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                            Entero</a>
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                                    data-scroll-target="#conv-float"><span class="header-section-number">4.2.1</span>
                                    Rango representable</a></li>
                            <li><a href="#prec-float" id="toc-prec-float" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#prec-float"><span class="header-section-number">4.2.2</span>
                                    Precisión del <code>float</code></a></li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                    <li><a href="#num-complex" id="toc-num-complex" class="nav-link"
                            data-scroll-target="#num-complex"><span class="header-section-number">4.3</span>
                            Números complejos</a>
                        <ul class="collapse">
                            <li><a href="#why-complex" id="toc-why-complex" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#why-complex"><span class="header-section-number">4.3.1</span>
                                    ¿Para qué sirven los números complejos?</a></li>
                            <li><a href="#py-cmpl" id="toc-py-cmpl" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#py-cmpl"><span class="header-section-number">4.3.2</span>
                                    Números complejos en Python</a></li>
                            <li><a href="#op-cmpl" id="toc-op-cmpl" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#op-cmpl"><span class="header-section-number">4.3.3</span>
                                    Operaciones con números complejos en Python</a></li>
                            <li><a href="#cmath-lib" id="toc-cmath-lib" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#cmath-lib"><span class="header-section-number">4.3.4</span>
                                    Librería <code>cmath</code></a></li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                    <li><a href="#py-string" id="toc-py-string" class="nav-link"
                            data-scroll-target="#py-string"><span class="header-section-number">4.4</span>
                            Cadenas</a>
                        <ul class="collapse">
                            <li><a href="#f-string" id="toc-f-string" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#f-string"><span class="header-section-number">4.4.1</span>
                                    Cadenas formateadas</a></li>
                        </ul>
                        </li>
                        <li><a href="#py-list" id="toc-py-list" class="nav-link"
                            data-scroll-target="#py-list"><span class="header-section-number">4.5</span>
                            Listas</a>
                        <ul class="collapse">
                            <li><a href="#cr-list" id="toc-cr-list" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#cr-list"><span class="header-section-number">4.5.1</span>
                                    Crear listas en Python</a></li>
                            <li><a href="#mod-list" id="toc-mod-list" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#mod-list"><span class="header-section-number">4.5.2</span>
                                    Acceder y modificar listas</a></li>
                            <li><a href="#it-list" id="toc-it-list" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#it-list"><span class="header-section-number">4.5.3</span>
                                    Iterar listas</a></li>
                            <li><a href="#mt-list" id="toc-mt-list" class="nav-link"
                                    data-scroll-target="#mt-list"><span class="header-section-number">4.5.4</span>
                                    Métodos de listas</a></li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>
                    <li><a href="#py-tuple" id="toc-py-tuple" class="nav-link"
                        data-scroll-target="#py-tuple"><span class="header-section-number">4.6</span>
                        Tuplas</a>
                    <ul class="collapse">
                        <li><a href="#cr-tuple" id="toc-cr-tuple" class="nav-link"
                                data-scroll-target="#cr-tuple"><span class="header-section-number">4.6.1</span>
                                Creación de tuplas</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#mt-tuple" id="toc-mt-tuple" class="nav-link"
                                data-scroll-target="#mt-tuple"><span class="header-section-number">4.6.2</span>
                                Métodos de tuplas</a></li>
                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li><a href="#py-dict" id="toc-py-dict" class="nav-link"
                    data-scroll-target="#py-dict"><span class="header-section-number">4.7</span>
                    Diccionarios</a>
                <ul class="collapse">
                    <li><a href="#cr-dict" id="toc-cr-dict" class="nav-link"
                            data-scroll-target="#cr-dict"><span class="header-section-number">4.7.1</span>
                            Crear diccionarios en Python</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#ac-dict" id="toc-ac-dict" class="nav-link"
                            data-scroll-target="#ac-dict"><span class="header-section-number">4.7.2</span>
                            Acceder y modificar elementos</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#it-dict" id="toc-it-dict" class="nav-link"
                            data-scroll-target="#it-dict"><span class="header-section-number">4.7.3</span>
                            Iterar diccionarios</a></li>
                    <li><a href="#mt-dict" id="toc-mt-dict" class="nav-link"
                            data-scroll-target="#mt-dict"><span class="header-section-number">4.7.4</span>
                            Métodos de diccionarios</a></li>
                </ul>
            </li>
                    <li><a href="#practice-exercises" id="toc-practice-exercises" class="nav-link"
                            data-scroll-target="#practice-exercises"><span class="header-section-number">4.8</span>
                            Ejercicios prácticos</a></li>
                </ul>
            </nav>
        </div>
        <!-- main -->
        <main class="content" id="quarto-document-content">

            <header id="title-block-header" class="quarto-title-block default">
                <div class="quarto-title">
                    <h1 class="title"><span class="chapter-number">4</span>&nbsp; <span
                            class="chapter-title">Tipos y estructuras de datos</span></h1>
                </div>
                <div class="quarto-title-meta"> </div>
            </header>

            <section id="objetivo" class="level1">
                <h1 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="objetivo">Objetivo</h1>
                <p>El objetivo de esta clase es familiarizar a los estudiantes con el manejo de tipos y estructuras
                     de datos fundamentales en Python, incluyendo números enteros, flotantes, complejos, cadenas de
                      texto, listas, tuplas y diccionarios.</p>
            </section>

            <section id="int-int" class="level2" data-number="4.1">
                <h2 data-number="4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="int-int"><span
                        class="header-section-number">4.1</span> Enteros </h2>
                        <p>Los enteros en Python o también conocidos como int, son un tipo de datos que permite representar números enteros, es decir, positivos y negativos no decimales. Si vienes de otros lenguajes de programación, olvídate de los <code>int8</code>, <code>uint16</code> y demás. Python nos da un sólo tipo que podemos usar sin preocuparnosdel tamaño del número almacenado por debajo.</p>
