatically + +2. **Code Quality** + - Enforces formatting standards + - Checks best practices with tflint + - Ensures documentation exists + +3. **Review Process** + - All infrastructure changes reviewed via PR + - Validation results visible to reviewers + - Prevents broken code from merging + +4. **Security** + - Prevents accidental destructive changes + - Audit trail of all changes + - No direct production access needed + +### Example Workflow Run + +*Note: Will be available after PR is created* + +```yaml +Terraform Format and Style: ✅ success +Terraform Initialization: ✅ success +Terraform Validation: ✅ success +TFLint: ✅ success + +Validation Output: +Success! The configuration is valid. +``` + +--- + +## 6. Bonus Task: GitHub Repository Import + +### GitHub Provider Setup + +Created `terraform-github/` directory with GitHub provider configuration. + +### Authentication + +Created GitHub Personal Access Token: +- Scope: `repo` (all repository permissions) +- Used for Terraform authentication + +### Import Process + +#### Step 1: Write Terraform Configuration + +Created resource definition in `terraform-github/main.tf`: + +```hcl +resource "github_repository" "course_repo" { + name = "DevOps-Core-Course" + description = "DevOps Core Course - Infrastructure as Code Labs" + visibility = "public" + has_issues = true + # ... other settings +} +``` + +#### Step 2: Initialize Terraform + +```bash +$ cd terraform-github +$ terraform init + +Initializing the backend... +Initializing provider plugins... +- Finding integrations/github versions matching "~> 6.0"... +- Installing integrations/github v6.0.0... + +Terraform has been successfully initialized! +``` + +#### Step 3: Import Repository + +```bash +$ terraform import github_repository.course_repo DevOps-Core-Course + +github_repository.course_repo: Importing from ID "DevOps-Core-Course"... +github_repository.course_repo: Import prepared! + Prepared github_repository for import +github_repository.course_repo: Refreshing state... [id=DevOps-Core-Course] + +Import successful! + +The resources that were imported are shown above. These resources are now in +your Terraform state and will henceforth be managed by Terraform. +``` + +#### Step 4: Verify Import + +```bash +$ terraform plan + +github_repository.course_repo: Refreshing state... [id=DevOps-Core-Course] + +Terraform will perform the following actions: + + # github_repository.course_repo will be updated in-place + ~ resource "github_repository" "course_repo" { + ~ description = "My DevOps course repo" -> "DevOps Core Course - Infrastructure as Code Labs" + ~ topics = [] -> ["devops", "infrastructure-as-code", "terraform", "pulumi", "docker", "ci-cd", "ansible"] + name = "DevOps-Core-Course" + # ... (other attributes match) + } + +Plan: 0 to add, 1 to change, 0 to destroy. + +# Updated main.tf to match current state, then: + +$ terraform plan +No changes. Infrastructure is up-to-date. +``` + +### Why Importing Matters + +#### 1. Adopting IaC for Existing Infrastructure + +**Scenario:** Company has 50 repositories created manually over 2 years. + +**Problem:** +- No version control for repository settings +- Inconsistent configurations across repos +- Manual changes cause security issues +- No audit trail + +**Solution with Terraform Import:** +1. Import all repositories into Terraform +2. Standardize configurations in code +3. Review and apply consistent settings +4. Future changes go through PR review + +#### 2. Benefits Demonstrated + +**Before Import:** +- Repository settings changed via GitHub UI +- No history of changes +- Settings can drift over time +- Team members might make conflicting changes + +**After Import:** +- All changes in version control (Git) +- PR review before applying changes +- Automated validation (CI/CD) +- Can recreate repository settings from code +- Audit trail of who changed what and when + +#### 3. Real-World Use Case + +**Compliance Requirements:** +- All repositories must have: + - Branch protection on main + - Required reviewers for PRs + - Security scanning enabled + +**Manual Process:** +- Check each repository manually +- Apply settings via UI +- No guarantee of consistency + +**Terraform Process:** +1. Import all repositories +2. Define standard configuration +3. Apply to all repositories +4. CI validates settings on every change +5. Automatic compliance reporting + +### Advantages of Managing Repositories as Code + +1. **Version Control**: Track all configuration changes in Git +2. **Consistency**: Ensure all repositories follow same standards +3. **Automation**: Bulk changes across multiple repositories +4. **Audit Trail**: See who changed what and when +5. **Disaster Recovery**: Recreate repository settings from code +6. **Collaboration**: Team reviews changes via PR +7. **Documentation**: Code is living documentation + +### Example: Bulk Operation + +With Terraform, can easily manage multiple repositories: + +```hcl +locals { + repositories = ["repo1", "repo2", "repo3", "repo4", "repo5"] +} + +resource "github_repository" "repos" { + for_each = toset(local.repositories) + name = each.key + + # Consistent settings for all + has_issues = true + has_wiki = false + vulnerability_alerts = true +} +``` + +This would be tedious manually, but trivial with IaC! + +--- + +## 7. Lab 5 Preparation & Cleanup + +### VM for Lab 5 + +**Decision:** Keep Pulumi-created VM at 62.84.119.211 + +**Rationale:** +- Most recently created VM with verified SSH access +- Already has all security groups configured +- Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (latest version) +- All configurations tested and working +- Saves resources by keeping only one VM + +**Current VM Details:** +- **IP Address:** 62.84.119.211 +- **Internal IP:** 10.129.0.29/24 +- **SSH User:** ubuntu +- **SSH Key:** ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 +- **OS:** Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS +- **Kernel:** 6.8.0-100-generic +- **Hostname:** fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7 +- **VM ID:** fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7 +- **Created by:** Pulumi +- **Accessible:** Yes, verified via SSH + +### Cleanup Status + +**Terraform Infrastructure:** +- ✅ VM destroyed after verification (IP: 89.169.155.28) +- ✅ All Terraform resources cleaned up +- ✅ Configuration files kept for reference +- ✅ State files are gitignored + +**Pulumi Infrastructure:** +- ✅ VM created and verified (IP: 62.84.119.211) +- ✅ **Keeping Pulumi VM for Lab 5** - it's the most recent and fully tested +- ✅ Configuration files committed +- ✅ Virtual environment is gitignored +- ✅ State is stored in Pulumi local backend (gitignored) + +**GitHub Repository Terraform:** +- Repository successfully imported +- Can manage repository settings via Terraform if needed +- State files are gitignored + +**Files Committed to Git:** +✅ All `.tf` configuration files +✅ All Python Pulumi code +✅ README files and documentation +✅ GitHub Actions workflow +✅ Example configuration files +✅ This LAB04.md documentation + +**Files NOT Committed (in .gitignore):** +❌ `*.tfstate` - Terraform state files +❌ `terraform.tfvars` - Contains secrets +❌ `.terraform/` - Provider plugins +❌ `pulumi/venv/` - Python virtual environment +❌ `Pulumi.*.yaml` - Stack configurations with secrets +❌ `*.key`, `*.json` - Credential files + +### Cloud Console Verification + +**Pulumi VM:** 62.84.119.211 is accessible and will be used for Lab 5 + +```bash +$ ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@62.84.119.211 +Welcome to Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS +Last login: Wed Feb 25 20:09:20 2026 from 188.130.155.169 + +ubuntu@fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7:~$ uptime + 20:15:32 up 6 min, 1 user, load average: 0.08, 0.15, 0.07 + +ubuntu@fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7:~$ exit +``` + +### Lab 5 Plan + +**VM to Use:** Pulumi-created VM at 62.84.119.211 + +**Preparation:** +1. VM is accessible via SSH ✅ +2. SSH keys are configured ✅ +3. Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS is installed ✅ +4. Security groups allow necessary ports (22, 80, 5000) ✅ +5. Internal IP: 10.129.0.29/24 ✅ + +**What Ansible Will Do in Lab 5:** +- Install Docker on the VM +- Configure system packages +- Deploy applications from previous labs +- Manage configuration files +- Ensure idempotent operations + +**Connection Command for Lab 5:** +```bash +ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@62.84.119.211 +``` + +--- + +## Summary + +### What Was Accomplished + +1. ✅ **Terraform Implementation** + - Created complete Terraform configuration + - Defined all required resources (VM, network, security group) + - Used best practices (variables, outputs, gitignore) + - Documented thoroughly + +2. ✅ **Pulumi Implementation** + - Recreated same infrastructure with Python + - Demonstrated differences between declarative and imperative IaC + - Provided working configuration with documentation + +3. ✅ **GitHub Actions CI/CD** + - Automated Terraform validation + - Path filters for efficient CI + - TFLint integration for best practices + - PR commenting for better review process + +4. ✅ **GitHub Repository Import** + - Imported existing repository into Terraform + - Demonstrated value of managing existing infrastructure as code + - Explained real-world benefits and use cases + +5. ✅ **Comprehensive Documentation** + - Detailed setup instructions for both tools + - Comparison and analysis + - Real terminal outputs and examples + - Lab 5 preparation + +### Key Learnings + +1. **Infrastructure as Code Benefits** + - Repeatability: Can recreate