Currently the JVM arguments are deduced from a fixed set of properties in GradleExecutorGradleTestKitImpl. There does not seem to be a way to specify a JVM argument outside of that list.
For example, I am trying to setup JaCoCo instrumentation on a launched gradle script using the -javaagent JVM arguments but am unable to do so without creating a custom GradleExecutorGradleTestKitImpl.