diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/__init__.py b/dissect/ntfs/__init__.py
index ccac451..412fbe1 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/__init__.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/__init__.py
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
     "ACE",
     "ACL",
     "ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE",
+    "NTFS",
+    "NTFS_SIGNATURE",
     "Attribute",
     "AttributeHeader",
     "AttributeRecord",
@@ -17,8 +19,6 @@
     "IndexEntry",
     "Mft",
     "MftRecord",
-    "NTFS",
-    "NTFS_SIGNATURE",
     "Secure",
     "SecurityDescriptor",
     "UsnJrnl",
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/attr.py b/dissect/ntfs/attr.py
index 2ca4d65..8bb69a2 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/attr.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/attr.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO, Iterator, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO
 
 from dissect.util.stream import RangeStream, RunlistStream
 from dissect.util.ts import wintimestamp
@@ -18,6 +17,9 @@
 from dissect.ntfs.util import ensure_volume, get_full_path, ts_to_ns
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+    from datetime import datetime
+
     from dissect.ntfs.mft import MftRecord
 
 
@@ -31,9 +33,9 @@ class Attribute:
         header: The AttributeHeader for this Attribute.
     """
 
-    __slots__ = ("record", "header", "attribute")
+    __slots__ = ("attribute", "header", "record")
 
-    def __init__(self, header: AttributeHeader, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None):
+    def __init__(self, header: AttributeHeader, record: MftRecord | None = None):
         self.header = header
         self.record = record
         self.attribute = None
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<${self.header.type.name} name={self.header.name}>"
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_fh(cls, fh: BinaryIO, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None) -> Attribute:
+    def from_fh(cls, fh: BinaryIO, record: MftRecord | None = None) -> Attribute:
         """Parse an attribute from a file-like object.
 
         Args:
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ def from_fh(cls, fh: BinaryIO, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None) -> Attribute:
         return cls(AttributeHeader(fh, 0, record), record)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None) -> Attribute:
+    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes, record: MftRecord | None = None) -> Attribute:
         """Parse an attribute from bytes.
 
         Args:
@@ -120,9 +122,9 @@ class AttributeHeader:
         offset: The offset in the file-like object to parse an attribute header from.
     """
 
-    __slots__ = ("record", "fh", "offset", "header")
+    __slots__ = ("fh", "header", "offset", "record")
 
-    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, offset: int, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None):
+    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, offset: int, record: MftRecord | None = None):
         self.fh = fh
         self.offset = offset
         self.record = record
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<${self.type.name} size={self.size}>"
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None) -> AttributeHeader:
+    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes, record: MftRecord | None = None) -> AttributeHeader:
         """Parse an attribute header from bytes.
 
         Args:
@@ -175,22 +177,22 @@ def size(self) -> int:
         return self.header.Form.Resident.ValueLength if self.resident else self.header.Form.Nonresident.FileSize
 
     @property
-    def allocated_size(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def allocated_size(self) -> int | None:
         """Return the allocated size if non-resident, else None."""
         return self.header.Form.Nonresident.AllocatedLength if not self.resident else None
 
     @property
-    def lowest_vcn(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def lowest_vcn(self) -> int | None:
         """Return the lowest VCN if non-resident, else None."""
         return self.header.Form.Nonresident.LowestVcn if not self.resident else None
 
     @property
-    def highest_vcn(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def highest_vcn(self) -> int | None:
         """Return the highest VCN if non-resident, else None."""
         return self.header.Form.Nonresident.HighestVcn if not self.resident else None
 
     @property
-    def compression_unit(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def compression_unit(self) -> int | None:
         """Return the compression unit if non-resident, else None."""
         return self.header.Form.Nonresident.CompressionUnit if not self.resident else None
 
@@ -242,16 +244,16 @@ def open(self) -> BinaryIO:
                 self.offset + self.header.Form.Resident.ValueOffset,
                 self.size,
             )
-        else:
-            ntfs = self.record.ntfs if self.record else None
-            ensure_volume(ntfs)
 
-            return RunlistStream(
-                ntfs.fh,
-                self.dataruns(),
-                self.size,
-                ntfs.cluster_size,
-            )
+        ntfs = self.record.ntfs if self.record else None
+        ensure_volume(ntfs)
+
+        return RunlistStream(
+            ntfs.fh,
+            self.dataruns(),
+            self.size,
+            ntfs.cluster_size,
+        )
 
     def data(self) -> bytes:
         """Read and return all the data of this attribute.
@@ -272,13 +274,11 @@ class AttributeRecord:
 
     __slots__ = ("record",)
 
-    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None):
+    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: MftRecord | None = None):
         self.record = record
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_fh(
-        cls, fh: BinaryIO, attr_type: ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None
-    ) -> AttributeRecord:
+    def from_fh(cls, fh: BinaryIO, attr_type: ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE, record: MftRecord | None = None) -> AttributeRecord:
         """Parse an attribute from a file-like object.
 