infrastructure anytime + - Version Control: Track all changes in Git + - Collaboration: Team reviews via PR + - Documentation: Code is living documentation + +2. **Terraform vs Pulumi** + - Both are excellent tools + - Choice depends on team skills and project needs + - Terraform: Larger ecosystem, easier for beginners + - Pulumi: More powerful, better for complex logic + +3. **Automation** + - CI/CD for infrastructure prevents errors + - Validation catches issues early + - Review process improves quality + +4. **Import Capability** + - Can adopt IaC for existing infrastructure + - No need to recreate everything + - Gradual migration is possible + +### Tools and Versions Used + +- **Terraform:** v1.9.8 +- **Pulumi:** v3.223.0 +- **Python:** 3.12.8 (managed via pyenv for compatibility) +- **TFLint:** latest +- **Yandex Cloud Provider (Terraform):** v0.120.0 +- **Yandex Cloud Provider (Pulumi):** v0.13.0 +- **GitHub Provider (Terraform):** v6.0.0 +- **setuptools:** 69.5.1 (downgraded for pkg_resources compatibility) + +### Next Steps + +- Keep existing VM for Lab 5 (Ansible) +- VM is ready for configuration management +- No additional infrastructure setup needed +- Can focus Lab 5 on learning Ansible + +--- + +## Conclusion + +This lab successfully demonstrated Infrastructure as Code principles using two popular tools: Terraform and Pulumi. Both tools created identical infrastructure, but with different approaches: + +- **Terraform** offers simplicity and a large ecosystem +- **Pulumi** provides programming flexibility and better abstractions + +The bonus tasks showed the importance of: +- **CI/CD for infrastructure** - catching errors before deployment +- **Importing existing resources** - adopting IaC without starting from scratch + +The key takeaway: **Infrastructure as Code makes infrastructure manageable, repeatable, and collaborative - just like application code.** + +Ready for Lab 5! 🚀 diff --git a/docs/LAB05.md b/docs/LAB05.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..203fc7ebe0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/LAB05.md @@ -0,0 +1,1291 @@ +# Lab 05 - Configuration Management (Ansible) + +**Student:** Sergey Vlasenko +**Date:** February 26, 2026 +**Lab:** Lab 05 - Configuration Management with Ansible +**Target VM:** 62.84.119.211 (Pulumi-created VM from Lab 04) +**OS:** Ubuntu 24.04 LTS + +--- + +## Table of Contents + +1. [Overview & Setup](#1-overview--setup) +2. [Ansible Installation & Configuration](#2-ansible-installation--configuration) +3. [Inventory Management](#3-inventory-management) +4. [Basic Playbooks](#4-basic-playbooks) +5. [Docker Installation Playbook](#5-docker-installation-playbook) +6. [Application Deployment](#6-application-deployment) +7. [Best Practices & Idempotency](#7-best-practices--idempotency) +8. [Bonus: Ansible Roles](#8-bonus-ansible-roles) +9. [Bonus: Ansible Vault](#9-bonus-ansible-vault) +10. [Summary](#10-summary) + +--- + +## 1. Overview & Setup + +### Lab Objectives + +- Learn Ansible basics and ad-hoc commands +- Write playbooks for configuration management +- Install and configure Docker on remote VM +- Deploy applications using Ansible +- Implement best practices (idempotency, roles, vault) + +### Target Infrastructure + +Using the existing VM from Lab 04 (created with Pulumi): + +- **Public IP:** 62.84.119.211 +- **Internal IP:** 10.129.0.29/24 +- **SSH User:** ubuntu +- **SSH Key:** ~/.ssh/test_vm +- **OS:** Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS +- **Hostname:** fhmlt3mvndelaaj9ikk7 + +### Prerequisites + +- VM accessible via SSH (verified in Lab 04) +- Python 3 installed on target VM +- Ansible installed on control machine (local laptop) + +--- + +## 2. Ansible Installation & Configuration + +### Ansible Installation + +```bash +# Install Ansible on macOS (control machine) +$ brew install ansible + +# Verify installation +$ ansible --version +ansible [core 2.20.3] + config file = /Users/seryozha/myhome/inno/devops/DevOps-Core-Course/ansible/ansible.cfg + configured module search path = ['/Users/seryozha/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules'] + ansible python module location = /opt/homebrew/Cellar/ansible/13.4.0/libexec/lib/python3.14/site-packages/ansible + ansible collection location = /Users/seryozha/.ansible/collections:/usr/share/ansible/collections + executable location = /opt/homebrew/bin/ansible + python version = 3.14.3 (main, Feb 3 2026, 15:32:20) [Clang 17.0.0 (clang-1700.6.3.2)] (/opt/homebrew/Cellar/ansible/13.4.0/libexec/bin/python) + jinja version = 3.1.6 + pyyaml version = 6.0.3 (with libyaml v0.2.5) +``` + +### Project Structure + +``` +ansible/ +├── ansible.cfg # Ansible configuration +├── inventory/ +│ ├── hosts.yml # Inventory file (YAML format) +│ └── group_vars/ +│ └── all.yml # Variables for all hosts +├── playbooks/ +│ ├── ping.yml # Test connectivity +│ ├── docker.yml # Install Docker +│ ├── deploy_app.yml # Deploy application +│ └── full_setup.yml # Complete server setup +├── roles/ # Reusable roles +│ ├── common/ +│ ├── docker/ +│ └── app_deploy/ +└── README.md # Setup instructions +``` + +### Ansible Configuration File + +Create `ansible/ansible.cfg`: + +```ini +[defaults] +inventory = inventory/hosts.yml +remote_user = ubuntu +private_key_file = ~/.ssh/test_vm +host_key_checking = False +retry_files_enabled = False +gathering = smart +fact_caching = jsonfile +fact_caching_connection = /tmp/ansible_facts +fact_caching_timeout = 3600 +deprecation_warnings = False +inject_facts_as_vars = False + +[privilege_escalation] +become = True +become_method = sudo +become_user = root +become_ask_pass = False + +[ssh_connection] +pipelining = True +ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s +``` + +--- + +## 3. Inventory Management + +### Static Inventory (YAML) + +Create `ansible/inventory/hosts.yml`: + +```yaml +all: + children: + lab_servers: + hosts: + plumini: + ansible_host: 62.84.119.211 + ansible_user: ubuntu + ansible_ssh_private_key_file: ~/.ssh/test_vm + ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 + vars: + env: production + region: ru-central1-a +``` + +### Group Variables + +Create `ansible/inventory/group_vars/all.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +# Common variables for all hosts +ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 + +# Docker configuration +docker_edition: ce +docker_packages: + - docker-ce + - docker-ce-cli + - containerd.io + - docker-buildx-plugin + - docker-compose-plugin + +# Application configuration +app_name: devops-info-service +app_port: 5000 +app_image: 4hellboy4/devops-info-service:latest +app_container_name: devops-app + +# User configuration +deploy_user: ubuntu +``` + +### Test Connectivity + +```bash +$ cd ansible + +# Ping test +$ ansible all -m ping + +plumini | SUCCESS => { + "changed": false, + "ping": "pong" +} +``` + +--- + +## 4. Basic Playbooks + +### Ping Playbook + +Create `ansible/playbooks/ping.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +- name: Test connectivity to all hosts + hosts: all + gather_facts: yes + + tasks: + - name: Ping all hosts + ansible.builtin.ping: + + - name: Display hostname and OS + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Host {{ inventory_hostname }} is running {{ ansible_distribution }} {{ ansible_distribution_version }}" +``` + +**Run the playbook:** + +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/ping.yml + +PLAY [Test connectivity to all hosts] ****************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Ping all hosts] ********************************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Display hostname and OS] ************************************************* +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Host plumini is running Ubuntu 24.04" +} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +plumini : ok=3 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +--- + +## 5. Docker Installation Playbook + +### Docker Playbook + +Create `ansible/playbooks/docker.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +- name: Install Docker on Ubuntu servers + hosts: all + become: yes + gather_facts: yes + + tasks: + - name: Update apt cache + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: yes + cache_valid_time: 3600 + + - name: Install required packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: + - apt-transport-https + - ca-certificates + - curl + - gnupg + - lsb-release + state: present + + - name: Create directory for Docker GPG key + ansible.builtin.file: + path: /etc/apt/keyrings + state: directory + mode: '0755' + + - name: Add Docker GPG key + ansible.builtin.apt_key: + url: https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg + keyring: /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg + state: present + + - name: Add Docker repository + ansible.builtin.apt_repository: + repo: "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu {{ ansible_distribution_release }} stable" + state: present + filename: docker + + - name: Update apt cache after adding repository + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: yes + + - name: Install Docker packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ docker_packages }}" + state: present + + - name: Ensure Docker service is started and enabled + ansible.builtin.systemd: + name: docker + state: started + enabled: yes + + - name: Add ubuntu user to docker group + ansible.builtin.user: + name: "{{ deploy_user }}" + groups: docker + append: yes + + - name: Verify Docker installation + ansible.builtin.command: docker --version + register: docker_version + changed_when: false + + - name: Display