                        <section id="intro-int" class="level3" data-number="4.1.1">
                    <h3 data-number="4.1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="intro-int"><span
                            class="header-section-number">4.1.1</span> Introducción a <code>int</code> </h3>
<p>Los tipos <code>int</code> en Python permiten almacenar un valor numérico <strong>no decimal</strong> ya sea positivo o negativo de cualquier valor. La función <code>type()</code> nos devuelve el tipo de la variable, y podemos ver com efectivamente es de la clase <code>int</code>.</p>
<div id="1970da1c-b2ed-453d-942a-52b9fe4b810e" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>i <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">12</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(i)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="bu">type</span>(i))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>En otros lenguajes de programación, los <code>int</code> tenían un valor máximo que pueden representar. Dependiendo de la longitud de palabra de la arquitectura del ordenador, existen unos números mínimos y máximos que era posible representar. Si por ejemplo se usan enteros de 32 bits el rango a representar es de <span class="math inline">\(-2^{31}\)</span> a <span class="math inline">\(2^{31}–1\)</span>, es decir, <span class="math inline">\(-2\,147\,483\,648\)</span> a <span class="math inline">\(2\,147\,483\,647\)</span>. Con 64 bits, el rango es de <span class="math inline">\(-9\,223\,372\,036\,854\,775\,808\)</span> hasta <span class="math inline">\(9\,223\,372\,036\,854\,775\,807\)</span>. Una gran ventaja de Python es que ya no nos tenemos que preocupar de esto, ya que por debajo se encarga de asignar más o menos memoria al número, y podemos representar prácticamente cualquier número.</p>
<div id="536f89fe-3227-477f-b480-e58de2f2d1c5" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">250</span><span class="op">**</span><span class="dv">250</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="bu">type</span>(x))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Para saber más:</strong> Si vienes de otras versiones de Python, tal vez eches de menos el tipo <code>long</code>. Puedes leer la <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0237/">PEP237</a>, donde se explica porqué se unificaron los <code>long</code> y los <code>int</code>.</p>
                    </section>
                <section id="adic-int" class="level3" data-number="4.1.2">
                    <h3 data-number="4.1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="adic-int"><span
                            class="header-section-number">4.1.2</span> Datos adicionales de los enteros </h3>
<p>En Python, un entero puede representarse, o interpretarse, en diferentes bases numéricas.</p>
<div id="1e09c01c-8440-423d-ad23-7c73f9ec9acd" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bn">0b100</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>b <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bn">0x17</span></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>c <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bn">0o720</span></span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a, <span class="bu">type</span>(a))</span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(b, <span class="bu">type</span>(b))</span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(c, <span class="bu">type</span>(c))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="40c77f40-bc9a-4ae2-8249-79ca98bcca04" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>num <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bn">0x1F605</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>num<span class="sc">:#d}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>num<span class="sc">:#b}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>num<span class="sc">:#o}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>num<span class="sc">:#x}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>num<span class="sc">:#X}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>num<span class="sc">:c}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                    </section>
            </section>

            <section id="float" class="level2" data-number="4.2">
                <h2 data-number="4.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="float"><span
                        class="header-section-number">4.2</span> Punto flotante</h2>
<p>El tipo numérico <code>float</code> permite representar un número positivo o negativo con decimales, es decir, números reales. Si vienes de otros lenguajes, tal vez conozcas el tipo <code>double</code>, lo que significa que tiene el doble de precisión que un <code>float</code>. En Python las cosas son algo distintas y los <code>float</code> son en realidad <code>double</code>.</p>
<p><strong>Para saber más:</strong> Los valores <code>float</code> son almacenados de una forma muy particular, denominada representación en coma flotante. En el estándar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754">IEEE 754</a> se explica con detalle.</p>
<p>Por lo tanto si declaramos una variable y le asignamos un valor decimal, por defecto la variable será de tipo <code>float</code>.</p>
<div id="f4dcf357-79c5-4f8b-b26a-ff090d26af58" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>f <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.10093</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(f)</span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="bu">type</span>(f))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                <section id="conv-float" class="level3" data-number="4.2.1">
                    <h3 data-number="4.2.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="conv-float"><span
                            class="header-section-number">4.2.1</span> Rango representable </h3>
<p>Una curiosidad es que los <code>float</code> no tienen precisión infinita. Podemos ver en el siguiente ejemplo como en realidad <code>f</code> se almacena como si fuera 1, ya que no es posible representar tanta precisión decimal.</p>
<div id="323c17d0-ae68-4faf-9a7d-2f382855ff29" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>f <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.99999999999999999</span></span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(f)</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">==</span> f)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Los <code>float</code> a diferencia de los <code>int</code> tienen unos valores mínimo y máximos que pueden representar. La mínima precisión es <span class="math inline">\(2.2250738585072014\times 10^{-308}\)</span> y la máxima <span class="math inline">\(1.7976931348623157\times 10^{+308}\)</span>, pero si no nos crees, lo puedes verificar tu mismo.</p>
<div id="70f90df5-5fde-4f86-b6c6-9f184d1ab7f0" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> sys</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(sys.float_info.<span class="bu">min</span>)</span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(sys.float_info.<span class="bu">max</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>De hecho si intentas asignar a una variable un valor mayor que el max, lo que ocurre es que esa variable toma el valor <code>inf</code> o infinito.</p>
<div id="b54320d4-b58c-44c7-a94f-1ca3c74a07f3" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>f <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">1.7976931348623157e+310</span></span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(f)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Si quieres representar una variable que tenga un valor muy alto, también puedes crear directamente una variable que contenga ese valor <code>inf</code>.</p>
