From 831e0ef0390157ccef8fcdf55ea8b86653b4ad2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Richter <christoph@richter.md>
Date: Tue, 3 Feb 2026 23:39:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/10] Rename project from 'moltbot-sandbox' to
 'moltbot-sandbox-chris'

---
 wrangler.jsonc | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wrangler.jsonc b/wrangler.jsonc
index 7a65d9481..f333e2edb 100644
--- a/wrangler.jsonc
+++ b/wrangler.jsonc
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "$schema": "node_modules/wrangler/config-schema.json",
-  "name": "moltbot-sandbox",
+  "name": "moltbot-sandbox-chris",
   "main": "src/index.ts",
   "compatibility_date": "2025-05-06",
   "compatibility_flags": ["nodejs_compat"],

From 2529df482d50ffbfd7839f56e54ada3994fb2174 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Richter <christoph@richter.md>
Date: Wed, 4 Feb 2026 00:04:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/10] Update R2 bucket name for MOLTBOT_BUCKET

---
 wrangler.jsonc | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wrangler.jsonc b/wrangler.jsonc
index f333e2edb..959631d5b 100644
--- a/wrangler.jsonc
+++ b/wrangler.jsonc
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
   "r2_buckets": [
     {
       "binding": "MOLTBOT_BUCKET",
-      "bucket_name": "moltbot-data",
+      "bucket_name": "moltbot-data-chris",
     },
   ],
   // Cron trigger to sync moltbot data to R2 every 5 minutes

From 1561c8628fd8fcf7dda91c87a7031f8f4c41ed30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Richter <christoph@richter.md>
Date: Sat, 7 Feb 2026 17:28:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/10] trigger deployment

---
 wrangler.jsonc | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wrangler.jsonc b/wrangler.jsonc
index 04b16263f..32c3ef9a5 100644
--- a/wrangler.jsonc
+++ b/wrangler.jsonc
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "main": "src/index.ts",
   "compatibility_date": "2025-05-06",
   "compatibility_flags": ["nodejs_compat"],
-  "observability": {
+  "observability": { 
     "enabled": true,
   },
   // Static assets for admin UI (built by vite)

From b04f6c44087fa3d9aff184e69cfd18559a8a855b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Richter <christoph@richter.md>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 10:48:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/10] Rename R2 bucket from 'moltbot-data-chris' to
 'moltdata'

---
 wrangler.jsonc | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wrangler.jsonc b/wrangler.jsonc
index 32c3ef9a5..beeec93ed 100644
--- a/wrangler.jsonc
+++ b/wrangler.jsonc
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
   "r2_buckets": [
     {
       "binding": "MOLTBOT_BUCKET",
-      "bucket_name": "moltbot-data-chris",
+      "bucket_name": "moltdata",
     },
   ],
   // Cron trigger to sync moltbot data to R2 every 5 minutes

From d9078693ea489c621ef6c5ea67de47207197d0f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 10:18:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/10] fix: prevent concurrent R2 mount attempts causing s3fs
 passwd file conflict

Multiple concurrent requests (e.g. the loading-page waitUntil + the next
polling request) can both call mountR2Storage before the first one finishes.
Each call to sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd
file, so concurrent calls produce duplicate entries and s3fs refuses to
mount with: "there are multiple entries for the same bucket(default) in
the passwd file."

This adds a module-level in-flight promise that coalesces concurrent mount
calls: only the first caller actually attempts the mount, while subsequent
callers await the same promise. The lock is released in a finally block so
retries are possible after failures.

https://claude.ai/code/session_01E5t9gPHDGGrTUWeagkDjVo
---
 src/gateway/r2.test.ts | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/gateway/r2.ts      | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
index 83b03ae43..89f117c22 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
-import { mountR2Storage } from './r2';
+import { mountR2Storage, _resetMountLock } from './r2';
 import {
   createMockEnv,
   createMockEnvWithR2,
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
     suppressConsole();
+    _resetMountLock();
   });
 
   describe('credential validation', () => {
@@ -158,4 +159,44 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
       expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith('R2 bucket is mounted despite error');
     });
   });
+
+  describe('concurrent mount protection', () => {
+    it('only calls mountBucket once when invoked concurrently', async () => {
+      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+      const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
+
+      // Fire two mount calls concurrently (simulates waitUntil + catch-all race)
+      const [result1, result2] = await Promise.all([
+        mountR2Storage(sandbox, env),
+        mountR2Storage(sandbox, env),
+      ]);
+
+      expect(result1).toBe(true);
+      expect(result2).toBe(true);
+      // mountBucket should only have been called once despite two concurrent callers
+      expect(mountBucketMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    });
+
+    it('resets lock after failure so next attempt can retry', async () => {
+      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+      // First attempt: mount fails and post-error check also says not mounted
+      mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Mount failed'));
+      startProcessMock
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('')) // isR2Mounted before mount
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('')); // isR2Mounted after error
+
+      const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
+
+      const result1 = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
+      expect(result1).toBe(false);
+
+      // Second attempt should be allowed (lock was released)
+      mountBucketMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(undefined);
+      startProcessMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('')); // isR2Mounted before mount
+
+      const result2 = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
+      expect(result2).toBe(true);
+      expect(mountBucketMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.ts b/src/gateway/r2.ts
index c95efc40b..2e2eb128c 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,21 @@ import type { Sandbox } from '@cloudflare/sandbox';
 import type { MoltbotEnv } from '../types';
 import { R2_MOUNT_PATH, getR2BucketName } from '../config';
 
