diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e47e4b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/dev.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11939 @@
+-DOCSTART- (S0003491613001516)
+
+Complex	0,7	O	B-Process
+Langevin	8,16	O	I-Process
+(	17,18	O	O
+CL	18,20	O	B-Process
+)	20,21	O	O
+dynamics	22,30	O	O
+[	32,33	O	O
+1,2	33,36	O	O
+]	36,37	O	O
+provides	38,46	O	O
+an	47,49	O	O
+approach	50,58	O	O
+to	59,61	O	O
+circumvent	62,72	O	O
+the	73,76	O	O
+sign	77,81	O	B-Task
+problem	82,89	O	I-Task
+in	90,92	O	O
+numerical	93,102	O	B-Process
+simulations	103,114	O	I-Process
+of	115,117	O	I-Process
+lattice	118,125	O	I-Process
+field	126,131	O	I-Process
+theories	132,140	O	I-Process
+with	141,145	O	O
+a	146,147	O	O
+complex	148,155	O	O
+Boltzmann	156,165	O	O
+weight	166,172	O	O
+,	172,173	O	O
+since	174,179	O	O
+it	180,182	O	O
+does	183,187	O	O
+not	188,191	O	O
+rely	192,196	O	O
+on	197,199	O	O
+importance	200,210	O	O
+sampling	211,219	O	O
+.	219,220	O	O
+
+In	221,223	O	O
+recent	224,230	O	O
+years	231,236	O	O
+a	237,238	O	O
+number	239,245	O	O
+of	246,248	O	O
+stimulating	249,260	O	O
+results	261,268	O	O
+has	269,272	O	O
+been	273,277	O	O
+obtained	278,286	O	O
+in	287,289	O	O
+the	290,293	O	O
+context	294,301	O	O
+of	302,304	O	O
+nonzero	305,312	O	B-Process
+chemical	313,321	O	I-Process
+potential	322,331	O	I-Process
+,	331,332	O	O
+in	333,335	O	O
+both	336,340	O	O
+lower	341,346	O	B-Process
+and	347,350	O	I-Process
+four	351,355	O	I-Process
+-	355,356	O	I-Process
+dimensional	356,367	O	I-Process
+field	368,373	O	I-Process
+theories	374,382	O	I-Process
+with	383,387	O	O
+a	388,389	O	O
+severe	390,396	O	O
+sign	397,401	O	B-Task
+problem	402,409	O	I-Task
+in	410,412	O	I-Task
+the	413,416	O	I-Task
+thermodynamic	417,430	O	I-Task
+limit	431,436	O	I-Task
+[	438,439	O	O
+3–8	439,442	O	O
+]	442,443	O	O
+(	444,445	O	O
+for	445,448	O	O
+two	449,452	O	O
+recent	453,459	O	O
+reviews	460,467	O	O
+,	467,468	O	O
+see	469,472	O	O
+e.g.	473,477	O	O
+Refs	478,482	O	O
+.	482,483	O	O
+
+[	485,486	O	O
+9,10	486,490	O	O
+]	490,491	O	O
+)	491,492	O	O
+.	492,493	O	O
+
+However	494,501	O	O
+,	501,502	O	O
+as	503,505	O	O
+has	506,509	O	O
+been	510,514	O	O
+known	515,520	O	O
+since	521,526	O	O
+shortly	527,534	O	O
+after	535,540	O	O
+its	541,544	O	O
+inception	545,554	O	O
+,	554,555	O	O
+correct	556,563	O	O
+results	564,571	O	O
+are	572,575	O	O
+not	576,579	O	O
+guaranteed	580,590	O	O
+
+[	592,593	O	O
+11–16	593,598	O	O
+]	598,599	O	O
+.	599,600	O	O
+
+This	601,605	O	O
+calls	606,611	O	O
+for	612,615	O	O
+an	616,618	O	O
+improved	619,627	O	B-Task
+understanding	628,641	O	I-Task
+,	641,642	O	I-Task
+relying	643,650	O	I-Task
+on	651,653	O	I-Task
+the	654,657	O	I-Task
+combination	658,669	O	I-Task
+of	670,672	O	I-Task
+analytical	673,683	O	I-Task
+and	684,687	O	I-Task
+numerical	688,697	O	I-Task
+insight	698,705	O	I-Task
+.	705,706	O	O
+
+In	707,709	O	O
+the	710,713	O	O
+recent	714,720	O	O
+past	721,725	O	O
+,	725,726	O	O
+the	727,730	O	O
+important	731,740	O	O
+role	741,745	O	O
+played	746,752	O	O
+by	753,755	O	O
+the	756,759	O	O
+properties	760,770	O	O
+of	771,773	O	O
+the	774,777	O	O
+real	778,782	O	O
+and	783,786	O	O
+positive	787,795	O	O
+probability	796,807	O	B-Process
+distribution	808,820	O	I-Process
+in	821,823	O	O
+the	824,827	O	O
+complexified	828,840	O	B-Process
+configuration	841,854	O	I-Process
+space	855,860	O	I-Process
+,	860,861	O	O
+which	862,867	O	O
+is	868,870	O	O
+effectively	871,882	O	O
+sampled	883,890	O	O
+during	891,897	O	O
+the	898,901	O	O
+Langevin	902,910	O	B-Process
+process	911,918	O	I-Process
+,	918,919	O	O
+has	920,923	O	O
+been	924,928	O	O
+clarified	929,938	O	O
+[	940,941	O	O
+17,18	941,946	O	O
+]	946,947	O	O
+.	947,948	O	O
+
+An	949,951	O	O
+important	952,961	O	O
+conclusion	962,972	O	O
+was	973,976	O	O
+that	977,981	O	O
+this	982,986	O	O
+distribution	987,999	O	B-Process
+should	1000,1006	O	O
+be	1007,1009	O	O
+sufficiently	1010,1022	O	O
+localised	1023,1032	O	O
+in	1033,1035	O	O
+order	1036,1041	O	O
+for	1042,1045	O	O
+CL	1046,1048	O	B-Process
+to	1049,1051	O	O
+yield	1052,1057	O	O
+valid	1058,1063	O	O
+results	1064,1071	O	O
+.	1071,1072	O	O
+
+Importantly	1073,1084	O	O
+,	1084,1085	O	O
+this	1086,1090	O	O
+insight	1091,1098	O	O
+has	1099,1102	O	O
+recently	1103,1111	O	O
+also	1112,1116	O	O
+led	1117,1120	O	O
+to	1121,1123	O	O
+promising	1124,1133	O	O
+results	1134,1141	O	O
+in	1142,1144	O	O
+nonabelian	1145,1155	O	B-Task
+gauge	1156,1161	O	I-Task
+theories	1162,1170	O	I-Task
+,	1170,1171	O	O
+with	1172,1176	O	O
+the	1177,1180	O	O
+implementation	1181,1195	O	O
+of	1196,1198	O	O
+SL(N	1199,1203	O	B-Material
+,	1203,1204	O	I-Material
+C	1204,1205	O	I-Material
+)	1205,1206	O	I-Material
+gauge	1207,1212	O	I-Material
+cooling	1213,1220	O	I-Material
+[	1222,1223	O	O
+8,10	1223,1227	O	O
+]	1227,1228	O	O
+.	1228,1229	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0003491615001839)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+work	5,9	O	O
+shows	10,15	O	O
+how	16,19	O	O
+our	20,23	O	O
+approach	24,32	O	O
+based	33,38	O	O
+on	39,41	O	O
+the	42,45	O	O
+combination	46,57	O	O
+of	58,60	O	O
+Statistical	61,72	O	B-Process
+Mechanics	73,82	O	I-Process
+and	83,86	O	O
+nonlinear	87,96	O	B-Process
+PDEs	97,101	O	I-Process
+theory	102,108	O	I-Process
+provides	109,117	O	O
+us	118,120	O	O
+with	121,125	O	O
+a	126,127	O	O
+novel	128,133	O	O
+and	134,137	O	O
+powerful	138,146	O	O
+tool	147,151	O	O
+to	152,154	O	O
+tackle	155,161	O	O
+phase	162,167	O	B-Task
+transitions	168,179	O	I-Task
+.	179,180	O	O
+
+This	181,185	O	O
+method	186,192	O	O
+leads	193,198	O	O
+to	199,201	O	O
+solution	202,210	O	O
+of	211,213	O	O
+perhaps	214,221	O	O
+the	222,225	O	O
+most	226,230	O	O
+known	231,236	O	O
+test	237,241	O	O
+-	241,242	O	O
+case	242,246	O	O
+that	247,251	O	O
+exhibits	252,260	O	O
+a	261,262	O	O
+first	263,268	O	B-Process
+order	269,274	O	I-Process
+phase	275,280	O	I-Process
+transition	281,291	O	I-Process
+(	292,293	O	O
+semi	293,297	O	O
+-	297,298	O	O
+heuristically	298,311	O	O
+described	312,321	O	O
+)	321,322	O	O
+such	323,327	O	O
+as	328,330	O	O
+the	331,334	O	O
+van	335,338	O	B-Process
+der	339,342	O	I-Process
+Waals	343,348	O	I-Process
+model	349,354	O	I-Process
+.	354,355	O	O
+
+In	356,358	O	O
+particular	359,369	O	O
+we	370,372	O	O
+have	373,377	O	O
+obtained	378,386	O	O
+the	387,390	O	O
+first	391,396	O	O
+global	397,403	O	O
+mean	404,408	O	O
+field	409,414	O	B-Process
+partition	415,424	O	I-Process
+function	425,433	O	I-Process
+(	434,435	O	O
+Eq	435,437	O	O
+.	437,438	O	O
+
+(	439,440	O	O
+9	440,441	O	O
+)	441,442	O	O
+)	442,443	O	O
+,	443,444	O	O
+for	445,448	O	O
+a	449,450	O	O
+system	451,457	O	O
+of	458,460	O	O
+finite	461,467	O	O
+number	468,474	O	O
+of	475,477	O	O
+particles	478,487	O	O
+.	487,488	O	O
+
+The	489,492	O	O
+partition	493,502	O	B-Process
+function	503,511	O	I-Process
+is	512,514	O	O
+a	515,516	O	O
+solution	517,525	O	O
+to	526,528	O	O
+the	529,532	O	O
+Klein	533,538	O	B-Task
+–	538,539	O	I-Task
+Gordon	539,545	O	I-Task
+equation	546,554	O	I-Task
+,	554,555	O	O
+reproduces	556,566	O	O
+the	567,570	O	O
+van	571,574	O	B-Process
+der	575,578	O	I-Process
+Waals	579,584	O	I-Process
+isotherms	585,594	O	I-Process
+away	595,599	O	O
+from	600,604	O	O
+the	605,608	O	O
+critical	609,617	O	O
+region	618,624	O	O
+and	625,628	O	O
+,	628,629	O	O
+in	630,632	O	O
+the	633,636	O	O
+thermodynamic	637,650	O	B-Process
+limit	651,656	O	I-Process
+N→∞	657,660	O	I-Process
+automatically	661,674	O	O
+encodes	675,682	O	O
+the	683,686	O	O
+Maxwell	687,694	O	B-Process
+equal	695,700	O	I-Process
+areas	701,706	O	I-Process
+rule	707,711	O	I-Process
+.	711,712	O	O
+
+The	713,716	O	O
+approach	717,725	O	O
+hereby	726,732	O	O
+presented	733,742	O	O
+is	743,745	O	O
+of	746,748	O	O
+remarkable	749,759	O	O
+simplicity	760,770	O	O
+,	770,771	O	O
+has	772,775	O	O
+been	776,780	O	O
+successfully	781,793	O	O
+applied	794,801	O	O
+to	802,804	O	O
+spin	805,809	O	B-Process
+[	811,812	O	O
+17–19,14,16	812,823	O	O
+]	823,824	O	O
+and	825,828	O	O
+macroscopic	829,840	O	B-Process
+thermodynamic	841,854	O	I-Process
+systems	855,862	O	I-Process
+[	864,865	O	O
+20,15	865,870	O	O
+]	870,871	O	O
+and	872,875	O	O
+can	876,879	O	O
+be	880,882	O	O
+further	883,890	O	O
+extended	891,899	O	O
+to	900,902	O	O
+include	903,910	O	O
+the	911,914	O	O
+larger	915,921	O	O
+class	922,927	O	O
+of	928,930	O	O
+models	931,937	O	O
+admitting	938,947	O	O
+partition	948,957	O	B-Process
+functions	958,967	O	I-Process
+of	968,970	O	I-Process
+the	971,974	O	I-Process
+form	975,979	O	I-Process
+(	980,981	O	O
+4	981,982	O	O
+)	982,983	O	O
+to	984,986	O	O
+be	987,989	O	O
+used	990,994	O	O
+to	995,997	O	O
+extend	998,1004	O	O
+to	1005,1007	O	O
+the	1008,1011	O	O
+critical	1012,1020	O	O
+region	1021,1027	O	O
+general	1028,1035	O	B-Process
+equations	1036,1045	O	I-Process
+of	1046,1048	O	I-Process
+state	1049,1054	O	I-Process
+of	1055,1057	O	I-Process
+the	1058,1061	O	I-Process
+form	1062,1066	O	I-Process
+(	1067,1068	O	O
+7	1068,1069	O	O
+)	1069,1070	O	O
+including	1071,1080	O	O
+a	1081,1082	O	O
+class	1083,1088	O	B-Process
+virial	1089,1095	O	I-Process
+expansions	1096,1106	O	I-Process
+.	1106,1107	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261408017028)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+use	3,6	O	O
+open	7,11	O	O
+and	12,15	O	O
+close	16,21	O	O
+aperture	22,30	O	B-Process
+Z	31,32	O	I-Process
+-	32,33	O	I-Process
+scan	33,37	O	I-Process
+experiments	38,49	O	I-Process
+,	49,50	O	O
+in	51,53	O	O
+analogy	54,61	O	O
+to	62,64	O	O
+the	65,68	O	O
+saturation	69,79	O	B-Task
+absorption	80,90	O	I-Task
+work	91,95	O	O
+discussed	96,105	O	O
+earlier	106,113	O	O
+in	114,116	O	O
+water	117,122	O	B-Material
+[	123,124	O	O
+8	124,125	O	O
+]	125,126	O	O
+,	126,127	O	O
+to	128,130	O	O
+respectively	131,143	O	O
+measure	144,151	O	O
+the	152,155	O	O
+β	156,157	O	O
+and	158,161	O	O
+n2	162,164	O	O
+for	165,168	O	O
+a	169,170	O	O
+series	171,177	O	O
+of	178,180	O	O
+primary	181,188	O	B-Material
+alcohols	189,197	O	I-Material
+with	198,202	O	O
+the	203,206	O	O
+help	207,211	O	O
+of	212,214	O	O
+1560	215,219	O	B-Material
+nm	219,221	O	I-Material
+femtosecond	222,233	O	I-Material
+laser	234,239	O	I-Material
+pulses	240,246	O	I-Material
+,	246,247	O	O
+however	248,255	O	O
+,	255,256	O	O
+with	257,261	O	O
+the	262,265	O	O
+important	266,275	O	O
+inclusion	276,285	O	O
+of	286,288	O	O
+an	289,291	O	O
+optical	292,299	O	B-Material
+-	299,300	O	I-Material
+chopper	300,307	O	I-Material
+.	307,308	O	O
+
+The	309,312	O	O
+vibrational	313,324	O	B-Process
+combination	325,336	O	I-Process
+states	337,343	O	I-Process
+of	344,346	O	O
+the	347,350	O	O
+alcohols	351,359	O	B-Material
+are	360,363	O	O
+coupled	364,371	O	O
+by	372,374	O	O
+the	375,378	O	O
+femtosecond	379,390	O	B-Material
+laser	391,396	O	I-Material
+pulses	397,403	O	I-Material
+at	404,406	O	I-Material
+1560	407,411	O	I-Material
+nm	411,413	O	I-Material
+.	413,414	O	O
+
+These	415,420	O	O
+couplings	421,430	O	O
+result	431,437	O	O
+in	438,440	O	O
+the	441,444	O	O
+absorption	445,455	O	B-Process
+of	456,458	O	O
+1560	459,463	O	O
+nm	463,465	O	O
+and	466,469	O	O
+the	470,473	O	O
+excited	474,481	O	O
+molecules	482,491	O	B-Material
+undergo	492,499	O	O
+relaxation	500,510	O	O
+through	511,518	O	O
+non	519,522	O	B-Process
+-	522,523	O	I-Process
+radiative	523,532	O	I-Process
+processes	533,542	O	I-Process
+,	542,543	O	O
+which	544,549	O	O
+gives	550,555	O	O
+rise	556,560	O	O
+to	561,563	O	O
+transient	564,573	O	B-Process
+thermal	574,581	O	I-Process
+effects	582,589	O	I-Process
+.	589,590	O	O
+
+These	591,596	O	O
+transient	597,606	O	B-Process
+thermal	607,614	O	I-Process
+effects	615,622	O	I-Process
+are	623,626	O	O
+related	627,634	O	O
+to	635,637	O	O
+the	638,641	O	O
+pure	642,646	O	B-Process
+optical	647,654	O	I-Process
+nonlinearity	655,667	O	I-Process
+of	668,670	O	O
+the	671,674	O	O
+samples	675,682	O	O
+and	683,686	O	O
+can	687,690	O	O
+be	691,693	O	O
+measured	694,702	O	O
+as	703,705	O	O
+a	706,707	O	O
+change	708,714	O	O
+in	715,717	O	O
+their	718,723	O	O
+n2	724,726	O	O
+values	727,733	O	O
+[	734,735	O	O
+14	735,737	O	O
+]	737,738	O	O
+.	738,739	O	O
+
+The	740,743	O	O
+transient	744,753	O	B-Process
+thermal	754,761	O	I-Process
+effects	762,769	O	I-Process
+of	770,772	O	O
+individual	773,783	O	O
+pulses	784,790	O	O
+accumulate	791,801	O	O
+in	802,804	O	O
+case	805,809	O	O
+of	810,812	O	O
+high	813,817	O	B-Material
+repetition	818,828	O	I-Material
+-	828,829	O	I-Material
+rate	829,833	O	I-Material
+lasers	834,840	O	I-Material
+to	841,843	O	O
+produce	844,851	O	O
+a	852,853	O	O
+cumulative	854,864	O	B-Process
+thermal	865,872	O	I-Process
+effect	873,879	O	I-Process
+at	880,882	O	O
+longer	883,889	O	O
+timescales	890,900	O	O
+.	900,901	O	O
+
+We	902,904	O	O
+measure	905,912	O	B-Task
+this	913,917	O	I-Task
+cumulative	918,928	O	I-Task
+thermal	929,936	O	I-Task
+effect	937,943	O	I-Task
+with	944,948	O	O
+the	949,952	O	O
+mode	953,957	O	B-Process
+-	957,958	O	I-Process
+mismatched	958,968	O	I-Process
+two	969,972	O	I-Process
+-	972,973	O	I-Process
+color	973,978	O	I-Process
+pump	979,983	O	I-Process
+–	983,984	O	I-Process
+probe	984,989	O	I-Process
+experiment	990,1000	O	I-Process
+.	1000,1001	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261413004612)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+control	4,11	O	O
+of	12,14	O	O
+the	15,18	O	O
+RP	19,21	O	B-Process
+re	22,24	O	I-Process
+-	24,25	O	I-Process
+encounter	25,34	O	I-Process
+probability	35,46	O	I-Process
+finds	47,52	O	O
+a	53,54	O	O
+direct	55,61	O	O
+application	62,73	O	O
+to	74,76	O	O
+improve	77,84	O	B-Task
+the	85,88	O	I-Task
+performance	89,100	O	I-Task
+of	101,103	O	I-Task
+chemical	104,112	O	I-Task
+devices	113,120	O	I-Task
+.	120,121	O	O
+
+Here	122,126	O	O
+,	126,127	O	O
+we	128,130	O	O
+show	131,135	O	O
+how	136,139	O	O
+a	140,141	O	O
+simple	142,148	O	O
+-	148,149	O	O
+to	149,151	O	O
+-	151,152	O	O
+implement	152,161	O	O
+control	162,169	O	B-Process
+scheme	170,176	O	I-Process
+highly	177,183	O	O
+enhances	184,192	O	O
+the	193,196	O	O
+sensitivity	197,208	O	O
+of	209,211	O	O
+a	212,213	O	O
+model	214,219	O	B-Material
+chemical	220,228	O	I-Material
+magnetometer	229,241	O	I-Material
+by	242,244	O	O
+up	245,247	O	O
+to	248,250	O	O
+two	251,254	O	O
+orders	255,261	O	O
+of	262,264	O	O
+magnitude	265,274	O	O
+.	274,275	O	O
+
+The	276,279	O	O
+basic	280,285	O	O
+idea	286,290	O	O
+behind	291,297	O	O
+a	298,299	O	O
+chemical	300,308	O	B-Material
+magnetometer	309,321	O	I-Material
+is	322,324	O	O
+that	325,329	O	O
+,	329,330	O	O
+since	331,336	O	O
+a	337,338	O	O
+change	339,345	O	O
+in	346,348	O	O
+the	349,352	O	O
+magnetic	353,361	O	B-Process
+field	362,367	O	I-Process
+modifies	368,376	O	O
+the	377,380	O	O
+amount	381,387	O	O
+of	388,390	O	O
+singlet	391,398	O	B-Material
+products	399,407	O	I-Material
+,	407,408	O	O
+one	409,412	O	O
+can	413,416	O	O
+reverse	417,424	O	O
+the	425,428	O	O
+reasoning	429,438	O	O
+and	439,442	O	O
+measure	443,450	O	O
+the	451,454	O	O
+chemical	455,463	O	B-Material
+yield	464,469	O	I-Material
+to	470,472	O	O
+estimate	473,481	O	O
+B.	482,484	O	B-Process
+Intuitively	485,496	O	O
+,	496,497	O	O
+the	498,501	O	O
+magnetic	502,510	O	B-Process
+sensitivity	511,522	O	I-Process
+is	523,525	O	O
+high	526,530	O	O
+when	531,535	O	O
+a	536,537	O	O
+small	538,543	O	O
+change	544,550	O	O
+in	551,553	O	O
+the	554,557	O	O
+magnetic	558,566	O	B-Process
+field	567,572	O	I-Process
+intensity	573,582	O	I-Process
+produces	583,591	O	O
+large	592,597	O	O
+effects	598,605	O	O
+on	606,608	O	O
+the	609,612	O	O
+singlet	613,620	O	B-Material
+yield	621,626	O	I-Material
+.	626,627	O	O
+
+Formally	628,636	O	O
+,	636,637	O	O
+it	638,640	O	O
+is	641,643	O	O
+defined	644,651	O	O
+as:(2)Λs(B)≡∂Φs(B)∂B=∫0∞pre(t)gs(B	652,686	O	B-Process
+,	686,687	O	I-Process
+t)dt	687,691	O	I-Process
+,	691,692	O	O
+with	692,696	O	O
+gs(B	697,701	O	B-Process
+,	701,702	O	I-Process
+t)≡∂fs(B	702,710	O	I-Process
+,	710,711	O	I-Process
+t)∂B	711,715	O	I-Process
+being	716,721	O	O
+the	722,725	O	O
+instantaneous	726,739	O	B-Process
+magnetic	740,748	O	I-Process
+sensitivity	749,760	O	I-Process
+.	760,761	O	O
+
+The	762,765	O	O
+functional	766,776	O	O
+form	777,781	O	O
+of	782,784	O	O
+fs(B	785,789	O	O
+,	789,790	O	O
+t)=Sρel(t)S	790,801	O	O
+strongly	802,810	O	O
+depends	811,818	O	O
+on	819,821	O	O
+the	822,825	O	O
+specific	826,834	O	O
+realization	835,846	O	B-Process
+of	847,849	O	I-Process
+the	850,853	O	I-Process
+radical	854,861	O	I-Process
+pair	862,866	O	I-Process
+,	866,867	O	O
+in	868,870	O	O
+particular	871,881	O	O
+on	882,884	O	O
+the	885,888	O	O
+number	889,895	O	O
+of	896,898	O	O
+the	899,902	O	O
+surrounding	903,914	O	O
+nuclear	915,922	O	B-Process
+spins	923,928	O	I-Process
+.	928,929	O	O
+
+Here	930,934	O	O
+,	934,935	O	O
+we	936,938	O	O
+consider	939,947	O	O
+a	948,949	O	O
+radical	950,957	O	O
+pair	958,962	O	O
+in	963,965	O	O
+which	966,971	O	O
+the	972,975	O	O
+first	976,981	O	O
+electron	982,990	O	B-Process
+spin	991,995	O	I-Process
+is	996,998	O	O
+devoid	999,1005	O	O
+of	1006,1008	O	O
+hyperfine	1009,1018	O	B-Process
+interactions	1019,1031	O	I-Process
+,	1031,1032	O	O
+while	1033,1038	O	O
+the	1039,1042	O	O
+second	1043,1049	O	O
+electron	1050,1058	O	B-Process
+spin	1059,1063	O	I-Process
+interacts	1064,1073	O	O
+isotropically	1074,1087	O	O
+with	1088,1092	O	O
+one	1093,1096	O	O
+spin-1	1097,1103	O	B-Material
+nucleus	1104,1111	O	I-Material
+,	1111,1112	O	O
+e.g.	1113,1117	O	O
+nitrogen	1118,1126	O	B-Material
+.	1126,1127	O	O
+
+In	1128,1130	O	O
+the	1131,1134	O	O
+context	1135,1142	O	O
+of	1143,1145	O	O
+the	1146,1149	O	O
+chemical	1150,1158	O	B-Task
+compass	1159,1166	O	I-Task
+(	1167,1168	O	O
+i.e.	1168,1172	O	O
+when	1173,1177	O	O
+the	1178,1181	O	O
+task	1182,1186	O	O
+is	1187,1189	O	O
+determining	1190,1201	O	B-Task
+the	1202,1205	O	I-Task
+magnetic	1206,1214	O	I-Task
+field	1215,1220	O	I-Task
+direction	1221,1230	O	I-Task
+through	1231,1238	O	I-Task
+anisotropic	1239,1250	O	I-Task
+hyperfine	1251,1260	O	I-Task
+interactions	1261,1273	O	I-Task
+)	1273,1274	O	O
+,	1274,1275	O	O
+an	1276,1278	O	O
+analogous	1279,1288	O	B-Process
+configuration	1289,1302	O	I-Process
+(	1303,1304	O	O
+with	1304,1308	O	O
+only	1309,1313	O	O
+one	1314,1317	O	O
+spin-1/2	1318,1326	O	B-Material
+nucleus	1327,1334	O	I-Material
+)	1334,1335	O	O
+has	1336,1339	O	O
+been	1340,1344	O	O
+proposed	1345,1353	O	O
+[	1354,1355	O	O
+3	1355,1356	O	O
+]	1356,1357	O	O
+,	1357,1358	O	O
+and	1359,1362	O	O
+numerically	1363,1374	O	O
+characterized	1375,1388	O	O
+[	1389,1390	O	O
+8	1390,1391	O	O
+]	1391,1392	O	O
+,	1392,1393	O	O
+as	1394,1396	O	O
+being	1397,1402	O	O
+optimal	1403,1410	O	O
+:	1410,1411	O	O
+Additional	1412,1422	O	O
+nuclear	1423,1430	O	B-Process
+spins	1431,1436	O	I-Process
+would	1437,1442	O	O
+perturb	1443,1450	O	O
+the	1451,1454	O	O
+intuitive	1455,1464	O	O
+‘	1465,1466	O	O
+reference	1466,1475	O	O
+and	1476,1479	O	O
+probe’	1480,1486	O	O
+picture	1487,1494	O	O
+.	1494,1495	O	O
+
+The	1496,1499	O	O
+Hamiltonian	1500,1511	O	O
+then	1512,1516	O	O
+simplifies	1517,1527	O	O
+to	1528,1530	O	O
+H=-γeB(S1(z)+S2(z))+|γe|αS→2·I→	1531,1562	O	B-Process
+,	1562,1563	O	O
+where	1564,1569	O	O
+α	1570,1571	O	B-Process
+is	1572,1574	O	O
+the	1575,1578	O	O
+isotropic	1579,1588	O	B-Process
+hyperfine	1589,1598	O	I-Process
+coupling	1599,1607	O	I-Process
+.	1607,1608	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261414000372)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+is	3,5	O	O
+well	6,10	O	O
+-	10,11	O	O
+known	11,16	O	O
+that	17,21	O	O
+the	22,25	O	O
+optical	26,33	O	B-Task
+properties	34,44	O	I-Task
+of	45,47	O	O
+atoms	48,53	O	B-Material
+and	54,57	O	O
+molecules	58,67	O	B-Material
+can	68,71	O	O
+be	72,74	O	O
+influenced	75,85	O	O
+by	86,88	O	O
+their	89,94	O	O
+electronic	95,105	O	B-Process
+environment	106,117	O	I-Process
+.	117,118	O	O
+
+Local	119,124	O	B-Process
+field	125,130	O	I-Process
+effects	131,138	O	I-Process
+on	139,141	O	O
+spontaneous	142,153	O	O
+emission	154,162	O	O
+rates	163,168	O	O
+within	169,175	O	O
+nanostructured	176,190	O	B-Material
+photonic	191,199	O	I-Material
+materials	200,209	O	I-Material
+for	210,213	O	O
+example	214,221	O	O
+are	222,225	O	O
+familiar	226,234	O	O
+,	234,235	O	O
+and	236,239	O	O
+have	240,244	O	O
+been	245,249	O	O
+well	250,254	O	O
+summarized	255,265	O	O
+[	266,267	O	O
+1	267,268	O	O
+]	268,269	O	O
+.	269,270	O	O
+
+Optical	271,278	O	B-Process
+processes	279,288	O	I-Process
+,	288,289	O	O
+including	290,299	O	O
+resonance	300,309	O	B-Process
+energy	310,316	O	I-Process
+transfer	317,325	O	I-Process
+are	326,329	O	O
+similarly	330,339	O	O
+dependent	340,349	O	O
+on	350,352	O	O
+the	353,356	O	O
+local	357,362	O	B-Process
+environment	363,374	O	I-Process
+of	375,377	O	I-Process
+molecular	378,387	O	I-Process
+chromophores	388,400	O	I-Process
+[	401,402	O	O
+2–4	402,405	O	O
+]	405,406	O	O
+.	406,407	O	O
+
+Many	408,412	O	O
+biological	413,423	O	O
+systems	424,431	O	O
+are	432,435	O	O
+known	436,441	O	O
+to	442,444	O	O
+contain	445,452	O	O
+complex	453,460	O	O
+organizations	461,474	O	O
+of	475,477	O	O
+molecules	478,487	O	O
+with	488,492	O	O
+absorption	493,503	O	B-Material
+bands	504,509	O	I-Material
+shifted	510,517	O	O
+due	518,521	O	O
+to	522,524	O	O
+the	525,528	O	O
+electronic	529,539	O	B-Process
+influence	540,549	O	I-Process
+of	550,552	O	O
+other	553,558	O	O
+,	558,559	O	O
+nearby	560,566	O	O
+optical	567,574	O	O
+centres	575,582	O	O
+.	582,583	O	O
+
+For	584,587	O	O
+instance	588,596	O	O
+,	596,597	O	O
+in	598,600	O	O
+widely	601,607	O	O
+studied	608,615	O	O
+light	616,621	O	B-Process
+-	621,622	O	I-Process
+harvesting	622,632	O	I-Process
+complexes	633,642	O	I-Process
+,	642,643	O	O
+there	644,649	O	O
+are	650,653	O	O
+two	654,657	O	O
+identifiable	658,670	O	O
+forms	671,676	O	O
+of	677,679	O	O
+the	680,683	O	O
+photosynthetic	684,698	O	B-Material
+antenna	699,706	O	I-Material
+molecule	707,715	O	I-Material
+bacteriochlorophyll	716,735	O	I-Material
+,	735,736	O	O
+with	737,741	O	O
+absorption	742,752	O	B-Material
+bands	753,758	O	I-Material
+centred	759,766	O	O
+on	767,769	O	O
+800	770,773	O	O
+and	774,777	O	O
+850	778,781	O	O
+nm	781,783	O	O
+;	783,784	O	O
+it	785,787	O	O
+has	788,791	O	O
+been	792,796	O	O
+shown	797,802	O	O
+that	803,807	O	O
+the	808,811	O	O
+most	812,816	O	O
+efficient	817,826	O	O
+forms	827,832	O	O
+of	833,835	O	O
+energy	836,842	O	B-Process
+transfer	843,851	O	I-Process
+between	852,859	O	O
+the	860,863	O	O
+two	864,867	O	O
+occurs	868,874	O	O
+when	875,879	O	O
+there	880,885	O	O
+is	886,888	O	O
+a	889,890	O	O
+neighbouring	891,903	O	O
+carotenoid	904,914	O	B-Material
+species	915,922	O	I-Material
+5–7	923,926	O	O
+.	926,927	O	O
+
+Until	928,933	O	O
+now	934,937	O	O
+,	937,938	O	O
+research	939,947	O	O
+on	948,950	O	O
+the	951,954	O	O
+broader	955,962	O	O
+influence	963,972	O	B-Task
+of	973,975	O	I-Task
+a	976,977	O	I-Task
+neighbouring	978,990	O	I-Task
+,	990,991	O	I-Task
+off	992,995	O	I-Task
+-	995,996	O	I-Task
+resonant	996,1004	O	I-Task
+,	1004,1005	O	I-Task
+molecule	1006,1014	O	I-Task
+on	1015,1017	O	I-Task
+photon	1018,1024	O	I-Task
+absorption	1025,1035	O	I-Task
+has	1036,1039	O	O
+mostly	1040,1046	O	O
+centred	1047,1054	O	O
+on	1055,1057	O	O
+the	1058,1061	O	O
+phenomenon	1062,1072	O	O
+of	1073,1075	O	O
+induced	1076,1083	O	B-Process
+circular	1084,1092	O	I-Process
+dichroism	1093,1102	O	I-Process
+,	1102,1103	O	O
+where	1104,1109	O	O
+both	1110,1114	O	O
+quantum	1115,1122	O	B-Process
+electrodynamic	1123,1137	O	I-Process
+(	1138,1139	O	O
+QED	1139,1142	O	B-Process
+)	1142,1143	O	O
+calculations	1144,1156	O	O
+[	1157,1158	O	O
+8–10	1158,1162	O	O
+]	1162,1163	O	O
+and	1164,1167	O	O
+experimental	1168,1180	O	B-Process
+procedures	1181,1191	O	I-Process
+[	1192,1193	O	O
+11–13	1193,1198	O	O
+]	1198,1199	O	O
+predict	1200,1207	O	O
+and	1208,1211	O	O
+verify	1212,1218	O	O
+that	1219,1223	O	O
+a	1224,1225	O	O
+chiral	1226,1232	O	B-Material
+mediator	1233,1241	O	I-Material
+confers	1242,1249	O	O
+the	1250,1253	O	O
+capacity	1254,1262	O	O
+for	1263,1266	O	O
+an	1267,1269	O	O
+achiral	1270,1277	O	B-Material
+acceptor	1278,1286	O	I-Material
+to	1287,1289	O	O
+exhibit	1290,1297	O	O
+circular	1298,1306	O	B-Process
+differential	1307,1319	O	I-Process
+absorption	1320,1330	O	I-Process
+.	1330,1331	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261415001517)
+
+Since	0,5	O	O
+the	6,9	O	O
+receptors	10,19	O	O
+in	20,22	O	O
+human	23,28	O	O
+biology	29,36	O	O
+mostly	37,43	O	O
+consist	44,51	O	O
+of	52,54	O	O
+chiral	55,61	O	B-Material
+molecules	62,71	O	I-Material
+,	71,72	O	O
+drug	73,77	O	O
+action	78,84	O	O
+mostly	85,91	O	O
+involves	92,100	O	O
+a	101,102	O	O
+specified	103,112	O	O
+enantiomeric	113,125	O	O
+form	126,130	O	O
+.	130,131	O	O
+
+This	132,136	O	O
+has	137,140	O	O
+spurred	141,148	O	O
+the	149,152	O	O
+development	153,164	O	O
+,	164,165	O	O
+especially	166,176	O	O
+in	177,179	O	O
+the	180,183	O	O
+pharmaceutical	184,198	O	O
+industry	199,207	O	O
+,	207,208	O	O
+of	209,211	O	O
+a	212,213	O	O
+host	214,218	O	O
+of	219,221	O	O
+techniques	222,232	O	B-Task
+to	233,235	O	I-Task
+secure	236,242	O	I-Task
+enantiopure	243,254	O	I-Task
+products	255,263	O	I-Task
+.	263,264	O	O
+
+Such	265,269	O	O
+methods	270,277	O	B-Process
+,	277,278	O	I-Process
+mostly	279,285	O	I-Process
+multi	286,291	O	I-Process
+-	291,292	O	I-Process
+step	292,296	O	I-Process
+and	297,300	O	I-Process
+time	301,305	O	I-Process
+-	305,306	O	I-Process
+consuming	306,315	O	I-Process
+,	315,316	O	O
+can	317,320	O	O
+typically	321,330	O	O
+be	331,333	O	O
+cast	334,338	O	O
+in	339,341	O	O
+one	342,345	O	O
+of	346,348	O	O
+two	349,352	O	O
+distinct	353,361	O	O
+categories	362,372	O	O
+:	372,373	O	O
+synthetic	374,383	O	B-Process
+mechanisms	384,394	O	I-Process
+designed	395,403	O	O
+to	404,406	O	O
+produce	407,414	O	O
+a	415,416	O	O
+single	417,423	O	O
+stereoisomer	424,436	O	B-Material
+,	436,437	O	O
+or	438,440	O	O
+separation	441,451	O	B-Process
+techniques	452,462	O	I-Process
+to	463,465	O	O
+isolate	466,473	O	O
+distinct	474,482	O	O
+enantiomers	483,494	O	B-Material
+from	495,499	O	O
+a	500,501	O	O
+racemic	502,509	O	O
+mixture	510,517	O	O
+.	517,518	O	O
+
+A	519,520	O	O
+significant	521,532	O	O
+drawback	533,541	O	O
+,	541,542	O	O
+for	543,546	O	O
+either	547,553	O	O
+approach	554,562	O	O
+,	562,563	O	O
+is	564,566	O	O
+a	567,568	O	O
+dependence	569,579	O	O
+on	580,582	O	O
+a	583,584	O	O
+supply	585,591	O	O
+of	592,594	O	O
+enantiopure	595,606	O	B-Material
+reagents	607,615	O	I-Material
+or	616,618	O	I-Material
+substrates	619,629	O	I-Material
+–	630,631	O	O
+synthesis	632,641	O	B-Process
+routes	642,648	O	I-Process
+generally	649,658	O	O
+utilise	659,666	O	O
+chiral	667,673	O	B-Material
+building	674,682	O	I-Material
+blocks	683,689	O	I-Material
+or	690,692	O	O
+enantioselective	693,709	O	B-Material
+catalysts	710,719	O	I-Material
+[	720,721	O	O
+7,8	721,724	O	O
+]	724,725	O	O
+,	725,726	O	O
+while	727,732	O	O
+enantiomer	733,743	O	B-Process
+separation	744,754	O	I-Process
+techniques	755,765	O	I-Process
+typically	766,775	O	O
+incorporate	776,787	O	O
+chiral	788,794	O	B-Material
+selector	795,803	O	I-Material
+molecules	804,813	O	I-Material
+to	814,816	O	O
+form	817,821	O	O
+chemically	822,832	O	O
+distinct	833,841	O	O
+and	842,845	O	O
+distinguishable	846,861	O	O
+diastereomeric	862,876	O	B-Material
+complexes	877,886	O	I-Material
+[	887,888	O	O
+8,9	888,891	O	O
+]	891,892	O	O
+.	892,893	O	O
+
+A	894,895	O	O
+key	896,899	O	O
+requirement	900,911	O	O
+in	912,914	O	O
+aiming	915,921	O	O
+to	922,924	O	O
+achieve	925,932	O	B-Task
+enantiopure	933,944	O	I-Task
+products	945,953	O	I-Task
+,	953,954	O	I-Task
+irrespective	955,967	O	I-Task
+of	968,970	O	I-Task
+the	971,974	O	I-Task
+synthetic	975,984	O	I-Task
+method	985,991	O	I-Task
+,	991,992	O	O
+is	993,995	O	O
+therefore	996,1005	O	O
+a	1006,1007	O	O
+means	1008,1013	O	B-Task
+to	1014,1016	O	I-Task
+measure	1017,1024	O	I-Task
+,	1024,1025	O	I-Task
+and	1026,1029	O	I-Task
+duly	1030,1034	O	I-Task
+quantitate	1035,1045	O	I-Task
+the	1046,1049	O	I-Task
+enantiomeric	1050,1062	O	I-Task
+excess	1063,1069	O	I-Task
+–	1070,1071	O	O
+signifying	1072,1082	O	O
+the	1083,1086	O	O
+degree	1087,1093	O	B-Process
+of	1094,1096	O	I-Process
+chirality	1097,1106	O	I-Process
+within	1107,1113	O	O
+molecular	1114,1123	O	B-Material
+products	1124,1132	O	I-Material
+.	1132,1133	O	O
+
+Chiral	1134,1140	O	B-Process
+discrimination	1141,1155	O	I-Process
+through	1156,1163	O	O
+optical	1164,1171	O	B-Material
+means	1172,1177	O	I-Material
+is	1178,1180	O	O
+well	1181,1185	O	O
+-	1185,1186	O	O
+known	1186,1191	O	O
+to	1192,1194	O	O
+offer	1195,1200	O	O
+direct	1201,1207	O	O
+,	1207,1208	O	O
+non	1209,1212	O	O
+-	1212,1213	O	O
+contact	1213,1220	O	O
+ways	1221,1225	O	O
+to	1226,1228	O	O
+distinguish	1229,1240	O	O
+between	1241,1248	O	O
+molecules	1249,1258	O	B-Material
+of	1259,1261	O	O
+different	1262,1271	O	O
+handedness	1272,1282	O	O
+,	1282,1283	O	O
+based	1284,1289	O	O
+on	1290,1292	O	O
+observations	1293,1305	O	O
+such	1306,1310	O	O
+as	1311,1313	O	O
+the	1314,1317	O	O
+subtle	1318,1324	O	O
+differences	1325,1336	O	O
+in	1337,1339	O	O
+absorption	1340,1350	O	B-Process
+of	1351,1353	O	O
+left-	1354,1359	O	O
+and	1360,1363	O	O
+right	1364,1369	O	O
+-	1369,1370	O	O
+handed	1370,1376	O	O
+circularly	1377,1387	O	O
+polarised	1388,1397	O	O
+light	1398,1403	O	O
+,	1403,1404	O	O
+or	1405,1407	O	O
+indeed	1408,1414	O	O
+the	1415,1418	O	O
+twisting	1419,1427	O	B-Process
+of	1428,1430	O	I-Process
+polarisation	1431,1443	O	I-Process
+in	1444,1446	O	I-Process
+optical	1447,1454	O	I-Process
+rotation	1455,1463	O	I-Process
+.	1463,1464	O	O
+
+Other	1465,1470	O	O
+optical	1471,1478	O	B-Process
+methods	1479,1486	O	I-Process
+,	1486,1487	O	O
+under	1488,1493	O	O
+more	1494,1498	O	O
+recent	1499,1505	O	O
+development	1506,1517	O	O
+,	1517,1518	O	O
+also	1519,1523	O	O
+show	1524,1528	O	O
+some	1529,1533	O	O
+promise	1534,1541	O	O
+to	1542,1544	O	O
+achieve	1545,1552	O	O
+enantiomer	1553,1563	O	B-Task
+separation	1564,1574	O	I-Task
+,	1574,1575	O	O
+as	1576,1578	O	O
+will	1579,1583	O	O
+be	1584,1586	O	O
+introduced	1587,1597	O	O
+later	1598,1603	O	O
+.	1603,1604	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261415008362)
+
+For	0,3	O	O
+any	4,7	O	O
+quantum	8,15	O	B-Process
+dynamical	16,25	O	I-Process
+method	26,32	O	I-Process
+,	32,33	O	O
+existing	34,42	O	O
+or	43,45	O	O
+emerging	46,54	O	O
+,	54,55	O	O
+reliable	56,64	O	O
+benchmarks	65,75	O	B-Task
+are	76,79	O	O
+required	80,88	O	O
+to	89,91	O	O
+assess	92,98	O	O
+their	99,104	O	O
+accuracy	105,113	O	O
+.	113,114	O	O
+
+A	115,116	O	B-Process
+model	117,122	O	I-Process
+Hamiltonian	123,134	O	I-Process
+exhibiting	135,145	O	O
+tunnelling	146,156	O	B-Process
+dynamics	157,165	O	I-Process
+through	166,173	O	O
+a	174,175	O	O
+multidimensional	176,192	O	B-Process
+asymmetric	193,203	O	I-Process
+double	204,210	O	I-Process
+well	211,215	O	I-Process
+potential	216,225	O	I-Process
+has	226,229	O	O
+been	230,234	O	O
+used	235,239	O	O
+as	240,242	O	O
+a	243,244	O	O
+test	245,249	O	O
+by	250,252	O	O
+the	253,256	O	O
+MP	257,259	O	B-Process
+/	259,260	O	I-Process
+SOFT	260,264	O	I-Process
+[	265,266	O	O
+18	266,268	O	O
+]	268,269	O	O
+and	270,273	O	O
+CCS	274,277	O	B-Process
+methods	278,285	O	I-Process
+[	286,287	O	O
+19	287,289	O	O
+]	289,290	O	O
+mentioned	291,300	O	O
+above	301,306	O	O
+,	306,307	O	O
+and	308,311	O	O
+also	312,316	O	O
+more	317,321	O	O
+recently	322,330	O	O
+by	331,333	O	O
+a	334,335	O	O
+configuration	336,349	O	B-Process
+interaction	350,361	O	I-Process
+(	362,363	O	I-Process
+CI	363,365	O	I-Process
+)	365,366	O	I-Process
+expansion	367,376	O	I-Process
+method	377,383	O	I-Process
+[	384,385	O	O
+20	385,387	O	O
+]	387,388	O	O
+and	389,392	O	O
+two	393,396	O	B-Process
+-	396,397	O	I-Process
+layer	397,402	O	I-Process
+version	403,410	O	I-Process
+of	411,413	O	I-Process
+CCS	414,417	O	I-Process
+(	418,419	O	O
+2L	419,421	O	B-Process
+-	421,422	O	I-Process
+CCS	422,425	O	I-Process
+)	425,426	O	O
+.	426,427	O	O
+
+[	428,429	O	O
+21	429,431	O	O
+]	431,432	O	O
+
+The	433,436	O	B-Process
+Hamiltonian	437,448	O	I-Process
+consists	449,457	O	O
+of	458,460	O	O
+a	461,462	O	O
+1-dimensional	463,476	O	B-Process
+tunnelling	477,487	O	I-Process
+mode	488,492	O	I-Process
+coupled	493,500	O	O
+to	501,503	O	O
+an	504,506	O	O
+(	507,508	O	B-Process
+M−1)-dimensional	508,524	O	I-Process
+harmonic	525,533	O	I-Process
+bath	534,538	O	I-Process
+,	538,539	O	O
+hence	540,545	O	O
+it	546,548	O	O
+is	549,551	O	O
+a	552,553	O	O
+system	554,560	O	B-Task
+-	560,561	O	I-Task
+bath	561,565	O	I-Task
+problem	566,573	O	I-Task
+which	574,579	O	O
+bears	580,585	O	O
+some	586,590	O	O
+similarity	591,601	O	O
+to	602,604	O	O
+the	605,608	O	O
+Caldeira	609,617	O	B-Process
+-	617,618	O	I-Process
+Leggett	618,625	O	I-Process
+model	626,631	O	I-Process
+of	632,634	O	I-Process
+tunnelling	635,645	O	I-Process
+in	646,648	O	O
+a	649,650	O	O
+dissipative	651,662	O	O
+system	663,669	O	O
+[	670,671	O	O
+22,23	671,676	O	O
+]	676,677	O	O
+.	677,678	O	O
+
+This	679,683	O	O
+Hamiltonian	684,695	O	B-Process
+is	696,698	O	O
+non	699,702	O	O
+-	702,703	O	O
+dissipative	703,714	O	O
+,	714,715	O	O
+however	716,723	O	O
+and	724,727	O	O
+the	728,731	O	O
+harmonic	732,740	O	B-Process
+modes	741,746	O	I-Process
+all	747,750	O	O
+have	751,755	O	O
+the	756,759	O	O
+same	760,764	O	O
+frequency	765,774	O	O
+.	774,775	O	O
+
+System	776,782	O	B-Process
+-	782,783	O	I-Process
+bath	783,787	O	I-Process
+models	788,794	O	I-Process
+play	795,799	O	O
+an	800,802	O	O
+important	803,812	O	O
+role	813,817	O	O
+in	818,820	O	O
+physics	821,828	O	B-Task
+,	828,829	O	O
+being	830,835	O	O
+used	836,840	O	O
+to	841,843	O	O
+describe	844,852	O	O
+superconductivity	853,870	O	B-Process
+at	871,873	O	I-Process
+a	874,875	O	I-Process
+Josephson	876,885	O	I-Process
+junction	886,894	O	I-Process
+in	895,897	O	O
+a	898,899	O	O
+superconducting	900,915	O	B-Process
+quantum	916,923	O	I-Process
+interface	924,933	O	I-Process
+device	934,940	O	I-Process
+(	941,942	O	O
+SQUID	942,947	O	B-Process
+)	947,948	O	O
+
+[	949,950	O	O
+24	950,952	O	O
+]	952,953	O	O
+,	953,954	O	O
+for	955,958	O	O
+which	959,964	O	O
+the	965,968	O	O
+Caldeira	969,977	O	B-Process
+-	977,978	O	I-Process
+Leggett	978,985	O	I-Process
+model	986,991	O	I-Process
+provides	992,1000	O	O
+a	1001,1002	O	O
+theoretical	1003,1014	O	O
+basis	1015,1020	O	O
+,	1020,1021	O	O
+and	1022,1025	O	O
+magnetic	1026,1034	O	B-Process
+and	1035,1038	O	I-Process
+conductance	1039,1050	O	I-Process
+phenomena	1051,1060	O	I-Process
+in	1061,1063	O	O
+the	1064,1067	O	O
+spin	1068,1072	O	B-Task
+-	1072,1073	O	I-Task
+bath	1073,1077	O	I-Task
+regime	1078,1084	O	I-Task
+[	1085,1086	O	O
+25	1086,1088	O	O
+]	1088,1089	O	O
+.	1089,1090	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X13003818)
+
+Based	0,5	O	O
+on	6,8	O	O
+the	9,12	O	O
+theoretical	13,24	O	B-Task
+analysis	25,33	O	I-Task
+,	33,34	O	O
+the	35,38	O	O
+value	39,44	O	B-Process
+of	45,47	O	I-Process
+the	48,51	O	I-Process
+measuring	52,61	O	I-Process
+resistor	62,70	O	I-Process
+,	70,71	O	O
+Rm	72,74	O	B-Process
+,	74,75	O	O
+has	76,79	O	O
+no	80,82	O	O
+effect	83,89	O	O
+on	90,92	O	O
+the	93,96	O	O
+corrosion	97,106	O	B-Process
+process	107,114	O	I-Process
+and	115,118	O	O
+on	119,121	O	O
+the	122,125	O	O
+estimated	126,135	O	O
+value	136,141	O	B-Process
+of	142,144	O	I-Process
+noise	145,150	O	I-Process
+resistance	151,161	O	I-Process
+.	161,162	O	O
+
+In	163,165	O	O
+order	166,171	O	O
+to	172,174	O	O
+validate	175,183	O	B-Task
+this	184,188	O	I-Task
+conclusion	189,199	O	I-Task
+,	199,200	O	O
+the	201,204	O	O
+experiment	205,215	O	O
+of	216,218	O	O
+Fig	219,222	O	O
+.	222,223	O	O
+9	224,225	O	O
+was	226,229	O	O
+performed	230,239	O	O
+.	239,240	O	O
+
+Specifically	241,253	O	O
+,	253,254	O	O
+a	255,256	O	O
+pair	257,261	O	B-Material
+of	262,264	O	I-Material
+nominally	265,274	O	I-Material
+identical	275,284	O	I-Material
+specimens	285,294	O	I-Material
+was	295,298	O	O
+initially	299,308	O	O
+coupled	309,316	O	O
+by	317,319	O	O
+a	320,321	O	O
+4.7kΩ	322,327	O	B-Material
+resistor	328,336	O	I-Material
+and	337,340	O	O
+their	341,346	O	O
+potential	347,356	O	O
+with	357,361	O	O
+respect	362,369	O	O
+to	370,372	O	O
+a	373,374	O	O
+saturated	375,384	O	B-Material
+calomel	385,392	O	I-Material
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+by	416,418	O	O
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+a	425,426	O	O
+NI	427,429	O	B-Material
+-	429,430	O	I-Material
+USB	430,433	O	I-Material
+6009	434,438	O	I-Material
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+-	445,446	O	I-Material
+to	446,448	O	I-Material
+-	448,449	O	I-Material
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+.	466,467	O	O
+
+The	468,471	O	O
+electrochemical	472,487	O	B-Process
+noise	488,493	O	I-Process
+signal	494,500	O	I-Process
+was	501,504	O	O
+recorded	505,513	O	O
+using	514,519	O	O
+in	520,522	O	B-Material
+-	522,523	O	I-Material
+house	523,528	O	I-Material
+developed	529,538	O	I-Material
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+,	547,548	O	O
+acquiring	549,558	O	O
+at	559,561	O	O
+1023Hz	562,568	O	O
+segments	569,577	O	O
+of	578,580	O	O
+1000	581,585	O	O
+points	586,592	O	O
+at	593,595	O	O
+each	596,600	O	O
+iteration	601,610	O	O
+.	610,611	O	O
+
+Between	612,619	O	O
+iterations	620,630	O	O
+,	630,631	O	O
+the	632,635	O	O
+1000	636,640	O	O
+values	641,647	O	O
+acquired	648,656	O	O
+were	657,661	O	O
+averaged	662,670	O	O
+to	671,673	O	O
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+a	681,682	O	I-Task
+single	683,689	O	I-Task
+value	690,695	O	I-Task
+of	696,698	O	I-Task
+potential	699,708	O	I-Task
+,	708,709	O	O
+subsequently	710,722	O	O
+saved	723,728	O	O
+to	729,731	O	O
+the	732,735	O	O
+file	736,740	O	O
+used	741,745	O	O
+for	746,749	O	O
+later	750,755	O	O
+processing	756,766	O	O
+.	766,767	O	O
+
+The	768,771	O	O
+final	772,777	O	O
+dataset	778,785	O	B-Material
+comprised	786,795	O	O
+potential	796,805	O	O
+values	806,812	O	O
+spaced	813,819	O	O
+1±0.05s	820,827	O	O
+in	828,830	O	O
+time	831,835	O	O
+.	835,836	O	O
+
+Under	837,842	O	O
+the	843,846	O	O
+assumption	847,857	O	O
+that	858,862	O	O
+the	863,866	O	O
+noise	867,872	O	O
+present	873,880	O	O
+above	881,886	O	O
+1023Hz	887,893	O	O
+is	894,896	O	O
+negligible	897,907	O	O
+compared	908,916	O	O
+with	917,921	O	O
+the	922,925	O	O
+noise	926,931	O	O
+present	932,939	O	O
+below	940,945	O	O
+0.5Hz	946,951	O	O
+,	951,952	O	O
+this	953,957	O	O
+procedure	958,967	O	O
+enables	968,975	O	O
+an	976,978	O	O
+accurate	979,987	O	B-Task
+recording	988,997	O	I-Task
+of	998,1000	O	I-Task
+the	1001,1004	O	I-Task
+potential	1005,1014	O	I-Task
+noise	1015,1020	O	I-Task
+in	1021,1023	O	I-Task
+the	1024,1027	O	I-Task
+frequencies	1028,1039	O	I-Task
+of	1040,1042	O	I-Task
+interest	1043,1051	O	I-Task
+,	1051,1052	O	O
+avoiding	1053,1061	O	O
+aliasing	1062,1070	O	O
+of	1071,1073	O	O
+frequencies	1074,1085	O	O
+between	1086,1093	O	O
+0.5	1094,1097	O	O
+and	1098,1101	O	O
+1023Hz	1102,1108	O	O
+and	1109,1112	O	O
+minimizing	1113,1123	O	O
+the	1124,1127	O	O
+50Hz	1128,1132	O	O
+interference	1133,1145	O	O
+from	1146,1150	O	O
+the	1151,1154	O	O
+mains	1155,1160	O	O
+supply	1161,1167	O	O
+.	1167,1168	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X14002157)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+surfactant	2,12	O	B-Material
+is	13,15	O	O
+a	16,17	O	O
+surface	18,25	O	B-Material
+active	26,32	O	I-Material
+agent	33,38	O	I-Material
+.	38,39	O	O
+
+In	40,42	O	O
+this	43,47	O	O
+work	48,52	O	O
+a	53,54	O	O
+surfactant	55,65	O	B-Material
+term	66,70	O	O
+will	71,75	O	O
+be	76,78	O	O
+used	79,83	O	O
+for	84,87	O	O
+compounds	88,97	O	B-Material
+which	98,103	O	I-Material
+improve	104,111	O	I-Material
+the	112,115	O	I-Material
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+of	131,133	O	O
+the	134,137	O	O
+CI	138,140	O	B-Material
+in	141,143	O	O
+the	144,147	O	O
+acid	148,152	O	B-Material
+(	153,154	O	O
+as	154,156	O	O
+emulsifiers	157,168	O	B-Material
+providing	169,178	O	O
+dispersed	179,188	O	B-Material
+emulsion	189,197	O	I-Material
+–	198,199	O	O
+not	200,203	O	O
+separated	204,213	O	O
+)	213,214	O	O
+while	215,220	O	O
+wetting	221,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+surface	233,240	O	O
+of	241,243	O	O
+the	244,247	O	O
+metallic	248,256	O	B-Material
+material	257,265	O	I-Material
+[	266,267	O	O
+14,20,24	267,275	O	O
+]	275,276	O	O
+.	276,277	O	O
+
+However	278,285	O	O
+,	285,286	O	O
+surfactants	287,298	O	O
+can	299,302	O	O
+offer	303,308	O	O
+corrosion	309,318	O	B-Task
+protection	319,329	O	I-Task
+themselves	330,340	O	O
+.	340,341	O	O
+
+Some	342,346	O	O
+examples	347,355	O	O
+when	356,360	O	O
+the	361,364	O	O
+same	365,369	O	O
+compound	370,378	O	O
+was	379,382	O	O
+used	383,387	O	O
+as	388,390	O	O
+a	391,392	O	O
+surfactant	393,403	O	B-Material
+or	404,406	O	I-Material
+active	407,413	O	I-Material
+corrosion	414,423	O	I-Material
+inhibitor	424,433	O	I-Material
+ingredient	434,444	O	O
+are	445,448	O	O
+given	449,454	O	O
+below	455,460	O	O
+.	460,461	O	O
+
+Typical	462,469	O	O
+surfactants	470,481	O	B-Material
+in	482,484	O	O
+the	485,488	O	O
+oilfield	489,497	O	O
+services	498,506	O	O
+industry	507,515	O	O
+are	516,519	O	O
+alkylphenol	520,531	O	B-Material
+ethoxylates	532,543	O	I-Material
+,	543,544	O	O
+e.g.	545,549	O	O
+nonylphenol	550,561	O	B-Material
+ethoxylate	562,572	O	I-Material
+(	573,574	O	O
+NPE	574,577	O	B-Material
+)	577,578	O	O
+
+[	579,580	O	O
+14,15,30,106,107	580,596	O	O
+]	596,597	O	O
+.	597,598	O	O
+
+However	599,606	O	O
+,	606,607	O	O
+NPEs	608,612	O	B-Material
+have	613,617	O	O
+been	618,622	O	O
+banned	623,629	O	O
+from	630,634	O	O
+use	635,638	O	O
+in	639,641	O	O
+the	642,645	O	O
+North	646,651	O	O
+Sea	652,655	O	O
+because	656,663	O	O
+of	664,666	O	O
+their	667,672	O	O
+toxicity	673,681	O	O
+.	681,682	O	O
+
+On	683,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+other	690,695	O	O
+hand	696,700	O	O
+,	700,701	O	O
+ethoxylated	702,713	O	B-Material
+linear	714,720	O	I-Material
+alcohols	721,729	O	I-Material
+are	730,733	O	O
+more	734,738	O	O
+acceptable	739,749	O	O
+[	750,751	O	O
+20	751,753	O	O
+]	753,754	O	O
+.	754,755	O	O
+
+The	756,759	O	O
+quaternary	760,770	O	B-Material
+ammonium	771,779	O	I-Material
+salts	780,785	O	I-Material
+and	786,789	O	O
+amines	790,796	O	B-Material
+(	797,798	O	I-Material
+when	798,802	O	I-Material
+protonated	803,813	O	I-Material
+)	813,814	O	I-Material
+are	815,818	O	O
+the	819,822	O	O
+most	823,827	O	O
+used	828,832	O	O
+compounds	833,842	O	O
+of	843,845	O	O
+the	846,849	O	O
+cationic	850,858	O	B-Material
+surfactants	859,870	O	I-Material
+class	871,876	O	I-Material
+,	876,877	O	O
+where	878,883	O	O
+the	884,887	O	O