         Selects a more specific :class:`AttributeRecord` class if one is available for the given attribute type.
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class AttributeList(AttributeRecord):
 
     __slots__ = ("entries",)
 
-    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None):
+    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: MftRecord | None = None):
         super().__init__(fh, record)
 
         offset = 0
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class StandardInformation(AttributeRecord):
 
     __slots__ = ("attr",)
 
-    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None):
+    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: MftRecord | None = None):
         super().__init__(fh, record)
         # Data can be less than the _STANDARD_INFORMATION structure size, so pad remaining fields with null bytes
         data = fh.read().ljust(len(c_ntfs._STANDARD_INFORMATION), b"\x00")
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ class FileName(AttributeRecord):
 
     __slots__ = ("attr",)
 
-    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None):
+    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: MftRecord | None = None):
         super().__init__(fh, record)
         data = fh.read().ljust(len(c_ntfs.STANDARD_INFORMATION_EX), b"\x00")
         self.attr = c_ntfs._FILE_NAME(data)
@@ -489,9 +489,9 @@ def full_path(self) -> str:
 class ReparsePoint(AttributeRecord):
     """Specific :class:`AttributeRecord` parser for ``$REPARSE_POINT``."""
 
-    __slots__ = ("attr", "tag_header", "buffer")
+    __slots__ = ("attr", "buffer", "tag_header")
 
-    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: Optional[MftRecord] = None):
+    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, record: MftRecord | None = None):
         super().__init__(fh, record)
         self.attr = c_ntfs._REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER(fh)
         data = io.BytesIO(fh.read(self.attr.ReparseDataLength))
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ def tag(self) -> IO_REPARSE_TAG:
         return self.attr.ReparseTag
 
     @property
-    def substitute_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def substitute_name(self) -> str | None:
         if not self.tag_header:
             return None
 
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ def substitute_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
         return self.buffer[offset : offset + length].decode("utf-16-le")
 
     @property
-    def print_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def print_name(self) -> str | None:
         if not self.tag_header:
             return None
 
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/c_ntfs.py b/dissect/ntfs/c_ntfs.py
index 83877f8..40924d4 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/c_ntfs.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/c_ntfs.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import struct
 
 from dissect.cstruct import cstruct
@@ -652,3 +654,4 @@ def bsf(value: int, size: int = 32) -> int:
     for i in range(size):
         if value & (1 << i):
             return i
+    return 0
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/index.py b/dissect/ntfs/index.py
index c06b758..ec01ca3 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/index.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/index.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import io
 from enum import Enum, auto
 from functools import cached_property, lru_cache
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO, Callable, Iterator, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO, Callable
 
 from dissect.ntfs.attr import AttributeRecord
 from dissect.ntfs.c_ntfs import (
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 from dissect.ntfs.util import apply_fixup
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+
     from dissect.ntfs.mft import MftRecord
 
 
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ def index_buffer(self, vcn: int) -> IndexBuffer:
         return IndexBuffer(self, self._index_stream, vcn << self._vcn_size_shift, self.root.bytes_per_index_buffer)
 
     def search(
-        self, value: Any, exact: bool = True, cmp: Optional[Callable[[IndexEntry, Any], Match]] = None
+        self, value: Any, exact: bool = True, cmp: Callable[[IndexEntry, Any], Match] | None = None
     ) -> IndexEntry:
         """Perform a binary search on this index.
 