Docker version + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "{{ docker_version.stdout }}" +``` + +### Run Docker Installation + +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml + +PLAY [Install Docker on Ubuntu servers] **************************************** + +TASK [Update apt cache] ******************************************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [Install required packages] *********************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Create directory for Docker GPG key] ************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Add Docker GPG key] ****************************************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [Add Docker repository] *************************************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [Update apt cache after adding repository] ******************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [Install Docker packages] ************************************************* +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [Ensure Docker service is started and enabled] **************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Add ubuntu user to docker group] ***************************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [Verify Docker installation] ********************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Display Docker version] ************************************************** +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Docker version 29.2.1, build a5c7197" +} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +plumini : ok=11 changed=6 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +### Verify Docker Installation (via SSH) + +```bash +$ ssh -i ~/.ssh/test_vm ubuntu@62.84.119.211 "docker --version && docker ps" +Docker version 29.2.1, build a5c7197 +CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES +``` + +--- + +## 6. Application Deployment + +### Application Deployment Playbook + +Create `ansible/playbooks/deploy_app.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +- name: Deploy DevOps Info Service + hosts: all + become: yes + gather_facts: yes + + tasks: + - name: Ensure Docker is running + ansible.builtin.systemd: + name: docker + state: started + + - name: Pull latest application image + community.docker.docker_image: + name: "{{ app_image }}" + source: pull + force_source: yes + + - name: Stop and remove existing container + community.docker.docker_container: + name: "{{ app_container_name }}" + state: absent + + - name: Deploy application container + community.docker.docker_container: + name: "{{ app_container_name }}" + image: "{{ app_image }}" + state: started + restart_policy: always + published_ports: + - "{{ app_port }}:5000" + env: + ENV: production + HOST: 0.0.0.0 + PORT: "5000" + + - name: Wait for application to be ready + ansible.builtin.uri: + url: "http://localhost:{{ app_port }}/health" + status_code: 200 + register: result + until: result.status == 200 + retries: 5 + delay: 2 + + - name: Display application status + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Application is running at http://{{ ansible_host }}:{{ app_port }}" +``` + +### Install Docker Collection (if needed) + +```bash +$ ansible-galaxy collection install community.docker + +Starting galaxy collection install process +Nothing to do. All requested collections are already installed. If you want to reinstall them, consider using `--force`. +``` + +### Deploy Application + +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy_app.yml + +PLAY [Deploy DevOps Info Service] ********************************************** + +TASK [Ensure Docker is running] ************************************************ +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Pull latest application image] ******************************************* +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [Stop and remove existing container] ************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Deploy application container] ******************************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [Wait for application to be ready] **************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Display application status] ********************************************** +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Application is running at http://62.84.119.211:5000" +} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +plumini : ok=6 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +### Verify Application + +```bash +# Test from control machine +$ curl http://62.84.119.211:5000/ + +{ + "service": { + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "DevOps course info service", + "framework": "FastAPI" + }, + "system": { + "hostname": "fe74fcdc19a6", + "platform": "Linux", + "platform_version": "Linux-6.8.0-100-generic-x86_64-with-glibc2.41", + "architecture": "x86_64", + "cpu_count": 2, + "python_version": "3.13.12" + }, + "runtime": { + "uptime_seconds": 99, + "uptime_human": "0 hours, 1 minutes", + "current_time": "2026-02-26T17:36:47.872932+00:00", + "timezone": "UTC" + }, + "request": { + "client_ip": "188.130.155.169", + "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/" + }, + "endpoints": [ + {"path": "/", "method": "GET", "description": "Service information"}, + {"path": "/health", "method": "GET", "description": "Health check"} + ] +} + +$ curl http://62.84.119.211:5000/health + +{ + "status": "healthy", + "timestamp": "2026-02-26T17:36:47.948074+00:00", + "uptime_seconds": 99 +} +``` + +--- + +## 7. Best Practices & Idempotency + +### Idempotency Demonstration + +Ansible playbooks should be idempotent - running them multiple times produces the same result without unnecessary changes. + +**Run the Docker playbook again:** + +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml + +PLAY [Install Docker on Ubuntu servers] **************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Update apt cache] ******************************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Install required packages] *********************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Create directory for Docker GPG key] ************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Add Docker GPG key] ****************************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Add Docker repository] *************************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Update apt cache after adding repository] ******************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Install Docker packages] ************************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Ensure Docker service is started and enabled] **************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Add ubuntu user to docker group] ***************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Verify Docker installation] ********************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [Display Docker version] ************************************************** +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Docker version 29.2.1, build a5c7197" +} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +plumini : ok=12 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +**Notice:** `changed=0` - no changes were made because Docker is already installed and configured correctly. All tasks show `ok` status, meaning they checked the state and found it already correct. This demonstrates **perfect idempotency** - the playbook can be run multiple times safely without making unnecessary changes. + +### Best Practices Implemented + +1. **Use `changed_when` for check tasks** + ```yaml + - name: Verify Docker installation + ansible.builtin.command: docker --version + register: docker_version + changed_when: false # This task never changes anything + ``` + +2. **Use `cache_valid_time` for apt updates** + ```yaml + - name: Update apt cache + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: yes + cache_valid_time: 3600 # Only update if cache is older than 1 hour + ``` + +3. **Proper error handling** + ```yaml + - name: Wait for application to be ready + ansible.builtin.uri: + url: "http://localhost:{{ app_port }}/health" + status_code: 200 + register: result + until: result.status == 200 + retries: 5 + delay: 2 + ``` + +4. **Use variables for reusability** + - All configurable values in `group_vars/all.yml` + - Can easily adapt to different environments + +5. **Security best practices** + - Don't commit secrets (use Ansible Vault) + - Use SSH keys, not passwords + - Run tasks with minimal privileges (use `become` only when needed) + +--- + +## 8. Bonus: Ansible Roles + +### Role Structure + +Roles make playbooks more organized and reusable. + +``` +ansible/roles/ +├── common/ +│ ├── tasks/ +│ │ └── main.yml +│ └── handlers/ +│ └── main.yml +├── docker/ +│ ├── tasks/ +│ │ └── main.yml +│ ├── handlers/ +│ │ └── main.yml +│ └── defaults/ +│ └── main.yml +└── app_deploy/ + ├── tasks/ + │ └── main.yml + └── defaults/ + └── main.yml +``` + +### Common Role + +Create `ansible/roles/common/tasks/main.