+cation	888,894	O	B-Material
+is	895,897	O	O
+the	898,901	O	O
+surface	902,909	O	B-Material
+active	910,916	O	I-Material
+specie	917,923	O	I-Material
+.	923,924	O	O
+
+As	925,927	O	O
+the	928,931	O	O
+amines	932,938	O	B-Material
+only	939,943	O	O
+function	944,952	O	O
+as	953,955	O	O
+a	956,957	O	O
+surfactant	958,968	O	B-Material
+in	969,971	O	O
+the	972,975	O	O
+protonated	976,986	O	B-Process
+state	987,992	O	I-Process
+,	992,993	O	O
+they	994,998	O	O
+can	999,1002	O	O
+not	1002,1005	O	O
+be	1006,1008	O	O
+used	1009,1013	O	O
+at	1014,1016	O	O
+high	1017,1021	O	O
+pH.	1022,1025	O	O
+On	1026,1028	O	O
+the	1029,1032	O	O
+other	1033,1038	O	O
+hand	1039,1043	O	O
+,	1043,1044	O	O
+quaternary	1045,1055	O	B-Material
+ammonium	1056,1064	O	I-Material
+compounds	1065,1074	O	I-Material
+,	1074,1075	O	O
+frequently	1076,1086	O	O
+abbreviated	1087,1098	O	O
+as	1099,1101	O	O
+“	1102,1103	O	O
+quats	1103,1108	O	B-Material
+
+”	1108,1109	O	O
+,	1109,1110	O	O
+are	1111,1114	O	O
+not	1115,1118	O	O
+pH	1119,1121	O	O
+sensitive	1122,1131	O	O
+.	1131,1132	O	O
+
+Long	1133,1137	O	B-Material
+-	1137,1138	O	I-Material
+chain	1138,1143	O	I-Material
+quaternary	1144,1154	O	I-Material
+ammonium	1155,1163	O	I-Material
+bromides	1164,1172	O	I-Material
+were	1173,1177	O	O
+also	1178,1182	O	O
+reported	1183,1191	O	O
+to	1192,1194	O	O
+work	1195,1199	O	O
+as	1200,1202	O	O
+efficient	1203,1212	O	O
+CIs	1213,1216	O	B-Material
+for	1217,1220	O	O
+steel	1221,1226	O	B-Material
+materials	1227,1236	O	I-Material
+[	1237,1238	O	O
+106	1238,1241	O	O
+]	1241,1242	O	O
+.	1242,1243	O	O
+
+A	1244,1245	O	O
+frequently	1246,1256	O	O
+employed	1257,1265	O	O
+surfactant	1266,1276	O	B-Material
+was	1277,1280	O	O
+N	1281,1282	O	B-Material
+-	1282,1283	O	I-Material
+dodecylpyridinium	1283,1300	O	I-Material
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+(	1309,1310	O	O
+DDPB	1310,1314	O	B-Material
+)	1314,1315	O	O
+
+[	1316,1317	O	O
+9,60,61,108,109	1317,1332	O	O
+]	1332,1333	O	O
+.	1333,1334	O	O
+
+Anionic	1335,1342	O	B-Material
+sulphates	1343,1352	O	I-Material
+,	1352,1353	O	O
+anionic	1354,1361	O	B-Material
+sulphonates	1362,1373	O	I-Material
+,	1373,1374	O	O
+alkoxylated	1375,1386	O	B-Material
+alkylphenol	1387,1398	O	I-Material
+resins	1399,1405	O	I-Material
+,	1405,1406	O	O
+and	1407,1410	O	O
+polyoxyethylene	1411,1426	O	B-Material
+sorbitan	1427,1435	O	I-Material
+oleates	1436,1443	O	I-Material
+are	1444,1447	O	O
+also	1448,1452	O	O
+useful	1453,1459	O	O
+surfactants	1460,1471	O	B-Material
+.	1471,1472	O	O
+
+Ali	1473,1476	O	O
+reported	1477,1485	O	O
+that	1486,1490	O	O
+a	1491,1492	O	O
+particularly	1493,1505	O	O
+useful	1506,1512	O	O
+surfactant	1513,1523	O	B-Material
+is	1524,1526	O	O
+a	1527,1528	O	O
+blend	1529,1534	O	B-Material
+of	1535,1537	O	I-Material
+polyethylene	1538,1550	O	I-Material
+glycol	1551,1557	O	I-Material
+esters	1558,1564	O	I-Material
+of	1565,1567	O	I-Material
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+acids	1574,1579	O	I-Material
+and	1580,1583	O	I-Material
+ethoxylated	1584,1595	O	I-Material
+alkylphenols	1596,1608	O	I-Material
+[	1609,1610	O	O
+15	1610,1612	O	O
+]	1612,1613	O	O
+.	1613,1614	O	O
+
+Several	1615,1622	O	O
+examples	1623,1631	O	O
+of	1632,1634	O	O
+the	1635,1638	O	O
+surfactants	1639,1650	O	B-Material
+used	1651,1655	O	O
+are	1656,1659	O	O
+given	1660,1665	O	O
+below	1666,1671	O	O
+in	1672,1674	O	O
+Section	1675,1682	O	O
+5.6	1683,1686	O	O
+.	1686,1687	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15003261)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+related	4,11	O	O
+Volta	12,17	O	B-Process
+potential	18,27	O	I-Process
+(	28,29	O	O
+Ψ	29,30	O	B-Process
+)	30,31	O	O
+is	32,34	O	O
+the	35,38	O	O
+potential	39,48	O	B-Process
+difference	49,59	O	I-Process
+between	60,67	O	O
+a	68,69	O	O
+position	70,78	O	O
+infinitely	79,89	O	O
+far	90,93	O	O
+away	94,98	O	O
+from	99,103	O	O
+the	104,107	O	O
+surface	108,115	O	O
+and	116,119	O	O
+a	120,121	O	O
+position	122,130	O	O
+just	131,135	O	O
+outside	136,143	O	O
+the	144,147	O	O
+surface	148,155	O	O
+,	155,156	O	O
+and	157,160	O	O
+is	161,163	O	O
+the	164,167	O	O
+measureable	168,179	O	B-Process
+quantity	180,188	O	I-Process
+characterising	189,203	O	O
+electrochemical	204,219	O	B-Process
+behaviour	220,229	O	I-Process
+of	230,232	O	I-Process
+a	233,234	O	I-Process
+metal	235,240	O	I-Process
+[	241,242	O	O
+12,17	242,247	O	O
+]	247,248	O	O
+.	248,249	O	O
+
+The	250,253	O	O
+scanning	254,262	O	B-Process
+Kelvin	263,269	O	I-Process
+probe	270,275	O	I-Process
+force	276,281	O	I-Process
+microscopy	282,292	O	I-Process
+(	293,294	O	O
+SKPFM	294,299	O	B-Process
+)	299,300	O	O
+technique	301,310	O	O
+allows	311,317	O	O
+detection	318,327	O	B-Task
+of	328,330	O	I-Task
+local	331,336	O	I-Task
+EWF	337,340	O	I-Task
+(	341,342	O	O
+if	342,344	O	O
+the	345,348	O	O
+EWF	349,352	O	O
+of	353,355	O	O
+the	356,359	O	O
+tip	360,363	O	O
+is	364,366	O	O
+known	367,372	O	O
+)	372,373	O	O
+,	373,374	O	O
+or	375,377	O	O
+Volta	378,383	O	B-Task
+potential	384,393	O	I-Task
+differences	394,405	O	I-Task
+(	406,407	O	O
+ΔΨ	407,409	O	B-Task
+)	409,410	O	O
+between	411,418	O	O
+an	419,421	O	O
+atomic	422,428	O	B-Material
+force	429,434	O	I-Material
+microscopy	435,445	O	I-Material
+tip	446,449	O	I-Material
+(	450,451	O	O
+usually	451,458	O	O
+Pt	459,461	O	B-Material
+coated	462,468	O	I-Material
+)	468,469	O	O
+and	470,473	O	O
+the	474,477	O	O
+metal	478,483	O	B-Material
+surface	484,491	O	I-Material
+[	492,493	O	O
+14,15,19	493,501	O	O
+]	501,502	O	O
+.	502,503	O	O
+
+The	504,507	O	O
+lateral	508,515	O	O
+resolution	516,526	O	O
+of	527,529	O	O
+SKPFM	530,535	O	B-Process
+can	536,539	O	O
+be	540,542	O	O
+as	543,545	O	O
+high	546,550	O	O
+as	551,553	O	O
+10	554,556	O	O
+’s	556,558	O	O
+of	559,561	O	O
+nm	562,564	O	O
+in	565,567	O	O
+ambient	568,575	O	B-Material
+air	576,579	O	I-Material
+,	579,580	O	O
+with	581,585	O	O
+a	586,587	O	O
+sensitivity	588,599	O	O
+up	600,602	O	O
+to	603,605	O	O
+10–20meV	606,614	O	O
+[	615,616	O	O
+19	616,618	O	O
+]	618,619	O	O
+.	619,620	O	O
+
+Volta	621,626	O	B-Process
+potential	627,636	O	I-Process
+is	637,639	O	O
+a	640,641	O	O
+characteristic	642,656	O	O
+property	657,665	O	B-Process
+of	666,668	O	I-Process
+a	669,670	O	I-Process
+metal	671,676	O	I-Process
+surface	677,684	O	I-Process
+and	685,688	O	O
+can	689,692	O	O
+be	693,695	O	O
+used	696,700	O	O
+to	701,703	O	O
+understand	704,714	O	B-Task
+electrochemical	715,730	O	I-Task
+processes	731,740	O	I-Task
+[	741,742	O	O
+16	742,744	O	O
+]	744,745	O	O
+.	746,747	O	O
+
+It	748,750	O	O
+is	751,753	O	O
+sensitive	754,763	O	O
+to	764,766	O	O
+any	767,770	O	O
+kind	771,775	O	O
+of	776,778	O	O
+surface	779,786	O	O
+defects	787,794	O	O
+,	794,795	O	O
+chemical	796,804	O	O
+variations	805,815	O	O
+,	815,816	O	O
+and	817,820	O	O
+residual	821,829	O	O
+stress	830,836	O	O
+[	837,838	O	O
+13,17	838,843	O	O
+]	843,844	O	O
+.	844,845	O	O
+
+Volta	846,851	O	B-Process
+potential	852,861	O	I-Process
+differences	862,873	O	I-Process
+in	874,876	O	I-Process
+microstructure	877,891	O	I-Process
+have	892,896	O	O
+been	897,901	O	O
+used	902,906	O	O
+to	907,909	O	O
+predict	910,917	O	B-Task
+corrosion	918,927	O	I-Task
+behaviour	928,937	O	I-Task
+[	938,939	O	O
+10,15,18,20–22	939,953	O	O
+]	953,954	O	O
+.	954,955	O	O
+
+Regions	956,963	O	O
+with	964,968	O	O
+larger	969,975	O	B-Process
+(	976,977	O	I-Process
+ΔΨ	977,979	O	I-Process
+)	979,980	O	I-Process
+indicate	981,989	O	I-Process
+increased	990,999	O	I-Process
+surface	1000,1007	O	I-Process
+reactivity	1008,1018	O	I-Process
+[	1019,1020	O	O
+11,15,18	1020,1028	O	O
+]	1028,1029	O	O
+,	1029,1030	O	O
+and	1031,1034	O	O
+even	1035,1039	O	O
+a	1040,1041	O	O
+correlation	1042,1053	O	O
+between	1054,1061	O	O
+Volta	1062,1067	O	B-Process
+potential	1068,1077	O	I-Process
+differences	1078,1089	O	I-Process
+measured	1090,1098	O	O
+in	1099,1101	O	O
+nominally	1102,1111	O	O
+dry	1112,1115	O	B-Material
+air	1116,1119	O	I-Material
+and	1120,1123	O	O
+their	1124,1129	O	O
+free	1130,1134	O	B-Process
+corrosion	1135,1144	O	I-Process
+potential	1145,1154	O	I-Process
+(	1155,1156	O	O
+Ecorr	1156,1161	O	B-Process
+)	1161,1162	O	O
+pre	1163,1166	O	O
+-	1166,1167	O	O
+determined	1167,1177	O	O
+under	1178,1183	O	O
+immersed	1184,1192	O	O
+conditions	1193,1203	O	O
+has	1204,1207	O	O
+been	1208,1212	O	O
+reported	1213,1221	O	O
+[	1222,1223	O	O
+18	1223,1225	O	O
+]	1225,1226	O	O
+.	1226,1227	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021961415003821)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+homologous	4,14	O	B-Material
+series	15,21	O	I-Material
+of	22,24	O	I-Material
+n	25,26	O	I-Material
+-	26,27	O	I-Material
+alkanes	27,34	O	I-Material
+are	35,38	O	O
+represented	39,50	O	O
+here	51,55	O	O
+as	56,58	O	O
+homonuclear	59,70	O	B-Material
+chains	71,77	O	I-Material
+of	78,80	O	I-Material
+tangent	81,88	O	I-Material
+Mie	89,92	O	I-Material
+spherical	93,102	O	I-Material
+CG	103,105	O	I-Material
+segments	106,114	O	I-Material
+.	114,115	O	O
+
+The	116,119	O	O
+development	120,131	O	B-Task
+of	132,134	O	I-Task
+CG	135,137	O	I-Task
+models	138,144	O	I-Task
+for	145,148	O	I-Task
+long	149,153	O	I-Task
+n	154,155	O	I-Task
+-	155,156	O	I-Task
+alkanes	156,163	O	I-Task
+such	164,168	O	O
+as	169,171	O	O
+n	172,173	O	B-Material
+-	173,174	O	I-Material
+decane	174,180	O	I-Material
+(	181,182	O	O
+n	182,183	O	B-Material
+-	183,184	O	I-Material
+C10H22	184,190	O	I-Material
+)	190,191	O	O
+and	192,195	O	O
+n	196,197	O	B-Material
+-	197,198	O	I-Material
+eicosane	198,206	O	I-Material
+(	207,208	O	O
+n	208,209	O	B-Material
+-	209,210	O	I-Material
+C20H42	210,216	O	I-Material
+)	216,217	O	O
+has	218,221	O	O
+already	222,229	O	O
+been	230,234	O	O
+successfully	235,247	O	O
+demonstrated	248,260	O	O
+using	261,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+SAFT-γ	271,277	O	B-Process
+Mie	278,281	O	I-Process
+formalism	282,291	O	I-Process
+[	292,293	O	O
+118	293,296	O	O
+]	296,297	O	O
+.	297,298	O	O
+
+The	299,302	O	O
+n	303,304	O	B-Material
+-	304,305	O	I-Material
+decane	305,311	O	I-Material
+molecule	312,320	O	I-Material
+was	321,324	O	O
+represented	325,336	O	O
+by	337,339	O	O
+chains	340,346	O	O
+of	347,349	O	O
+three	350,355	O	O
+and	356,359	O	O
+n	360,361	O	B-Material
+-	361,362	O	I-Material
+eicosane	362,370	O	I-Material
+chains	371,377	O	O
+of	378,380	O	O
+six	381,384	O	O
+fully	385,390	O	O
+flexible	391,399	O	O
+tangentially	400,412	O	O
+bonded	413,419	O	O
+Mie	420,423	O	B-Material
+segments	424,432	O	I-Material
+.	432,433	O	O
+
+A	434,435	O	O
+certain	436,443	O	O
+degree	444,450	O	O
+of	451,453	O	O
+parameter	454,463	O	O
+degeneracy	464,474	O	O
+in	475,477	O	O
+terms	478,483	O	O
+of	484,486	O	O
+overall	487,494	O	O
+performance	495,506	O	O
+is	507,509	O	O
+expected	510,518	O	O
+as	519,521	O	O
+a	522,523	O	O
+consequence	524,535	O	O
+of	536,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+conformal	543,552	O	O
+nature	553,559	O	O
+of	560,562	O	O
+the	563,566	O	O
+EOS	567,570	O	O
+description	571,582	O	O
+[	583,584	O	O
+132	584,587	O	O
+]	587,588	O	O
+.	588,589	O	O
+
+In	590,592	O	O
+our	593,596	O	O
+current	597,604	O	O
+work	605,609	O	O
+,	609,610	O	O
+we	611,613	O	O
+use	614,617	O	O
+an	618,620	O	O
+alternative	621,632	O	B-Process
+CG	633,635	O	I-Process
+mapping	636,643	O	I-Process
+for	644,647	O	O
+n	648,649	O	B-Material
+-	649,650	O	I-Material
+alkanes	650,657	O	I-Material
+developed	658,667	O	O
+in	668,670	O	O
+reference	671,680	O	O
+[	681,682	O	O
+122	682,685	O	O
+]	685,686	O	O
+,	686,687	O	O
+where	688,693	O	O
+each	694,698	O	O
+segment	699,706	O	O
+was	707,710	O	O
+taken	711,716	O	O
+to	717,719	O	O
+represent	720,729	O	O
+three	730,735	O	O
+alkyl	736,741	O	B-Material
+carbon	742,748	O	I-Material
+backbone	749,757	O	I-Material
+atoms	758,763	O	I-Material
+and	764,767	O	O
+their	768,773	O	O
+corresponding	774,787	O	O
+hydrogen	788,796	O	B-Material
+atoms	797,802	O	I-Material
+.	802,803	O	O
+
+By	804,806	O	O
+applying	807,815	O	O
+this	816,820	O	O
+mapping	821,828	O	O
+,	828,829	O	O
+n	830,831	O	B-Material
+-	831,832	O	I-Material
+alkanes	832,839	O	I-Material
+chains	840,846	O	I-Material
+containing	847,857	O	O
+multiples	858,867	O	O
+of	868,870	O	O
+three	871,876	O	O
+carbon	877,883	O	B-Material
+units	884,889	O	I-Material
+can	890,893	O	O
+be	894,896	O	O
+represented	897,908	O	O
+directly	909,917	O	O
+:	917,918	O	O
+n	919,920	O	B-Material
+-	920,921	O	I-Material
+C6H14	921,926	O	I-Material
+,	926,927	O	O
+n	928,929	O	O
+
+-	929,930	O	O
+C9H20	930,935	O	O
+,	935,936	O	O
+n	937,938	O	B-Material
+-	938,939	O	I-Material
+C12H26	939,945	O	I-Material
+,	945,946	O	O
+n	947,948	O	B-Material
+-	948,949	O	I-Material
+C15H32	949,955	O	I-Material
+,	955,956	O	O
+n	957,958	O	B-Material
+-	958,959	O	I-Material
+C18H38	959,965	O	I-Material
+,	965,966	O	O
+etc	967,970	O	O
+.	970,971	O	O
+
+A	972,973	O	O
+good	974,978	O	O
+description	979,990	O	B-Task
+of	991,993	O	I-Task
+the	994,997	O	I-Task
+thermodynamic	998,1011	O	I-Task
+properties	1012,1022	O	I-Task
+of	1023,1025	O	O
+these	1026,1031	O	O
+alkanes	1032,1039	O	B-Material
+is	1040,1042	O	O
+found	1043,1048	O	O
+to	1049,1051	O	O
+be	1052,1054	O	O
+provided	1055,1063	O	O
+with	1064,1068	O	O
+CG	1069,1071	O	B-Material
+alkyl	1072,1077	O	I-Material
+beads	1078,1083	O	I-Material
+characterised	1084,1097	O	O
+by	1098,1100	O	O
+the	1101,1104	O	O
+Mie	1105,1108	O	B-Process
+(	1109,1110	O	I-Process
+15–6	1110,1114	O	I-Process
+)	1114,1115	O	I-Process
+potential	1116,1125	O	I-Process
+.	1125,1126	O	O
+
+For	1127,1130	O	O
+convenience	1131,1142	O	O
+,	1142,1143	O	O
+the	1144,1147	O	O
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+pair	1157,1161	O	O
+(	1162,1163	O	O
+15–6	1163,1167	O	O
+)	1167,1168	O	O
+is	1169,1171	O	O
+also	1172,1176	O	O
+used	1177,1181	O	O
+to	1182,1184	O	O
+represent	1185,1194	O	O
+the	1195,1198	O	O
+interactions	1199,1211	O	O
+between	1212,1219	O	O
+the	1220,1223	O	O
+CG	1224,1226	O	B-Material
+beads	1227,1232	O	I-Material
+of	1233,1235	O	O
+the	1236,1239	O	O
+intervening	1240,1251	O	O
+alkanes	1252,1259	O	B-Material
+considered	1260,1270	O	O
+here	1271,1275	O	O
+;	1275,1276	O	O
+the	1277,1280	O	O
+number	1281,1287	O	O
+of	1288,1290	O	O
+segments	1291,1299	O	O
+m	1300,1301	O	O
+is	1302,1304	O	O
+taken	1305,1310	O	O
+to	1311,1313	O	O
+be	1314,1316	O	O
+the	1317,1320	O	O
+nearest	1321,1328	O	O
+integer	1329,1336	O	O
+of	1337,1339	O	O
+the	1340,1343	O	O
+division	1344,1352	O	O
+of	1353,1355	O	O
+the	1356,1359	O	O
+carbon	1360,1366	O	B-Material
+number	1367,1373	O	O
+C	1374,1375	O	O
+by	1376,1378	O	O
+three	1379,1384	O	O
+.	1384,1385	O	O
+
+The	1386,1389	O	O
+size	1390,1394	O	O
+σ	1395,1396	O	O
+and	1397,1400	O	O
+energy	1401,1407	O	O
+∊	1408,1409	O	O
+parameters	1410,1420	O	O
+are	1421,1424	O	O
+then	1425,1429	O	O
+estimated	1430,1439	O	O
+from	1440,1444	O	O
+the	1445,1448	O	O
+experimental	1449,1461	O	O
+saturated	1462,1471	O	B-Process
+-	1471,1472	O	I-Process
+liquid	1472,1478	O	I-Process
+density	1479,1486	O	I-Process
+and	1487,1490	O	O
+vapour	1491,1497	O	B-Process
+pressure	1498,1506	O	I-Process
+of	1507,1509	O	O
+the	1510,1513	O	O
+individual	1514,1524	O	O
+alkanes	1525,1532	O	B-Material
+following	1533,1542	O	O
+the	1543,1546	O	O
+usual	1547,1552	O	O
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+Mie	1560,1563	O	I-Process
+procedure	1564,1573	O	I-Process
+.	1573,1574	O	O
+
+The	1575,1578	O	O
+chosen	1579,1585	O	O
+mapping	1586,1593	O	O
+is	1594,1596	O	O
+by	1597,1599	O	O
+no	1600,1602	O	O
+means	1603,1608	O	O
+unique	1609,1615	O	O
+,	1615,1616	O	O
+as	1617,1619	O	O
+one	1620,1623	O	O
+can	1624,1627	O	O
+postulate	1628,1637	O	O
+parameter	1638,1647	O	O
+sets	1648,1652	O	O
+that	1653,1657	O	O
+fulfil	1658,1664	O	O
+other	1665,1670	O	O
+requisites	1671,1681	O	O
+,	1681,1682	O	O
+such	1683,1687	O	O
+as	1688,1690	O	O
+being	1691,1696	O	O
+“	1697,1698	O	O
+universal	1698,1707	O	O
+”	1707,1708	O	O
+across	1709,1715	O	O
+the	1716,1719	O	O
+entire	1720,1726	O	O
+homologous	1727,1737	O	O
+series	1738,1744	O	O
+[	1745,1746	O	O
+119	1746,1749	O	O
+]	1749,1750	O	O
+or	1751,1753	O	O
+correlated	1754,1764	O	O
+to	1765,1767	O	O
+the	1768,1771	O	O
+critical	1772,1780	O	O
+properties	1781,1791	O	O
+[	1792,1793	O	O
+125	1793,1796	O	O
+]	1796,1797	O	O
+.	1797,1798	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+study	5,10	O	O
+proposes	11,19	O	O
+a	20,21	O	O
+new	22,25	O	B-Task
+framework	26,35	O	I-Task
+of	36,38	O	I-Task
+a	39,40	O	I-Task
+numerical	41,50	O	I-Task
+modelling	51,60	O	I-Task
+of	61,63	O	O
+the	64,67	O	O
+gas	68,71	O	B-Process
+exchange	72,80	O	I-Process
+between	81,88	O	O
+air	89,92	O	B-Material
+and	93,96	O	O
+water	97,102	O	B-Material
+across	103,109	O	O
+their	110,115	O	O
+interface	116,125	O	O
+,	125,126	O	O
+and	127,130	O	O
+subsequent	131,141	O	O
+chemical	142,150	O	B-Process
+reaction	151,159	O	I-Process
+in	160,162	O	I-Process
+water	163,168	O	I-Process
+based	169,174	O	O
+on	175,177	O	O
+an	178,180	O	O
+extended	181,189	O	O
+two	190,193	O	B-Process
+-	193,194	O	I-Process
+compartment	194,205	O	I-Process
+model	206,211	O	I-Process
+.	211,212	O	O
+
+The	213,216	O	O
+major	217,222	O	O
+purpose	223,230	O	O
+of	231,233	O	O
+this	234,238	O	O
+study	239,244	O	O
+is	245,247	O	O
+to	248,250	O	O
+provide	251,258	O	O
+a	259,260	O	O
+fundamental	261,272	O	B-Process
+concept	273,280	O	I-Process
+for	281,284	O	O
+modelling	285,294	O	B-Task
+physicochemical	295,310	O	I-Task
+processes	311,320	O	I-Task
+of	321,323	O	O
+the	324,327	O	O
+gas	328,331	O	B-Process
+exchange	332,340	O	I-Process
+,	340,341	O	O
+followed	342,350	O	O
+by	351,353	O	O
+the	354,357	O	O
+chemical	358,366	O	B-Process
+reaction	367,375	O	I-Process
+in	376,378	O	I-Process
+water	379,384	O	I-Process
+.	384,385	O	O
+
+Demonstrating	386,399	O	O
+fundamental	400,411	O	O
+data	412,416	O	O
+and	417,420	O	O
+knowledge	421,430	O	O
+on	431,433	O	O
+the	434,437	O	O
+important	438,447	O	O
+environmental	448,461	O	O
+transport	462,471	O	O
+phenomena	472,481	O	O
+,	481,482	O	O
+especially	483,493	O	O
+the	494,497	O	O
+effects	498,505	O	B-Process
+of	506,508	O	I-Process
+the	509,512	O	I-Process
+Schmidt	513,520	O	I-Process
+number	521,527	O	I-Process
+and	528,531	O	O
+the	532,535	O	O
+chemical	536,544	O	B-Process
+reaction	545,553	O	I-Process
+rate	554,558	O	I-Process
+on	559,561	O	O
+the	562,565	O	O
+gas	566,569	O	B-Process
+exchange	570,578	O	I-Process
+mechanisms	579,589	O	I-Process
+across	590,596	O	I-Process
+the	597,600	O	I-Process
+interface	601,610	O	I-Process
+have	611,615	O	O
+also	616,620	O	O
+been	621,625	O	O
+attempted	626,635	O	O
+.	635,636	O	O
+
+The	637,640	O	O
+gas	641,644	O	B-Process
+exchange	645,653	O	I-Process
+processes	654,663	O	I-Process
+are	664,667	O	O
+separated	668,677	O	O
+into	678,682	O	O
+two	683,686	O	O
+physicochemical	687,702	O	O
+substeps	703,711	O	O
+,	711,712	O	O
+the	713,716	O	O
+first	717,722	O	O
+is	723,725	O	O
+the	726,729	O	O
+gas	730,733	O	B-Process
+–	733,734	O	I-Process
+liquid	734,740	O	I-Process
+equilibrium	741,752	O	I-Process
+between	753,760	O	O
+the	761,764	O	O
+two	765,768	O	O
+phases	769,775	O	O
+,	775,776	O	O
+and	777,780	O	O
+the	781,784	O	O
+second	785,791	O	O
+is	792,794	O	O
+the	795,798	O	O
+chemical	799,807	O	B-Process
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+in	817,819	O	I-Process
+the	820,823	O	I-Process
+water	824,829	O	I-Process
+phase	830,835	O	I-Process
+.	835,836	O	O
+
+A	837,838	O	O
+first	839,844	O	O
+-	844,845	O	O
+order	845,850	O	O
+,	850,851	O	O
+irreversible	852,864	O	B-Process
+chemical	865,873	O	I-Process
+reaction	874,882	O	I-Process
+of	883,885	O	O
+the	886,889	O	O
+gaseous	890,897	O	B-Material
+material	898,906	O	I-Material
+after	907,912	O	O
+its	913,916	O	O
+uptake	917,923	O	O
+into	924,928	O	O
+the	929,932	O	O
+water	933,938	O	B-Material
+phase	939,944	O	I-Material
+is	945,947	O	O
+assumed	948,955	O	O
+here	956,960	O	O
+to	961,963	O	O
+simplify	964,972	O	O
+interactions	973,985	O	O
+of	986,988	O	O
+the	989,992	O	O
+chemical	993,1001	O	B-Process
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+and	1012,1015	O	O
+turbulent	1016,1025	O	B-Process
+transport	1026,1035	O	I-Process
+phenomena	1036,1045	O	I-Process
+in	1046,1048	O	I-Process
+water	1049,1054	O	I-Process
+.	1054,1055	O	O
+
+While	1056,1061	O	O
+a	1062,1063	O	O
+traditional	1064,1075	O	O
+two	1076,1079	O	B-Process
+-	1079,1080	O	I-Process
+compartment	1080,1091	O	I-Process
+model	1092,1097	O	I-Process
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+uniform	1106,1113	O	O
+concentration	1114,1127	O	O
+of	1128,1130	O	O
+a	1131,1132	O	O
+material	1133,1141	O	O
+in	1142,1144	O	O
+each	1145,1149	O	O
+compartment	1150,1161	O	O
+,	1161,1162	O	O
+the	1163,1166	O	O
+present	1167,1174	O	O
+two	1175,1178	O	B-Process
+-	1178,1179	O	I-Process
+compartment	1179,1190	O	I-Process
+model	1191,1196	O	I-Process
+uses	1197,1201	O	O
+a	1202,1203	O	O
+computational	1204,1217	O	B-Process
+fluid	1218,1223	O	I-Process
+dynamics	1224,1232	O	I-Process
+(	1233,1234	O	O
+CFD	1234,1237	O	B-Process
+)	1237,1238	O	O
+technique	1239,1248	O	O
+in	1249,1251	O	O
+the	1252,1255	O	O
+water	1256,1261	O	B-Material
+compartment	1262,1273	O	O
+to	1274,1276	O	O
+evaluate	1277,1285	O	B-Task
+temporal	1286,1294	O	I-Task
+development	1295,1306	O	I-Task
+of	1307,1309	O	I-Task
+three	1310,1315	O	I-Task
+-	1315,1316	O	I-Task
+dimensional	1316,1327	O	I-Task
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+of	1337,1339	O	I-Task
+the	1340,1343	O	I-Task
+velocity	1344,1352	O	I-Task
+and	1353,1356	O	I-Task
+concentration	1357,1370	O	I-Task
+fields	1371,1377	O	I-Task
+.	1377,1378	O	O
+
+A	1379,1380	O	O
+direct	1381,1387	O	B-Process
+numerical	1388,1397	O	I-Process
+simulation	1398,1408	O	I-Process
+(	1409,1410	O	O
+DNS	1410,1413	O	B-Process
+)	1413,1414	O	O
+approach	1415,1423	O	O
+is	1424,1426	O	O
+used	1427,1431	O	O
+to	1432,1434	O	O
+evaluate	1435,1443	O	B-Task
+profiles	1444,1452	O	I-Task
+of	1453,1455	O	I-Task
+fluid	1456,1461	O	I-Task
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+and	1473,1476	O	I-Task
+concentrations	1477,1491	O	I-Task
+in	1492,1494	O	I-Task
+water	1495,1500	O	I-Task
+,	1500,1501	O	O
+and	1502,1505	O	O
+several	1506,1513	O	O
+important	1514,1523	O	O
+turbulence	1524,1534	O	O
+statistics	1535,1545	O	O
+have	1546,1550	O	O
+been	1551,1555	O	O
+evaluated	1556,1565	O	O
+without	1566,1573	O	O
+using	1574,1579	O	O
+turbulent	1580,1589	O	O
+closures	1590,1598	O	O
+,	1598,1599	O	O
+and	1600,1603	O	O
+subgrid	1604,1611	O	B-Process
+-	1611,1612	O	I-Process
+scale	1612,1617	O	I-Process
+models	1618,1624	O	I-Process
+.	1624,1625	O	O
+
+We	1626,1628	O	O
+assume	1629,1635	O	O
+that	1636,1640	O	O
+a	1641,1642	O	O
+fluid	1643,1648	O	B-Process
+flow	1649,1653	O	I-Process
+in	1654,1656	O	I-Process
+the	1657,1660	O	I-Process
+water	1661,1666	O	I-Process
+phase	1667,1672	O	I-Process
+is	1673,1675	O	O
+a	1676,1677	O	O
+well	1678,1682	O	O
+-	1682,1683	O	O
+developed	1683,1692	O	O
+turbulent	1693,1702	O	O
+water	1703,1708	O	B-Material
+layer	1709,1714	O	O
+of	1715,1717	O	O
+a	1718,1719	O	O
+low	1720,1723	O	O
+Reynolds	1724,1732	O	O
+number	1733,1739	O	O
+,	1739,1740	O	O
+and	1741,1744	O	O
+the	1745,1748	O	O
+Schmidt	1749,1756	O	O
+number	1757,1763	O	O
+is	1764,1766	O	O
+varied	1767,1773	O	O
+from	1774,1778	O	O
+1	1779,1780	O	O
+to	1781,1783	O	O
+8	1784,1785	O	O
+to	1786,1788	O	O
+observe	1789,1796	O	B-Task
+the	1797,1800	O	I-Task
+effects	1801,1808	O	I-Task
+of	1809,1811	O	I-Task
+the	1812,1815	O	I-Task
+molecular	1816,1825	O	I-Task
+diffusion	1826,1835	O	I-Task
+of	1836,1838	O	O
+the	1839,1842	O	O
+gas	1843,1846	O	B-Material
+in	1847,1849	O	O
+sub	1850,1853	O	O
+-	1853,1854	O	O
+interface	1854,1863	O	O
+water	1864,1869	O	B-Material
+on	1870,1872	O	O
+the	1873,1876	O	O
+gas	1877,1880	O	B-Process
+exchange	1881,1889	O	I-Process
+rate	1890,1894	O	I-Process
+at	1895,1897	O	I-Process
+the	1898,1901	O	I-Process
+interface	1902,1911	O	I-Process
+.	1911,1912	O	O
+
+Six	1913,1916	O	O
+degrees	1917,1924	O	O
+of	1925,1927	O	O
+the	1928,1931	O	O
+nondimensional	1932,1946	O	B-Process
+chemical	1947,1955	O	I-Process
+reaction	1956,1964	O	I-Process
+rate	1965,1969	O	I-Process
+are	1970,1973	O	O
+used	1974,1978	O	O
+to	1979,1981	O	O
+find	1982,1986	O	O
+the	1987,1990	O	O
+effect	1991,1997	O	B-Task
+of	1998,2000	O	I-Task
+the	2001,2004	O	I-Task
+chemical	2005,2013	O	I-Task
+reaction	2014,2022	O	I-Task
+rate	2023,2027	O	I-Task
+on	2028,2030	O	I-Task
+the	2031,2034	O	I-Task
+gas	2035,2038	O	I-Task
+exchange	2039,2047	O	I-Task
+mechanisms	2048,2058	O	I-Task
+.	2058,2059	O	O
+
+Extrapolations	2060,2074	O	O
+of	2075,2077	O	O
+the	2078,2081	O	O
+gas	2082,2085	O	B-Process
+exchange	2086,2094	O	I-Process
+rates	2095,2100	O	I-Process
+and	2101,2104	O	O
+the	2105,2108	O	O
+related	2109,2116	O	O
+transport	2117,2126	O	B-Process
+phenomena	2127,2136	O	I-Process
+toward	2137,2143	O	O
+larger	2144,2150	O	O
+Schmidt	2151,2158	O	O
+number	2159,2165	O	O
+and	2166,2169	O	O
+the	2170,2173	O	O
+faster	2174,2180	O	O
+chemical	2181,2189	O	B-Process
+reaction	2190,2198	O	I-Process
+rate	2199,2203	O	O
+will	2204,2208	O	O
+also	2209,2213	O	O
+be	2214,2216	O	O
+examined	2217,2225	O	O
+to	2226,2228	O	O
+predict	2229,2236	O	B-Task
+the	2237,2240	O	I-Task
+gas	2241,2244	O	I-Task
+exchange	2245,2253	O	I-Task
+processes	2254,2263	O	I-Task
+of	2264,2266	O	O
+the	2267,2270	O	O
+actual	2271,2277	O	O
+gases	2278,2283	O	B-Material
+of	2284,2286	O	O
+Sc∼O(102	2287,2295	O	B-Material
+)	2295,2296	O	I-Material
+based	2297,2302	O	O
+on	2303,2305	O	O
+results	2306,2313	O	O
+from	2314,2318	O	O
+the	2319,2322	O	O
+present	2323,2330	O	O
+numerical	2331,2340	O	B-Task
+experiments	2341,2352	O	I-Task
+.	2352,2353	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005846)
+
+Although	0,8	O	O
+the	9,12	O	O
+free	13,17	O	B-Task
+Kelvin	18,24	O	I-Task
+wave	25,29	O	I-Task
+problem	30,37	O	I-Task
+is	38,40	O	O
+of	41,43	O	O
+considerable	44,56	O	O
+theoretical	57,68	O	O
+importance	69,79	O	O
+,	79,80	O	O
+problems	81,89	O	B-Task
+with	90,94	O	I-Task
+forcing	95,102	O	I-Task
+and	103,106	O	I-Task
+damping	107,114	O	I-Task
+have	115,119	O	O
+greater	120,127	O	O
+practical	128,137	O	O
+importance	138,148	O	O
+.	148,149	O	O
+
+In	150,152	O	O
+nature	153,159	O	O
+,	159,160	O	O
+the	161,164	O	O
+forcing	165,172	O	B-Process
+could	173,178	O	O
+be	179,181	O	O
+due	182,185	O	O
+to	186,188	O	O
+a	189,190	O	O
+wind	191,195	O	B-Process
+stress	196,202	O	I-Process
+at	203,205	O	I-Process
+the	206,209	O	I-Process
+free	210,214	O	I-Process
+surface	215,222	O	I-Process
+or	223,225	O	O
+an	226,228	O	O
+astronomical	229,241	O	B-Process
+tidal	242,247	O	I-Process
+potential	248,257	O	I-Process
+,	257,258	O	O
+and	259,262	O	O
+the	263,266	O	O
+damping	267,274	O	B-Process
+could	275,280	O	O
+be	281,283	O	O
+due	284,287	O	O
+to	288,290	O	O
+the	291,294	O	O
+turbulent	295,304	O	B-Process
+stress	305,311	O	I-Process
+of	312,314	O	I-Process
+a	315,316	O	I-Process
+bottom	317,323	O	I-Process
+boundary	324,332	O	I-Process
+layer	333,338	O	I-Process
+.	338,339	O	O
+
+Regardless	340,350	O	O
+of	351,353	O	O
+the	354,357	O	O
+details	358,365	O	O
+,	365,366	O	O
+the	367,370	O	O
+forced	371,377	O	B-Process
+response	378,386	O	I-Process
+is	387,389	O	O
+composed	390,398	O	O
+of	399,401	O	O
+shallow	402,409	O	B-Material
+-	409,410	O	I-Material
+water	410,415	O	I-Material
+waves	416,421	O	I-Material
+,	421,422	O	O
+possibly	423,431	O	O
+including	432,441	O	O
+Kelvin	442,448	O	B-Material
+waves	449,454	O	I-Material
+,	454,455	O	O
+with	456,460	O	O
+the	461,464	O	O
+largest	465,472	O	O
+amplitudes	473,483	O	O
+in	484,486	O	O
+waves	487,492	O	B-Material
+with	493,497	O	O
+a	498,499	O	O
+natural	500,507	O	B-Process
+frequency	508,517	O	I-Process
+ωf	518,520	O	B-Process
+close	521,526	O	O
+to	527,529	O	O
+that	530,534	O	O
+of	535,537	O	O
+the	538,541	O	O
+forcing	542,549	O	B-Process
+frequency	550,559	O	I-Process
+ω	560,561	O	B-Process
+;	561,562	O	O
+various	563,570	O	O
+examples	571,579	O	O
+of	580,582	O	O
+this	583,587	O	O
+sort	588,592	O	O
+are	593,596	O	O
+given	597,602	O	O
+in	603,605	O	O
+Chapters	606,614	O	O
+9	615,616	O	O
+and	617,620	O	O
+10	621,623	O	O
+of	624,626	O	O
+Gill	627,631	O	O
+[	632,633	O	O
+16	633,635	O	O
+]	635,636	O	O
+.	636,637	O	O
+
+When	638,642	O	O
+ω≈ωf	643,647	O	B-Process
+,	647,648	O	O
+there	649,654	O	O
+is	655,657	O	O
+a	658,659	O	O
+large	660,665	O	O
+amplitude	666,675	O	O
+near	676,680	O	O
+-	680,681	O	O
+resonant	681,689	O	O
+response	690,698	O	O
+,	698,699	O	O
+the	700,703	O	O
+size	704,708	O	O
+of	709,711	O	O
+which	712,717	O	O
+is	718,720	O	O
+sensitive	721,730	O	O
+to	731,733	O	O
+the	734,737	O	O
+weak	738,742	O	B-Process
+damping	743,750	O	I-Process
+and	751,754	O	O
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+.	761,762	O	O
+
+Thus	763,767	O	O
+,	767,768	O	O
+in	769,771	O	O
+numerical	772,781	O	B-Task
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+of	792,794	O	O
+near	795,799	O	B-Material
+-	799,800	O	I-Material
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+forced	811,817	O	I-Material
+waves	818,823	O	I-Material
+,	823,824	O	O
+we	825,827	O	O
+anticipate	828,838	O	O
+that	839,843	O	O
+errors	844,850	O	O
+in	851,853	O	O
+ωf	854,856	O	B-Process
+(	857,858	O	O
+associated	858,868	O	O
+with	869,873	O	O
+the	874,877	O	O
+spatial	878,885	O	B-Process
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+)	900,901	O	O
+could	902,907	O	O
+lead	908,912	O	O
+to	913,915	O	O
+non	916,919	O	O
+-	919,920	O	O
+trivial	920,927	O	O
+errors	928,934	O	O
+in	935,937	O	O
+the	938,941	O	O
+forced	942,948	O	O
+response	949,957	O	O
+.	957,958	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S002199911500025X)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+fully	2,7	O	B-Process
+-	7,8	O	I-Process
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+for	36,39	O	O
+two	40,43	O	B-Process
+-	43,44	O	I-Process
+phase	44,49	O	I-Process
+flows	50,55	O	I-Process
+with	56,60	O	O
+an	61,63	O	O
+implicit	64,72	O	O
+implementation	73,87	O	O
+of	88,90	O	O
+surface	91,98	O	B-Process
+tension	99,106	O	I-Process
+has	107,110	O	O
+been	111,115	O	O
+introduced	116,126	O	O
+in	127,129	O	O
+this	130,134	O	O
+article	135,142	O	O
+.	142,143	O	O
+
+This	144,148	O	O
+fully	149,154	O	B-Process
+-	154,155	O	I-Process
+coupled	155,162	O	I-Process
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+has	173,176	O	O
+then	177,181	O	O
+been	182,186	O	O
+used	187,191	O	O
+to	192,194	O	O
+compare	195,202	O	B-Task
+the	203,206	O	I-Task
+influence	207,216	O	I-Task
+of	217,219	O	O
+the	220,223	O	O
+surface	224,231	O	B-Process
+tension	232,239	O	I-Process
+treatment	240,249	O	I-Process
+on	250,252	O	O
+the	253,256	O	O
+time	257,261	O	B-Process
+-	261,262	O	I-Process
+step	262,266	O	I-Process
+restrictions	267,279	O	I-Process
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+capillary	295,304	O	I-Process
+waves	305,310	O	I-Process
+.	310,311	O	O
+
+The	312,315	O	O
+conducted	316,325	O	O
+study	326,331	O	O
+demonstrates	332,344	O	O
+that	345,349	O	O
+restrictions	350,362	O	B-Process
+on	363,365	O	I-Process
+the	366,369	O	I-Process
+numerical	370,379	O	I-Process
+time	380,384	O	I-Process
+-	384,385	O	I-Process
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+from	400,404	O	I-Process
+capillary	405,414	O	I-Process
+waves	415,420	O	I-Process
+are	421,424	O	O
+valid	425,430	O	O
+and	431,434	O	O
+unchanged	435,444	O	O
+regardless	445,455	O	O
+of	456,458	O	O
+the	459,462	O	O
+numerical	463,472	O	B-Process
+treatment	473,482	O	I-Process
+of	483,485	O	I-Process
+surface	486,493	O	I-Process
+tension	494,501	O	I-Process
+.	501,502	O	O
+
+Since	503,508	O	O
+surface	509,516	O	B-Process
+tension	517,524	O	I-Process
+is	525,527	O	O
+not	528,531	O	O
+a	532,533	O	O
+function	534,542	O	O
+of	543,545	O	O
+pressure	546,554	O	O
+or	555,557	O	O
+velocity	558,566	O	O
+,	566,567	O	O
+the	568,571	O	O
+change	572,578	O	O
+in	579,581	O	O
+implementation	582,596	O	O
+does	597,601	O	O
+not	602,605	O	O
+affect	606,612	O	O
+the	613,616	O	O
+matrix	617,623	O	O
+coefficients	624,636	O	O
+of	637,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+primitive	644,653	O	O
+variables	654,663	O	O
+and	664,667	O	O
+,	667,668	O	O
+thus	669,673	O	O
+,	673,674	O	O
+numerical	675,684	O	O
+stability	685,694	O	O
+is	695,697	O	O
+independent	698,709	O	O
+of	710,712	O	O
+the	713,716	O	O
+treatment	717,726	O	B-Task
+of	727,729	O	I-Task
+surface	730,737	O	I-Task
+tension	738,745	O	I-Task
+.	745,746	O	O
+
+Further	747,754	O	O
+analysis	755,763	O	O
+shows	764,769	O	O
+that	770,774	O	O
+the	775,778	O	O
+capillary	779,788	O	O
+time	789,793	O	O
+-	793,794	O	O
+step	794,798	O	O
+constraint	799,809	O	O
+is	810,812	O	O
+a	813,814	O	O
+requirement	815,826	O	O
+imposed	827,834	O	O
+by	835,837	O	O
+the	838,841	O	O
+spatiotemporal	842,856	O	B-Task
+sampling	857,865	O	I-Task
+of	866,868	O	I-Task
+capillary	869,878	O	I-Task
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+,	884,885	O	O
+which	886,891	O	O
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+independent	895,906	O	O
+of	907,909	O	O
+the	910,913	O	O
+applied	914,921	O	B-Process
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+methodology	932,943	O	I-Process
+.	943,944	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115003423)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+remainder	4,13	O	O
+of	14,16	O	O
+our	17,20	O	O
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+as	41,43	O	O
+follows	44,51	O	O
+.	51,52	O	O
+
+In	53,55	O	O
+Section	56,63	O	O
+2	64,65	O	O
+we	66,68	O	O
+briefly	69,76	O	O
+describe	77,85	O	O
+the	86,89	O	O
+problem	90,97	O	B-Task
+of	98,100	O	I-Task
+cell	101,105	O	I-Task
+tracking	106,114	O	I-Task
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+introduce	119,128	O	B-Task
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+approach	133,141	O	I-Task
+to	142,144	O	I-Task
+cell	145,149	O	I-Task
+tracking	150,158	O	I-Task
+,	158,159	O	O
+which	160,165	O	O
+may	166,169	O	O
+be	170,172	O	O
+regarded	173,181	O	O
+as	182,184	O	O
+fitting	185,192	O	O
+a	193,194	O	O
+mathematical	195,207	O	B-Process
+model	208,213	O	I-Process
+to	214,216	O	O
+experimental	217,229	O	B-Material
+image	230,235	O	I-Material
+data	236,240	O	I-Material
+sets	241,245	O	I-Material
+.	245,246	O	O
+
+We	247,249	O	O
+present	250,257	O	O
+the	258,261	O	O
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+law	282,285	O	I-Process
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+we	292,294	O	O
+seek	295,299	O	O
+to	300,302	O	O
+fit	303,306	O	O
+,	306,307	O	O
+which	308,313	O	O
+is	314,316	O	O
+a	317,318	O	O
+simplification	319,333	O	O
+of	334,336	O	O
+recently	337,345	O	O
+developed	346,355	O	O
+models	356,362	O	O
+in	363,365	O	O
+the	366,369	O	O
+literature	370,380	O	O
+that	381,385	O	O
+show	386,390	O	O
+good	391,395	O	O
+agreement	396,405	O	O
+with	406,410	O	O
+experiments	411,422	O	O
+[	423,424	O	O
+8,10–12,4,13,9	424,438	O	O
+]	438,439	O	O
+.	439,440	O	O
+
+We	441,443	O	O
+finish	444,450	O	O
+Section	451,458	O	O
+2	459,460	O	O
+by	461,463	O	O
+reformulating	464,477	O	O
+our	478,481	O	B-Process
+model	482,487	O	I-Process
+into	488,492	O	O
+the	493,496	O	O
+phase	497,502	O	B-Process
+field	503,508	O	I-Process
+framework	509,518	O	I-Process
+,	518,519	O	O
+which	520,525	O	O
+appears	526,533	O	O
+more	534,538	O	O
+suitable	539,547	O	O
+for	548,551	O	O
+the	552,555	O	O
+problem	556,563	O	O
+in	564,566	O	O
+hand	567,571	O	O
+,	571,572	O	O
+and	573,576	O	O
+we	577,579	O	O
+formulate	580,589	O	O
+the	590,593	O	O
+cell	594,598	O	B-Task
+tracking	599,607	O	I-Task
+problem	608,615	O	I-Task
+as	616,618	O	O
+a	619,620	O	O
+PDE	621,624	O	B-Task
+constrained	625,636	O	I-Task
+optimisation	637,649	O	I-Task
+problem	650,657	O	I-Task
+.	657,658	O	O
+
+In	659,661	O	O
+Section	662,669	O	O
+3	670,671	O	O
+we	672,674	O	O
+propose	675,682	O	O
+an	683,685	O	O
+algorithm	686,695	O	B-Process
+for	696,699	O	O
+the	700,703	O	O
+resolution	704,714	O	O
+of	715,717	O	O
+the	718,721	O	O
+PDE	722,725	O	B-Task
+constrained	726,737	O	I-Task
+optimisation	738,750	O	I-Task
+problem	751,758	O	I-Task
+and	759,762	O	O
+we	763,765	O	O
+discuss	766,773	O	O
+some	774,778	O	O
+practical	779,788	O	O
+aspects	789,796	O	O
+related	797,804	O	O
+to	805,807	O	O
+the	808,811	O	O
+implementation	812,826	O	O
+.	826,827	O	O
+
+In	828,830	O	O
+particular	831,841	O	O
+we	842,844	O	O
+note	845,849	O	O
+that	850,854	O	O
+the	855,858	O	O
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+and	871,874	O	I-Process
+computational	875,888	O	I-Process
+framework	889,898	O	I-Process
+may	899,902	O	O
+be	903,905	O	O
+applied	906,913	O	O
+directly	914,922	O	O
+to	923,925	O	O
+multi	926,931	O	B-Material
+-	931,932	O	I-Material
+cell	932,936	O	I-Material
+image	937,942	O	I-Material
+data	943,947	O	I-Material
+sets	948,952	O	I-Material
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+raw	957,960	O	B-Material
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+sets	972,976	O	I-Material
+(	977,978	O	O
+of	978,980	O	O
+sufficient	981,991	O	O
+quality	992,999	O	O
+)	999,1000	O	O
+without	1001,1008	O	O
+segmentation	1009,1021	O	B-Process
+.	1021,1022	O	O
+
+In	1023,1025	O	O
+Section	1026,1033	O	O
+4	1034,1035	O	O
+we	1036,1038	O	O
+present	1039,1046	O	O
+some	1047,1051	O	O
+numerical	1052,1061	O	O
+examples	1062,1070	O	O
+for	1071,1074	O	O
+the	1075,1078	O	O
+case	1079,1083	O	O
+of	1084,1086	O	O
+2d	1087,1089	O	O
+single	1090,1096	O	O
+and	1097,1100	O	O
+multi	1101,1106	O	O
+-	1106,1107	O	O
+cell	1107,1111	O	O
+image	1112,1117	O	B-Material
+data	1118,1122	O	I-Material
+sets	1123,1127	O	I-Material
+.	1127,1128	O	O
+
+Finally	1129,1136	O	O
+in	1137,1139	O	O
+Section	1140,1147	O	O
+5	1148,1149	O	O
+we	1150,1152	O	O
+present	1153,1160	O	O
+some	1161,1165	O	O
+conclusions	1166,1177	O	O
+of	1178,1180	O	O
+our	1181,1184	O	O
+study	1185,1190	O	O
+and	1191,1194	O	O
+discuss	1195,1202	O	O
+future	1203,1209	O	O
+extensions	1210,1220	O	O
+and	1221,1224	O	O
+applications	1225,1237	O	O
+of	1238,1240	O	O
+the	1241,1244	O	O
+work	1245,1249	O	O
+.	1249,1250	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115007895)
+
+The	0,3	O	B-Task
+dynamics	4,12	O	I-Task
+of	13,15	O	I-Task
+various	16,23	O	I-Task
+physical	24,32	O	I-Task
+phenomena	33,42	O	I-Task
+,	42,43	O	O
+such	44,48	O	O
+as	49,51	O	O
+the	52,55	O	O
+movement	56,64	O	B-Process
+of	65,67	O	I-Process
+pendulums	68,77	O	I-Process
+,	77,78	O	I-Process
+planets	79,86	O	I-Process
+,	86,87	O	I-Process
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+waves	97,102	O	I-Process
+can	103,106	O	O
+be	107,109	O	O
+described	110,119	O	O
+in	120,122	O	O
+a	123,124	O	O
+variational	125,136	O	B-Process
+framework	137,146	O	I-Process
+.	146,147	O	O
+
+The	148,151	O	O
+development	152,163	O	O
+of	164,166	O	O
+variational	167,178	O	B-Process
+principles	179,189	O	I-Process
+for	190,193	O	O
+classical	194,203	O	O
+mechanics	204,213	O	O
+traces	214,220	O	O
+back	221,225	O	O
+to	226,228	O	O
+Euler	229,234	O	O
+,	234,235	O	O
+Lagrange	236,244	O	O
+,	244,245	O	O
+and	246,249	O	O
+Hamilton	250,258	O	O
+;	258,259	O	O
+an	260,262	O	O
+overview	263,271	O	O
+of	272,274	O	O
+this	275,279	O	O
+history	280,287	O	O
+can	288,291	O	O
+be	292,294	O	O
+found	295,300	O	O
+in	301,303	O	O
+[	304,305	O	O
+1,19	305,309	O	O
+]	309,310	O	O
+.	310,311	O	O
+
+This	312,316	O	O
+approach	317,325	O	B-Process
+allows	326,332	O	O
+to	333,335	O	O
+express	336,343	O	B-Task
+all	344,347	O	I-Task
+the	348,351	O	I-Task
+dynamics	352,360	O	I-Task
+of	361,363	O	I-Task
+a	364,365	O	I-Task
+system	366,372	O	I-Task
+in	373,375	O	O
+a	376,377	O	O
+single	378,384	O	B-Process
+functional	385,395	O	I-Process
+–	396,397	O	O
+the	398,401	O	O
+Lagrangian	402,412	O	B-Process
+–	413,414	O	O
+which	415,420	O	O
+is	421,423	O	O
+an	424,426	O	O
+action	427,433	O	B-Process
+integral	434,442	O	I-Process
+.	442,443	O	O
+
+Hamiltonian	444,455	O	B-Process
+mechanics	456,465	O	I-Process
+is	466,468	O	O
+a	469,470	O	O
+reformulation	471,484	O	B-Process
+of	485,487	O	I-Process
+Lagrangian	488,498	O	I-Process
+mechanics	499,508	O	I-Process
+which	509,514	O	O
+provides	515,523	O	O
+a	524,525	O	O
+convenient	526,536	O	O
+framework	537,546	O	B-Material
+to	547,549	O	O
+study	550,555	O	B-Task
+the	556,559	O	I-Task
+symmetry	560,568	O	I-Task
+properties	569,579	O	I-Task
+of	580,582	O	I-Task
+a	583,584	O	I-Task
+system	585,591	O	I-Task
+.	591,592	O	O
+
+This	593,597	O	O
+is	598,600	O	O
+expressed	601,610	O	O
+by	611,613	O	O
+Noether	614,621	O	O
+'s	621,623	O	O
+theorem	624,631	O	O
+which	632,637	O	O
+establishes	638,649	O	O
+the	650,653	O	O
+direct	654,660	O	O
+connection	661,671	O	O
+between	672,679	O	O
+the	680,683	O	O
+symmetry	684,692	O	O
+properties	693,703	O	O
+of	704,706	O	O
+Hamiltonian	707,718	O	B-Process
+systems	719,726	O	I-Process
+and	727,730	O	O
+conservation	731,743	O	O
+laws	744,748	O	O
+.	748,749	O	O
+
+When	750,754	O	O
+one	755,758	O	O
+approximates	759,771	O	O
+the	772,775	O	O
+system	776,782	O	B-Process
+numerically	783,794	O	O
+,	794,795	O	O
+it	796,798	O	O
+is	799,801	O	O
+advantageous	802,814	O	O
+to	815,817	O	O
+preserve	818,826	O	O
+the	827,830	O	O
+Hamiltonian	831,842	O	O
+structure	843,852	O	O
+also	853,857	O	O
+at	858,860	O	O
+the	861,864	O	O
+discrete	865,873	O	O
+level	874,879	O	O
+.	879,880	O	O
+
+Given	881,886	O	O
+that	887,891	O	O
+Hamiltonian	892,903	O	B-Process
+systems	904,911	O	I-Process
+are	912,915	O	O
+abundant	916,924	O	O
+in	925,927	O	O
+nature	928,934	O	O
+,	934,935	O	O
+their	936,941	O	O
+numerical	942,951	O	B-Task
+approximation	952,965	O	I-Task
+is	966,968	O	O
+therefore	969,978	O	O
+a	979,980	O	O
+topic	981,986	O	O
+of	987,989	O	O
+significant	990,1001	O	O
+relevance	1002,1011	O	O
+.	1011,1012	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115008153)
+
+As	0,2	O	O
+discussed	3,12	O	O
+above	13,18	O	O
+,	18,19	O	O
+proper	20,26	O	B-Task
+inclusion	27,36	O	I-Task
+of	37,39	O	I-Task
+these	40,45	O	I-Task
+interactions	46,58	O	I-Task
+requires	59,67	O	O
+segment	68,75	O	B-Process
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+after	92,97	O	I-Process
+every	98,103	O	I-Process
+iteration	104,113	O	I-Process
+.	113,114	O	O
+
+In	115,117	O	O
+order	118,123	O	O
+to	124,126	O	O
+minimize	127,135	O	B-Task
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+errors	147,153	O	I-Task
+due	154,157	O	O
+to	158,160	O	O
+incorrect	161,170	O	O
+values	171,177	O	O
+of	178,180	O	O
+the	181,184	O	O
+interactions	185,197	O	O
+potential	198,207	O	O
+,	207,208	O	O
+segments	209,217	O	B-Process
+are	218,221	O	I-Process
+synchronized	222,234	O	I-Process
+after	235,240	O	I-Process
+every	241,246	O	I-Process
+iteration	247,256	O	I-Process
+.	256,257	O	O
+
+Although	258,266	O	O
+relatively	267,277	O	O
+long	278,282	O	O
+communication	283,296	O	O
+times	297,302	O	O
+between	303,310	O	O
+remote	311,317	O	O
+processors	318,328	O	B-Material