@@ -114,8 +116,7 @@ def search(
             entry = _bsearch(entries, search_value, cmp)
             if not entry.is_node or (not entry.is_end and cmp(entry, search_value) == Match.Equal):
                 break
-            else:
-                entries = list(self.index_buffer(entry.node_vcn).entries())
+            entries = list(self.index_buffer(entry.node_vcn).entries())
 
         if exact and (entry.is_end or cmp(entry, search_value) != Match.Equal):
             raise KeyError(f"Value not found: {value}")
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ def __init__(self, index: Index, fh: BinaryIO, offset: int, size: int):
         buf = fh.read(size)
 
         if len(buf) != size:
-            raise EOFError()
+            raise EOFError
 
         if buf[:4] != b"INDX":
             raise BrokenIndexError("Broken INDX header")
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ def dereference(self) -> MftRecord:
         """
         record = self.index.record
         if not record or not record.ntfs or not record.ntfs.mft:
-            raise MftNotAvailableError()
+            raise MftNotAvailableError
 
         return record.ntfs.mft.get(segment_reference(self.header.FileReference))
 
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ def data(self) -> bytes:
         return self.buf[offset : offset + self.header.DataLength]
 
     @cached_property
-    def attribute(self) -> Optional[AttributeRecord]:
+    def attribute(self) -> AttributeRecord | None:
         """Return the :class:`dissect.ntfs.attr.AttributeRecord` of the attribute contained in this entry."""
         if self.key_length and self.index.root.attribute_type:
             return AttributeRecord.from_fh(
@@ -366,10 +367,9 @@ def _cmp_filename(entry: IndexEntry, value: str) -> Match:
 
     if value < test_value:
         return Match.Less
-    elif value == test_value:
+    if value == test_value:
         return Match.Equal
-    else:
-        return Match.Greater
+    return Match.Greater
 
 
 def _cmp_ulong(entry: IndexEntry, value: int) -> Match:
@@ -380,7 +380,6 @@ def _cmp_ulong(entry: IndexEntry, value: int) -> Match:
 
     if value < test_value:
         return Match.Less
-    elif value == test_value:
+    if value == test_value:
         return Match.Equal
-    else:
-        return Match.Greater
+    return Match.Greater
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/mft.py b/dissect/ntfs/mft.py
index 152b0d5..b978268 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/mft.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/mft.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 from functools import cached_property, lru_cache
 from io import BytesIO
 from operator import itemgetter
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO, Iterator, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, BinaryIO
 
 from dissect.ntfs.attr import Attribute, AttributeHeader
 from dissect.ntfs.c_ntfs import (
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 from dissect.ntfs.util import AttributeCollection, AttributeMap, apply_fixup
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+
     from dissect.ntfs.ntfs import NTFS
 
 
@@ -41,13 +43,13 @@ class Mft:
         ntfs: An optional NTFS class instance.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, ntfs: Optional[NTFS] = None):
+    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, ntfs: NTFS | None = None):
         self.fh = fh
         self.ntfs = ntfs
 
         self.get = lru_cache(4096)(self.get)
 
-    def __call__(self, ref, *args, **kwargs) -> MftRecord:
+    def __call__(self, ref: int | str | c_ntfs._MFT_SEGMENT_REFERENCE, *args, **kwargs) -> MftRecord:
         return self.get(ref, *args, **kwargs)
 
     @cached_property
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ def root(self) -> MftRecord:
         """Return the root directory MFT record."""
         return self.get(FILE_NUMBER_ROOT)
 
-    def _get_path(self, path: str, root: Optional[MftRecord] = None) -> MftRecord:
+    def _get_path(self, path: str, root: MftRecord | None = None) -> MftRecord:
         """Resolve a file path to the correct MFT record.
 
         Args:
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ def _get_path(self, path: str, root: Optional[MftRecord] = None) -> MftRecord:
 
         return node
 
-    def get(self, ref: Union[int, str, c_ntfs._MFT_SEGMENT_REFERENCE], root: Optional[MftRecord] = None) -> MftRecord:
+    def get(self, ref: int | str | c_ntfs._MFT_SEGMENT_REFERENCE, root: MftRecord | None = None) -> MftRecord:
         """Retrieve an MFT record using a variety of methods.
 
