Debug assertions currently failing on `main`

[stuhood]

Describe the bug

#19728 introduced some new debug-assertion failures on main: see #20689

Ideally these would be blocked before landing on main.

To Reproduce

See #20689.

Expected behavior

CI would enable debug assertions.

Additional context

[alamb]

This got fixed upstream in arrow-rs (thanks @Tim-53 )

sounds like we should prepare a release 🤔 (of arrow-rs)

[alamb]

This does appear to be a dupe of #20689

[alamb]

After a somewhat unfortunate delay, here is a PR to update us to arrow 58.1.0 (that fixes the problem running tests in debug mode)

• Update to arrow/parquet 58.1.0 #21044