diff --git a/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/dto/request/ProblemUpdateRequest.java b/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/dto/request/ProblemUpdateRequest.java
index 9b566844..87be4cb5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/dto/request/ProblemUpdateRequest.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/dto/request/ProblemUpdateRequest.java
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package org.ezcode.codetest.application.problem.dto.request;
 
-import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 import org.ezcode.codetest.domain.problem.model.entity.Problem;
 import org.ezcode.codetest.domain.problem.model.enums.Difficulty;
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 
 public record ProblemUpdateRequest(
 
-	// 리스트 이므로, [] 대괄호 사용
-	@Schema(description = "카테고리", example = "FOR_BEGINNER")
-	List<String> categories,
+	// Map으로 묶여있으니 {} 중괄호 사용
+	@Schema(description = "카테고리 코드 식별자(영어) / 한글 이름", example = "FOR_BEGINNER : 입문자용")
+	Map<String, String> categories,
 
 	@Schema(description = "제목", example = "A+B")
 	String title,
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/service/ProblemService.java b/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/service/ProblemService.java
index e37dc7dc..008872a9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/service/ProblemService.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/service/ProblemService.java
@@ -190,6 +190,10 @@ private void updateProblemImage(Problem problem, MultipartFile newImage) {
 
 	@Transactional
 	public void addImageToExistingProblem(Long problemId, MultipartFile imageFile) {
+		if (imageFile == null || imageFile.isEmpty()) {
+			throw new S3Exception(S3ExceptionCode.S3_FILE_EMPTY);
+		}
+
 		Problem problem = problemDomainService.getProblem(problemId);
 
 		// 1. S3 업로드
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/domain/problem/service/ProblemDomainService.java b/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/domain/problem/service/ProblemDomainService.java
index 1d0c5f1f..dfc63a6a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/domain/problem/service/ProblemDomainService.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/domain/problem/service/ProblemDomainService.java
@@ -48,11 +48,12 @@ public List<ProblemCategory> getProblemsCategoryList(List<Problem> problem) {
 		return problemCategoryRepository.findByProblemIdsIn(problemIds);
 	}
 
-	public void updateCategoryAndSearchEngine(Problem problem, List<String> categories) {
+	public void updateCategoryAndSearchEngine(Problem problem, Map<String, String> categories) {
 
 		problemCategoryRepository.deleteAllByProblemId(problem.getId());
 
-		List<Category> categoryList = categoryRepository.findAllByCategoryCodeIn(categories);
+		List<String> codes = new ArrayList<>(categories.keySet());
+		List<Category> categoryList = categoryRepository.findAllByCategoryCodeIn(codes);
 
 		List<ProblemCategory> problemCategories = categoryList.stream()
 			.map(cat -> ProblemCategory.from(problem, cat))
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/infrastructure/s3/exception/code/S3ExceptionCode.java b/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/infrastructure/s3/exception/code/S3ExceptionCode.java
index 991d48e8..dc4217e5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/infrastructure/s3/exception/code/S3ExceptionCode.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/ezcode/codetest/infrastructure/s3/exception/code/S3ExceptionCode.java
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ public enum S3ExceptionCode implements ResponseCode {
 	S3_UPLOAD_FAILED(false, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "S3 이미지 업로드 중 오류가 발생 했습니다."),
 	S3_INVALID_FILE_TYPE(false, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "이미지 파일만 업로드할 수 있습니다."),
 	S3_DELETE_FAILED(false, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "S3 이미지 삭제 중 오류가 발생 했습니다."),
-	S3_FILE_TOO_LARGE(false, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "파일 크기가 허용 범위를 초과했습니다.");
+	S3_FILE_TOO_LARGE(false, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "파일 크기가 허용 범위를 초과했습니다."),
+	S3_FILE_EMPTY(false, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "업로드할 이미지 파일이 없습니다.");
 
 	private final boolean success;
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/service/ProblemServiceTest.java b/src/test/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/service/ProblemServiceTest.java
index fae34356..9329ea9b 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/service/ProblemServiceTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/ezcode/codetest/application/problem/service/ProblemServiceTest.java
@@ -163,13 +163,13 @@ void modifyProblem() {
 
 		when(problemDomainService.getProblem(1L)).thenReturn(problem);
 		when(updateRequest.title()).thenReturn("새 제목");
-		when(updateRequest.categories()).thenReturn(List.of("MATH"));
+		when(updateRequest.categories()).thenReturn(Map.of("MATH", "수학"));
 		// when
 		problemService.modifyProblem(1L, updateRequest, null);
 
 		// then
 		verify(problem).update(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
-		verify(problemDomainService).updateCategoryAndSearchEngine(problem, List.of("MATH"));
+		verify(problemDomainService).updateCategoryAndSearchEngine(problem, Map.of("MATH", "수학"));
 	}
 
 	@Test