<div id="86b99eef-3c48-4270-991c-f3699f49f65c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>f <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">float</span>(<span class="st">'inf'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(f)</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="bu">type</span>(f))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                        </section>
                <section id="prec-float" class="level3" data-number="4.2.2">
                    <h3 data-number="4.2.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="prec-float"><span
                            class="header-section-number">4.2.2</span> Precisión del <code>float</code> </h3>
<p>Desafortunadamente, los ordenadores no pueden representar cualquier número y menos aún si este es uno irracional. Debido a esto, suceden cosas curiosas como las siguientes.</p>
<p>Dividir <span class="math inline">\(\frac{1}{3}\)</span> debería resultar en <span class="math inline">\(0.\bar{3}\)</span> periódico, pero para Python es imposible representar tal número.</p>
<div id="1617b8ed-4964-46ac-a14f-4c8da1e691c6" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">/</span><span class="dv">3</span><span class="sc">:.20f}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Por otro lado, la siguiente operación debería tener como resultado cero, pero como puedes ver esto no es así.</p>
<div id="0801d9bc-ca26-42c8-8d6c-36e767d54b9c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="fl">0.1</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="fl">0.1</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="fl">0.1</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="fl">0.3</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Afortunadamente, salvo aplicaciones muy concretas, esto no resulta un problema. Al fin y al cabo, ¿a quién le importa lo que haya en la posición decimal 15?</p>
                        </section>

            </section>

            <section id="num-complex" class="level2" data-number="4.3">
                <h2 data-number="4.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="num-complex"><span
                        class="header-section-number">4.3</span> Números complejos </h2>
<p>En pocas palabras, los números complejos son aquellos que tienen dos partes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Una parte real, como por ejemplo <span class="math inline">\(3\)</span> o <span class="math inline">\(7.5\)</span>.</li>
<li>Y otra imaginaria, como <span class="math inline">\(j5\)</span> o <span class="math inline">\(-j7\)</span>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Como puedes ver, la parte imaginaria viene acompañada de <span class="math inline">\(j\)</span>, aunque es también común usar la <span class="math inline">\(i\)</span>. En python, un número complejo tiene la siguiente forma:</p>
<div id="d0320d53-096d-4975-860e-38ee0b76ec34" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">5</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ot">5j</span></span>
<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>b <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">1.3</span> <span class="op">-</span> <span class="ot">7j</span></span>
<span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>c <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ot">10.3j</span></span>
<span id="cb12-4"><a href="#cb12-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a)</span>
<span id="cb12-5"><a href="#cb12-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(b)</span>
<span id="cb12-6"><a href="#cb12-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(c)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note que la <span class="math inline">\(j\)</span> se escribe después del número.</p>
                        <section id="why-complex" class="level3" data-number="4.3.1">
                            <h3 data-number="4.3.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="why-complex"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.3.1</span> ¿Para qué sirven los números complejos? </h3>
<p>Los números complejos son muy utilizados en las áreas relacionadas con la ingeniería electrónica, ya que son muy útiles para describir las ondas electromagnéticas y la corriente eléctrica.</p>
<p>También son usados en diferentes dominios de las matemáticas y en física, donde destaca su uso en la mecánica cuántica.</p>
<p>Un número complejo puede representarse en un <a href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ArgandDiagram.html">plano de Argand</a>, donde la abscisa representa la parte real y la ordenada, la imaginaria. Es decir, se puede ver a un número complejo <span class="math inline">\(a+jb\)</span> como un punto de coordenadas.</p>
<img src="Datasets/complejo1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;">

<p>Una vez representado en esta gráfica, cualquier número complejo formará un ángulo con el eje <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span>. Todo número complejo tiene también un módulo, que es la distancia que une el punto del origen de coordenadas <span class="math inline">\(0+j0\)</span>.</p>
<p>Ahora sólo tienes que imaginarte a este punto dando vueltas a una determinada frecuencia alrededor del plano y ya estarías describiendo a una onda sin haberte dado cuenta.</p>
                                </section>
                        <section id="py-cmpl" class="level3" data-number="4.3.2">
                            <h3 data-number="4.3.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="py-cmpl"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.3.2</span> Números complejos en Python </h3>
<p>Como se mostró anteriormente, los números complejos en Python pueden ser creados sin tener que importar ninguna librería. Basta con hacer lo siguiente:</p>
<div id="b56c6cdc-b59f-4455-990e-125635b94cad" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>c <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ot">5j</span></span>
<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(c)</span>
<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="bu">type</span>(c))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Podemos ver como la clase que representa a los complejos en Python se llama <code>complex</code>. Una vez creado, es posible acceder a la parte real con <code>real</code> y a la imaginaria con <code>imag</code>.</p>
<div id="126b025d-b2a7-4eb3-b82a-6618af5724ed" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>c <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">3</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ot">5j</span></span>
<span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(c.real)</span>
<span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(c.imag)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>También se puede crear un número complejo haciendo uso del constructor <code>complex</code>, pero sin usar la <code>j</code>.</p>
<div id="a5cefa29-c5e5-407b-9455-63e9e7d02402" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>c <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">complex</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>,<span class="dv">5</span>)</span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(c)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                                </section>
                        <section id="op-cmpl" class="level3" data-number="4.3.3">
                            <h3 data-number="4.3.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="op-cmpl"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.3.3</span> Operaciones con números complejos en Python </h3>
<p>Usando variables del tipo <code>complex</code>, podemos realizar las operaciones más comunes típicas de los números complejos.</p>
<section id="suma-y-resta" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="suma-y-resta">Suma y resta</h4>
<div id="ac51bee4-b49c-42e9-a879-afec4f544f67" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ot">3j</span></span>