+/**
+ * In-flight mount promise used to deduplicate concurrent mount attempts.
+ *
+ * Multiple concurrent requests (e.g. the loading-page waitUntil + the next
+ * polling request) can both call mountR2Storage before the first one finishes.
+ * Each call to sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd
+ * file, so concurrent calls produce duplicate entries and s3fs refuses to
+ * mount with: "there are multiple entries for the same bucket(default) in
+ * the passwd file."
+ *
+ * By caching the in-flight promise we ensure only one mount attempt runs at
+ * a time within a Worker isolate.
+ */
+let inflightMount: Promise<boolean> | null = null;
+
 /**
  * Check if R2 is already mounted by looking at the mount table
  */
@@ -27,7 +42,12 @@ async function isR2Mounted(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<boolean> {
 }
 
 /**
- * Mount R2 bucket for persistent storage
+ * Mount R2 bucket for persistent storage.
+ *
+ * Concurrent calls are coalesced: only the first caller actually attempts the
+ * mount; subsequent callers await the same promise.  This prevents the s3fs
+ * "multiple entries for the same bucket" passwd-file error that occurs when
+ * sandbox.mountBucket() is invoked more than once in parallel.
  *
  * @param sandbox - The sandbox instance
  * @param env - Worker environment bindings
@@ -42,6 +62,24 @@ export async function mountR2Storage(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise
     return false;
   }
 
+  // If a mount is already in progress, wait for it instead of starting another
+  if (inflightMount) {
+    console.log('R2 mount already in progress, waiting for existing attempt...');
+    return inflightMount;
+  }
+
+  inflightMount = doMount(sandbox, env);
+  try {
+    return await inflightMount;
+  } finally {
+    inflightMount = null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal mount implementation — always called at most once at a time.
+ */
+async function doMount(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise<boolean> {
   // Check if already mounted first - this avoids errors and is faster
   if (await isR2Mounted(sandbox)) {
     console.log('R2 bucket already mounted at', R2_MOUNT_PATH);
@@ -54,9 +92,10 @@ export async function mountR2Storage(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise
     await sandbox.mountBucket(bucketName, R2_MOUNT_PATH, {
       endpoint: `https://${env.CF_ACCOUNT_ID}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`,
       // Pass credentials explicitly since we use R2_* naming instead of AWS_*
+      // Non-null assertions are safe: mountR2Storage validates these before calling doMount
       credentials: {
-        accessKeyId: env.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
-        secretAccessKey: env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
+        accessKeyId: env.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID!,
+        secretAccessKey: env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY!,
       },
     });
     console.log('R2 bucket mounted successfully - moltbot data will persist across sessions');
@@ -76,3 +115,8 @@ export async function mountR2Storage(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise
     return false;
   }
 }
+
+/** Exposed for testing only — reset the in-flight lock between tests */
+export function _resetMountLock(): void {
+  inflightMount = null;
+}

From ae6e1b38e010124c9076c4e7560575e75c3270ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 10:18:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/10] fix: prevent duplicate s3fs passwd entries on R2 mount

Two issues caused the "multiple entries for the same bucket(default) in
the passwd file" s3fs error:

1. sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd file on
   every call.  Because the container persists across Worker invocations
   (keepAlive / sleepAfter), stale entries from previous mounts accumulate
   and s3fs refuses to mount.  Fix: clear /etc/passwd-s3fs and
   ~/.passwd-s3fs before each mount attempt.

2. Concurrent requests (e.g. the loading-page waitUntil + the next polling
   request) can both call mountR2Storage before the first one finishes,
   producing parallel mountBucket() calls that each append entries.
   Fix: coalesce concurrent callers behind a single in-flight promise.

https://claude.ai/code/session_01E5t9gPHDGGrTUWeagkDjVo
---
 src/gateway/r2.test.ts |  5 +++--
 src/gateway/r2.ts      | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
index 89f117c22..41650f49d 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
@@ -146,8 +146,9 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
     it('returns true if mount fails but check shows it is actually mounted', async () => {
       const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox();
       startProcessMock
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // clearS3fsPasswdFiles
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));  // isR2Mounted after error
 
       mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Transient error'));
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.ts b/src/gateway/r2.ts
index 2e2eb128c..9f7df0ac2 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.ts
@@ -76,6 +76,33 @@ export async function mountR2Storage(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Clear stale s3fs credential files inside the container.
+ *
+ * sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd file each time
+ * it is called. Because the container persists across Worker invocations
+ * (keepAlive / sleepAfter), a previous failed or successful mount leaves
+ * entries behind. On the next call s3fs sees duplicates and refuses to mount.
+ *
+ * Clearing the files before mounting ensures a clean slate every time.
+ */
+async function clearS3fsPasswdFiles(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    const proc = await sandbox.startProcess(
+      'rm -f /etc/passwd-s3fs /root/.passwd-s3fs 2>/dev/null; true',
+    );
+    let attempts = 0;
+    while (proc.status === 'running' && attempts < 10) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-await-in-loop -- intentional sequential polling
+      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 200));
+      attempts++;
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    // Best-effort — if it fails the mount will still be attempted
+    console.log('clearS3fsPasswdFiles warning:', err);
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Internal mount implementation — always called at most once at a time.
  */
@@ -88,6 +115,10 @@ async function doMount(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise<boolean> {
 
   const bucketName = getR2BucketName(env);
   try {
+    // Remove stale s3fs passwd entries from previous mount attempts to prevent
+    // "multiple entries for the same bucket(default)" errors
+    await clearS3fsPasswdFiles(sandbox);
+
     console.log('Mounting R2 bucket', bucketName, 'at', R2_MOUNT_PATH);
     await sandbox.mountBucket(bucketName, R2_MOUNT_PATH, {
       endpoint: `https://${env.CF_ACCOUNT_ID}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`,

