Adds ExtensionType for Parquet geospatial WKB arrays (#8943)

# Which issue does this PR close?

This does not fully close, but is an initial component of:
 - #8717

# Rationale for this change

To keep PR size digestible, this implements the bi-directional extension
type metadata parsing for Parquet geospatial arrays. An actual array
type that allows users to easily interact with the data can come as a
follow-on PR.

# What changes are included in this PR?

 - Implements the ExtensionType for Parquet geospatial logical types
 - Adds GeoArrow compatible Metadata type to hold geospatial metadata
- Adds basic tests around geospatial metadata
serialization/deserialization
 - Integrates geospatial logical type parsing into schema extensions

# Are these changes tested?

Yes. Targeted unit tests for the metadata and associated parsing have
been implemented. Higher level tests that show a full round-trip to and
from arrays can be included in the array implementation PR.

# Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes. All new public items have been documented, and no API breaking
changes have been made.

##
cc @alamb @paleolimbot @kylebarron

Author: BlakeOrth

parquet-geospatial/Cargo.toml

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ rust-version = { workspace = true }
 [dependencies]
 arrow-schema = { workspace = true }
 geo-traits = { version = "0.3" }
+serde = { version = "1.0", default-features = false, features = ["derive"]}
+serde_json = { version = "1.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"]}
 wkb = { version = "0.9.1" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]

parquet-geospatial/src/lib.rs

@@ -30,3 +30,10 @@
 pub mod bounding;
 pub mod interval;
 pub mod testing;
+
+mod types;
+
+pub use types::Edges as WkbEdges;
+pub use types::Hint as WkbTypeHint;
+pub use types::Metadata as WkbMetadata;
+pub use types::WkbType;