<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>b <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">4</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ot">1j</span></span>
<span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a<span class="op">+</span>b)</span>
<span id="cb16-4"><a href="#cb16-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a<span class="op">-</span>b)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="multiplicación-y-división" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="multiplicación-y-división">Multiplicación y división</h4>
<div id="ab374102-5feb-4921-b820-3a7758de68a2" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ot">3j</span></span>
<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>b <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">4</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ot">1j</span></span>
<span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a<span class="op">*</span>b)</span>
<span id="cb17-4"><a href="#cb17-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'</span><span class="sc">{</span>a<span class="op">/</span>b<span class="sc">:1.2f}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="conjugado" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="conjugado">Conjugado</h4>
<div id="6f994dee-fbe8-4551-b516-df5fe9485a9c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ot">1j</span></span>
<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a.conjugate())</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
                                </section>
                        <section id="cmath-lib" class="level3" data-number="4.3.4">
                            <h3 data-number="4.3.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="cmath-lib"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.3.4</span> Librería <code>cmath</code> </h3>
<p>Si quieres realizar más operaciones con número complejos, tal vez quieras echar un vistazo a la librería <code>cmath</code>, que es mucho más completa.</p>
<p>Algunas de las cosas que puedes hacer son las siguientes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Calcular la fase, que es el ángulo que forma el vector con el eje <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span>, en radianes.</li>
<li>Calcular la forma polar, es decir módulo y ángulo.</li>
</ul>
<div id="5dce50a2-f080-4011-97ac-d07ef211631c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> cmath</span>
<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(cmath.phase(<span class="bu">complex</span>(<span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>)))</span>
<span id="cb19-4"><a href="#cb19-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(cmath.polar(<span class="bu">complex</span>(<span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>)))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                                </section>
            </section>

            <section id="py-string" class="level2" data-number="4.4">
                <h2 data-number="4.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="py-string"><span
                        class="header-section-number">4.4</span> Cadenas </h2>
<p>Las cadenas en Python o <em>strings</em> son un tipo inmutable que permite almacenar secuencias de caracteres. Para crear una, es necesario incluir el texto entre comillas <code>"</code> o apóstrofos <code>'</code>. Puedes obtener más ayuda con el comando <code>help(str)</code>.</p>
<div id="4ebff72f-31c6-4c07-8dbf-19006e8baee3" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb20"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>s <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Esto es una cadena'</span></span>
<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(s)</span>
<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="bu">type</span>(s))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Se pueden usar una serie de secuencias de escape que se resumen a continuación:</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
    <thead>
    <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Secuencia de escape</p></th>
    <th class="head"><p>Significado</p></th>
    </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
    <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\\</span></code></p></td>
    <td><p>Barra inversa (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\</span></code>)</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\'</span></code></p></td>
    <td><p>Comilla simple (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'</span></code>)</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\&quot;</span></code></p></td>
    <td><p>Comilla doble (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;</span></code>)</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\b</span></code></p></td>
    <td><p> Retroceso (BS)</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\n</span></code></p></td>
    <td><p> Salto de línea (LF)</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\r</span></code></p></td>
    <td><p> Retorno de carro (CR)</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\u</span></code></p></td>
    <td><p>Carácter unicode</p></td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
<div id="dcf05fd6-5092-4fce-9c76-6c693bd57307" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'correr</span><span class="ch">\r</span><span class="st">hol'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">''</span>)</span>
<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'</span><span class="ch">\u2150\u21aa</span><span class="st">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb21-4"><a href="#cb21-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">''</span>)</span>
<span id="cb21-5"><a href="#cb21-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'1</span><span class="ch">\t</span><span class="st">2'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                        <section id="f-string" class="level3" data-number="4.4.1">
                            <h3 data-number="4.4.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="f-string"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.4.1</span> Cadenas formateadas </h3>
<p>Las <code>f-strings</code>, o cadena de caracteres con formato, brindan una manera fácil de formatear la salida que se desea mostrar con la función <code>print()</code>. Con una <code>f-string</code>, puede crear mensajes que contengan el contenido de variables y puede dar formato a los números de varias formas. Una <code>f-string</code> se especifica con una <code>f</code> antes de la cadena de caracteres, por ejemplo:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb22"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Carlina'</span></span>
<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'Hello </span><span class="sc">{</span>name<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>temperatura <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">45</span></span>
<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'La temperatura actual es de </span><span class="sc">{</span>temperatura<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">°C'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p>En los ejemplos anteriores de <code>f-string</code>, usamos <strong>marcadores de posición</strong> (<em>placeholder</em> en inglés) delimitados por llaves, i.e.&nbsp;<code>{placeholder}</code>, para mostrar los valores de las variables. Además de los nombres de las variables, los marcadores de posición pueden contener cualquier expresión válida.</p>
<div id="73a8a32f-3124-4e31-bacc-9ab7128515f8" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="#cb23-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Carlina'</span></span>