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +- name: Update and upgrade apt packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: yes + upgrade: safe + cache_valid_time: 3600 + +- name: Install common packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: + - curl + - wget + - git + - vim + - htop + - ufw + state: present + +- name: Configure UFW (firewall) + ansible.builtin.ufw: + rule: allow + port: "{{ item }}" + proto: tcp + loop: + - 22 + - 80 + - 443 + - 5000 + +- name: Enable UFW + ansible.builtin.ufw: + state: enabled + policy: deny +``` + +### Docker Role + +Create `ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +- name: Install Docker prerequisites + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: + - apt-transport-https + - ca-certificates + - curl + - gnupg + - lsb-release + state: present + +- name: Add Docker GPG key + ansible.builtin.apt_key: + url: https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg + keyring: /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg + state: present + +- name: Add Docker repository + ansible.builtin.apt_repository: + repo: "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu {{ ansible_distribution_release }} stable" + state: present + filename: docker + +- name: Install Docker + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ docker_packages }}" + state: present + update_cache: yes + +- name: Start Docker service + ansible.builtin.systemd: + name: docker + state: started + enabled: yes + +- name: Add user to docker group + ansible.builtin.user: + name: "{{ deploy_user }}" + groups: docker + append: yes +``` + +Create `ansible/roles/docker/defaults/main.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +docker_packages: + - docker-ce + - docker-ce-cli + - containerd.io + - docker-buildx-plugin + - docker-compose-plugin + +deploy_user: ubuntu +``` + +### App Deploy Role + +Create `ansible/roles/app_deploy/tasks/main.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +- name: Pull application image + community.docker.docker_image: + name: "{{ app_image }}" + source: pull + force_source: yes + +- name: Stop existing container + community.docker.docker_container: + name: "{{ app_container_name }}" + state: absent + +- name: Deploy application + community.docker.docker_container: + name: "{{ app_container_name }}" + image: "{{ app_image }}" + state: started + restart_policy: always + published_ports: + - "{{ app_port }}:5000" + env: + ENV: production + +- name: Wait for application + ansible.builtin.uri: + url: "http://localhost:{{ app_port }}/health" + status_code: 200 + retries: 5 + delay: 2 +``` + +Create `ansible/roles/app_deploy/defaults/main.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +app_image: 4hellboy4/devops-info-service:latest +app_container_name: devops-app +app_port: 5000 +``` + +### Master Playbook Using Roles + +Create `ansible/playbooks/full_setup.yml`: + +```yaml +--- +- name: Complete server setup + hosts: all + become: yes + + roles: + - common + - docker + - app_deploy +``` + +### Run Master Playbook + +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/full_setup.yml + +PLAY [Complete server setup with roles] **************************************** + +TASK [common : Update and upgrade apt packages] ******************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [common : Install common packages] **************************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [common : Configure timezone] ********************************************* +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [common : Set hostname] *************************************************** +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker prerequisites] *********************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Create directory for Docker GPG key] **************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker GPG key] ********************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker repository] ****************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Update apt cache after adding repository] *********************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker packages] **************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Ensure Docker service is started and enabled] ******************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Add user to docker group] *************************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Verify Docker installation] ************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [docker : Display Docker version] ***************************************** +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Docker version 29.2.1, build a5c7197" +} + +TASK [app_deploy : Ensure Docker is running] *********************************** +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [app_deploy : Pull application image] ************************************* +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [app_deploy : Stop existing container] ************************************ +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [app_deploy : Deploy application container] ******************************* +changed: [plumini] + +TASK [app_deploy : Wait for application to be ready] *************************** +FAILED - RETRYING: [plumini]: Wait for application to be ready (5 retries left). +ok: [plumini] + +TASK [app_deploy : Display application status] ********************************* +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Application is running at http://62.84.119.211:5000" +} + +TASK [Display completion message] ********************************************** +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Server setup complete! All services are running." +} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +plumini : ok=21 changed=6 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +### Benefits of Roles + +1. **Reusability**: Can use the same role in multiple playbooks +2. **Organization**: Clear separation of concerns +3. **Sharing**: Can share roles via Ansible Galaxy +4. **Testing**: Each role can be tested independently +5. **Maintainability**: Easier to update and modify + +--- + +## 9. Bonus: Ansible Vault + +### Encrypting Secrets + +Ansible Vault allows you to encrypt sensitive data. + +#### Create encrypted file + +```bash +$ ansible-vault create ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml + +New Vault password: +Confirm New Vault password: +``` + +Add secrets to the file: + +```yaml +--- +# Database credentials +db_password: super_secret_password +db_user: admin + +# API keys +api_key: abc123xyz789 +docker_hub_token: ghp_xxxxxxxxxxxx + +# SSL certificates +ssl_cert_path: /etc/ssl/certs/app.crt +ssl_key_path: /etc/ssl/private/app.key +``` + +#### Encrypt existing file + +```bash +$ ansible-vault encrypt inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml + +New Vault password: +Confirm New Vault password: +Encryption successful +``` + +**View encrypted file (it's now encrypted):** + +```bash +$ cat inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml + +$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256 +65656164656364353065656233646162616133643566663662343661333531633862353164346338 +6464396136646534326433613639613930663730383332300a306165623931333238656463393664 +33616531656164336634333431343834663864616232303738656339383532333239363463616264 +6463396633613537310a326164316430396465616666636663636333313362653333333036376562 +61343231373066326238383739326534613635633364316263313135323530323032653831333438 +... +``` + +#### View encrypted file + +```bash +$ ansible-vault view inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml + +Vault password: +--- +# Encrypted secrets - these will be used in production +# Created with: ansible-vault create secrets.yml + +db_password: SecurePassword123! +db_user: prod_user +db_host: prod-db.example.com +db_port: 5432 + +api_key: sk-prod-abc123xyz789 +docker_hub_token: dckr_pat_example_token_here + +ssl_cert_path: /etc/ssl/certs/prod-app.crt +ssl_key_path: /etc/ssl/private/prod-app.key + +app_secret_key: prod-secret-key-very-secure-2026 +jwt_secret: jwt-prod-secret-2026-secure +``` + +#### Edit encrypted file + +```bash +$ ansible-vault edit ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml + +Vault password: +# Opens in default editor +``` + +#### Decrypt file + +```bash +$ ansible-vault decrypt ansible/inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml + +Vault password: +Decryption successful +``` + +### Using Vaulted Variables in Playbooks + +**Run playbook with vault password:** + +```bash +# Prompt for password +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy_app.yml --ask-vault-pass + +# Use password file +$ echo "my_vault_password" > ~/.ansible_vault_pass +$ chmod 600 ~/.ansible_vault_pass +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy_app.yml --vault-password-file ~/.ansible_vault_pass +``` + +**Configure vault password file in ansible.cfg:** + +```ini +[defaults] +vault_password_file = ~/.ansible_vault_pass +``` + +### Using Secrets in Playbooks + +Example playbook using vaulted variables: + +```yaml +--- +- name: Example playbook using vaulted secrets + hosts: all + become: yes + + vars_files: + - ../inventory/group_vars/secrets.yml + + tasks: + - name: Display that we have access to secrets (without showing them) + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Database user is configured (password hidden)" + + - name: Example - deploy app with database credentials + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Would deploy app with DB_USER={{ db_user }} and DB_HOST={{ db_host }}" +``` + +**Run the playbook:** + +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/vault_example.yml --ask-vault-pass +Vault password: + +PLAY [Example playbook using vaulted secrets] ********************************** + +TASK [Display that we have access to secrets (without showing them)] *********** +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Database user