+may	329,332	O	O
+hinder	333,339	O	O
+this	340,344	O	O
+process	345,352	O	O
+in	353,355	O	O
+typical	356,363	O	O
+parallel	364,372	O	B-Material
+computers	373,382	O	I-Material
+,	382,383	O	O
+this	384,388	O	O
+is	389,391	O	O
+not	392,395	O	O
+the	396,399	O	O
+case	400,404	O	O
+for	405,408	O	O
+GPGPU	409,414	O	B-Material
+architectures	415,428	O	I-Material
+.	428,429	O	O
+
+Still	430,435	O	O
+,	435,436	O	O
+full	437,441	O	O
+recalculation	442,455	O	B-Process
+of	456,458	O	I-Process
+the	459,462	O	I-Process
+interaction	463,474	O	I-Process
+potential	475,484	O	I-Process
+after	485,490	O	O
+each	491,495	O	O
+iteration	496,505	O	O
+is	506,508	O	O
+time	509,513	O	O
+consuming	514,523	O	O
+.	523,524	O	O
+
+Instead	525,532	O	O
+,	532,533	O	O
+the	534,537	O	O
+algorithm	538,547	O	B-Process
+corrects	548,556	O	B-Process
+the	557,560	O	I-Process
+current	561,568	O	I-Process
+potential	569,578	O	I-Process
+by	579,581	O	O
+adding	582,588	O	B-Process
+dipole	589,595	O	I-Process
+contributions	596,609	O	I-Process
+for	610,613	O	O
+every	614,619	O	O
+nearby	620,626	O	O
+charge	627,633	O	O
+that	634,638	O	O
+hopped	639,645	O	O
+during	646,652	O	O
+the	653,656	O	O
+previous	657,665	O	O
+iteration	666,675	O	O
+.	675,676	O	O
+
+Full	677,681	O	O
+updates	682,689	O	O
+of	690,692	O	O
+the	693,696	O	O
+interaction	697,708	O	B-Process
+potential	709,718	O	I-Process
+are	719,722	O	O
+only	723,727	O	O
+required	728,736	O	O
+for	737,740	O	O
+the	741,744	O	O
+grid	745,749	O	O
+points	750,756	O	O
+that	757,761	O	O
+are	762,765	O	O
+related	766,773	O	O
+to	774,776	O	O
+charges	777,784	O	O
+that	785,789	O	O
+hopped	790,796	O	O
+during	797,803	O	O
+the	804,807	O	O
+last	808,812	O	O
+iteration	813,822	O	O
+.	822,823	O	O
+
+Accumulative	824,836	O	O
+rounding	837,845	O	O
+errors	846,852	O	O
+that	853,857	O	O
+arise	858,863	O	O
+due	864,867	O	O
+to	868,870	O	O
+repetitive	871,881	O	O
+addition	882,890	O	O
+and	891,894	O	O
+subtraction	895,906	O	O
+are	907,910	O	O
+solve	911,916	O	O
+this	917,921	O	O
+by	922,924	O	O
+rounding	925,933	O	O
+all	934,937	O	O
+interaction	938,949	O	O
+potentials	950,960	O	O
+to	961,963	O	O
+a	964,965	O	O
+uniformly	966,975	O	O
+spaced	976,982	O	O
+range	983,988	O	O
+of	989,991	O	O
+floating	992,1000	O	O
+point	1001,1006	O	O
+numbers	1007,1014	O	O
+.	1014,1015	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115008372)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+need	4,8	O	O
+to	9,11	O	O
+represent	12,21	O	B-Task
+scale	22,27	O	I-Task
+interactions	28,40	O	I-Task
+in	41,43	O	O
+weather	44,51	O	B-Process
+and	52,55	O	I-Process
+climate	56,63	O	I-Process
+prediction	64,74	O	I-Process
+models	75,81	O	I-Process
+has	82,85	O	O
+,	85,86	O	O
+for	87,90	O	O
+many	91,95	O	O
+decades	96,103	O	O
+,	103,104	O	O
+motivated	105,114	O	O
+research	115,123	O	O
+into	124,128	O	O
+the	129,132	O	O
+use	133,136	O	O
+of	137,139	O	O
+adaptive	140,148	O	B-Material
+meshes	149,155	O	I-Material
+[	156,157	O	O
+3,34,38	157,164	O	O
+]	164,165	O	O
+.	165,166	O	O
+
+R	167,168	O	B-Process
+-	168,169	O	I-Process
+adaptivity	169,179	O	I-Process
+–	180,181	O	O
+mesh	182,186	O	B-Process
+redistribution	187,201	O	I-Process
+–	202,203	O	O
+involves	204,212	O	O
+deforming	213,222	O	B-Process
+a	223,224	O	I-Process
+mesh	225,229	O	I-Process
+in	230,232	O	O
+order	233,238	O	O
+to	239,241	O	O
+vary	242,246	O	O
+local	247,252	O	O
+resolution	253,263	O	O
+and	264,267	O	O
+was	268,271	O	O
+first	272,277	O	O
+considered	278,288	O	O
+for	289,292	O	O
+atmospheric	293,304	O	B-Process
+modelling	305,314	O	I-Process
+more	315,319	O	O
+than	320,324	O	O
+twenty	325,331	O	O
+years	332,337	O	O
+ago	338,341	O	O
+by	342,344	O	O
+Dietachmayer	345,357	O	O
+and	358,361	O	O
+Droegemeier	362,373	O	O
+
+[	374,375	O	O
+14	375,377	O	O
+]	377,378	O	O
+.	378,379	O	O
+
+It	380,382	O	O
+is	383,385	O	O
+an	386,388	O	O
+attractive	389,399	O	O
+form	400,404	O	O
+of	405,407	O	O
+adaptivity	408,418	O	B-Process
+since	419,424	O	O
+it	425,427	O	O
+does	428,432	O	O
+not	433,436	O	O
+involve	437,444	O	O
+altering	445,453	O	B-Process
+the	454,457	O	I-Process
+mesh	458,462	O	I-Process
+connectivity	463,475	O	I-Process
+,	475,476	O	O
+does	477,481	O	O
+not	482,485	O	O
+create	486,492	O	O
+load	493,497	O	O
+balancing	498,507	O	O
+problems	508,516	O	O
+because	517,524	O	O
+points	525,531	O	O
+are	532,535	O	O
+never	536,541	O	O
+created	542,549	O	O
+or	550,552	O	O
+destroyed	553,562	O	O
+,	562,563	O	O
+does	564,568	O	O
+not	569,572	O	O
+require	573,580	O	O
+mapping	581,588	O	B-Process
+of	589,591	O	I-Process
+solutions	592,601	O	I-Process
+between	602,609	O	I-Process
+meshes	610,616	O	I-Process
+[	617,618	O	O
+26	618,620	O	O
+]	620,621	O	O
+,	621,622	O	O
+does	623,627	O	O
+not	628,631	O	O
+lead	632,636	O	O
+to	637,639	O	O
+sudden	640,646	O	O
+changes	647,654	O	O
+in	655,657	O	O
+resolution	658,668	O	O
+and	669,672	O	O
+can	673,676	O	O
+be	677,679	O	O
+retro	680,685	O	O
+-	685,686	O	O
+fitted	686,692	O	O
+into	693,697	O	O
+existing	698,706	O	O
+models	707,713	O	O
+.	713,714	O	O
+
+Variational	715,726	O	B-Process
+methods	727,734	O	I-Process
+exist	735,740	O	O
+which	741,746	O	O
+attempt	747,754	O	O
+to	755,757	O	O
+control	758,765	O	B-Task
+resolution	766,776	O	I-Task
+in	777,779	O	I-Task
+different	780,789	O	I-Task
+directions	790,800	O	I-Task
+for	801,804	O	I-Task
+r	805,806	O	I-Task
+-	806,807	O	I-Task
+adaptive	807,815	O	I-Task
+meshes	816,822	O	I-Task
+(	823,824	O	O
+e.g.	824,828	O	O
+[	829,830	O	O
+23,25	830,835	O	O
+]	835,836	O	O
+)	836,837	O	O
+.	837,838	O	O
+
+Alternatively	839,852	O	O
+,	852,853	O	O
+the	854,857	O	O
+solution	858,866	O	O
+of	867,869	O	O
+the	870,873	O	O
+Monge	874,879	O	B-Process
+–	879,880	O	I-Process
+Ampère	880,886	O	I-Process
+equation	887,895	O	I-Process
+to	896,898	O	O
+generate	899,907	O	O
+an	908,910	O	O
+optimally	911,920	O	B-Material
+transported	921,932	O	I-Material
+(	933,934	O	I-Material
+OT	934,936	O	I-Material
+)	936,937	O	I-Material
+mesh	938,942	O	I-Material
+based	943,948	O	O
+on	949,951	O	O
+a	952,953	O	O
+scalar	954,960	O	B-Process
+valued	961,967	O	I-Process
+monitor	968,975	O	I-Process
+function	976,984	O	I-Process
+is	985,987	O	O
+a	988,989	O	O
+useful	990,996	O	O
+form	997,1001	O	O
+of	1002,1004	O	O
+r	1005,1006	O	B-Process
+-	1006,1007	O	I-Process
+adaptive	1007,1015	O	I-Process
+mesh	1016,1020	O	I-Process
+generation	1021,1031	O	I-Process
+because	1032,1039	O	O
+it	1040,1042	O	O
+generates	1043,1052	O	O
+a	1053,1054	O	O
+mesh	1055,1059	O	B-Material
+equidistributed	1060,1075	O	O
+with	1076,1080	O	O
+respect	1081,1088	O	O
+to	1089,1091	O	O
+a	1092,1093	O	O
+monitor	1094,1101	O	B-Process
+function	1102,1110	O	I-Process
+and	1111,1114	O	O
+does	1115,1119	O	O
+not	1120,1123	O	O
+lead	1124,1128	O	O
+to	1129,1131	O	O
+mesh	1132,1136	O	B-Process
+tangling	1137,1145	O	I-Process
+[	1146,1147	O	O
+7	1147,1148	O	O
+]	1148,1149	O	O
+.	1149,1150	O	O
+
+We	1151,1153	O	O
+will	1154,1158	O	O
+see	1159,1162	O	O
+that	1163,1167	O	O
+the	1168,1171	O	O
+optimal	1172,1179	O	B-Task
+transport	1180,1189	O	I-Task
+problem	1190,1197	O	I-Task
+on	1198,1200	O	I-Task
+the	1201,1204	O	I-Task
+sphere	1205,1211	O	I-Task
+leads	1212,1217	O	O
+to	1218,1220	O	O
+a	1221,1222	O	O
+slightly	1223,1231	O	O
+different	1232,1241	O	O
+equation	1242,1250	O	O
+of	1251,1253	O	O
+Monge	1254,1259	O	B-Process
+–	1259,1260	O	I-Process
+Ampère	1260,1266	O	I-Process
+type	1267,1271	O	O
+,	1271,1272	O	O
+which	1273,1278	O	O
+has	1279,1282	O	O
+not	1283,1286	O	O
+before	1287,1293	O	O
+been	1294,1298	O	O
+solved	1299,1305	O	O
+numerically	1306,1317	O	O
+on	1318,1320	O	O
+the	1321,1324	O	O
+surface	1325,1332	O	O
+of	1333,1335	O	O
+a	1336,1337	O	O
+sphere	1338,1344	O	B-Material
+,	1344,1345	O	O
+which	1346,1351	O	O
+would	1352,1357	O	O
+be	1358,1360	O	O
+necessary	1361,1370	O	O
+for	1371,1374	O	O
+weather	1375,1382	O	B-Task
+and	1383,1386	O	I-Task
+climate	1387,1394	O	I-Task
+prediction	1395,1405	O	I-Task
+using	1406,1411	O	O
+r	1412,1413	O	B-Process
+-	1413,1414	O	I-Process
+adaptivity	1414,1424	O	I-Process
+.	1424,1425	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311513010313)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+four	4,8	O	O
+bounding	9,17	O	B-Material
+PCM	18,21	O	I-Material
+wastes	22,28	O	I-Material
+,	28,29	O	O
+given	30,35	O	O
+in	36,38	O	O
+Table	39,44	O	O
+1	45,46	O	O
+,	46,47	O	O
+were	48,52	O	O
+simulated	53,62	O	O
+using	63,68	O	O
+the	69,72	O	O
+most	73,77	O	O
+appropriate	78,89	O	O
+materials	90,99	O	O
+and	100,103	O	O
+geometries	104,114	O	O
+.	114,115	O	O
+
+“	116,117	O	B-Material
+Mock	117,121	O	I-Material
+up	122,124	O	I-Material
+”	124,125	O	I-Material
+PCM	126,129	O	I-Material
+drums	130,135	O	I-Material
+were	136,140	O	O
+assembled	141,150	O	O
+using	151,156	O	O
+the	157,160	O	O
+following	161,170	O	O
+components	171,181	O	O
+:	181,182	O	O
+PCM	183,186	O	B-Material
+drums	187,192	O	I-Material
+were	193,197	O	O
+simulated	198,207	O	O
+using	208,213	O	O
+mild	214,218	O	B-Material
+steel	219,224	O	I-Material
+paint	225,230	O	I-Material
+cans	231,235	O	I-Material
+and	236,239	O	I-Material
+lids	240,244	O	I-Material
+(	245,246	O	O
+Fenton	246,252	O	O
+Packaging	253,262	O	O
+Ltd.	263,267	O	O
+)	267,268	O	O
+;	268,269	O	O
+PVC	270,273	O	B-Material
+bags	274,278	O	I-Material
+were	279,283	O	O
+replicated	284,294	O	O
+using	295,300	O	O
+identical	301,310	O	B-Material
+PVC	311,314	O	I-Material
+sheeting	315,323	O	I-Material
+(	324,325	O	O
+Romar	325,330	O	O
+Workwear	331,339	O	O
+Ltd.	340,344	O	O
+)	344,345	O	O
+;	345,346	O	O
+the	347,350	O	O
+metallic	351,359	O	B-Material
+waste	360,365	O	I-Material
+was	366,369	O	O
+simulated	370,379	O	O
+using	380,385	O	O
+commercial	386,396	O	B-Material
+grade	397,402	O	I-Material
+18/8	403,407	O	I-Material
+stainless	408,417	O	I-Material
+steel	418,423	O	I-Material
+,	423,424	O	O
+aluminium	425,434	O	B-Material
+and	435,438	O	O
+copper	439,445	O	B-Material
+(	446,447	O	O
+Avus	447,451	O	O
+Metals	452,458	O	O
+&	459,460	O	O
+Plastics	461,469	O	O
+Ltd.	470,474	O	O
+)	474,475	O	O
+,	475,476	O	O
+and	477,480	O	O
+lead	481,485	O	B-Material
+shot	486,490	O	I-Material
+(	491,492	O	O
+Aldrich	492,499	O	O
+)	499,500	O	O
+;	500,501	O	O
+the	502,505	O	O
+inorganic	506,515	O	B-Material
+waste	516,521	O	I-Material
+was	522,525	O	O
+simulated	526,535	O	O
+using	536,541	O	O
+waste	542,547	O	B-Material
+Pyrex	548,553	O	I-Material
+labware	554,561	O	I-Material
+,	561,562	O	O
+crushed	563,570	O	O
+masonry	571,578	O	B-Material
+,	578,579	O	O
+concrete	580,588	O	B-Material
+and	589,592	O	O
+window	593,599	O	B-Material
+glass	600,605	O	I-Material
+;	605,606	O	O
+CeO2	607,611	O	B-Material
+(	612,613	O	O
+from	613,617	O	O
+Acros	618,623	O	O
+Organics	624,632	O	O
+,	632,633	O	O
+>	634,635	O	O
+99.9	635,639	O	O
+%	639,640	O	O
+;	640,641	O	O
+dried	642,647	O	O
+15h	648,651	O	O
+at	652,654	O	O
+600	655,658	O	O
+°	658,659	O	O
+C	659,660	O	O
+)	660,661	O	O
+was	662,665	O	O
+used	666,670	O	O
+as	671,673	O	O
+a	674,675	O	O
+PuO2	676,680	O	B-Material
+surrogate	681,690	O	I-Material
+.	690,691	O	O
+
+Commercially	692,704	O	O
+available	705,714	O	O
+ground	715,721	O	O
+,	721,722	O	O
+granulated	723,733	O	O
+blast	734,739	O	B-Material
+-	739,740	O	I-Material
+furnace	740,747	O	I-Material
+slag	748,752	O	I-Material
+“	753,754	O	I-Material
+Calumite	754,762	O	I-Material
+”	762,763	O	I-Material
+was	764,767	O	O
+used	768,772	O	O
+as	773,775	O	O
+an	776,778	O	O
+additive	779,787	O	O
+[	788,789	O	O
+27	789,791	O	O
+]	791,792	O	O
+.	792,793	O	O
+
+The	794,797	O	O
+analysed	798,806	O	O
+chemical	807,815	O	O
+composition	816,827	O	O
+is	828,830	O	O
+given	831,836	O	O
+in	837,839	O	O
+Table	840,845	O	O
+3	846,847	O	O
+.	847,848	O	O
+
+Calumite	849,857	O	B-Material
+is	858,860	O	O
+a	861,862	O	O
+powdered	863,871	O	B-Material
+material	872,880	O	I-Material
+,	880,881	O	O
+with	882,886	O	O
+a	887,888	O	O
+typical	889,896	O	O
+particle	897,905	O	B-Material
+size	906,910	O	O
+distribution	911,923	O	O
+between	924,931	O	O
+limits	932,938	O	O
+of	939,941	O	O
+ca	942,944	O	O
+.	944,945	O	O
+
+40	946,948	O	O
+to	949,951	O	O
+ca	952,954	O	O
+.	954,955	O	O
+
+400μm	956,961	O	O
+.	961,962	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311513011422)
+
+There	0,5	O	O
+is	6,8	O	O
+still	9,14	O	O
+some	15,19	O	O
+debate	20,26	O	O
+about	27,32	O	O
+the	33,36	O	O
+crystal	37,44	O	B-Material
+structure	45,54	O	O
+and	55,58	O	O
+composition	59,70	O	O
+of	71,73	O	O
+the	74,77	O	O
+fine	78,82	O	B-Material
+oxides	83,89	O	I-Material
+found	90,95	O	O
+in	96,98	O	O
+ODS	99,102	O	B-Material
+steels	103,109	O	I-Material
+and	110,113	O	O
+a	114,115	O	O
+number	116,122	O	O
+of	123,125	O	O
+different	126,135	O	O
+phases	136,142	O	O
+have	143,147	O	O
+been	148,152	O	O
+both	153,157	O	O
+proposed	158,166	O	O
+and	167,170	O	O
+identified	171,181	O	O
+.	181,182	O	O
+
+A	183,184	O	O
+complete	185,193	O	B-Task
+characterisation	194,210	O	I-Task
+of	211,213	O	I-Task
+the	214,217	O	I-Task
+oxide	218,223	O	I-Task
+particles	224,233	O	I-Task
+,	233,234	O	O
+including	235,244	O	O
+crystal	245,252	O	B-Material
+structure	253,262	O	O
+and	263,266	O	O
+composition	267,278	O	O
+,	278,279	O	O
+is	280,282	O	O
+needed	283,289	O	O
+as	290,292	O	O
+different	293,302	O	O
+phases	303,309	O	O
+and	310,313	O	O
+chemical	314,322	O	O
+variants	323,331	O	O
+of	332,334	O	O
+a	335,336	O	O
+single	337,343	O	O
+structure	344,353	O	O
+have	354,358	O	O
+been	359,363	O	O
+shown	364,369	O	O
+to	370,372	O	O
+respond	373,380	O	O
+differently	381,392	O	O
+to	393,395	O	O
+high	396,400	O	O
+temperatures	401,413	O	O
+and	414,417	O	O
+irradiation	418,429	O	B-Process
+.	429,430	O	O
+
+Ribis	431,436	O	O
+and	437,440	O	O
+de	441,443	O	O
+Carlan	444,450	O	O
+[	451,452	O	O
+6	452,453	O	O
+]	453,454	O	O
+have	455,459	O	O
+studied	460,467	O	O
+the	468,471	O	O
+coarsening	472,482	O	O
+characteristics	483,498	O	O
+of	499,501	O	O
+Y2O3	502,506	O	B-Material
+and	507,510	O	O
+Y2Ti2O7	511,518	O	B-Material
+oxides	519,525	O	I-Material
+at	526,528	O	O
+high	529,533	O	O
+temperatures	534,546	O	O
+.	546,547	O	O
+
+They	548,552	O	O
+show	553,557	O	O
+that	558,562	O	O
+the	563,566	O	O
+increase	567,575	O	O
+in	576,578	O	O
+particle	579,587	O	B-Material
+size	588,592	O	O
+is	593,595	O	O
+greater	596,603	O	O
+for	604,607	O	O
+the	608,611	O	O
+non	612,615	O	O
+-	615,616	O	O
+Ti	616,618	O	B-Material
+containing	619,629	O	O
+phase	630,635	O	O
+.	635,636	O	O
+
+Similarly	637,646	O	O
+,	646,647	O	O
+Ratti	648,653	O	O
+et	654,656	O	O
+al	657,659	O	O
+.	659,660	O	O
+
+[	661,662	O	O
+9	662,663	O	O
+]	663,664	O	O
+,	664,665	O	O
+although	666,674	O	O
+they	675,679	O	O
+do	680,682	O	O
+not	683,686	O	O
+allude	687,693	O	O
+to	694,696	O	O
+specific	697,705	O	O
+oxide	706,711	O	B-Material
+phases	712,718	O	O
+,	718,719	O	O
+have	720,724	O	O
+shown	725,730	O	O
+that	731,735	O	O
+small	736,741	O	O
+Ti	742,744	O	B-Material
+additions	745,754	O	O
+to	755,757	O	O
+an	758,760	O	O
+18%Cr	761,766	O	B-Material
+ODS	767,770	O	I-Material
+alloy	771,776	O	I-Material
+dramatically	777,789	O	O
+reduces	790,797	O	O
+the	798,801	O	O
+coarsening	802,812	O	B-Process
+rates	813,818	O	I-Process
+of	819,821	O	O
+dispersoids	822,833	O	B-Material
+when	834,838	O	O
+compared	839,847	O	O
+to	848,850	O	O
+an	851,853	O	O
+equivalent	854,864	O	O
+alloy	865,870	O	B-Material
+without	871,878	O	O
+titanium	879,887	O	B-Material
+.	887,888	O	O
+
+For	889,892	O	O
+example	893,900	O	O
+,	900,901	O	O
+Ribis	902,907	O	O
+indicates	908,917	O	O
+that	918,922	O	O
+coarsening	923,933	O	B-Process
+rates	934,939	O	I-Process
+may	940,943	O	O
+be	944,946	O	O
+controlled	947,957	O	O
+by	958,960	O	O
+interfacial	961,972	O	O
+energy	973,979	O	O
+between	980,987	O	O
+the	988,991	O	O
+secondary	992,1001	O	O
+phase	1002,1007	O	O
+particles	1008,1017	O	B-Material
+and	1018,1021	O	O
+the	1022,1025	O	O
+matrix	1026,1032	O	B-Material
+;	1032,1033	O	O
+he	1034,1036	O	O
+points	1037,1043	O	O
+out	1044,1047	O	O
+that	1048,1052	O	O
+the	1053,1056	O	O
+resistance	1057,1067	O	O
+to	1068,1070	O	O
+coarsening	1071,1081	O	O
+observed	1082,1090	O	O
+in	1091,1093	O	O
+the	1094,1097	O	O
+Y	1098,1099	O	B-Material
+,	1099,1100	O	O
+Ti	1101,1103	O	B-Material
+,	1103,1104	O	O
+O	1105,1106	O	B-Material
+system	1107,1113	O	O
+is	1114,1116	O	O
+probably	1117,1125	O	O
+the	1126,1129	O	O
+result	1130,1136	O	O
+of	1137,1139	O	O
+a	1140,1141	O	O
+very	1142,1146	O	O
+low	1147,1150	O	O
+interface	1151,1160	O	O
+energy	1161,1167	O	O
+and	1168,1171	O	O
+this	1172,1176	O	O
+would	1177,1182	O	O
+differ	1183,1189	O	O
+from	1190,1194	O	O
+one	1195,1198	O	O
+phase	1199,1204	O	O
+to	1205,1207	O	O
+another	1208,1215	O	O
+.	1215,1216	O	O
+
+Whittle	1217,1224	O	O
+et	1225,1227	O	O
+al	1228,1230	O	O
+.	1230,1231	O	O
+
+[	1232,1233	O	O
+10	1233,1235	O	O
+]	1235,1236	O	O
+have	1237,1241	O	O
+shown	1242,1247	O	O
+that	1248,1252	O	O
+pyrochlore	1253,1263	O	B-Material
+and	1264,1267	O	O
+structures	1268,1278	O	O
+closely	1279,1286	O	O
+related	1287,1294	O	O
+to	1295,1297	O	O
+the	1298,1301	O	O
+pyrochlore	1302,1312	O	B-Material
+structure	1313,1322	O	O
+respond	1323,1330	O	O
+in	1331,1333	O	O
+different	1334,1343	O	O
+ways	1344,1348	O	O
+to	1349,1351	O	O
+irradiation	1352,1363	O	B-Process
+.	1363,1364	O	O
+
+They	1365,1369	O	O
+revealed	1370,1378	O	O
+that	1379,1383	O	O
+oxide	1384,1389	O	B-Material
+structure	1390,1399	O	O
+and	1400,1403	O	O
+variations	1404,1414	O	O
+in	1415,1417	O	O
+composition	1418,1429	O	O
+can	1430,1433	O	O
+affect	1434,1440	O	O
+their	1441,1446	O	O
+ability	1447,1454	O	O
+to	1455,1457	O	O
+withstand	1458,1467	O	O
+and	1468,1471	O	O
+recover	1472,1479	O	O
+from	1480,1484	O	O
+irradiation	1485,1496	O	B-Process
+induced	1497,1504	O	O
+damage	1505,1511	O	O
+.	1511,1512	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514006722)
+
+Zirconium	0,9	O	B-Material
+alloys	10,16	O	I-Material
+are	17,20	O	O
+used	21,25	O	O
+as	26,28	O	O
+fuel	29,33	O	O
+cladding	34,42	O	O
+in	43,45	O	O
+pressurised	46,57	O	O
+and	58,61	O	O
+boiling	62,69	O	O
+water	70,75	O	O
+nuclear	76,83	O	B-Material
+reactors	84,92	O	I-Material
+.	92,93	O	O
+
+As	94,96	O	O
+such	97,101	O	O
+these	102,107	O	O
+materials	108,117	O	O
+are	118,121	O	O
+exposed	122,129	O	O
+to	130,132	O	O
+a	133,134	O	O
+large	135,140	O	O
+number	141,147	O	O
+of	148,150	O	O
+environmental	151,164	O	O
+factors	165,172	O	O
+that	173,177	O	O
+will	178,182	O	O
+promote	183,190	O	O
+degradation	191,202	O	B-Process
+mechanisms	203,213	O	I-Process
+such	214,218	O	O
+as	219,221	O	O
+oxidation	222,231	O	B-Process
+.	231,232	O	O
+
+At	233,235	O	O
+high	236,240	O	O
+burn	241,245	O	O
+-	245,246	O	O
+ups	246,249	O	O
+,	249,250	O	O
+i.e.	251,255	O	O
+extended	256,264	O	O
+service	265,272	O	O
+life	273,277	O	O
+,	277,278	O	O
+oxidation	279,288	O	B-Process
+and	289,292	O	O
+the	293,296	O	O
+associated	297,307	O	O
+hydrogen	308,316	O	B-Process
+pick	317,321	O	I-Process
+-	321,322	O	I-Process
+up	322,324	O	I-Process
+can	325,328	O	O
+be	329,331	O	O
+a	332,333	O	O
+limiting	334,342	O	O
+factor	343,349	O	O
+in	350,352	O	O
+terms	353,358	O	O
+of	359,361	O	O
+fuel	362,366	O	B-Material
+efficiency	367,377	O	O
+and	378,381	O	O
+safety	382,388	O	O
+.	388,389	O	O
+
+The	390,393	O	O
+oxidation	394,403	O	B-Process
+kinetics	404,412	O	O
+for	413,416	O	O
+many	417,421	O	O
+zirconium	422,431	O	B-Material
+alloys	432,438	O	I-Material
+are	439,442	O	O
+cyclical	443,451	O	O
+,	451,452	O	O
+demonstrating	453,466	O	O
+a	467,468	O	O
+series	469,475	O	O
+of	476,478	O	O
+approximately	479,492	O	O
+cubic	493,498	O	O
+kinetic	499,506	O	O
+curves	507,513	O	O
+separated	514,523	O	O
+by	524,526	O	O
+transitions	527,538	O	O
+[	539,540	O	O
+1–5	540,543	O	O
+]	543,544	O	O
+.	544,545	O	O
+
+These	546,551	O	O
+transitions	552,563	O	O
+are	564,567	O	O
+typified	568,576	O	O
+by	577,579	O	O
+a	580,581	O	O
+breakdown	582,591	O	O
+in	592,594	O	O
+the	595,598	O	O
+protective	599,609	O	O
+character	610,619	O	O
+of	620,622	O	O
+the	623,626	O	O
+oxide	627,632	O	B-Material
+and	633,636	O	O
+are	637,640	O	O
+potentially	641,652	O	O
+linked	653,659	O	O
+to	660,662	O	O
+a	663,664	O	O
+number	665,671	O	O
+of	672,674	O	O
+mechanical	675,685	O	O
+issues	686,692	O	O
+.	692,693	O	O
+
+Understanding	694,707	O	B-Task
+how	708,711	O	I-Task
+these	712,717	O	I-Task
+issues	718,724	O	I-Task
+influence	725,734	O	I-Task
+oxidation	735,744	O	I-Task
+is	745,747	O	O
+a	748,749	O	O
+key	750,753	O	O
+to	754,756	O	O
+developing	757,767	O	B-Task
+a	768,769	O	I-Task
+full	770,774	O	I-Task
+mechanistic	775,786	O	I-Task
+understanding	787,800	O	I-Task
+of	801,803	O	I-Task
+the	804,807	O	I-Task
+corrosion	808,817	O	I-Task
+process	818,825	O	I-Task
+.	825,826	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514006941)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+formulation	4,15	O	O
+in	16,18	O	O
+Table	19,24	O	O
+1	25,26	O	O
+was	27,30	O	O
+derived	31,38	O	O
+by	39,41	O	O
+an	42,44	O	O
+empirical	45,54	O	O
+approach	55,63	O	O
+and	64,67	O	O
+led	68,71	O	O
+to	72,74	O	O
+a	75,76	O	O
+non	77,80	O	B-Material
+-	80,81	O	I-Material
+classical	81,90	O	I-Material
+glass	91,96	O	I-Material
+matrix	97,103	O	I-Material
+.	103,104	O	O
+
+Carter	105,111	O	O
+et	112,114	O	O
+al	115,117	O	O
+.	117,118	O	O
+
+[	119,120	O	O
+3	120,121	O	O
+]	121,122	O	O
+and	123,126	O	O
+Zhang	127,132	O	O
+et	133,135	O	O
+al	136,138	O	O
+.	138,139	O	O
+
+[	140,141	O	O
+4	141,142	O	O
+]	142,143	O	O
+took	144,148	O	O
+a	149,150	O	O
+more	151,155	O	O
+systematic	156,166	O	O
+approach	167,175	O	O
+to	176,178	O	O
+such	179,183	O	O
+glass	184,189	O	B-Material
+-	189,190	O	I-Material
+ceramic	190,197	O	I-Material
+wasteforms	198,208	O	I-Material
+.	208,209	O	O
+
+These	210,215	O	O
+wasteforms	216,226	O	O
+were	227,231	O	O
+targeted	232,240	O	O
+at	241,243	O	O
+Hanford	244,251	O	B-Material
+K	252,253	O	I-Material
+-	253,254	O	I-Material
+basin	254,259	O	I-Material
+sludges	260,267	O	I-Material
+and	268,271	O	O
+the	272,275	O	O
+immobilisation	276,290	O	B-Task
+of	291,293	O	I-Task
+the	294,297	O	I-Task
+primary	298,305	O	I-Task
+waste	306,311	O	I-Task
+stream	312,318	O	I-Task
+from	319,323	O	I-Task
+production	324,334	O	I-Task
+of	335,337	O	I-Task
+molybdenum-99	338,351	O	I-Task
+at	352,354	O	O
+the	355,358	O	O
+Australian	359,369	O	O
+Nuclear	370,377	O	O
+Science	378,385	O	O
+and	386,389	O	O
+Technology	390,400	O	O
+Organisation	401,413	O	O
+site	414,418	O	O
+in	419,421	O	O
+Sydney	422,428	O	O
+respectively	429,441	O	O
+.	441,442	O	O
+
+In	443,445	O	O
+the	446,449	O	O
+work	450,454	O	O
+of	455,457	O	O
+Carter	458,464	O	O
+et	465,467	O	O
+al	468,470	O	O
+.	470,471	O	O
+
+and	472,475	O	O
+Zhang	476,481	O	O
+et	482,484	O	O
+al	485,487	O	O
+.	487,488	O	O
+
+the	489,492	O	O
+intended	493,501	O	O
+crystalline	502,513	O	B-Material
+phase	514,519	O	O
+was	520,523	O	O
+the	524,527	O	O
+closely	528,535	O	O
+related	536,543	O	O
+titanate	544,552	O	B-Material
+pyrochlore	553,563	O	I-Material
+,	563,564	O	O
+CaUTi2O7	565,573	O	B-Material
+.	573,574	O	O
+
+The	575,578	O	O
+glass	579,584	O	B-Material
+matrix	585,591	O	I-Material
+was	592,595	O	O
+formulated	596,606	O	O
+such	607,611	O	O
+that	612,616	O	O
+the	617,620	O	O
+trivalent	621,630	O	O
+species	631,638	O	O
+in	639,641	O	O
+the	642,645	O	O
+glass	646,651	O	B-Material
+network	652,659	O	I-Material
+,	659,660	O	O
+boron	661,666	O	B-Material
+and	667,670	O	O
+aluminium	671,680	O	B-Material
+,	680,681	O	O
+were	682,686	O	O
+charge	687,693	O	O
+compensated	694,705	O	O
+on	706,708	O	O
+a	709,710	O	O
+molar	711,716	O	O
+basis	717,722	O	O
+by	723,725	O	O
+sodium	726,732	O	B-Material
+.	732,733	O	O
+
+The	734,737	O	O
+stoichiometric	738,752	O	O
+composition	753,764	O	O
+of	765,767	O	O
+the	768,771	O	O
+glass	772,777	O	B-Material
+in	778,780	O	O
+this	781,785	O	O
+wasteform	786,795	O	O
+was	796,799	O	O
+Na2AlBSi6O16	800,812	O	B-Material
+.	812,813	O	O
+
+This	814,818	O	O
+glass	819,824	O	B-Material
+provides	825,833	O	O
+a	834,835	O	O
+method	836,842	O	O
+by	843,845	O	O
+which	846,851	O	O
+the	852,855	O	O
+glass	856,861	O	B-Material
+composition	862,873	O	I-Material
+can	874,877	O	O
+be	878,880	O	O
+varied	881,887	O	O
+systematically	888,902	O	O
+.	902,903	O	O
+
+Given	904,909	O	O
+that	910,914	O	O
+the	915,918	O	O
+initial	919,926	O	O
+observations	927,939	O	O
+inferred	940,948	O	O
+an	949,951	O	O
+important	952,961	O	O
+role	962,966	O	O
+played	967,973	O	O
+by	974,976	O	O
+alumina	977,984	O	B-Material
+,	984,985	O	O
+it	986,988	O	O
+was	989,992	O	O
+decided	993,1000	O	O
+to	1001,1003	O	O
+prepare	1004,1011	O	O
+a	1012,1013	O	O
+suite	1014,1019	O	O
+of	1020,1022	O	O
+zirconolite	1023,1034	O	B-Material
+glass	1035,1040	O	I-Material
+-	1040,1041	O	I-Material
+ceramics	1041,1049	O	I-Material
+in	1050,1052	O	O
+which	1053,1058	O	O
+the	1059,1062	O	O
+glass	1063,1068	O	B-Material
+matrix	1069,1075	O	I-Material
+was	1076,1079	O	O
+defined	1080,1087	O	O
+by	1088,1090	O	O
+Na2Al1+xB1–xSi6O16	1091,1109	O	B-Material
+to	1110,1112	O	O
+investigate	1113,1124	O	B-Task
+the	1125,1128	O	I-Task
+role	1129,1133	O	I-Task
+played	1134,1140	O	I-Task
+by	1141,1143	O	I-Task
+glass	1144,1149	O	I-Task
+composition	1150,1161	O	I-Task
+in	1162,1164	O	I-Task
+controlling	1165,1176	O	I-Task
+crystalline	1177,1188	O	I-Task
+phase	1189,1194	O	I-Task
+stability	1195,1204	O	I-Task
+.	1204,1205	O	O
+
+The	1206,1209	O	O
+x=1	1210,1213	O	O
+end	1214,1217	O	O
+member	1218,1224	O	O
+gives	1225,1230	O	O
+the	1231,1234	O	O
+mineral	1235,1242	O	B-Material
+albite	1243,1249	O	I-Material
+,	1249,1250	O	O
+NaAlSi3O8	1251,1260	O	B-Material
+.	1260,1261	O	O
+
+The	1262,1265	O	O
+melting	1266,1273	O	O
+point	1274,1279	O	O
+of	1280,1282	O	O
+albite	1283,1289	O	B-Material
+is	1290,1292	O	O
+1120	1293,1297	O	O
+°	1297,1298	O	O
+C	1298,1299	O	O
+[	1300,1301	O	O
+5	1301,1302	O	O
+]	1302,1303	O	O
+and	1304,1307	O	O
+the	1308,1311	O	O
+composition	1312,1323	O	O
+cools	1324,1329	O	O
+to	1330,1332	O	O
+a	1333,1334	O	O
+glass	1335,1340	O	B-Material
+at	1341,1343	O	O
+the	1344,1347	O	O
+cooling	1348,1355	O	O
+rates	1356,1361	O	O
+that	1362,1366	O	O
+occur	1367,1372	O	O
+during	1373,1379	O	O
+a	1380,1381	O	O
+HIP	1382,1385	O	O
+cycle	1386,1391	O	O
+.	1391,1392	O	O
+
+From	1393,1397	O	O
+the	1398,1401	O	O
+available	1402,1411	O	O
+phase	1412,1417	O	O
+diagrams	1418,1426	O	O
+,	1426,1427	O	O
+[	1428,1429	O	O
+6	1429,1430	O	O
+]	1430,1431	O	O
+no	1432,1434	O	O
+boron	1435,1440	O	B-Material
+analogue	1441,1449	O	O
+for	1450,1453	O	O
+albite	1454,1460	O	B-Material
+was	1461,1464	O	O
+shown	1465,1470	O	O
+,	1470,1471	O	O
+and	1472,1475	O	O
+the	1476,1479	O	O
+liquidus	1480,1488	O	O
+estimated	1489,1498	O	O
+from	1499,1503	O	O
+the	1504,1507	O	O
+relevant	1508,1516	O	O
+phase	1517,1522	O	O
+diagram	1523,1530	O	O
+is	1531,1533	O	O
+1100–1200	1534,1543	O	O
+°	1543,1544	O	O
+C	1544,1545	O	O
+.	1545,1546	O	O
+
+No	1547,1549	O	O
+phase	1550,1555	O	O
+diagrams	1556,1564	O	O
+for	1565,1568	O	O
+the	1569,1572	O	O
+quaternary	1573,1583	O	O
+system	1584,1590	O	O
+
+Na2O	1591,1595	O	O
+
+–	1595,1596	O	O
+
+Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2	1596,1611	O	O
+could	1612,1617	O	O
+be	1618,1620	O	O
+found	1621,1626	O	O
+.	1626,1627	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514009271)
+
+Structural	0,10	O	O
+properties	11,21	O	O
+are	22,25	O	O
+well	26,30	O	O
+reproduced	31,41	O	O
+by	42,44	O	O
+all	45,48	O	O
+models	49,55	O	O
+(	56,57	O	O
+Table	57,62	O	O
+2	63,64	O	O
+)	64,65	O	O
+,	65,66	O	O
+but	67,70	O	O
+the	71,74	O	O
+significant	75,86	O	O
+improvement	87,98	O	O
+of	99,101	O	O
+our	102,105	O	O
+potential	106,115	O	O
+stands	116,122	O	O
+in	123,125	O	O
+the	126,129	O	O
+elastic	130,137	O	O
+constants	138,147	O	O
+which	148,153	O	O
+relate	154,160	O	O
+to	161,163	O	O
+how	164,167	O	O
+the	168,171	O	O
+system	172,178	O	O
+responds	179,187	O	O
+to	188,190	O	O
+stress	191,197	O	O
+.	197,198	O	O
+
+Indeed	199,205	O	O
+,	205,206	O	O
+structure	207,216	O	O
+and	217,220	O	O
+elasticity	221,231	O	O
+are	232,235	O	O
+important	236,245	O	O
+parameters	246,256	O	O
+for	257,260	O	O
+elucidating	261,272	O	B-Task
+grain	273,278	O	I-Task
+boundary	279,287	O	I-Task
+stability	288,297	O	I-Task
+.	297,298	O	O
+
+All	299,302	O	O
+potential	303,312	O	O
+models	313,319	O	O
+correctly	320,329	O	O
+predict	330,337	O	B-Task
+the	338,341	O	I-Task
+relative	342,350	O	I-Task
+stability	351,360	O	I-Task
+of	361,363	O	I-Task
+the	364,367	O	I-Task
+defect	368,374	O	I-Task
+energies	375,383	O	I-Task
+.	383,384	O	O
+
+The	385,388	O	O
+Morelon	389,396	O	B-Process
+potential	397,406	O	I-Process
+model	407,412	O	I-Process
+performed	413,422	O	O
+best	423,427	O	O
+as	428,430	O	O
+it	431,433	O	O
+was	434,437	O	O
+specifically	438,450	O	O
+derived	451,458	O	O
+to	459,461	O	O
+replicate	462,471	O	B-Task
+defect	472,478	O	I-Task
+formation	479,488	O	I-Task
+energies	489,497	O	I-Task
+,	497,498	O	O
+but	499,502	O	O
+it	503,505	O	O
+largely	506,513	O	O
+underestimates	514,528	O	O
+the	529,532	O	O
+bulk	533,537	O	O
+modulus	538,545	O	O
+.	545,546	O	O
+
+The	547,550	O	O
+energies	551,559	O	O
+calculated	560,570	O	O
+with	571,575	O	O
+the	576,579	O	O
+Morl	580,584	O	B-Process
+and	585,588	O	I-Process
+the	589,592	O	I-Process
+Arima	593,598	O	I-Process
+potential	599,608	O	I-Process
+models	609,615	O	I-Process
+are	616,619	O	O
+overestimated	620,633	O	O
+;	633,634	O	O
+this	635,639	O	O
+is	640,642	O	O
+a	643,644	O	O
+known	645,650	O	O
+disadvantage	651,663	O	O
+of	664,666	O	O
+using	667,672	O	O
+rigid	673,678	O	B-Process
+ion	679,682	O	I-Process
+models	683,689	O	I-Process
+as	690,692	O	O
+the	693,696	O	O
+ionic	697,702	O	O
+polarisability	703,717	O	O
+is	718,720	O	O
+not	721,724	O	O
+taken	725,730	O	O
+into	731,735	O	O
+account	736,743	O	O
+.	743,744	O	O
+
+For	745,748	O	O
+completeness	749,761	O	O
+,	761,762	O	O
+we	763,765	O	O
+report	766,772	O	O
+two	773,776	O	O
+shell	777,782	O	B-Process
+models	783,789	O	I-Process
+with	790,794	O	O
+the	795,798	O	O
+best	799,803	O	O
+results	804,811	O	O
+given	812,817	O	O
+by	818,820	O	O
+the	821,824	O	O
+Catlow	825,831	O	B-Process
+potential	832,841	O	I-Process
+model	842,847	O	I-Process
+.	847,848	O	O
+
+The	849,852	O	O
+Morl	853,857	O	B-Process
+,	857,858	O	I-Process
+along	859,864	O	I-Process
+with	865,869	O	I-Process
+the	870,873	O	I-Process
+Grimes	874,880	O	I-Process
+shell	881,886	O	I-Process
+potential	887,896	O	I-Process
+model	897,902	O	I-Process
+,	902,903	O	O
+accurately	904,914	O	O
+reproduce	915,924	O	B-Task
+the	925,928	O	I-Task
+activation	929,939	O	I-Task
+energy	940,946	O	I-Task
+of	947,949	O	I-Task
+oxygen	950,956	O	I-Task
+migration	957,966	O	I-Task
+(	967,968	O	O
+the	968,971	O	O
+migration	972,981	O	B-Process
+path	982,986	O	I-Process
+was	987,990	O	O
+the	991,994	O	O
+lowest	995,1001	O	O
+energy	1002,1008	O	O
+and	1009,1012	O	O
+most	1013,1017	O	O
+favourable	1018,1028	O	O
+diffusion	1029,1038	O	B-Process
+mechanism	1039,1048	O	I-Process
+observed	1049,1057	O	O
+in	1058,1060	O	O
+bulk	1061,1065	O	O
+UO2	1066,1069	O	B-Material
+[	1070,1071	O	O
+1	1071,1072	O	O
+]	1072,1073	O	O
+)	1073,1074	O	O
+.	1074,1075	O	O
+
+The	1076,1079	O	O
+major	1080,1085	O	O
+deficiency	1086,1096	O	O
+of	1097,1099	O	O
+the	1100,1103	O	O
+Morl	1104,1108	O	B-Process
+potential	1109,1118	O	I-Process
+is	1119,1121	O	O
+that	1122,1126	O	O
+the	1127,1130	O	O
+cation	1131,1137	O	B-Material
+defect	1138,1144	O	O
+energies	1145,1153	O	O
+are	1154,1157	O	O
+high	1158,1162	O	O
+,	1162,1163	O	O
+and	1164,1167	O	O
+hence	1168,1173	O	O
+the	1174,1177	O	O
+number	1178,1184	O	O
+of	1185,1187	O	O
+cation	1188,1194	O	B-Material
+defects	1195,1202	O	O
+will	1203,1207	O	O
+be	1208,1210	O	O
+underestimated	1211,1225	O	O
+.	1225,1226	O	O
+
+However	1227,1234	O	O
+,	1234,1235	O	O
+this	1236,1240	O	O
+should	1241,1247	O	O
+not	1248,1251	O	O
+be	1252,1254	O	O
+an	1255,1257	O	O
+issue	1258,1263	O	O
+unless	1264,1270	O	O
+this	1271,1275	O	O
+model	1276,1281	O	O
+was	1282,1285	O	O
+applied	1286,1293	O	O
+to	1294,1296	O	O
+processes	1297,1306	O	O
+such	1307,1311	O	O
+as	1312,1314	O	O
+grain	1315,1320	O	B-Process
+growth	1321,1327	O	I-Process
+where	1328,1333	O	O
+cation	1334,1340	O	O
+mobility	1341,1349	O	O
+will	1350,1354	O	O
+contribute	1355,1365	O	O
+.	1365,1366	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515002354)
+
+Hydrides	0,8	O	B-Material
+,	8,9	O	O
+once	10,14	O	O
+precipitated	15,27	O	O
+in	28,30	O	O
+zirconium	31,40	O	B-Material
+,	40,41	O	O
+degrade	42,49	O	O
+the	50,53	O	O
+mechanical	54,64	O	O
+properties	65,75	O	O
+of	76,78	O	O
+a	79,80	O	O
+component	81,90	O	O
+,	90,91	O	O
+leading	92,99	O	O
+to	100,102	O	O
+reductions	103,113	O	O
+in	114,116	O	O
+tensile	117,124	O	O
+strength	125,133	O	O
+,	133,134	O	O
+ductility	135,144	O	O
+and	145,148	O	O
+fracture	149,157	O	O
+toughness	158,167	O	O
+[	168,169	O	O
+35–40	169,174	O	O
+]	174,175	O	O
+.	175,176	O	O
+
+These	177,182	O	O
+changes	183,190	O	O
+can	191,194	O	O
+ultimately	195,205	O	O
+compromise	206,216	O	O
+the	217,220	O	O
+integrity	221,230	O	O
+of	231,233	O	O
+cladding	234,242	O	B-Process
+during	243,249	O	O
+normal	250,256	O	O
+operating	257,266	O	O
+life	267,271	O	O
+,	272,273	O	O
+accident	274,282	O	O
+conditions	283,293	O	O
+and	294,297	O	O
+fuel	298,302	O	B-Material
+storage	303,310	O	O
+[	311,312	O	O
+13	312,314	O	O
+]	314,315	O	O
+.	315,316	O	O
+
+As	317,319	O	O
+well	320,324	O	O
+as	325,327	O	O
+the	328,331	O	O
+degradation	332,343	O	O
+of	344,346	O	O
+mechanical	347,357	O	O
+properties	358,368	O	O
+,	368,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+presence	374,382	O	O
+of	383,385	O	O
+hydrides	386,394	O	B-Material
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+affect	404,410	O	O
+phenomena	411,420	O	O
+like	421,425	O	O
+pellet	426,432	O	B-Process
+cladding	433,441	O	I-Process
+mechanical	442,452	O	I-Process
+interaction	453,464	O	I-Process
+(	465,466	O	O
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+)	470,471	O	O
+;	471,472	O	O
+or	473,475	O	O
+introduce	476,485	O	O
+mechanisms	486,496	O	O
+for	497,500	O	O
+failure	501,508	O	O
+,	508,509	O	O
+such	510,514	O	O
+as	515,517	O	O
+delayed	518,525	O	B-Process
+hydride	526,533	O	I-Process
+cracking	534,542	O	I-Process
+(	543,544	O	O
+DHC	544,547	O	B-Process
+)	547,548	O	O
+.	548,549	O	O
+
+The	550,553	O	O
+former	554,560	O	O
+mechanism	561,570	O	O
+is	571,573	O	O
+the	574,577	O	O
+product	578,585	O	O
+of	586,588	O	O
+thermal	589,596	O	B-Process
+expansion	597,606	O	I-Process
+in	607,609	O	O
+fuel	610,614	O	B-Material
+pellets	615,622	O	I-Material
+introducing	623,634	O	O
+stresses	635,643	O	O
+into	644,648	O	O
+the	649,652	O	O
+cladding	653,661	O	B-Process
+,	661,662	O	O
+which	663,668	O	O
+may	669,672	O	O
+then	673,677	O	O
+lead	678,682	O	O
+to	683,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+formation	690,699	O	O
+of	700,702	O	O
+cracks	703,709	O	O
+in	710,712	O	O
+areas	713,718	O	O
+made	719,723	O	O
+brittle	724,731	O	O
+by	732,734	O	O
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+hydride	741,748	O	B-Material
+concentrations	749,763	O	O
+[	764,765	O	O
+13	765,767	O	O
+]	767,768	O	O
+.	768,769	O	O
+
+The	770,773	O	O
+latter	774,780	O	O
+mechanism	781,790	O	O
+,	790,791	O	O
+DHC	792,795	O	B-Process
+,	795,796	O	O
+is	797,799	O	O
+a	800,801	O	O
+sub	802,805	O	O
+-	805,806	O	O
+critical	806,814	O	O
+,	814,815	O	O
+time	816,820	O	O
+dependent	821,830	O	O
+cracking	831,839	O	B-Process
+phenomenon	840,850	O	I-Process
+that	851,855	O	O
+requires	856,864	O	O
+long	865,869	O	O
+range	870,875	O	O
+hydrogen	876,884	O	B-Process
+diffusion	885,894	O	I-Process
+for	895,898	O	O
+repeated	899,907	O	O
+local	908,913	O	B-Task
+hydride	914,921	O	I-Task
+growth	922,928	O	I-Task
+and	929,932	O	O
+fracture	933,941	O	O
+at	942,944	O	O
+a	945,946	O	O
+hydrostatic	947,958	O	B-Process
+tensile	959,966	O	I-Process
+stress	967,973	O	I-Process
+raiser	974,980	O	I-Process
+[	981,982	O	O
+5,41,42	982,989	O	O
+]	989,990	O	O
+.	990,991	O	O
+
+The	992,995	O	O
+process	996,1003	O	O
+occurs	1004,1010	O	O
+over	1011,1015	O	O
+an	1016,1018	O	O
+extended	1019,1027	O	O
+period	1028,1034	O	O
+of	1035,1037	O	O
+time	1038,1042	O	O
+under	1043,1048	O	O
+a	1049,1050	O	O
+continuously	1051,1063	O	O
+applied	1064,1071	O	O
+load	1072,1076	O	O
+that	1077,1081	O	O
+is	1082,1084	O	O
+below	1085,1090	O	O
+the	1091,1094	O	O
+yield	1095,1100	O	O
+stress	1101,1107	O	O
+of	1108,1110	O	O
+the	1111,1114	O	O
+material	1115,1123	O	O
+[	1124,1125	O	O
+5,41,42	1125,1132	O	O
+]	1132,1133	O	O
+.	1133,1134	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515301653)
+
+Uranium	0,7	O	B-Material
+carbide	8,15	O	I-Material
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+used	34,38	O	O
+as	39,41	O	O
+fuel	42,46	O	B-Material
+kernel	47,53	O	I-Material
+for	54,57	O	O
+the	58,61	O	O
+US	62,64	O	O
+version	65,72	O	O
+of	73,75	O	O
+pebble	76,82	O	B-Material
+bed	83,86	O	I-Material
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+as	96,98	O	O
+opposed	99,106	O	O
+to	107,109	O	O
+the	110,113	O	O
+German	114,120	O	O
+version	121,128	O	O
+based	129,134	O	O
+on	135,137	O	O
+uranium	138,145	O	B-Material
+dioxide	146,153	O	I-Material
+.	153,154	O	O
+
+For	155,158	O	O
+the	159,162	O	O
+Generation	163,173	O	B-Material
+IV	174,176	O	I-Material
+nuclear	177,184	O	I-Material
+systems	185,192	O	I-Material
+,	192,193	O	O
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+–	207,208	O	I-Material
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+(	227,228	O	B-Material
+U	228,229	O	I-Material
+,	229,230	O	I-Material
+Pu	231,233	O	I-Material
+)	233,234	O	I-Material
+C	235,236	O	I-Material
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+the	248,251	O	O
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+option	260,266	O	O
+for	267,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+gas	275,278	O	B-Material
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+(	293,294	O	O
+GFR	294,297	O	B-Material
+)	297,298	O	O
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+is	307,309	O	O
+the	310,313	O	O
+first	314,319	O	O
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+for	330,333	O	O
+the	334,337	O	O
+very	338,342	O	B-Material
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+temperature	348,359	O	I-Material
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+(	368,369	O	O
+VHTR	369,373	O	B-Material
+)	373,374	O	O
+.	374,375	O	O
+
+In	376,378	O	O
+the	379,382	O	O
+former	383,389	O	O
+case	390,394	O	O
+the	395,398	O	O
+fuel	399,403	O	B-Material
+high	404,408	O	O
+actinide	409,417	O	B-Material
+density	418,425	O	O
+and	426,429	O	O
+thermal	430,437	O	O
+conductivity	438,450	O	O
+are	451,454	O	O
+exploited	455,464	O	O
+in	465,467	O	O
+view	468,472	O	O
+of	473,475	O	O
+high	476,480	O	O
+burnup	481,487	O	B-Process
+performance	488,499	O	O
+.	499,500	O	O
+
+In	501,503	O	O
+the	504,507	O	O
+latter	508,514	O	O
+,	514,515	O	O
+UCO	516,519	O	B-Material
+is	520,522	O	O
+a	523,524	O	O
+good	525,529	O	O
+compromise	530,540	O	O
+between	541,548	O	O
+oxides	549,555	O	B-Material
+and	556,559	O	O
+carbides	560,568	O	B-Material
+both	569,573	O	O
+in	574,576	O	O
+terms	577,582	O	O
+of	583,585	O	O
+thermal	586,593	O	O
+conductivity	594,606	O	O
+and	607,610	O	O
+fissile	611,618	O	O
+density	619,626	O	O
+.	626,627	O	O
+
+However	628,635	O	O
+,	635,636	O	O
+in	637,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+American	644,652	O	O
+VHTR	653,657	O	B-Material
+design	658,664	O	O
+,	664,665	O	O
+the	666,669	O	O
+fuel	670,674	O	B-Material
+is	675,677	O	O
+a	678,679	O	O
+3:1	680,683	O	O
+ratio	684,689	O	O
+of	690,692	O	O
+UO2:UC2	693,700	O	B-Material
+for	701,704	O	O
+one	705,708	O	O
+essential	709,718	O	O
+reason	719,725	O	O
+,	725,726	O	O
+well	727,731	O	O
+explained	732,741	O	O
+by	742,744	O	O
+Olander	745,752	O	O
+[	753,754	O	O
+2	754,755	O	O
+]	755,756	O	O
+in	757,759	O	O
+a	760,761	O	O
+recent	762,768	O	O
+publication	769,780	O	O
+.	780,781	O	O
+
+During	782,788	O	O
+burnup	789,795	O	B-Process
+,	795,796	O	O
+pure	797,801	O	O
+UO2	802,805	O	B-Material
+fuel	806,810	O	I-Material
+tends	811,816	O	O
+to	817,819	O	O
+oxidize	820,827	O	O
+to	828,830	O	O
+UO2+x	831,836	O	B-Material
+.	836,837	O	O
+
+UO2+x	838,843	O	B-Material
+reacts	844,850	O	O
+with	851,855	O	O
+the	856,859	O	O
+pyrocarbon	860,870	O	B-Material
+coating	871,878	O	I-Material
+layer	879,884	O	I-Material
+according	885,894	O	O
+to	895,897	O	O
+the	898,901	O	O
+equilibrium:(1)UO2+x	902,922	O	B-Material
++	923,924	O	O
+xC	925,927	O	B-Material
+→	928,929	O	O
+UO2	930,933	O	B-Material
++	934,935	O	O
+xCO	936,939	O	B-Material
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515303901)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+Magnox	4,10	O	B-Material
+reactors	11,19	O	I-Material
+represent	20,29	O	O
+the	30,33	O	O
+first	34,39	O	O
+generation	40,50	O	O
+of	51,53	O	O
+gas	54,57	O	B-Material
+-	57,58	O	I-Material
+cooled	58,64	O	I-Material
+reactors	65,73	O	I-Material
+in	74,76	O	O
+the	77,80	O	O
+UK	81,83	O	O
+that	84,88	O	O
+used	89,93	O	O
+carbon	94,100	O	B-Material
+dioxide	101,108	O	I-Material
+(	109,110	O	O
+CO2	110,113	O	B-Material
+)	113,114	O	O
+as	115,117	O	O
+the	118,121	O	O
+primary	122,129	O	O
+coolant	130,137	O	B-Material
+and	138,141	O	O
+a	142,143	O	O
+honeycomb	144,153	O	B-Material
+network	154,161	O	I-Material
+of	162,164	O	I-Material
+graphite	165,173	O	I-Material
+bricks	174,180	O	I-Material
+to	181,183	O	O
+provide	184,191	O	O
+neutron	192,199	O	B-Process
+moderation	200,210	O	I-Process
+.	210,211	O	O
+
+During	212,218	O	O
+reactor	219,226	O	B-Material
+operation	227,236	O	O
+significant	237,248	O	O
+amounts	249,256	O	O
+of	257,259	O	O
+carbon	260,266	O	B-Material
+monoxide	267,275	O	I-Material
+(	276,277	O	O
+CO	277,279	O	B-Material
+)	279,280	O	O
+was	281,284	O	O
+produced	285,293	O	O
+from	294,298	O	O
+the	299,302	O	O
+CO2	303,306	O	B-Material
+coolant	307,314	O	I-Material
+.	314,315	O	O
+
+This	316,320	O	O
+CO	321,323	O	B-Material
+in	324,326	O	O
+turn	327,331	O	O
+can	332,335	O	O
+be	336,338	O	O
+radiolytically	339,353	O	B-Process
+polymerised	354,365	O	I-Process
+to	366,368	O	O
+form	369,373	O	B-Task
+a	374,375	O	I-Task
+carbonaceous	376,388	O	I-Task
+deposit	389,396	O	I-Task
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+free	400,404	O	I-Task
+surfaces	405,413	O	I-Task
+[	414,415	O	O
+12	415,417	O	O
+]	417,418	O	O
+.	418,419	O	O
+
+This	420,424	O	O
+non	425,428	O	B-Material
+-	428,429	O	I-Material
+graphitic	429,438	O	I-Material
+carbon	439,445	O	I-Material
+deposit	446,453	O	I-Material
+is	454,456	O	O
+significantly	457,470	O	O
+more	471,475	O	O
+chemically	476,486	O	O
+reactive	487,495	O	O
+to	496,498	O	O
+air	499,502	O	B-Material
+than	503,507	O	O
+the	508,511	O	O
+underlying	512,522	O	O
+graphite	523,531	O	B-Material
+[	532,533	O	O
+12,13	533,538	O	O
+]	538,539	O	O
+.	539,540	O	O
+
+During	541,547	O	O
+the	548,551	O	O
+lifetime	552,560	O	O
+of	561,563	O	O
+some	564,568	O	O
+Magnox	569,575	O	B-Material
+reactors	576,584	O	I-Material