<span id="cb23-2"><a href="#cb23-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'Hola </span><span class="sc">{</span>name<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb23-3"><a href="#cb23-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>temperatura <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">45</span></span>
<span id="cb23-4"><a href="#cb23-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'La temperatura actual es de </span><span class="sc">{</span>temperatura<span class="sc">}</span><span class="ss"> °C'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb23-5"><a href="#cb23-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>val <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">10</span></span>
<span id="cb23-6"><a href="#cb23-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'El valor es </span><span class="sc">{</span>val <span class="op">+</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="sc">:0.2f}</span><span class="ss">.'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<section id="formateado-de-valores-numéricos" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="formateado-de-valores-numéricos">Formateado de valores numéricos</h4>
<p>Los marcadores de posición en una <code>f-string</code> pueden incluir un <strong>especificador de formato</strong> (<em>format-specifier</em>) que hace que el valor del marcador de posición se formatee cuando se muestra. Por ejemplo, con un especificador de formato puede redondear valores a un número específico de lugares decimales y mostrar números con separadores de coma. También puede alinear valores a la izquierda, a la derecha o al centro con un especificador de formato. De hecho, puede usar especificadores de formato para controlar muchas de las formas en que se muestran los valores.</p>
<p>El formato general para escribir un marcador de posición con un especificador de formato es:</p>
<pre><code>{placeholder:format-specifier}</code></pre>
<p><strong>Números de punto flotante</strong></p>
<p>Es posible que no siempre se esté satisfecho con la forma en que se muestran los números de punto flotante en la pantalla, dado que cuando la función de impresión muestra un número de punto flotante, pueden aparecer hasta 17 dígitos significativos.</p>
<div id="e69bf123-99a9-40a5-9a40-940cfe104f51" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb25"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb25-1"><a href="#cb25-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cantidad_total <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">5000000</span></span>
<span id="cb25-2"><a href="#cb25-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>abono_capital <span class="op">=</span> cantidad_total <span class="op">/</span> <span class="dv">12</span></span>
<span id="cb25-3"><a href="#cb25-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'El abono a capital mensual es $ </span><span class="sc">{</span>abono_capital<span class="sc">:,.2f}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Dado que en muchas ocasiones los números de punto flotante pueden representar cantidades en las que algunas cifras decimales carecen de sentido, es posible especificar la forma en la que se muestran. Por ejemplo, en el ejemplo anterior solo tendrían sentido los primeros dos decimales y, al ser una cantidad de dinero, es adecuado usar separación de miles.</p>
<div class="alert alert-block alert-success">
<p>Para mayor información se puede consultar la <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#formatted-string-literals" class="alert-link"> documentación PEP</a> o las siguientes hojas de referencia <a href="https://cheatography.com/brianallan/cheat-sheets/python-f-strings-basics/" class="alert-link">Cheat-sheet 1</a>, <a href="https://cheatography.com/brianallan/cheat-sheets/python-f-strings-number-formatting/" class="alert-link"> Cheat-sheet 2 </a></p>
</div>
<p>Los números decimales entre 0 y 1 que representen porcentajes se pueden formatear de la siguiente manera:</p>
<div id="915b6155-7030-4c3e-b0da-4cb5a851e5e4" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb26"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb26-1"><a href="#cb26-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>discount <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.1556546515</span></span>
<span id="cb26-2"><a href="#cb26-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'</span><span class="sc">{</span>discount<span class="sc">:.2%}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb26-3"><a href="#cb26-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'</span><span class="sc">{</span>discount<span class="sc">:.0%}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Si se prefiere usar notación científica, se puede usar la letra <tt>e</tt> o <tt>E</tt> en lugar de <tt>f</tt>. Además, si se usa <tt>g</tt> como opción, el formato es automático según el orden de magnitud.</p>
<div id="56599e3f-6788-48bc-95ff-2434332e3373" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb27"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb27-1"><a href="#cb27-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>number <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">.123456789</span></span>
<span id="cb27-2"><a href="#cb27-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'</span><span class="sc">{</span>number<span class="sc">:e}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb27-3"><a href="#cb27-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'</span><span class="sc">{</span>number<span class="sc">:.2E}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb27-4"><a href="#cb27-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'</span><span class="sc">{</span>number<span class="sc">:.5g}</span><span class="ss">'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Formatos de ancho fijo</strong></p>
<p>En ocasiones es necesario que los datos que se muestren tengan un ancho fijo, con el fin de mejorar la visualización de la información. En este caso se puede especificar la longitud como primer argumento del formato:</p>
<div id="8c43fa87-271a-45d0-b524-121eaab5f612" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb28"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>name1 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Tere'</span></span>
<span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>name2 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Mario'</span></span>
<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>name3 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Camilo'</span></span>
<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>name4 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Patricia'</span></span>
<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>last1 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Gómez'</span></span>
<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>last2 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Martínez'</span></span>
<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>last3 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Zárate'</span></span>
<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>last4 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Castañeda'</span></span>
<span id="cb28-9"><a href="#cb28-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'Nombre'</span>,<span class="st">'Apellido'</span>,<span class="st">'</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st">====== ========'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb28-10"><a href="#cb28-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(name1,last1)</span>
<span id="cb28-11"><a href="#cb28-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(name2,last2)</span>
<span id="cb28-12"><a href="#cb28-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(name3,last3)</span>
