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<h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">PostgreSQL 创建主键并设置自动递增的三种方法</h1>
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<p>Postgresql 有以下三种方法设置主键递增的方式，下面来看下相同点和不同点。</p>
<h1 id="方法一"><a href="#方法一" class="headerlink" title="方法一"></a>方法一</h1><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">create</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> test_a </span><br><span class="line">( </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">id</span> <span class="built_in">serial</span>, </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">name</span> <span class="built_in">character</span> <span class="built_in">varying</span>(<span class="number">128</span>), </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">constraint</span> pk_test_a_id primary <span class="keyword">key</span>( <span class="keyword">id</span>) </span><br><span class="line">);</span><br><span class="line">NOTICE: <span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> will <span class="keyword">create</span> implicit <span class="keyword">sequence</span> <span class="string">"test_a_id_seq"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="built_in">serial</span> <span class="keyword">column</span> <span class="string">"test_a.id"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NOTICE</span>: <span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> / PRIMARY <span class="keyword">KEY</span> will <span class="keyword">create</span> implicit <span class="keyword">index</span> <span class="string">"pk_test_a_id"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> <span class="string">"test_a"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="方法二"><a href="#方法二" class="headerlink" title="方法二"></a>方法二</h1><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">create</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> test_b </span><br><span class="line">( </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">id</span> <span class="built_in">serial</span> PRIMARY <span class="keyword">KEY</span>, </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">name</span> <span class="built_in">character</span> <span class="built_in">varying</span>(<span class="number">128</span>) </span><br><span class="line">);</span><br><span class="line">NOTICE: <span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> will <span class="keyword">create</span> implicit <span class="keyword">sequence</span> <span class="string">"test_b_id_seq"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="built_in">serial</span> <span class="keyword">column</span> <span class="string">"test_b.id"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">NOTICE</span>: <span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> / PRIMARY <span class="keyword">KEY</span> will <span class="keyword">create</span> implicit <span class="keyword">index</span> <span class="string">"test_b_pkey"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> <span class="string">"test_b"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="方法三"><a href="#方法三" class="headerlink" title="方法三"></a>方法三</h1><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">create</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> test_c </span><br><span class="line">( </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">id</span> <span class="built_in">integer</span> PRIMARY <span class="keyword">KEY</span>, </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">name</span> <span class="built_in">character</span> <span class="built_in">varying</span>(<span class="number">128</span>) </span><br><span class="line">); </span><br><span class="line">NOTICE: <span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> / PRIMARY <span class="keyword">KEY</span> will <span class="keyword">create</span> implicit <span class="keyword">index</span> <span class="string">"test_c_pkey"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> <span class="string">"test_c"</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">SEQUENCE</span> test_c_id_seq </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">START</span> <span class="keyword">WITH</span> <span class="number">1</span> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">INCREMENT</span> <span class="keyword">BY</span> <span class="number">1</span> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">NO</span> <span class="keyword">MINVALUE</span> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">NO</span> MAXVALUE </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">CACHE</span> <span class="number">1</span>; </span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> test_c <span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">column</span> <span class="keyword">id</span> <span class="keyword">set</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> <span class="keyword">nextval</span>(<span class="string">'test_c_id_seq'</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>很明显从上面可以看出，方法一和方法二只是写法不同，实质上主键都通过使用 serial 类型来实现的，使用serial类型，PG会自动创建一个序列给主键用，当插入表数据时如果不指定ID，则ID会默认使用序列的 NEXT值。方法三是先创建一张表，再创建一个序列，然后将表主键ID的默认值设置成这个序列的NEXT值。这种写法似乎更符合人们的思维习惯，也便于管理，如果系统遇到sequence 性能问题时，便于调整 sequence 属性；</p>
<h1 id="比较三张表的表结构"><a href="#比较三张表的表结构" class="headerlink" title="比较三张表的表结构"></a>比较三张表的表结构</h1><pre><code>skytf=> \d test_a
Table "skytf.test_a"
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------
id | integer | not null default nextval('test_a_id_seq'::regclass)
name | character varying(128) |
Indexes:
"pk_test_a_id" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
skytf=> \d test_b
Table "skytf.test_b"
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------
id | integer | not null default nextval('test_b_id_seq'::regclass)
name | character varying(128) |
Indexes:
"test_b_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
skytf=> \d test_c
Table "skytf.test_c"
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------
id | integer | not null default nextval('test_c_id_seq'::regclass)
name | character varying(128) |
Indexes:
"test_c_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
</code></pre><p>从上面可以看出，三个表表结构一模一样， 三种方法如果要寻找差别，可能仅有以下一点，当 drop 表时，方法一和方法二会自动地将序列也 drop 掉,而方法三不会。</p>
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