+,	584,585	O	O
+small	586,591	O	O
+quantities	592,602	O	O
+of	603,605	O	O
+methane	606,613	O	B-Material
+gas	614,617	O	I-Material
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+injected	623,631	O	O
+into	632,636	O	O
+the	637,640	O	O
+coolant	641,648	O	B-Material
+gas	649,652	O	I-Material
+to	653,655	O	O
+inhibit	656,663	O	B-Task
+weight	664,670	O	I-Task
+loss	671,675	O	I-Task
+of	676,678	O	I-Task
+the	679,682	O	I-Task
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+core	692,696	O	I-Task
+due	697,700	O	I-Task
+to	701,703	O	I-Task
+radiolytic	704,714	O	I-Task
+oxidation	715,724	O	I-Task
+[	725,726	O	O
+14	726,728	O	O
+]	728,729	O	O
+.	729,730	O	O
+
+Methane	731,738	O	B-Material
+(	739,740	O	O
+CH4	740,743	O	B-Material
+)	743,744	O	O
+is	745,747	O	O
+a	748,749	O	O
+precursor	750,759	O	O
+for	760,763	O	O
+carbonaceous	764,776	O	B-Material
+deposits	777,785	O	I-Material
+that	786,790	O	O
+form	791,795	O	O
+a	796,797	O	O
+sacrificial	798,809	O	O
+layer	810,815	O	O
+protecting	816,826	O	O
+the	827,830	O	O
+underlying	831,841	O	O
+graphite	842,850	O	B-Material
+from	851,855	O	O
+excessive	856,865	O	B-Process
+weight	866,872	O	I-Process
+loss	873,877	O	I-Process
+[	878,879	O	O
+15	879,881	O	O
+]	881,882	O	O
+and	883,886	O	O
+reduction	887,896	O	B-Process
+in	897,899	O	I-Process
+mechanical	900,910	O	I-Process
+strength	911,919	O	I-Process
+[	920,921	O	O
+16	921,923	O	O
+]	923,924	O	O
+.	924,925	O	O
+
+It	926,928	O	O
+is	929,931	O	O
+assumed	932,939	O	O
+nitrogen	940,948	O	B-Process
+incorporation	949,962	O	I-Process
+during	963,969	O	I-Process
+deposit	970,977	O	I-Process
+formation	978,987	O	I-Process
+is	988,990	O	O
+the	991,994	O	O
+subsequent	995,1005	O	O
+production	1006,1016	O	O
+route	1017,1022	O	O
+for	1023,1026	O	O
+the	1027,1030	O	O
+high	1031,1035	O	O
+14C	1036,1039	O	O
+levels	1040,1046	O	O
+observed	1047,1055	O	O
+.	1055,1056	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0029549313003439)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
+essential	3,12	O	O
+part	13,17	O	O
+of	18,20	O	O
+nuclear	21,28	O	B-Task
+reactor	29,36	O	I-Task
+analysis	37,45	O	I-Task
+is	46,48	O	O
+the	49,52	O	O
+prediction	53,63	O	B-Task
+of	64,66	O	I-Task
+the	67,70	O	I-Task
+three	71,76	O	I-Task
+-	76,77	O	I-Task
+dimensional	77,88	O	I-Task
+space	89,94	O	I-Task
+-	94,95	O	I-Task
+time	95,99	O	I-Task
+kinetics	100,108	O	I-Task
+of	109,111	O	I-Task
+neutrons	112,120	O	I-Task
+in	121,123	O	O
+a	124,125	O	O
+relatively	126,136	O	O
+large	137,142	O	O
+,	142,143	O	O
+finite	144,150	O	O
+,	150,151	O	O
+heterogeneous	152,165	O	O
+,	165,166	O	O
+three	167,172	O	O
+-	172,173	O	O
+dimensional	173,184	O	O
+reactor	185,192	O	B-Material
+core	193,197	O	I-Material
+.	197,198	O	O
+
+In	199,201	O	O
+a	202,203	O	O
+majority	204,212	O	O
+of	213,215	O	O
+safety	216,222	O	B-Task
+analyses	223,231	O	I-Task
+the	232,235	O	O
+prediction	236,246	O	B-Task
+of	247,249	O	I-Task
+reactor	250,257	O	I-Task
+physics	258,265	O	I-Task
+responses	266,275	O	I-Task
+is	276,278	O	O
+performed	279,288	O	O
+using	289,294	O	O
+neutron	295,302	O	B-Process
+diffusion	303,312	O	I-Process
+theory	313,319	O	I-Process
+applied	320,327	O	I-Process
+to	328,330	O	I-Process
+three	331,336	O	I-Process
+-	336,337	O	I-Process
+dimensional	337,348	O	I-Process
+systems	349,356	O	I-Process
+,	356,357	O	O
+with	358,362	O	O
+inputs	363,369	O	O
+usually	370,377	O	O
+derived	378,385	O	O
+from	386,390	O	O
+deterministic	391,404	O	B-Process
+neutron	405,412	O	I-Process
+transport	413,422	O	I-Process
+solutions	423,432	O	I-Process
+of	433,435	O	O
+two	436,439	O	B-Process
+-	439,440	O	I-Process
+dimensional	440,451	O	I-Process
+lattice	452,459	O	I-Process
+geometries	460,470	O	I-Process
+.	470,471	O	O
+
+There	472,477	O	O
+has	478,481	O	O
+been	482,486	O	O
+increased	487,496	O	O
+activity	497,505	O	O
+related	506,513	O	O
+to	514,516	O	O
+uncertainty	517,528	O	O
+and	529,532	O	O
+sensitivity	533,544	O	O
+in	545,547	O	O
+reactor	548,555	O	B-Task
+physics	556,563	O	I-Task
+calculations	564,576	O	I-Task
+,	576,577	O	O
+and	578,581	O	O
+the	582,585	O	O
+Organization	586,598	O	O
+for	599,602	O	O
+Economic	603,611	O	O
+Cooperation	612,623	O	O
+and	624,627	O	O
+Development	628,639	O	O
+–	640,641	O	O
+Nuclear	642,649	O	O
+Energy	650,656	O	O
+Agency	657,663	O	O
+(	664,665	O	O
+OECD	665,669	O	O
+-	669,670	O	O
+NEA	670,673	O	O
+)	673,674	O	O
+has	675,678	O	O
+sponsored	679,688	O	O
+an	689,691	O	O
+ongoing	692,699	O	O
+benchmark	700,709	O	O
+entitled	710,718	O	O
+“	719,720	O	O
+Uncertainty	720,731	O	B-Material
+Analysis	732,740	O	I-Material
+in	741,743	O	I-Material
+Modelling	744,753	O	I-Material
+”	753,754	O	O
+(	755,756	O	O
+UAM	756,759	O	B-Material
+)	759,760	O	O
+related	761,768	O	O
+to	769,771	O	O
+these	772,777	O	O
+efforts	778,785	O	O
+.	785,786	O	O
+
+The	787,790	O	O
+goal	791,795	O	O
+of	796,798	O	O
+this	799,803	O	O
+work	804,808	O	O
+is	809,811	O	O
+to	812,814	O	O
+offer	815,820	O	O
+a	821,822	O	O
+strategy	823,831	O	B-Task
+for	832,835	O	I-Task
+computing	836,845	O	I-Task
+lattice	846,853	O	I-Task
+sensitivities	854,867	O	I-Task
+using	868,873	O	O
+the	874,877	O	O
+DRAGON	878,884	O	B-Material
+lattice	885,892	O	I-Material
+code	893,897	O	I-Material
+and	898,901	O	O
+WIMS	902,906	O	B-Material
+-	906,907	O	I-Material
+D4	907,909	O	I-Material
+multi	910,915	O	I-Material
+-	915,916	O	I-Material
+group	916,921	O	I-Material
+library	922,929	O	I-Material
+.	929,930	O	O
+
+Results	931,938	O	O
+are	939,942	O	O
+presented	943,952	O	O
+with	953,957	O	O
+comparison	958,968	O	O
+to	969,971	O	O
+those	972,977	O	O
+from	978,982	O	O
+TSUNAMI	983,990	O	B-Process
+,	990,991	O	O
+developed	992,1001	O	O
+by	1002,1004	O	O
+Oak	1005,1008	O	O
+Ridge	1009,1014	O	O
+National	1015,1023	O	O
+Laboratories	1024,1036	O	O
+.	1036,1037	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0029549314002854)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+pipes	4,9	O	B-Material
+under	10,15	O	O
+pressure	16,24	O	O
+in	25,27	O	O
+the	28,31	O	O
+RCS	32,35	O	B-Material
+or	36,38	O	O
+connected	39,48	O	O
+to	49,51	O	O
+RCS	52,55	O	B-Material
+are	56,59	O	O
+usually	60,67	O	O
+made	68,72	O	O
+of	73,75	O	O
+austenitic	76,86	O	B-Material
+or	87,89	O	I-Material
+austenitic	90,100	O	I-Material
+&	101,102	O	I-Material
+ferritic	103,111	O	I-Material
+stainless	112,121	O	I-Material
+steel	122,127	O	I-Material
+.	127,128	O	O
+
+Most	129,133	O	O
+connections	134,145	O	O
+are	146,149	O	O
+welded	150,156	O	O
+.	156,157	O	O
+
+The	158,161	O	O
+pipes	162,167	O	B-Material
+may	168,171	O	O
+be	172,174	O	O
+exposed	175,182	O	O
+to	183,185	O	O
+various	186,193	O	O
+degradation	194,205	O	O
+phenomena	206,215	O	O
+(	216,217	O	O
+diverse	217,224	O	O
+hazards	225,232	O	O
+,	232,233	O	O
+mechanical	234,244	O	O
+fatigue	245,252	O	O
+,	252,253	O	O
+thermal	254,261	O	O
+fatigue	262,269	O	O
+,	269,270	O	O
+stress	271,277	O	O
+corrosion	278,287	O	O
+,	287,288	O	O
+etc	289,292	O	O
+.	292,293	O	O
+)	293,294	O	O
+.	294,295	O	O
+
+Event	296,301	O	B-Task
+screening	302,311	O	I-Task
+in	312,314	O	O
+the	315,318	O	O
+databases	319,328	O	O
+showed	329,335	O	O
+a	336,337	O	O
+total	338,343	O	O
+of	344,346	O	O
+116	347,350	O	O
+events	351,357	O	O
+(	358,359	O	O
+33	359,361	O	O
+related	362,369	O	O
+to	370,372	O	O
+cracks	373,379	O	O
+and	380,383	O	O
+83	384,386	O	O
+to	387,389	O	O
+leaks	390,395	O	O
+)	395,396	O	O
+.	396,397	O	O
+
+Three	398,403	O	O
+main	404,408	O	O
+causes	409,415	O	O
+for	416,419	O	O
+failure	420,427	O	O
+were	428,432	O	O
+identified	433,443	O	O
+,	443,444	O	O
+namely	445,451	O	O
+,	451,452	O	O
+fatigue	453,460	O	O
+,	460,461	O	O
+corrosion	462,471	O	O
+and	472,475	O	O
+the	476,479	O	O
+presence	480,488	O	O
+of	489,491	O	O
+manufacturing	492,505	O	O
+defects	506,513	O	O
+.	513,514	O	O
+
+Human	515,520	O	O
+factor	521,527	O	O
+induced	528,535	O	O
+defects	536,543	O	O
+proved	544,550	O	O
+to	551,553	O	O
+have	554,558	O	O
+little	559,565	O	O
+impact	566,572	O	O
+–	573,574	O	O
+less	575,579	O	O
+than	580,584	O	O
+10	585,587	O	O
+%	587,588	O	O
+of	589,591	O	O
+the	592,595	O	O
+cases	596,601	O	O
+could	602,607	O	O
+be	608,610	O	O
+attributed	611,621	O	O
+to	622,624	O	O
+operation	625,634	O	O
+errors	635,641	O	O
+.	641,642	O	O
+
+Fatigue	643,650	O	O
+was	651,654	O	O
+found	655,660	O	O
+being	661,666	O	O
+induced	667,674	O	O
+by	675,677	O	O
+several	678,685	O	O
+factors	686,693	O	O
+:	693,694	O	O
+excessive	695,704	O	O
+vibration	705,714	O	O
+,	714,715	O	O
+pressure	716,724	O	O
+shocks	725,731	O	O
+and	732,735	O	O
+the	736,739	O	O
+thermal	740,747	O	O
+regime	748,754	O	O
+of	755,757	O	O
+operating	758,767	O	O
+the	768,771	O	O
+pipe	772,776	O	B-Material
+,	776,777	O	O
+as	778,780	O	O
+well	781,785	O	O
+as	786,788	O	O
+by	789,791	O	O
+combinations	792,804	O	O
+of	805,807	O	O
+these	808,813	O	O
+factors	814,821	O	O
+.	821,822	O	O
+
+Corrosion	823,832	O	O
+was	833,836	O	O
+induced	837,844	O	O
+,	844,845	O	O
+in	846,848	O	O
+most	849,853	O	O
+of	854,856	O	O
+the	857,860	O	O
+cases	861,866	O	O
+,	866,867	O	O
+by	868,870	O	O
+a	871,872	O	O
+non	873,876	O	O
+-	876,877	O	O
+appropriate	877,888	O	O
+choice	889,895	O	O
+of	896,898	O	O
+alloys	899,905	O	B-Material
+while	906,911	O	O
+not	912,915	O	O
+taking	916,922	O	O
+into	923,927	O	O
+account	928,935	O	O
+the	936,939	O	O
+chemical	940,948	O	O
+parameters	949,959	O	O
+of	960,962	O	O
+the	963,966	O	O
+fluid	967,972	O	B-Material
+inside	973,979	O	O
+pipes	980,985	O	B-Material
+.	985,986	O	O
+
+Manufacturing	987,1000	O	O
+defects	1001,1008	O	O
+mostly	1009,1015	O	O
+dealt	1016,1021	O	O
+with	1022,1026	O	O
+welding	1027,1034	O	O
+related	1035,1042	O	O
+problems	1043,1051	O	O
+and	1052,1055	O	O
+deviation	1056,1065	O	O
+from	1066,1070	O	O
+the	1071,1074	O	O
+design	1075,1081	O	O
+documentation	1082,1095	O	O
+during	1096,1102	O	O
+post	1103,1107	O	O
+-	1107,1108	O	O
+weld	1108,1112	O	O
+heat	1113,1117	O	O
+treatment	1118,1127	O	O
+.	1127,1128	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0038092X14004824)
+
+Historically	0,12	O	O
+,	12,13	O	O
+the	14,17	O	O
+interest	18,26	O	O
+in	27,29	O	O
+accurate	30,38	O	O
+measurement	39,50	O	O
+of	51,53	O	O
+DNI	54,57	O	O
+started	58,65	O	O
+decades	66,73	O	O
+ago	74,77	O	O
+.	77,78	O	O
+
+Early	79,84	O	O
+studies	85,92	O	O
+(	93,94	O	O
+e.g.	94,98	O	O
+,	98,99	O	O
+Linke	100,105	O	O
+,	105,106	O	O
+1931	107,111	O	O
+;	111,112	O	O
+Linke	113,118	O	O
+and	119,122	O	O
+Ulmitz	123,129	O	O
+,	129,130	O	O
+1940	131,135	O	O
+)	135,136	O	O
+identified	137,147	O	O
+the	148,151	O	O
+difficulty	152,162	O	O
+of	163,165	O	O
+separating	166,176	O	B-Task
+the	177,180	O	I-Task
+measurement	181,192	O	I-Task
+of	193,195	O	I-Task
+DNI	196,199	O	I-Task
+from	200,204	O	I-Task
+that	205,209	O	I-Task
+of	210,212	O	I-Task
+the	213,216	O	I-Task
+diffuse	217,224	O	I-Task
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+in	236,238	O	I-Task
+the	239,242	O	I-Task
+immediate	243,252	O	I-Task
+vicinity	253,261	O	I-Task
+of	262,264	O	I-Task
+the	265,268	O	I-Task
+sun	269,272	O	I-Task
+,	272,273	O	O
+hereafter	274,283	O	O
+referred	284,292	O	O
+to	293,295	O	O
+as	296,298	O	O
+circumsolar	299,310	O	O
+irradiance	311,321	O	O
+.	321,322	O	O
+
+Pastiels	323,331	O	O
+(	332,333	O	O
+1959	333,337	O	O
+)	337,338	O	O
+conducted	339,348	O	O
+a	349,350	O	O
+detailed	351,359	O	O
+study	360,365	O	B-Task
+of	366,368	O	I-Task
+the	369,372	O	I-Task
+geometry	373,381	O	I-Task
+of	382,384	O	I-Task
+pyrheliometers	385,399	O	I-Task
+,	399,400	O	I-Task
+and	401,404	O	I-Task
+how	405,408	O	I-Task
+that	409,413	O	I-Task
+geometry	414,422	O	I-Task
+interacted	423,433	O	I-Task
+with	434,438	O	I-Task
+circumsolar	439,450	O	I-Task
+radiance	451,459	O	I-Task
+,	459,460	O	O
+using	461,466	O	O
+simplified	467,477	O	O
+representations	478,493	O	O
+of	494,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+latter	501,507	O	O
+.	507,508	O	O
+
+Various	509,516	O	O
+communications	517,531	O	O
+were	532,536	O	O
+then	537,541	O	O
+presented	542,551	O	O
+at	552,554	O	O
+a	555,556	O	O
+WMO	557,560	O	O
+Task	561,565	O	O
+Group	566,571	O	O
+meeting	572,579	O	O
+held	580,584	O	O
+in	585,587	O	O
+Belgium	588,595	O	O
+in	596,598	O	O
+1966	599,603	O	O
+(	604,605	O	O
+WMO	605,608	O	O
+,	608,609	O	O
+1967	610,614	O	O
+)	614,615	O	O
+to	616,618	O	O
+improve	619,626	O	B-Task
+the	627,630	O	I-Task
+accuracy	631,639	O	I-Task
+of	640,642	O	I-Task
+pyrheliometric	643,657	O	I-Task
+measurements	658,670	O	I-Task
+,	670,671	O	I-Task
+including	672,681	O	I-Task
+estimates	682,691	O	I-Task
+of	692,694	O	I-Task
+the	695,698	O	I-Task
+circumsolar	699,710	O	I-Task
+enhancement	711,722	O	I-Task
+.	722,723	O	O
+
+Ångström	724,732	O	O
+(	733,734	O	O
+1961	734,738	O	O
+)	738,739	O	O
+and	740,743	O	O
+Ångström	744,752	O	O
+and	753,756	O	O
+Rohde	757,762	O	O
+(	763,764	O	O
+1966	764,768	O	O
+)	768,769	O	O
+later	770,775	O	O
+contributed	776,787	O	O
+to	788,790	O	O
+the	791,794	O	O
+same	795,799	O	O
+topic	800,805	O	O
+,	805,806	O	O
+followed	807,815	O	O
+years	816,821	O	O
+later	822,827	O	O
+by	828,830	O	O
+Major	831,836	O	O
+(	837,838	O	O
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+,	842,843	O	O
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+)	848,849	O	O
+.	849,850	O	O
+
+The	851,854	O	O
+whole	855,860	O	O
+issue	861,866	O	O
+of	867,869	O	O
+instrument	870,880	O	O
+geometry	881,889	O	O
+vs.	890,893	O	O
+circumsolar	894,905	O	O
+irradiance	906,916	O	O
+was	917,920	O	O
+complex	921,928	O	O
+and	929,932	O	O
+confusing	933,942	O	O
+at	943,945	O	O
+the	946,949	O	O
+time	950,954	O	O
+because	955,962	O	O
+different	963,972	O	O
+makes	973,978	O	O
+and	979,982	O	O
+models	983,989	O	O
+of	990,992	O	O
+instruments	993,1004	O	O
+had	1005,1008	O	O
+differing	1009,1018	O	O
+geometries	1019,1029	O	O
+.	1029,1030	O	O
+
+This	1031,1035	O	O
+was	1036,1039	O	O
+considerably	1040,1052	O	O
+simplified	1053,1063	O	O
+after	1064,1069	O	O
+WMO	1070,1073	O	O
+issued	1074,1080	O	O
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+about	1092,1097	O	O
+the	1098,1101	O	O
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+geometry	1114,1122	O	O
+of	1123,1125	O	O
+pyrheliometers	1126,1140	O	B-Material
+,	1140,1141	O	O
+which	1142,1147	O	O
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+to	1152,1154	O	O
+a	1155,1156	O	O
+relatively	1157,1167	O	O
+“	1168,1169	O	O
+standard	1169,1177	O	O
+”	1177,1178	O	O
+geometry	1179,1187	O	O
+used	1188,1192	O	O
+in	1193,1195	O	O
+all	1196,1199	O	O
+recent	1200,1206	O	O
+instruments	1207,1218	O	O
+.	1218,1219	O	O
+
+The	1220,1223	O	O
+experimental	1224,1236	O	O
+issues	1237,1243	O	O
+related	1244,1251	O	O
+to	1252,1254	O	O
+the	1255,1258	O	O
+measurement	1259,1270	O	O
+of	1271,1273	O	O
+DNI	1274,1277	O	O
+are	1278,1281	O	O
+discussed	1282,1291	O	O
+in	1292,1294	O	O
+Section	1295,1302	O	O
+3.2	1303,1306	O	O
+.	1306,1307	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0038092X15001024)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+wind	4,8	O	B-Process
+speed	9,14	O	I-Process
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+cloud	19,24	O	I-Process
+height	25,31	O	I-Process
+Markov	32,38	O	I-Process
+chains	39,45	O	I-Process
+are	46,49	O	O
+produced	50,58	O	O
+accounting	59,69	O	O
+for	70,73	O	O
+seasonal	74,82	O	O
+variations	83,93	O	O
+.	93,94	O	O
+
+A	95,96	O	O
+Markov	97,103	O	B-Process
+chain	104,109	O	I-Process
+is	110,112	O	O
+used	113,117	O	O
+for	118,121	O	O
+each	122,126	O	O
+variable	127,135	O	O
+representing	136,148	O	O
+each	149,153	O	O
+of	154,156	O	O
+the	157,160	O	O
+four	161,165	O	O
+seasons	166,173	O	O
+,	173,174	O	O
+capturing	175,184	O	O
+the	185,188	O	O
+variability	189,200	O	O
+at	201,203	O	O
+different	204,213	O	O
+times	214,219	O	O
+of	220,222	O	O
+the	223,226	O	O
+year	227,231	O	O
+,	231,232	O	O
+totalling	233,242	O	O
+four	243,247	O	O
+chains	248,254	O	O
+each	255,259	O	O
+.	259,260	O	O
+
+The	261,264	O	O
+okta	265,269	O	B-Process
+number	270,276	O	I-Process
+Markov	277,283	O	I-Process
+chains	284,290	O	I-Process
+also	291,295	O	O
+consider	296,304	O	O
+the	305,308	O	O
+effect	309,315	O	O
+of	316,318	O	O
+season	319,325	O	O
+,	325,326	O	O
+with	327,331	O	O
+the	332,335	O	O
+inclusion	336,345	O	O
+of	346,348	O	O
+impacts	349,356	O	O
+from	357,361	O	O
+pressure	362,370	O	O
+and	371,374	O	O
+diurnal	375,382	O	O
+variation	383,392	O	O
+.	392,393	O	O
+
+Eight	394,399	O	O
+okta	400,404	O	B-Process
+Markov	405,411	O	I-Process
+chains	412,418	O	I-Process
+are	419,422	O	O
+produced	423,431	O	O
+that	432,436	O	O
+are	437,440	O	O
+split	441,446	O	O
+by	447,449	O	O
+above	450,455	O	O
+and	456,459	O	O
+below	460,465	O	O
+average	466,473	O	O
+pressure	474,482	O	O
+for	483,486	O	O
+each	487,491	O	O
+season	492,498	O	O
+,	498,499	O	O
+and	500,503	O	O
+four	504,508	O	O
+additional	509,519	O	O
+morning	520,527	O	O
+okta	528,532	O	B-Process
+Markov	533,539	O	I-Process
+chains	540,546	O	I-Process
+are	547,550	O	O
+produced	551,559	O	O
+to	560,562	O	O
+capture	563,570	O	O
+the	571,574	O	O
+diurnal	575,582	O	O
+variation	583,592	O	O
+for	593,596	O	O
+okta	597,601	O	O
+transitions	602,613	O	O
+between	614,621	O	O
+00:00	622,627	O	O
+and	628,631	O	O
+05:00am	632,639	O	O
+for	640,643	O	O
+each	644,648	O	O
+season	649,655	O	O
+.	655,656	O	O
+
+The	657,660	O	O
+intent	661,667	O	O
+is	668,670	O	O
+to	671,673	O	O
+capture	674,681	O	B-Task
+the	682,685	O	I-Task
+variation	686,695	O	I-Task
+in	696,698	O	I-Task
+transition	699,709	O	I-Task
+probability	710,721	O	I-Task
+that	722,726	O	O
+occurs	727,733	O	O
+as	734,736	O	O
+a	737,738	O	O
+result	739,745	O	O
+of	746,748	O	O
+weather	749,756	O	O
+changes	757,764	O	O
+due	765,768	O	O
+to	769,771	O	O
+the	772,775	O	O
+presence	776,784	O	O
+of	785,787	O	O
+solar	788,793	O	O
+energy	794,800	O	O
+.	800,801	O	O
+
+5	802,803	O	O
+am	803,805	O	O
+is	806,808	O	O
+considered	809,819	O	O
+the	820,823	O	O
+cut	824,827	O	O
+-	827,828	O	O
+off	828,831	O	O
+because	832,839	O	O
+it	840,842	O	O
+is	843,845	O	O
+a	846,847	O	O
+typical	848,855	O	O
+sunrise	856,863	O	O
+in	864,866	O	O
+the	867,870	O	O
+summer	871,877	O	O
+for	878,881	O	O
+the	882,885	O	O
+applied	886,893	O	O
+study	894,899	O	O
+locations	900,909	O	O
+.	909,910	O	O
+
+5h	911,913	O	O
+represents	914,924	O	O
+5	925,926	O	O
+okta	927,931	O	O
+transitions	932,943	O	O
+and	944,947	O	O
+is	948,950	O	O
+considered	951,961	O	O
+an	962,964	O	O
+appropriate	965,976	O	O
+duration	977,985	O	O
+for	986,989	O	O
+the	990,993	O	O
+slight	994,1000	O	O
+propensity	1001,1011	O	O
+to	1012,1014	O	O
+shift	1015,1020	O	O
+towards	1021,1028	O	O
+an	1029,1031	O	O
+increased	1032,1041	O	O
+okta	1042,1046	O	O
+to	1047,1049	O	O
+be	1050,1052	O	O
+represented	1053,1064	O	O
+,	1064,1065	O	O
+Fig	1066,1069	O	O
+.	1069,1070	O	O
+
+8	1071,1072	O	O
+demonstrates	1073,1085	O	O
+the	1086,1089	O	O
+diurnal	1090,1097	O	O
+transition	1098,1108	O	O
+differences	1109,1120	O	O
+.	1120,1121	O	O
+
+Fig	1122,1125	O	O
+.	1125,1126	O	O
+
+2	1127,1128	O	O
+visually	1129,1137	O	O
+demonstrates	1138,1150	O	O
+the	1151,1154	O	O
+mean	1155,1159	O	O
+okta	1160,1164	O	B-Process
+Markov	1165,1171	O	I-Process
+chain	1172,1177	O	I-Process
+for	1178,1181	O	O
+the	1182,1185	O	O
+entire	1186,1192	O	O
+year	1193,1197	O	O
+,	1197,1198	O	O
+whilst	1199,1205	O	O
+the	1206,1209	O	O
+effect	1210,1216	O	O
+of	1217,1219	O	O
+season	1220,1226	O	O
+can	1227,1230	O	O
+be	1231,1233	O	O
+seen	1234,1238	O	O
+in	1239,1241	O	O
+Fig	1242,1245	O	O
+.	1245,1246	O	O
+
+11	1247,1249	O	O
+.	1249,1250	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0038092X15003059)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+addition	3,11	O	O
+,	11,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+prediction	17,27	O	B-Task
+of	28,30	O	I-Task
+solar	31,36	O	I-Task
+cell	37,41	O	I-Task
+’s	41,43	O	I-Task
+temperature	44,55	O	I-Task
+is	56,58	O	O
+very	59,63	O	O
+important	64,73	O	O
+for	74,77	O	O
+the	78,81	O	O
+electrical	82,92	O	O
+characterisation	93,109	O	O
+of	110,112	O	O
+CPV	113,116	O	B-Process
+modules	117,124	O	O
+.	124,125	O	O
+
+Rodrigo	126,133	O	O
+et	134,136	O	O
+al	137,139	O	O
+.	139,140	O	O
+
+(	141,142	O	O
+2014	142,146	O	O
+)	146,147	O	O
+reviewed	148,156	O	O
+various	157,164	O	O
+methods	165,172	O	O
+for	173,176	O	O
+the	177,180	O	O
+calculation	181,192	O	B-Task
+of	193,195	O	I-Task
+the	196,199	O	I-Task
+cell	200,204	O	I-Task
+temperature	205,216	O	I-Task
+in	217,219	O	O
+High	220,224	O	B-Process
+Concentrator	225,237	O	I-Process
+PV	238,240	O	I-Process
+(	241,242	O	O
+HCPV	242,246	O	B-Process
+)	246,247	O	O
+modules	248,255	O	O
+.	255,256	O	O
+
+The	257,260	O	O
+methods	261,268	O	O
+were	269,273	O	O
+categorised	274,285	O	O
+based	286,291	O	O
+on	292,294	O	O
+:	294,295	O	O
+(	296,297	O	O
+1	297,298	O	O
+)	298,299	O	O
+heat	300,304	O	O
+sink	305,309	O	O
+temperature	310,321	O	O
+,	321,322	O	O
+(	323,324	O	O
+2	324,325	O	O
+)	325,326	O	O
+electrical	327,337	O	O
+parameters	338,348	O	O
+and	349,352	O	O
+(	353,354	O	O
+3	354,355	O	O
+)	355,356	O	O
+atmospheric	357,368	O	O
+parameters	369,379	O	O
+.	379,380	O	O
+
+The	381,384	O	O
+first	385,390	O	O
+two	391,394	O	O
+categories	395,405	O	O
+are	406,409	O	O
+based	410,415	O	O
+on	416,418	O	O
+direct	419,425	O	O
+measurements	426,438	O	O
+of	439,441	O	O
+CPV	442,445	O	B-Process
+modules	446,453	O	O
+in	454,456	O	O
+indoor	457,463	O	O
+or	464,466	O	O
+outdoor	467,474	O	O
+experimental	475,487	O	O
+setups	488,494	O	O
+and	495,498	O	O
+presented	499,508	O	O
+the	509,512	O	O
+highest	513,520	O	O
+degree	521,527	O	O
+of	528,530	O	O
+accuracy	531,539	O	O
+(	540,541	O	O
+Root	541,545	O	O
+Mean	546,550	O	O
+Square	551,557	O	O
+Error	558,563	O	O
+(	564,565	O	O
+RMSE	565,569	O	O
+)	569,570	O	O
+
+1.7–2.5	571,578	O	O
+K	578,579	O	O
+)	579,580	O	O
+.	580,581	O	O
+
+Most	582,586	O	O
+of	587,589	O	O
+the	590,593	O	O
+methods	594,601	O	O
+reviewed	602,610	O	O
+by	611,613	O	O
+Rodrigo	614,621	O	O
+et	622,624	O	O
+al	625,627	O	O
+.	627,628	O	O
+
+(	629,630	O	O
+2014	630,634	O	O
+)	634,635	O	O
+calculate	636,645	O	B-Task
+the	646,649	O	I-Task
+cell	650,654	O	I-Task
+temperature	655,666	O	I-Task
+at	667,669	O	O
+open	670,674	O	B-Process
+-	674,675	O	I-Process
+circuit	675,682	O	I-Process
+conditions	683,693	O	I-Process
+.	693,694	O	O
+
+Methods	695,702	O	O
+that	703,707	O	O
+predict	708,715	O	O
+the	716,719	O	O
+cell	720,724	O	O
+temperature	725,736	O	O
+at	737,739	O	O
+maximum	740,747	O	B-Process
+power	748,753	O	I-Process
+point	754,759	O	I-Process
+(	760,761	O	O
+MPP	761,764	O	B-Process
+)	764,765	O	O
+operation	766,775	O	O
+offer	776,781	O	O
+a	782,783	O	O
+more	784,788	O	O
+realistic	789,798	O	O
+approach	799,807	O	O
+since	808,813	O	O
+they	814,818	O	O
+include	819,826	O	O
+the	827,830	O	O
+electrical	831,841	O	B-Process
+energy	842,848	O	I-Process
+generation	849,859	O	I-Process
+of	860,862	O	O
+the	863,866	O	O
+solar	867,872	O	B-Material
+cells	873,878	O	I-Material
+(	879,880	O	O
+i.e.	880,884	O	O
+real	885,889	O	O
+operating	890,899	O	O
+conditions	900,910	O	O
+)	910,911	O	O
+;	911,912	O	O
+Yandt	913,918	O	O
+et	919,921	O	O
+al	922,924	O	O
+.	924,925	O	O
+
+(	926,927	O	O
+2012	927,931	O	O
+)	931,932	O	O
+described	933,942	O	O
+a	943,944	O	O
+method	945,951	O	O
+predicting	952,962	O	B-Task
+the	963,966	O	I-Task
+cell	967,971	O	I-Task
+temperature	972,983	O	I-Task
+at	984,986	O	I-Task
+MPP	987,990	O	I-Task
+based	991,996	O	O
+on	997,999	O	O
+electrical	1000,1010	O	O
+parameters	1011,1021	O	O
+and	1022,1025	O	O
+Fernández	1026,1035	O	O
+et	1036,1038	O	O
+al	1039,1041	O	O
+.	1041,1042	O	O
+
+(	1043,1044	O	O
+2014b	1044,1049	O	O
+)	1049,1050	O	O
+based	1051,1056	O	O
+on	1057,1059	O	O
+heat	1060,1064	O	O
+sink	1065,1069	O	O
+temperature	1070,1081	O	O
+with	1082,1086	O	O
+absolute	1087,1095	O	O
+RMSE	1096,1100	O	O
+0.55–1.44K.	1101,1112	O	O
+Fernández	1113,1122	O	O
+et	1123,1125	O	O
+al	1126,1128	O	O
+.	1128,1129	O	O
+
+(	1130,1131	O	O
+2014a	1131,1136	O	O
+)	1136,1137	O	O
+also	1138,1142	O	O
+proposed	1143,1151	O	O
+an	1152,1154	O	O
+artificial	1155,1165	O	B-Process
+neural	1166,1172	O	I-Process
+network	1173,1180	O	I-Process
+model	1181,1186	O	I-Process
+to	1187,1189	O	O
+estimate	1190,1198	O	B-Task
+the	1199,1202	O	I-Task
+cell	1203,1207	O	I-Task
+temperature	1208,1219	O	I-Task
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+on	1226,1228	O	O
+atmospheric	1229,1240	O	O
+parameters	1241,1251	O	O
+and	1252,1255	O	O
+an	1256,1258	O	O
+open	1259,1263	O	B-Process
+-	1263,1264	O	I-Process
+circuit	1264,1271	O	I-Process
+voltage	1272,1279	O	I-Process
+model	1280,1285	O	I-Process
+based	1286,1291	O	O
+on	1292,1294	O	O
+electrical	1295,1305	O	O
+parameters	1306,1316	O	O
+(	1317,1318	O	O
+Fernandez	1318,1327	O	O
+et	1328,1330	O	O
+al	1331,1333	O	O
+.	1333,1334	O	O
+,	1334,1335	O	O
+2013a	1336,1341	O	O
+)	1341,1342	O	O
+offering	1343,1351	O	O
+good	1352,1356	O	O
+accuracy	1357,1365	O	O
+(	1366,1367	O	O
+RMSE	1367,1371	O	O
+3.2	1372,1375	O	O
+K	1375,1376	O	O
+and	1377,1380	O	O
+2.5	1381,1384	O	O
+K	1384,1385	O	O
+respectively	1386,1398	O	O
+(	1399,1400	O	O
+Rodrigo	1400,1407	O	O
+et	1408,1410	O	O
+al	1411,1413	O	O
+.	1413,1414	O	O
+,	1414,1415	O	O
+2014	1416,1420	O	O
+)	1420,1421	O	O
+)	1421,1422	O	O
+.	1422,1423	O	O
+
+The	1424,1427	O	O
+main	1428,1432	O	O
+disadvantage	1433,1445	O	O
+of	1446,1448	O	O
+the	1449,1452	O	O
+aforementioned	1453,1467	O	O
+methods	1468,1475	O	O
+is	1476,1478	O	O
+that	1479,1483	O	O
+an	1484,1486	O	O
+experimental	1487,1499	O	O
+setup	1500,1505	O	O
+is	1506,1508	O	O
+required	1509,1517	O	O
+to	1518,1520	O	O
+obtain	1521,1527	O	O
+the	1528,1531	O	O
+parameters	1532,1542	O	O
+used	1543,1547	O	O
+for	1548,1551	O	O
+the	1552,1555	O	O
+cell	1556,1560	O	B-Task
+temperature	1561,1572	O	I-Task
+calculation	1573,1584	O	I-Task
+.	1584,1585	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782514001947)
+
+Our	0,3	O	O
+procedure	4,13	O	O
+does	14,18	O	O
+not	19,22	O	O
+address	23,30	O	O
+the	31,34	O	O
+issue	35,40	O	O
+of	41,43	O	O
+how	44,47	O	O
+parameterizations	48,65	O	B-Process
+can	66,69	O	O
+vary	70,74	O	O
+for	75,78	O	O
+different	79,88	O	O
+flow	89,93	O	B-Process
+types	94,99	O	O
+.	99,100	O	O
+
+However	101,108	O	O
+,	108,109	O	O
+Edeling	110,117	O	O
+et	118,120	O	O
+al	121,123	O	O
+.	123,124	O	O
+
+[	126,127	O	O
+9	127,128	O	O
+]	128,129	O	O
+carried	130,137	O	O
+out	138,141	O	O
+separate	142,150	O	O
+calibrations	151,163	O	O
+for	164,167	O	O
+a	168,169	O	O
+set	170,173	O	O
+of	174,176	O	O
+13	177,179	O	O
+boundary	180,188	O	B-Process
+-	188,189	O	I-Process
+layer	189,194	O	I-Process
+flows	195,200	O	I-Process
+.	200,201	O	O
+
+They	202,206	O	O
+summarized	207,217	O	O
+this	218,222	O	O
+information	223,234	O	O
+across	235,241	O	O
+calibrations	242,254	O	O
+by	255,257	O	O
+computing	258,267	O	O
+Highest	268,275	O	B-Process
+Posterior	276,285	O	I-Process
+-	285,286	O	I-Process
+Density	286,293	O	I-Process
+(	294,295	O	O
+HPD	295,298	O	B-Process
+)	298,299	O	O
+intervals	300,309	O	O
+,	309,310	O	O
+and	311,314	O	O
+subsequently	315,327	O	O
+represent	328,337	O	O
+the	338,341	O	O
+total	342,347	O	O
+solution	348,356	O	O
+uncertainty	357,368	O	O
+with	369,373	O	O
+a	374,375	O	O
+probability	376,387	O	B-Material
+-	387,388	O	I-Material
+box	388,391	O	I-Material
+(	392,393	O	O
+p	393,394	O	B-Material
+-	394,395	O	I-Material
+box	395,398	O	I-Material
+)	398,399	O	O
+.	399,400	O	O
+
+This	401,405	O	O
+p	406,407	O	B-Material
+-	407,408	O	I-Material
+box	408,411	O	I-Material
+represents	412,422	O	O
+both	423,427	O	O
+parameter	428,437	O	O
+variability	438,449	O	O
+across	450,456	O	O
+flows	457,462	O	B-Process
+,	462,463	O	O
+and	464,467	O	O
+epistemic	468,477	O	O
+uncertainty	478,489	O	O
+within	490,496	O	O
+each	497,501	O	O
+calibration	502,513	O	O
+.	513,514	O	O
+
+A	515,516	O	O
+prediction	517,527	O	O
+of	528,530	O	O
+a	531,532	O	O
+new	533,536	O	O
+boundary	537,545	O	B-Process
+-	545,546	O	I-Process
+layer	546,551	O	I-Process
+flow	552,556	O	I-Process
+is	557,559	O	O
+made	560,564	O	O
+with	565,569	O	O
+uncertainty	570,581	O	O
+bars	582,586	O	O
+generated	587,596	O	O
+from	597,601	O	O
+this	602,606	O	O
+uncertainty	607,618	O	O
+information	619,630	O	O
+,	630,631	O	O
+and	632,635	O	O
+the	636,639	O	O
+resulting	640,649	O	O
+error	650,655	O	O
+estimate	656,664	O	O
+is	665,667	O	O
+shown	668,673	O	O
+to	674,676	O	O
+be	677,679	O	O
+consistent	680,690	O	O
+with	691,695	O	O
+measurement	696,707	O	O
+data	708,712	O	O
+.	712,713	O	O
+
+This	714,718	O	O
+approach	719,727	O	O
+is	728,730	O	O
+helpful	731,738	O	O
+,	738,739	O	O
+but	740,743	O	O
+it	744,746	O	O
+might	747,752	O	O
+be	753,755	O	O
+extended	756,764	O	O
+further	765,772	O	O
+by	773,775	O	O
+modelling	776,785	O	B-Process
+proximity	786,795	O	I-Process
+across	796,802	O	I-Process
+flows	803,808	O	I-Process
+through	809,816	O	O
+a	817,818	O	O
+distance	819,827	O	O
+that	828,832	O	O
+would	833,838	O	O
+relate	839,845	O	O
+to	846,848	O	O
+the	849,852	O	O
+flow	853,857	O	B-Process
+characteristics	858,873	O	O
+in	874,876	O	O
+order	877,882	O	O
+to	883,885	O	O
+borrow	886,892	O	O
+strength	893,901	O	O
+across	902,908	O	O
+calibrations	909,921	O	O
+instead	922,929	O	O
+of	930,932	O	O
+splitting	933,942	O	B-Process
+the	943,946	O	I-Process
+calibrations	947,959	O	I-Process
+and	960,963	O	I-Process
+then	964,968	O	I-Process
+merging	969,976	O	I-Process
+the	977,980	O	I-Process
+outcomes	981,989	O	I-Process
+afterwards	990,1000	O	O
+.	1000,1001	O	O
+
+This	1002,1006	O	O
+is	1007,1009	O	O
+a	1010,1011	O	O
+challenging	1012,1023	O	O
+but	1024,1027	O	O
+attractive	1028,1038	O	O
+venue	1039,1044	O	O
+for	1045,1048	O	O
+future	1049,1055	O	O
+research	1056,1064	O	O
+.	1064,1065	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782515001322)
+
+One	0,3	O	O
+of	4,6	O	O
+the	7,10	O	O
+most	11,15	O	O
+important	16,25	O	O
+outcomes	26,34	O	O
+of	35,37	O	O
+the	38,41	O	O
+comparative	42,53	O	B-Task
+analysis	54,62	O	I-Task
+is	63,65	O	O
+the	66,69	O	O
+fact	70,74	O	O
+that	75,79	O	O
+in	80,82	O	O
+all	83,86	O	O
+tested	87,93	O	O
+cases	94,99	O	O
+the	100,103	O	O
+use	104,107	O	O
+of	108,110	O	O
+FM	111,113	O	B-Process
+is	114,116	O	O
+associated	117,127	O	O
+with	128,132	O	O
+a	133,134	O	O
+dramatic	135,143	O	O
+reduction	144,153	O	O
+in	154,156	O	O
+computational	157,170	O	O
+time	171,175	O	O
+when	176,180	O	O
+compared	181,189	O	O
+with	190,194	O	O
+FE	195,197	O	B-Process
+,	197,198	O	O
+generally	199,208	O	O
+being	209,214	O	O
+in	215,217	O	O
+the	218,221	O	O
+order	222,227	O	O
+of	228,230	O	O
+seconds	231,238	O	O
+for	239,242	O	O
+FM	243,245	O	B-Process
+and	246,249	O	O
+in	250,252	O	O
+the	253,256	O	O
+order	257,262	O	O
+of	263,265	O	O
+hours	266,271	O	O
+for	272,275	O	O
+FE	276,278	O	B-Process
+.	278,279	O	O
+
+Table	280,285	O	O
+1	286,287	O	O
+reports	288,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+timings	300,307	O	O
+of	308,310	O	O
+the	311,314	O	O
+simulations	315,326	O	O
+for	327,330	O	O
+both	331,335	O	O
+methods	336,343	O	O
+.	343,344	O	O
+
+Free	345,349	O	O
+expansion	350,359	O	O
+is	360,362	O	O
+the	363,366	O	O
+fastest	367,374	O	O
+case	375,379	O	O
+,	379,380	O	O
+where	381,386	O	O
+FM	387,389	O	B-Process
+reaches	390,397	O	O
+the	398,401	O	O
+load	402,406	O	O
+-	406,407	O	O
+free	407,411	O	O
+configuration	412,425	O	O
+in	426,428	O	O
+just	429,433	O	O
+2	434,435	O	O
+s	436,437	O	O
+,	437,438	O	O
+while	439,444	O	O
+simulations	445,456	O	B-Process
+inside	457,463	O	O
+the	464,467	O	O
+vessels	468,475	O	B-Material
+with	476,480	O	O
+the	481,484	O	O
+diameter	485,493	O	O
+of	494,496	O	O
+around	497,503	O	O
+30	504,506	O	O
+mm	507,509	O	O
+take	510,514	O	O
+approximately	515,528	O	O
+30	529,531	O	O
+s.	532,534	O	O
+
+Most	535,539	O	O
+of	540,542	O	O
+the	543,546	O	O
+execution	547,556	O	O
+time	557,561	O	O
+of	562,564	O	O
+the	565,568	O	O
+FM	569,571	O	B-Process
+deployment	572,582	O	I-Process
+algorithm	583,592	O	I-Process
+is	593,595	O	O
+dedicated	596,605	O	O
+to	606,608	O	O
+the	609,612	O	O
+contact	613,620	O	O
+check	621,626	O	O
+and	627,630	O	O
+calculations	631,643	O	O
+of	644,646	O	O
+the	647,650	O	O
+implications	651,663	O	O
+the	664,667	O	O
+vessel	668,674	O	B-Material
+wall	675,679	O	I-Material
+has	680,683	O	O
+on	684,686	O	O
+the	687,690	O	O
+stent	691,696	O	O
+structure	697,706	O	O
+.	706,707	O	O
+
+Interestingly	708,721	O	O
+,	721,722	O	O
+in	723,725	O	O
+both	726,730	O	O
+methods	731,738	O	O
+,	738,739	O	O
+the	740,743	O	O
+highest	744,751	O	O
+computational	752,765	O	O
+time	766,770	O	O
+(	771,772	O	O
+i.e.	772,776	O	O
+,	776,777	O	O
+curved	778,784	O	B-Material
+vessels	785,792	O	I-Material
+)	792,793	O	O
+is	794,796	O	O
+not	797,800	O	O
+associated	801,811	O	O
+with	812,816	O	O
+the	817,820	O	O
+most	821,825	O	O
+complex	826,833	O	O
+geometry	834,842	O	O
+(	843,844	O	O
+i.e.	844,848	O	O
+,	848,849	O	O
+patient	850,857	O	O
+-	857,858	O	O
+specific	858,866	O	O
+case	867,871	O	O
+of	872,874	O	O
+aortic	875,881	O	O
+dissection	882,892	O	O
+)	892,893	O	O
+.	893,894	O	O
+
+Another	895,902	O	O
+fact	903,907	O	O
+worth	908,913	O	O
+mentioning	914,924	O	O
+is	925,927	O	O
+the	928,931	O	O
+relation	932,940	O	O
+of	941,943	O	O
+the	944,947	O	O
+computational	948,961	O	O
+time	962,966	O	O
+to	967,969	O	O
+the	970,973	O	O
+diameter	974,982	O	O
+of	983,985	O	O
+the	986,989	O	O
+vessel	990,996	O	B-Material
+in	997,999	O	O
+both	1000,1004	O	O
+methods	1005,1012	O	O
+.	1012,1013	O	O
+
+While	1014,1019	O	O
+the	1020,1023	O	O
+computational	1024,1037	O	O
+time	1038,1042	O	O
+of	1043,1045	O	O
+FM	1046,1048	O	B-Process
+appeared	1049,1057	O	O
+to	1058,1060	O	O
+be	1061,1063	O	O
+directly	1064,1072	O	O
+related	1073,1080	O	O
+to	1081,1083	O	O
+the	1084,1087	O	O
+diameter	1088,1096	O	O
+of	1097,1099	O	O
+the	1100,1103	O	O
+vessel	1104,1110	O	B-Material
+,	1110,1111	O	O
+no	1112,1114	O	O
+immediate	1115,1124	O	O
+relation	1125,1133	O	O
+was	1134,1137	O	O
+found	1138,1143	O	O
+for	1144,1147	O	O
+the	1148,1151	O	O
+FE	1152,1154	O	B-Process
+simulations	1155,1166	O	I-Process
+.	1166,1167	O	O
+
+Such	1168,1172	O	O
+outcome	1173,1180	O	O
+is	1181,1183	O	O
+probably	1184,1192	O	O
+related	1193,1200	O	O
+to	1201,1203	O	O
+the	1204,1207	O	O
+simplified	1208,1218	O	B-Process
+contact	1219,1226	O	I-Process
+model	1227,1232	O	I-Process
+used	1233,1237	O	O
+by	1238,1240	O	O
+FM	1241,1243	O	B-Process
+,	1243,1244	O	O
+which	1245,1250	O	O
+makes	1251,1256	O	O
+the	1257,1260	O	O
+stent	1261,1266	O	B-Process
+-	1266,1267	O	I-Process
+graft	1267,1272	O	I-Process
+expansion	1273,1282	O	I-Process
+terminate	1283,1292	O	O
+once	1293,1297	O	O
+the	1298,1301	O	O
+nodes	1302,1307	O	B-Material
+come	1308,1312	O	O
+in	1313,1315	O	O
+contact	1316,1323	O	O
+with	1324,1328	O	O
+the	1329,1332	O	O
+vessel	1333,1339	O	B-Material
+wall	1340,1344	O	I-Material
+.	1344,1345	O	O
+
+On	1346,1348	O	O
+the	1349,1352	O	O
+contrary	1353,1361	O	O
+,	1361,1362	O	O
+it	1363,1365	O	O
+is	1366,1368	O	O
+well	1369,1373	O	O
+known	1374,1379	O	O
+that	1380,1384	O	O
+the	1385,1388	O	O
+contact	1389,1396	O	B-Process
+algorithm	1397,1406	O	I-Process
+used	1407,1411	O	O
+in	1412,1414	O	O
+the	1415,1418	O	O
+FE	1419,1421	O	B-Process
+analyses	1422,1430	O	I-Process
+increases	1431,1440	O	O
+the	1441,1444	O	O
+computational	1445,1458	O	O
+cost	1459,1463	O	O
+of	1464,1466	O	O
+the	1467,1470	O	O
+simulations	1471,1482	O	B-Process
+.	1482,1483	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0079642514000784)
+
+Gas	0,3	O	B-Process
+sorption	4,12	O	I-Process
+,	12,13	O	I-Process
+storage	14,21	O	I-Process
+and	22,25	O	I-Process
+separation	26,36	O	I-Process
+in	37,39	O	O
+carbon	40,46	O	B-Material
+materials	47,56	O	I-Material
+are	57,60	O	O
+mainly	61,67	O	O
+based	68,73	O	O
+on	74,76	O	O
+physisorption	77,90	O	B-Process
+on	91,93	O	O
+the	94,97	O	O
+surfaces	98,106	O	O
+and	107,110	O	O
+particularly	111,123	O	O
+depend	124,130	O	O
+on	131,133	O	O
+the	134,137	O	O
+electrostatic	138,151	O	B-Process
+and	152,155	O	I-Process
+dispersion	156,166	O	I-Process
+(	167,168	O	I-Process
+i.e.	168,172	O	I-Process
+,	172,173	O	I-Process
+vdW	174,177	O	I-Process
+)	177,178	O	I-Process
+interactions	179,191	O	I-Process
+.	191,192	O	O
+
+The	193,196	O	O
+former	197,203	O	O
+can	204,207	O	O
+be	208,210	O	O
+tuned	211,216	O	O
+by	217,219	O	O
+introducing	220,231	O	B-Process
+charge	232,238	O	I-Process
+variations	239,249	O	I-Process
+in	250,252	O	I-Process
+the	253,256	O	I-Process
+material	257,265	O	I-Process
+,	265,266	O	O
+and	267,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+latter	275,281	O	O
+by	282,284	O	O
+chemical	285,293	O	B-Process
+substitution	294,306	O	I-Process
+.	306,307	O	O
+
+The	308,311	O	O
+strength	312,320	O	O
+of	321,323	O	O
+the	324,327	O	O
+interaction	328,339	O	O
+is	340,342	O	O
+determined	343,353	O	O
+by	354,356	O	O
+the	357,360	O	O
+surface	361,368	O	O
+characteristics	369,384	O	O
+of	385,387	O	O
+the	388,391	O	O
+adsorbent	392,401	O	B-Material
+and	402,405	O	O
+the	406,409	O	O
+properties	410,420	O	O
+of	421,423	O	O
+targeted	424,432	O	O
+adsorbate	433,442	O	B-Material
+molecule	443,451	O	I-Material
+,	451,452	O	O
+including	453,462	O	O
+but	463,466	O	O
+not	467,470	O	O
+limited	471,478	O	O
+to	479,481	O	O
+the	482,485	O	O
+size	486,490	O	O
+and	491,494	O	O
+shape	495,500	O	O
+of	501,503	O	O
+the	504,507	O	O
+adsorbate	508,517	O	B-Material
+molecule	518,526	O	I-Material
+along	527,532	O	O
+with	533,537	O	O
+its	538,541	O	O
+polarizability	542,556	O	O
+,	556,557	O	O
+magnetic	558,566	O	O
+susceptibility	567,581	O	O
+,	581,582	O	O
+permanent	583,592	O	O
+dipole	593,599	O	O
+moment	600,606	O	O
+,	606,607	O	O
+and	608,611	O	O
+quadrupole	612,622	O	O
+moment	623,629	O	O
+.	629,630	O	O
+
+Li	631,633	O	O
+et	634,636	O	O
+al	637,639	O	O
+.	639,640	O	O
+summarise	641,650	O	O
+the	651,654	O	O
+adsorption	655,665	O	O
+-	665,666	O	O
+related	666,673	O	O
+physical	674,682	O	O
+parameters	683,693	O	O
+of	694,696	O	O
+many	697,701	O	O
+gas	702,705	O	B-Material
+or	706,708	O	I-Material
+vapour	709,715	O	I-Material
+adsorbates	716,726	O	I-Material
+,	726,727	O	O
+and	728,731	O	O
+herein	732,738	O	O
+Table	739,744	O	O
+1	745,746	O	O
+
+we	747,749	O	O
+show	750,754	O	O
+a	755,756	O	O
+few	757,760	O	O
+of	761,763	O	O
+those	764,769	O	O
+of	770,772	O	O
+interest	773,781	O	O
+,	781,782	O	O
+H2	783,785	O	B-Material
+,	785,786	O	O
+N2	787,789	O	B-Material
+,	789,790	O	O
+CO	791,793	O	B-Material
+,	793,794	O	O
+CO2	795,798	O	B-Material
+,	798,799	O	O
+CH4	800,803	O	B-Material
+,	803,804	O	O
+NH3	805,808	O	B-Material
+,	808,809	O	O
+SO2	810,813	O	B-Material
+and	814,817	O	O
+H2S	818,821	O	B-Material
+
+[	822,823	O	O
+90	823,825	O	O
+]	825,826	O	O
+.	826,827	O	O
+
+For	828,831	O	O
+instance	832,840	O	O
+,	840,841	O	O
+an	842,844	O	O
+adsorbent	845,854	O	B-Material
+with	855,859	O	O
+a	860,861	O	O
+high	862,866	O	O
+specific	867,875	O	O
+surface	876,883	O	O
+area	884,888	O	O
+is	889,891	O	O
+a	892,893	O	O
+good	894,898	O	O
+candidate	899,908	O	O
+for	909,912	O	O
+adsorption	913,923	O	O
+of	924,926	O	O
+a	927,928	O	O
+molecule	929,937	O	B-Material
+with	938,942	O	O
+high	943,947	O	O
+polarizability	948,962	O	O
+but	963,966	O	O
+no	967,969	O	O
+polarity	970,978	O	O
+.	978,979	O	O
+
+Adsorbents	980,990	O	B-Material
+with	991,995	O	O
+highly	996,1002	O	O
+polarised	1003,1012	O	O
+surfaces	1013,1021	O	O
+are	1022,1025	O	O
+good	1026,1030	O	O
+for	1031,1034	O	O
+adsorbate	1035,1044	O	B-Material
+molecules	1045,1054	O	I-Material
+with	1055,1059	O	O
+a	1060,1061	O	O
+high	1062,1066	O	O
+dipole	1067,1073	O	O
+moment	1074,1080	O	O
+.	1080,1081	O	O
+
+The	1082,1085	O	O
+adsorbents	1086,1096	O	B-Material
+with	1097,1101	O	O
+high	1102,1106	O	O
+electric	1107,1115	O	O
+field	1116,1121	O	O
+gradient	1122,1130	O	O
+surfaces	1131,1139	O	O
+are	1140,1143	O	O
+found	1144,1149	O	O
+to	1150,1152	O	O
+be	1153,1155	O	O
+ideal	1156,1161	O	O
+for	1162,1165	O	O
+the	1166,1169	O	O
+high	1170,1174	O	B-Material
+quadrupole	1175,1185	O	I-Material
+moment	1186,1192	O	I-Material
+adsorbate	1193,1202	O	I-Material
+molecules	1203,1212	O	I-Material
+[	1213,1214	O	O
+91	1214,1216	O	O
+]	1216,1217	O	O
+.	1217,1218	O	O
+
+Normally	1219,1227	O	O
+,	1227,1228	O	O
+the	1229,1232	O	O
+binding	1233,1240	O	O
+or	1241,1243	O	O
+adsorption	1244,1254	O	O
+strength	1255,1263	O	O
+with	1264,1268	O	O
+a	1269,1270	O	O
+carbon	1271,1277	O	O
+nanostructure	1278,1291	O	O
+is	1292,1294	O	O
+relatively	1295,1305	O	O
+low	1306,1309	O	O
+for	1310,1313	O	O
+H2	1314,1316	O	B-Material
+and	1317,1320	O	O
+N2	1321,1323	O	B-Material
+;	1323,1324	O	O
+intermediate	1325,1337	O	O
+for	1338,1341	O	O
+CO	1342,1344	O	B-Material
+,	1344,1345	O	O
+CH4	1346,1349	O	B-Material
+and	1350,1353	O	O
+CO2	1354,1357	O	B-Material
+;	1357,1358	O	O
+and	1359,1362	O	O
+relatively	1363,1373	O	O
+high	1374,1378	O	O
+for	1379,1382	O	O
+H2S	1383,1386	O	B-Material
+,	1386,1387	O	O
+NH3	1388,1391	O	B-Material
+and	1392,1395	O	O
+H2O.	1396,1400	O	B-Material
+
+Thus	1401,1405	O	O
+,	1405,1406	O	O
+surface	1407,1414	O	B-Process
+modifications	1415,1428	O	I-Process
+,	1428,1429	O	O
+such	1430,1434	O	O
+as	1435,1437	O	O
+doping	1438,1444	O	B-Process
+,	1444,1445	O	O
+functionalization	1446,1463	O	B-Process
+and	1464,1467	O	O
+improving	1468,1477	O	B-Process
+the	1478,1481	O	I-Process
+pore	1482,1486	O	I-Process
+structure	1487,1496	O	I-Process
+and	1497,1500	O	I-Process
+specific	1501,1509	O	I-Process
+surface	1510,1517	O	I-Process
+area	1518,1522	O	I-Process
+of	1523,1525	O	I-Process
+nanocarbons	1526,1537	O	I-Process
+,	1537,1538	O	O
+are	1539,1542	O	O
+important	1543,1552	O	O
+to	1553,1555	O	O
+enhance	1556,1563	O	B-Task
+gas	1564,1567	O	I-Task
+adsorption	1568,1578	O	I-Task
+.	1578,1579	O	O
+
+For	1580,1583	O	O
+this	1584,1588	O	O
+purpose	1589,1596	O	O
+,	1596,1597	O	O
+graphene	1598,1606	O	B-Material
+offers	1607,1613	O	O
+a	1614,1615	O	O
+great	1616,1621	O	O
+scope	1622,1627	O	O
+for	1628,1631	O	O
+tailor	1632,1638	O	O
+-	1638,1639	O	O
+made	1639,1643	O	O
+carbonaceous	1644,1656	O	B-Material
+adsorbents	1657,1667	O	I-Material
+.	1667,1668	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0079642515000705)
+
+When	0,4	O	O
+dominated	5,14	O	O
+by	15,17	O	O
+surface	18,25	O	B-Process
+shadowing	26,35	O	I-Process
+mechanisms	36,46	O	I-Process
+,	46,47	O	O
+the	48,51	O	O
+aggregation	52,63	O	B-Process
+of	64,66	O	I-Process
+vapor	67,72	O	I-Process
+particles	73,82	O	I-Process
+onto	83,87	O	I-Process
+a	88,89	O	I-Process
+surface	90,97	O	I-Process
+is	98,100	O	O
+a	101,102	O	O
+complex	103,110	O	O
+,	110,111	O	O
+non	112,115	O	O
+-	115,116	O	O
+local	116,121	O	O
+phenomenon	122,132	O	O
+.	132,133	O	O
+
+In	134,136	O	O
+the	137,140	O	O
+literature	141,151	O	O
+,	151,152	O	O
+there	153,158	O	O
+have	159,163	O	O
+been	164,168	O	O
+many	169,173	O	O
+attempts	174,182	O	O
+to	183,185	O	O
+analyze	186,193	O	B-Task
+the	194,197	O	I-Task
+growth	198,204	O	I-Task
+mechanism	205,214	O	I-Task
+by	215,217	O	O
+means	218,223	O	O
+of	224,226	O	O
+pure	227,231	O	O
+geometrical	232,243	O	B-Process
+considerations	244,258	O	I-Process