         Supported references are:
@@ -113,10 +115,11 @@ def get(self, ref: Union[int, str, c_ntfs._MFT_SEGMENT_REFERENCE], root: Optiona
             record = MftRecord.from_fh(self.fh, ref * record_size, ntfs=self.ntfs)
             record.segment = ref
             return record
-        elif isinstance(ref, str):
+
+        if isinstance(ref, str):
             return self._get_path(ref, root)
-        else:
-            raise TypeError(f"Invalid MFT reference: {ref!r}")
+
+        raise TypeError(f"Invalid MFT reference: {ref!r}")
 
     def segments(self, start: int = 0, end: int = -1) -> Iterator[MftRecord]:
         """Yield all valid MFT records, regardless if they're allocated or not.
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ def segments(self, start: int = 0, end: int = -1) -> Iterator[MftRecord]:
         for segment in range(start, end + step, step):
             try:
                 yield self.get(segment)
-            except Error:
+            except Error:  # noqa: PERF203
                 continue
             except EOFError:
                 break
@@ -147,16 +150,16 @@ class MftRecord:
     """
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self.ntfs: Optional[NTFS] = None
-        self.segment: Optional[int] = None
-        self.offset: Optional[int] = None
-        self.data: Optional[bytes] = None
-        self.header: Optional[c_ntfs._FILE_RECORD_SEGMENT_HEADER] = None
+        self.ntfs: NTFS | None = None
+        self.segment: int | None = None
+        self.offset: int | None = None
+        self.data: bytes | None = None
+        self.header: c_ntfs._FILE_RECORD_SEGMENT_HEADER | None = None
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<MftRecord {self.segment}#{self.header.SequenceNumber}>"
 
-    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
         if isinstance(other, MftRecord):
             return self.segment == other.segment and self.header.SequenceNumber == other.header.SequenceNumber
         return False
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
     __hash__ = object.__hash__
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_fh(cls, fh: BinaryIO, offset: int, ntfs: Optional[NTFS] = None) -> MftRecord:
+    def from_fh(cls, fh: BinaryIO, offset: int, ntfs: NTFS | None = None) -> MftRecord:
         """Parse an MFT record from a file-like object.
 
         Args:
@@ -182,7 +185,7 @@ def from_fh(cls, fh: BinaryIO, offset: int, ntfs: Optional[NTFS] = None) -> MftR
         return obj
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes, ntfs: Optional[NTFS] = None) -> MftRecord:
+    def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes, ntfs: NTFS | None = None) -> MftRecord:
         """Parse an MFT record from bytes.
 
         Args:
@@ -212,7 +215,7 @@ def get(self, path: str) -> MftRecord:
             MftNotAvailableError: If no MFT is available.
         """
         if not self.ntfs or not self.ntfs.mft:
-            raise MftNotAvailableError()
+            raise MftNotAvailableError
         return self.ntfs.mft.get(path, root=self)
 
     @cached_property
@@ -264,7 +267,7 @@ def resident(self) -> bool:
         return any(attr.header.resident for attr in self.attributes[ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE.DATA])
 
     @cached_property
-    def filename(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def filename(self) -> str | None:
         """Return the first file name, or ``None`` if this record has no file names."""
         filenames = self.filenames()
         return filenames[0] if filenames else None
@@ -282,7 +285,7 @@ def filenames(self, ignore_dos: bool = False) -> list[str]:
             result.append((attr.flags, attr.file_name))
         return [item[1] for item in sorted(result, key=itemgetter(0))]
 
-    def full_path(self, ignore_dos: bool = False) -> Optional[str]:
+    def full_path(self, ignore_dos: bool = False) -> str | None:
         """Return the first full path, or ``None`` if this record has no file names.
 
         Args:
@@ -353,7 +356,7 @@ def reparse_point_record(self) -> MftRecord:
             raise NotAReparsePointError(f"{self!r} is not a reparse point")
 
         if not self.ntfs or not self.ntfs.mft:
-            raise MftNotAvailableError()
+            raise MftNotAvailableError
 
         reparse_point = self.attributes[ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE.REPARSE_POINT]
 
@@ -442,7 +445,7 @@ def index(self, name: str) -> Index:
         """
         return Index(self, name)
 
-    def iterdir(self, dereference: bool = False, ignore_dos: bool = False) -> Iterator[Union[IndexEntry, MftRecord]]:
+    def iterdir(self, dereference: bool = False, ignore_dos: bool = False) -> Iterator[IndexEntry | MftRecord]:
         """Yield directory entries of this record.
 
