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The Gambit Project was founded in the mid-1980s by Richard McKelvey at
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the California Institute of Technology. The original implementation
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was written in BASIC, with a simple graphical interface. This code was
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ported to C around 1990 with the help of Bruce Bell, and was
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distributed publicly as version 0.13 in 1991 and 1992.
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The principal developers of Gambit have been:
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* [Theodore Turocy](http://www.gambit-project.org/turocy),
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University of East Anglia: director.
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* Richard D. McKelvey, California Institute of Technology:
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project founder.
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* Andrew McLennan, University of Queensland: co-PI during main
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development, developer and maintainer of polynomial-based algorithms
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for equilibrium computation.
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Gambit traces its origins to programs written to analyze games
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in the mid-1980s by **Richard McKelvey** at the California Institute of Technology.
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Originally written in BASIC, with a simple graphical interface, it was ported to
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C and the Borland Graphics Interface around 1990 with the help of **Bruce Bell**, and was
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distributed publicly for the first time as version 0.13 in 1991 and 1992.
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The earliest mention of Gambit in a journal article is in
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Wilson, Robert (1992), Computing simply stable equilibria, *Econometrica* 60(5): 1039-1070.
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Gambit was developed into a full-fledged package between 1994 and 1996, supported by a
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**US National Science Foundation** grant to McKelvey and **Andrew McLennan** (then at
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University of Minnesota), with **Theodore Turocy** joining the project in 1993 as
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principal developer. Gambit was re-written in C++, and became fully cross-platform,
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with a graphical interface based on [wxWidgets](http://www.wxwidgets.org) (called wxWindows at the time), and
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a custom scripting language (since superseded by the PyGambit Python package).
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Much of the development of the main Gambit codebase took place in
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1994-1996, under a grant from the National Science Foundation to the
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California Institute of Technology and the University of Minnesota
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(McKelvey and McLennan, principal investigators).
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Others contributing to the development and distribution of Gambit
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include:
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* Bernhard von Stengel provided advice on implementation of
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sequence form code, and contributed clique code
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* Eugene Grayver developed the first version of the
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graphical user interface.
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* Gary Wu implemented an early scripting language interface for
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Gambit (since superseded by the Python API).
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* Stephen Kunath and Alessandro Andrioni did extensive work to create
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the first release of the Python API.
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* From Gambit 14, Gambit contains support for Action Graph Games
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[Jiang11]_. This has been contributed by Navin Bhat, Albert Jiang,
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Kevin Leyton-Brown, and David Thompson, with funding support
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provided by a University Graduate Fellowship of the University
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of British Columbia, the NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship, and a
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Google Research Award to Leyton-Brown.
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Version 0.94 of Gambit was released in
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the late summer of 1994, version 0.96 followed in 1999, and version
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0.97 in 2002. Many students at Caltech and Minnesota
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made contributions programming, testing, and/or documenting Gambit.
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These include, alphabetically, **Anand Chelian**, **Matthew
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Derer**, **Nelson Escobar**, **Ben Freeman**, **Eugene Grayver** (graphical interface),
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**Todd Kaplan**, **Geoff Matters**,
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**Brian Trotter**, **Michael Vanier**, **Roberto Weber**, and **Gary Wu** (command language).
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**Bernhard von Stengel** (London School of Economics) has made
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significant contributions in the implementation of the
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sequence form methods for two-player extensive games, and for
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contributing his "clique" code for identification of equilibrium
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components in two-player strategic games.
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Gambit has participated in **Google Summer of Code** in 2011 and 2012.
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Early versions of what is now PyGambit were developed with GSoC support
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through the projects of **Alessandro Andrioni** and **Stephen Kunath**.
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Gambit's support for Action Graph Games was contributed by
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**Navin Bhat**, **Albert Jiang**, **Kevin Leyton-Brown**, and **David Thompson**, with funding support
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provided by a University Graduate Fellowship of the University of British Columbia,
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the NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship, and a Google Research Award to Leyton-Brown.
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A major step in the evolution of Gambit took place with the awarding
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of the NSF grants in 1994, with McKelvey and Andrew McLennan as
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principal investigators, and [Theodore Turocy](http://www.gambit-project.org/turocy) as the head programmer.
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The grants sponsored a complete rewrite of Gambit in C++. The
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graphical interface was made portable across platforms through the use
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of the [wxWidgets library](http://www.wxwidgets.org). Version 0.94 of Gambit was released in
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the late summer of 1994, version 0.96 followed in 1999, and version
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0.97 in 2002. During this time, many students at Caltech and Minnesota
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contributed to the effort by programming, testing, and/or documenting.
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These include, alphabetically, Bruce Bell, Anand Chelian, Matthew
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Derer, Nelson Escobar, Ben Freeman, Eugene Grayver, Todd Kaplan, Geoff
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Matters, Brian Trotter, Michael Vanier, Roberto Weber, and Gary Wu.
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The project has been led by Turocy since 2002, with **Rahul Savani** officially joining as co-lead in 2023.
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Over the same period, Bernhard von Stengel, of the London School of
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Economics, made significant contributions in the implementation of the
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sequence form methods for two-player extensive games, and for
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contributing his "clique" code for identification of equilibrium
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components in two-player strategic games, as well as other advice
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regarding Gambit's implementation and architecture.
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Gambit has received core support since 2023 from the **Alan Turing Institute** as part of the
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**"Automated analysis of strategic interactions"** project.
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Development since the mid-2000s has focused on two objectives. First,
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the graphical interface was reimplemented and modernized, with the
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goal of following good interaction design principles, especially in
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regards to easing the learning curve for users new to Gambit and new
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to game theory. Second, the internal architecture of Gambit was
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refactored to increase interoperability between the tools provided by
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Gambit and those written independently.
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Gambit is proud to have participated in the Google Summer of Code
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program in the summers of 2011 and 2012 as a mentoring organization.
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The Python API, which became part of Gambit from Gambit 13, was
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developed during these summers, thanks in particular to the work
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of Stephen Kunath and Alessandro Andrioni.

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