<span id="cb28-13"><a href="#cb28-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(name4,last4,<span class="st">'</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb28-14"><a href="#cb28-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="st">'Nombre'</span><span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="st">'Apellido'</span><span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb28-15"><a href="#cb28-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="st">'======'</span><span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="sc">{</span><span class="st">'========'</span><span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb28-16"><a href="#cb28-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>name1<span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="sc">{</span>last1<span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb28-17"><a href="#cb28-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>name2<span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="sc">{</span>last2<span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb28-18"><a href="#cb28-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>name3<span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="sc">{</span>last3<span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb28-19"><a href="#cb28-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"</span><span class="sc">{</span>name4<span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss"> </span><span class="sc">{</span>last4<span class="sc">:15}</span><span class="ss">"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Justificación del texto</strong></p>
<p>Cuando se muestra un valor en un campo que es más ancho que el valor, sería adecuado alinear el valor a la derecha, a la izquierda o al centro del campo. Por defecto, los números se alinean a la derecha y las cadenas de caracteres a la izquierda. Esto se puede modificar con el especificador de formato <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code> o <code>^</code>, según se quiera justificar a la izquierda, derecha o centro, respectivamente.</p>
<div id="5e292e1a-5434-4f56-a060-b7f3cb0584f6" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb29"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>numero <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">12</span></span>
<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"El número es |</span><span class="sc">{</span>numero<span class="sc">:10}</span><span class="ss">|"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"El número es |</span><span class="sc">{</span>numero<span class="sc">:&lt;10}</span><span class="ss">|"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"El número es |</span><span class="sc">{</span>numero<span class="sc">:^10}</span><span class="ss">|"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Federico'</span></span>
<span id="cb29-6"><a href="#cb29-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"El nombre es |</span><span class="sc">{</span>name<span class="sc">:10}</span><span class="ss">|"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb29-7"><a href="#cb29-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"El nombre es |</span><span class="sc">{</span>name<span class="sc">:&gt;10}</span><span class="ss">|"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb29-8"><a href="#cb29-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f"El nombre es |</span><span class="sc">{</span>name<span class="sc">:^10}</span><span class="ss">|"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb29-9"><a href="#cb29-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb29-10"><a href="#cb29-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb29-11"><a href="#cb29-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Orden Justificación, ancho, coma, punto, p, tipo</span></span>
<span id="cb29-12"><a href="#cb29-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>cantidad <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">1256354.6598</span></span>
<span id="cb29-13"><a href="#cb29-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="ss">f'|Saldo a favor: $ </span><span class="sc">{</span>cantidad<span class="sc">:&lt;20,.2f}</span><span class="ss">|'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                                </section>
            </section>
            </section>

            <section id="py-list" class="level2" data-number="4.5">
                <h2 data-number="4.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="py-list"><span
                        class="header-section-number">4.5</span> Listas </h2>
<p>Las listas en Python son un tipo de dato que permite almacenar datos de cualquier tipo. Son mutables y dinámicas, lo cual es la principal diferencia con los sets y las tuplas.</p>
                        <section id="cr-list" class="level3" data-number="4.5.1">
                            <h3 data-number="4.5.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="cr-list"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.5.1</span> Crear listas en Python </h3>
<p>Las listas en Python son uno de los tipos o estructuras de datos más versátiles del lenguaje, ya que permiten almacenar un conjunto arbitrario de datos. Es decir, podemos guardar en ellas prácticamente lo que sea. Una lista sea crea con <code>[]</code> separando sus elementos con comas <code>,</code>. Una gran ventaja es que pueden almacenar tipos de datos distintos.</p>
<div id="9613ecad-65fa-4bfe-8bf1-f03af4e6b19c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb30"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>lista <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="st">"Hola"</span>, <span class="fl">3.67</span>, [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>]]</span>
<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(lista)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>También se puede crear usando <code>list</code> y pasando un objeto iterable.</p>
<div id="819735d4-10b6-4687-b397-3577ea3cf3d9" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb31"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>lista <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">list</span>(<span class="st">"1234"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(lista)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Algunas propiedades de las listas:</p>
<ul>
<li>Son ordenadas, mantienen el orden en el que han sido definidas</li>
<li>Pueden ser formadas por tipos arbitrarios</li>
<li>Pueden ser indexadas con <code>[i]</code></li>
<li>Se pueden anidar, es decir, meter una dentro de la otra.</li>
<li>Son mutables, ya que sus elementos pueden ser modificados.</li>
<li>Son dinámicas, ya que se pueden añadir o eliminar elementos.</li>
</ul>
                                </section>
                        <section id="mod-list" class="level3" data-number="4.5.2">
                            <h3 data-number="4.5.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="mod-list"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.5.2</span> Acceder y modificar listas </h3>
<p>Si tenemos una lista <code>a</code> con 3 elementos almacenados en ella, podemos acceder a los mismos usando corchetes y un índice, que va desde <code>0</code> a <code>n-1</code> siendo <code>n</code> el tamaño de la lista.</p>
<div id="ef321cc6-78e5-417f-a18c-1c7ba45f801d" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb32"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb32-1"><a href="#cb32-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">90</span>, <span class="st">"Python"</span>, <span class="fl">3.87</span>]</span>
<span id="cb32-2"><a href="#cb32-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a[<span class="dv">0</span>])</span>
<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
<span id="cb32-4"><a href="#cb32-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a[<span class="dv">2</span>])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>También se puede acceder a los elementos de una lista a partir del último elemento usando índices negtivos, iniciando con <code>[-1]</code>.</p>