From 894f1dfe7c84336e947d5d3409d9ee17fcbee1eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 10:18:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/10] fix: prevent duplicate s3fs passwd entries on R2 mount
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd file each
time it is called.  Because the container persists across Worker
invocations (keepAlive / sleepAfter), entries accumulate and s3fs refuses
to mount with "there are multiple entries for the same bucket(default)
in the passwd file."

Three-layer fix:

1. Inflight lock — coalesces concurrent callers within the same Worker
   isolate behind a single in-flight promise, preventing parallel
   mountBucket() calls.

2. Pre-mount deduplication — runs `sort -u` on s3fs passwd files inside
   the container before calling mountBucket(), so even if mountBucket
   appends a duplicate entry it starts from a single-entry (or empty)
   state.

3. Retry on failure — when mountBucket fails with "multiple entries",
   deduplicates the passwd file again and retries the s3fs mount directly
   inside the container (without calling mountBucket again, which would
   append yet another entry).

https://claude.ai/code/session_01E5t9gPHDGGrTUWeagkDjVo
---
 src/gateway/r2.test.ts |  39 +++++++++++++--
 src/gateway/r2.ts      | 111 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
index 41650f49d..fd210a90c 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
@@ -131,7 +131,9 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
     it('returns false when mountBucket throws and mount check fails', async () => {
       const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
       mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Mount failed'));
+      // isR2Mounted (not mounted) → deduplicateS3fsPasswd → isR2Mounted after error (not mounted)
       startProcessMock
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
         .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
         .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''));
 
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
       const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox();
       startProcessMock
         .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // clearS3fsPasswdFiles
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd
         .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));  // isR2Mounted after error
 
       mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Transient error'));
@@ -159,6 +161,32 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
       expect(result).toBe(true);
       expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith('R2 bucket is mounted despite error');
     });
+
+    it('deduplicates passwd and retries s3fs on "multiple entries" error', async () => {
+      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+      mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValue(
+        new Error('S3FSMountError: s3fs: there are multiple entries for the same bucket(default)'),
+      );
+      startProcessMock
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd (pre-mount)
+        // After "multiple entries" error:
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd (retry)
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // s3fs direct retry
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(                        // isR2Mounted after retry
+          createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'),
+        );
+
+      const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
+
+      const result = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
+
+      expect(result).toBe(true);
+      expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'Deduplicating s3fs passwd files and retrying mount...',
+      );
+      expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith('R2 bucket is mounted despite error');
+    });
   });
 
   describe('concurrent mount protection', () => {
@@ -183,8 +211,9 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
       // First attempt: mount fails and post-error check also says not mounted
       mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Mount failed'));
       startProcessMock
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('')) // isR2Mounted before mount
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('')); // isR2Mounted after error
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''));  // isR2Mounted after error
 
       const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
 
@@ -193,7 +222,9 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
 
       // Second attempt should be allowed (lock was released)
       mountBucketMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(undefined);
-      startProcessMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('')); // isR2Mounted before mount
+      startProcessMock
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''));  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd
 
       const result2 = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
       expect(result2).toBe(true);
diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.ts b/src/gateway/r2.ts
index 9f7df0ac2..d2f0116a5 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.ts
@@ -17,19 +17,23 @@ import { R2_MOUNT_PATH, getR2BucketName } from '../config';
  */
 let inflightMount: Promise<boolean> | null = null;
 