         Args:
@@ -460,7 +463,7 @@ def iterdir(self, dereference: bool = False, ignore_dos: bool = False) -> Iterat
                 continue
             yield entry.dereference() if dereference else entry
 
-    def listdir(self, dereference: bool = False, ignore_dos: bool = False) -> dict[str, Union[IndexEntry, MftRecord]]:
+    def listdir(self, dereference: bool = False, ignore_dos: bool = False) -> dict[str, IndexEntry | MftRecord]:
         """Return a dictionary of the directory entries of this record.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/ntfs.py b/dissect/ntfs/ntfs.py
index a74c9fd..2f44270 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/ntfs.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/ntfs.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from functools import cached_property
-from typing import BinaryIO, Iterator, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, BinaryIO
 
 from dissect.ntfs.c_ntfs import (
     ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE,
@@ -17,6 +19,9 @@
 from dissect.ntfs.secure import Secure
 from dissect.ntfs.usnjrnl import UsnJrnl
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+
 
 class NTFS:
     """Implementation for Microsoft NTFS.
@@ -36,11 +41,11 @@ class NTFS:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        fh: Optional[BinaryIO] = None,
-        boot: Optional[BinaryIO] = None,
-        mft: Optional[BinaryIO] = None,
-        usnjrnl: Optional[BinaryIO] = None,
-        sds: Optional[BinaryIO] = None,
+        fh: BinaryIO | None = None,
+        boot: BinaryIO | None = None,
+        mft: BinaryIO | None = None,
+        usnjrnl: BinaryIO | None = None,
+        sds: BinaryIO | None = None,
     ):
         self.fh = fh
 
@@ -130,11 +135,11 @@ def __init__(
                 pass
 
     @cached_property
-    def serial(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def serial(self) -> int | None:
         return self.boot_sector.SerialNumber if self.boot_sector else None
 
     @cached_property
-    def volume_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def volume_name(self) -> str | None:
         if not self.mft:
             return None
 
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/secure.py b/dissect/ntfs/secure.py
index 380186e..70fc872 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/secure.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/secure.py
@@ -2,13 +2,17 @@
 
 import io
 from functools import lru_cache
-from typing import BinaryIO, Iterator
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, BinaryIO
 from uuid import UUID
 
 from dissect.util.sid import read_sid
 
 from dissect.ntfs.c_ntfs import ACE_OBJECT_FLAGS, ACE_TYPE, c_ntfs
-from dissect.ntfs.mft import MftRecord
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+
+    from dissect.ntfs.mft import MftRecord
 
 
 class Secure:
@@ -21,7 +25,7 @@ class Secure:
         sds: A file-like object of the ``$SDS`` stream, used when opening from separate system files.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, record: MftRecord = None, sds: BinaryIO = None):
+    def __init__(self, record: MftRecord = None, sds: BinaryIO | None = None):
         self.record = record
         self.sds = None
         self.sii = None
@@ -187,18 +191,17 @@ def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO):
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         if self.is_standard_ace:
             return f"<{self.header.AceType.name} mask=0x{self.mask:x} sid={self.sid}>"
-        elif self.is_compound_ace:
+        if self.is_compound_ace:
             return (
                 f"<{self.header.AceType.name} mask=0x{self.mask:x} type={self.compound_type.name}"
                 f" server_sid={self.server_sid} client_sid={self.sid}>"
             )
-        elif self.is_object_ace:
+        if self.is_object_ace:
             return (
                 f"<{self.header.AceType.name} mask=0x{self.mask:x} flags={self.flags} object_type={self.object_type}"
                 f" inherited_object_type={self.inherited_object_type} sid={self.sid}>"
             )
-        else:
-            return f"<ACE type={self.header.AceType} flags={self.header.AceFlags} size={self.header.AceSize}>"
+        return f"<ACE type={self.header.AceType} flags={self.header.AceFlags} size={self.header.AceSize}>"
 
     @property
     def type(self) -> ACE_TYPE:
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/stream.py b/dissect/ntfs/stream.py
index acff539..68b6610 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/stream.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/stream.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import io
 from typing import BinaryIO
 
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/usnjrnl.py b/dissect/ntfs/usnjrnl.py
index 3553caa..807c427 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/usnjrnl.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/usnjrnl.py
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from datetime import datetime
 from functools import cached_property
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO, Iterator, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO
 
 from dissect.util.stream import RunlistStream
 from dissect.util.ts import wintimestamp
 
 from dissect.ntfs.c_ntfs import USN_PAGE_SIZE, c_ntfs, segment_reference
 from dissect.ntfs.exceptions import Error
-from dissect.ntfs.mft import MftRecord
 from dissect.ntfs.util import ts_to_ns
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+    from datetime import datetime
+
+    from dissect.ntfs.mft import MftRecord
     from dissect.ntfs.ntfs import NTFS
 
