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LATIN Programming Language - Quick Reference

Running Programs

# Run a LATIN program
python3 latin.py program.lat

# Run with English error messages
python3 latin.py program.lat --english

# Start interactive REPL
python3 latin.py --repl

Keywords

  • SIT - Declare variable ("let it be")
  • EST - Assignment ("is")
  • SI - If conditional
  • ALITER - Else clause ("otherwise")
  • DUM - While loop ("while")
  • FINIS - End block
  • SCRIBE - Print output ("write")
  • LEGO - Read user input ("I read/gather")

Operations

Arithmetic

  • ADDE - Addition (add [acc] to [dat])
  • DEME - Subtraction (subtract [acc] from [abl])
  • MVLTIPLICA - Multiplication
  • DVCE - Integer division ("divide")

String Operations

  • IVNGE - String concatenation ("join") [acc] [acc]
  • INCIPITCVM - Starts with ("begins with") [nom] [abl]
  • FINITVRCVM - Ends with ("finishes with") [nom] [abl]
  • CONTINET - Contains ("holds/contains") [nom] [acc]
  • INDICEDE - Index of ("point out from") [nom] [abl]

Note: All string operations accept string literals or variables

Comparison

  • AEQUAT - Equals (=) - works with numbers and strings
  • MAIVS - Greater than (>)
  • MINOR - Less than (<)

Data Types

  • Integers - Represented as Roman numerals (I, V, X, L, C, D, M)
  • Strings - Text in double quotes: "text here"
  • NIHIL - Zero ("nothing")

Latin Cases

  • Nominative (-US, -A, -UM): Subject, before EST
  • Accusative (-UM, -AM): Direct object, after SCRIBE, first arg to operations
  • Dative (-O, -AE): "to/for", second arg to ADDE
  • Ablative (-O, -A): "from", second arg to DEME

Common Variables

NUMERUS/NUMERUM/NUMERO  - number
PRIMUS/PRIMUM/PRIMO     - first
SECUNDUS/SECUNDUM/SECUNDO - second
TERTIUS/TERTIUM/TERTIO  - third
QUARTUS/QUARTUM/QUARTO  - fourth
QUINTUS/QUINTUM/QUINTO  - fifth
NOMEN/NOMEN/NOMINI/NOMINE - name
PRAEFIXVM/PRAEFIXVM/PRAEFIXO - prefix
RESULTAT/RESULTATUM/RESULTATO - result
INDEX/INDICEM/INDICI/INDICE - index

Examples

Hello World

SITNUMERUS
NUMERUSESTXLII
SCRIBENUMERUM

Addition

SITPRIMUS
SITSECUNDUS
SITTERTIUS
PRIMUSESTXX
SECUNDUSESTXXII
TERTIUSESTADDEPRIMUMSECUNDO  ; add PRIMUM to SECONDO
SCRIBETERTIUM

Conditional

SITNUMERUS
NUMERUSESTX
SINUMERUSAEQUATX
SCRIBENUMERUM
FINIS

Loop (countdown from 10)

SITNUMERUS
NUMERUSESTX
DUMNUMERUSMAIVSI
SCRIBENUMERUM
NUMERUSESTDEMENUMERVI
FINIS

User Input

SITNOMEN
SITNUMERUS
SCRIBE"Quid est nomen tuum?"
LEGONOMEN
SCRIBE"Quantus numerus?"
LEGONUMERUS

Multiplication

SITPRIMUS
SITSECUNDUS
PRIMUSESTVI
SECUNDUSESTVII
TERTIUSESTMVLTIPLICAPRIMUMSECUNDUM
SCRIBETERTIUM

String Operations Example

SITNOMEN
SITPRAEFIXVM
SITRESULTAT
NOMENEST"CAESAR"
PRAEFIXVMEST"CAE"

; Check if starts with "CAE" (literal)
RESULTATESTINCIPITCVMNOMEN"CAE"  ; returns I (true)

; Check if starts with prefix (variable in ablative)
RESULTATESTINCIPITCVMNOMENPRAEFIXO  ; returns I (true)

; Check if ends with "SAR"
RESULTATESTFINITVRCVMNOMEN"SAR"  ; returns I (true)

; Check if contains "AES"
RESULTATESTCONTINETNOMEN"AES"    ; returns I (true)

; Find index of "SAR"
RESULTATESTINDICEDENOMEN"SAR"    ; returns III (position 3)

; String equality
SINOMENAEQUAT"CAESAR"
SCRIBE"Match found"
FINIS

REPL Commands

  • VALE - Quit REPL ("farewell")
  • ANGLICE - Switch to English errors
  • LATINE - Switch to Latin errors

Error Messages

Latin (Default)

  • ERRATUM: '[word]' non intellegitur - word not understood
  • ERRATUM: '[var]' non declaratur - variable not declared
  • ERRATUM: Syntax incorrecta - incorrect syntax
  • ERRATUM: Divisio per nihil - division by zero

English (use --english flag)

  • Unknown word
  • Variable not declared
  • Invalid syntax
  • Division by zero

Roman Numerals

Numbers are input and output as Roman numerals:

  • I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000
  • Subtractive notation: IV=4, IX=9, XL=40, XC=90, CD=400, CM=900
  • NIHIL = 0 (nothing)

Notes

  • Programs have NO SPACES between words
  • Comments start with ;
  • All letters must be uppercase
  • Use classical spelling: V for U, I for J
  • BELLVM not BELLUM, MANVS not MANUS