+/** Wait for a sandbox process to finish (up to ~2 s). */
+async function waitForProcess(proc: { status: string }): Promise<void> {
+  let attempts = 0;
+  while (proc.status === 'running' && attempts < 10) {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-await-in-loop -- intentional sequential polling
+    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 200));
+    attempts++;
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Check if R2 is already mounted by looking at the mount table
  */
 async function isR2Mounted(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<boolean> {
   try {
     const proc = await sandbox.startProcess(`mount | grep "s3fs on ${R2_MOUNT_PATH}"`);
-    // Wait for the command to complete
-    let attempts = 0;
-    while (proc.status === 'running' && attempts < 10) {
-      // eslint-disable-next-line no-await-in-loop -- intentional sequential polling
-      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 200));
-      attempts++;
-    }
+    await waitForProcess(proc);
     const logs = await proc.getLogs();
     // If stdout has content, the mount exists
     const mounted = !!(logs.stdout && logs.stdout.includes('s3fs'));
@@ -41,6 +45,35 @@ async function isR2Mounted(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<boolean> {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Deduplicate s3fs passwd files inside the container.
+ *
+ * sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd file each time
+ * it is called.  Because the container persists across Worker invocations
+ * (keepAlive / sleepAfter), entries accumulate and s3fs refuses to mount with
+ * "there are multiple entries for the same bucket(default) in the passwd file."
+ *
+ * Rather than deleting the files (which has no effect when mountBucket writes
+ * from the orchestration layer), we deduplicate in-place so that s3fs sees
+ * exactly one entry per bucket.
+ */
+async function deduplicateS3fsPasswd(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<void> {
+  try {
+    // sort -u deduplicates identical lines; awk '!seen[$0]++' preserves order
+    // but sort -u is simpler and order doesn't matter for passwd files.
+    // We cover all known s3fs credential file locations.
+    const proc = await sandbox.startProcess(
+      'for f in /etc/passwd-s3fs /root/.passwd-s3fs; do ' +
+        '[ -f "$f" ] && sort -u "$f" > "$f.tmp" && mv "$f.tmp" "$f"; ' +
+        'done 2>/dev/null; true',
+    );
+    await waitForProcess(proc);
+    console.log('deduplicateS3fsPasswd: completed');
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.log('deduplicateS3fsPasswd warning:', err);
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Mount R2 bucket for persistent storage.
  *
@@ -76,33 +109,6 @@ export async function mountR2Storage(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Clear stale s3fs credential files inside the container.
- *
- * sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd file each time
- * it is called. Because the container persists across Worker invocations
- * (keepAlive / sleepAfter), a previous failed or successful mount leaves
- * entries behind. On the next call s3fs sees duplicates and refuses to mount.
- *
- * Clearing the files before mounting ensures a clean slate every time.
- */
-async function clearS3fsPasswdFiles(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<void> {
-  try {
-    const proc = await sandbox.startProcess(
-      'rm -f /etc/passwd-s3fs /root/.passwd-s3fs 2>/dev/null; true',
-    );
-    let attempts = 0;
-    while (proc.status === 'running' && attempts < 10) {
-      // eslint-disable-next-line no-await-in-loop -- intentional sequential polling
-      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 200));
-      attempts++;
-    }
-  } catch (err) {
-    // Best-effort — if it fails the mount will still be attempted
-    console.log('clearS3fsPasswdFiles warning:', err);
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Internal mount implementation — always called at most once at a time.
  */
@@ -113,12 +119,13 @@ async function doMount(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise<boolean> {
     return true;
   }
 
+  // Deduplicate any stale s3fs passwd entries from previous mount attempts
+  // BEFORE calling mountBucket, so that even if mountBucket appends another
+  // entry we start from a clean (single-entry or empty) state.
+  await deduplicateS3fsPasswd(sandbox);
+
   const bucketName = getR2BucketName(env);
   try {
-    // Remove stale s3fs passwd entries from previous mount attempts to prevent
-    // "multiple entries for the same bucket(default)" errors
-    await clearS3fsPasswdFiles(sandbox);
-
     console.log('Mounting R2 bucket', bucketName, 'at', R2_MOUNT_PATH);
     await sandbox.mountBucket(bucketName, R2_MOUNT_PATH, {
       endpoint: `https://${env.CF_ACCOUNT_ID}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`,
@@ -135,7 +142,33 @@ async function doMount(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise<boolean> {
     const errorMessage = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
     console.log('R2 mount error:', errorMessage);
 
-    // Check again if it's mounted - the error might be misleading
+    // If s3fs failed due to duplicate passwd entries, deduplicate and retry
+    // the mount directly inside the container (without calling mountBucket
+    // again, which would append yet another entry).
+    if (errorMessage.includes('multiple entries')) {
+      console.log('Deduplicating s3fs passwd files and retrying mount...');
+      await deduplicateS3fsPasswd(sandbox);
+
+      try {
+        const endpoint = `https://${env.CF_ACCOUNT_ID}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`;
+        const mountProc = await sandbox.startProcess(
+          `s3fs ${bucketName} ${R2_MOUNT_PATH}` +
+            ` -o passwd_file=/etc/passwd-s3fs` +
+            ` -o url=${endpoint}` +
+            ` -o use_path_request_style`,
+        );
+        await waitForProcess(mountProc);
+        const mountLogs = await mountProc.getLogs();
+        if (mountLogs.stderr) {
+          console.log('s3fs retry stderr:', mountLogs.stderr.slice(0, 200));
+        }
+      } catch (retryErr) {
+        console.log('s3fs retry error:', retryErr);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Check again if it's mounted - the error might be misleading, or the
+    // retry may have succeeded
     if (await isR2Mounted(sandbox)) {
       console.log('R2 bucket is mounted despite error');
       return true;

From e5bac4b7bc36689080ceb3fe3e491d72fa912e01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Richter <christoph@richter.md>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 15:56:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/10] trigger change

---
 wrangler.jsonc | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wrangler.jsonc b/wrangler.jsonc
index beeec93ed..6dc28d0c8 100644
--- a/wrangler.jsonc
+++ b/wrangler.jsonc
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "name": "moltbot-sandbox-chris",
   "main": "src/index.ts",
   "compatibility_date": "2025-05-06",
-  "compatibility_flags": ["nodejs_compat"],
+  "compatibility_flags": ["nodejs_compat"], 
   "observability": { 
     "enabled": true,
   },

From 20c60fb88ae814b987f9e8e6a5cc20fa5838194c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 15:24:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 09/10] fix: replace mountBucket() with direct s3fs mount to
 prevent passwd duplication
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

sandbox.mountBucket() manages the s3fs passwd file from the orchestration
layer outside the container and appends a new credential entry on every
call.  Because the container persists across Worker invocations the entries
accumulate and s3fs refuses to mount with "multiple entries for the same
bucket(default) in the passwd file."  In-container cleanup (rm, sort -u)
cannot reach the orchestration-layer file.