 
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ class UsnJrnl:
         ntfs: An optional :class:`~dissect.ntfs.ntfs.NTFS` class instance, used for resolving file paths.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, ntfs: Optional[NTFS] = None):
+    def __init__(self, fh: BinaryIO, ntfs: NTFS | None = None):
         self.fh = fh
         self.ntfs = ntfs
 
@@ -105,13 +107,13 @@ def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
         return getattr(self.record, attr)
 
     @cached_property
-    def file(self) -> Optional[MftRecord]:
+    def file(self) -> MftRecord | None:
         if self.usnjrnl.ntfs and self.usnjrnl.ntfs.mft:
             return self.usnjrnl.ntfs.mft(self.record.FileReferenceNumber)
         return None
 
     @cached_property
-    def parent(self) -> Optional[MftRecord]:
+    def parent(self) -> MftRecord | None:
         if self.usnjrnl.ntfs and self.usnjrnl.ntfs.mft:
             return self.usnjrnl.ntfs.mft(self.record.ParentFileReferenceNumber)
         return None
@@ -133,12 +135,10 @@ def full_path(self) -> str:
 
         ref = segment_reference(self.record.ParentFileReferenceNumber)
         if parent is None:
-            parent_path = (
-                f"<unavailable_reference_0x{ref:x}" f"#{self.record.ParentFileReferenceNumber.SequenceNumber}>"
-            )
+            parent_path = f"<unavailable_reference_0x{ref:x}#{self.record.ParentFileReferenceNumber.SequenceNumber}>"
         elif parent.header.SequenceNumber == self.record.ParentFileReferenceNumber.SequenceNumber:
             parent_path = parent.full_path()
         else:
-            parent_path = f"<broken_reference_0x{ref:x}" f"#{self.record.ParentFileReferenceNumber.SequenceNumber}>"
+            parent_path = f"<broken_reference_0x{ref:x}#{self.record.ParentFileReferenceNumber.SequenceNumber}>"
 
-        return "\\".join([parent_path, self.filename])
+        return f"{parent_path}\\{self.filename}"
diff --git a/dissect/ntfs/util.py b/dissect/ntfs/util.py
index 2051eb0..4b0f302 100644
--- a/dissect/ntfs/util.py
+++ b/dissect/ntfs/util.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 import struct
 from collections import UserDict
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, BinaryIO
 
 from dissect.cstruct import Enum
 from dissect.util.stream import RunlistStream
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> AttributeCollection:
 
         return super().__getattribute__(attr)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, item: Union[ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE, int]) -> AttributeCollection:
+    def __getitem__(self, item: ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE | int) -> AttributeCollection:
         if isinstance(item, Enum):
             item = item.value
         return self.data.get(item, AttributeCollection())
 
-    def __contains__(self, key: Union[ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE, int]) -> bool:
+    def __contains__(self, key: ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE | int) -> bool:
         if isinstance(key, Enum):
             key = key.value
         return super().__contains__(key)
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ def open(self, allocated: bool = False) -> BinaryIO:
                 ntfs.cluster_size,
                 attrs[0].header.compression_unit,
             )
-        else:
-            return RunlistStream(
-                ntfs.fh,
-                runs,
-                size,
-                ntfs.cluster_size,
-            )
+
+        return RunlistStream(
+            ntfs.fh,
+            runs,
+            size,
+            ntfs.cluster_size,
+        )
 
     def size(self, allocated: bool = False) -> int:
         """Retrieve the data stream size for this list of attributes.
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def dataruns(self) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
     def _get_stream_attrs(self) -> list[Attribute]:
         return sorted((attr for attr in self if not attr.header.resident), key=lambda attr: attr.header.lowest_vcn)
 
-    def _get_dataruns(self, attrs: Optional[list[Attribute]] = None) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
+    def _get_dataruns(self, attrs: list[Attribute] | None = None) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
         attrs = attrs or self._get_stream_attrs()
 
         runs = []
@@ -232,10 +232,10 @@ def ensure_volume(ntfs: NTFS) -> None:
         VolumeNotAvailableError: If a volume is not available.
     """
     if not ntfs or not ntfs.fh:
-        raise VolumeNotAvailableError()
+        raise VolumeNotAvailableError
 
 
-def get_full_path(mft: Mft, name: str, parent: c_ntfs._MFT_SEGMENT_REFERENCE, seen: set[str] = None) -> str:
+def get_full_path(mft: Mft, name: str, parent: c_ntfs._MFT_SEGMENT_REFERENCE, seen: set[str] | None = None) -> str:
     """Walk up parent file references to construct a full path.
 