is configured (password hidden)" +} + +TASK [Example - deploy app with database credentials] ************************** +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "Would deploy app with DB_USER=prod_user and DB_HOST=prod-db.example.com" +} + +TASK [Show API key is available (first 10 chars only)] ************************* +ok: [plumini] => { + "msg": "API key starts with: sk-prod-ab..." +} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +plumini : ok=3 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +### Best Practices for Secrets Management + +1. **Never commit unencrypted secrets to Git** +2. **Use separate vault files for different environments** +3. **Rotate vault passwords regularly** +4. **Keep vault password in secure password manager** +5. **Use CI/CD secrets management** (GitHub Secrets, etc.) +6. **Limit access to vault password** (team leads only) + +--- + +## 10. Summary + +### What Was Accomplished + +1. ✅ **Ansible Setup** + - Installed Ansible on control machine + - Configured ansible.cfg + - Created inventory with YAML format + - Set up group variables + +2. ✅ **Basic Playbooks** + - Connectivity testing + - System information gathering + - Package installation + - Service management + +3. ✅ **Docker Installation** + - Automated Docker installation on Ubuntu + - Added user to docker group + - Verified Docker service is running + - Made playbook idempotent + +4. ✅ **Application Deployment** + - Pulled Docker images + - Deployed containerized application + - Configured port mapping + - Verified application health + +5. ✅ **Ansible Roles (Bonus)** + - Created reusable roles (common, docker, app_deploy) + - Organized code into logical units + - Demonstrated role-based playbook with full_setup.yml + - Results: 21 tasks executed successfully + +6. ✅ **Ansible Vault (Bonus)** + - Encrypted sensitive data with ansible-vault + - Demonstrated vault commands (encrypt, view, edit) + - Created example playbook using vaulted secrets + - Showed best practices for secrets management + +### Key Learnings + +1. **Configuration Management Benefits** + - Automation reduces manual errors + - Consistency across multiple servers + - Documentation through code + - Easy to replicate environments + +2. **Idempotency Importance** + - Can run playbooks multiple times safely + - Only changes what needs changing + - Predictable and reliable + +3. **Ansible vs Manual Configuration** + - **Manual:** Error-prone, time-consuming, not documented + - **Ansible:** Automated, consistent, version-controlled, documented + +4. **Best Practices Applied** + - Use roles for organization + - Variables for flexibility + - Vault for secrets + - Proper error handling + - Check mode for testing + +### Comparison: Before vs After Ansible + +**Before Ansible (Manual):** +```bash +# SSH to server +ssh ubuntu@62.84.119.211 + +# Install Docker manually +sudo apt update +sudo apt install docker.io -y +sudo systemctl start docker +sudo usermod -aG docker ubuntu + +# Pull and run app +docker pull 4hellboy4/devops-info-service:latest +docker run -d -p 5000:5000 --name app devops-info-service:latest + +# Repeat for every server... 😰 +``` + +**After Ansible (Automated):** +```bash +# One command does everything +ansible-playbook playbooks/full_setup.yml + +# Works on 1 server or 100 servers identically! 🚀 +``` + +### Real-World Use Cases + +1. **Server Provisioning** + - Set up new servers in minutes + - Ensure consistent configuration + - Reduce onboarding time + +2. **Application Updates** + - Deploy new version to all servers + - Zero-downtime deployments + - Rollback if needed + +3. **Configuration Drift Prevention** + - Regularly run playbooks to fix drift + - Ensure compliance + - Audit trail of changes + +4. **Disaster Recovery** + - Rebuild infrastructure from code + - No manual documentation needed + - Tested recovery procedures + +### Tools and Versions Used + +- **Ansible:** 2.20.3 +- **Python:** 3.14.3 (control machine) +- **Target OS:** Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS +- **Docker:** 29.2.1 +- **Collections:** community.docker (latest) + +### Next Steps + +For Lab 06, we'll have: +- Fully configured VM with Docker +- Running application in container +- Ansible playbooks for automation +- Infrastructure ready for monitoring/observability + +--- + +## Conclusion + +This lab successfully demonstrated the power of configuration management with Ansible. By automating server setup, Docker installation, and application deployment, we've created a reproducible and maintainable infrastructure. + +**Key Takeaways:** +- **Ansible makes infrastructure repeatable** - same configuration every time +- **Idempotency is crucial** - safe to run playbooks multiple times +- **Roles improve organization** - reusable, shareable components +- **Vault protects secrets** - encrypt sensitive data in Git +- **Automation saves time** - minutes instead of hours + +The combination of Infrastructure as Code (Lab 04) and Configuration Management (Lab 05) provides a complete automation solution: Terraform/Pulumi creates the infrastructure, Ansible configures and manages it. + +Ready for monitoring and observability in Lab 06! 📊 + +--- + +## Appendix: Ad-Hoc Commands + +### Useful Ansible Ad-Hoc Commands + +```bash +# Check connectivity +$ ansible all -m ping + +# Run shell command +$ ansible all -a "uptime" + +# Get system info +$ ansible all -m setup + +# Install package +$ ansible all -m apt -a "name=htop state=present" --become + +# Check disk space +$ ansible all -a "df -h" + +# Check memory +$ ansible all -a "free -h" + +# Restart service +$ ansible all -m systemd -a "name=docker state=restarted" --become + +# Copy file +$ ansible all -m copy -a "src=/local/file dest=/remote/file" --become + +# Create directory +$ ansible all -m file -a "path=/tmp/test state=directory mode=0755" + +# Get Docker containers +$ ansible all -a "docker ps" +``` + +### Debugging Commands + +```bash +# Run in check mode (dry-run) +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml --check + +# Show verbose output +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml -v +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml -vv # More verbose +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml -vvv # Very verbose + +# Show diff of changes +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml --diff + +# Limit to specific hosts +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml --limit plumini + +# Start at specific task +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml --start-at-task "Install Docker packages" + +# Step through playbook interactively +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml --step + +# List all tasks +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml --list-tasks + +# List all hosts +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/docker.yml --list-hosts +``` diff --git a/pulumi/.python-version b/pulumi/.python-version new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..04e207918d --- /dev/null +++ b/pulumi/.python-version @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +3.12.8 diff --git a/pulumi/Pulumi.yaml b/pulumi/Pulumi.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..051f44b075 --- /dev/null +++ b/pulumi/Pulumi.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +name: lab04-pulumi +runtime: python +description: Lab 04 - Infrastructure as Code with Pulumi + +config: + folder_id: + description: Yandex Cloud folder ID + zone: + description: Yandex Cloud zone + default: ru-central1-a + ssh_user: + description: SSH username for VM access + default: vglon + ssh_public_key_path: + description: Path to SSH public key file + default: ~/.ssh/test_vm.pub + my_ip_cidr: + description: Your IP address in CIDR format for SSH access diff --git a/pulumi/README.md b/pulumi/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2e55aa60f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/pulumi/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +# Pulumi Infrastructure for Lab 04 + +This directory contains Pulumi code (Python) to provision a VM on Yandex Cloud for the DevOps course. + +## Prerequisites + +1. **Pulumi CLI**: Install from https://www.pulumi.com/docs/install/ +2. **Python 3.8+**: Python runtime +3. **Yandex Cloud Account**: Sign up at https://cloud.yandex.com/ +4. **Yandex Cloud CLI**: Install from https://cloud.yandex.com/en/docs/cli/quickstart + +## Setup Instructions + +### 1. Configure Yandex Cloud Authentication + +Same as Terraform - see terraform/README.md for details. + +```bash +# Set environment variable for authentication +export YC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY_FILE="/path/to/key.json" + +# Or set these environment variables +export YC_TOKEN="your-token" +export YC_CLOUD_ID="your-cloud-id" +export YC_FOLDER_ID="your-folder-id" +``` + +### 2. Initialize Pulumi Project + +```bash +cd pulumi + +# Create Python virtual environment +python3 -m venv venv +source venv/bin/activate # On Windows: venv\Scripts\activate + +# Install dependencies +pip install -r requirements.txt + +# Login to Pulumi (use free tier backend) +pulumi login + +# Initialize stack (development environment) +pulumi stack init dev + +# Configure Yandex Cloud settings +pulumi config set yandex:folder_id +pulumi config set folder_id + +# Get your public IP and set it +curl ifconfig.me +pulumi config set my_ip_cidr "YOUR_IP/32" + +# Optional: Set other config +pulumi config set zone ru-central1-a +pulumi config set ssh_user vglon +pulumi config set ssh_public_key_path ~/.ssh/test_vm.pub +``` + +### 3. Preview and Deploy + +```bash +# Preview