Replace mountBucket() with direct s3fs mounting inside the container,
following the pattern from the Cloudflare Containers FUSE-mount docs:

1. Write credentials to /etc/passwd-s3fs via startProcess (overwrite, not
   append — always exactly one entry)
2. Run s3fs directly inside the container
3. Verify the mount succeeded

Credentials are passed via process env vars (R2_KEY, R2_SECRET) to avoid
embedding secrets in the command string.

The in-flight promise lock is retained to coalesce concurrent callers
within the same Worker isolate.

https://claude.ai/code/session_01E5t9gPHDGGrTUWeagkDjVo
---
 src/gateway/r2.test.ts | 164 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 src/gateway/r2.ts      | 168 +++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 2 files changed, 160 insertions(+), 172 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
index fd210a90c..ba551df1e 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
@@ -65,8 +65,15 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
   });
 
   describe('mounting behavior', () => {
-    it('mounts R2 bucket when credentials provided and not already mounted', async () => {
-      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+    it('mounts R2 via s3fs when credentials provided and not already mounted', async () => {
+      const { sandbox, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+      // isR2Mounted (not mounted) → passwd setup → s3fs mount → isR2Mounted (mounted)
+      startProcessMock
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // isR2Mounted check
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // passwd file write
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // s3fs mount
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));  // verify
+
       const env = createMockEnvWithR2({
         R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID: 'key123',
         R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: 'secret',
@@ -76,106 +83,91 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
       const result = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
 
       expect(result).toBe(true);
-      expect(mountBucketMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('moltbot-data', '/data/moltbot', {
-        endpoint: 'https://account123.r2.cloudflarestorage.com',
-        credentials: {
-          accessKeyId: 'key123',
-          secretAccessKey: 'secret',
-        },
-      });
+      // Verify passwd file is written with env vars (not embedded in command)
+      expect(startProcessMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.stringContaining('passwd-s3fs'),
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          env: { R2_KEY: 'key123', R2_SECRET: 'secret' },
+        }),
+      );
+      // Verify s3fs mount command
+      expect(startProcessMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.stringContaining('s3fs moltbot-data /data/moltbot'),
+      );
     });
 
     it('uses custom bucket name from R2_BUCKET_NAME env var', async () => {
-      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
-      const env = createMockEnvWithR2({
-        R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID: 'key123',
-        R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: 'secret',
-        CF_ACCOUNT_ID: 'account123',
-        R2_BUCKET_NAME: 'moltbot-e2e-test123',
-      });
+      const { sandbox, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+      startProcessMock
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));
+
+      const env = createMockEnvWithR2({ R2_BUCKET_NAME: 'custom-bucket' });
 
       const result = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
 
       expect(result).toBe(true);
-      expect(mountBucketMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        'moltbot-e2e-test123',
-        '/data/moltbot',
-        expect.any(Object),
+      expect(startProcessMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.stringContaining('s3fs custom-bucket /data/moltbot'),
       );
     });
 
     it('returns true immediately when bucket is already mounted', async () => {
-      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: true });
+      const { sandbox, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: true });
       const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
 
       const result = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
 
       expect(result).toBe(true);
-      expect(mountBucketMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      // Only one startProcess call (the isR2Mounted check) — no mount attempted
+      expect(startProcessMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
       expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith('R2 bucket already mounted at', '/data/moltbot');
     });
 
-    it('logs success message when mounted successfully', async () => {
-      const { sandbox } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
-      const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
-
-      await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
-
-      expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        'R2 bucket mounted successfully - moltbot data will persist across sessions',
-      );
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('error handling', () => {
-    it('returns false when mountBucket throws and mount check fails', async () => {
+    it('does not call mountBucket — uses direct s3fs instead', async () => {
       const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
-      mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Mount failed'));
-      // isR2Mounted (not mounted) → deduplicateS3fsPasswd → isR2Mounted after error (not mounted)
       startProcessMock
         .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
         .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''));
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));
 
       const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
 
-      const result = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
+      await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
 
-      expect(result).toBe(false);
-      expect(console.error).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Failed to mount R2 bucket:', expect.any(Error));
+      expect(mountBucketMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     });
+  });
 
-    it('returns true if mount fails but check shows it is actually mounted', async () => {
-      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox();
+  describe('error handling', () => {
+    it('returns false when s3fs mount fails and post-mount check fails', async () => {
+      const { sandbox, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
       startProcessMock
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));  // isR2Mounted after error
-
-      mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Transient error'));
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))               // isR2Mounted (not mounted)
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))               // passwd write
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('', { exitCode: 1, stderr: 'mount error' }))  // s3fs fails
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))               // verify (not mounted)
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''));              // final check (not mounted)
 
       const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
 
       const result = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
 
-      expect(result).toBe(true);
-      expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith('R2 bucket is mounted despite error');
+      expect(result).toBe(false);
+      expect(console.error).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'Failed to mount R2 bucket: s3fs mount did not succeed',
+      );
     });
 