+;	258,259	O	O
+i.e.	260,264	O	O
+,	264,265	O	O
+by	266,268	O	O
+assuming	269,277	O	O
+that	278,282	O	O
+vapor	283,288	O	B-Material
+particles	289,298	O	I-Material
+arrive	299,305	O	O
+at	306,308	O	O
+the	309,312	O	O
+film	313,317	O	B-Material
+surface	318,325	O	I-Material
+along	326,331	O	O
+a	332,333	O	O
+single	334,340	O	B-Process
+angular	341,348	O	I-Process
+direction	349,358	O	I-Process
+[	359,360	O	O
+38,41	360,365	O	O
+]	365,366	O	O
+.	366,367	O	O
+
+Continuum	368,377	O	B-Process
+approaches	378,388	O	I-Process
+,	388,389	O	O
+which	390,395	O	O
+are	396,399	O	O
+based	400,405	O	O
+on	406,408	O	O
+the	409,412	O	O
+fact	413,417	O	O
+that	418,422	O	O
+the	423,426	O	O
+geometrical	427,438	O	B-Process
+features	439,447	O	I-Process
+of	448,450	O	O
+the	451,454	O	O
+film	455,459	O	B-Material
+(	460,461	O	O
+i.e.	461,465	O	O
+,	465,466	O	O
+the	467,470	O	O
+nanocolumns	471,482	O	B-Process
+)	482,483	O	O
+are	484,487	O	O
+much	488,492	O	O
+larger	493,499	O	O
+than	500,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+typical	509,516	O	O
+size	517,521	O	O
+of	522,524	O	O
+an	525,527	O	O
+atom	528,532	O	B-Material
+[	533,534	O	O
+42,266,267	534,544	O	O
+]	544,545	O	O
+,	545,546	O	O
+have	547,551	O	O
+been	552,556	O	O
+also	557,561	O	O
+explored	562,570	O	O
+.	570,571	O	O
+
+For	572,575	O	O
+instance	576,584	O	O
+,	584,585	O	O
+Poxson	586,592	O	O
+et	593,595	O	O
+al	596,598	O	O
+.	598,599	O	O
+
+[	600,601	O	O
+228	601,604	O	O
+]	604,605	O	O
+developed	606,615	O	O
+an	616,618	O	O
+analytic	619,627	O	B-Process
+model	628,633	O	I-Process
+that	634,638	O	O
+takes	639,644	O	O
+into	645,649	O	O
+account	650,657	O	O
+geometrical	658,669	O	B-Process
+factors	670,677	O	I-Process
+as	678,680	O	O
+well	681,685	O	O
+as	686,688	O	O
+surface	689,696	O	B-Process
+diffusion	697,706	O	I-Process
+.	706,707	O	O
+
+This	708,712	O	O
+model	713,718	O	O
+accurately	719,729	O	O
+predicted	730,739	O	O
+the	740,743	O	O
+porosity	744,752	O	O
+and	753,756	O	O
+deposition	757,767	O	O
+rate	768,772	O	O
+of	773,775	O	O
+thin	776,780	O	B-Material
+films	781,786	O	I-Material
+using	787,792	O	O
+a	793,794	O	O
+single	795,801	O	O
+input	802,807	O	O
+parameter	808,817	O	O
+related	818,825	O	O
+to	826,828	O	O
+the	829,832	O	O
+cross	833,838	O	O
+-	838,839	O	O
+sectional	839,848	O	O
+area	849,853	O	O
+of	854,856	O	O
+the	857,860	O	O
+nanocolumns	861,872	O	B-Material
+,	872,873	O	O
+the	874,877	O	O
+volume	878,884	O	O
+of	885,887	O	O
+material	888,896	O	O
+and	897,900	O	O
+the	901,904	O	O
+thickness	905,914	O	O
+of	915,917	O	O
+the	918,921	O	O
+film	922,926	O	B-Material
+.	926,927	O	O
+
+Moreover	928,936	O	O
+,	936,937	O	O
+in	938,940	O	O
+Ref	941,944	O	O
+.	944,945	O	O
+
+[	946,947	O	O
+39	947,949	O	O
+]	949,950	O	O
+,	950,951	O	O
+an	952,954	O	O
+analytical	955,965	O	B-Process
+semi	966,970	O	I-Process
+-	970,971	O	I-Process
+empirical	971,980	O	I-Process
+model	981,986	O	I-Process
+was	987,990	O	O
+presented	991,1000	O	O
+to	1001,1003	O	O
+quantitatively	1004,1018	O	B-Task
+describe	1019,1027	O	I-Task
+the	1028,1031	O	I-Task
+aggregation	1032,1043	O	I-Task
+of	1044,1046	O	I-Task
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+structures	1056,1066	O	I-Task
+by	1067,1069	O	O
+means	1070,1075	O	O
+of	1076,1078	O	O
+a	1079,1080	O	O
+single	1081,1087	O	O
+parameter	1088,1097	O	O
+dubbed	1098,1104	O	O
+the	1105,1108	O	O
+fan	1109,1112	O	O
+angle	1113,1118	O	O
+.	1118,1119	O	O
+
+This	1120,1124	O	O
+material	1125,1133	O	O
+-	1133,1134	O	O
+dependent	1134,1143	O	O
+quantity	1144,1152	O	O
+can	1153,1156	O	O
+be	1157,1159	O	O
+experimentally	1160,1174	O	O
+obtained	1175,1183	O	O
+by	1184,1186	O	O
+performing	1187,1197	O	O
+deposition	1198,1208	O	O
+at	1209,1211	O	O
+normal	1212,1218	O	O
+incidence	1219,1228	O	O
+on	1229,1231	O	O
+an	1232,1234	O	O
+imprinted	1235,1244	O	O
+groove	1245,1251	O	B-Material
+seeded	1252,1258	O	I-Material
+substrate	1259,1268	O	I-Material
+,	1268,1269	O	O
+and	1270,1273	O	O
+then	1274,1278	O	O
+measuring	1279,1288	O	O
+the	1289,1292	O	O
+increase	1293,1301	O	O
+in	1302,1304	O	O
+column	1305,1311	O	O
+diameter	1312,1320	O	O
+with	1321,1325	O	O
+film	1326,1330	O	B-Material
+thickness	1331,1340	O	O
+.	1340,1341	O	O
+
+This	1342,1346	O	O
+model	1347,1352	O	O
+was	1353,1356	O	O
+tested	1357,1363	O	O
+under	1364,1369	O	O
+various	1370,1377	O	O
+conditions	1378,1388	O	O
+[	1389,1390	O	O
+40	1390,1392	O	O
+]	1392,1393	O	O
+,	1393,1394	O	O
+which	1395,1400	O	O
+returned	1401,1409	O	O
+good	1410,1414	O	O
+results	1415,1422	O	O
+and	1423,1426	O	O
+an	1427,1429	O	O
+accurate	1430,1438	O	O
+prediction	1439,1449	O	B-Task
+of	1450,1452	O	I-Task
+the	1453,1456	O	I-Task
+relation	1457,1465	O	I-Task
+between	1466,1473	O	I-Task
+the	1474,1477	O	I-Task
+incident	1478,1486	O	I-Task
+angle	1487,1492	O	I-Task
+of	1493,1495	O	I-Task
+the	1496,1499	O	I-Task
+deposition	1500,1510	O	I-Task
+flux	1511,1515	O	I-Task
+and	1516,1519	O	I-Task
+the	1520,1523	O	I-Task
+tilt	1524,1528	O	I-Task
+angle	1529,1534	O	I-Task
+of	1535,1537	O	I-Task
+the	1538,1541	O	I-Task
+columns	1542,1549	O	I-Task
+for	1550,1553	O	O
+several	1554,1561	O	O
+materials	1562,1571	O	O
+.	1571,1572	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167844214000652)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+bond	2,6	O	B-Process
+failure	7,14	O	I-Process
+is	15,17	O	O
+thought	18,25	O	O
+of	26,28	O	O
+as	29,31	O	O
+a	32,33	O	O
+micro	34,39	O	B-Process
+-	39,40	O	I-Process
+crack	40,45	O	I-Process
+nucleation	46,56	O	I-Process
+,	56,57	O	O
+specifically	58,70	O	O
+as	71,73	O	O
+a	74,75	O	O
+separation	76,86	O	B-Process
+between	87,94	O	I-Process
+the	95,98	O	I-Process
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+cells	108,113	O	I-Process
+in	114,116	O	I-Process
+the	117,120	O	I-Process
+cellular	121,129	O	I-Process
+structure	130,139	O	I-Process
+along	140,145	O	I-Process
+their	146,151	O	I-Process
+common	152,158	O	I-Process
+face	159,163	O	I-Process
+.	163,164	O	O
+
+Initially	165,174	O	O
+,	174,175	O	O
+the	176,179	O	O
+micro	180,185	O	B-Material
+-	185,186	O	I-Material
+cracks	186,192	O	I-Material
+may	193,196	O	O
+be	197,199	O	O
+dispersed	200,209	O	O
+in	210,212	O	O
+the	213,216	O	O
+model	217,222	O	O
+reflecting	223,233	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+random	238,244	O	O
+distribution	245,257	O	O
+of	258,260	O	O
+pore	261,265	O	B-Material
+sizes	266,271	O	O
+and	272,275	O	O
+the	276,279	O	O
+low	280,283	O	O
+level	284,289	O	O
+of	290,292	O	O
+interaction	293,304	O	O
+due	305,308	O	O
+to	309,311	O	O
+force	312,317	O	O
+redistribution	318,332	O	O
+.	332,333	O	O
+
+Interaction	334,345	O	O
+and	346,349	O	O
+coalescence	350,361	O	O
+may	362,365	O	O
+follow	366,372	O	O
+as	373,375	O	O
+the	376,379	O	O
+population	380,390	O	O
+of	391,393	O	O
+micro	394,399	O	B-Material
+-	399,400	O	I-Material
+cracks	400,406	O	I-Material
+increases	407,416	O	O
+.	416,417	O	O
+
+These	418,423	O	O
+situations	424,434	O	O
+are	435,438	O	O
+illustrated	439,450	O	O
+in	451,453	O	O
+Fig	454,457	O	O
+.	457,458	O	O
+
+3	459,460	O	O
+.	460,461	O	O
+
+The	462,465	O	O
+structure	466,475	O	O
+of	476,478	O	O
+the	479,482	O	O
+failed	483,489	O	B-Material
+surface	490,497	O	I-Material
+can	498,501	O	O
+be	502,504	O	O
+represented	505,516	O	O
+with	517,521	O	O
+a	522,523	O	O
+mathematical	524,536	O	B-Process
+graph	537,542	O	I-Process
+,	542,543	O	O
+where	544,549	O	O
+graph	550,555	O	O
+nodes	556,561	O	O
+represent	562,571	O	O
+failed	572,578	O	B-Material
+faces	579,584	O	I-Material
+and	585,588	O	O
+graph	589,594	O	O
+edges	595,600	O	O
+exist	601,606	O	O
+between	607,614	O	O
+failed	615,621	O	B-Material
+faces	622,627	O	I-Material
+with	628,632	O	O
+common	633,639	O	O
+triple	640,646	O	O
+line	647,651	O	O
+in	652,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+cellular	659,667	O	B-Material
+structure	668,677	O	I-Material
+,	677,678	O	O
+i.e.	679,683	O	O
+where	684,689	O	O
+two	690,693	O	O
+micro	694,699	O	B-Material
+-	699,700	O	I-Material
+cracks	700,706	O	I-Material
+formed	707,713	O	O
+a	714,715	O	O
+continuous	716,726	O	O
+larger	727,733	O	O
+crack	734,739	O	B-Material
+.	739,740	O	O
+
+With	741,745	O	O
+reference	746,755	O	O
+to	756,758	O	O
+Fig	759,762	O	O
+.	762,763	O	O
+
+3	764,765	O	O
+,	765,766	O	O
+each	767,771	O	O
+failed	772,778	O	B-Material
+face	779,783	O	I-Material
+is	784,786	O	O
+a	787,788	O	O
+graph	789,794	O	O
+node	795,799	O	O
+and	800,803	O	O
+each	804,808	O	O
+pair	809,813	O	O
+of	814,816	O	O
+neighbouring	817,829	O	O
+
+failed	830,836	O	B-Material
+faces	837,842	O	I-Material
+is	843,845	O	O
+a	846,847	O	O
+graph	848,853	O	O
+edge	854,858	O	O
+.	858,859	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0254058415300766)
+
+Half	0,4	O	B-Material
+metallic	5,13	O	I-Material
+ferromagnets	14,26	O	I-Material
+(	27,28	O	O
+HMF	28,31	O	B-Material
+)	31,32	O	O
+have	33,37	O	O
+attracted	38,47	O	O
+enormous	48,56	O	O
+interest	57,65	O	O
+due	66,69	O	O
+to	70,72	O	O
+their	73,78	O	O
+applications	79,91	O	O
+in	92,94	O	O
+spintronic	95,105	O	B-Task
+devices	106,113	O	I-Task
+[	114,115	O	O
+1	115,116	O	O
+]	116,117	O	O
+.	117,118	O	O
+
+Dilute	119,125	O	B-Material
+magnetic	126,134	O	I-Material
+semiconductors	135,149	O	I-Material
+(	150,151	O	O
+DMSs	151,155	O	B-Material
+)	155,156	O	O
+are	157,160	O	O
+considered	161,171	O	O
+to	172,174	O	O
+be	175,177	O	O
+the	178,181	O	O
+best	182,186	O	O
+materials	187,196	O	B-Material
+to	197,199	O	I-Material
+show	200,204	O	I-Material
+half	205,209	O	I-Material
+metallicity	210,221	O	I-Material
+.	221,222	O	O
+
+These	223,228	O	O
+materials	229,238	O	O
+have	239,243	O	O
+two	244,247	O	O
+components	248,258	O	O
+,	258,259	O	O
+one	260,263	O	O
+being	264,269	O	O
+a	270,271	O	O
+semiconducting	272,286	O	B-Material
+material	287,295	O	I-Material
+with	296,300	O	O
+diamagnetic	301,312	O	O
+properties	313,323	O	O
+while	324,329	O	O
+the	330,333	O	O
+other	334,339	O	O
+is	340,342	O	O
+a	343,344	O	O
+magnetic	345,353	O	B-Material
+dopant	354,360	O	I-Material
+such	361,365	O	O
+as	366,368	O	O
+transition	369,379	O	B-Material
+metal	380,385	O	I-Material
+having	386,392	O	O
+un	393,395	O	B-Material
+-	395,396	O	I-Material
+paired	396,402	O	I-Material
+d	403,404	O	I-Material
+electrons	405,414	O	I-Material
+[	415,416	O	O
+2	416,417	O	O
+]	417,418	O	O
+.	418,419	O	O
+
+The	420,423	O	O
+major	424,429	O	O
+advantage	430,439	O	O
+of	440,442	O	O
+these	443,448	O	O
+materials	449,458	O	O
+is	459,461	O	O
+utilization	462,473	O	B-Process
+of	474,476	O	I-Process
+electron	477,485	O	I-Process
+'s	485,487	O	I-Process
+spin	488,492	O	I-Process
+as	493,495	O	I-Process
+information	496,507	O	I-Process
+carrier	508,515	O	I-Process
+since	516,521	O	O
+advanced	522,530	O	O
+functionalities	531,546	O	O
+in	547,549	O	O
+spintronic	550,560	O	B-Task
+devices	561,568	O	I-Task
+can	569,572	O	O
+be	573,575	O	O
+viable	576,582	O	O
+by	583,585	O	O
+the	586,589	O	O
+use	590,593	O	O
+of	594,596	O	O
+spin	597,601	O	O
+degree	602,608	O	O
+of	609,611	O	O
+freedom	612,619	O	O
+along	620,625	O	O
+with	626,630	O	O
+the	631,634	O	O
+charge	635,641	O	O
+of	642,644	O	O
+electrons	645,654	O	B-Material
+[	655,656	O	O
+3	656,657	O	O
+]	657,658	O	O
+.	658,659	O	O
+
+The	660,663	O	O
+major	664,669	O	O
+issue	670,675	O	O
+regarding	676,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+applicability	690,703	O	O
+of	704,706	O	O
+these	707,712	O	O
+materials	713,722	O	O
+is	723,725	O	O
+to	726,728	O	O
+enhance	729,736	O	B-Task
+the	737,740	O	I-Task
+Curie	741,746	O	I-Task
+temperature	747,758	O	I-Task
+above	759,764	O	I-Task
+room	765,769	O	I-Task
+temperature	770,781	O	I-Task
+.	781,782	O	O
+
+That	783,787	O	O
+'s	787,789	O	O
+why	790,793	O	O
+the	794,797	O	O
+research	798,806	O	O
+interest	807,815	O	O
+shifted	816,823	O	O
+towards	824,831	O	O
+large	832,837	O	B-Material
+band	838,842	O	I-Material
+gap	843,846	O	I-Material
+materials	847,856	O	I-Material
+.	856,857	O	O
+
+A	858,859	O	O
+lot	860,863	O	O
+of	864,866	O	O
+work	867,871	O	O
+has	872,875	O	O
+been	876,880	O	O
+reported	881,889	O	O
+on	890,892	O	O
+DMSs	893,897	O	B-Material
+with	898,902	O	O
+different	903,912	O	O
+II	913,915	O	B-Material
+–	915,916	O	I-Material
+VI	916,918	O	I-Material
+and	919,922	O	I-Material
+III	923,926	O	I-Material
+–	926,927	O	I-Material
+V	927,928	O	I-Material
+semiconductors	929,943	O	I-Material
+as	944,946	O	O
+host	947,951	O	B-Material
+material	952,960	O	I-Material
+such	961,965	O	O
+as	966,968	O	O
+,	968,969	O	O
+ZnS	970,973	O	B-Material
+,	973,974	O	O
+CdS	975,978	O	B-Material
+,	978,979	O	O
+GaN	980,983	O	B-Material
+,	983,984	O	O
+ZnO	985,988	O	B-Material
+,	988,989	O	O
+ZnSe	990,994	O	B-Material
+,	994,995	O	O
+ZnTe	996,1000	O	B-Material
+,	1000,1001	O	O
+TiO2	1002,1006	O	B-Material
+,	1006,1007	O	O
+SnO2	1008,1012	O	B-Material
+[	1013,1014	O	O
+4–12	1014,1018	O	O
+]	1018,1019	O	O
+.	1019,1020	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301010409001219)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+has	3,6	O	O
+been	7,11	O	O
+known	12,17	O	O
+[	18,19	O	O
+9,14,18,22	19,29	O	O
+]	29,30	O	O
+that	31,35	O	O
+the	36,39	O	O
+fragmentation	40,53	O	B-Process
+processes	54,63	O	I-Process
+in	64,66	O	O
+polyatomic	67,77	O	B-Material
+molecules	78,87	O	I-Material
+induced	88,95	O	O
+by	96,98	O	O
+an	99,101	O	O
+intense	102,109	O	B-Material
+ultrafast	110,119	O	I-Material
+laser	120,125	O	I-Material
+field	126,131	O	I-Material
+can	132,135	O	O
+sometimes	136,145	O	O
+exhibit	146,153	O	O
+sensitive	154,163	O	O
+dependence	164,174	O	O
+on	175,177	O	O
+the	178,181	O	O
+instantaneous	182,195	O	O
+phase	196,201	O	O
+characteristics	202,217	O	O
+of	218,220	O	O
+the	221,224	O	O
+laser	225,230	O	B-Material
+field	231,236	O	I-Material
+.	236,237	O	O
+
+Depending	238,247	O	O
+on	248,250	O	O
+the	251,254	O	O
+change	255,261	O	O
+in	262,264	O	O
+sign	265,269	O	O
+the	270,273	O	O
+chirped	274,281	O	B-Material
+laser	282,287	O	I-Material
+pulses	288,294	O	I-Material
+,	294,295	O	O
+fragmentation	296,309	O	B-Task
+could	310,315	O	O
+be	316,318	O	O
+either	319,325	O	O
+enhanced	326,334	O	O
+or	335,337	O	O
+suppressed	338,348	O	O
+[	349,350	O	O
+14,18,22	350,358	O	O
+]	358,359	O	O
+.	359,360	O	O
+
+Controlling	361,372	O	O
+the	373,376	O	O
+outcome	377,384	O	O
+of	385,387	O	O
+such	388,392	O	O
+laser	393,398	O	B-Process
+induced	399,406	O	I-Process
+molecular	407,416	O	I-Process
+fragmentation	417,430	O	I-Process
+with	431,435	O	O
+chirped	436,443	O	B-Material
+femtosecond	444,455	O	I-Material
+laser	456,461	O	I-Material
+pulses	462,468	O	I-Material
+has	469,472	O	O
+brought	473,480	O	O
+forth	481,486	O	O
+a	487,488	O	O
+number	489,495	O	O
+of	496,498	O	O
+experimental	499,511	O	O
+and	512,515	O	O
+theoretical	516,527	O	O
+effects	528,535	O	O
+in	536,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+recent	543,549	O	O
+years	550,555	O	O
+.	555,556	O	O
+
+However	557,564	O	O
+,	564,565	O	O
+efforts	566,573	O	O
+are	574,577	O	O
+continuing	578,588	O	O
+for	589,592	O	O
+a	593,594	O	O
+specific	595,603	O	O
+fragment	604,612	O	B-Task
+channel	613,620	O	I-Task
+enhancement	621,632	O	I-Task
+,	632,633	O	O
+which	634,639	O	O
+is	640,642	O	O
+difficult	643,652	O	O
+since	653,658	O	O
+it	659,661	O	O
+also	662,666	O	O
+is	667,669	O	O
+a	670,671	O	O
+function	672,680	O	O
+of	681,683	O	O
+the	684,687	O	O
+molecular	688,697	O	B-Process
+system	698,704	O	I-Process
+under	705,710	O	O
+study	711,716	O	O
+[	717,718	O	O
+20,22–24	718,726	O	O
+]	726,727	O	O
+.	727,728	O	O
+
+Here	729,733	O	O
+we	734,736	O	O
+report	737,743	O	O
+the	744,747	O	O
+observation	748,759	O	B-Task
+of	760,762	O	I-Task
+a	763,764	O	I-Task
+coherently	765,775	O	I-Task
+enhanced	776,784	O	I-Task
+fragmentation	785,798	O	I-Task
+pathway	799,806	O	I-Task
+of	807,809	O	O
+n	810,811	O	B-Material
+-	811,812	O	I-Material
+propyl	812,818	O	I-Material
+benzene	819,826	O	I-Material
+,	826,827	O	O
+which	828,833	O	O
+seems	834,839	O	O
+to	840,842	O	O
+have	843,847	O	O
+such	848,852	O	O
+specific	853,861	O	O
+fragmentation	862,875	O	B-Material
+channel	876,883	O	I-Material
+available	884,893	O	O
+.	893,894	O	O
+
+We	895,897	O	O
+found	898,903	O	O
+that	904,908	O	O
+for	909,912	O	O
+n	913,914	O	B-Material
+-	914,915	O	I-Material
+propyl	915,921	O	I-Material
+benzene	922,929	O	I-Material
+,	929,930	O	O
+the	931,934	O	O
+relative	935,943	O	O
+yield	944,949	O	O
+of	950,952	O	O
+C3H3	953,957	O	B-Material
++	957,958	O	I-Material
+is	959,961	O	O
+extremely	962,971	O	O
+sensitive	972,981	O	O
+to	982,984	O	O
+the	985,988	O	O
+phase	989,994	O	O
+of	995,997	O	O
+the	998,1001	O	O
+laser	1002,1007	O	B-Material
+pulse	1008,1013	O	I-Material
+as	1014,1016	O	O
+compared	1017,1025	O	O
+to	1026,1028	O	O
+any	1029,1032	O	O
+of	1033,1035	O	O
+the	1036,1039	O	O
+other	1040,1045	O	O
+possible	1046,1054	O	O
+channels	1055,1063	O	B-Material
+.	1063,1064	O	O
+
+In	1065,1067	O	O
+fact	1068,1072	O	O
+,	1072,1073	O	O
+there	1074,1079	O	O
+is	1080,1082	O	O
+almost	1083,1089	O	O
+an	1090,1092	O	O
+order	1093,1098	O	O
+of	1099,1101	O	O
+magnitude	1102,1111	O	O
+enhancement	1112,1123	O	O
+in	1124,1126	O	O
+the	1127,1130	O	O
+yield	1131,1136	O	O
+of	1137,1139	O	O
+C3H3	1140,1144	O	B-Material
++	1144,1145	O	I-Material
+when	1146,1150	O	O
+negatively	1151,1161	O	B-Material
+chirped	1162,1169	O	I-Material
+pulses	1170,1176	O	I-Material
+are	1177,1180	O	O
+used	1181,1185	O	O
+,	1185,1186	O	O
+while	1187,1192	O	O
+there	1193,1198	O	O
+is	1199,1201	O	O
+no	1202,1204	O	O
+effect	1205,1211	O	O
+with	1212,1216	O	O
+the	1217,1220	O	O
+positive	1221,1229	O	B-Material
+chirp	1230,1235	O	I-Material
+.	1235,1236	O	O
+
+Moreover	1237,1245	O	O
+,	1245,1246	O	O
+the	1247,1250	O	O
+relative	1251,1259	O	O
+yield	1260,1265	O	O
+of	1266,1268	O	O
+all	1269,1272	O	O
+the	1273,1276	O	O
+other	1277,1282	O	O
+heavier	1283,1290	O	B-Material
+fragment	1291,1299	O	I-Material
+ions	1300,1304	O	I-Material
+resulting	1305,1314	O	O
+from	1315,1319	O	O
+interaction	1320,1331	O	O
+of	1332,1334	O	O
+the	1335,1338	O	O
+strong	1339,1345	O	O
+field	1346,1351	O	O
+with	1352,1356	O	O
+the	1357,1360	O	O
+molecule	1361,1369	O	B-Material
+is	1370,1372	O	O
+not	1373,1376	O	O
+sensitive	1377,1386	O	O
+to	1387,1389	O	O
+the	1390,1393	O	O
+sign	1394,1398	O	O
+of	1399,1401	O	O
+the	1402,1405	O	O
+chirp	1406,1411	O	B-Material
+,	1411,1412	O	O
+within	1413,1419	O	O
+the	1420,1423	O	O
+noise	1424,1429	O	O
+level	1430,1435	O	O
+.	1435,1436	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301010413002139)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+vibrational	4,15	O	O
+spectra	16,23	O	O
+of	24,26	O	O
+l	27,28	O	B-Material
+-	28,29	O	I-Material
+cysteine	29,37	O	I-Material
+have	38,42	O	O
+been	43,47	O	O
+recorded	48,56	O	O
+and	57,60	O	O
+assigned	61,69	O	O
+in	70,72	O	O
+both	73,77	O	O
+solution	78,86	O	O
+[	87,88	O	O
+8,9	88,91	O	O
+]	91,92	O	O
+and	93,96	O	O
+the	97,100	O	O
+solid	101,106	O	O
+state	107,112	O	O
+[	113,114	O	O
+10–14	114,119	O	O
+]	119,120	O	O
+.	120,121	O	O
+
+Spectral	122,130	O	B-Process
+assignments	131,142	O	I-Process
+have	143,147	O	O
+been	148,152	O	O
+made	153,157	O	O
+using	158,163	O	O
+empirical	164,173	O	B-Process
+force	174,179	O	I-Process
+fields	180,186	O	I-Process
+[	187,188	O	O
+15	188,190	O	O
+]	190,191	O	O
+,	191,192	O	O
+Hartree	193,200	O	B-Process
+–	200,201	O	I-Process
+Fock	201,205	O	I-Process
+calculations	206,218	O	I-Process
+[	219,220	O	O
+10,16,17	220,228	O	O
+]	228,229	O	O
+based	230,235	O	O
+on	236,238	O	O
+the	239,242	O	O
+isolated	243,251	O	B-Process
+molecule	252,260	O	I-Process
+approximation	261,274	O	I-Process
+.	274,275	O	O
+
+For	276,279	O	O
+systems	280,287	O	O
+that	288,292	O	O
+exhibit	293,300	O	O
+strong	301,307	O	O
+intermolecular	308,322	O	O
+interactions	323,335	O	O
+,	335,336	O	O
+this	337,341	O	O
+approximation	342,355	O	O
+often	356,361	O	O
+leads	362,367	O	O
+to	368,370	O	O
+poor	371,375	O	O
+agreement	376,385	O	O
+between	386,393	O	O
+experiment	394,404	O	O
+and	405,408	O	O
+theory	409,415	O	O
+.	415,416	O	O
+
+A	417,418	O	O
+striking	419,427	O	O
+example	428,435	O	O
+is	436,438	O	O
+purine	439,445	O	B-Material
+[	446,447	O	O
+18	447,449	O	O
+]	449,450	O	O
+,	450,451	O	O
+where	452,457	O	O
+a	458,459	O	O
+study	460,465	O	B-Task
+of	466,468	O	I-Task
+the	469,472	O	I-Task
+solid	473,478	O	I-Task
+state	479,484	O	I-Task
+vibrational	485,496	O	I-Task
+spectra	497,504	O	I-Task
+by	505,507	O	O
+isolated	508,516	O	B-Process
+molecule	517,525	O	I-Process
+and	526,529	O	I-Process
+periodic	530,538	O	I-Process
+calculations	539,551	O	I-Process
+,	551,552	O	O
+gave	553,557	O	O
+almost	558,564	O	O
+quantitative	565,577	O	O
+agreement	578,587	O	O
+between	588,595	O	O
+theory	596,602	O	O
+and	603,606	O	O
+experiment	607,617	O	O
+for	618,621	O	O
+the	622,625	O	O
+latter	626,632	O	O
+,	632,633	O	O
+whereas	634,641	O	O
+the	642,645	O	O
+former	646,652	O	O
+gave	653,657	O	O
+only	658,662	O	O
+modest	663,669	O	O
+agreement	670,679	O	O
+and	680,683	O	O
+was	684,687	O	O
+unable	688,694	O	O
+to	695,697	O	O
+distinguish	698,709	O	O
+between	710,717	O	O
+the	718,721	O	O
+tautomers	722,731	O	B-Material
+.	731,732	O	O
+
+In	733,735	O	O
+the	736,739	O	O
+present	740,747	O	O
+case	748,752	O	O
+,	752,753	O	O
+where	754,759	O	O
+the	760,763	O	O
+structure	764,773	O	O
+consists	774,782	O	O
+of	783,785	O	O
+ions	786,790	O	B-Material
+linked	791,797	O	O
+by	798,800	O	O
+hydrogen	801,809	O	B-Material
+bonds	810,815	O	O
+,	815,816	O	O
+periodic	817,825	O	B-Process
+calculations	826,838	O	I-Process
+based	839,844	O	O
+on	845,847	O	O
+the	848,851	O	O
+complete	852,860	O	B-Material
+primitive	861,870	O	I-Material
+cell	871,875	O	I-Material
+are	876,879	O	O
+essential	880,889	O	O
+[	890,891	O	O
+19	891,893	O	O
+]	893,894	O	O
+.	894,895	O	O
+
+The	896,899	O	O
+only	900,904	O	O
+work	905,909	O	O
+[	910,911	O	O
+20	911,913	O	O
+]	913,914	O	O
+that	915,919	O	O
+includes	920,928	O	O
+some	929,933	O	O
+solid	934,939	O	O
+state	940,945	O	O
+effects	946,953	O	O
+used	954,958	O	O
+molecular	959,968	O	B-Process
+dynamics	969,977	O	I-Process
+but	978,981	O	O
+from	982,986	O	O
+which	987,992	O	O
+it	993,995	O	O
+is	996,998	O	O
+difficult	999,1008	O	O
+to	1009,1011	O	O
+extract	1012,1019	O	O
+assignments	1020,1031	O	O
+.	1031,1032	O	O
+
+The	1033,1036	O	O
+aim	1037,1040	O	O
+of	1041,1043	O	O
+this	1044,1048	O	O
+paper	1049,1054	O	O
+is	1055,1057	O	O
+to	1058,1060	O	O
+provide	1061,1068	O	B-Task
+a	1069,1070	O	I-Task
+complete	1071,1079	O	I-Task
+assignment	1080,1090	O	I-Task
+of	1091,1093	O	I-Task
+the	1094,1097	O	I-Task
+vibrational	1098,1109	O	I-Task
+spectra	1110,1117	O	I-Task
+of	1118,1120	O	I-Task
+l	1121,1122	O	I-Task
+-	1122,1123	O	I-Task
+cysteine	1123,1131	O	I-Task
+in	1132,1134	O	O
+both	1135,1139	O	O
+the	1140,1143	O	O
+orthorhombic	1144,1156	O	O
+and	1157,1160	O	O
+monoclinic	1161,1171	O	O
+forms	1172,1177	O	O
+by	1178,1180	O	O
+the	1181,1184	O	O
+use	1185,1188	O	O
+of	1189,1191	O	O
+a	1192,1193	O	O
+combination	1194,1205	O	O
+of	1206,1208	O	O
+computational	1209,1222	O	B-Process
+and	1223,1226	O	I-Process
+experimental	1227,1239	O	I-Process
+methods	1240,1247	O	I-Process
+.	1247,1248	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301010413004096)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+is	3,5	O	O
+critical	6,14	O	O
+to	15,17	O	O
+the	18,21	O	O
+success	22,29	O	O
+of	30,32	O	O
+the	33,36	O	O
+NPD	37,40	O	B-Process
+technique	41,50	O	I-Process
+that	51,55	O	O
+the	56,59	O	O
+MOF	60,63	O	B-Material
+complex	64,71	O	I-Material
+adsorbs	72,79	O	O
+a	80,81	O	O
+significant	82,93	O	O
+amount	94,100	O	O
+of	101,103	O	O
+D2	104,106	O	B-Material
+to	107,109	O	O
+boost	110,115	O	O
+the	116,119	O	O
+observed	120,128	O	O
+signal	129,135	O	O
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+This	137,141	O	O
+technique	142,151	O	O
+therefore	152,161	O	O
+has	162,165	O	O
+disadvantages	166,179	O	O
+when	180,184	O	O
+studying	185,193	O	O
+the	194,197	O	O
+binding	198,205	O	B-Process
+interaction	206,217	O	I-Process
+within	218,224	O	O
+MOFs	225,229	O	B-Material
+with	230,234	O	O
+low	235,238	O	O
+uptakes	239,246	O	O
+.	246,247	O	O
+
+Furthermore	248,259	O	O
+,	259,260	O	O
+static	261,267	O	B-Task
+crystallographic	268,284	O	I-Task
+studies	285,292	O	I-Task
+can	293,296	O	O
+not	296,299	O	O
+provide	300,307	O	O
+insights	308,316	O	O
+into	317,321	O	O
+the	322,325	O	O
+dynamics	326,334	O	O
+of	335,337	O	O
+the	338,341	O	O
+adsorbed	342,350	O	B-Material
+gas	351,354	O	I-Material
+molecules	355,364	O	I-Material
+.	364,365	O	O
+
+Thus	366,370	O	O
+,	370,371	O	O
+it	372,374	O	O
+is	375,377	O	O
+very	378,382	O	O
+challenging	383,394	O	O
+to	395,397	O	O
+probe	398,403	O	O
+experimentally	404,418	O	O
+the	419,422	O	O
+H2	423,425	O	B-Process
+binding	426,433	O	I-Process
+interactions	434,446	O	I-Process
+within	447,453	O	O
+a	454,455	O	O
+porous	456,462	O	O
+host	463,467	O	O
+system	468,474	O	O
+which	475,480	O	O
+has	481,484	O	O
+very	485,489	O	O
+low	490,493	O	O
+gas	494,497	O	B-Material
+uptake	498,504	O	O
+due	505,508	O	O
+to	509,511	O	O
+the	512,515	O	O
+lack	516,520	O	O
+of	521,523	O	O
+suitable	524,532	O	O
+characterisation	533,549	O	B-Process
+techniques	550,560	O	I-Process
+.	560,561	O	O
+
+We	562,564	O	O
+report	565,571	O	O
+herein	572,578	O	O
+the	579,582	O	O
+application	583,594	O	O
+of	595,597	O	O
+the	598,601	O	O
+in	602,604	O	B-Process
+situ	605,609	O	I-Process
+inelastic	610,619	O	I-Process
+neutron	620,627	O	I-Process
+scattering	628,638	O	I-Process
+(	639,640	O	O
+INS	640,643	O	B-Process
+)	643,644	O	O
+technique	645,654	O	O
+to	655,657	O	O
+permit	658,664	O	B-Task
+direct	665,671	O	I-Task
+observation	672,683	O	I-Task
+of	684,686	O	I-Task
+the	687,690	O	I-Task
+dynamics	691,699	O	I-Task
+of	700,702	O	I-Task
+the	703,706	O	I-Task
+binding	707,714	O	I-Task
+interactions	715,727	O	I-Task
+between	728,735	O	O
+adsorbed	736,744	O	B-Material
+H2	745,747	O	I-Material
+molecules	748,757	O	I-Material
+and	758,761	O	O
+an	762,764	O	O
+aluminium	765,774	O	B-Material
+-	774,775	O	I-Material
+based	775,780	O	I-Material
+porous	781,787	O	I-Material
+MOF	788,791	O	I-Material
+,	791,792	O	O
+NOTT-300	793,801	O	B-Material
+,	801,802	O	O
+exhibiting	803,813	O	O
+moderate	814,822	O	O
+porosity	823,831	O	O
+,	831,832	O	O
+narrow	833,839	O	O
+pore	840,844	O	O
+window	845,851	O	O
+and	852,855	O	O
+very	856,860	O	O
+low	861,864	O	O
+uptake	865,871	O	O
+of	872,874	O	O
+H2	875,877	O	B-Material
+.	877,878	O	O
+
+This	879,883	O	O
+neutron	884,891	O	B-Task
+spectroscopy	892,904	O	I-Task
+study	905,910	O	O
+reveals	911,918	O	O
+that	919,923	O	O
+adsorbed	924,932	O	B-Material
+H2	933,935	O	I-Material
+molecules	936,945	O	I-Material
+do	946,948	O	O
+not	949,952	O	O
+interact	953,961	O	O
+with	962,966	O	O
+the	967,970	O	O
+organic	971,978	O	B-Material
+ligand	979,985	O	I-Material
+within	986,992	O	O
+the	993,996	O	O
+pore	997,1001	O	O
+channels	1002,1010	O	O
+,	1010,1011	O	O
+and	1012,1015	O	O
+form	1016,1020	O	O
+very	1021,1025	O	O
+weak	1026,1030	O	O
+interactions	1031,1043	O	O
+with	1044,1048	O	O
+[	1049,1050	O	B-Material
+Al(OH)2O4	1050,1059	O	I-Material
+]	1059,1060	O	I-Material
+moieties	1061,1069	O	I-Material
+via	1070,1073	O	O
+a	1074,1075	O	O
+type	1076,1080	O	O
+of	1081,1083	O	O
+through	1084,1091	O	B-Process
+-	1091,1092	O	I-Process
+spacing	1092,1099	O	I-Process
+interaction	1100,1111	O	I-Process
+(	1112,1113	O	O
+Al	1113,1115	O	B-Process
+-	1115,1116	O	I-Process
+O⋯H2	1116,1120	O	I-Process
+)	1120,1121	O	O
+.	1121,1122	O	O
+
+Interestingly	1123,1136	O	O
+,	1136,1137	O	O
+the	1138,1141	O	O
+very	1142,1146	O	O
+low	1147,1150	O	O
+H2	1151,1153	O	B-Process
+adsorption	1154,1164	O	I-Process
+has	1165,1168	O	O
+been	1169,1173	O	O
+successfully	1174,1186	O	O
+characterised	1187,1200	O	O
+as	1201,1203	O	O
+weak	1204,1208	O	B-Process
+binding	1209,1216	O	I-Process
+interactions	1217,1229	O	I-Process
+and	1230,1233	O	O
+,	1233,1234	O	O
+for	1235,1238	O	O
+the	1239,1242	O	O
+first	1243,1248	O	O
+time	1249,1253	O	O
+,	1253,1254	O	O
+we	1255,1257	O	O
+have	1258,1262	O	O
+found	1263,1268	O	O
+that	1269,1273	O	O
+the	1274,1277	O	O
+adsorbed	1278,1286	O	B-Material
+H2	1287,1289	O	I-Material
+in	1290,1292	O	O
+the	1293,1296	O	O
+pore	1297,1301	O	O
+channel	1302,1309	O	O
+has	1310,1313	O	O
+a	1314,1315	O	O
+liquid	1316,1322	O	B-Material
+type	1323,1327	O	O
+recoil	1328,1334	O	O
+motion	1335,1341	O	O
+at	1342,1344	O	O
+5	1345,1346	O	O
+K	1346,1347	O	O
+(	1348,1349	O	O
+below	1349,1354	O	O
+its	1355,1358	O	O
+melting	1359,1366	O	O
+point	1367,1372	O	O
+)	1372,1373	O	O
+as	1374,1376	O	O
+a	1377,1378	O	O
+direct	1379,1385	O	O
+result	1386,1392	O	O
+of	1393,1395	O	O
+this	1396,1400	O	O
+weak	1401,1405	O	B-Process
+interaction	1406,1417	O	I-Process
+to	1418,1420	O	O
+the	1421,1424	O	O
+MOF	1425,1428	O	B-Material
+host	1429,1433	O	O
+.	1433,1434	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301010415002189)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+sodium	4,10	O	B-Material
+trimer	11,17	O	I-Material
+has	18,21	O	O
+a	22,23	O	O
+long	24,28	O	O
+history	29,36	O	O
+of	37,39	O	O
+theoretical	40,51	O	O
+and	52,55	O	O
+experimental	56,68	O	O
+studies	69,76	O	O
+.	76,77	O	O
+
+A	78,79	O	O
+pioneering	80,90	O	O
+theoretical	91,102	O	O
+paper	103,108	O	O
+of	109,111	O	O
+Martin	112,118	O	O
+and	119,122	O	O
+Davidson	123,131	O	O
+published	132,141	O	O
+in	142,144	O	O
+1978	145,149	O	O
+showed	150,156	O	O
+that	157,161	O	O
+the	162,165	O	O
+obtuse	166,172	O	B-Process
+isosceles	173,182	O	I-Process
+geometry	183,191	O	I-Process
+is	192,194	O	O
+lower	195,200	O	O
+in	201,203	O	O
+energy	204,210	O	O
+than	211,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+linear	220,226	O	B-Process
+conformation	227,239	O	I-Process
+[	240,241	O	O
+6	241,242	O	O
+]	242,243	O	O
+.	243,244	O	O
+
+Several	245,252	O	O
+extended	253,261	O	O
+PES	262,265	O	B-Process
+scans	266,271	O	I-Process
+of	272,274	O	O
+Na3	275,278	O	B-Material
+and	279,282	O	O
+other	283,288	O	O
+alkali	289,295	O	B-Material
+trimers	296,303	O	I-Material
+followed	304,312	O	O
+this	313,317	O	O
+initial	318,325	O	O
+study	326,331	O	O
+,	331,332	O	O
+employing	333,342	O	O
+DFT	343,346	O	B-Process
+[	347,348	O	O
+7	348,349	O	O
+]	349,350	O	O
+,	350,351	O	O
+complete	352,360	O	B-Process
+active	361,367	O	I-Process
+space	368,373	O	I-Process
+SCF	374,377	O	I-Process
+[	378,379	O	O
+8	379,380	O	O
+]	380,381	O	O
+,	381,382	O	O
+or	383,385	O	O
+a	386,387	O	O
+configuration	388,401	O	B-Process
+interaction	402,413	O	I-Process
+approach	414,422	O	I-Process
+based	423,428	O	O
+on	429,431	O	O
+valence	432,439	O	B-Process
+bond	440,444	O	I-Process
+wave	445,449	O	I-Process
+functions	450,459	O	I-Process
+[	460,461	O	O
+9	461,462	O	O
+]	462,463	O	O
+.	463,464	O	O
+
+Recently	465,473	O	O
+,	473,474	O	O
+the	475,478	O	O
+applicability	479,492	O	O
+of	493,495	O	O
+density	496,503	O	B-Process
+functional	504,514	O	I-Process
+theory	515,521	O	I-Process
+(	522,523	O	O
+DFT	523,526	O	B-Process
+)	526,527	O	O
+to	528,530	O	O
+JT	531,533	O	B-Process
+-	533,534	O	I-Process
+distorted	534,543	O	I-Process
+systems	544,551	O	I-Process
+has	552,555	O	O
+also	556,560	O	O
+been	561,565	O	O
+tested	566,572	O	O
+for	573,576	O	O
+Na3	577,580	O	B-Material
+
+[	581,582	O	O
+10	582,584	O	O
+]	584,585	O	O
+,	585,586	O	O
+and	587,590	O	O
+the	591,594	O	O
+B	595,596	O	B-Process
+-	596,597	O	I-Process
+X	597,598	O	I-Process
+transition	599,609	O	I-Process
+has	610,613	O	O
+been	614,618	O	O
+revisited	619,628	O	O
+as	629,631	O	O
+well	632,636	O	O
+,	636,637	O	O
+applying	638,646	O	O
+state	647,652	O	B-Process
+-	652,653	O	I-Process
+averaged	653,661	O	I-Process
+multi	662,667	O	I-Process
+-	667,668	O	I-Process
+reference	668,677	O	I-Process
+configuration	678,691	O	I-Process
+interaction	692,703	O	I-Process
+with	704,708	O	O
+a	709,710	O	O
+large	711,716	O	O
+active	717,723	O	O
+space	724,729	O	O
+in	730,732	O	O
+order	733,738	O	O
+to	739,741	O	O
+derive	742,748	O	B-Task
+more	749,753	O	I-Task
+accurate	754,762	O	I-Task
+non	763,766	O	I-Task
+-	766,767	O	I-Task
+adiabatic	767,776	O	I-Task
+coupling	777,785	O	I-Task
+terms	786,791	O	I-Task
+for	792,795	O	O
+an	796,798	O	O
+improved	799,807	O	O
+interpretation	808,822	O	O
+of	823,825	O	O
+photoabsorption	826,841	O	B-Material
+spectra	842,849	O	I-Material
+[	850,851	O	O
+11–13	851,856	O	O
+]	856,857	O	O
+.	857,858	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301010415300355)
+
+Alternatively	0,13	O	O
+to	14,16	O	O
+H	17,18	O	B-Process
+-	18,19	O	I-Process
+atom	19,23	O	I-Process
+photodetachment	24,39	O	I-Process
+from	40,44	O	O
+the	45,48	O	O
+intermediate	49,61	O	B-Material
+radicals	62,70	O	I-Material
+,	70,71	O	O
+the	72,75	O	O
+latter	76,82	O	O
+may	83,86	O	O
+serve	87,92	O	O
+as	93,95	O	O
+reducing	96,104	O	B-Material
+agents	105,111	O	I-Material
+.	111,112	O	O
+
+Evidence	113,121	O	O
+has	122,125	O	O
+been	126,130	O	O
+reported	131,139	O	O
+in	140,142	O	O
+recent	143,149	O	O
+years	150,155	O	O
+that	156,160	O	O
+the	161,164	O	O
+pyridinyl	165,174	O	B-Material
+radical	175,182	O	I-Material
+(	183,184	O	O
+PyH	184,187	O	B-Material
+)	187,188	O	O
+is	189,191	O	O
+an	192,194	O	O
+exceptionally	195,208	O	O
+strong	209,215	O	O
+reducing	216,224	O	B-Material
+agent	225,230	O	I-Material
+which	231,236	O	O
+can	237,240	O	O
+even	241,245	O	O
+reduce	246,252	O	O
+CO2	253,256	O	B-Material
+to	257,259	O	O
+formaldehyde	260,272	O	B-Material
+,	272,273	O	O
+formic	274,280	O	B-Material
+acid	281,285	O	I-Material
+or	286,288	O	O
+methanol	289,297	O	B-Material
+with	298,302	O	O
+suitable	303,311	O	O
+catalyzers	312,322	O	B-Material
+
+[	323,324	O	O
+27–29	324,329	O	O
+]	329,330	O	O
+,	330,331	O	O
+albeit	332,338	O	O
+the	339,342	O	O
+mechanisms	343,353	O	O
+of	354,356	O	O
+these	357,362	O	O
+reactions	363,372	O	O
+are	373,376	O	O
+currently	377,386	O	O
+poorly	387,393	O	O
+understood	394,404	O	O
+[	405,406	O	O
+30–32	406,411	O	O
+]	411,412	O	O
+.	412,413	O	O
+
+The	414,417	O	O
+theoretically	418,431	O	O
+predicted	432,441	O	O
+dissociation	442,454	O	O
+thresholds	455,465	O	O
+of	466,468	O	O
+the	469,472	O	O
+AcH	473,476	O	B-Material
+,	476,477	O	I-Material
+AOH	478,481	O	I-Material
+and	482,485	O	I-Material
+BAH	486,489	O	I-Material
+radicals	490,498	O	I-Material
+are	499,502	O	O
+about	503,508	O	O
+2.7eV	509,514	O	O
+,	514,515	O	O
+2.5eV	516,521	O	O
+and	522,525	O	O
+3.0eV	526,531	O	O
+,	531,532	O	O
+respectively	533,545	O	O
+(	546,547	O	O
+see	547,550	O	O
+Fig	551,554	O	O
+.	554,555	O	O
+
+4	556,557	O	O
+)	557,558	O	O
+,	558,559	O	O
+while	560,565	O	O
+the	566,569	O	O
+predicted	570,579	O	O
+dissociation	580,592	O	O
+threshold	593,602	O	O
+of	603,605	O	O
+the	606,609	O	O
+pyridinyl	610,619	O	B-Material
+radical	620,627	O	I-Material
+is	628,630	O	O
+much	631,635	O	O
+lower	636,641	O	O
+,	641,642	O	O
+about	643,648	O	O
+1.7eV	649,654	O	O
+[	655,656	O	O
+1	656,657	O	O
+]	657,658	O	O
+.	658,659	O	O
+
+Pyridinyl	660,669	O	B-Material
+is	670,672	O	O
+thus	673,677	O	O
+a	678,679	O	O
+significantly	680,693	O	O
+stronger	694,702	O	O
+reductant	703,712	O	B-Material
+than	713,717	O	O
+acridinyl	718,727	O	B-Material
+and	728,731	O	O
+related	732,739	O	O
+radicals	740,748	O	B-Material
+.	748,749	O	O
+
+It	750,752	O	O
+is	753,755	O	O
+therefore	756,765	O	O
+not	766,769	O	O
+expected	770,778	O	O
+that	779,783	O	O
+the	784,787	O	O
+latter	788,794	O	O
+will	795,799	O	O
+be	800,802	O	O
+able	803,807	O	O
+to	808,810	O	O
+reduce	811,817	O	B-Task
+carbon	818,824	O	I-Task
+dioxide	825,832	O	I-Task
+in	833,835	O	I-Task
+dark	836,840	O	I-Task
+reactions	841,850	O	I-Task
+.	850,851	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301932213000487)
+
+As	0,2	O	O
+already	3,10	O	O
+discussed	11,20	O	O
+,	20,21	O	O
+in	22,24	O	O
+dilute	25,31	O	B-Material
+flows	32,37	O	I-Material
+the	38,41	O	O
+choice	42,48	O	O
+between	49,56	O	O
+the	57,60	O	O
+hard	61,65	O	B-Process
+sphere	66,72	O	I-Process
+and	73,76	O	I-Process
+soft	77,81	O	I-Process
+sphere	82,88	O	I-Process
+models	89,95	O	I-Process
+largely	96,103	O	O
+depends	104,111	O	O
+on	112,114	O	O
+the	115,118	O	O
+computational	119,132	O	O
+time	133,137	O	O
+spent	138,143	O	O
+to	144,146	O	O
+solve	147,152	O	B-Task
+the	153,156	O	I-Task
+particle	157,165	O	I-Task
+equation	166,174	O	I-Task
+of	175,177	O	I-Task
+motion	178,184	O	I-Task
+.	184,185	O	O
+
+For	186,189	O	O
+very	190,194	O	O
+dilute	195,201	O	B-Material
+flows	202,207	O	I-Material
+,	207,208	O	O
+the	209,212	O	O
+hard	213,217	O	B-Process
+sphere	218,224	O	I-Process
+model	225,230	O	I-Process
+is	231,233	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+most	238,242	O	O
+natural	243,250	O	O
+choice	251,257	O	O
+.	257,258	O	O
+
+However	259,266	O	O
+,	266,267	O	O
+when	268,272	O	O
+the	273,276	O	O
+collisions	277,287	O	O
+can	288,291	O	O
+no	292,294	O	O
+longer	295,301	O	O
+be	302,304	O	O
+assumed	305,312	O	O
+as	313,315	O	O
+binary	316,322	O	O
+and	323,326	O	O
+instantaneous	327,340	O	O
+,	340,341	O	O
+the	342,345	O	O
+soft	346,350	O	B-Process
+sphere	351,357	O	I-Process
+model	358,363	O	I-Process
+is	364,366	O	O
+the	367,370	O	O
+only	371,375	O	O
+realistic	376,385	O	O
+option	386,392	O	O
+.	392,393	O	O
+
+It	394,396	O	O
+is	397,399	O	O
+interesting	400,411	O	O
+to	412,414	O	O
+know	415,419	O	O
+whether	420,427	O	O
+the	428,431	O	O
+choice	432,438	O	O
+of	439,441	O	O
+the	442,445	O	O
+collision	446,455	O	B-Process
+model	456,461	O	I-Process
+affects	462,469	O	O
+the	470,473	O	O
+statistics	474,484	O	O
+.	484,485	O	O
+
+Fig	486,489	O	O
+.	489,490	O	O
+
+14	491,493	O	O
+compares	494,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+mean	507,511	O	O
+velocity	512,520	O	O
+obtained	521,529	O	O
+from	530,534	O	O
+both	535,539	O	O
+models	540,546	O	O
+with	547,551	O	O
+the	552,555	O	O
+experimental	556,568	O	O
+data	569,573	O	O
+.	573,574	O	O
+
+The	575,578	O	O
+same	579,583	O	O
+comparison	584,594	O	O
+is	595,597	O	O
+performed	598,607	O	O
+for	608,611	O	O
+the	612,615	O	O
+smooth	616,622	O	B-Material
+walls	623,628	O	I-Material
+.	628,629	O	O
+
+The	630,633	O	O
+differences	634,645	O	O
+between	646,653	O	O
+the	654,657	O	O
+hard	658,662	O	B-Process
+and	663,666	O	I-Process
+soft	667,671	O	I-Process
+sphere	672,678	O	I-Process
+models	679,685	O	I-Process
+for	686,689	O	O
+the	690,693	O	O
+smooth	694,700	O	B-Material
+walls	701,706	O	I-Material
+are	707,710	O	O
+almost	711,717	O	O
+negligible	718,728	O	O
+.	728,729	O	O
+
+However	730,737	O	O
+,	737,738	O	O
+the	739,742	O	O
+differences	743,754	O	O
+between	755,762	O	O
+the	763,766	O	O
+hard	767,771	O	B-Process
+and	772,775	O	I-Process
+soft	776,780	O	I-Process
+sphere	781,787	O	I-Process
+models	788,794	O	I-Process
+for	795,798	O	O
+the	799,802	O	O
+rough	803,808	O	B-Material
+walls	809,814	O	I-Material
+are	815,818	O	O
+minor	819,824	O	O
+.	824,825	O	O
+
+This	826,830	O	O
+is	831,833	O	O
+because	834,841	O	O
+the	842,845	O	O
+rough	846,851	O	B-Task
+wall	852,856	O	I-Task
+treatment	857,866	O	I-Task
+in	867,869	O	O
+the	870,873	O	O
+soft	874,878	O	B-Process
+sphere	879,885	O	I-Process
+implementation	886,900	O	I-Process
+adds	901,905	O	O
+extra	906,911	O	O
+virtual	912,919	O	B-Material
+walls	920,925	O	I-Material
+during	926,932	O	O
+the	933,936	O	O
+collision	937,946	O	O
+of	947,949	O	O
+a	950,951	O	O
+particle	952,960	O	B-Material
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+a	966,967	O	O
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+,	972,973	O	O
+which	974,979	O	O
+is	980,982	O	O
+a	983,984	O	O
+more	985,989	O	O
+realistic	990,999	O	O
+representation	1000,1014	O	O
+of	1015,1017	O	O
+a	1018,1019	O	O
+rough	1020,1025	O	B-Material
+wall	1026,1030	O	I-Material
+compared	1031,1039	O	O
+to	1040,1042	O	O
+the	1043,1046	O	O
+hard	1047,1051	O	B-Task
+sphere	1052,1058	O	I-Task
+rough	1059,1064	O	I-Task
+wall	1065,1069	O	I-Task
+treatment	1070,1079	O	I-Task
+where	1080,1085	O	O
+one	1086,1089	O	O
+random	1090,1096	O	B-Material
+wall	1097,1101	O	I-Material
+is	1102,1104	O	O
+considered	1105,1115	O	O
+.	1115,1116	O	O
+
+This	1117,1121	O	O
+is	1122,1124	O	O
+because	1125,1132	O	O
+,	1132,1133	O	O
+a	1134,1135	O	O
+soft	1136,1140	O	B-Process
+sphere	1141,1147	O	I-Process
+collision	1148,1157	O	I-Process
+is	1158,1160	O	O
+not	1161,1164	O	O
+instantaneous	1165,1178	O	O
+and	1179,1182	O	O
+occurs	1183,1189	O	O
+over	1190,1194	O	O
+a	1195,1196	O	O
+finite	1197,1203	O	O
+amount	1204,1210	O	O
+of	1211,1213	O	O
+time	1214,1218	O	O
+.	1218,1219	O	O
+
+Similarly	1220,1229	O	O
+,	1229,1230	O	O
+the	1231,1234	O	O
+same	1235,1239	O	O
+effects	1240,1247	O	O
+are	1248,1251	O	O
+observed	1252,1260	O	O
+on	1261,1263	O	O
+the	1264,1267	O	O
+fluid	1268,1273	O	B-Material
+statistics	1274,1284	O	O
+.	1284,1285	O	O
+
+However	1286,1293	O	O
+,	1293,1294	O	O
+Fig	1295,1298	O	O
+.	1298,1299	O	O
+
+15	1300,1302	O	O
+,	1302,1303	O	O
+which	1304,1309	O	O
+compares	1310,1318	O	O
+the	1319,1322	O	O
+particle	1323,1331	O	B-Material
+velocity	1332,1340	O	O
+fluctuations	1341,1353	O	O
+,	1353,1354	O	O
+shows	1355,1360	O	O
+that	1361,1365	O	O
+the	1366,1369	O	O
+differences	1370,1381	O	O
+are	1382,1385	O	O
+somewhat	1386,1394	O	O
+larger	1395,1401	O	O
+.	1401,1402	O	O
+
+Additionally	1403,1415	O	O
+,	1415,1416	O	O
+the	1417,1420	O	O
+differences	1421,1432	O	O
+in	1433,1435	O	O
+both	1436,1440	O	O
+particle	1441,1449	O	B-Material
+mean	1450,1454	O	O
+and	1455,1458	O	O
+RMS	1459,1462	O	O
+velocity	1463,1471	O	O
+profiles	1472,1480	O	O
+are	1481,1484	O	O
+because	1485,1492	O	O
+the	1493,1496	O	O
+hard	1497,1501	O	B-Process
+sphere	1502,1508	O	I-Process
+collisions	1509,1519	O	I-Process
+are	1520,1523	O	O
+unfortunately	1524,1537	O	O
+heavily	1538,1545	O	O
+dependent	1546,1555	O	O
+on	1556,1558	O	O
+the	1559,1562	O	O
+tangential	1563,1573	O	O
+coefficient	1574,1585	O	O
+of	1586,1588	O	O
+restitution	1589,1600	O	O
+(	1601,1602	O	O
+ψ	1602,1603	O	O
+)	1603,1604	O	O
+;	1604,1605	O	O
+the	1606,1609	O	O
+effects	1610,1617	O	O
+by	1618,1620	O	O
+varying	1621,1628	O	O
+this	1629,1633	O	O
+quantity	1634,1642	O	O
+are	1643,1646	O	O
+shown	1647,1652	O	O
+in	1653,1655	O	O
+Figs	1656,1660	O	O
+.	1660,1661	O	O
+
+16	1662,1664	O	O
+and	1665,1668	O	O
+17	1669,1671	O	O
+.	1671,1672	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301932213001985)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+current	7,14	O	O
+CLSVOF	15,21	O	B-Process
+method	22,28	O	I-Process
+,	28,29	O	O
+the	30,33	O	O
+normal	34,40	O	O
+vector	41,47	O	O
+is	48,50	O	O
+calculated	51,61	O	O
+directly	62,70	O	O
+by	71,73	O	O
+discretising	74,86	O	O
+the	87,90	O	O
+LS	91,93	O	B-Process
+gradient	94,102	O	O
+using	103,108	O	O
+a	109,110	O	O
+finite	111,117	O	B-Process
+difference	118,128	O	I-Process
+scheme	129,135	O	I-Process
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+By	137,139	O	O
+appropriately	140,153	O	O
+choosing	154,162	O	O
+one	163,166	O	O
+of	167,169	O	O
+three	170,175	O	O
+finite	176,182	O	B-Process
+difference	183,193	O	I-Process