<div id="8828b010-dec4-41cb-be9e-b69a03fab9d4" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb33"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb33-1"><a href="#cb33-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">90</span>, <span class="st">"Python"</span>, <span class="fl">3.87</span>]</span>
<span id="cb33-2"><a href="#cb33-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
<span id="cb33-3"><a href="#cb33-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>])</span>
<span id="cb33-4"><a href="#cb33-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a[<span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">3</span>])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>También es posible crear sublistas más pequeñas de una más grande. Para ello debemos de usar : entre corchetes, indicando a la izquierda el valor de inicio y a la derecha el valor final que no está incluido, similar a <code>range()</code>. Por lo tanto <code>[0:2]</code> creará una lista con los elementos <code>[0]</code> y <code>[1]</code> de la original.</p>
<div id="82cbe20b-632e-4583-9ff8-b547369de10e" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb34"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb34-1"><a href="#cb34-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">6</span>]</span>
<span id="cb34-2"><a href="#cb34-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">2</span>])</span>
<span id="cb34-3"><a href="#cb34-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l[<span class="dv">2</span>:<span class="dv">6</span>])</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Si queremos modificar un elemento de la lista, basta con asignar con el operador <code>=</code> el nuevo valor.</p>
<div id="eb4eb8e6-2d64-486a-be1e-4aa12a39a568" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb35"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb35-1"><a href="#cb35-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">list</span>(<span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">10</span>))</span>
<span id="cb35-2"><a href="#cb35-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a,<span class="st">'</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb35-3"><a href="#cb35-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="cb35-4"><a href="#cb35-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(a)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="6fd6b431-a58f-424a-a77a-98559b84754e" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb36"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> <span class="bu">list</span>(<span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">10</span>))</span>
<span id="cb36-2"><a href="#cb36-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l,<span class="st">'</span><span class="ch">\n</span><span class="st">'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb36-3"><a href="#cb36-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l[<span class="dv">0</span>:<span class="dv">3</span>] <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="dv">0</span>]</span>
<span id="cb36-4"><a href="#cb36-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Hay ciertos operadores como el <code>+</code> que pueden ser usados sobre las listas.</p>
<div id="f0a42c85-ddac-4742-961a-13631cd76ab0" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb37"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb37-1"><a href="#cb37-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>]</span>
<span id="cb37-2"><a href="#cb37-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">+=</span> [<span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]</span>
<span id="cb37-3"><a href="#cb37-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Y una funcionalidad muy interesante es que se puede asignar una lista con <code>n</code> elementos a <code>n</code> variables.</p>
<div id="bb0b585a-4def-4a65-b4cb-92d72536c71a" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb38"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb38-1"><a href="#cb38-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>]</span>
<span id="cb38-2"><a href="#cb38-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x, y, z <span class="op">=</span> l</span>
<span id="cb38-3"><a href="#cb38-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(x, y, z)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                                </section>
                        <section id="it-list" class="level3" data-number="4.5.3">
                            <h3 data-number="4.5.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="it-list"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.5.3</span> Iterar listas </h3>
<p>En Python es muy fácil iterar una lista, mucho más que en otros lenguajes de programación.</p>
<div id="7da6bac5-6b7d-43d6-af5b-86067700318c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb39"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb39-1"><a href="#cb39-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>lista <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">9</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>]</span>
<span id="cb39-2"><a href="#cb39-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> l <span class="kw">in</span> lista:</span>
<span id="cb39-3"><a href="#cb39-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Si necesitamos un índice acompañado con la lista, que tome valores desde <code>0</code> hasta <code>n-1</code>, se puede hacer de la siguiente manera.</p>
<div id="d34c9cae-becd-4cc7-b887-dd25c557d854" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb40"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb40-1"><a href="#cb40-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>lista <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">9</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>]</span>
<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> index, l <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">enumerate</span>(lista):</span>
<span id="cb40-3"><a href="#cb40-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(index, l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>O si tenemos dos listas y las queremos iterar a la vez, también es posible hacerlo.</p>
<div id="5892378e-d327-486c-9e97-c2fb831c5342" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb41"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb41-1"><a href="#cb41-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>lista1 <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">5</span>, <span class="dv">9</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>]</span>
<span id="cb41-2"><a href="#cb41-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>lista2 <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="st">"Jazz"</span>, <span class="st">"Rock"</span>, <span class="st">"Djent"</span>]</span>
<span id="cb41-3"><a href="#cb41-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> l1, l2 <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">zip</span>(lista1, lista2):</span>
<span id="cb41-4"><a href="#cb41-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(l1, l2)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                                </section>
                        <section id="mt-list" class="level3" data-number="4.5.4">
                            <h3 data-number="4.5.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="mt-list"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.5.4</span> Métodos de listas </h3>
<p><code>append()</code></p>
<div id="f7479ab7-1e3d-4124-8126-0d141e2c52b6" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb42"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>]</span>