-    it('deduplicates passwd and retries s3fs on "multiple entries" error', async () => {
-      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
-      mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValue(
-        new Error('S3FSMountError: s3fs: there are multiple entries for the same bucket(default)'),
-      );
+    it('returns true if mount check passes despite errors during setup', async () => {
+      const { sandbox, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox();
       startProcessMock
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd (pre-mount)
-        // After "multiple entries" error:
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd (retry)
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // s3fs direct retry
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(                        // isR2Mounted after retry
-          createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'),
-        );
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))               // isR2Mounted (not mounted)
+        .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('startProcess failed'))    // passwd write throws
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));  // final check
 
       const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
 
@@ -183,18 +175,22 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
 
       expect(result).toBe(true);
       expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        'Deduplicating s3fs passwd files and retrying mount...',
+        'R2 bucket is mounted despite errors during setup',
       );
-      expect(console.log).toHaveBeenCalledWith('R2 bucket is mounted despite error');
     });
   });
 
   describe('concurrent mount protection', () => {
-    it('only calls mountBucket once when invoked concurrently', async () => {
-      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+    it('only runs mount once when invoked concurrently', async () => {
+      const { sandbox, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+      startProcessMock
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // isR2Mounted
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // passwd write
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // s3fs mount
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));  // verify
+
       const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
 
-      // Fire two mount calls concurrently (simulates waitUntil + catch-all race)
       const [result1, result2] = await Promise.all([
         mountR2Storage(sandbox, env),
         mountR2Storage(sandbox, env),
@@ -202,33 +198,37 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
 
       expect(result1).toBe(true);
       expect(result2).toBe(true);
-      // mountBucket should only have been called once despite two concurrent callers
-      expect(mountBucketMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      // s3fs mount command should only run once
+      const mountCalls = startProcessMock.mock.calls.filter((call: unknown[]) =>
+        (call[0] as string).startsWith('mkdir -p'),
+      );
+      expect(mountCalls).toHaveLength(1);
     });
 
     it('resets lock after failure so next attempt can retry', async () => {
-      const { sandbox, mountBucketMock, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
-      // First attempt: mount fails and post-error check also says not mounted
-      mountBucketMock.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Mount failed'));
+      const { sandbox, startProcessMock } = createMockSandbox({ mounted: false });
+      // First attempt: all checks fail
       startProcessMock
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''));  // isR2Mounted after error
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // isR2Mounted
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // passwd write
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('', { exitCode: 1 }))  // s3fs fails
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // verify (not mounted)
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''));   // final check (not mounted)
 
       const env = createMockEnvWithR2();
 
       const result1 = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
       expect(result1).toBe(false);
 
-      // Second attempt should be allowed (lock was released)
-      mountBucketMock.mockResolvedValueOnce(undefined);
+      // Second attempt should work (lock was released)
       startProcessMock
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))  // isR2Mounted before mount
-        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''));  // deduplicateS3fsPasswd
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // isR2Mounted
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // passwd write
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess(''))   // s3fs mount
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce(createMockProcess('s3fs on /data/moltbot type fuse.s3fs\n'));  // verify
 
       const result2 = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
       expect(result2).toBe(true);
-      expect(mountBucketMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.ts b/src/gateway/r2.ts
index d2f0116a5..b5765ddc0 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.ts
@@ -7,22 +7,23 @@ import { R2_MOUNT_PATH, getR2BucketName } from '../config';
  *
  * Multiple concurrent requests (e.g. the loading-page waitUntil + the next
  * polling request) can both call mountR2Storage before the first one finishes.
- * Each call to sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd
- * file, so concurrent calls produce duplicate entries and s3fs refuses to
- * mount with: "there are multiple entries for the same bucket(default) in
- * the passwd file."
  *
  * By caching the in-flight promise we ensure only one mount attempt runs at
  * a time within a Worker isolate.
  */
 let inflightMount: Promise<boolean> | null = null;
 
-/** Wait for a sandbox process to finish (up to ~2 s). */
-async function waitForProcess(proc: { status: string }): Promise<void> {
+/** Wait for a sandbox process to finish (up to ~2 s by default). */
+async function waitForProcess(
+  proc: { status: string },
+  timeoutMs = 2000,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const interval = 200;
+  const maxAttempts = Math.ceil(timeoutMs / interval);
   let attempts = 0;
-  while (proc.status === 'running' && attempts < 10) {
+  while (proc.status === 'running' && attempts < maxAttempts) {
     // eslint-disable-next-line no-await-in-loop -- intentional sequential polling
-    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 200));
+    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, interval));
     attempts++;
   }
 }
@@ -35,7 +36,6 @@ async function isR2Mounted(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<boolean> {
     const proc = await sandbox.startProcess(`mount | grep "s3fs on ${R2_MOUNT_PATH}"`);
     await waitForProcess(proc);
     const logs = await proc.getLogs();
-    // If stdout has content, the mount exists
     const mounted = !!(logs.stdout && logs.stdout.includes('s3fs'));
     console.log('isR2Mounted check:', mounted, 'stdout:', logs.stdout?.slice(0, 100));
     return mounted;
@@ -46,41 +46,19 @@ async function isR2Mounted(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<boolean> {
 }
 