+schemes	194,201	O	I-Process
+(	202,203	O	O
+central	203,210	O	B-Process
+,	210,211	O	I-Process
+forward	212,219	O	I-Process
+,	219,220	O	I-Process
+or	221,223	O	I-Process
+backward	224,232	O	I-Process
+differencing	233,245	O	I-Process
+)	245,246	O	O
+,	246,247	O	O
+it	248,250	O	O
+has	251,254	O	O
+been	255,259	O	O
+demonstrated	260,272	O	O
+that	273,277	O	O
+thin	278,282	O	B-Material
+liquid	283,289	O	I-Material
+ligaments	290,299	O	I-Material
+can	300,303	O	O
+be	304,306	O	O
+well	307,311	O	O
+resolved	312,320	O	O
+see	321,324	O	O
+Xiao	325,329	O	O
+(	330,331	O	O
+2012	331,335	O	O
+)	335,336	O	O
+.	336,337	O	O
+
+Although	338,346	O	O
+a	347,348	O	O
+high	349,353	O	B-Process
+order	354,359	O	I-Process
+discretisation	360,374	O	I-Process
+scheme	375,381	O	I-Process
+(	382,383	O	O
+e.g.	383,387	O	O
+5th	388,391	O	B-Process
+order	392,397	O	I-Process
+WENO	398,402	O	I-Process
+)	402,403	O	O
+has	404,407	O	O
+been	408,412	O	O
+found	413,418	O	O
+necessary	419,428	O	O
+for	429,432	O	O
+LS	433,435	O	B-Process
+evolution	436,445	O	O
+in	446,448	O	O
+pure	449,453	O	O
+LS	454,456	O	B-Process
+methods	457,464	O	I-Process
+to	465,467	O	O
+reduce	468,474	O	B-Task
+mass	475,479	O	I-Task
+error	480,485	O	I-Task
+,	485,486	O	O
+low	487,490	O	B-Process
+order	491,496	O	I-Process
+LS	497,499	O	I-Process
+discretisation	500,514	O	I-Process
+schemes	515,522	O	I-Process
+(	523,524	O	O
+2nd	524,527	O	O
+order	528,533	O	O
+is	534,536	O	O
+used	537,541	O	O
+here	542,546	O	O
+)	546,547	O	O
+can	548,551	O	O
+produce	552,559	O	O
+accurate	560,568	O	O
+results	569,576	O	O
+when	577,581	O	O
+the	582,585	O	O
+LS	586,588	O	B-Process
+equation	589,597	O	O
+is	598,600	O	O
+solved	601,607	O	O
+and	608,611	O	O
+constrained	612,623	O	O
+as	624,626	O	O
+indicated	627,636	O	O
+above	637,642	O	O
+in	643,645	O	O
+a	646,647	O	O
+CLSVOF	648,654	O	B-Process
+method	655,661	O	I-Process
+(	662,663	O	O
+see	663,666	O	O
+Xiao	667,671	O	O
+,	671,672	O	O
+2012	673,677	O	O
+)	677,678	O	O
+,	678,679	O	O
+since	680,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+VOF	690,693	O	B-Process
+method	694,700	O	I-Process
+maintains	701,710	O	O
+2nd	711,714	O	O
+order	715,720	O	O
+accuracy	721,729	O	O
+.	729,730	O	O
+
+This	731,735	O	O
+is	736,738	O	O
+a	739,740	O	O
+further	741,748	O	O
+reason	749,755	O	O
+to	756,758	O	O
+adopt	759,764	O	O
+the	765,768	O	O
+CLSVOF	769,775	O	B-Process
+method	776,782	O	I-Process
+,	782,783	O	O
+which	784,789	O	O
+has	790,793	O	O
+been	794,798	O	O
+used	799,803	O	O
+for	804,807	O	O
+all	808,811	O	O
+the	812,815	O	O
+following	816,825	O	O
+simulations	826,837	O	B-Task
+of	838,840	O	I-Task
+liquid	841,847	O	I-Task
+jet	848,851	O	I-Task
+primary	852,859	O	I-Task
+breakup	860,867	O	I-Task
+.	867,868	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301932214001931)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+aim	4,7	O	O
+of	8,10	O	O
+this	11,15	O	O
+paper	16,21	O	O
+is	22,24	O	O
+to	25,27	O	O
+investigate	28,39	O	B-Task
+the	40,43	O	I-Task
+influence	44,53	O	I-Task
+of	54,56	O	I-Task
+the	57,60	O	I-Task
+particle	61,69	O	I-Task
+shape	70,75	O	I-Task
+on	76,78	O	I-Task
+interacting	79,90	O	I-Task
+particles	91,100	O	I-Task
+flowing	101,108	O	I-Task
+in	109,111	O	I-Task
+a	112,113	O	I-Task
+horizontal	114,124	O	I-Task
+turbulent	125,134	O	I-Task
+channel	135,142	O	I-Task
+flow	143,147	O	I-Task
+,	147,148	O	O
+for	149,152	O	O
+particles	153,162	O	B-Material
+with	163,167	O	O
+a	168,169	O	O
+significant	170,181	O	O
+Stokes	182,188	O	O
+number	189,195	O	O
+.	195,196	O	O
+
+To	197,199	O	O
+achieve	200,207	O	O
+this	208,212	O	O
+,	212,213	O	O
+large	214,219	O	B-Process
+eddy	220,224	O	I-Process
+simulations	225,236	O	I-Process
+(	237,238	O	O
+LES	238,241	O	B-Process
+)	241,242	O	O
+of	243,245	O	O
+a	246,247	O	O
+horizontal	248,258	O	B-Process
+turbulent	259,268	O	I-Process
+channel	269,276	O	I-Process
+flow	277,281	O	I-Process
+laden	282,287	O	O
+with	288,292	O	O
+five	293,297	O	O
+different	298,307	O	O
+particle	308,316	O	B-Material
+shapes	317,323	O	O
+,	323,324	O	O
+incorporating	325,338	O	O
+the	339,342	O	O
+drag	343,347	O	B-Process
+,	347,348	O	I-Process
+lift	349,353	O	I-Process
+and	354,357	O	I-Process
+toque	358,363	O	I-Process
+model	364,369	O	I-Process
+derived	370,377	O	O
+in	378,380	O	O
+Zastawny	381,389	O	O
+et	390,392	O	O
+al	393,395	O	O
+.	395,396	O	O
+
+(	397,398	O	O
+2012	398,402	O	O
+)	402,403	O	O
+,	403,404	O	O
+are	405,408	O	O
+performed	409,418	O	O
+.	418,419	O	O
+
+The	420,423	O	O
+well	424,428	O	O
+-	428,429	O	O
+documented	429,439	O	O
+horizontal	440,450	O	B-Process
+channel	451,458	O	I-Process
+flow	459,463	O	I-Process
+case	464,468	O	O
+described	469,478	O	O
+in	479,481	O	O
+Kussin	482,488	O	O
+and	489,492	O	O
+Sommerfeld	493,503	O	O
+(	504,505	O	O
+2002	505,509	O	O
+)	509,510	O	O
+,	510,511	O	O
+who	512,515	O	O
+study	516,521	O	O
+spherical	522,531	O	B-Material
+particles	532,541	O	I-Material
+,	541,542	O	O
+is	543,545	O	O
+used	546,550	O	O
+as	551,553	O	O
+a	554,555	O	O
+reference	556,565	O	O
+case	566,570	O	O
+.	570,571	O	O
+
+The	572,575	O	O
+measurements	576,588	O	O
+in	589,591	O	O
+their	592,597	O	O
+work	598,602	O	O
+was	603,606	O	O
+done	607,611	O	O
+with	612,616	O	O
+phase	617,622	O	B-Process
+Doppler	623,630	O	I-Process
+anemometry	631,641	O	I-Process
+(	642,643	O	O
+PDA	643,646	O	B-Process
+)	646,647	O	O
+,	647,648	O	O
+to	649,651	O	O
+measure	652,659	O	O
+the	660,663	O	O
+fluid	664,669	O	B-Material
+and	670,673	O	O
+particle	674,682	O	B-Material
+velocity	683,691	O	O
+simultaneously	692,706	O	O
+.	706,707	O	O
+
+The	708,711	O	O
+numerical	712,721	O	B-Process
+framework	722,731	O	I-Process
+applied	732,739	O	O
+in	740,742	O	O
+this	743,747	O	O
+paper	748,753	O	O
+has	754,757	O	O
+been	758,762	O	O
+previously	763,773	O	O
+validated	774,783	O	O
+for	784,787	O	O
+spherical	788,797	O	B-Material
+particles	798,807	O	I-Material
+in	808,810	O	O
+Mallouppas	811,821	O	O
+and	822,825	O	O
+van	826,829	O	O
+Wachem	830,836	O	O
+(	837,838	O	O
+2013	838,842	O	O
+)	842,843	O	O
+.	843,844	O	O
+
+In	845,847	O	O
+that	848,852	O	O
+paper	853,858	O	O
+,	858,859	O	O
+it	860,862	O	O
+is	863,865	O	O
+shown	866,871	O	O
+that	872,876	O	O
+the	877,880	O	O
+comprehensive	881,894	O	B-Process
+discrete	895,903	O	I-Process
+element	904,911	O	I-Process
+model	912,917	O	I-Process
+(	918,919	O	O
+DEM	919,922	O	B-Process
+)	922,923	O	O
+is	924,926	O	O
+more	927,931	O	O
+accurate	932,940	O	O
+in	941,943	O	O
+determining	944,955	O	B-Task
+the	956,959	O	I-Task
+behaviour	960,969	O	I-Task
+of	970,972	O	I-Task
+the	973,976	O	I-Task
+particles	977,986	O	I-Task
+in	987,989	O	I-Task
+this	990,994	O	I-Task
+horizontal	995,1005	O	I-Task
+gas	1006,1009	O	I-Task
+–	1009,1010	O	I-Task
+solid	1010,1015	O	I-Task
+channel	1016,1023	O	I-Task
+flow	1024,1028	O	I-Task
+that	1029,1033	O	O
+the	1034,1037	O	O
+hard	1038,1042	O	B-Process
+-	1042,1043	O	I-Process
+sphere	1043,1049	O	I-Process
+model	1050,1055	O	I-Process
+.	1055,1056	O	O
+
+Moreover	1057,1065	O	O
+,	1065,1066	O	O
+this	1067,1071	O	O
+paper	1072,1077	O	O
+showed	1078,1084	O	O
+that	1085,1089	O	O
+the	1090,1093	O	O
+fluid	1094,1099	O	B-Material
+mechanics	1100,1109	O	O
+are	1110,1113	O	O
+accurately	1114,1124	O	O
+modelled	1125,1133	O	O
+using	1134,1139	O	O
+the	1140,1143	O	O
+LES	1144,1147	O	B-Process
+framework	1148,1157	O	I-Process
+.	1157,1158	O	O
+
+In	1159,1161	O	O
+the	1162,1165	O	O
+current	1166,1173	O	O
+paper	1174,1179	O	O
+,	1179,1180	O	O
+this	1181,1185	O	O
+framework	1186,1195	O	O
+is	1196,1198	O	O
+extended	1199,1207	O	O
+to	1208,1210	O	O
+account	1211,1218	O	O
+for	1219,1222	O	O
+non	1223,1226	O	B-Material
+-	1226,1227	O	I-Material
+spherical	1227,1236	O	I-Material
+particles	1237,1246	O	I-Material
+.	1246,1247	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0378381215300297)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+Statistical	4,15	O	B-Process
+Associating	16,27	O	I-Process
+Fluid	28,33	O	I-Process
+Theory	34,40	O	I-Process
+(	41,42	O	O
+SAFT	42,46	O	B-Process
+)	46,47	O	O
+is	48,50	O	O
+a	51,52	O	O
+well	53,57	O	O
+-	57,58	O	O
+developed	58,67	O	O
+perturbation	68,80	O	B-Process
+theory	81,87	O	I-Process
+used	88,92	O	O
+to	93,95	O	O
+describe	96,104	O	O
+quantitatively	105,119	O	O
+the	120,123	O	O
+volumetric	124,134	O	O
+properties	135,145	O	O
+of	146,148	O	O
+fluids	149,155	O	B-Material
+.	155,156	O	O
+
+The	157,160	O	O
+reader	161,167	O	O
+is	168,170	O	O
+referred	171,179	O	O
+to	180,182	O	O
+several	183,190	O	O
+reviews	191,198	O	O
+on	199,201	O	O
+the	202,205	O	O
+topic	206,211	O	O
+which	212,217	O	O
+describe	218,226	O	O
+the	227,230	O	O
+various	231,238	O	O
+stages	239,245	O	O
+of	246,248	O	O
+its	249,252	O	O
+development	253,264	O	O
+and	265,268	O	O
+the	269,272	O	O
+multiple	273,281	O	O
+versions	282,290	O	O
+available	291,300	O	O
+[	301,302	O	O
+50–53	302,307	O	O
+]	307,308	O	O
+.	308,309	O	O
+
+The	310,313	O	O
+fundamental	314,325	O	O
+difference	326,336	O	O
+between	337,344	O	O
+the	345,348	O	O
+versions	349,357	O	O
+is	358,360	O	O
+in	361,363	O	O
+the	364,367	O	O
+underlying	368,378	O	O
+intermolecular	379,393	O	B-Process
+potential	394,403	O	I-Process
+employed	404,412	O	O
+to	413,415	O	O
+describe	416,424	O	O
+the	425,428	O	O
+unbounded	429,438	O	B-Material
+constituent	439,450	O	I-Material
+particles	451,460	O	I-Material
+.	460,461	O	O
+
+Hard	462,466	O	B-Material
+spheres	467,474	O	I-Material
+,	474,475	O	O
+square	476,482	O	B-Material
+well	483,487	O	I-Material
+fluids	488,494	O	I-Material
+,	494,495	O	O
+LJ	496,498	O	B-Material
+fluids	499,505	O	I-Material
+,	505,506	O	O
+argon	507,512	O	B-Material
+,	512,513	O	O
+alkanes	514,521	O	B-Material
+have	522,526	O	O
+all	527,530	O	O
+been	531,535	O	O
+employed	536,544	O	O
+as	545,547	O	O
+reference	548,557	O	B-Material
+fluids	558,564	O	I-Material
+in	565,567	O	O
+the	568,571	O	O
+different	572,581	O	O
+incarnations	582,594	O	O
+of	595,597	O	O
+SAFT	598,602	O	B-Process
+.	602,603	O	O
+
+For	604,607	O	O
+the	608,611	O	O
+purpose	612,619	O	O
+of	620,622	O	O
+this	623,627	O	O
+work	628,632	O	O
+we	633,635	O	O
+will	636,640	O	O
+center	641,647	O	O
+on	648,650	O	O
+a	651,652	O	O
+particular	653,663	O	O
+version	664,671	O	O
+of	672,674	O	O
+the	675,678	O	O
+SAFT	679,683	O	B-Process
+EoS	684,687	O	I-Process
+,	687,688	O	O
+i.e.	689,693	O	O
+the	694,697	O	O
+SAFT	698,702	O	B-Process
+-	702,703	O	I-Process
+VR	703,705	O	I-Process
+Mie	706,709	O	I-Process
+recently	710,718	O	O
+proposed	719,727	O	O
+by	728,730	O	O
+Laffitte	731,739	O	O
+et	740,742	O	O
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+.	745,746	O	O
+
+[	747,748	O	O
+54	748,750	O	O
+]	750,751	O	O
+and	752,755	O	O
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+into	765,769	O	O
+a	770,771	O	O
+group	772,777	O	B-Process
+contribution	778,790	O	I-Process
+approach	791,799	O	I-Process
+,	799,800	O	O
+SAFT-γ	801,807	O	B-Process
+,	807,808	O	O
+by	809,811	O	O
+Papaioannou	812,823	O	O
+et	824,826	O	O
+al	827,829	O	O
+.	829,830	O	O
+
+[	831,832	O	O
+55	832,834	O	O
+]	834,835	O	O
+.	835,836	O	O
+
+This	837,841	O	O
+particular	842,852	O	O
+version	853,860	O	O
+of	861,863	O	O
+SAFT	864,868	O	B-Process
+provides	869,877	O	O
+a	878,879	O	O
+closed	880,886	O	B-Process
+form	887,891	O	I-Process
+EoS	892,895	O	I-Process
+that	896,900	O	O
+describes	901,910	O	O
+the	911,914	O	O
+macroscopical	915,928	O	O
+properties	929,939	O	O
+of	940,942	O	O
+the	943,946	O	O
+Mie	947,950	O	B-Process
+potential	951,960	O	I-Process
+[	961,962	O	O
+56	962,964	O	O
+]	964,965	O	O
+,	965,966	O	O
+also	967,971	O	O
+known	972,977	O	O
+as	978,980	O	O
+the	981,984	O	O
+(	985,986	O	B-Process
+m	986,987	O	I-Process
+,	987,988	O	I-Process
+n	988,989	O	I-Process
+)	989,990	O	I-Process
+potential	991,1000	O	I-Process
+;	1000,1001	O	O
+a	1002,1003	O	O
+generalized	1004,1015	O	O
+form	1016,1020	O	O
+of	1021,1023	O	O
+the	1024,1027	O	O
+LJ	1028,1030	O	B-Process
+potential	1031,1040	O	I-Process
+(	1041,1042	O	O
+albeit	1042,1048	O	O
+predating	1049,1058	O	O
+it	1059,1061	O	O
+by	1062,1064	O	O
+decades	1065,1072	O	O
+)	1072,1073	O	O
+.	1073,1074	O	O
+
+The	1075,1078	O	O
+Mie	1079,1082	O	B-Process
+potential	1083,1092	O	I-Process
+has	1093,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+form(1)ϕ(r)=Cεσrλr−σrλawhere	1101,1129	O	O
+C	1130,1131	O	O
+is	1132,1134	O	O
+an	1135,1137	O	O
+analytical	1138,1148	O	O
+function	1149,1157	O	O
+of	1158,1160	O	O
+the	1161,1164	O	O
+repulsive	1165,1174	O	O
+and	1175,1178	O	O
+attractive	1179,1189	O	O
+exponents	1190,1199	O	O
+,	1199,1200	O	O
+λa	1201,1203	O	O
+and	1204,1207	O	O
+λr	1208,1210	O	O
+,	1210,1211	O	O
+respectively	1212,1224	O	O
+,	1224,1225	O	O
+σ	1226,1227	O	O
+is	1228,1230	O	O
+a	1231,1232	O	O
+parameter	1233,1242	O	O
+that	1243,1247	O	O
+defines	1248,1255	O	O
+the	1256,1259	O	O
+length	1260,1266	O	O
+scale	1267,1272	O	O
+and	1273,1276	O	O
+is	1277,1279	O	O
+loosely	1280,1287	O	O
+related	1288,1295	O	O
+to	1296,1298	O	O
+the	1299,1302	O	O
+average	1303,1310	O	O
+diameter	1311,1319	O	O
+of	1320,1322	O	O
+a	1323,1324	O	O
+Mie	1325,1328	O	O
+bead	1329,1333	O	B-Material
+;	1333,1334	O	O
+ɛ	1335,1336	O	O
+defines	1337,1344	O	O
+the	1345,1348	O	O
+energy	1349,1355	O	O
+scale	1356,1361	O	O
+and	1362,1365	O	O
+corresponds	1366,1377	O	O
+to	1378,1380	O	O
+the	1381,1384	O	O
+minimum	1385,1392	O	O
+potential	1393,1402	O	O
+energy	1403,1409	O	O
+between	1410,1417	O	O
+two	1418,1421	O	O
+isolated	1422,1430	O	O
+beads	1431,1436	O	B-Material
+;	1436,1437	O	O
+expressed	1438,1447	O	O
+here	1448,1452	O	O
+as	1453,1455	O	O
+a	1456,1457	O	O
+ratio	1458,1463	O	O
+to	1464,1466	O	O
+the	1467,1470	O	O
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+constant	1481,1489	O	O
+,	1489,1490	O	O
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+The	1495,1498	O	O
+Mie	1499,1502	O	O
+function	1503,1511	O	O
+,	1511,1512	O	O
+as	1513,1515	O	O
+written	1516,1523	O	O
+above	1524,1529	O	O
+,	1529,1530	O	O
+deceivingly	1531,1542	O	O
+suggests	1543,1551	O	O
+that	1552,1556	O	O
+four	1557,1561	O	O
+parameters	1562,1572	O	O
+are	1573,1576	O	O
+needed	1577,1583	O	O
+to	1584,1586	O	O
+characterize	1587,1599	O	O
+the	1600,1603	O	O
+behaviour	1604,1613	O	O
+of	1614,1616	O	O
+an	1617,1619	O	O
+isotropic	1620,1629	O	B-Material
+molecule	1630,1638	O	I-Material
+,	1638,1639	O	O
+however	1640,1647	O	O
+the	1648,1651	O	O
+exponents	1652,1661	O	O
+λa	1662,1664	O	O
+and	1665,1668	O	O
+λr	1669,1671	O	O
+are	1672,1675	O	O
+intimately	1676,1686	O	O
+related	1687,1694	O	O
+,	1694,1695	O	O
+and	1696,1699	O	O
+for	1700,1703	O	O
+fluid	1704,1709	O	B-Material
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+equilibria	1716,1726	O	O
+,	1726,1727	O	O
+one	1728,1731	O	O
+needs	1732,1737	O	O
+not	1738,1741	O	O
+consider	1742,1750	O	O
+them	1751,1755	O	O
+as	1756,1758	O	O
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+parameters	1771,1781	O	O
+[	1782,1783	O	O
+57	1783,1785	O	O
+]	1785,1786	O	O
+.	1786,1787	O	O
+
+Accordingly	1788,1799	O	O
+,	1799,1800	O	O
+we	1801,1803	O	O
+choose	1804,1810	O	O
+herein	1811,1817	O	O
+to	1818,1820	O	O
+fix	1821,1824	O	O
+the	1825,1828	O	O
+attractive	1829,1839	O	O
+exponent	1840,1848	O	O
+to	1849,1851	O	O
+λa=6	1852,1856	O	O
+which	1857,1862	O	O
+would	1863,1868	O	O
+be	1869,1871	O	O
+expected	1872,1880	O	O
+to	1881,1883	O	O
+be	1884,1886	O	O
+representative	1887,1901	O	O
+of	1902,1904	O	O
+the	1905,1908	O	O
+dispersion	1909,1919	O	O
+scaling	1920,1927	O	O
+of	1928,1930	O	O
+most	1931,1935	O	O
+simple	1936,1942	O	B-Material
+fluids	1943,1949	O	I-Material
+and	1950,1953	O	O
+refer	1954,1959	O	O
+from	1960,1964	O	O
+here	1965,1969	O	O
+on	1970,1972	O	O
+to	1973,1975	O	O
+the	1976,1979	O	O
+repulsive	1980,1989	O	O
+parameter	1990,1999	O	O
+as	2000,2002	O	O
+λ=λr	2003,2007	O	O
+.	2007,2008	O	O
+
+The	2009,2012	O	O
+potential	2013,2022	O	O
+simplifies	2023,2033	O	O
+to(2)ϕ(r)=λλ−6λ66/(λ−6)εσrλ−σr6	2034,2065	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1359028614000989)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+acquisition	9,20	O	I-Process
+strategies	21,31	O	I-Process
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+balance	37,44	O	O
+the	45,48	O	O
+relevant	49,57	O	O
+scales	58,64	O	O
+and	65,68	O	O
+volumes	69,76	O	O
+of	77,79	O	O
+the	80,83	O	O
+datasets	84,92	O	O
+to	93,95	O	O
+be	96,98	O	O
+used	99,103	O	O
+in	104,106	O	O
+the	107,110	O	O
+physical	111,119	O	B-Task
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+statistical	124,135	O	I-Task
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+
+Approaches	146,156	O	O
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+to	214,216	O	O
+disregard	217,226	O	O
+spurious	227,235	O	O
+information	236,247	O	O
+,	247,248	O	O
+so	249,251	O	O
+as	252,254	O	O
+to	255,257	O	O
+develop	258,265	O	O
+a	266,267	O	O
+working	268,275	O	O
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+related	320,327	O	O
+to	328,330	O	O
+each	331,335	O	O
+degradation	336,347	O	O
+pathway	348,355	O	O
+on	356,358	O	O
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+level	383,388	O	O
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+-	401,402	O	O
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+.	432,433	O	O
+
+To	434,436	O	O
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+long	496,500	O	O
+time	501,505	O	O
+frames	506,512	O	O
+,	512,513	O	O
+appropriate	514,525	O	B-Process
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+needed	550,556	O	O
+to	557,559	O	O
+balance	560,567	O	O
+data	568,572	O	O
+volume	573,579	O	O
+(	580,581	O	O
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+,	585,586	O	O
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+-	609,610	O	I-Material
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+
+The	746,749	O	O
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+
+Similarly	828,837	O	O
+,	837,838	O	O
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+of	1151,1153	O	O
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+materials	1161,1170	O	I-Material
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+lifetime	1176,1184	O	O
+together	1185,1193	O	O
+constitute	1194,1204	O	O
+the	1205,1208	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1877750315000575)
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+There	0,5	O	O
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+studies	24,31	O	O
+on	32,34	O	O
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+
+One	106,109	O	O
+category	110,118	O	O
+of	119,121	O	O
+studies	122,129	O	O
+look	130,134	O	O
+at	135,137	O	O
+how	138,141	O	O
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+information	155,166	O	O
+(	167,168	O	O
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+about	173,178	O	O
+the	179,182	O	O
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+)	193,194	O	O
+or	195,197	O	O
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+information	205,216	O	O
+(	217,218	O	O
+about	218,223	O	O
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+
+Our	284,287	O	O
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+is	297,299	O	O
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+in	310,312	O	O
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+of	354,356	O	I-Process
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+on	413,415	O	O
+the	416,419	O	O
+fraction	420,428	O	O
+of	429,431	O	O
+people	432,438	O	O
+that	439,443	O	O
+receive	444,451	O	O
+information	452,463	O	O
+.	463,464	O	O
+
+We	465,467	O	O
+analyse	468,475	O	B-Task
+what	476,480	O	I-Task
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+this	550,554	O	O
+effect	555,561	O	O
+appears	562,569	O	O
+.	569,570	O	O
+
+Information	571,582	O	O
+is	583,585	O	O
+disseminated	586,598	O	O
+in	599,601	O	O
+real	602,606	O	O
+time	607,611	O	O
+and	612,615	O	O
+contains	616,624	O	O
+global	625,631	O	O
+details	632,639	O	O
+about	640,645	O	O
+how	646,649	O	O
+congested	650,659	O	O
+the	660,663	O	O
+roads	664,669	O	O
+are	670,673	O	O
+.	673,674	O	O
+
+This	675,679	O	O
+approach	680,688	O	O
+is	689,691	O	O
+important	692,701	O	O
+as	702,704	O	O
+it	705,707	O	O
+gives	708,713	O	O
+insights	714,722	O	O
+on	723,725	O	O
+the	726,729	O	O
+impact	730,736	O	O
+that	737,741	O	O
+massive	742,749	O	B-Process
+use	750,753	O	I-Process
+of	754,756	O	I-Process
+real	757,761	O	I-Process
+-	761,762	O	I-Process
+time	762,766	O	I-Process
+information	767,778	O	I-Process
+can	779,782	O	O
+have	783,787	O	O
+on	788,790	O	O
+traffic	791,798	O	O
+.	798,799	O	O
+
+This	800,804	O	O
+can	805,808	O	O
+be	809,811	O	O
+useful	812,818	O	O
+for	819,822	O	O
+building	823,831	O	B-Task
+more	832,836	O	I-Task
+intelligent	837,848	O	I-Task
+traffic	849,856	O	I-Task
+control	857,864	O	I-Task
+mechanisms	865,875	O	I-Task
+where	876,881	O	O
+information	882,893	O	O
+is	894,896	O	O
+a	897,898	O	O
+steering	899,907	O	O
+tool	908,912	O	O
+.	912,913	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1877750315300119)
+
+Generalized	0,11	O	B-Process
+polynomial	12,22	O	I-Process
+chaos	23,28	O	I-Process
+expansions	29,39	O	I-Process
+.	39,40	O	O
+
+One	41,44	O	O
+approach	45,53	O	O
+to	54,56	O	O
+model	57,62	O	B-Task
+densities	63,72	O	I-Task
+with	73,77	O	O
+stochastically	78,92	O	O
+dependent	93,102	O	O
+components	103,113	O	O
+numerically	114,125	O	O
+,	125,126	O	O
+is	127,129	O	O
+to	130,132	O	O
+reformulate	133,144	O	O
+the	145,148	O	O
+uncertainty	149,160	O	B-Task
+problem	161,168	O	I-Task
+as	169,171	O	O
+a	172,173	O	O
+set	174,177	O	O
+of	178,180	O	O
+independent	181,192	O	O
+components	193,203	O	O
+through	204,211	O	O
+generalised	212,223	O	B-Process
+polynomial	224,234	O	I-Process
+chaos	235,240	O	I-Process
+expansion	241,250	O	I-Process
+[	251,252	O	O
+34	252,254	O	O
+]	254,255	O	O
+.	255,256	O	O
+
+As	257,259	O	O
+described	260,269	O	O
+in	270,272	O	O
+detail	273,279	O	O
+in	280,282	O	O
+Section	283,290	O	O
+3.1	291,294	O	O
+,	294,295	O	O
+a	296,297	O	O
+Rosenblatt	298,308	O	B-Process
+transformation	309,323	O	I-Process
+allows	324,330	O	O
+for	331,334	O	O
+the	335,338	O	O
+mapping	339,346	O	O
+between	347,354	O	O
+any	355,358	O	O
+domain	359,365	O	O
+and	366,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+unit	374,378	O	O
+hypercube	379,388	O	O
+[	389,390	O	O
+0	390,391	O	O
+,	391,392	O	O
+1]D.	393,397	O	O
+
+With	398,402	O	O
+a	403,404	O	O
+double	405,411	O	O
+transformation	412,426	O	O
+we	427,429	O	O
+can	430,433	O	O
+reformulate	434,445	O	O
+the	446,449	O	O
+response	450,458	O	O
+function	459,467	O	O
+f	468,469	O	O
+asf(x	470,475	O	O
+,	475,476	O	O
+t	476,477	O	O
+,	477,478	O	O
+Q)=f(x	478,484	O	O
+,	484,485	O	O
+t	485,486	O	O
+,	486,487	O	O
+TQ−1(TR(R)))≈fˆ(x	487,504	O	O
+,	504,505	O	O
+t	505,506	O	O
+,	506,507	O	O
+R)=∑n∈INcn(x	507,519	O	O
+,	519,520	O	O
+
+t)Φn(R),where	520,533	O	O
+R	534,535	O	O
+is	536,538	O	O
+any	539,542	O	O
+random	543,549	O	O
+variable	550,558	O	O
+drawn	559,564	O	O
+from	565,569	O	O
+pR	570,572	O	O
+,	572,573	O	O
+which	574,579	O	O
+for	580,583	O	O
+simplicity	584,594	O	O
+is	595,597	O	O
+chosen	598,604	O	O
+to	605,607	O	O
+consists	608,616	O	O
+of	617,619	O	O
+independent	620,631	O	O
+components	632,642	O	O
+.	642,643	O	O
+
+Also	644,648	O	O
+,	648,649	O	O
+{	650,651	O	O
+Φn}n∈IN	651,658	O	O
+is	659,661	O	O
+constructed	662,673	O	O
+to	674,676	O	O
+be	677,679	O	O
+orthogonal	680,690	O	O
+with	691,695	O	O
+respect	696,703	O	O
+to	704,706	O	O
+LR	707,709	O	O
+,	709,710	O	O
+not	711,714	O	O
+LQ	715,717	O	O
+.	717,718	O	O
+
+In	719,721	O	O
+any	722,725	O	O
+case	726,730	O	O
+,	730,731	O	O
+R	732,733	O	O
+is	734,736	O	O
+either	737,743	O	O
+selected	744,752	O	O
+from	753,757	O	O
+the	758,761	O	O
+Askey	762,767	O	B-Process
+-	767,768	O	I-Process
+Wilson	768,774	O	I-Process
+scheme	775,781	O	I-Process
+,	781,782	O	O
+or	783,785	O	O
+calculated	786,796	O	O
+using	797,802	O	O
+the	803,806	O	O
+discretized	807,818	O	B-Process
+Stieltjes	819,828	O	I-Process
+procedure	829,838	O	I-Process
+.	838,839	O	O
+
+We	840,842	O	O
+remark	843,849	O	O
+that	850,854	O	O
+the	855,858	O	O
+accuracy	859,867	O	O
+of	868,870	O	O
+the	871,874	O	O
+approximation	875,888	O	O
+deteriorate	889,900	O	O
+if	901,903	O	O
+the	904,907	O	O
+transformation	908,922	O	O
+composition	923,934	O	O
+TQ−1∘TR	935,942	O	O
+is	943,945	O	O
+not	946,949	O	O
+smooth	950,956	O	O
+[	957,958	O	O
+34	958,960	O	O
+]	960,961	O	O
+.	961,962	O	O
+
+Dakota	963,969	O	O
+,	969,970	O	O
+Turns	971,976	O	O
+,	976,977	O	O
+and	978,981	O	O
+Chaospy	982,989	O	O
+all	990,993	O	O
+support	994,1001	O	O
+generalized	1002,1013	O	B-Process
+polynomial	1014,1024	O	I-Process
+chaos	1025,1030	O	I-Process
+expansions	1031,1041	O	I-Process
+for	1042,1045	O	O
+independent	1046,1057	O	O
+stochastic	1058,1068	O	O
+variables	1069,1078	O	O
+and	1079,1082	O	O
+the	1083,1086	O	O
+Normal	1087,1093	O	O
+/	1093,1094	O	O
+Nataf	1094,1099	O	O
+copula	1100,1106	O	O
+listed	1107,1113	O	O
+in	1114,1116	O	O
+Table	1117,1122	O	O
+2	1123,1124	O	O
+.	1124,1125	O	O
+
+Since	1126,1131	O	O
+Chaospy	1132,1139	O	O
+has	1140,1143	O	O
+the	1144,1147	O	O
+Rosenblatt	1148,1158	O	B-Process
+transformation	1159,1173	O	I-Process
+underlying	1174,1184	O	O
+the	1185,1188	O	O
+computational	1189,1202	O	B-Material
+framework	1203,1212	O	I-Material
+,	1212,1213	O	O
+generalized	1214,1225	O	B-Process
+polynomial	1226,1236	O	I-Process
+chaos	1237,1242	O	I-Process
+expansions	1243,1253	O	I-Process
+are	1254,1257	O	O
+in	1258,1260	O	O
+fact	1261,1265	O	O
+available	1266,1275	O	O
+for	1276,1279	O	O
+all	1280,1283	O	O
+densities	1284,1293	O	O
+.	1293,1294	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2352179115300041)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+main	4,8	O	O
+drawback	9,17	O	O
+of	18,20	O	O
+thermo	21,27	O	B-Process
+-	27,28	O	I-Process
+oxidation	28,37	O	I-Process
+in	38,40	O	O
+most	41,45	O	O
+actual	46,52	O	O
+devices	53,60	O	O
+and	61,64	O	O
+ITER	65,69	O	B-Material
+is	70,72	O	O
+its	73,76	O	O
+limitation	77,87	O	O
+to	88,90	O	O
+maintenance	91,102	O	O
+periods	103,110	O	O
+,	110,111	O	O
+when	112,116	O	O
+the	117,120	O	O
+vessel	121,127	O	B-Material
+walls	128,133	O	O
+can	134,137	O	O
+be	138,140	O	O
+heated	141,147	O	O
+up	148,150	O	O
+around	151,157	O	O
+300–400	158,165	O	O
+°	166,167	O	O
+C	167,168	O	O
+by	169,171	O	O
+hot	172,175	O	O
+helium	176,182	O	B-Material
+injection	183,192	O	O
+through	193,200	O	O
+the	201,204	O	O
+cooling	205,212	O	B-Material
+system	213,219	O	I-Material
+[	220,221	O	O
+19,20	221,226	O	O
+]	226,227	O	O
+,	227,228	O	O
+and	229,232	O	O
+also	233,237	O	O
+because	238,245	O	O
+of	246,248	O	O
+the	249,252	O	O
+required	253,261	O	O
+reconditioning	262,276	O	B-Task
+of	277,279	O	O
+the	280,283	O	O
+walls	284,289	O	O
+before	290,296	O	O
+plasma	297,303	O	B-Task
+operation	304,313	O	I-Task
+to	314,316	O	O
+remove	317,323	O	O
+the	324,327	O	O
+absorbed	328,336	O	O
+oxygen	337,343	O	B-Material
+[	344,345	O	O
+10	345,347	O	O
+]	347,348	O	O
+.	348,349	O	O
+
+However	350,357	O	O
+,	357,358	O	O
+the	359,362	O	O
+temperature	363,374	O	O
+achieved	375,383	O	O
+is	384,386	O	O
+not	387,390	O	O
+homogeneous	391,402	O	O
+over	403,407	O	O
+the	408,411	O	O
+vessel	412,418	O	B-Material
+,	418,419	O	O
+as	420,422	O	O
+it	423,425	O	O
+is	426,428	O	O
+limited	429,436	O	O
+to	437,439	O	O
+the	440,443	O	O
+distance	444,452	O	O
+to	453,455	O	O
+the	456,459	O	O
+cooling	460,467	O	B-Material
+tubes	468,473	O	I-Material
+,	473,474	O	O
+and	475,478	O	O
+thus	479,483	O	O
+to	484,486	O	O
+the	487,490	O	O
+device	491,497	O	O
+design	498,504	O	O
+.	504,505	O	O
+
+The	506,509	O	O
+analysis	510,518	O	O
+of	519,521	O	O
+this	522,526	O	O
+study	527,532	O	O
+is	533,535	O	O
+a	536,537	O	O
+continuation	538,550	O	O
+of	551,553	O	O
+previous	554,562	O	O
+works	563,568	O	O
+done	569,573	O	O
+for	574,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
+treatment	582,591	O	B-Task
+of	592,594	O	I-Task
+ITER	595,599	O	I-Task
+carbon	600,606	O	I-Task
+co	607,609	O	I-Task
+-	609,610	O	I-Task
+deposits	610,618	O	I-Task
+[	619,620	O	O
+1–3	620,623	O	O
+]	623,624	O	O
+,	624,625	O	O
+so	626,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
+temperatures	633,645	O	O
+studied	646,653	O	O
+are	654,657	O	O
+in	658,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
+range	665,670	O	O
+of	671,673	O	O
+350	674,677	O	O
+°	678,679	O	O
+C	679,680	O	O
+for	681,684	O	O
+divertor	685,693	O	B-Material
+and	694,697	O	O
+200–275	698,705	O	O
+°	706,707	O	O
+C	707,708	O	O
+for	709,712	O	O
+main	713,717	O	B-Material
+wall	718,722	O	I-Material
+and	723,726	O	O
+remote	727,733	O	B-Material
+parts	734,739	O	I-Material
+.	739,740	O	O
+
+At	741,743	O	O
+present	744,751	O	O
+,	751,752	O	O
+due	753,756	O	O
+to	757,759	O	O
+budget	760,766	O	O
+restrains	767,776	O	O
+as	777,779	O	O
+well	780,784	O	O
+as	785,787	O	O
+due	788,791	O	O
+to	792,794	O	O
+tritium	795,802	O	B-Material
+trapped	803,810	O	O
+in	811,813	O	O
+co	814,816	O	O
+-	816,817	O	O
+deposited	817,826	O	O
+carbon	827,833	O	B-Material
+layers	834,840	O	I-Material
+,	840,841	O	O
+ITER	842,846	O	B-Material
+will	847,851	O	O
+not	852,855	O	O
+use	856,859	O	O
+carbon	860,866	O	B-Material
+materials	867,876	O	I-Material
+at	877,879	O	O
+the	880,883	O	O
+divertor	884,892	O	B-Material
+strike	893,899	O	O
+points	900,906	O	O
+in	907,909	O	O
+spite	910,915	O	O
+of	916,918	O	O
+their	919,924	O	O
+excellent	925,934	O	O
+resilience	935,945	O	O
+against	946,953	O	O
+large	954,959	O	O
+heat	960,964	O	O
+loads	965,970	O	O
+.	970,971	O	O
+
+Nevertheless	972,984	O	O
+,	984,985	O	O
+many	986,990	O	O
+present	991,998	O	O
+experimental	999,1011	O	O
+nuclear	1012,1019	O	B-Material
+fusion	1020,1026	O	I-Material
+devices	1027,1034	O	I-Material
+(	1035,1036	O	O
+DIII	1036,1040	O	B-Material
+-	1040,1041	O	I-Material
+D	1041,1042	O	I-Material
+,	1042,1043	O	O
+TCV	1044,1047	O	B-Material
+,	1047,1048	O	O
+etc	1049,1052	O	O
+.	1052,1053	O	O
+)	1053,1054	O	O
+and	1055,1058	O	O
+new	1059,1062	O	O
+ones	1063,1067	O	O
+(	1068,1069	O	O
+JT-60SA	1069,1076	O	B-Material
+,	1076,1077	O	O
+KSTAR	1078,1083	O	B-Material
+,	1083,1084	O	O
+Wenderstein-7X	1085,1099	O	B-Material
+)	1099,1100	O	O
+use	1101,1104	O	O
+carbon	1105,1111	O	B-Material
+elements	1112,1120	O	I-Material
+,	1120,1121	O	O
+so	1122,1124	O	O
+the	1125,1128	O	O
+removal	1129,1136	O	B-Task
+of	1137,1139	O	I-Task
+carbon	1140,1146	O	I-Task
+co	1147,1149	O	I-Task
+-	1149,1150	O	I-Task
+deposits	1150,1158	O	I-Task
+is	1159,1161	O	O
+still	1162,1167	O	O
+necessary	1168,1177	O	O
+for	1178,1181	O	O
+a	1182,1183	O	O
+better	1184,1190	O	O
+device	1191,1197	O	O
+operation	1198,1207	O	O
+—	1207,1208	O	O
+plasma	1208,1214	O	B-Task
+density	1215,1222	O	I-Task
+control	1223,1230	O	I-Task
+,	1230,1231	O	O
+dust	1232,1236	O	B-Material
+events	1237,1243	O	O
+,	1243,1244	O	O
+etc	1245,1248	O	O
+.	1248,1249	O	O
+
+The	1250,1253	O	O
+temperatures	1254,1266	O	O
+used	1267,1271	O	O
+in	1272,1274	O	O
+this	1275,1279	O	O
+work	1280,1284	O	O
+are	1285,1288	O	O
+not	1289,1292	O	O
+very	1293,1297	O	O
+different	1298,1307	O	O
+from	1308,1312	O	O
+the	1313,1316	O	O
+ones	1317,1321	O	O
+achievable	1322,1332	O	O
+in	1333,1335	O	O
+present	1336,1343	O	O
+devices	1344,1351	O	O
+,	1351,1352	O	O
+such	1353,1357	O	O
+that	1358,1362	O	O
+the	1363,1366	O	O
+results	1367,1374	O	O
+can	1375,1378	O	O
+be	1379,1381	O	O
+extrapolated	1382,1394	O	O
+to	1395,1397	O	O
+them	1398,1402	O	O
+.	1402,1403	O	O
+
+Moreover	1404,1412	O	O
+,	1412,1413	O	O
+even	1414,1418	O	O
+for	1419,1422	O	O
+ITER	1423,1427	O	B-Material
+this	1428,1432	O	O
+study	1433,1438	O	O
+could	1439,1444	O	O
+be	1445,1447	O	O
+useful	1448,1454	O	O
+if	1455,1457	O	O
+carbon	1458,1464	O	B-Material
+materials	1465,1474	O	I-Material
+have	1475,1479	O	O
+to	1480,1482	O	O
+be	1483,1485	O	O
+eventually	1486,1496	O	O
+installed	1497,1506	O	O
+in	1507,1509	O	O
+the	1510,1513	O	O
+case	1514,1518	O	O
+that	1519,1523	O	O
+operation	1524,1533	O	O
+with	1534,1538	O	O
+tungsten	1539,1547	O	B-Material
+tiles	1548,1553	O	I-Material
+at	1554,1556	O	O
+the	1557,1560	O	O
+strike	1561,1567	O	O
+points	1568,1574	O	O
+is	1575,1577	O	O
+precluded	1578,1587	O	O
+by	1588,1590	O	O
+unexpected	1591,1601	O	O
+reasons	1602,1609	O	O
+.	1609,1610	O	O
+
+
diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93d0709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/test.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23376 @@
+-DOCSTART- (S0010482516301810)
+
+Three	0,5	O	B-Process
+-	5,6	O	I-Process
+dimensional	6,17	O	I-Process
+digital	18,25	O	I-Process
+subtraction	26,37	O	I-Process
+angiographic	38,50	O	I-Process
+(	51,52	O	O
+3D	52,54	O	B-Process
+-	54,55	O	I-Process
+DSA	55,58	O	I-Process
+)	58,59	O	O
+images	60,66	O	O
+from	67,71	O	O
+diagnostic	72,82	O	O
+cerebral	83,91	O	B-Process
+angiography	92,103	O	I-Process
+were	104,108	O	O
+obtained	109,117	O	O
+at	118,120	O	O
+least	121,126	O	O
+one	127,130	O	O
+day	131,134	O	O
+prior	135,140	O	O
+to	141,143	O	O
+embolization	144,156	O	B-Process
+in	157,159	O	O
+all	160,163	O	O
+patients	164,172	O	O
+.	172,173	O	O
+
+The	174,177	O	O
+raw	178,181	O	O
+data	182,186	O	O
+of	187,189	O	O
+3D	190,192	O	B-Process
+-	192,193	O	I-Process
+DSA	193,196	O	I-Process
+in	197,199	O	O
+a	200,201	O	O
+DICOM	202,207	O	B-Material
+file	208,212	O	I-Material
+were	213,217	O	O
+used	218,222	O	O
+for	223,226	O	O
+creating	227,235	O	B-Task
+a	236,237	O	I-Task
+3D	238,240	O	I-Task
+model	241,246	O	I-Task
+of	247,249	O	I-Task
+the	250,253	O	I-Task
+target	254,260	O	I-Task
+vessel	261,267	O	I-Task
+segment	268,275	O	I-Task
+.	275,276	O	O
+
+These	277,282	O	O
+data	283,287	O	O
+were	288,292	O	O
+converted	293,302	O	O
+to	303,305	O	O
+standard	306,314	O	B-Process
+triangulation	315,328	O	I-Process
+language	329,337	O	I-Process
+(	338,339	O	O
+STL	339,342	O	B-Process
+)	342,343	O	O
+surface	344,351	O	O
+data	352,356	O	O
+as	357,359	O	O
+an	360,362	O	O
+aggregation	363,374	O	O
+of	375,377	O	O
+fine	378,382	O	O
+triangular	383,393	O	B-Material
+meshes	394,400	O	I-Material
+using	401,406	O	O
+3D	407,409	O	B-Material
+visualization	410,423	O	I-Material
+and	424,427	O	I-Material
+measurement	428,439	O	I-Material
+software	440,448	O	I-Material
+(	449,450	O	O
+Amira	450,455	O	B-Material
+version	456,463	O	I-Material
+X	464,465	O	I-Material
+,	465,466	O	O
+FEI	467,470	O	O
+,	470,471	O	O
+Burlington	472,482	O	O
+,	482,483	O	O
+MA	484,486	O	O
+,	486,487	O	O
+USA	488,491	O	O
+)	491,492	O	O
+.	492,493	O	O
+
+An	494,496	O	O
+unstructured	497,509	O	O
+computational	510,523	O	B-Material
+volumetric	524,534	O	I-Material
+mesh	535,539	O	I-Material
+was	540,543	O	O
+constructed	544,555	O	O
+from	556,560	O	O
+the	561,564	O	O
+triangulated	565,577	O	B-Material
+surface	578,585	O	I-Material
+.	585,586	O	O
+
+Smoothing	587,596	O	B-Process
+and	597,600	O	O
+remeshing	601,610	O	B-Process
+followed	611,619	O	O
+as	620,622	O	O
+next	623,627	O	O
+steps	628,633	O	O
+.	633,634	O	O
+
+The	635,638	O	O
+STL	639,642	O	B-Material
+file	643,647	O	I-Material
+was	648,651	O	O
+then	652,656	O	O
+transferred	657,668	O	O
+to	669,671	O	O
+a	672,673	O	O
+3D	674,676	O	B-Material
+printer	677,684	O	I-Material
+(	685,686	O	O
+OBJET30	686,693	O	B-Material
+Pro	694,697	O	I-Material
+;	697,698	O	O
+Stratasys	699,708	O	O
+Ltd.	709,713	O	O
+,	713,714	O	O
+Eden	715,719	O	O
+Prairie	720,727	O	O
+,	727,728	O	O
+MN	729,731	O	O
+,	731,732	O	O
+USA	733,736	O	O
+)	736,737	O	O
+.	737,738	O	O
+
+The	739,742	O	O
+resolution	743,753	O	O
+of	754,756	O	O
+the	757,760	O	O
+build	761,766	O	O
+layer	767,772	O	O
+was	773,776	O	O
+0.028	777,782	O	O
+mm	782,784	O	O
+,	784,785	O	O
+and	786,789	O	O
+the	790,793	O	O
+3D	794,796	O	O
+printed	797,804	O	O
+vessel	805,811	O	O
+model	812,817	O	O
+was	818,821	O	O
+produced	822,830	O	O
+using	831,836	O	O
+acrylic	837,844	O	B-Material
+resin	845,850	O	I-Material
+(	851,852	O	O
+Vero	852,856	O	B-Material
+)	856,857	O	O
+.	857,858	O	O
+
+Following	859,868	O	O
+immersion	869,878	O	B-Process
+in	879,881	O	I-Process
+water	882,887	O	I-Process
+for	888,891	O	O
+a	892,893	O	O
+few	894,897	O	O
+hours	898,903	O	O
+,	903,904	O	O
+the	905,908	O	O
+surface	909,916	O	O
+of	917,919	O	O
+the	920,923	O	O
+3D	924,926	O	B-Material
+printed	927,934	O	I-Material
+model	935,940	O	I-Material
+was	941,944	O	O
+smoothed	945,953	O	B-Process
+by	954,956	O	O
+manually	957,965	O	O
+removing	966,974	O	B-Process
+spicule	975,982	O	I-Process
+.	982,983	O	I-Process
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301268)
+
+Fig	0,3	O	O
+.	3,4	O	O
+
+9	5,6	O	O
+displays	7,15	O	O
+the	16,19	O	O
+growth	20,26	O	O
+of	27,29	O	O
+two	30,33	O	O
+of	34,36	O	O
+the	37,40	O	O
+main	41,45	O	O
+corrosion	46,55	O	B-Material
+products	56,64	O	I-Material
+that	65,69	O	O
+develop	70,77	O	O
+or	78,80	O	O
+form	81,85	O	O
+on	86,88	O	O
+the	89,92	O	O
+surface	93,100	O	O
+of	101,103	O	O
+Cu40Zn	104,110	O	B-Material
+with	111,115	O	O
+time	116,120	O	O
+,	120,121	O	O
+hydrozincite	122,134	O	B-Material
+(	135,136	O	O
+Fig	136,139	O	O
+.	139,140	O	O
+
+9a	141,143	O	O
+)	143,144	O	O
+and	145,148	O	O
+Cu2O	149,153	O	B-Material
+(	154,155	O	O
+Fig	155,158	O	O
+.	158,159	O	O
+
+9b	160,162	O	O
+)	162,163	O	O
+.	163,164	O	O
+
+It	165,167	O	O
+should	168,174	O	O
+be	175,177	O	O
+remembered	178,188	O	O
+that	189,193	O	O
+both	194,198	O	O
+phases	199,205	O	O
+were	206,210	O	O
+present	211,218	O	O
+already	219,226	O	O
+from	227,231	O	O
+start	232,237	O	O
+of	238,240	O	O
+the	241,244	O	O
+exposure	245,253	O	O
+.	253,254	O	O
+
+The	255,258	O	O
+data	259,263	O	O
+is	264,266	O	O
+presented	267,276	O	O
+in	277,279	O	O
+absorbance	280,290	O	B-Process
+units	291,296	O	I-Process
+and	297,300	O	O
+allows	301,307	O	O
+comparisons	308,319	O	B-Task
+to	320,322	O	I-Task
+be	323,325	O	I-Task
+made	326,330	O	I-Task
+of	331,333	O	I-Task
+the	334,337	O	I-Task
+amounts	338,345	O	I-Task
+of	346,348	O	I-Task
+each	349,353	O	I-Task
+species	354,361	O	I-Task
+between	362,369	O	I-Task
+the	370,373	O	I-Task
+two	374,377	O	I-Task
+Cu40Zn	378,384	O	I-Task
+surfaces	385,393	O	I-Task
+investigated	394,406	O	I-Task
+,	406,407	O	O
+DP	408,410	O	B-Material
+and	411,414	O	O
+HZ7	415,418	O	B-Material
+.	418,419	O	O
+
+The	420,423	O	O
+tendency	424,432	O	O
+is	433,435	O	O
+very	436,440	O	O
+clear	441,446	O	O
+that	447,451	O	O
+the	452,455	O	O
+formation	456,465	O	B-Process
+rates	466,471	O	I-Process
+of	472,474	O	O
+both	475,479	O	O
+hydrozincite	480,492	O	B-Material
+and	493,496	O	O
+cuprite	497,504	O	B-Material
+are	505,508	O	O
+quite	509,514	O	O
+suppressed	515,525	O	O
+for	526,529	O	O
+Cu40Zn	530,536	O	B-Material
+with	537,541	O	O
+preformed	542,551	O	O
+hydrozincite	552,564	O	B-Material
+(	565,566	O	O
+HZ7	566,569	O	B-Material
+)	569,570	O	O
+compared	571,579	O	O
+to	580,582	O	O
+the	583,586	O	O
+diamond	587,594	O	B-Material
+polished	595,603	O	I-Material
+surface	604,611	O	I-Material
+(	612,613	O	O
+DP	613,615	O	B-Material
+)	615,616	O	O
+.	616,617	O	O
+
+In	618,620	O	O
+summary	621,628	O	O
+,	628,629	O	O
+without	630,637	O	O
+being	638,643	O	O
+able	644,648	O	O
+to	649,651	O	O
+consider	652,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
+formation	665,674	O	B-Process
+of	675,677	O	I-Process
+simonkolleite	678,691	O	I-Process
+,	691,692	O	O
+it	693,695	O	O
+can	696,699	O	O
+be	700,702	O	O
+concluded	703,712	O	O
+that	713,717	O	O
+an	718,720	O	O
+increased	721,730	O	O
+surface	731,738	O	O
+coverage	739,747	O	O
+of	748,750	O	O
+hydrozincite	751,763	O	B-Material
+reduces	764,771	O	O
+the	772,775	O	O
+initial	776,783	O	B-Process
+spreading	784,793	O	I-Process
+ability	794,801	O	O
+of	802,804	O	O
+the	805,808	O	O
+NaCl	809,813	O	B-Material
+-	813,814	O	I-Material
+containing	814,824	O	I-Material
+droplets	825,833	O	I-Material
+and	834,837	O	O
+thereby	838,845	O	O
+lowers	846,852	O	O
+the	853,856	O	O
+overall	857,864	O	O
+formation	865,874	O	B-Process
+rate	875,879	O	I-Process
+of	880,882	O	O
+hydrozincite	883,895	O	B-Material
+and	896,899	O	O
+cuprite	900,907	O	B-Material
+.	907,908	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301554)
+
+AA	0,2	O	B-Material
+2024-T3	3,10	O	I-Material
+aluminium	11,20	O	I-Material
+alloy	21,26	O	I-Material
+is	27,29	O	O
+widely	30,36	O	O
+used	37,41	O	O
+for	42,45	O	O
+aerospace	46,55	O	B-Task
+applications	56,68	O	I-Task
+due	69,72	O	O
+to	73,75	O	O
+its	76,79	O	O
+high	80,84	O	O
+strength	85,93	O	O
+to	94,96	O	O
+weight	97,103	O	O
+ratio	104,109	O	O
+and	110,113	O	O
+high	114,118	O	O
+damage	119,125	O	O
+tolerance	126,135	O	O
+that	136,140	O	O
+result	141,147	O	O
+from	148,152	O	O
+copper	153,159	O	B-Material
+and	160,163	O	O
+magnesium	164,173	O	B-Material
+as	174,176	O	O
+the	177,180	O	O
+principal	181,190	O	O
+alloying	191,199	O	B-Material
+elements	200,208	O	I-Material
+and	209,212	O	O
+appropriate	213,224	O	O
+thermomechanical	225,241	O	B-Process
+processing	242,252	O	I-Process
+.	252,253	O	O
+
+The	254,257	O	O
+microstructure	258,272	O	O
+of	273,275	O	O
+the	276,279	O	O
+alloy	280,285	O	B-Material
+is	286,288	O	O
+relatively	289,299	O	O
+complex	300,307	O	O
+and	308,311	O	O
+a	312,313	O	O
+number	314,320	O	O
+of	321,323	O	O
+compositionally	324,339	O	B-Process
+-	339,340	O	I-Process
+distinct	340,348	O	I-Process
+phases	349,355	O	I-Process
+have	356,360	O	O
+been	361,365	O	O
+identified	366,376	O	O
+[	377,378	O	O
+1	378,379	O	O
+]	379,380	O	O
+.	380,381	O	O
+
+Although	382,390	O	O
+possessing	391,401	O	O
+favourable	402,412	O	O
+mechanical	413,423	O	O
+properties	424,434	O	O
+,	434,435	O	O
+the	436,439	O	O
+alloy	440,445	O	B-Material
+is	446,448	O	O
+relatively	449,459	O	O
+susceptible	460,471	O	O
+to	472,474	O	O
+corrosion	475,484	O	B-Process
+and	485,488	O	O
+generally	489,498	O	O
+requires	499,507	O	O
+surface	508,515	O	B-Process
+treatment	516,525	O	I-Process
+in	526,528	O	O
+practical	529,538	O	O
+applications	539,551	O	O
+.	551,552	O	O
+
+The	553,556	O	O
+corrosion	557,566	O	B-Process
+behaviour	567,576	O	O
+of	577,579	O	O
+the	580,583	O	O
+alloy	584,589	O	B-Material
+is	590,592	O	O
+particularly	593,605	O	O
+affected	606,614	O	O
+by	615,617	O	O
+the	618,621	O	O
+presence	622,630	O	O
+of	631,633	O	O
+the	634,637	O	O
+intermetallic	638,651	O	B-Material
+particles	652,661	O	I-Material
+due	662,665	O	O
+to	666,668	O	O
+their	669,674	O	O
+differing	675,684	O	O
+potentials	685,695	O	O
+with	696,700	O	O
+respect	701,708	O	O
+to	709,711	O	O
+the	712,715	O	O
+alloy	716,721	O	B-Material
+matrix	722,728	O	I-Material
+[	729,730	O	O
+2–9	730,733	O	O
+]	733,734	O	O
+.	734,735	O	O
+
+Copper	736,742	O	B-Material
+-	742,743	O	I-Material
+containing	743,753	O	I-Material
+second	754,760	O	I-Material
+phase	761,766	O	I-Material
+particles	767,776	O	I-Material
+at	777,779	O	O
+the	780,783	O	O
+alloy	784,789	O	B-Material
+surface	790,797	O	O
+are	798,801	O	O
+particularly	802,814	O	O
+detrimental	815,826	O	O
+to	827,829	O	O
+the	830,833	O	O
+corrosion	834,843	O	B-Process
+resistance	844,854	O	I-Process
+as	855,857	O	O
+they	858,862	O	O
+provide	863,870	O	O
+preferential	871,883	O	O