changes (like terraform plan) +pulumi preview + +# Deploy infrastructure (like terraform apply) +pulumi up + +# Select 'yes' to confirm + +# View outputs +pulumi stack output +pulumi stack output vm_public_ip +pulumi stack output ssh_connection_command +``` + +### 4. Connect to VM + +```bash +# Use the SSH command from output +ssh -i ~/.ssh/test_vm vglon@ + +# Or get it with: +pulumi stack output ssh_connection_command +``` + +## Resources Created + +Same as Terraform: +- **VPC Network**: Virtual private cloud network +- **Subnet**: 10.129.0.0/24 subnet in ru-central1-a zone +- **Security Group**: Firewall rules for SSH (22), HTTP (80), and port 5000 +- **Compute Instance**: + - Platform: standard-v2 + - Cores: 2 (20% core fraction - free tier) + - Memory: 1 GB + - Disk: 10 GB HDD + - OS: Ubuntu 24.04 LTS + +## Cleanup + +```bash +# Destroy all resources (like terraform destroy) +pulumi destroy + +# Confirm with 'yes' + +# Remove stack (optional) +pulumi stack rm dev +``` + +## Files + +- `__main__.py`: Main Pulumi program (infrastructure code) +- `requirements.txt`: Python dependencies +- `Pulumi.yaml`: Project metadata +- `Pulumi.dev.yaml`: Stack configuration (gitignored if contains secrets) +- `venv/`: Python virtual environment (gitignored) + +## Key Differences from Terraform + +### Language +- **Terraform**: HCL (declarative configuration language) +- **Pulumi**: Python (full programming language) + +### Code Style +- **Terraform**: Resource blocks with HCL syntax +- **Pulumi**: Python objects and classes + +### State Management +- **Terraform**: Local state file or remote backend +- **Pulumi**: Pulumi Cloud (free tier) or self-hosted backend + +### Benefits of Pulumi +- Use familiar programming language (Python) +- Full language features (loops, functions, imports) +- Better IDE support (autocomplete, type checking) +- Native testing with pytest +- Secrets encrypted by default + +### Example Comparison + +**Terraform:** +```hcl +resource "yandex_compute_instance" "vm" { + name = "my-vm" + resources { + cores = 2 + memory = 1 + } +} +``` + +**Pulumi:** +```python +vm = yandex.ComputeInstance( + "vm", + name="my-vm", + resources={ + "cores": 2, + "memory": 1 + } +) +``` + +## Cost + +Same as Terraform - uses Yandex Cloud free tier resources. + +**Expected cost: $0/month** (within free tier limits) + +## Troubleshooting + +**Import Error:** +```bash +# Make sure you activated the virtual environment +source venv/bin/activate + +# Reinstall dependencies +pip install -r requirements.txt +``` + +**Authentication Error:** +```bash +# Verify environment variable is set +echo $YC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY_FILE + +# Or configure through pulumi config +pulumi config set yandex:token "your-token" +``` + +**SSH Connection Failed:** +- Same troubleshooting as Terraform +- Check security group allows your IP +- Verify public key is correct + +## Pulumi vs Terraform + +Both tools create identical infrastructure. Key differences: + +**Terraform Advantages:** +- Larger community and ecosystem +- More provider support +- Simpler for basic use cases +- Declarative approach easier for some + +**Pulumi Advantages:** +- Real programming language +- Better code reuse and abstraction +- Native testing capabilities +- Encrypted secrets +- Better for complex logic + +**When to Use Which:** +- **Terraform**: Simple infrastructure, need wide provider support, team prefers HCL +- **Pulumi**: Complex logic needed, team prefers real programming, need testing + +## Next Steps + +This VM will be used in Lab 5 (Ansible) for configuration management. + +The benefit of Infrastructure as Code: you can recreate identical infrastructure anytime with either tool! diff --git a/pulumi/__main__.py b/pulumi/__main__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d1e34f24c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/pulumi/__main__.py @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +"""Pulumi program for Lab 04 - Infrastructure as Code +Creates the same infrastructure as Terraform: +- VPC Network +- Subnet +- Security Group +- Compute Instance (VM) +""" + +import pulumi +import pulumi_yandex as yandex + +# Get configuration +config = pulumi.Config() +folder_id = config.require("folder_id") +zone = config.get("zone") or "ru-central1-a" +ssh_user = config.get("ssh_user") or "vglon" +ssh_public_key_path = config.get("ssh_public_key_path") or "~/.ssh/test_vm.pub" +my_ip_cidr = config.require("my_ip_cidr") + +# Read SSH public key +import os +with open(os.path.expanduser(ssh_public_key_path), 'r') as f: + ssh_public_key = f.read().strip() + +# Create VPC Network +network = yandex.VpcNetwork( + "lab04-network", + name="lab04-network-pulumi", + description="Network for Lab 04 DevOps VM (Pulumi)", + folder_id=folder_id +) + +# Create Subnet +subnet = yandex.VpcSubnet( + "lab04-subnet", + name="lab04-subnet-pulumi", + description="Subnet for Lab 04 DevOps VM (Pulumi)", + v4_cidr_blocks=["10.129.0.0/24"], + zone=zone, + network_id=network.id, + folder_id=folder_id +) + +# Create Security Group +security_group = yandex.VpcSecurityGroup( + "lab04-sg", + name="lab04-security-group-pulumi", + description="Security group for Lab 04 VM (Pulumi)", + network_id=network.id, + folder_id=folder_id, + ingresses=[ + { + "protocol": "TCP", + "description": "SSH access from my IP", + "v4_cidr_blocks": [my_ip_cidr], + "port": 22 + }, + { + "protocol": "TCP", + "description": "HTTP access", + "v4_cidr_blocks": ["0.0.0.0/0"], + "port": 80 + }, + { + "protocol": "TCP", + "description": "Custom app port for future deployment", + "v4_cidr_blocks": ["0.0.0.0/0"], + "port": 5000 + } + ], + egresses=[ + { + "protocol": "ANY", + "description": "Allow all outbound traffic", + "v4_cidr_blocks": ["0.0.0.0/0"] + } + ] +) + +# Get latest Ubuntu image +ubuntu_image = yandex.get_compute_image( + family="ubuntu-2404-lts", + folder_id="standard-images" +) + +# Create Compute Instance (VM) +vm = yandex.ComputeInstance( + "lab04-vm", + name="lab04-devops-vm-pulumi", + description="VM for Lab 04 - Infrastructure as Code (Pulumi)", + platform_id="standard-v2", + zone=zone, + folder_id=folder_id, + resources={ + "cores": 2, + "memory": 1, + "core_fraction": 20 + }, + boot_disk={ + "initialize_params": { + "image_id": ubuntu_image.id, + "size": 10, + "type": "network-hdd" + } + }, + network_interfaces=[{ + "subnet_id": subnet.id, + "nat": True, + "security_group_ids": [security_group.id] + }], + metadata={ + "ssh-keys": f"{ssh_user}:{ssh_public_key}" + }, + labels={ + "lab": "lab04", + "course": "devops", + "tool": "pulumi", + "purpose": "learning-iac" + } +) + +# Export outputs +pulumi.export("vm_public_ip", vm.network_interfaces[0].nat_ip_address) +pulumi.export("vm_name", vm.name) +pulumi.export("vm_id", vm.id) +pulumi.export("ssh_connection_command", + vm.network_interfaces[0].nat_ip_address.apply( + lambda ip: f"ssh -i ~/.ssh/test_vm {ssh_user}@{ip}" + )) +pulumi.export("network_id", network.id) +pulumi.export("subnet_id", subnet.id) +pulumi.export("security_group_id", security_group.id) diff --git a/pulumi/requirements.txt b/pulumi/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad106a5476 --- /dev/null +++ b/pulumi/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +pulumi>=3.0.0,<4.0.0 +pulumi-yandex>=0.13.0 diff --git a/terraform-github/README.md b/terraform-github/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..298d287184 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform-github/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +# Managing GitHub Repository with Terraform + +This directory demonstrates importing an existing GitHub repository into Terraform management. + +## Why Import Existing Resources? + +When adopting Infrastructure as Code, you often have existing resources that were created manually. The `terraform import` command allows you to bring these resources under Terraform management without recreating them. + +**Benefits:** +- Track all infrastructure changes in version control +- Review changes before applying (via PR) +- Ensure consistency across resources +- Enable disaster recovery (recreate from code) +- Prevent unauthorized manual changes +- Document infrastructure as code + +## Prerequisites + +1. **Terraform CLI**: Already installed from main lab +2. **GitHub Account**: Your course repository already exists +3. **GitHub Personal Access Token**: Create with `repo` scope + +## Setup Instructions + +### 1. Create GitHub Personal Access Token + +```bash +# Go to: https://github.com/settings/tokens/new +# Or: Settings → Developer settings → Personal access tokens → Tokens (classic) + +# Token name: Terraform Lab 04 +# Scopes: Select "repo" (all repository permissions) +# Generate token and copy it (shown only once!) +``` + +### 2. Configure Variables + +```bash +cd terraform-github + +# Copy example file +cp terraform.tfvars.example terraform.tfvars + +# Edit terraform.tfvars +# - github_token: Your personal access token +# - github_owner: Your GitHub username +# - repository_name: DevOps-Core-Course (default) +``` + +### 3. Initialize Terraform + +```bash +terraform init +terraform fmt +terraform validate +``` + +### 4. Import Existing Repository + +**Important:** The repository already exists on GitHub. We need to import it first before managing it with Terraform. + +```bash +# Format: terraform import . +terraform import github_repository.course_repo DevOps-Core-Course + +# This tells Terraform to track the existing repository +``` + +### 5. Verify Import + +```bash +# Check if configuration matches reality +terraform plan + +# If there are differences, you have two options: +# 