 /**
- * Deduplicate s3fs passwd files inside the container.
+ * Mount R2 bucket for persistent storage.
  *
- * sandbox.mountBucket() appends credentials to the s3fs passwd file each time
- * it is called.  Because the container persists across Worker invocations
- * (keepAlive / sleepAfter), entries accumulate and s3fs refuses to mount with
- * "there are multiple entries for the same bucket(default) in the passwd file."
+ * Uses s3fs directly inside the container instead of sandbox.mountBucket().
+ * The mountBucket() API manages the s3fs passwd file from the orchestration
+ * layer and appends a new credential entry on every call.  Because the
+ * container persists across Worker invocations the entries accumulate and
+ * s3fs refuses to mount ("multiple entries for the same bucket(default)").
  *
- * Rather than deleting the files (which has no effect when mountBucket writes
- * from the orchestration layer), we deduplicate in-place so that s3fs sees
- * exactly one entry per bucket.
- */
-async function deduplicateS3fsPasswd(sandbox: Sandbox): Promise<void> {
-  try {
-    // sort -u deduplicates identical lines; awk '!seen[$0]++' preserves order
-    // but sort -u is simpler and order doesn't matter for passwd files.
-    // We cover all known s3fs credential file locations.
-    const proc = await sandbox.startProcess(
-      'for f in /etc/passwd-s3fs /root/.passwd-s3fs; do ' +
-        '[ -f "$f" ] && sort -u "$f" > "$f.tmp" && mv "$f.tmp" "$f"; ' +
-        'done 2>/dev/null; true',
-    );
-    await waitForProcess(proc);
-    console.log('deduplicateS3fsPasswd: completed');
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.log('deduplicateS3fsPasswd warning:', err);
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Mount R2 bucket for persistent storage.
+ * By writing the passwd file ourselves (overwrite, not append) and calling
+ * s3fs directly, each mount attempt starts clean — matching the pattern
+ * recommended in the Cloudflare Containers FUSE-mount documentation.
  *
- * Concurrent calls are coalesced: only the first caller actually attempts the
- * mount; subsequent callers await the same promise.  This prevents the s3fs
- * "multiple entries for the same bucket" passwd-file error that occurs when
- * sandbox.mountBucket() is invoked more than once in parallel.
+ * Concurrent calls are coalesced behind a single in-flight promise.
  *
  * @param sandbox - The sandbox instance
  * @param env - Worker environment bindings
@@ -111,73 +89,83 @@ export async function mountR2Storage(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise
 
 /**
  * Internal mount implementation — always called at most once at a time.
+ *
+ * Steps:
+ * 1. Check if already mounted (fast path)
+ * 2. Write credentials to /etc/passwd-s3fs (overwrite, never append)
+ * 3. Run s3fs inside the container to mount the bucket
+ * 4. Verify the mount succeeded
  */
 async function doMount(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise<boolean> {
-  // Check if already mounted first - this avoids errors and is faster
+  // Fast path: already mounted from a previous invocation
   if (await isR2Mounted(sandbox)) {
     console.log('R2 bucket already mounted at', R2_MOUNT_PATH);
     return true;
   }
 
-  // Deduplicate any stale s3fs passwd entries from previous mount attempts
-  // BEFORE calling mountBucket, so that even if mountBucket appends another
-  // entry we start from a clean (single-entry or empty) state.
-  await deduplicateS3fsPasswd(sandbox);
-
   const bucketName = getR2BucketName(env);
+  const endpoint = `https://${env.CF_ACCOUNT_ID}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`;
+
   try {
-    console.log('Mounting R2 bucket', bucketName, 'at', R2_MOUNT_PATH);
-    await sandbox.mountBucket(bucketName, R2_MOUNT_PATH, {
-      endpoint: `https://${env.CF_ACCOUNT_ID}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`,
-      // Pass credentials explicitly since we use R2_* naming instead of AWS_*
-      // Non-null assertions are safe: mountR2Storage validates these before calling doMount
-      credentials: {
-        accessKeyId: env.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID!,
-        secretAccessKey: env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY!,
+    // Write credentials to the s3fs passwd file inside the container.
+    // Using '>' (overwrite) instead of '>>' ensures exactly one entry
+    // regardless of how many times this runs — avoiding the "multiple
+    // entries for the same bucket" error that plagues mountBucket().
+    console.log('Writing s3fs credentials and mounting', bucketName, 'at', R2_MOUNT_PATH);
+    const setupProc = await sandbox.startProcess(
+      `printf '%s:%s\\n' "$R2_KEY" "$R2_SECRET" > /etc/passwd-s3fs && chmod 600 /etc/passwd-s3fs`,
+      {
+        env: {
+          R2_KEY: env.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID!,
+          R2_SECRET: env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY!,
+        },
       },
-    });
-    console.log('R2 bucket mounted successfully - moltbot data will persist across sessions');
-    return true;
-  } catch (err) {
-    const errorMessage = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
-    console.log('R2 mount error:', errorMessage);
+    );
+    await waitForProcess(setupProc);
+
+    const setupLogs = await setupProc.getLogs();
+    if (setupLogs.stderr) {
+      console.log('passwd-s3fs setup stderr:', setupLogs.stderr.slice(0, 200));
+    }
+
+    // Mount with s3fs directly inside the container
+    const mountProc = await sandbox.startProcess(
+      `mkdir -p ${R2_MOUNT_PATH} && ` +
+        `s3fs ${bucketName} ${R2_MOUNT_PATH}` +
+        ` -o passwd_file=/etc/passwd-s3fs` +
+        ` -o url=${endpoint}` +
+        ` -o use_path_request_style`,
+    );
+    // s3fs mount can take a few seconds
+    await waitForProcess(mountProc, 10000);
 