<span id="cb42-2"><a href="#cb42-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l.append(<span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb42-3"><a href="#cb42-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><code>extend()</code></p>
<div id="b2a925bf-4e8b-4acd-a976-b2b4438bf898" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb43"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>]</span>
<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l.extend([<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>])</span>
<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><code>insert()</code></p>
<div id="ec1688b2-97cd-4532-a03d-62fe91409d40" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb44"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb44-1"><a href="#cb44-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>]</span>
<span id="cb44-2"><a href="#cb44-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l.insert(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>)</span>
<span id="cb44-3"><a href="#cb44-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><code>remove()</code></p>
<div id="b15d0c47-a1f8-4b0d-b03b-4346e8bc0240" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb45"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb45-1"><a href="#cb45-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>]</span>
<span id="cb45-2"><a href="#cb45-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l.remove(<span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb45-3"><a href="#cb45-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><code>pop()</code></p>
<div id="ef425168-c0d1-4f67-8fb3-5f1828d9bac2" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb46"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>]</span>
<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l.pop()</span>
<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><code>reverse()</code></p>
<div id="94f87b46-df91-4ed7-82f4-2dc5cc4a2d94" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb47"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb47-1"><a href="#cb47-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>]</span>
<span id="cb47-2"><a href="#cb47-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l.reverse()</span>
<span id="cb47-3"><a href="#cb47-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><code>sort</code></p>
<div id="85e531b2-6538-4d7a-a2b2-a3450a65947c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb48"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb48-1"><a href="#cb48-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>]</span>
<span id="cb48-2"><a href="#cb48-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l.sort()</span>
<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="eae1f8c7-1538-4142-ab2d-057a1dd518a1" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb49"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb49-1"><a href="#cb49-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>]</span>
<span id="cb49-2"><a href="#cb49-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l.sort(reverse<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)</span>
<span id="cb49-3"><a href="#cb49-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><code>index</code></p>
<div id="624101a3-edbe-42dd-86ac-00b3ac3b495c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb50"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="st">"Periphery"</span>, <span class="st">"Intervals"</span>, <span class="st">"Monuments"</span>]</span>
<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l.index(<span class="st">"Intervals"</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="dca27bae-1a10-484d-b689-b29a613bc816" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb51"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb51-1"><a href="#cb51-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]</span>
<span id="cb51-2"><a href="#cb51-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l.index(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                                </section>
            </section>

            <section id="py-tuple" class="level2" data-number="4.6">
                <h2 data-number="4.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="py-tuple"><span
                        class="header-section-number">4.6</span> Tuplas </h2>
<p>Las tuplas en Python son un tipo o estructura de datos que permite almacenar datos de una manera muy parecida a las listas, con la salvedad de que son inmutables.</p>
                        <section id="cr-tuple" class="level3" data-number="4.6.1">
                            <h3 data-number="4.6.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="cr-tuple"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.6.1</span> Creación de tuplas </h3>
<p>Las tuplas en Python son muy similares a las listas, pero con dos diferencias. Son inmutables, lo que significa que no pueden ser modificadas una vez declaradas, y en vez de inicializarse con corchetes se hace con () -Aunque no es necesario-. Dependiendo de lo que queramos hacer, las tuplas pueden ser más rápidas.</p>
<div id="7b7ac350-bd5b-4c13-90a4-11e8cddef6ae" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb52"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb52-1"><a href="#cb52-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tupla <span class="op">=</span> (<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb52-2"><a href="#cb52-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="bu">type</span>(tupla))</span>
<span id="cb52-3"><a href="#cb52-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(tupla) </span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="30c85c7e-aaa0-4655-adb7-6e160c3fb93c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb53"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb53-1"><a href="#cb53-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tupla <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span></span>
<span id="cb53-2"><a href="#cb53-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="bu">type</span>(tupla))</span>
<span id="cb53-3"><a href="#cb53-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(tupla) </span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                                </section>
                        <section id="mt-tuple" class="level3" data-number="4.6.2">
                            <h3 data-number="4.6.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="mt-tuple"><span
                                    class="header-section-number">4.6.2</span> Métodos de tuplas </h3>
<p><code>count()</code></p>
<div id="5d70ddc9-d0f1-4476-add6-86f51185d33c" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb54"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb54-1"><a href="#cb54-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]</span>
<span id="cb54-2"><a href="#cb54-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l.count(<span class="dv">1</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><code>index()</code></p>
<div id="7ac767fd-eccd-407d-8542-a14152fc30d3" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb55"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb55-1"><a href="#cb55-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]</span>
<span id="cb55-2"><a href="#cb55-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l.index(<span class="dv">5</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="23d794b5-49e5-4778-bf1f-3142c3531a9e" class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb56"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb56-1"><a href="#cb56-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]</span>
<span id="cb56-2"><a href="#cb56-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(l.index(<span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
                                </section>
            </section>