+cathodic	884,892	O	O
+sites	893,898	O	O
+[	899,900	O	O
+2,10	900,904	O	O
+]	904,905	O	O
+.	905,906	O	O
+
+One	907,910	O	O
+of	911,913	O	O
+the	914,917	O	O
+principle	918,927	O	O
+types	928,933	O	O
+of	934,936	O	O
+second	937,943	O	B-Material
+phase	944,949	O	I-Material
+particle	950,958	O	I-Material
+that	959,963	O	O
+is	964,966	O	O
+important	967,976	O	O
+to	977,979	O	O
+the	980,983	O	O
+corrosion	984,993	O	B-Process
+behaviour	994,1003	O	I-Process
+of	1004,1006	O	O
+the	1007,1010	O	O
+alloy	1011,1016	O	O
+is	1017,1019	O	O
+the	1020,1023	O	O
+S	1024,1025	O	B-Material
+phase	1026,1031	O	I-Material
+(	1032,1033	O	O
+Al2CuMg	1033,1040	O	B-Material
+)	1040,1041	O	O
+particle	1042,1050	O	O
+[	1051,1052	O	O
+1,11	1052,1056	O	O
+]	1056,1057	O	O
+.	1057,1058	O	O
+
+Dealloying	1059,1069	O	O
+of	1070,1072	O	O
+S	1073,1074	O	B-Material
+phase	1075,1080	O	I-Material
+particles	1081,1090	O	I-Material
+,	1090,1091	O	O
+which	1092,1097	O	O
+may	1098,1101	O	O
+account	1102,1109	O	O
+for	1110,1113	O	O
+∼60	1114,1117	O	O
+%	1117,1118	O	O
+of	1119,1121	O	O
+the	1122,1125	O	O
+constituent	1126,1137	O	B-Material
+particles	1138,1147	O	I-Material
+in	1148,1150	O	O
+
+AA2024	1151,1157	O	B-Material
+alloys	1158,1164	O	I-Material
+[	1165,1166	O	O
+11	1166,1168	O	O
+]	1168,1169	O	O
+,	1169,1170	O	O
+is	1171,1173	O	O
+commonly	1174,1182	O	O
+observed	1183,1191	O	O
+when	1192,1196	O	O
+the	1197,1200	O	O
+alloy	1201,1206	O	B-Material
+is	1207,1209	O	O
+exposed	1210,1217	O	O
+to	1218,1220	O	O
+an	1221,1223	O	O
+aggressive	1224,1234	O	O
+environment	1235,1246	O	O
+.	1246,1247	O	O
+
+The	1248,1251	O	O
+particles	1252,1261	O	B-Material
+are	1262,1265	O	O
+considered	1266,1276	O	O
+as	1277,1279	O	O
+important	1280,1289	O	O
+initiation	1290,1300	O	O
+sites	1301,1306	O	O
+for	1307,1310	O	O
+severe	1311,1317	O	O
+localized	1318,1327	O	O
+corrosion	1328,1337	O	B-Process
+in	1338,1340	O	O
+the	1341,1344	O	O
+alloy	1345,1350	O	B-Material
+[	1351,1352	O	O
+11–22	1352,1357	O	O
+]	1357,1358	O	O
+.	1358,1359	O	O
+
+The	1360,1363	O	O
+dealloying	1364,1374	O	B-Process
+of	1375,1377	O	O
+the	1378,1381	O	O
+S	1382,1383	O	B-Material
+phase	1384,1389	O	I-Material
+particles	1390,1399	O	I-Material
+and	1400,1403	O	O
+the	1404,1407	O	O
+resulting	1408,1417	O	O
+enrichment	1418,1428	O	B-Process
+of	1429,1431	O	O
+copper	1432,1438	O	B-Material
+result	1439,1445	O	O
+in	1446,1448	O	O
+a	1449,1450	O	O
+decrease	1451,1459	O	B-Process
+of	1460,1462	O	I-Process
+the	1463,1466	O	I-Process
+Volta	1467,1472	O	I-Process
+potential	1473,1482	O	I-Process
+with	1483,1487	O	O
+respect	1488,1495	O	O
+to	1496,1498	O	O
+the	1499,1502	O	O
+matrix	1503,1509	O	O
+and	1510,1513	O	O
+hence	1514,1519	O	O
+the	1520,1523	O	O
+dealloyed	1524,1533	O	B-Material
+particles	1534,1543	O	I-Material
+become	1544,1550	O	O
+active	1551,1557	O	O
+cathodic	1558,1566	O	B-Material
+sites	1567,1572	O	I-Material
+[	1573,1574	O	O
+23–25	1574,1579	O	O
+]	1579,1580	O	O
+.	1580,1581	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0011227514002136)
+
+Measuring	0,9	O	B-Task
+and	10,13	O	I-Task
+analysing	14,23	O	I-Task
+the	24,27	O	I-Task
+hold	28,32	O	I-Task
+time	33,37	O	I-Task
+of	38,40	O	I-Task
+the	41,44	O	I-Task
+CPA	45,48	O	I-Task
+pill	49,53	O	I-Task
+allows	54,60	O	O
+the	61,64	O	O
+thermal	65,72	O	B-Process
+boundary	73,81	O	I-Process
+resistance	82,92	O	I-Process
+within	93,99	O	O
+the	100,103	O	O
+pill	104,108	O	B-Material
+to	109,111	O	O
+be	112,114	O	O
+assessed	115,123	O	O
+;	123,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	O
+thermal	129,136	O	B-Process
+boundary	137,145	O	I-Process
+dictates	146,154	O	O
+the	155,158	O	O
+actual	159,165	O	O
+temperature	166,177	O	B-Process
+of	178,180	O	O
+the	181,184	O	O
+CPA	185,188	O	B-Material
+crystals	189,197	O	I-Material
+in	198,200	O	O
+comparison	201,211	O	O
+to	212,214	O	O
+the	215,218	O	O
+temperature	219,230	O	O
+of	231,233	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+cold	238,242	O	B-Material
+finger	243,249	O	I-Material
+,	249,250	O	O
+which	251,256	O	O
+is	257,259	O	O
+maintained	260,270	O	O
+at	271,273	O	O
+a	274,275	O	O
+constant	276,284	O	O
+temperature	285,296	O	O
+by	297,299	O	O
+a	300,301	O	O
+servo	302,307	O	B-Process
+control	308,315	O	I-Process
+program	316,323	O	I-Process
+.	323,324	O	O
+
+Fig	325,328	O	O
+.	328,329	O	O
+
+17	330,332	O	O
+shows	333,338	O	O
+the	339,342	O	O
+temperature	343,354	O	O
+profile	355,362	O	O
+during	363,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+recycling	374,383	O	B-Process
+of	384,386	O	O
+the	387,390	O	O
+CPA	391,394	O	B-Material
+pill	395,399	O	I-Material
+and	400,403	O	O
+subsequent	404,414	O	O
+operation	415,424	O	B-Process
+at	425,427	O	I-Process
+200mK.	428,434	O	I-Process
+
+During	435,441	O	O
+the	442,445	O	O
+hold	446,450	O	O
+time	451,455	O	O
+,	455,456	O	O
+the	457,460	O	O
+servo	461,466	O	B-Process
+control	467,474	O	I-Process
+program	475,482	O	I-Process
+maintained	483,493	O	O
+the	494,497	O	O
+CPA	498,501	O	B-Material
+pill	502,506	O	I-Material
+temperature	507,518	O	O
+to	519,521	O	O
+within	522,528	O	O
+a	529,530	O	O
+millikelvin	531,542	O	O
+.	542,543	O	O
+
+It	544,546	O	O
+is	547,549	O	O
+expected	550,558	O	O
+that	559,563	O	O
+microkelvin	564,575	O	B-Process
+stability	576,585	O	I-Process
+can	586,589	O	O
+be	590,592	O	O
+achieved	593,601	O	O
+with	602,606	O	O
+fast	607,611	O	B-Process
+read	612,616	O	I-Process
+-	616,617	O	I-Process
+out	617,620	O	I-Process
+thermometry	621,632	O	I-Process
+(	633,634	O	O
+which	634,639	O	O
+was	640,643	O	O
+not	644,647	O	O
+available	648,657	O	O
+at	658,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
+time	665,669	O	O
+of	670,672	O	O
+testing	673,680	O	O
+but	681,684	O	O
+which	685,690	O	O
+will	691,695	O	O
+be	696,698	O	O
+used	699,703	O	O
+for	704,707	O	O
+the	708,711	O	O
+mKCC	712,716	O	B-Task
+)	716,717	O	O
+,	717,718	O	O
+as	719,721	O	O
+this	722,726	O	O
+would	727,732	O	O
+allow	733,738	O	O
+for	739,742	O	O
+temperature	743,754	O	O
+control	755,762	O	O
+on	763,765	O	O
+much	766,770	O	O
+faster	771,777	O	O
+(	778,779	O	O
+millisecond	779,790	O	O
+)	790,791	O	O
+timescales	792,802	O	O
+than	803,807	O	O
+the	808,811	O	O
+current	812,819	O	O
+(	820,821	O	O
+approximately	821,834	O	O
+1s	835,837	O	O
+)	837,838	O	O
+thermometry	839,850	O	O
+readout	851,858	O	O
+used	859,863	O	O
+.	863,864	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0011227515000648)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+product	4,11	O	B-Process
+change	12,18	O	I-Process
+between	19,26	O	O
+batches	27,34	O	B-Material
+#	35,36	O	I-Material
+1/#2	36,40	O	I-Material
+and	41,44	O	O
+the	45,48	O	O
+others	49,55	O	O
+is	56,58	O	O
+the	59,62	O	O
+most	63,67	O	O
+influential	68,79	O	O
+on	80,82	O	O
+the	83,86	O	O
+test	87,91	O	O
+results	92,99	O	O
+.	99,100	O	O
+
+The	101,104	O	O
+redesign	105,113	O	O
+and	114,117	O	O
+upgrade	118,125	O	O
+to	126,128	O	O
+110-nm	129,135	O	B-Process
+process	136,143	O	I-Process
+technology	144,154	O	I-Process
+reduces	155,162	O	O
+the	163,166	O	O
+pass	167,171	O	O
+rate	172,176	O	O
+at	177,179	O	O
+LNT	180,183	O	B-Material
+by	184,186	O	O
+approximately	187,200	O	O
+half	201,205	O	O
+.	205,206	O	O
+
+This	207,211	O	O
+is	212,214	O	O
+mainly	215,221	O	O
+caused	222,228	O	O
+by	229,231	O	O
+the	232,235	O	O
+increased	236,245	O	O
+incidence	246,255	O	O
+of	256,258	O	O
+erase	259,264	O	B-Process
+and	265,268	O	I-Process
+program	269,276	O	I-Process
+timeouts	277,285	O	I-Process
+with	286,290	O	O
+some	291,295	O	O
+contribution	296,308	O	O
+from	309,313	O	O
+long	314,318	O	B-Process
+erase	319,324	O	I-Process
+and	325,328	O	O
+program	329,336	O	B-Process
+times	337,342	O	I-Process
+and	343,346	O	O
+bit	347,350	O	B-Process
+errors	351,357	O	I-Process
+.	357,358	O	O
+
+The	359,362	O	O
+difference	363,373	O	O
+in	374,376	O	O
+pass	377,381	O	B-Process
+rates	382,387	O	I-Process
+at	388,390	O	O
+88	391,393	O	O
+K	393,394	O	O
+between	395,402	O	O
+batches	403,410	O	B-Material
+#	411,412	O	I-Material
+3/#4	412,416	O	I-Material
+and	417,420	O	O
+#	421,422	O	B-Material
+5/#6	422,426	O	I-Material
+,	426,427	O	O
+which	428,433	O	O
+use	434,437	O	O
+the	438,441	O	O
+same	442,446	O	O
+process	447,454	O	B-Process
+technology	455,465	O	I-Process
+with	466,470	O	O
+the	471,474	O	O
+same	475,479	O	O
+dimensions	480,490	O	O
+,	490,491	O	O
+can	492,495	O	O
+be	496,498	O	O
+explained	499,508	O	O
+by	509,511	O	O
+the	512,515	O	O
+fabrication	516,527	O	O
+in	528,530	O	O
+different	531,540	O	O
+assembly	541,549	O	B-Process
+lines	550,555	O	I-Process
+,	555,556	O	O
+where	557,562	O	O
+other	563,568	O	O
+processes	569,578	O	O
+or	579,581	O	O
+base	582,586	O	O
+materials	587,596	O	O
+may	597,600	O	O
+have	601,605	O	O
+been	606,610	O	O
+changed	611,618	O	O
+.	618,619	O	O
+
+This	620,624	O	O
+means	625,630	O	O
+different	631,640	O	O
+tolerances	641,651	O	B-Process
+in	652,654	O	O
+base	655,659	O	O
+materials	660,669	O	O
+and	670,673	O	O
+production	674,684	O	O
+process	685,692	O	O
+,	692,693	O	O
+which	694,699	O	O
+are	700,703	O	O
+more	704,708	O	O
+pronounced	709,719	O	O
+the	720,723	O	O
+lower	724,729	O	O
+the	730,733	O	O
+temperature	734,745	O	O
+.	745,746	O	O
+
+Some	747,751	O	O
+of	752,754	O	O
+the	755,758	O	O
+differences	759,770	O	O
+of	771,773	O	O
+technology	774,784	O	O
+scale	785,790	O	O
+may	791,794	O	O
+reflect	795,802	O	O
+shifts	803,809	O	O
+in	810,812	O	O
+transistor	813,823	O	B-Process
+parameters	824,834	O	I-Process
+such	835,839	O	O
+as	840,842	O	O
+transconductance	843,859	O	B-Process
+/	859,860	O	I-Process
+gain	860,864	O	I-Process
+,	864,865	O	O
+threshold	866,875	O	B-Process
+voltage	876,883	O	I-Process
+,	883,884	O	O
+and	885,888	O	O
+threshold	889,898	O	B-Process
+slope	899,904	O	I-Process
+[	905,906	O	O
+7	906,907	O	O
+]	907,908	O	O
+.	908,909	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0011227515001216)
+
+Prior	0,5	O	O
+to	6,8	O	O
+assembling	9,19	O	B-Task
+the	20,23	O	I-Task
+miniature	24,33	O	I-Task
+ADR	34,37	O	I-Task
+,	37,38	O	O
+the	39,42	O	O
+mKCC	43,47	O	B-Material
+MR	48,50	O	I-Material
+heat	51,55	O	I-Material
+switch	56,62	O	I-Material
+could	63,68	O	O
+not	69,72	O	O
+be	73,75	O	O
+fully	76,81	O	O
+thermally	82,91	O	B-Process
+characterised	92,105	O	I-Process
+due	106,109	O	O
+to	110,112	O	O
+cryostat	113,121	O	B-Material
+constraints	122,133	O	I-Material
+.	133,134	O	O
+
+However	135,142	O	O
+,	142,143	O	O
+based	144,149	O	O
+on	150,152	O	O
+experiments	153,164	O	O
+and	165,168	O	O
+research	169,177	O	O
+conducted	178,187	O	O
+at	188,190	O	O
+MSSL	191,195	O	O
+on	196,198	O	O
+a	199,200	O	O
+range	201,206	O	O
+of	207,209	O	O
+tungsten	210,218	O	B-Material
+heat	219,223	O	I-Material
+switches	224,232	O	I-Material
+,	232,233	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+thermal	238,245	O	B-Process
+conductivity	246,258	O	I-Process
+has	259,262	O	O
+been	263,267	O	O
+estimated	268,277	O	O
+.	277,278	O	O
+
+In	279,281	O	O
+Hills	282,287	O	O
+et	288,290	O	O
+al	291,293	O	O
+.	293,294	O	O
+
+[	295,296	O	O
+8	296,297	O	O
+]	297,298	O	O
+,	298,299	O	O
+an	300,302	O	O
+equation	303,311	O	O
+is	312,314	O	O
+derived	315,322	O	O
+which	323,328	O	O
+allows	329,335	O	O
+the	336,339	O	O
+thermal	340,347	O	B-Process
+conductivity	348,360	O	I-Process
+(	361,362	O	O
+κ	362,363	O	B-Process
+)	363,364	O	O
+below	365,370	O	O
+6	371,372	O	O
+K	372,373	O	O
+to	374,376	O	O
+be	377,379	O	O
+calculated	380,390	O	O
+as	391,393	O	O
+a	394,395	O	O
+function	396,404	O	O
+of	405,407	O	O
+magnetic	408,416	O	B-Process
+field	417,422	O	I-Process
+(	423,424	O	O
+B	424,425	O	B-Process
+)	425,426	O	O
+and	427,430	O	O
+temperature	431,442	O	O
+(	443,444	O	O
+T	444,445	O	O
+)	445,446	O	O
+(	447,448	O	O
+see	448,451	O	O
+Eq	452,454	O	O
+.	454,455	O	O
+
+(	456,457	O	O
+1	457,458	O	O
+)	458,459	O	O
+)	459,460	O	O
+.	460,461	O	O
+
+To	462,464	O	O
+estimate	465,473	O	O
+the	474,477	O	O
+performance	478,489	O	O
+of	490,492	O	O
+the	493,496	O	O
+mKCC	497,501	O	B-Material
+heat	502,506	O	I-Material
+switch	507,513	O	I-Material
+,	513,514	O	O
+the	515,518	O	O
+parameters	519,529	O	O
+in	530,532	O	O
+Eq	533,535	O	O
+.	535,536	O	O
+
+(	537,538	O	O
+1	538,539	O	O
+)	539,540	O	O
+have	541,545	O	O
+been	546,550	O	O
+taken	551,556	O	O
+from	557,561	O	O
+the	562,565	O	O
+measured	566,574	O	O
+thermal	575,582	O	B-Process
+conductivity	583,595	O	I-Process
+of	596,598	O	O
+another	599,606	O	O
+MSSL	607,611	O	B-Material
+heat	612,616	O	I-Material
+switch	617,623	O	I-Material
+with	624,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
+same	633,637	O	O
+1.5	638,641	O	O
+mm	641,643	O	O
+square	644,650	O	O
+cross	651,656	O	O
+section	657,664	O	O
+,	664,665	O	O
+a	666,667	O	O
+free	668,672	O	O
+path	673,677	O	O
+length	678,684	O	O
+of	685,687	O	O
+43	688,690	O	O
+cm	690,692	O	O
+and	693,696	O	O
+a	697,698	O	O
+RRR	699,702	O	O
+of	703,705	O	O
+20,000	706,712	O	O
+;	712,713	O	O
+it	714,716	O	O
+has	717,720	O	O
+been	721,725	O	O
+observed	726,734	O	O
+from	735,739	O	O
+experiments	740,751	O	O
+conducted	752,761	O	O
+at	762,764	O	O
+MSSL	765,769	O	O
+that	770,774	O	O
+there	775,780	O	O
+is	781,783	O	O
+little	784,790	O	O
+change	791,797	O	O
+in	798,800	O	O
+the	801,804	O	O
+thermal	805,812	O	B-Process
+performance	813,824	O	I-Process
+for	825,828	O	O
+tungsten	829,837	O	B-Material
+heat	838,842	O	I-Material
+switches	843,851	O	I-Material
+with	852,856	O	O
+a	857,858	O	O
+RRR	859,862	O	O
+between	863,870	O	O
+20,000	871,877	O	O
+and	878,881	O	O
+32,000	882,888	O	O
+(	889,890	O	O
+subject	890,897	O	O
+of	898,900	O	O
+a	901,902	O	O
+future	903,909	O	O
+publication	910,921	O	O
+)	921,922	O	O
+and	923,926	O	O
+therefore	927,936	O	O
+the	937,940	O	O
+performance	941,952	O	O
+of	953,955	O	O
+the	956,959	O	O
+20,000	960,966	O	B-Material
+RRR	967,970	O	I-Material
+heat	971,975	O	I-Material
+switch	976,982	O	I-Material
+has	983,986	O	O
+been	987,991	O	O
+assumed	992,999	O	O
+to	1000,1002	O	O
+be	1003,1005	O	O
+a	1006,1007	O	O
+good	1008,1012	O	O
+approximation	1013,1026	O	O
+.	1026,1027	O	O
+
+Fig	1028,1031	O	O
+.	1031,1032	O	O
+
+5	1033,1034	O	O
+gives	1035,1040	O	O
+the	1041,1044	O	O
+calculated	1045,1055	O	O
+thermal	1056,1063	O	B-Process
+conductivity	1064,1076	O	I-Process
+of	1077,1079	O	O
+the	1080,1083	O	O
+mKCC	1084,1088	O	B-Material
+switch	1089,1095	O	I-Material
+at	1096,1098	O	O
+0	1099,1100	O	O
+,	1100,1101	O	O
+1	1102,1103	O	O
+,	1103,1104	O	O
+2	1105,1106	O	O
+and	1107,1110	O	O
+3	1111,1112	O	O
+T	1112,1113	O	O
+based	1114,1119	O	O
+on	1120,1122	O	O
+Eq	1123,1125	O	O
+.	1125,1126	O	O
+
+(	1127,1128	O	O
+1	1128,1129	O	O
+)	1129,1130	O	O
+,	1130,1131	O	O
+where	1132,1137	O	O
+the	1138,1141	O	O
+constants	1142,1151	O	O
+b0	1152,1154	O	O
+,	1154,1155	O	O
+a1	1156,1158	O	O
+,	1158,1159	O	O
+a2	1160,1162	O	O
+,	1162,1163	O	O
+a3	1164,1166	O	O
+,	1166,1167	O	O
+a4	1168,1170	O	O
+and	1171,1174	O	O
+n	1175,1176	O	O
+have	1177,1181	O	O
+the	1182,1185	O	O
+values	1186,1192	O	O
+0.0328	1193,1199	O	O
+,	1199,1200	O	O
+1.19×10−4	1201,1210	O	O
+,	1210,1211	O	O
+3.57×10−6	1212,1221	O	O
+,	1221,1222	O	O
+1.36	1223,1227	O	O
+,	1227,1228	O	O
+0.000968	1229,1237	O	O
+and	1238,1241	O	O
+1.7	1242,1245	O	O
+respectively	1246,1258	O	O
+.	1258,1259	O	O
+
+It	1260,1262	O	O
+should	1263,1269	O	O
+be	1270,1272	O	O
+noted	1273,1278	O	O
+that	1279,1283	O	O
+the	1284,1287	O	O
+calculated	1288,1298	O	O
+thermal	1299,1306	O	B-Process
+conductivity	1307,1319	O	I-Process
+of	1320,1322	O	O
+the	1323,1326	O	O
+mKCC	1327,1331	O	B-Material
+switch	1332,1338	O	I-Material
+presented	1339,1348	O	O
+in	1349,1351	O	O
+Fig	1352,1355	O	O
+.	1355,1356	O	O
+5	1357,1358	O	O
+has	1359,1362	O	O
+been	1363,1367	O	O
+validated	1368,1377	O	O
+by	1378,1380	O	O
+comparing	1381,1390	O	O
+the	1391,1394	O	O
+experimental	1395,1407	O	O
+results	1408,1415	O	O
+of	1416,1418	O	O
+the	1419,1422	O	O
+miniature	1423,1432	O	B-Material
+ADR	1433,1436	O	I-Material
+with	1437,1441	O	O
+modelled	1442,1450	O	O
+predictions	1451,1462	O	O
+(	1463,1464	O	O
+this	1464,1468	O	O
+is	1469,1471	O	O
+discussed	1472,1481	O	O
+in	1482,1484	O	O
+Section	1485,1492	O	O
+3.3).(1)κ(T)=b0T2	1493,1510	O	O
++	1510,1511	O	O
+1a1+a2T2T+Bna3T+a4T4	1511,1531	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S002002551630384X)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
+early	3,8	O	O
+attempt	9,16	O	O
+to	17,19	O	O
+combine	20,27	O	B-Task
+sets	28,32	O	I-Task
+and	33,36	O	I-Task
+networks	37,45	O	I-Task
+in	46,48	O	I-Task
+a	49,50	O	I-Task
+single	51,57	O	I-Task
+visualization	58,71	O	I-Task
+relied	72,78	O	O
+on	79,81	O	O
+first	82,87	O	O
+drawing	88,95	O	O
+an	96,98	O	O
+Euler	99,104	O	B-Process
+diagram	105,112	O	I-Process
+then	113,117	O	O
+placing	118,125	O	O
+a	126,127	O	O
+graph	128,133	O	O
+inside	134,140	O	O
+it	141,143	O	O
+[	144,145	O	O
+30	145,147	O	O
+]	147,148	O	O
+,	148,149	O	O
+however	150,157	O	O
+the	158,161	O	O
+sets	162,166	O	O
+were	167,171	O	O
+often	172,177	O	O
+visualized	178,188	O	O
+with	189,193	O	O
+convoluted	194,204	O	O
+,	204,205	O	O
+difficult	206,215	O	O
+to	216,218	O	O
+follow	219,225	O	O
+curves	226,232	O	O
+.	232,233	O	O
+
+In	234,236	O	O
+addition	237,245	O	O
+,	245,246	O	O
+only	247,251	O	O
+limited	252,259	O	O
+kinds	260,265	O	O
+of	266,268	O	O
+set	269,272	O	O
+data	273,277	O	O
+could	278,283	O	O
+be	284,286	O	O
+shown	287,292	O	O
+as	293,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+system	300,306	O	O
+was	307,310	O	O
+limited	311,318	O	O
+to	319,321	O	O
+well	322,326	O	O
+-	326,327	O	O
+formed	327,333	O	O
+Euler	334,339	O	B-Process
+diagrams	340,348	O	I-Process
+.	348,349	O	O
+
+Compound	350,358	O	B-Material
+graphs	359,365	O	I-Material
+can	366,369	O	O
+be	370,372	O	O
+used	373,377	O	O
+to	378,380	O	O
+represent	381,390	O	O
+restricted	391,401	O	O
+kinds	402,407	O	O
+of	408,410	O	O
+grouped	411,418	O	O
+network	419,426	O	B-Material
+data	427,431	O	I-Material
+[	432,433	O	O
+8	433,434	O	O
+]	434,435	O	O
+.	435,436	O	O
+
+Graph	437,442	O	B-Material
+clusters	443,451	O	I-Material
+are	452,455	O	O
+visualized	456,466	O	O
+with	467,471	O	O
+transparent	472,483	O	B-Process
+hulls	484,489	O	I-Process
+by	490,492	O	O
+Santamaria	493,503	O	O
+and	504,507	O	O
+Theron	508,514	O	O
+[	515,516	O	O
+39	516,518	O	O
+]	518,519	O	O
+.	519,520	O	O
+
+However	521,528	O	O
+,	528,529	O	O
+the	530,533	O	O
+technique	534,543	O	O
+removes	544,551	O	O
+edges	552,557	O	O
+from	558,562	O	O
+the	563,566	O	O
+graph	567,572	O	O
+and	573,576	O	O
+it	577,579	O	O
+is	580,582	O	O
+not	583,586	O	O
+sufficiently	587,599	O	O
+sophisticated	600,613	O	O
+for	614,617	O	O
+arbitrary	618,627	O	O
+overlapping	628,639	O	O
+sets	640,644	O	O
+.	644,645	O	O
+
+Itoh	646,650	O	O
+et	651,653	O	O
+al	654,656	O	O
+.	656,657	O	O
+
+[	658,659	O	O
+24	659,661	O	O
+]	661,662	O	O
+proposed	663,671	O	O
+to	672,674	O	O
+overlay	675,682	O	O
+pie	683,686	O	O
+-	686,687	O	O
+like	687,691	O	O
+glyphs	692,698	O	B-Material
+over	699,703	O	O
+the	704,707	O	O
+nodes	708,713	O	O
+in	714,716	O	O
+a	717,718	O	O
+graph	719,724	O	O
+to	725,727	O	O
+encode	728,734	O	O
+multiple	735,743	O	O
+categories	744,754	O	O
+.	754,755	O	O
+
+Each	756,760	O	O
+set	761,764	O	O
+is	765,767	O	O
+hence	768,773	O	O
+represented	774,785	O	O
+using	786,791	O	O
+disconnected	792,804	O	O
+regions	805,812	O	O
+that	813,817	O	O
+are	818,821	O	O
+linked	822,828	O	O
+by	829,831	O	O
+having	832,838	O	O
+the	839,842	O	O
+same	843,847	O	O
+colour	848,854	O	O
+.	854,855	O	O
+
+This	856,860	O	O
+causes	861,867	O	O
+difficulties	868,880	O	O
+with	881,885	O	O
+tasks	886,891	O	O
+that	892,896	O	O
+involve	897,904	O	O
+finding	905,912	O	B-Task
+relations	913,922	O	I-Task
+between	923,930	O	I-Task
+sets	931,935	O	I-Task
+such	936,940	O	O
+as	941,943	O	O
+T1	944,946	O	B-Process
+,	946,947	O	I-Process
+T3	948,950	O	I-Process
+and	951,954	O	I-Process
+T4	955,957	O	I-Process
+in	958,960	O	O
+Section	961,968	O	O
+5.3	969,972	O	O
+.	972,973	O	O
+
+A	974,975	O	O
+related	976,983	O	O
+class	984,989	O	O
+of	990,992	O	O
+techniques	993,1003	O	O
+visualize	1004,1013	O	B-Process
+grouping	1014,1022	O	I-Process
+information	1023,1034	O	I-Process
+over	1035,1039	O	I-Process
+graphs	1040,1046	O	I-Process
+using	1047,1052	O	O
+convex	1053,1059	O	B-Process
+hulls	1060,1065	O	I-Process
+,	1065,1066	O	O
+such	1067,1071	O	O
+as	1072,1074	O	O
+Vizster	1075,1082	O	B-Process
+[	1083,1084	O	O
+22	1084,1086	O	O
+]	1086,1087	O	O
+.	1087,1088	O	O
+
+However	1089,1096	O	O
+,	1096,1097	O	O
+they	1098,1102	O	O
+do	1103,1105	O	O
+not	1106,1109	O	O
+support	1110,1117	O	O
+visualizing	1118,1129	O	O
+set	1130,1133	O	O
+overlaps	1134,1142	O	O
+.	1142,1143	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021961414003255)
+
+Moreover	0,8	O	O
+,	8,9	O	O
+one	10,13	O	O
+observes	14,22	O	O
+segregation	23,34	O	B-Process
+effects	35,42	O	I-Process
+by	43,45	O	O
+the	46,49	O	O
+XRD	50,53	O	B-Task
+analysis	54,62	O	I-Task
+,	62,63	O	O
+which	64,69	O	O
+probably	70,78	O	O
+took	79,83	O	O
+place	84,89	O	O
+at	90,92	O	O
+high	93,97	O	O
+temperature	98,109	O	O
+,	109,110	O	O
+and	111,114	O	O
+were	115,119	O	O
+partially	120,129	O	O
+quenched	130,138	O	B-Process
+to	139,141	O	O
+room	142,146	O	O
+temperature	147,158	O	O
+.	158,159	O	O
+
+The	160,163	O	O
+phase	164,169	O	O
+analysis	170,178	O	O
+showed	179,185	O	O
+up	186,188	O	O
+to	189,191	O	O
+three	192,197	O	O
+distinct	198,206	O	O
+phases	207,213	O	O
+,	213,214	O	O
+which	215,220	O	O
+should	221,227	O	O
+have	228,232	O	O
+hence	233,238	O	O
+a	239,240	O	O
+distinct	241,249	O	O
+measurable	250,260	O	O
+phase	261,266	O	O
+transition	267,277	O	O
+temperature	278,289	O	O
+,	289,290	O	O
+if	291,293	O	O
+they	294,298	O	O
+crystallise	299,310	O	B-Process
+from	311,315	O	O
+the	316,319	O	O
+liquid	320,326	O	B-Material
+on	327,329	O	O
+the	330,333	O	O
+surface	334,341	O	B-Material
+.	341,342	O	O
+
+In	343,345	O	O
+the	346,349	O	O
+thermograms	350,361	O	B-Process
+these	362,367	O	O
+effects	368,375	O	O
+are	376,379	O	O
+not	380,383	O	O
+observable	384,394	O	O
+as	395,397	O	O
+different	398,407	O	O
+solidification	408,422	O	B-Process
+arrest	423,429	O	I-Process
+or	430,432	O	O
+clear	433,438	O	B-Process
+inflections	439,450	O	I-Process
+.	450,451	O	O
+
+The	452,455	O	O
+proportion	456,466	O	O
+of	467,469	O	O
+new	470,473	O	O
+appearing	474,483	O	O
+phases	484,490	O	O
+is	491,493	O	O
+small	494,499	O	O
+and	500,503	O	O
+therefore	504,513	O	O
+the	514,517	O	O
+latent	518,524	O	B-Process
+heat	525,529	O	I-Process
+released	530,538	O	O
+by	539,541	O	O
+this	542,546	O	O
+new	547,550	O	O
+phase	551,556	O	O
+will	557,561	O	O
+be	562,564	O	O
+also	565,569	O	O
+small	570,575	O	O
+.	575,576	O	O
+
+The	577,580	O	O
+reflected	581,590	O	B-Process
+light	591,596	O	I-Process
+signal	597,603	O	I-Process
+technique	604,613	O	I-Process
+only	614,618	O	O
+showed	619,625	O	O
+one	626,629	O	O
+phase	630,635	O	B-Process
+change	636,642	O	I-Process
+during	643,649	O	O
+cooling	650,657	O	O
+.	657,658	O	O
+
+As	659,661	O	O
+well	662,666	O	O
+,	666,667	O	O
+the	668,671	O	O
+location	672,680	O	O
+of	681,683	O	O
+this	684,688	O	O
+segregation	689,700	O	B-Process
+can	701,704	O	O
+not	704,707	O	O
+be	708,710	O	O
+determined	711,721	O	O
+exactly	722,729	O	O
+in	730,732	O	O
+the	733,736	O	O
+molten	737,743	O	B-Material
+pool	744,748	O	I-Material
+or	749,751	O	O
+later	752,757	O	O
+in	758,760	O	O
+the	761,764	O	O
+re	765,767	O	B-Material
+-	767,768	O	I-Material
+solidified	768,778	O	I-Material
+material	779,787	O	I-Material
+.	787,788	O	O
+
+At	789,791	O	O
+the	792,795	O	O
+surface	796,803	O	O
+,	803,804	O	O
+where	805,810	O	O
+the	811,814	O	O
+temperature	815,826	O	O
+is	827,829	O	O
+measured	830,838	O	O
+,	838,839	O	O
+the	840,843	O	O
+material	844,852	O	B-Task
+analysis	853,861	O	I-Task
+by	862,864	O	I-Task
+Raman	865,870	O	I-Task
+spectroscopy	871,883	O	I-Task
+has	884,887	O	O
+not	888,891	O	O
+shown	892,897	O	O
+signs	898,903	O	O
+of	904,906	O	O
+segregation	907,918	O	B-Process
+,	918,919	O	O
+so	920,922	O	O
+that	923,927	O	O
+also	928,932	O	O
+the	933,936	O	O
+uncertainties	937,950	O	O
+in	951,953	O	O
+composition	954,965	O	O
+for	966,969	O	O
+the	970,973	O	O
+phase	974,979	O	B-Process
+transition	980,990	O	I-Process
+are	991,994	O	O
+taken	995,1000	O	O
+from	1001,1005	O	O
+the	1006,1009	O	O
+uncertainties	1010,1023	O	O
+from	1024,1028	O	O
+the	1029,1032	O	O
+XRD	1033,1036	O	B-Task
+analysis	1037,1045	O	I-Task
+for	1046,1049	O	O
+the	1050,1053	O	O
+most	1054,1058	O	O
+abundant	1059,1067	O	O
+phase	1068,1073	O	O
+at	1074,1076	O	O
+each	1077,1081	O	O
+composition	1082,1093	O	O
+in	1094,1096	O	O
+re	1097,1099	O	B-Material
+-	1099,1100	O	I-Material
+solidified	1100,1110	O	I-Material
+material	1111,1119	O	I-Material
+.	1119,1120	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S002199911200068X)
+
+Myocardial	0,10	O	B-Process
+electrical	11,21	O	I-Process
+propagation	22,33	O	I-Process
+can	34,37	O	O
+be	38,40	O	O
+simulated	41,50	O	O
+using	51,56	O	O
+the	57,60	O	O
+monodomain	61,71	O	B-Material
+or	72,74	O	I-Material
+bidomain	75,83	O	I-Material
+PDEs	84,88	O	I-Material
+[	89,90	O	O
+5,6	90,93	O	O
+]	93,94	O	O
+.	94,95	O	O
+
+Due	96,99	O	O
+to	100,102	O	O
+its	103,106	O	O
+capacity	107,115	O	O
+to	116,118	O	O
+represent	119,128	O	O
+complex	129,136	O	O
+geometries	137,147	O	B-Material
+with	148,152	O	O
+ease	153,157	O	O
+,	157,158	O	O
+approximations	159,173	O	O
+are	174,177	O	O
+often	178,183	O	O
+obtained	184,192	O	O
+using	193,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+finite	203,209	O	B-Process
+element	210,217	O	I-Process
+method	218,224	O	I-Process
+(	225,226	O	O
+FEM	226,229	O	B-Process
+)	229,230	O	O
+to	231,233	O	O
+discretise	234,244	O	O
+the	245,248	O	O
+PDEs	249,253	O	B-Material
+in	254,256	O	O
+space	257,262	O	O
+on	263,265	O	O
+realistic	266,275	O	O
+cardiac	276,283	O	B-Material
+geometry	284,292	O	I-Material
+meshes	293,299	O	I-Material
+;	299,300	O	O
+this	301,305	O	O
+results	306,313	O	O
+in	314,316	O	O
+very	317,321	O	O
+large	322,327	O	O
+(	328,329	O	O
+up	329,331	O	O
+to	332,334	O	O
+forty	335,340	O	O
+-	340,341	O	O
+million	341,348	O	O
+degrees	349,356	O	O
+of	357,359	O	O
+freedom	360,367	O	O
+(	368,369	O	O
+DOF	369,372	O	O
+)	372,373	O	O
+for	374,377	O	O
+human	378,383	O	B-Task
+heart	384,389	O	I-Task
+geometries	390,400	O	I-Task
+)	400,401	O	O
+systems	402,409	O	B-Process
+of	410,412	O	I-Process
+linear	413,419	O	I-Process
+equations	420,429	O	I-Process
+which	430,435	O	O
+must	436,440	O	O
+be	441,443	O	O
+solved	444,450	O	O
+many	451,455	O	O
+thousands	456,465	O	O
+of	466,468	O	O
+times	469,474	O	O
+over	475,479	O	O
+the	480,483	O	O
+course	484,490	O	O
+of	491,493	O	O
+even	494,498	O	O
+a	499,500	O	O
+short	501,506	O	O
+simulation	507,517	O	B-Process
+.	517,518	O	O
+
+Thus	519,523	O	O
+,	523,524	O	O
+they	525,529	O	O
+are	530,533	O	O
+extremely	534,543	O	O
+computationally	544,559	O	O
+demanding	560,569	O	O
+,	569,570	O	O
+presenting	571,581	O	O
+taxing	582,588	O	O
+problems	589,597	O	O
+even	598,602	O	O
+to	603,605	O	O
+high	606,610	O	B-Process
+-	610,611	O	I-Process
+end	611,614	O	I-Process
+supercomputing	615,629	O	I-Process
+resources	630,639	O	I-Process
+.	639,640	O	O
+
+This	641,645	O	O
+computational	646,659	O	O
+demand	660,666	O	O
+means	667,672	O	O
+that	673,677	O	O
+effort	678,684	O	O
+has	685,688	O	O
+been	689,693	O	O
+invested	694,702	O	O
+in	703,705	O	O
+developing	706,716	O	B-Task
+efficient	717,726	O	I-Task
+solution	727,735	O	I-Task
+techniques	736,746	O	I-Task
+,	746,747	O	O
+including	748,757	O	O
+work	758,762	O	O
+on	763,765	O	O
+preconditioning	766,781	O	B-Task
+,	781,782	O	O
+parallelisation	783,798	O	B-Task
+and	799,802	O	O
+adaptivity	803,813	O	B-Task
+in	814,816	O	I-Task
+space	817,822	O	I-Task
+and	823,826	O	I-Task
+time	827,831	O	I-Task
+[	832,833	O	O
+7–12	833,837	O	O
+]	837,838	O	O
+.	838,839	O	O
+
+In	840,842	O	O
+this	843,847	O	O
+study	848,853	O	O
+,	853,854	O	O
+we	855,857	O	O
+investigate	858,869	O	B-Task
+the	870,873	O	I-Task
+potential	874,883	O	I-Task
+of	884,886	O	I-Task
+reducing	887,895	O	I-Task
+the	896,899	O	I-Task
+number	900,906	O	I-Task
+of	907,909	O	I-Task
+DOF	910,913	O	I-Task
+by	914,916	O	O
+using	917,922	O	O
+a	923,924	O	O
+high	925,929	O	B-Process
+-	929,930	O	I-Process
+order	930,935	O	I-Process
+polynomial	936,946	O	I-Process
+FEM	947,950	O	I-Process
+[	951,952	O	O
+13–15	952,957	O	O
+]	957,958	O	O
+to	959,961	O	O
+approximate	962,973	O	O
+the	974,977	O	O
+monodomain	978,988	O	B-Material
+PDE	989,992	O	I-Material
+in	993,995	O	O
+space	996,1001	O	O
+,	1001,1002	O	O
+with	1003,1007	O	O
+the	1008,1011	O	O
+goal	1012,1016	O	O
+of	1017,1019	O	O
+significantly	1020,1033	O	B-Task
+improving	1034,1043	O	I-Task
+simulation	1044,1054	O	I-Task
+efficiency	1055,1065	O	I-Task
+over	1066,1070	O	O
+the	1071,1074	O	O
+piecewise	1075,1084	O	B-Process
+-	1084,1085	O	I-Process
+linear	1085,1091	O	I-Process
+FEM	1092,1095	O	I-Process
+approach	1096,1104	O	O
+commonly	1105,1113	O	O
+used	1114,1118	O	O
+in	1119,1121	O	O
+the	1122,1125	O	O
+field	1126,1131	O	O
+[	1132,1133	O	O
+16–19	1133,1138	O	O
+]	1138,1139	O	O
+.	1139,1140	O	O
+
+For	1141,1144	O	O
+schemes	1145,1152	O	O
+where	1153,1158	O	O
+the	1159,1162	O	O
+polynomial	1163,1173	O	O
+degree	1174,1180	O	O
+p	1181,1182	O	O
+of	1183,1185	O	O
+the	1186,1189	O	O
+elements	1190,1198	O	O
+is	1199,1201	O	O
+adjusted	1202,1210	O	O
+according	1211,1220	O	O
+to	1221,1223	O	O
+the	1224,1227	O	O
+error	1228,1233	O	O
+in	1234,1236	O	O
+the	1237,1240	O	O
+approximation	1241,1254	O	O
+,	1254,1255	O	O
+this	1256,1260	O	O
+is	1261,1263	O	O
+known	1264,1269	O	O
+as	1270,1272	O	O
+the	1273,1276	O	O
+finite	1277,1283	O	B-Process
+element	1284,1291	O	I-Process
+p	1292,1293	O	I-Process
+-	1293,1294	O	I-Process
+version	1294,1301	O	I-Process
+.	1301,1302	O	O
+
+In	1303,1305	O	O
+the	1306,1309	O	O
+work	1310,1314	O	O
+presented	1315,1324	O	O
+here	1325,1329	O	O
+,	1329,1330	O	O
+we	1331,1333	O	O
+work	1334,1338	O	O
+with	1339,1343	O	O
+schemes	1344,1351	O	O
+which	1352,1357	O	O
+keep	1358,1362	O	O
+p	1363,1364	O	O
+fixed	1365,1370	O	O
+.	1370,1371	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999112002847)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+work	8,12	O	O
+we	13,15	O	O
+develop	16,23	O	B-Task
+a	24,25	O	I-Task
+new	26,29	O	I-Task
+approach	30,38	O	I-Task
+to	39,41	O	I-Task
+DEA	42,45	O	I-Task
+suitable	46,54	O	I-Task
+for	55,58	O	I-Task
+modelling	59,68	O	I-Task
+three	69,74	O	I-Task
+-	74,75	O	I-Task
+dimensional	75,86	O	I-Task
+problems	87,95	O	I-Task
+.	95,96	O	O
+
+The	97,100	O	O
+present	101,108	O	O
+DEA	109,112	O	B-Process
+methods	113,120	O	I-Process
+rely	121,125	O	O
+on	126,128	O	O
+the	129,132	O	O
+fact	133,137	O	O
+that	138,142	O	O
+one	143,146	O	O
+can	147,150	O	O
+easily	151,157	O	O
+parametrise	158,169	O	B-Process
+the	170,173	O	I-Process
+boundary	174,182	O	I-Process
+of	183,185	O	I-Process
+the	186,189	O	I-Process
+region	190,196	O	I-Process
+being	197,202	O	O
+modelled	203,211	O	O
+,	211,212	O	O
+and	213,216	O	O
+then	217,221	O	O
+apply	222,227	O	O
+an	228,230	O	O
+orthonormal	231,242	O	B-Process
+basis	243,248	O	I-Process
+approximation	249,262	O	I-Process
+over	263,267	O	O
+the	268,271	O	O
+resulting	272,281	O	O
+boundary	282,290	O	B-Material
+phase	291,296	O	I-Material
+space	297,302	O	I-Material
+coordinate	303,313	O	I-Material
+system	314,320	O	I-Material
+.	320,321	O	O
+
+In	322,324	O	O
+two	325,328	O	O
+dimensions	329,339	O	O
+this	340,344	O	O
+is	345,347	O	O
+simple	348,354	O	O
+as	355,357	O	O
+the	358,361	O	O
+boundary	362,370	O	O
+may	371,374	O	O
+be	375,377	O	O
+parametrised	378,390	O	O
+along	391,396	O	O
+its	397,400	O	O
+arc	401,404	O	B-Material
+-	404,405	O	I-Material
+length	405,411	O	I-Material
+and	412,415	O	O
+the	416,419	O	O
+associated	420,430	O	O
+momentum	431,439	O	B-Material
+(	440,441	O	I-Material
+or	441,443	O	I-Material
+direction	444,453	O	I-Material
+)	453,454	O	I-Material
+coordinate	455,465	O	I-Material
+taken	466,471	O	O
+tangential	472,482	O	O
+to	483,485	O	O
+the	486,489	O	O
+boundary	490,498	O	O
+.	498,499	O	O
+
+The	500,503	O	O
+basis	504,509	O	O
+can	510,513	O	O
+be	514,516	O	O
+any	517,520	O	O
+suitable	521,529	O	O
+(	530,531	O	O
+scaled	531,537	O	O
+)	537,538	O	O
+univariate	539,549	O	B-Material
+basis	550,555	O	I-Material
+in	556,558	O	O
+both	559,563	O	O
+position	564,572	O	O
+and	573,576	O	O
+momentum	577,585	O	O
+,	585,586	O	O
+such	587,591	O	O
+as	592,594	O	O
+a	595,596	O	O
+Fourier	597,604	O	B-Material
+basis	605,610	O	I-Material
+[	611,612	O	O
+8	612,613	O	O
+]	613,614	O	O
+or	615,617	O	O
+Chebyshev	618,627	O	B-Material
+polynomials	628,639	O	I-Material
+[	640,641	O	O
+9	641,642	O	O
+]	642,643	O	O
+.	643,644	O	O
+
+Defining	645,653	O	O
+a	654,655	O	O
+suitable	656,664	O	O
+parametrisation	665,680	O	O
+for	681,684	O	O
+the	685,688	O	O
+spatial	689,696	O	O
+coordinate	697,707	O	O
+in	708,710	O	O
+three	711,716	O	O
+-	716,717	O	O
+dimensions	717,727	O	O
+becomes	728,735	O	O
+much	736,740	O	O
+more	741,745	O	O
+difficult	746,755	O	O
+.	755,756	O	O
+
+In	757,759	O	O
+momentum	760,768	O	O
+space	769,774	O	O
+spherical	775,784	O	B-Process
+polar	785,790	O	I-Process
+coordinates	791,802	O	I-Process
+may	803,806	O	O
+be	807,809	O	O
+employed	810,818	O	O
+and	819,822	O	O
+so	823,825	O	O
+these	826,831	O	O
+problems	832,840	O	O
+do	841,843	O	O
+not	844,847	O	O
+arise	848,853	O	O
+.	853,854	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999112003579)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+order	3,8	O	B-Task
+the	9,12	O	I-Task
+discrete	13,21	O	I-Task
+unknowns	22,30	O	I-Task
+so	31,33	O	O
+that	34,38	O	O
+the	39,42	O	O
+vector	43,49	O	B-Material
+of	50,52	O	I-Material
+unknowns	53,61	O	I-Material
+,	61,62	O	O
+xPS=[X	63,69	O	B-Material
+,	69,70	O	I-Material
+L	70,71	O	I-Material
+]	71,72	O	I-Material
+,	72,73	O	O
+contains	74,82	O	O
+the	83,86	O	O
+nx	87,89	O	O
+unknown	90,97	O	O
+nodal	98,103	O	B-Material
+coordinates	104,115	O	I-Material
+,	115,116	O	O
+followed	117,125	O	O
+by	126,128	O	O
+the	129,132	O	O
+nb	133,135	O	O
+unknown	136,143	O	O
+discrete	144,152	O	O
+Lagrange	153,161	O	B-Material
+multipliers	162,173	O	I-Material
+.	173,174	O	O
+
+The	175,178	O	O
+linear	179,185	O	O
+systems	186,193	O	O
+to	194,196	O	O
+be	197,199	O	O
+solved	200,206	O	O
+in	207,209	O	O
+the	210,213	O	O
+course	214,220	O	O
+of	221,223	O	O
+the	224,227	O	O
+Newton	228,234	O	B-Process
+-	234,235	O	I-Process
+based	235,240	O	I-Process
+solution	241,249	O	I-Process
+of	250,252	O	O
+Eq	253,255	O	O
+.	255,256	O	O
+
+(	257,258	O	O
+10	258,260	O	O
+)	260,261	O	O
+,	261,262	O	O
+subject	263,270	O	O
+to	271,273	O	O
+the	274,277	O	O
+displacement	278,290	O	B-Material
+constraint	291,301	O	I-Material
+(	302,303	O	O
+9	303,304	O	O
+)	304,305	O	O
+,	305,306	O	O
+then	307,311	O	O
+have	312,316	O	O
+saddle	317,323	O	B-Process
+-	323,324	O	I-Process
+point	324,329	O	I-Process
+structure,(15)where	330,349	O	I-Process
+E	350,351	O	O
+is	352,354	O	O
+the	355,358	O	O
+tangent	359,366	O	B-Process
+stiffness	367,376	O	I-Process
+matrix	377,383	O	I-Process
+of	384,386	O	O
+the	387,390	O	O
+unconstrained	391,404	O	B-Material
+pseudo	405,411	O	I-Material
+-	411,412	O	I-Material
+solid	412,417	O	I-Material
+problem	418,425	O	I-Material
+,	425,426	O	O
+and	427,430	O	O
+the	431,434	O	O
+two	435,438	O	B-Material
+off	439,442	O	I-Material
+-	442,443	O	I-Material
+diagonal	443,451	O	I-Material
+blocks	452,458	O	I-Material
+Cxl	459,462	O	B-Material
+and	463,466	O	O
+Clx	467,470	O	B-Material
+=	470,471	O	I-Material
+CxlT	471,475	O	I-Material
+arise	476,481	O	O
+through	482,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+imposition	494,504	O	O
+of	505,507	O	O
+the	508,511	O	O
+displacement	512,524	O	O
+constraint	525,535	O	O
+by	536,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+Lagrange	543,551	O	B-Material
+multipliers	552,563	O	I-Material
+.	563,564	O	O
+
+We	565,567	O	O
+refer	568,573	O	O
+to	574,576	O	O
+[	577,578	O	O
+34	578,580	O	O
+]	580,581	O	O
+for	582,585	O	O
+the	586,589	O	O
+proof	590,595	O	O
+of	596,598	O	O
+the	599,602	O	O
+LBB	603,606	O	B-Material
+stability	607,616	O	O
+of	617,619	O	O
+this	620,624	O	O
+discretisation	625,639	O	B-Process
+;	639,640	O	O
+see	641,644	O	O
+also	645,649	O	O
+[	650,651	O	O
+35,36	651,656	O	O
+]	656,657	O	O
+for	658,661	O	O
+a	662,663	O	O
+discussion	664,674	O	O
+of	675,677	O	O
+the	678,681	O	O
+LBB	682,685	O	B-Material
+stability	686,695	O	O
+of	696,698	O	O
+the	699,702	O	O
+Lagrange	703,711	O	B-Process
+-	711,712	O	I-Process
+multiplier	712,722	O	I-Process
+-	722,723	O	I-Process
+based	723,728	O	I-Process
+imposition	729,739	O	I-Process
+of	740,742	O	O
+Dirichlet	743,752	O	B-Process
+boundary	753,761	O	I-Process
+conditions	762,772	O	I-Process
+in	773,775	O	O
+related	776,783	O	O
+problems	784,792	O	O
+.	792,793	O	O
+
+We	794,796	O	O
+note	797,801	O	O
+that	802,806	O	O
+during	807,813	O	O
+the	814,817	O	O
+first	818,823	O	O
+step	824,828	O	O
+of	829,831	O	O
+the	832,835	O	O
+Newton	836,842	O	B-Process
+iteration	843,852	O	I-Process
+,	852,853	O	O
+E	854,855	O	O
+is	856,858	O	O
+symmetric	859,868	O	O
+positive	869,877	O	O
+definite	878,886	O	O
+since	887,892	O	O
+it	893,895	O	O
+represents	896,906	O	O
+the	907,910	O	O
+tangent	911,918	O	B-Material
+stiffness	919,928	O	I-Material
+matrix	929,935	O	I-Material
+relative	936,944	O	O
+to	945,947	O	O
+the	948,951	O	O
+system	952,958	O	O
+’s	958,960	O	O
+equilibrium	961,972	O	B-Process
+configuration	973,986	O	I-Process
+.	986,987	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113002945)
+
+Inequality	0,10	O	B-Process
+(	11,12	O	O
+22	12,14	O	O
+)	14,15	O	O
+indicates	16,25	O	O
+that	26,30	O	O
+the	31,34	O	O
+maximum	35,42	O	B-Material
+-	42,43	O	I-Material
+norm	43,47	O	I-Material
+is	48,50	O	O
+the	51,54	O	O
+loosest	55,62	O	O
+among	63,68	O	O
+all	69,72	O	O
+p	73,74	O	B-Material
+-	74,75	O	I-Material
+norms	75,80	O	I-Material
+.	80,81	O	O
+
+Fortunately	82,93	O	O
+,	93,94	O	O
+this	95,99	O	O
+loosest	100,107	O	O
+constraint	108,118	O	O
+would	119,124	O	O
+not	125,128	O	O
+seriously	129,138	O	O
+affect	139,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+accuracy	150,158	O	O
+since	159,164	O	O
+the	165,168	O	O
+value	169,174	O	O
+of	175,177	O	O
+||y||∞	178,184	O	B-Material
+is	185,187	O	O
+comparable	188,198	O	O
+to	199,201	O	O
+that	202,206	O	O
+of	207,209	O	O
+the	210,213	O	O
+2-norm	214,220	O	B-Material
+and	221,224	O	O
+1-norm	225,231	O	B-Material
+.	231,232	O	O
+
+The	233,236	O	O
+maximum	237,244	O	B-Material
+-	244,245	O	I-Material
+norm	245,249	O	I-Material
+provides	250,258	O	O
+us	259,261	O	O
+with	262,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+largest	271,278	O	O
+number	279,285	O	O
+of	286,288	O	O
+possible	289,297	O	O
+solutions	298,307	O	O
+under	308,313	O	O
+a	314,315	O	O
+given	316,321	O	O
+error	322,327	O	O
+limitation	328,338	O	O
+[	339,340	O	O
+24	340,342	O	O
+]	342,343	O	O
+.	343,344	O	O
+
+This	345,349	O	O
+would	350,355	O	O
+greatly	356,363	O	O
+enhance	364,371	O	O
+the	372,375	O	O
+possibility	376,387	O	O
+of	388,390	O	O
+finding	391,398	O	O
+a	399,400	O	O
+group	401,406	O	O
+of	407,409	O	O
+optimized	410,419	O	B-Material
+coefficients	420,432	O	I-Material
+when	433,437	O	O
+scanning	438,446	O	O
+a	447,448	O	O
+vast	449,453	O	B-Process
+solution	454,462	O	I-Process
+set	463,466	O	I-Process
+.	466,467	O	O
+
+On	468,470	O	O
+the	471,474	O	O
+other	475,480	O	O
+hand	481,485	O	O
+,	485,486	O	O
+checking	487,495	O	O
+the	496,499	O	O
+maximum	500,507	O	B-Material
+deviation	508,517	O	I-Material
+sounds	518,524	O	O
+more	525,529	O	O
+reasonable	530,540	O	O
+than	541,545	O	O
+checking	546,554	O	O
+the	555,558	O	O
+“	559,560	O	O
+distance	560,568	O	O
+”	568,569	O	O
+between	570,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
+accurate	582,590	O	O
+and	591,594	O	O
+approximated	595,607	O	O
+wave	608,612	O	O
+numbers	613,620	O	O
+since	621,626	O	O
+it	627,629	O	O
+is	630,632	O	O
+not	633,636	O	O
+working	637,644	O	O
+in	645,647	O	O
+the	648,651	O	O
+space	652,657	O	O
+domain	658,664	O	O
+.	664,665	O	O
+
+Therefore	666,675	O	O
+,	675,676	O	O
+we	677,679	O	O
+chose	680,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+maximum	690,697	O	B-Material
+-	697,698	O	I-Material
+norm	698,702	O	I-Material
+as	703,705	O	O
+our	706,709	O	O
+criterion	710,719	O	O
+for	720,723	O	O
+designing	724,733	O	O
+the	734,737	O	O
+objective	738,747	O	B-Material
+functions	748,757	O	I-Material
+to	758,760	O	O
+extend	761,767	O	B-Task
+the	768,771	O	I-Task
+accurate	772,780	O	I-Task
+wave	781,785	O	I-Task
+number	786,792	O	I-Task
+coverage	793,801	O	I-Task
+as	802,804	O	O
+widely	805,811	O	O
+as	812,814	O	O
+possible	815,823	O	O
+.	823,824	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113003422)
+
+Similar	0,7	O	O
+numerical	8,17	O	B-Material
+oscillations	18,30	O	I-Material
+to	31,33	O	O
+those	34,39	O	O
+described	40,49	O	O
+above	50,55	O	O
+also	56,60	O	O
+emerge	61,67	O	O
+in	68,70	O	O
+the	71,74	O	O
+ISPM	75,79	O	B-Material
+when	80,84	O	O
+utilising	85,94	O	O
+classical	95,104	O	O
+IBM	105,108	O	B-Process
+kernels	109,116	O	I-Process
+due	117,120	O	O
+to	121,123	O	O
+their	124,129	O	O
+lack	130,134	O	O
+of	135,137	O	O
+regularity	138,148	O	O
+(	149,150	O	O
+with	150,154	O	O
+discontinuous	155,168	O	O
+second	169,175	O	O
+derivatives	176,187	O	O
+)	187,188	O	O
+.	188,189	O	O
+
+Furthermore	190,201	O	O
+,	201,202	O	O
+it	203,205	O	O
+is	206,208	O	O
+important	209,218	O	O
+to	219,221	O	O
+remark	222,228	O	O
+that	229,233	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+immersed	238,246	O	O
+structure	247,256	O	O
+stresses	257,265	O	O
+are	266,269	O	O
+captured	270,278	O	O
+in	279,281	O	O
+the	282,285	O	O
+Lagrangian	286,296	O	B-Process
+description	297,308	O	I-Process
+and	309,312	O	O
+hence	313,318	O	O
+,	318,319	O	O
+in	320,322	O	O
+order	323,328	O	O
+to	329,331	O	O
+compute	332,339	O	O
+them	340,344	O	O
+accurately	345,355	O	O
+,	355,356	O	O
+it	357,359	O	O
+is	360,362	O	O
+important	363,372	O	O
+to	373,375	O	O
+ensure	376,382	O	O
+that	383,387	O	O
+these	388,393	O	O
+spurious	394,402	O	O
+oscillations	403,415	O	B-Material
+are	416,419	O	O
+not	420,423	O	O
+introduced	424,434	O	O
+via	435,438	O	O
+the	439,442	O	O
+kernel	443,449	O	B-Process
+interpolation	450,463	O	I-Process
+functions	464,473	O	I-Process
+.	473,474	O	O
+
+In	475,477	O	O
+this	478,482	O	O
+paper	483,488	O	O
+,	488,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+authors	494,501	O	O
+have	502,506	O	O
+specifically	507,519	O	O
+designed	520,528	O	O
+a	529,530	O	B-Task
+new	531,534	O	I-Task
+family	535,541	O	I-Task
+of	542,544	O	I-Task
+kernel	545,551	O	I-Task
+functions	552,561	O	I-Task
+which	562,567	O	I-Task
+do	568,570	O	I-Task
+not	571,574	O	I-Task
+introduce	575,584	O	I-Task
+these	585,590	O	I-Task
+spurious	591,599	O	I-Task
+oscillations	600,612	O	I-Task
+.	612,613	O	O
+
+The	614,617	O	O
+kernel	618,624	O	B-Process
+functions	625,634	O	I-Process