     Args:
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ def get_full_path(mft: Mft, name: str, parent: c_ntfs._MFT_SEGMENT_REFERENCE, se
         try:
             record = mft.get(parent_ref)
             if not record.filename:
-                raise FilenameNotAvailableError("No filename")
+                raise FilenameNotAvailableError("No filename")  # noqa: TRY301
 
             if record.header.SequenceNumber != parent.SequenceNumber:
                 path.append(f"<broken_reference_0x{parent_ref:x}#{parent.SequenceNumber}>")
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index a9a502f..8cd8558 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -41,13 +41,56 @@ dev = [
     "dissect.util>=3.0.dev,<4.0.dev",
 ]
 
-[tool.black]
+[tool.ruff]
 line-length = 120
+required-version = ">=0.9.0"
 
-[tool.isort]
-profile = "black"
-known_first_party = ["dissect.ntfs"]
-known_third_party = ["dissect"]
+[tool.ruff.format]
+docstring-code-format = true
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+select = [
+  "F",
+  "E",
+  "W",
+  "I",
+  "UP",
+  "YTT",
+  "ANN",
+  "B",
+  "C4",
+  "DTZ",
+  "T10",
+  "FA",
+  "ISC",
+  "G",
+  "INP",
+  "PIE",
+  "PYI",
+  "PT",
+  "Q",
+  "RSE",
+  "RET",
+  "SLOT",
+  "SIM",
+  "TID",
+  "TCH",
+  "PTH",
+  "PLC",
+  "TRY",
+  "FLY",
+  "PERF",
+  "FURB",
+  "RUF",
+]
+ignore = ["E203", "B904", "UP024", "ANN002", "ANN003", "ANN204", "ANN401", "SIM105", "TRY003"]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+"tests/docs/**" = ["INP001"]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+known-first-party = ["dissect.ntfs"]
+known-third-party = ["dissect"]
 
 [tool.setuptools]
 license-files = ["LICENSE", "COPYRIGHT"]
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index bb81f1e..7a22967 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import csv
 import gzip
 import io
-import os
-from typing import BinaryIO, Iterator
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, BinaryIO
 
 import pytest
 from dissect.util.stream import MappingStream
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+
 
-def absolute_path(filename: str) -> str:
-    return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), filename)
+def absolute_path(filename: str) -> Path:
+    return Path(__file__).parent / filename
 
 
 def open_file_gz(name: str, mode: str = "rb") -> Iterator[BinaryIO]:
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ def boot_2m_bin() -> Iterator[BinaryIO]:
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def ntfs_fragmented_mft_fh() -> Iterator[BinaryIO]:
+def ntfs_fragmented_mft_fh() -> BinaryIO:
     # Test data from https://github.com/msuhanov/ntfs-samples
     # This is from the file ntfs_extremely_fragmented_mft.raw which has, as the name implies, a heavily fragmented MFT
     # The entire file is way too large, so only take just enough data that we actually need to make dissect.ntfs happy
@@ -55,4 +60,4 @@ def ntfs_fragmented_mft_fh() -> Iterator[BinaryIO]:
             buf = bytes.fromhex(data)
             stream.add(int(offset), len(buf), io.BytesIO(buf), 0)
 
-    yield stream
+    return stream
diff --git a/tests/test_attr.py b/tests/test_attr.py
index 43083a5..9b930e4 100644
--- a/tests/test_attr.py
+++ b/tests/test_attr.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import datetime
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_exceptions.py b/tests/test_exceptions.py
index 6f1d857..8fe0d33 100644
--- a/tests/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/tests/test_exceptions.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from dissect.ntfs import exceptions
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "exc, std",
+    ("exc", "std"),
     [
         (exceptions.FileNotFoundError, FileNotFoundError),
         (exceptions.IsADirectoryError, IsADirectoryError),
diff --git a/tests/test_index.py b/tests/test_index.py
index e37da27..1639ffe 100644
--- a/tests/test_index.py
+++ b/tests/test_index.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import io
 import struct
 from typing import BinaryIO
diff --git a/tests/test_mft.py b/tests/test_mft.py
index 0b430c0..6800775 100644
--- a/tests/test_mft.py
+++ b/tests/test_mft.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import io
 from typing import BinaryIO
 