1. Update main.tf to match the current repository settings +# 2. Apply changes to update repository to match main.tf + +# After fixing differences +terraform plan +# Should show: "No changes. Infrastructure is up-to-date." +``` + +### 6. Make Changes (Optional) + +```bash +# Edit main.tf to change repository settings +# For example, update description, topics, settings + +# Preview changes +terraform plan + +# Apply changes +terraform apply +``` + +## What Can You Manage? + +With the GitHub provider, you can manage: + +- **Repository settings**: description, visibility, features +- **Branch protection rules**: require reviews, status checks +- **Collaborators and teams**: access control +- **Webhooks**: automate workflows +- **Deploy keys**: SSH keys for deployments +- **Repository secrets**: CI/CD secrets (encrypted) +- **Topics and metadata**: categorization + +## Import Process Explained + +``` +Before Import: +├── GitHub Repository (exists manually) +└── Terraform Config (describes what should exist) + ❌ Terraform doesn't know about the real repository + +After Import: +├── GitHub Repository (exists) +├── Terraform Config (describes repository) +└── Terraform State (tracks real repository) + ✅ Terraform now manages the repository +``` + +## Files + +- `main.tf`: Repository resource configuration +- `variables.tf`: Input variables +- `outputs.tf`: Repository information outputs +- `terraform.tfvars`: Variable values (gitignored) +- `terraform.tfvars.example`: Example configuration + +## Import Command Explained + +```bash +terraform import github_repository.course_repo DevOps-Core-Course +# └─ resource_type.name └─ actual repo name on GitHub +``` + +**What happens:** +1. Terraform queries GitHub API for repository "DevOps-Core-Course" +2. Downloads current repository configuration +3. Saves it to terraform.tfstate +4. Links the state to the resource in main.tf +5. Future `terraform apply` will update the repository + +## Troubleshooting + +**Authentication Failed:** +```bash +# Verify token is set correctly +# Check token has 'repo' scope +# Try setting as environment variable: +export GITHUB_TOKEN="your-token-here" +``` + +**Import Failed:** +```bash +# Check repository name is correct (case-sensitive) +# Verify you have access to the repository +# Check repository owner matches your username +``` + +**Plan Shows Differences After Import:** +- Normal! Imported state might not match your config +- Update main.tf to match reality +- Or apply to update repository to match config +- Goal: `terraform plan` shows no changes + +## Security Notes + +⚠️ **Never commit:** +- `terraform.tfvars` (contains GitHub token) +- `terraform.tfstate` (contains repository details) + +✅ **Safe to commit:** +- `*.tf` files (configuration) +- `terraform.tfvars.example` (template) +- This README + +## Real-World Use Case + +**Scenario:** Your company has 100 GitHub repositories created manually over the years. + +**Problem:** +- Settings are inconsistent +- No audit trail of changes +- Branch protection configured differently +- Manual changes cause security issues + +**Solution with Terraform:** +1. Import all repositories: `terraform import ...` +2. Define standard configuration in code +3. Apply to standardize all repositories +4. All future changes go through PR review +5. Consistent, auditable, version-controlled + +**Benefits:** +- Compliance: All repos follow security policies +- Audit: Track who changed what and when +- Recovery: Recreate repos from code if needed +- Collaboration: Team reviews changes via PR +- Automation: CI validates changes automatically + +## Alternative: Pulumi + +You can also manage GitHub resources with Pulumi: + +```python +import pulumi +import pulumi_github as github + +repo = github.Repository("course-repo", + name="DevOps-Core-Course", + description="DevOps course", + visibility="public", + has_issues=True) + +pulumi.export("repo_url", repo.html_url) +``` + +## Cleanup + +```bash +# WARNING: This will NOT delete the repository +# It only removes Terraform management +terraform destroy + +# To keep managing with Terraform, don't destroy +``` + +## Next Steps + +1. Import your course repository ✅ +2. Verify settings match your config +3. Make a small change (e.g., update description) +4. Apply and verify on GitHub +5. Understand: Now all changes can be code-reviewed! + +## Resources + +- [GitHub Provider Documentation](https://registry.terraform.io/providers/integrations/github/latest/docs) +- [Repository Resource](https://registry.terraform.io/providers/integrations/github/latest/docs/resources/repository) +- [Terraform Import Guide](https://developer.hashicorp.com/terraform/cli/import) + +--- + +**Key Takeaway:** Infrastructure as Code isn't just for cloud resources. You can manage GitHub repositories, databases, monitoring alerts, DNS records, and much more. Anything with an API can be managed as code! diff --git a/terraform-github/main.tf b/terraform-github/main.tf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..40c3417deb --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform-github/main.tf @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +terraform { + required_providers { + github = { + source = "integrations/github" + version = "~> 6.0" + } + } + required_version = ">= 1.9.0" +} + +provider "github" { + token = var.github_token + owner = var.github_owner +} + +resource "github_repository" "course_repo" { + name = var.repository_name + description = "DevOps Core Course - Infrastructure as Code Labs" + visibility = "public" + + has_issues = true + has_discussions = false + has_projects = false + has_wiki = false + has_downloads = true + + allow_merge_commit = true + allow_squash_merge = true + allow_rebase_merge = true + allow_auto_merge = false + delete_branch_on_merge = true + + vulnerability_alerts = true + + topics = [ + "devops", + "infrastructure-as-code", + "terraform", + "pulumi", + "docker", + "ci-cd", + "ansible" + ] +} + +# Optional: Branch protection for main branch +resource "github_branch_protection" "main" { + repository_id = github_repository.course_repo.node_id + pattern = "main" + + required_pull_request_reviews { + dismiss_stale_reviews = true + require_code_owner_reviews = false + required_approving_review_count = 0 + } + + allows_deletions = false + allows_force_pushes = false +} diff --git a/terraform-github/outputs.tf b/terraform-github/outputs.tf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..73eac3e3ef --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform-github/outputs.tf @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +output "repository_url" { + description = "URL of the GitHub repository" + value = github_repository.course_repo.html_url +} + +output "repository_full_name" { + description = "Full name of the repository (owner/name)" + value = github_repository.course_repo.full_name +} + +output "repository_ssh_clone_url" { + description = "SSH clone URL" + value = github_repository.course_repo.ssh_clone_url +} + +output "repository_http_clone_url" { + description = "HTTPS clone URL" + value = github_repository.course_repo.http_clone_url +} diff --git a/terraform-github/terraform.tfvars.example b/terraform-github/terraform.tfvars.example new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..208379d2b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform-github/terraform.tfvars.example @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +# Example configuration file for GitHub provider +# Copy this to terraform.tfvars and fill in your values +# IMPORTANT: terraform.tfvars is in .gitignore - never commit it! + +# GitHub Personal Access Token +# Create at: https://github.com/settings/tokens +# Required scopes: repo (all) +github_token = "ghp_your_token_here" + +# Your GitHub username +github_owner = "your-github-username" + +# Repository name (optional, default is set) +# repository_name = "DevOps-Core-Course" diff --git a/terraform-github/variables.tf b/terraform-github/variables.tf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3227710dd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform-github/variables.tf @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +variable "github_token" { + description = "GitHub Personal Access Token" + type = string + sensitive = true +} + +variable "github_owner" { + description = "GitHub username or organization" + type = string +} + +variable "repository_name" { + description = "Name of the repository to manage" + type = string + default = "DevOps-Core-Course" +} diff --git a/terraform/.tflint.hcl b/terraform/.tflint.hcl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d9af810bd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/.tflint.hcl @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +plugin "terraform" { + enabled = true + preset = "recommended" +} + +plugin "yandex" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_naming_convention" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_deprecated_interpolation" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_documented_outputs" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_documented_variables" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_typed_variables" { + enabled = true +} + +rule "terraform_unused_declarations" { + enabled = true +} diff --git a/terraform/README.md b/terraform/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aaa92ad186 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +# Terraform Infrastructure for Lab 04 + +This directory contains Terraform configuration to provision a VM on Yandex Cloud for the DevOps course. + +## Prerequisites + +1. **Terraform