diff --git a/crates/herkos-tests/data/rust/rust_e2e_memory_bench.rs b/crates/herkos-tests/data/rust/rust_e2e_memory_bench.rs
index 847ba5c..520ad53 100644
--- a/crates/herkos-tests/data/rust/rust_e2e_memory_bench.rs
+++ b/crates/herkos-tests/data/rust/rust_e2e_memory_bench.rs
@@ -25,3 +25,15 @@ static mut BUF: [i32; 1024] = [0i32; 1024];
 pub extern "C" fn mem_fill_sort_sum(n: i32, seed: i32) -> i32 {
     unsafe { fill_sort_sum_impl(&mut BUF, n, seed) }
 }
+
+/// Read one element from the work buffer by index.
+///
+/// Returns 0 for out-of-range indices.  Intended for tests that need to
+/// inspect the buffer after a `mem_fill_sort_sum` call.
+#[no_mangle]
+pub extern "C" fn mem_read_element(idx: i32) -> i32 {
+    if idx < 0 || idx as usize >= 1024 {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    unsafe { BUF[idx as usize] }
+}
diff --git a/crates/herkos-tests/tests/rust_e2e_memory_bench.rs b/crates/herkos-tests/tests/rust_e2e_memory_bench.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd59a1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/herkos-tests/tests/rust_e2e_memory_bench.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+//! End-to-end tests: Rust → Wasm → Rust (fill / bubble-sort / sum over Wasm memory).
+//!
+//! The source module (`data/rust/rust_e2e_memory_bench.rs`) exports a single
+//! function:
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! mem_fill_sort_sum(n: i32, seed: i32) -> i32
+//! ```
+//!
+//! It fills the first `n` elements of a 1024-element static buffer with LCG
+//! pseudo-random values, bubble-sorts them in place, then returns a wrapping
+//! checksum.  Tests verify the transpiled output against a native reference.
+
+use herkos_tests::rust_e2e_memory_bench;
+
+fn new_module() -> rust_e2e_memory_bench::WasmModule {
+    rust_e2e_memory_bench::new().expect("module instantiation should succeed")
+}
+
+// ── Reference implementation ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+include!("../data/rust/common/fill_sort_sum.rs");
+
+fn fill_sort_sum_ref(n: i32, seed: i32) -> i32 {
+    let mut buf = [0i32; 1024];
+    fill_sort_sum_impl(&mut buf, n, seed)
+}
+
+// ── Edge cases ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[test]
+fn test_zero_elements_returns_zero() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    assert_eq!(m.mem_fill_sort_sum(0, 0).unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.mem_fill_sort_sum(0, 42).unwrap(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_negative_n_returns_zero() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    assert_eq!(m.mem_fill_sort_sum(-1, 0).unwrap(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(m.mem_fill_sort_sum(i32::MIN, 1).unwrap(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_element() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    // With n=1 there is nothing to sort; checksum is just the one LCG value.
+    let seed: i32 = 1;
+    let expected = seed.wrapping_mul(1103515245_i32).wrapping_add(12345);
+    assert_eq!(m.mem_fill_sort_sum(1, seed).unwrap(), expected);
+}
+
+// ── Cross-validation against reference ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[test]
+fn test_matches_reference_small_n() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    for n in 1i32..=16 {
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.mem_fill_sort_sum(n, 0).unwrap(),
+            fill_sort_sum_ref(n, 0),
+            "n={n} seed=0"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_matches_reference_various_seeds() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    let cases: &[(i32, i32)] = &[
+        (10, 0),
+        (10, 1),
+        (10, -1),
+        (10, i32::MAX),
+        (10, i32::MIN),
+        (32, 42),
+        (64, 12345),
+        (128, -99999),
+    ];
+    for &(n, seed) in cases {
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.mem_fill_sort_sum(n, seed).unwrap(),
+            fill_sort_sum_ref(n, seed),
+            "n={n} seed={seed}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_matches_reference_full_buffer() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    // n=1024 exercises every element of the static buffer.
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.mem_fill_sort_sum(1024, 7).unwrap(),
+        fill_sort_sum_ref(1024, 7)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_n_capped_at_1024() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    // Values beyond 1024 must be clamped; result should equal n=1024.
+    assert_eq!(
+        m.mem_fill_sort_sum(2048, 7).unwrap(),
+        fill_sort_sum_ref(1024, 7),
+        "n>1024 must be clamped to 1024"
+    );
+}
+
+// ── Sorting invariant ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// After each call we read back every element via mem_read_element and confirm
+// the buffer is non-decreasing.  Note: a wrapping sum is commutative, so sum
+// equality alone is not sufficient to verify that sorting occurred.
+
+fn assert_sorted(m: &mut rust_e2e_memory_bench::WasmModule, n: i32, label: &str) {
+    for i in 0..(n - 1) {
+        let a = m.mem_read_element(i).unwrap();
+        let b = m.mem_read_element(i + 1).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            a <= b,
+            "{label}: buf[{i}]={a} > buf[{}]={b} — buffer is not sorted",
+            i + 1
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_buffer_is_sorted_after_call() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    let cases: &[(i32, i32)] = &[
+        (1, 0),
+        (2, 0),
+        (10, 42),
+        (32, -99),
+        (64, 9999),
+        (128, i32::MAX),
+        (256, i32::MIN),
+        (1024, 7),
+    ];
+    for &(n, seed) in cases {
+        m.mem_fill_sort_sum(n, seed).unwrap();
+        assert_sorted(&mut m, n, &format!("n={n} seed={seed}"));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_deterministic_across_calls() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    let first = m.mem_fill_sort_sum(64, 9999).unwrap();
+    let second = m.mem_fill_sort_sum(64, 9999).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        first, second,
+        "same (n, seed) must always yield the same checksum"
+    );
+}
+
+// ── Sequential calls with distinct inputs remain independent ──────────────────
+//
+// The module keeps a static buffer; verify that successive calls with different
+// seeds still match the reference (no stale state from a previous call leaks
+// into the next fill).
+
+#[test]
+fn test_sequential_calls_independent() {
+    let mut m = new_module();
+    let seeds = [0i32, 1, -1, 100, 999_999, i32::MAX, i32::MIN];
+    for seed in seeds {
+        assert_eq!(
+            m.mem_fill_sort_sum(32, seed).unwrap(),
+            fill_sort_sum_ref(32, seed),
+            "seed={seed}"
+        );
+    }
+}