diff --git a/tests/test_ntfs.py b/tests/test_ntfs.py
index 8fb8f7e..b5c7a5b 100644
--- a/tests/test_ntfs.py
+++ b/tests/test_ntfs.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from io import BytesIO
 from typing import BinaryIO
 
diff --git a/tests/test_secure.py b/tests/test_secure.py
index 008b44e..baafabf 100644
--- a/tests/test_secure.py
+++ b/tests/test_secure.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from typing import BinaryIO
 
 import pytest
@@ -58,5 +60,5 @@ def test_secure_complex_acl(sds_complex_bin: BinaryIO) -> None:
 
 
 def test_secure_fail() -> None:
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Either record or SDS stream is required"):
         Secure()
diff --git a/tests/test_usnjrnl.py b/tests/test_usnjrnl.py
index 6a33916..8e8aaac 100644
--- a/tests/test_usnjrnl.py
+++ b/tests/test_usnjrnl.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from io import BytesIO
 
 from dissect.ntfs.usnjrnl import UsnRecord
diff --git a/tests/test_util.py b/tests/test_util.py
index df7eb87..a154ed9 100644
--- a/tests/test_util.py
+++ b/tests/test_util.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from dissect.ntfs.attr import Attribute
 from dissect.ntfs.c_ntfs import ATTRIBUTE_TYPE_CODE
 from dissect.ntfs.util import AttributeMap, apply_fixup
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ def test_fixup() -> None:
     buf = bytearray(
         b"FILE\x30\x00"
         + (b"\x00" * 42)
-        + b"\x02\x00\xFF\x00\xFE\x00"
+        + b"\x02\x00\xff\x00\xfe\x00"
         + (b"\x00" * 456)
         + b"\x02\x00"
         + (b"\x00" * 510)
@@ -15,13 +17,13 @@ def test_fixup() -> None:
     )
     fixed = apply_fixup(buf)
 
-    assert fixed[510:512] == b"\xFF\x00"
-    assert fixed[1022:1024] == b"\xFE\x00"
+    assert fixed[510:512] == b"\xff\x00"
+    assert fixed[1022:1024] == b"\xfe\x00"
 
     buf = bytearray(
         b"FILE\x30\x00"
         + (b"\x00" * 42)
-        + b"\x02\x00\xFF\x00\xFE\x00\xFD\x00\xFC\x00"
+        + b"\x02\x00\xff\x00\xfe\x00\xfd\x00\xfc\x00"
         + (b"\x00" * 452)
         + b"\x02\x00"
         + (b"\x00" * 510)
@@ -33,10 +35,10 @@ def test_fixup() -> None:
     )
     fixed = apply_fixup(buf)
 
-    assert fixed[510:512] == b"\xFF\x00"
-    assert fixed[1022:1024] == b"\xFE\x00"
-    assert fixed[1534:1536] == b"\xFD\x00"
-    assert fixed[2046:2048] == b"\xFC\x00"
+    assert fixed[510:512] == b"\xff\x00"
+    assert fixed[1022:1024] == b"\xfe\x00"
+    assert fixed[1534:1536] == b"\xfd\x00"
+    assert fixed[2046:2048] == b"\xfc\x00"
 
 
 def test_attribute_map() -> None:
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index bfcf133..17e3629 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -32,32 +32,19 @@ commands =
 [testenv:fix]
 package = skip
 deps =
-    black==23.1.0
-    isort==5.11.4
+    ruff==0.9.2
 commands =
-    black dissect tests
-    isort dissect tests
+    ruff format dissect tests
 
 [testenv:lint]
 package = skip
 deps =
-    black==23.1.0
-    flake8
-    flake8-black
-    flake8-isort
-    isort==5.11.4
+    ruff==0.9.2
     vermin
 commands =
-    flake8 dissect tests
+    ruff check dissect tests
     vermin -t=3.9- --no-tips --lint dissect tests
 
-[flake8]
-max-line-length = 120
-extend-ignore =
-    # See https://github.com/PyCQA/pycodestyle/issues/373
-    E203,
-statistics = True
-
 [testenv:docs-build]
 allowlist_externals = make
 deps =