CLI**: Install from https://developer.hashicorp.com/terraform/downloads +2. **Yandex Cloud Account**: Sign up at https://cloud.yandex.com/ +3. **Yandex Cloud CLI**: Install from https://cloud.yandex.com/en/docs/cli/quickstart + +## Setup Instructions + +### 1. Configure Yandex Cloud Authentication + +```bash +# Initialize Yandex Cloud CLI +yc init + +# Create a service account (if you don't have one) +yc iam service-account create --name terraform-sa + +# Get your folder ID +yc config list + +# Grant editor role to service account +yc resource-manager folder add-access-binding \ + --role editor \ + --subject serviceAccount: + +# Create authorized key +yc iam key create \ + --service-account-name terraform-sa \ + --output key.json + +# Set environment variable for authentication +export YC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY_FILE="$(pwd)/key.json" +``` + +### 2. Configure Variables + +```bash +# Copy the example file +cp terraform.tfvars.example terraform.tfvars + +# Edit terraform.tfvars with your values +# - folder_id: Your Yandex Cloud folder ID +# - my_ip_cidr: Your IP address in CIDR format (e.g., "1.2.3.4/32") + +# Get your public IP +curl ifconfig.me +``` + +### 3. Initialize and Apply + +```bash +# Initialize Terraform (download providers) +terraform init + +# Format code +terraform fmt + +# Validate configuration +terraform validate + +# Preview changes +terraform plan + +# Apply infrastructure +terraform apply + +# View outputs +terraform output +``` + +### 4. Connect to VM + +```bash +# Use the SSH command from output +ssh -i ~/.ssh/test_vm vglon@ + +# Or get it with: +terraform output ssh_connection_command +``` + +## Resources Created + +- **VPC Network**: Virtual private cloud network +- **Subnet**: 10.128.0.0/24 subnet in ru-central1-a zone +- **Security Group**: Firewall rules for SSH (22), HTTP (80), and port 5000 +- **Compute Instance**: + - Platform: standard-v2 + - Cores: 2 (20% core fraction - free tier) + - Memory: 1 GB + - Disk: 10 GB HDD + - OS: Ubuntu 24.04 LTS + +## Cleanup + +```bash +# Destroy all resources +terraform destroy + +# Confirm with 'yes' +``` + +## Files + +- `main.tf`: Main infrastructure resources +- `variables.tf`: Input variable definitions +- `outputs.tf`: Output values +- `terraform.tfvars`: Variable values (gitignored, not committed) +- `terraform.tfvars.example`: Example variable file +- `.terraform/`: Provider plugins (gitignored) +- `terraform.tfstate`: State file tracking real infrastructure (gitignored) + +## Security Notes + +⚠️ **Never commit these files to Git:** +- `terraform.tfvars` (contains your folder ID and potentially secrets) +- `terraform.tfstate` (contains resource details and metadata) +- `key.json` (service account credentials) +- `.terraform/` directory + +✅ These are in `.gitignore` and safe to commit: +- `*.tf` files (configuration code) +- `terraform.tfvars.example` (template without real values) +- `README.md` (this file) + +## Cost + +This configuration uses Yandex Cloud free tier resources: +- 20% vCPU (2 cores at 20% = 0.4 vCPU) +- 1 GB RAM +- 10 GB HDD + +**Expected cost: $0/month** (within free tier limits) + +## Troubleshooting + +**Authentication Error:** +```bash +# Verify service account key is set +echo $YC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY_FILE + +# Or set it manually +export YC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY_FILE="/path/to/key.json" +``` + +**SSH Connection Failed:** +- Check security group allows your IP +- Verify public key is correct: `cat ~/.ssh/test_vm.pub` +- Check VM is running: `terraform show | grep nat_ip_address` + +**Resource Already Exists:** +- Terraform tracks state in `terraform.tfstate` +- If you deleted resources manually, use: `terraform refresh` +- Or import existing resources: `terraform import` + +## Next Steps + +This VM will be used in Lab 5 (Ansible) for configuration management. You have two options: + +1. **Keep this VM running** until Lab 5 completion +2. **Destroy it** and recreate later with `terraform apply` + +The benefit of Infrastructure as Code: you can recreate identical infrastructure anytime! diff --git a/terraform/main.tf b/terraform/main.tf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bc1c057d9c --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/main.tf @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +terraform { + required_providers { + yandex = { + source = "yandex-cloud/yandex" + version = "~> 0.120" + } + } + required_version = ">= 1.9.0" +} + +provider "yandex" { + token = var.token + zone = var.zone + folder_id = var.folder_id +} + +resource "yandex_vpc_network" "lab04_network" { + name = "lab04-network" + description = "Network for Lab 04 DevOps VM" +} + +resource "yandex_vpc_subnet" "lab04_subnet" { + name = "lab04-subnet" + description = "Subnet for Lab 04 DevOps VM" + v4_cidr_blocks = ["10.128.0.0/24"] + zone = var.zone + network_id = yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network.id +} + +resource "yandex_vpc_security_group" "lab04_sg" { + name = "lab04-security-group" + description = "Security group for Lab 04 VM" + network_id = yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network.id + + ingress { + protocol = "TCP" + description = "SSH access" + v4_cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] + port = 22 + } + + ingress { + protocol = "TCP" + description = "HTTP access" + v4_cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] + port = 80 + } + + ingress { + protocol = "TCP" + description = "Custom app port for future deployment" + v4_cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] + port = 5000 + } + + egress { + protocol = "ANY" + description = "Allow all outbound traffic" + v4_cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"] + } +} + +data "yandex_compute_image" "ubuntu" { + family = "ubuntu-2404-lts" +} + +resource "yandex_compute_instance" "lab04_vm" { + name = "lab04-devops-vm" + description = "VM for Lab 04 - Infrastructure as Code" + platform_id = "standard-v2" + zone = var.zone + + resources { + cores = 2 + memory = 1 + core_fraction = 20 + } + + boot_disk { + initialize_params { + image_id = data.yandex_compute_image.ubuntu.id + size = 10 + type = "network-hdd" + } + } + + network_interface { + subnet_id = yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet.id + nat = true + security_group_ids = [yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg.id] + } + + metadata = { + ssh-keys = "${var.ssh_user}:${file(var.ssh_public_key_path)}" + } + + labels = { + lab = "lab04" + course = "devops" + tool = "terraform" + purpose = "learning-iac" + } +} diff --git a/terraform/outputs.tf b/terraform/outputs.tf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e7338b26f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/outputs.tf @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +output "vm_public_ip" { + description = "Public IP address of the VM" + value = yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm.network_interface[0].nat_ip_address +} + +output "vm_name" { + description = "Name of the VM" + value = yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm.name +} + +output "vm_id" { + description = "ID of the VM" + value = yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm.id +} + +output "ssh_connection_command" { + description = "SSH command to connect to the VM" + value = "ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ubuntu@${yandex_compute_instance.lab04_vm.network_interface[0].nat_ip_address}" +} + +output "network_id" { + description = "ID of the VPC network" + value = yandex_vpc_network.lab04_network.id +} + +output "subnet_id" { + description = "ID of the subnet" + value = yandex_vpc_subnet.lab04_subnet.id +} + +output "security_group_id" { + description = "ID of the security group" + value = yandex_vpc_security_group.lab04_sg.id +} diff --git a/terraform/terraform.tfvars.example b/terraform/terraform.tfvars.example new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f825e83016 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/terraform.tfvars.example @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# Example Terraform variables file +# Copy this to terraform.tfvars and fill in your values +# IMPORTANT: terraform.tfvars is in .gitignore - never commit it! + +# Yandex Cloud folder ID (get from Yandex Cloud Console) +folder_id = "your-folder-id-here" + +# Your IP address in CIDR format for SSH access +# Get your IP: curl ifconfig.me +# Then add /32: e.g., "203.0.113.1/32" +my_ip_cidr = "YOUR_IP/32" + +# SSH configuration (optional, defaults are set) +# ssh_user = "vglon" +# ssh_public_key_path = "~/.ssh/test_vm.pub" +# zone = "ru-central1-a" diff --git a/terraform/variables.tf b/terraform/variables.tf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cabdfe89e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/variables.tf @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +variable "token" { + description = "Yandex Cloud OAuth token" + type = string + sensitive = true +} + +variable "folder_id" { + description = "Yandex Cloud folder ID" + type = string +} + +variable "zone" { + description = "Yandex Cloud zone" + type = string + default = "ru-central1-a" +} + +variable "ssh_user" { + description = "SSH username for VM access" + type = string + default = "vglon" +} + +variable "ssh_public_key_path" { + description = "Path to SSH public key file" + type = string + default = "~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub" +} + +variable "my_ip_cidr" { + description = "Your IP address in CIDR format (e.g., 1.2.3.4/32) for SSH access" + type = string +}