-    // If s3fs failed due to duplicate passwd entries, deduplicate and retry
-    // the mount directly inside the container (without calling mountBucket
-    // again, which would append yet another entry).
-    if (errorMessage.includes('multiple entries')) {
-      console.log('Deduplicating s3fs passwd files and retrying mount...');
-      await deduplicateS3fsPasswd(sandbox);
-
-      try {
-        const endpoint = `https://${env.CF_ACCOUNT_ID}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`;
-        const mountProc = await sandbox.startProcess(
-          `s3fs ${bucketName} ${R2_MOUNT_PATH}` +
-            ` -o passwd_file=/etc/passwd-s3fs` +
-            ` -o url=${endpoint}` +
-            ` -o use_path_request_style`,
-        );
-        await waitForProcess(mountProc);
-        const mountLogs = await mountProc.getLogs();
-        if (mountLogs.stderr) {
-          console.log('s3fs retry stderr:', mountLogs.stderr.slice(0, 200));
-        }
-      } catch (retryErr) {
-        console.log('s3fs retry error:', retryErr);
-      }
+    const mountLogs = await mountProc.getLogs();
+    if (mountLogs.stderr) {
+      console.log('s3fs mount stderr:', mountLogs.stderr.slice(0, 300));
     }
 
-    // Check again if it's mounted - the error might be misleading, or the
-    // retry may have succeeded
+    // Verify the mount succeeded
     if (await isR2Mounted(sandbox)) {
-      console.log('R2 bucket is mounted despite error');
+      console.log('R2 bucket mounted successfully - moltbot data will persist across sessions');
       return true;
     }
 
-    // Don't fail if mounting fails - moltbot can still run without persistent storage
-    console.error('Failed to mount R2 bucket:', err);
-    return false;
+    console.log('s3fs exited but mount not detected, checking exit code:', mountProc.exitCode);
+    // Fall through to error path
+  } catch (err) {
+    const errorMessage = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    console.log('R2 mount error:', errorMessage);
+  }
+
+  // Final check — the mount might have succeeded despite errors
+  if (await isR2Mounted(sandbox)) {
+    console.log('R2 bucket is mounted despite errors during setup');
+    return true;
   }
+
+  // Don't fail the gateway — moltbot can still run without persistent storage
+  console.error('Failed to mount R2 bucket: s3fs mount did not succeed');
+  return false;
 }
 
 /** Exposed for testing only — reset the in-flight lock between tests */

From a1f37dd8c2d6ecbe90eee1d921ac972f61ade2bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Feb 2026 16:31:12 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/10] fix: use base64 encoding for s3fs passwd file
 credentials

sandbox.startProcess() does not support the env option, so the previous
approach of passing R2_KEY/R2_SECRET as process env vars resulted in an
empty passwd file (:) that s3fs could not parse.

Base64-encode the credentials in TypeScript and decode inside the
container instead.

https://claude.ai/code/session_01E5t9gPHDGGrTUWeagkDjVo
---
 src/gateway/r2.test.ts |  7 ++-----
 src/gateway/r2.ts      | 14 +++++++-------
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
index ba551df1e..e78b74f40 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.test.ts
@@ -83,12 +83,9 @@ describe('mountR2Storage', () => {
       const result = await mountR2Storage(sandbox, env);
 
       expect(result).toBe(true);
-      // Verify passwd file is written with env vars (not embedded in command)
+      // Verify passwd file is written via base64-encoded credentials
       expect(startProcessMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        expect.stringContaining('passwd-s3fs'),
-        expect.objectContaining({
-          env: { R2_KEY: 'key123', R2_SECRET: 'secret' },
-        }),
+        expect.stringContaining('base64 -d > /etc/passwd-s3fs'),
       );
       // Verify s3fs mount command
       expect(startProcessMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
diff --git a/src/gateway/r2.ts b/src/gateway/r2.ts
index b5765ddc0..a8520c6b9 100644
--- a/src/gateway/r2.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/r2.ts
@@ -111,15 +111,15 @@ async function doMount(sandbox: Sandbox, env: MoltbotEnv): Promise<boolean> {
     // Using '>' (overwrite) instead of '>>' ensures exactly one entry
     // regardless of how many times this runs — avoiding the "multiple
     // entries for the same bucket" error that plagues mountBucket().
+    //
+    // Credentials are base64-encoded to avoid shell escaping issues and
+    // to keep raw secrets out of the command string / process logs.
+    // (sandbox.startProcess does not support the env option.)
     console.log('Writing s3fs credentials and mounting', bucketName, 'at', R2_MOUNT_PATH);
+    const credLine = `${env.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID}:${env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}`;
+    const credB64 = btoa(credLine);
     const setupProc = await sandbox.startProcess(
-      `printf '%s:%s\\n' "$R2_KEY" "$R2_SECRET" > /etc/passwd-s3fs && chmod 600 /etc/passwd-s3fs`,
-      {
-        env: {
-          R2_KEY: env.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID!,
-          R2_SECRET: env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY!,
-        },
-      },
+      `echo '${credB64}' | base64 -d > /etc/passwd-s3fs && chmod 600 /etc/passwd-s3fs`,
     );
     await waitForProcess(setupProc);