+are	635,638	O	O
+obtained	639,647	O	O
+by	648,650	O	O
+taking	651,657	O	O
+into	658,662	O	O
+account	663,670	O	O
+discrete	671,679	O	O
+reproducibility	680,695	O	O
+conditions	696,706	O	O
+as	707,709	O	O
+originally	710,720	O	O
+introduced	721,731	O	O
+by	732,734	O	O
+Peskin	735,741	O	O
+[	742,743	O	O
+14	743,745	O	O
+]	745,746	O	O
+(	747,748	O	O
+in	748,750	O	O
+our	751,754	O	O
+case	755,759	O	O
+,	759,760	O	O
+tailor	761,767	O	O
+-	767,768	O	O
+made	768,772	O	O
+for	773,776	O	O
+Cartesian	777,786	O	B-Process
+staggered	787,796	O	I-Process
+grids	797,802	O	I-Process
+)	802,803	O	O
+and	804,807	O	O
+regularity	808,818	O	O
+requirements	819,831	O	O
+to	832,834	O	O
+prevent	835,842	O	O
+the	843,846	O	O
+appearance	847,857	O	O
+of	858,860	O	O
+spurious	861,869	O	O
+oscillations	870,882	O	B-Material
+when	883,887	O	O
+computing	888,897	O	B-Process
+derivatives	898,909	O	I-Process
+.	909,910	O	O
+
+A	911,912	O	O
+Maple	913,918	O	B-Task
+computer	919,927	O	I-Task
+program	928,935	O	I-Task
+has	936,939	O	O
+been	940,944	O	O
+developed	945,954	O	O
+to	955,957	O	O
+obtain	958,964	O	B-Task
+explicit	965,973	O	I-Task
+expressions	974,985	O	I-Task
+for	986,989	O	I-Task
+the	990,993	O	I-Task
+new	994,997	O	I-Task
+kernels	998,1005	O	I-Task
+.	1005,1006	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S002199911300346X)
+
+Contact	0,7	O	B-Process
+methods	8,15	O	I-Process
+have	16,20	O	O
+been	21,25	O	O
+developed	26,35	O	O
+and	36,39	O	O
+used	40,44	O	O
+in	45,47	O	O
+Lagrangian	48,58	O	O
+staggered	59,68	O	B-Material
+-	68,69	O	I-Material
+grid	69,73	O	I-Material
+hydrodynamic	74,86	O	I-Material
+(	87,88	O	O
+SGH	88,91	O	B-Material
+)	91,92	O	O
+calculations	93,105	O	O
+for	106,109	O	O
+many	110,114	O	O
+years	115,120	O	O
+.	120,121	O	O
+
+Early	122,127	O	O
+examples	128,136	O	O
+of	137,139	O	O
+contact	140,147	O	B-Process
+methods	148,155	O	I-Process
+are	156,159	O	O
+discussed	160,169	O	O
+in	170,172	O	O
+Wilkins	173,180	O	O
+[	181,182	O	O
+37	182,184	O	O
+]	184,185	O	O
+and	186,189	O	O
+Cherry	190,196	O	O
+et	197,199	O	O
+al	200,202	O	O
+.	202,203	O	O
+
+[	204,205	O	O
+7	205,206	O	O
+]	206,207	O	O
+.	207,208	O	O
+
+Hallquist	209,218	O	O
+et	219,221	O	O
+al	222,224	O	O
+.	224,225	O	O
+
+[	226,227	O	O
+17	227,229	O	O
+]	229,230	O	O
+provides	231,239	O	O
+an	240,242	O	O
+overview	243,251	O	O
+of	252,254	O	O
+multiple	255,263	O	O
+contact	264,271	O	B-Process
+algorithms	272,282	O	I-Process
+used	283,287	O	O
+in	288,290	O	O
+various	291,298	O	O
+Lagrangian	299,309	O	B-Process
+SGH	310,313	O	I-Process
+codes	314,319	O	O
+dating	320,326	O	O
+back	327,331	O	O
+to	332,334	O	O
+HEMP	335,339	O	B-Process
+[	340,341	O	O
+37	341,343	O	O
+]	343,344	O	O
+.	344,345	O	O
+
+Of	346,348	O	O
+particular	349,359	O	O
+interest	360,368	O	O
+,	368,369	O	O
+Hallquist	370,379	O	O
+et	380,382	O	O
+al	383,385	O	O
+.	385,386	O	O
+
+[	387,388	O	O
+17	388,390	O	O
+]	390,391	O	O
+describes	392,401	O	O
+the	402,405	O	O
+contact	406,413	O	B-Process
+surface	414,421	O	I-Process
+scheme	422,428	O	I-Process
+used	429,433	O	O
+in	434,436	O	O
+TOODY	437,442	O	B-Process
+[	443,444	O	O
+31	444,446	O	O
+]	446,447	O	O
+and	448,451	O	O
+later	452,457	O	O
+implemented	458,469	O	O
+in	470,472	O	O
+DYNA2D	473,479	O	B-Process
+[	480,481	O	O
+36	481,483	O	O
+]	483,484	O	O
+.	484,485	O	O
+
+The	486,489	O	O
+contact	490,497	O	B-Process
+method	498,504	O	I-Process
+of	505,507	O	O
+TOODY	508,513	O	B-Process
+uses	514,518	O	O
+a	519,520	O	O
+master	521,527	O	B-Process
+–	527,528	O	I-Process
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+.	542,543	O	O
+
+The	544,547	O	O
+goal	548,552	O	O
+of	553,555	O	O
+this	556,560	O	O
+approach	561,569	O	O
+is	570,572	O	O
+to	573,575	O	O
+treat	576,581	O	O
+the	582,585	O	O
+nodes	586,591	O	B-Material
+on	592,594	O	O
+the	595,598	O	O
+contact	599,606	O	B-Material
+surface	607,614	O	I-Material
+in	615,617	O	O
+a	618,619	O	O
+manner	620,626	O	O
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+to	635,637	O	O
+an	638,640	O	O
+internal	641,649	O	B-Material
+node	650,654	O	I-Material
+.	654,655	O	O
+
+The	656,659	O	O
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+of	680,682	O	O
+the	683,686	O	O
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+surface	693,700	O	I-Material
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+interpolated	705,717	O	O
+to	718,720	O	O
+a	721,722	O	O
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+mesh	729,733	O	I-Material
+(	734,735	O	O
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+in	757,759	O	O
+[	760,761	O	O
+17	761,763	O	O
+]	763,764	O	O
+)	764,765	O	O
+that	766,770	O	O
+overlays	771,779	O	O
+the	780,783	O	O
+slave	784,789	O	B-Material
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+.	795,796	O	O
+
+The	797,800	O	O
+physical	801,809	O	O
+properties	810,820	O	O
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+interpolated	825,837	O	O
+from	838,842	O	O
+the	843,846	O	O
+slave	847,852	O	B-Material
+surface	853,860	O	I-Material
+to	861,863	O	O
+the	864,867	O	O
+ghost	868,873	O	B-Material
+zones	874,879	O	I-Material
+using	880,885	O	O
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+area	894,898	O	O
+weights	899,906	O	O
+.	906,907	O	O
+
+The	908,911	O	O
+surface	912,919	O	O
+area	920,924	O	O
+weights	925,932	O	O
+are	933,936	O	O
+equal	937,942	O	O
+to	943,945	O	O
+the	946,949	O	O
+ratio	950,955	O	O
+of	956,958	O	O
+the	959,962	O	O
+ghost	963,968	O	B-Material
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+surface	974,981	O	I-Material
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+surface	994,1001	O	B-Material
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+of	1007,1009	O	O
+the	1010,1013	O	O
+master	1014,1020	O	B-Material
+surface	1021,1028	O	I-Material
+.	1028,1029	O	O
+
+The	1030,1033	O	O
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+surface	1042,1049	O	I-Task
+method	1050,1056	O	I-Task
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+-	1066,1067	O	I-Process
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+-	1088,1089	O	I-Process
+centered	1089,1097	O	I-Process
+hydrodynamics	1098,1111	O	I-Process
+(	1112,1113	O	O
+CCH	1113,1116	O	B-Material
+)	1116,1117	O	O
+presented	1118,1127	O	O
+in	1128,1130	O	O
+this	1131,1135	O	O
+paper	1136,1141	O	O
+will	1142,1146	O	O
+use	1147,1150	O	O
+surface	1151,1158	O	O
+area	1159,1163	O	O
+weights	1164,1171	O	O
+similar	1172,1179	O	O
+in	1180,1182	O	O
+concept	1183,1190	O	O
+to	1191,1193	O	O
+those	1194,1199	O	O
+in	1200,1202	O	O
+TOODY	1203,1208	O	B-Process
+.	1208,1209	O	O
+
+Following	1210,1219	O	O
+the	1220,1223	O	O
+area	1224,1228	O	B-Process
+fraction	1229,1237	O	I-Process
+approach	1238,1246	O	I-Process
+of	1247,1249	O	O
+TOODY	1250,1255	O	B-Process
+may	1256,1259	O	O
+seem	1260,1264	O	O
+retrospective	1265,1278	O	O
+;	1278,1279	O	O
+however	1280,1287	O	O
+,	1287,1288	O	O
+using	1289,1294	O	O
+surface	1295,1302	O	O
+area	1303,1307	O	O
+weights	1308,1315	O	O
+naturally	1316,1325	O	O
+extends	1326,1333	O	O
+to	1334,1336	O	O
+the	1337,1340	O	O
+new	1341,1344	O	O
+CCH	1345,1348	O	B-Process
+methods	1349,1356	O	I-Process
+that	1357,1361	O	O
+solve	1362,1367	O	B-Task
+a	1368,1369	O	I-Task
+Riemann	1370,1377	O	I-Task
+-	1377,1378	O	I-Task
+like	1378,1382	O	I-Task
+problem	1383,1390	O	I-Task
+at	1391,1393	O	I-Task
+the	1394,1397	O	I-Task
+node	1398,1402	O	I-Task
+of	1403,1405	O	I-Task
+a	1406,1407	O	I-Task
+zone	1408,1412	O	I-Task
+[	1413,1414	O	O
+10,24,25,3	1414,1424	O	O
+]	1424,1425	O	O
+.	1425,1426	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113004555)
+
+Three	0,5	O	O
+Runge	6,11	O	O
+–	11,12	O	O
+
+Kutta	12,17	O	O
+IMEX	18,22	O	O
+schemes	23,30	O	O
+were	31,35	O	O
+tested	36,42	O	O
+by	43,45	O	O
+Ullrich	46,53	O	O
+and	54,57	O	O
+Jablonowski	58,69	O	O
+
+[	70,71	O	O
+23	71,73	O	O
+]	73,74	O	O
+for	75,78	O	O
+the	79,82	O	O
+HEVI	83,87	O	B-Process
+solution	88,96	O	I-Process
+of	97,99	O	O
+the	100,103	O	O
+equations	104,113	O	O
+governing	114,123	O	O
+atmospheric	124,135	O	B-Process
+motion	136,142	O	I-Process
+.	142,143	O	O
+
+They	144,148	O	O
+tested	149,155	O	O
+the	156,159	O	O
+ARS(2,3,2	160,169	O	B-Process
+)	169,170	O	I-Process
+scheme	171,177	O	I-Process
+of	178,180	O	O
+Ascher	181,187	O	O
+et	188,190	O	O
+al	191,193	O	O
+.	193,194	O	O
+
+[	195,196	O	O
+1	196,197	O	O
+]	197,198	O	O
+and	199,202	O	O
+also	203,207	O	O
+suggested	208,217	O	O
+the	218,221	O	O
+less	222,226	O	O
+computationally	227,242	O	O
+expensive	243,252	O	O
+but	253,256	O	O
+nearly	257,263	O	O
+as	264,266	O	O
+accurate	267,275	O	O
+Strang	276,282	O	B-Process
+carryover	283,292	O	I-Process
+scheme	293,299	O	I-Process
+.	299,300	O	O
+
+This	301,305	O	O
+involves	306,314	O	O
+Strang	315,321	O	B-Process
+splitting	322,331	O	I-Process
+but	332,335	O	O
+the	336,339	O	O
+first	340,345	O	O
+implicit	346,354	O	O
+stage	355,360	O	O
+is	361,363	O	O
+cleverly	364,372	O	O
+re	373,375	O	O
+-	375,376	O	O
+used	376,380	O	O
+from	381,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+final	390,395	O	O
+implicit	396,404	O	O
+stage	405,410	O	O
+of	411,413	O	O
+the	414,417	O	O
+previous	418,426	O	O
+time	427,431	O	O
+-	431,432	O	O
+step	432,436	O	O
+
+and	437,440	O	O
+so	441,443	O	O
+there	444,449	O	O
+is	450,452	O	O
+only	453,457	O	O
+one	458,461	O	O
+implicit	462,470	O	O
+solution	471,479	O	O
+per	480,483	O	O
+time	484,488	O	O
+-	488,489	O	O
+step	489,493	O	O
+.	493,494	O	O
+
+Another	495,502	O	O
+novel	503,508	O	O
+approach	509,517	O	O
+taken	518,523	O	O
+by	524,526	O	O
+Ullrich	527,534	O	O
+and	535,538	O	O
+Jablonowski	539,550	O	O
+
+[	551,552	O	O
+23	552,554	O	O
+]	554,555	O	O
+is	556,558	O	O
+to	559,561	O	O
+use	562,565	O	O
+a	566,567	O	O
+Rosenbrock	568,578	O	B-Process
+solution	579,587	O	I-Process
+in	588,590	O	O
+order	591,596	O	O
+to	597,599	O	O
+treat	600,605	O	O
+all	606,609	O	O
+of	610,612	O	O
+the	613,616	O	O
+vertical	617,625	O	O
+terms	626,631	O	O
+implicitly	632,642	O	O
+rather	643,649	O	O
+than	650,654	O	O
+just	655,659	O	O
+the	660,663	O	O
+terms	664,669	O	O
+involved	670,678	O	O
+in	679,681	O	O
+wave	682,686	O	B-Process
+propagation	687,698	O	I-Process
+.	698,699	O	O
+
+A	700,701	O	O
+Rosenbrock	702,712	O	B-Process
+solution	713,721	O	I-Process
+is	722,724	O	O
+one	725,728	O	B-Process
+iteration	729,738	O	I-Process
+of	739,741	O	I-Process
+a	742,743	O	I-Process
+Newton	744,750	O	I-Process
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+.	757,758	O	O
+
+This	759,763	O	O
+circumvents	764,775	O	O
+the	776,779	O	O
+time	780,784	O	B-Process
+-	784,785	O	I-Process
+step	785,789	O	I-Process
+restriction	790,801	O	I-Process
+associated	802,812	O	O
+with	813,817	O	O
+vertical	818,826	O	B-Process
+advection	827,836	O	I-Process
+at	837,839	O	O
+the	840,843	O	O
+cost	844,848	O	O
+of	849,851	O	O
+slowing	852,859	O	B-Process
+the	860,863	O	I-Process
+vertical	864,872	O	I-Process
+advection	873,882	O	I-Process
+.	882,883	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005603)
+
+After	0,5	O	O
+all	6,9	O	O
+micro	10,15	O	O
+elements	16,24	O	O
+reach	25,30	O	O
+a	31,32	O	O
+relaxed	33,40	O	O
+steady	41,47	O	O
+-	47,48	O	O
+state	48,53	O	O
+,	53,54	O	O
+measurements	55,67	O	O
+are	68,71	O	O
+obtained	72,80	O	O
+using	81,86	O	O
+a	87,88	O	O
+cumulative	89,99	O	B-Process
+averaging	100,109	O	I-Process
+technique	110,119	O	I-Process
+to	120,122	O	O
+reduce	123,129	O	B-Task
+noise	130,135	O	I-Task
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+Each	137,141	O	O
+micro	142,147	O	O
+element	148,155	O	O
+is	156,158	O	O
+divided	159,166	O	B-Process
+into	167,171	O	I-Process
+spatially	172,181	O	I-Process
+-	181,182	O	I-Process
+oriented	182,190	O	I-Process
+bins	191,195	O	I-Process
+in	196,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+y	203,204	O	O
+-	204,205	O	O
+direction	205,214	O	O
+in	215,217	O	O
+order	218,223	O	O
+to	224,226	O	O
+resolve	227,234	O	B-Process
+the	235,238	O	I-Process
+velocity	239,247	O	I-Process
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+-	257,258	O	I-Process
+stress	258,264	O	I-Process
+profiles	265,273	O	I-Process
+.	273,274	O	O
+
+Velocity	275,283	O	O
+in	284,286	O	O
+each	287,291	O	O
+bin	292,295	O	O
+is	296,298	O	O
+measured	299,307	O	O
+using	308,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	O
+Cumulative	318,328	O	B-Process
+Averaging	329,338	O	I-Process
+Method	339,345	O	I-Process
+(	346,347	O	O
+CAM	347,350	O	B-Process
+)	350,351	O	O
+[	352,353	O	O
+24	353,355	O	O
+]	355,356	O	O
+,	356,357	O	O
+while	358,363	O	O
+the	364,367	O	O
+stress	368,374	O	B-Process
+tensor	375,381	O	I-Process
+field	382,387	O	I-Process
+is	388,390	O	O
+measured	391,399	O	O
+using	400,405	O	O
+the	406,409	O	O
+Irving	410,416	O	O
+–	416,417	O	O
+
+Kirkwood	417,425	O	O
+relationship	426,438	O	O
+[	439,440	O	O
+25	440,442	O	O
+]	442,443	O	O
+.	443,444	O	O
+
+A	445,446	O	O
+least	447,452	O	B-Process
+-	452,453	O	I-Process
+squares	453,460	O	I-Process
+polynomial	461,471	O	I-Process
+fit	472,475	O	I-Process
+to	476,478	O	O
+the	479,482	O	O
+data	483,487	O	O
+is	488,490	O	O
+performed	491,500	O	O
+,	500,501	O	O
+which	502,507	O	O
+helps	508,513	O	O
+reduce	514,520	O	B-Task
+noise	521,526	O	I-Task
+further	527,534	O	O
+.	534,535	O	O
+
+The	536,539	O	O
+fit	540,543	O	O
+produces	544,552	O	O
+a	553,554	O	O
+continuous	555,565	O	B-Process
+function	566,574	O	I-Process
+that	575,579	O	O
+avoids	580,586	O	O
+stability	587,596	O	B-Process
+issues	597,603	O	I-Process
+arising	604,611	O	O
+from	612,616	O	O
+supplying	617,626	O	B-Process
+highly	627,633	O	I-Process
+fluctuating	634,645	O	I-Process
+data	646,650	O	I-Process
+to	651,653	O	I-Process
+the	654,657	O	I-Process
+macro	658,663	O	I-Process
+solver	664,670	O	I-Process
+.	670,671	O	O
+
+A	672,673	O	O
+least	674,679	O	B-Process
+-	679,680	O	I-Process
+squares	680,687	O	I-Process
+fit	688,691	O	I-Process
+is	692,694	O	O
+applied	695,702	O	O
+to	703,705	O	O
+an	706,708	O	O
+Nth	709,712	O	B-Material
+order	713,718	O	I-Material
+polynomial	719,729	O	I-Material
+for	730,733	O	O
+the	734,737	O	O
+velocity	738,746	O	O
+profile	747,754	O	O
+in	755,757	O	O
+the	758,761	O	O
+core	762,766	O	O
+region	767,773	O	O
+,	773,774	O	O
+and	775,778	O	O
+an	779,781	O	O
+Mth	782,785	O	B-Material
+order	786,791	O	I-Material
+polynomial	792,802	O	I-Material
+for	803,806	O	O
+the	807,810	O	O
+velocity	811,819	O	O
+profile	820,827	O	O
+in	828,830	O	O
+the	831,834	O	O
+constrained	835,846	O	O
+region:(16)〈ui	847,861	O	O
+,	861,862	O	O
+core〉=∑k=1Nbk	862,875	O	O
+,	875,876	O	O
+iyi′(N−k),for	876,889	O	O
+0⩽yi′⩽hcore	890,901	O	O
+,	901,902	O	O
+and(17)〈ui	903,913	O	O
+,	913,914	O	O
+cs〉=∑k=1Mck	914,925	O	O
+,	925,926	O	O
+
+iyi″(M−k),for	926,939	O	O
+
+0⩽yi″⩽hcs	940,949	O	O
+,	949,950	O	O
+where	951,956	O	O
+bk	957,959	O	O
+,	959,960	O	O
+i	960,961	O	O
+and	962,965	O	O
+ck	966,968	O	O
+,	968,969	O	O
+i	969,970	O	O
+are	971,974	O	O
+the	975,978	O	O
+coefficients	979,991	O	O
+of	992,994	O	O
+the	995,998	O	O
+polynomials	999,1010	O	B-Material
+used	1011,1015	O	O
+in	1016,1018	O	O
+the	1019,1022	O	O
+core	1023,1027	O	O
+micro	1028,1033	O	O
+region	1034,1040	O	O
+and	1041,1044	O	O
+constrained	1045,1056	O	O
+region	1057,1063	O	O
+respectively	1064,1076	O	O
+.	1076,1077	O	O
+
+An	1078,1080	O	O
+estimate	1081,1089	O	O
+of	1090,1092	O	O
+the	1093,1096	O	O
+new	1097,1100	O	B-Material
+slip	1101,1105	O	I-Material
+velocity	1106,1114	O	I-Material
+uB	1115,1117	O	O
+for	1118,1121	O	O
+input	1122,1127	O	O
+to	1128,1130	O	O
+the	1131,1134	O	O
+macro	1135,1140	O	B-Material
+solution	1141,1149	O	I-Material
+(	1150,1151	O	O
+6	1151,1152	O	O
+)	1152,1153	O	O
+is	1154,1156	O	O
+taken	1157,1162	O	O
+directly	1163,1171	O	O
+from	1172,1176	O	O
+the	1177,1180	O	O
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+wall	1192,1196	O	I-Material
+micro	1197,1202	O	I-Material
+-	1202,1203	O	I-Material
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+(	1220,1221	O	O
+16	1221,1223	O	O
+)	1223,1224	O	O
+,	1224,1225	O	O
+at	1226,1228	O	O
+yi′=0	1229,1234	O	O
+.	1234,1235	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+is	3,5	O	O
+interesting	6,17	O	O
+to	18,20	O	O
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+the	30,33	O	I-Task
+effects	34,41	O	I-Task
+of	42,44	O	I-Task
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+number	57,63	O	I-Task
+and	64,67	O	I-Task
+the	68,71	O	I-Task
+chemical	72,80	O	I-Task
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+on	95,97	O	O
+the	98,101	O	O
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+-	106,107	O	I-Material
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+of	126,128	O	I-Material
+B	129,130	O	I-Material
+in	131,133	O	O
+water	134,139	O	O
+.	139,140	O	O
+
+The	141,144	O	O
+data	145,149	O	O
+could	150,155	O	O
+present	156,163	O	O
+important	164,173	O	O
+information	174,185	O	O
+on	186,188	O	O
+evaluating	189,199	O	O
+the	200,203	O	O
+environmental	204,217	O	O
+impacts	218,225	O	O
+of	226,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+degradation	233,244	O	B-Material
+product	245,252	O	I-Material
+of	253,255	O	O
+B	256,257	O	O
+,	257,258	O	O
+as	259,261	O	O
+well	262,266	O	O
+as	267,269	O	O
+acidification	270,283	O	B-Process
+of	284,286	O	I-Process
+water	287,292	O	I-Process
+by	293,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+chemical	300,308	O	B-Process
+reaction	309,317	O	I-Process
+.	317,318	O	O
+
+Here	319,323	O	O
+,	323,324	O	O
+the	325,328	O	O
+bulk	329,333	O	B-Material
+-	333,334	O	I-Material
+mean	334,338	O	I-Material
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+of	353,355	O	I-Material
+B	356,357	O	I-Material
+is	358,360	O	O
+defined	361,368	O	O
+by(24)CB⁎¯=∫01〈CB⁎〉(z⁎)dz⁎	369,395	O	O
+Fig	396,399	O	O
+.	399,400	O	O
+
+15	401,403	O	O
+depicts	404,411	O	O
+the	412,415	O	O
+effect	416,422	O	O
+of	423,425	O	O
+the	426,429	O	O
+Schmidt	430,437	O	B-Material
+and	438,441	O	O
+the	442,445	O	O
+chemical	446,454	O	B-Process
+reaction	455,463	O	I-Process
+rate	464,468	O	I-Process
+on	469,471	O	O
+the	472,475	O	O
+bulk	476,480	O	B-Material
+-	480,481	O	I-Material
+mean	481,485	O	I-Material
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+
+It	506,508	O	O
+is	509,511	O	O
+worth	512,517	O	O
+to	518,520	O	O
+mention	521,528	O	O
+here	529,533	O	O
+that	534,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+bulk	543,547	O	B-Material
+-	547,548	O	I-Material
+mean	548,552	O	I-Material
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+of	567,569	O	I-Material
+B	570,571	O	I-Material
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+approximately	580,593	O	O
+0.6	594,597	O	O
+as	598,600	O	O
+the	601,604	O	O
+chemical	605,613	O	B-Process
+reaction	614,622	O	I-Process
+rate	623,627	O	I-Process
+and	628,631	O	O
+the	632,635	O	O
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+number	644,650	O	I-Material
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+to	660,662	O	O
+infinite	663,671	O	O
+,	671,672	O	O
+and	673,676	O	O
+the	677,680	O	O
+concentration	681,694	O	O
+is	695,697	O	O
+smaller	698,705	O	O
+than	706,710	O	O
+the	711,714	O	O
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+concentration	727,740	O	I-Material
+of	741,743	O	I-Material
+A	744,745	O	I-Material
+at	746,748	O	O
+the	749,752	O	O
+interface	753,762	O	O
+.	762,763	O	O
+
+This	764,768	O	O
+figure	769,775	O	O
+indicates	776,785	O	O
+that	786,790	O	O
+progress	791,799	O	O
+of	800,802	O	O
+the	803,806	O	O
+chemical	807,815	O	B-Process
+reaction	816,824	O	I-Process
+is	825,827	O	O
+somewhat	828,836	O	O
+interfered	837,847	O	O
+by	848,850	O	O
+turbulent	851,860	O	B-Process
+mixing	861,867	O	I-Process
+in	868,870	O	O
+water	871,876	O	O
+,	876,877	O	O
+and	878,881	O	O
+the	882,885	O	O
+efficiency	886,896	O	O
+of	897,899	O	O
+the	900,903	O	O
+chemical	904,912	O	O
+reaction	913,921	O	O
+is	922,924	O	O
+up	925,927	O	O
+to	928,930	O	O
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+60	945,947	O	O
+%	947,948	O	O
+.	948,949	O	O
+
+The	950,953	O	O
+efficiency	954,964	O	O
+of	965,967	O	O
+the	968,971	O	O
+chemical	972,980	O	B-Process
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+in	990,992	O	O
+water	993,998	O	O
+will	999,1003	O	O
+be	1004,1006	O	O
+a	1007,1008	O	O
+function	1009,1017	O	O
+of	1018,1020	O	O
+the	1021,1024	O	O
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+number	1034,1040	O	I-Material
+of	1041,1043	O	O
+the	1044,1047	O	O
+water	1048,1053	O	O
+flow	1054,1058	O	O
+,	1058,1059	O	O
+and	1060,1063	O	O
+the	1064,1067	O	O
+efficiency	1068,1078	O	O
+could	1079,1084	O	O
+increase	1085,1093	O	O
+as	1094,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+Reynolds	1101,1109	O	B-Material
+number	1110,1116	O	I-Material
+increases	1117,1126	O	O
+.	1126,1127	O	O
+
+We	1128,1130	O	O
+need	1131,1135	O	O
+an	1136,1138	O	O
+extensive	1139,1148	O	O
+investigation	1149,1162	O	O
+on	1163,1165	O	O
+the	1166,1169	O	O
+efficiency	1170,1180	O	O
+of	1181,1183	O	O
+the	1184,1187	O	O
+aquarium	1188,1196	O	B-Process
+chemical	1197,1205	O	I-Process
+reaction	1206,1214	O	I-Process
+in	1215,1217	O	O
+the	1218,1221	O	O
+near	1222,1226	O	O
+future	1227,1233	O	O
+to	1234,1236	O	O
+extend	1237,1243	O	O
+the	1244,1247	O	O
+results	1248,1255	O	O
+of	1256,1258	O	O
+this	1259,1263	O	O
+study	1264,1269	O	O
+further	1270,1277	O	O
+to	1278,1280	O	O
+establish	1281,1290	O	O
+practical	1291,1300	O	B-Process
+modelling	1301,1310	O	I-Process
+for	1311,1314	O	O
+the	1315,1318	O	O
+gas	1319,1322	O	B-Process
+exchange	1323,1331	O	I-Process
+between	1332,1339	O	O
+air	1340,1343	O	O
+and	1344,1347	O	O
+water	1348,1353	O	O
+.	1353,1354	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005718)
+
+Numerical	0,9	O	B-Task
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+of	21,23	O	O
+the	24,27	O	O
+gas	28,31	O	B-Process
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+such	45,49	O	O
+non	50,53	O	O
+-	53,54	O	O
+trivial	54,61	O	O
+internal	62,70	O	O
+geometries	71,81	O	O
+is	82,84	O	O
+,	84,85	O	O
+however	86,93	O	O
+,	93,94	O	O
+extremely	95,104	O	O
+challenging	105,116	O	O
+.	116,117	O	O
+
+This	118,122	O	O
+is	123,125	O	O
+because	126,133	O	O
+conventional	134,146	O	B-Process
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+fluid	157,162	O	I-Process
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+,	171,172	O	O
+which	173,178	O	O
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+that	187,191	O	O
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+a	200,201	O	O
+gas	202,205	O	O
+is	206,208	O	O
+close	209,214	O	O
+to	215,217	O	O
+a	218,219	O	O
+state	220,225	O	O
+of	226,228	O	O
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+,	254,255	O	O
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+or	272,274	O	O
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+as	286,288	O	O
+the	289,292	O	O
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+of	323,325	O	O
+the	326,329	O	O
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+(	339,340	O	O
+e.g.	340,344	O	O
+the	345,348	O	O
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+)	363,364	O	O
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+,	422,423	O	O
+λ	424,425	O	O
+[	426,427	O	O
+1	427,428	O	O
+]	428,429	O	O
+.	429,430	O	O
+
+An	431,433	O	O
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+is	494,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
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+(	538,539	O	O
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+)	543,544	O	O
+[	545,546	O	O
+2	546,547	O	O
+]	547,548	O	O
+.	548,549	O	O
+
+However	550,557	O	O
+,	557,558	O	O
+DSMC	559,563	O	B-Process
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+be	568,570	O	O
+prohibitively	571,584	O	O
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+for	595,598	O	O
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+-	607,608	O	I-Process
+flow	608,612	O	I-Process
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+,	625,626	O	O
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+of	659,661	O	O
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+-	666,667	O	I-Material
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+(	680,681	O	O
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+long	700,704	O	O
+,	704,705	O	O
+relative	706,714	O	O
+to	715,717	O	O
+their	718,723	O	O
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+-	729,730	O	O
+section	730,737	O	O
+)	737,738	O	O
+.	738,739	O	O
+
+The	740,743	O	O
+high	744,748	O	B-Material
+-	748,749	O	I-Material
+aspect	749,755	O	I-Material
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+a	770,771	O	O
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+:	801,802	O	O
+processes	803,812	O	O
+need	813,817	O	O
+to	818,820	O	O
+be	821,823	O	O
+resolved	824,832	O	O
+occurring	833,842	O	O
+over	843,847	O	O
+the	848,851	O	O
+smallest	852,860	O	O
+characteristic	861,875	O	O
+scale	876,881	O	O
+of	882,884	O	O
+the	885,888	O	O
+geometry	889,897	O	O
+(	898,899	O	O
+e.g.	899,903	O	O
+a	904,905	O	O
+channelʼs	906,915	O	O
+height	916,922	O	O
+)	922,923	O	O
+,	923,924	O	O
+as	925,927	O	O
+well	928,932	O	O
+as	933,935	O	O
+over	936,940	O	O
+the	941,944	O	O
+largest	945,952	O	O
+characteristic	953,967	O	O
+scale	968,973	O	O
+of	974,976	O	O
+the	977,980	O	O
+geometry	981,989	O	O
+(	990,991	O	O
+e.g.	991,995	O	O
+the	996,999	O	O
+length	1000,1006	O	O
+of	1007,1009	O	O
+a	1010,1011	O	O
+long	1012,1016	O	B-Process
+channel	1017,1024	O	I-Process
+network	1025,1032	O	I-Process
+)	1032,1033	O	O
+,	1033,1034	O	O
+simultaneously	1035,1049	O	O
+.	1049,1050	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113006955)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+test	4,8	O	O
+cases	9,14	O	O
+confirm	15,22	O	O
+that	23,27	O	O
+the	28,31	O	O
+high	32,36	O	B-Process
+-	36,37	O	I-Process
+order	37,42	O	I-Process
+discretisation	43,57	O	I-Process
+retains	58,65	O	O
+exponential	66,77	O	B-Process
+convergence	78,89	O	I-Process
+properties	90,100	O	I-Process
+with	101,105	O	O
+increasing	106,116	O	O
+geometric	117,126	O	O
+and	127,130	O	O
+expansion	131,140	O	O
+polynomial	141,151	O	O
+order	152,157	O	O
+if	158,160	O	O
+both	161,165	O	O
+the	166,169	O	O
+solution	170,178	O	B-Material
+and	179,182	O	O
+true	183,187	O	B-Material
+surface	188,195	O	I-Material
+are	196,199	O	O
+smooth	200,206	O	O
+.	206,207	O	O
+
+Errors	208,214	O	O
+are	215,218	O	O
+found	219,224	O	O
+to	225,227	O	O
+saturate	228,236	O	O
+when	237,241	O	O
+the	242,245	O	O
+geometric	246,255	O	O
+errors	256,262	O	O
+,	262,263	O	O
+due	264,267	O	O
+to	268,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+parametrisation	275,290	O	B-Process
+of	291,293	O	I-Process
+the	294,297	O	I-Process
+surface	298,305	O	I-Process
+elements	306,314	O	I-Process
+,	314,315	O	O
+begin	316,321	O	O
+to	322,324	O	O
+dominate	325,333	O	O
+the	334,337	O	O
+temporal	338,346	O	O
+and	347,350	O	O
+spatial	351,358	O	O
+discretisation	359,373	O	O
+errors	374,380	O	O
+.	380,381	O	O
+
+For	382,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+smooth	390,396	O	B-Material
+solutions	397,406	O	I-Material
+considered	407,417	O	O
+as	418,420	O	O
+test	421,425	O	O
+cases	426,431	O	O
+,	431,432	O	O
+the	433,436	O	O
+results	437,444	O	O
+show	445,449	O	O
+that	450,454	O	O
+this	455,459	O	O
+dominance	460,469	O	O
+of	470,472	O	O
+geometric	473,482	O	O
+errors	483,489	O	O
+quickly	490,497	O	O
+limits	498,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+effectiveness	509,522	O	O
+of	523,525	O	O
+further	526,533	O	O
+increases	534,543	O	O
+in	544,546	O	O
+the	547,550	O	O
+number	551,557	O	O
+of	558,560	O	O
+degrees	561,568	O	O
+of	569,571	O	O
+freedom	572,579	O	O
+,	579,580	O	O
+either	581,587	O	O
+through	588,595	O	O
+mesh	596,600	O	B-Process
+refinement	601,611	O	I-Process
+or	612,614	O	O
+higher	615,621	O	B-Process
+solution	622,630	O	I-Process
+polynomial	631,641	O	I-Process
+orders	642,648	O	I-Process
+.	648,649	O	O
+
+Increasing	650,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
+order	665,670	O	O
+of	671,673	O	O
+the	674,677	O	O
+geometry	678,686	O	B-Process
+parametrisation	687,702	O	I-Process
+reduces	703,710	O	O
+the	711,714	O	O
+geometric	715,724	O	B-Process
+error	725,730	O	I-Process
+.	730,731	O	O
+
+The	732,735	O	O
+analytic	736,744	O	B-Task
+test	745,749	O	I-Task
+cases	750,755	O	I-Task
+presented	756,765	O	O
+here	766,770	O	O
+use	771,774	O	O
+a	775,776	O	O
+coarse	777,783	O	B-Material
+curvilinear	784,795	O	I-Material
+mesh	796,800	O	I-Material
+;	800,801	O	O
+for	802,805	O	O
+applications	806,818	O	O
+,	818,819	O	O
+meshes	820,826	O	B-Material
+are	827,830	O	O
+typically	831,840	O	O
+more	841,845	O	O
+refined	846,853	O	O
+in	854,856	O	O
+order	857,862	O	O
+to	863,865	O	O
+capture	866,873	O	B-Process
+features	874,882	O	I-Process
+in	883,885	O	I-Process
+the	886,889	O	I-Process
+solution	890,898	O	I-Process
+and	899,902	O	O
+so	903,905	O	O
+will	906,910	O	O
+better	911,917	O	O
+capture	918,925	O	B-Process
+the	926,929	O	I-Process
+geometry	930,938	O	I-Process
+and	939,942	O	O
+consequently	943,955	O	O
+reduce	956,962	O	B-Process
+this	963,967	O	I-Process
+lower	968,973	O	I-Process
+bound	974,979	O	I-Process
+on	980,982	O	O
+the	983,986	O	O
+solution	987,995	O	B-Material
+error	996,1001	O	O
+.	1001,1002	O	O
+
+If	1003,1005	O	O
+the	1006,1009	O	O
+solution	1010,1018	O	B-Material
+is	1019,1021	O	O
+not	1022,1025	O	O
+smooth	1026,1032	O	O
+,	1032,1033	O	O
+we	1034,1036	O	O
+do	1037,1039	O	O
+not	1040,1043	O	O
+expect	1044,1050	O	O
+to	1051,1053	O	O
+see	1054,1057	O	O
+rapid	1058,1063	O	O
+convergence	1064,1075	O	O
+.	1075,1076	O	O
+
+In	1077,1079	O	O
+the	1080,1083	O	O
+case	1084,1088	O	O
+that	1089,1093	O	O
+the	1094,1097	O	O
+solution	1098,1106	O	B-Material
+is	1107,1109	O	O
+smooth	1110,1116	O	O
+,	1116,1117	O	O
+but	1118,1121	O	O
+the	1122,1125	O	O
+true	1126,1130	O	B-Material
+surface	1131,1138	O	I-Material
+is	1139,1141	O	O
+not	1142,1145	O	O
+,	1145,1146	O	O
+then	1147,1151	O	O
+exponential	1152,1163	O	B-Process
+convergence	1164,1175	O	I-Process
+with	1176,1180	O	O
+P	1181,1182	O	B-Material
+and	1183,1186	O	O
+Pg	1187,1189	O	B-Material
+can	1190,1193	O	O
+only	1194,1198	O	O
+be	1199,1201	O	O
+achieved	1202,1210	O	O
+if	1211,1213	O	O
+,	1213,1214	O	O
+and	1215,1218	O	O
+only	1219,1223	O	O
+if	1224,1226	O	O
+,	1226,1227	O	O
+the	1228,1231	O	O
+discontinuities	1232,1247	O	B-Process
+are	1248,1251	O	I-Process
+aligned	1252,1259	O	I-Process
+with	1260,1264	O	I-Process
+element	1265,1272	O	I-Process
+boundaries	1273,1283	O	I-Process
+.	1283,1284	O	O
+
+However	1285,1292	O	O
+,	1292,1293	O	O
+if	1294,1296	O	O
+discontinuities	1297,1312	O	O
+lie	1313,1316	O	O
+within	1317,1323	O	O
+an	1324,1326	O	O
+element	1327,1334	O	B-Material
+,	1334,1335	O	O
+convergence	1336,1347	O	O
+will	1348,1352	O	O
+be	1353,1355	O	O
+limited	1356,1363	O	O
+by	1364,1366	O	O
+the	1367,1370	O	O
+geometric	1371,1380	O	B-Process
+approximation	1381,1394	O	I-Process
+,	1394,1395	O	O
+since	1396,1401	O	O
+the	1402,1405	O	O
+true	1406,1410	O	B-Material
+surface	1411,1418	O	I-Material
+can	1419,1422	O	O
+not	1422,1425	O	O
+be	1426,1428	O	O
+captured	1429,1437	O	O
+.	1437,1438	O	O
+
+In	1439,1441	O	O
+the	1442,1445	O	O
+cardiac	1446,1453	O	B-Task
+problem	1454,1461	O	I-Task
+,	1461,1462	O	O
+we	1463,1465	O	O
+consider	1466,1474	O	O
+both	1475,1479	O	O
+the	1480,1483	O	O
+true	1484,1488	O	B-Material
+surface	1489,1496	O	I-Material
+and	1497,1500	O	O
+solution	1501,1509	O	B-Material
+to	1510,1512	O	O
+be	1513,1515	O	O
+smooth	1516,1522	O	O
+.	1522,1523	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999116303291)
+
+DPD	0,3	O	B-Process
+was	4,7	O	O
+first	8,13	O	O
+proposed	14,22	O	O
+in	23,25	O	O
+order	26,31	O	O
+to	32,34	O	O
+recover	35,42	O	O
+the	43,46	O	O
+properties	47,57	O	O
+of	58,60	O	O
+isotropy	61,69	O	B-Process
+(	70,71	O	O
+and	71,74	O	O
+Galilean	75,83	O	B-Process
+invariance	84,94	O	I-Process
+)	94,95	O	O
+that	96,100	O	O
+were	101,105	O	O
+broken	106,112	O	O
+in	113,115	O	O
+the	116,119	O	O
+so	120,122	O	O
+-	122,123	O	O
+called	123,129	O	O
+lattice	130,137	O	B-Process
+-	137,138	O	I-Process
+gas	138,141	O	I-Process
+automata	142,150	O	I-Process
+method	151,157	O	O
+[	158,159	O	O
+5	159,160	O	O
+]	160,161	O	O
+.	161,162	O	O
+
+In	163,165	O	O
+DPD	166,169	O	B-Process
+,	169,170	O	O
+each	171,175	O	O
+body	176,180	O	O
+is	181,183	O	O
+regarded	184,192	O	O
+as	193,195	O	O
+a	196,197	O	O
+coarse	198,204	O	B-Material
+-	204,205	O	I-Material
+grained	205,212	O	I-Material
+particle	213,221	O	I-Material
+.	221,222	O	O
+
+These	223,228	O	O
+particles	229,238	O	B-Material
+interact	239,247	O	O
+in	248,250	O	O
+a	251,252	O	O
+soft	253,257	O	O
+(	258,259	O	O
+and	259,262	O	O
+short	263,268	O	O
+-	268,269	O	O
+ranged	269,275	O	O
+)	275,276	O	O
+potential	277,286	O	O
+,	286,287	O	O
+allowing	288,296	O	O
+larger	297,303	O	O
+integration	304,315	O	O
+timesteps	316,325	O	O
+than	326,330	O	O
+would	331,336	O	O
+be	337,339	O	O
+possible	340,348	O	O
+in	349,351	O	O
+MD	352,354	O	B-Process
+,	354,355	O	O
+while	356,361	O	O
+simultaneously	362,376	O	O
+decreasing	377,387	O	O
+the	388,391	O	O
+number	392,398	O	O
+of	399,401	O	O
+degrees	402,409	O	O
+of	410,412	O	O
+freedom	413,420	O	O
+required	421,429	O	O
+.	429,430	O	O
+
+As	431,433	O	O
+in	434,436	O	O
+Langevin	437,445	O	B-Process
+dynamics	446,454	O	I-Process
+,	454,455	O	O
+a	456,457	O	O
+thermostat	458,468	O	B-Process
+consisting	469,479	O	O
+of	480,482	O	O
+well	483,487	O	O
+-	487,488	O	O
+balanced	488,496	O	O
+damping	497,504	O	O
+and	505,508	O	O
+stochastic	509,519	O	O
+terms	520,525	O	O
+is	526,528	O	O
+applied	529,536	O	O
+to	537,539	O	O
+each	540,544	O	O
+particle	545,553	O	O
+.	553,554	O	O
+
+However	555,562	O	O
+,	562,563	O	O
+unlike	564,570	O	O
+in	571,573	O	O
+Langevin	574,582	O	B-Process
+dynamics	583,591	O	I-Process
+,	591,592	O	O
+both	593,597	O	O
+terms	598,603	O	O
+are	604,607	O	O
+pairwise	608,616	O	O
+and	617,620	O	O
+the	621,624	O	O
+damping	625,632	O	O
+term	633,637	O	O
+is	638,640	O	O
+based	641,646	O	O
+on	647,649	O	O
+relative	650,658	O	O
+velocities	659,669	O	O
+,	669,670	O	O
+leading	671,678	O	O
+to	679,681	O	O
+the	682,685	O	O
+conservation	686,698	O	O
+of	699,701	O	O
+both	702,706	O	O
+the	707,710	O	O
+angular	711,718	O	B-Process
+momentum	719,727	O	I-Process
+and	728,731	O	O
+the	732,735	O	O
+linear	736,742	O	B-Process
+momentum	743,751	O	I-Process
+.	751,752	O	O
+
+The	753,756	O	O
+property	757,765	O	O
+of	766,768	O	O
+Galilean	769,777	O	B-Process
+invariance	778,788	O	I-Process
+(	789,790	O	O
+i.e.	790,794	O	O
+,	794,795	O	O
+the	796,799	O	O
+dependence	800,810	O	B-Process
+on	811,813	O	I-Process
+the	814,817	O	I-Process
+relative	818,826	O	I-Process
+velocity	827,835	O	I-Process
+)	835,836	O	O
+makes	837,842	O	O
+DPD	843,846	O	B-Process
+a	847,848	O	O
+profile	849,856	O	B-Process
+-	856,857	O	I-Process
+unbiased	857,865	O	I-Process
+thermostat	866,876	O	I-Process
+(	877,878	O	O
+PUT	878,881	O	B-Process
+)	881,882	O	O
+[	883,884	O	O
+6,7	884,887	O	O
+]	887,888	O	O
+by	889,891	O	O
+construction	892,904	O	O
+and	905,908	O	O
+thus	909,913	O	O
+it	914,916	O	O
+is	917,919	O	O
+an	920,922	O	O
+ideal	923,928	O	O
+thermostat	929,939	O	O
+for	940,943	O	O
+nonequilibrium	944,958	O	B-Task
+molecular	959,968	O	I-Task
+dynamics	969,977	O	I-Task
+(	978,979	O	I-Task
+NEMD	979,983	O	I-Task
+)	983,984	O	I-Task
+[	985,986	O	O
+8	986,987	O	O
+]	987,988	O	O
+.	988,989	O	O
+
+The	990,993	O	O
+momentum	994,1002	O	O
+is	1003,1005	O	O
+expected	1006,1014	O	O
+to	1015,1017	O	O
+propagate	1018,1027	O	O
+locally	1028,1035	O	O
+(	1036,1037	O	O
+while	1037,1042	O	O
+global	1043,1049	O	O
+momentum	1050,1058	O	O
+is	1059,1061	O	O
+conserved	1062,1071	O	O
+)	1071,1072	O	O
+and	1073,1076	O	O
+thus	1077,1081	O	O
+the	1082,1085	O	O
+correct	1086,1093	O	O
+hydrodynamics	1094,1107	O	O
+is	1108,1110	O	O
+expected	1111,1119	O	O
+in	1120,1122	O	O
+DPD	1123,1126	O	B-Process
+[	1127,1128	O	O
+8	1128,1129	O	O
+]	1129,1130	O	O
+,	1130,1131	O	O
+as	1132,1134	O	O
+demonstrated	1135,1147	O	O
+previously	1148,1158	O	O
+in	1159,1161	O	O
+[	1162,1163	O	O
+9	1163,1164	O	O
+]	1164,1165	O	O
+.	1165,1166	O	O
+
+Due	1167,1170	O	O
+to	1171,1173	O	O
+the	1174,1177	O	O
+aforementioned	1178,1192	O	O
+properties	1193,1203	O	O
+,	1203,1204	O	O
+DPD	1205,1208	O	B-Process
+has	1209,1212	O	O
+been	1213,1217	O	O
+widely	1218,1224	O	O
+used	1225,1229	O	O
+to	1230,1232	O	O
+recover	1233,1240	O	B-Task
+thermodynamic	1241,1254	O	I-Task
+,	1254,1255	O	I-Task
+dynamical	1256,1265	O	I-Task
+,	1265,1266	O	I-Task
+and	1267,1270	O	I-Task
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+of	1294,1296	O	O
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+fluids	1305,1311	O	I-Material
+,	1311,1312	O	O
+with	1313,1317	O	O
+applications	1318,1330	O	O
+in	1331,1333	O	O
+polymer	1334,1341	O	B-Material
+solutions	1342,1351	O	I-Material
+[	1352,1353	O	O
+10	1353,1355	O	O
+]	1355,1356	O	O
+,	1356,1357	O	O
+colloidal	1358,1367	O	B-Material
+suspensions	1368,1379	O	I-Material
+[	1380,1381	O	O
+11	1381,1383	O	O
+]	1383,1384	O	O
+,	1384,1385	O	O
+multiphase	1386,1396	O	B-Material
+flows	1397,1402	O	I-Material
+[	1403,1404	O	O
+12	1404,1406	O	O
+]	1406,1407	O	O
+,	1407,1408	O	O
+and	1409,1412	O	O
+biological	1413,1423	O	B-Material
+systems	1424,1431	O	I-Material
+[	1432,1433	O	O
+13	1433,1435	O	O
+]	1435,1436	O	O
+.	1436,1437	O	O
+
+DPD	1438,1441	O	B-Process
+has	1442,1445	O	O
+been	1446,1450	O	O
+compared	1451,1459	O	O
+with	1460,1464	O	O
+Langevin	1465,1473	O	B-Process
+dynamics	1474,1482	O	I-Process
+for	1483,1486	O	O
+out	1487,1490	O	O
+-	1490,1491	O	O
+of	1491,1493	O	O
+-	1493,1494	O	O
+equilibrium	1494,1505	O	O
+simulations	1506,1517	O	O
+of	1518,1520	O	O
+polymeric	1521,1530	O	B-Process
+systems	1531,1538	O	I-Process
+in	1539,1541	O	O
+[	1542,1543	O	O
+14	1543,1545	O	O
+]	1545,1546	O	O
+,	1546,1547	O	O
+where	1548,1553	O	O
+as	1554,1556	O	O
+expected	1557,1565	O	O
+the	1566,1569	O	O
+correct	1570,1577	O	O
+dynamic	1578,1585	O	B-Process
+fluctuations	1586,1598	O	I-Process
+of	1599,1601	O	O
+the	1602,1605	O	O
+polymers	1606,1614	O	B-Material
+were	1615,1619	O	O
+obtained	1620,1628	O	O
+with	1629,1633	O	O
+the	1634,1637	O	O
+former	1638,1644	O	O
+but	1645,1648	O	O
+not	1649,1652	O	O
+with	1653,1657	O	O
+the	1658,1661	O	O
+latter	1662,1668	O	O
+.	1668,1669	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386107010518)
+
+Copper	0,6	O	B-Material
+-	6,7	O	I-Material
+catalyzed	7,16	O	I-Material
+Huisgen	17,24	O	I-Material
+cycloadditions	25,39	O	I-Material
+have	40,44	O	O
+been	45,49	O	O
+recently	50,58	O	O
+extensively	59,70	O	O
+studied	71,78	O	O
+by	79,81	O	O
+polymer	82,89	O	O
+chemists	90,98	O	O
+for	99,102	O	O
+the	103,106	O	O
+synthesis	107,116	O	B-Task
+of	117,119	O	I-Task
+functional	120,130	O	I-Task
+polymers	131,139	O	I-Task
+(	140,141	O	O
+either	141,147	O	O
+end	148,151	O	O
+-	151,152	O	O
+functional	152,162	O	O
+or	163,165	O	O
+side	166,170	O	O
+-	170,171	O	O
+functional	171,181	O	O
+)	181,182	O	O
+.	182,183	O	O
+
+The	184,187	O	O
+post	188,192	O	O
+-	192,193	O	O
+functionalization	193,210	O	O
+of	211,213	O	O
+synthetic	214,223	O	B-Material
+polymers	224,232	O	I-Material
+is	233,235	O	O
+an	236,238	O	O
+important	239,248	O	O
+feature	249,256	O	O
+of	257,259	O	O
+macromolecular	260,274	O	B-Task
+engineering	275,286	O	I-Task
+as	287,289	O	O
+many	290,294	O	O
+polymerization	295,309	O	B-Process
+mechanisms	310,320	O	O
+are	321,324	O	O
+rather	325,331	O	O
+sensitive	332,341	O	O
+to	342,344	O	O
+the	345,348	O	O
+presence	349,357	O	O
+of	358,360	O	O
+bulky	361,366	O	O
+or	367,369	O	O
+functional	370,380	O	O
+groups	381,387	O	O
+.	387,388	O	O
+
+For	389,392	O	O
+example	393,400	O	O
+,	400,401	O	O
+a	402,403	O	O
+wide	404,408	O	O
+variety	409,416	O	O
+of	417,419	O	O
+telechelic	420,430	O	B-Material
+polymers	431,439	O	I-Material
+(	440,441	O	O
+i.e.	441,445	O	O
+polymers	446,454	O	B-Material
+with	455,459	O	I-Material
+defined	460,467	O	I-Material
+chain	468,473	O	I-Material
+-	473,474	O	I-Material
+ends	474,478	O	I-Material
+)	478,479	O	O
+can	480,483	O	O
+be	484,486	O	O
+efficiently	487,498	O	O
+prepared	499,507	O	O
+using	508,513	O	O
+a	514,515	O	O
+combination	516,527	O	O
+of	528,530	O	O
+atom	531,535	O	B-Process
+transfer	536,544	O	I-Process
+radical	545,552	O	I-Process
+polymerization	553,567	O	I-Process
+(	568,569	O	O
+ATRP	569,573	O	B-Process
+)	573,574	O	O
+and	575,578	O	O
+CuAAC	579,584	O	B-Process
+.	584,585	O	O
+
+This	586,590	O	O
+strategy	591,599	O	O
+was	600,603	O	O
+independently	604,617	O	O
+reported	618,626	O	O
+in	627,629	O	O
+early	630,635	O	O
+2005	636,640	O	O
+by	641,643	O	O
+van	644,647	O	O
+Hest	648,652	O	O
+and	653,656	O	O
+Opsteen	657,664	O	O
+
+[	665,666	O	O
+31	666,668	O	O
+]	668,669	O	O
+,	669,670	O	O
+Lutz	671,675	O	O
+et	676,678	O	O
+al	679,681	O	O
+.	681,682	O	O
+
+[	683,684	O	O
+32	684,686	O	O
+]	686,687	O	O
+,	687,688	O	O
+and	689,692	O	O
+Matyjaszewski	693,706	O	O
+et	707,709	O	O
+al	710,712	O	O
+.	712,713	O	O
+
+[	714,715	O	O
+33	715,717	O	O
+]	717,718	O	O
+.	718,719	O	O
+
+Such	720,724	O	O
+step	725,729	O	O
+was	730,733	O	O
+important	734,743	O	O
+since	744,749	O	O
+ATRP	750,754	O	B-Process
+is	755,757	O	O
+a	758,759	O	O
+very	760,764	O	O
+popular	765,772	O	O
+polymerization	773,787	O	B-Process
+method	788,794	O	O
+in	795,797	O	O
+modern	798,804	O	O
+materials	805,814	O	O
+science	815,822	O	O
+[	823,824	O	O
+34,35	824,829	O	O
+]	829,830	O	O
+.	830,831	O	O
+
+Indeed	832,838	O	O
+,	838,839	O	O
+ATRP	840,844	O	B-Process
+is	845,847	O	O
+a	848,849	O	O
+facile	850,856	O	O
+technique	857,866	O	O
+,	866,867	O	O
+which	868,873	O	O
+allows	874,880	O	O
+the	881,884	O	O
+preparation	885,896	O	B-Process
+of	897,899	O	I-Process
+well	900,904	O	I-Process
+-	904,905	O	I-Process
+defined	905,912	O	I-Process
+polymers	913,921	O	I-Process
+with	922,926	O	O
+narrow	927,933	O	O
+molecular	934,943	O	O
+weight	944,950	O	O
+distribution	951,963	O	O
+,	963,964	O	O
+predictable	965,976	O	O
+chain	977,982	O	O
+length	983,989	O	O
+,	989,990	O	O
+controlled	991,1001	O	O
+microstructure	1002,1016	O	O
+,	1016,1017	O	O
+defined	1018,1025	O	O
+chain	1026,1031	O	O
+-	1031,1032	O	O
+ends	1032,1036	O	O
+and	1037,1040	O	O
+controlled	1041,1051	O	O
+architecture	1052,1064	O	O
+[	1065,1066	O	O
+36–41	1066,1071	O	O
+]	1071,1072	O	O
+.	1072,1073	O	O
+
+However	1074,1081	O	O
+,	1081,1082	O	O
+the	1083,1086	O	O
+range	1087,1092	O	O
+of	1093,1095	O	O
+possibilities	1096,1109	O	O
+of	1110,1112	O	O
+ATRP	1113,1117	O	B-Process
+can	1118,1121	O	O
+be	1122,1124	O	O
+further	1125,1132	O	O
+broadened	1133,1142	O	O
+by	1143,1145	O	O
+CuAAC	1146,1151	O	B-Process
+.	1151,1152	O	O
+
+For	1153,1156	O	O
+instance	1157,1165	O	O
+,	1165,1166	O	O
+the	1167,1170	O	O
+ω-bromine	1171,1180	O	B-Material
+chain	1181,1186	O	I-Material
+-	1186,1187	O	I-Material
+ends	1187,1191	O	I-Material
+of	1192,1194	O	I-Material
+polymers	1195,1203	O	I-Material
+prepared	1204,1212	O	O
+by	1213,1215	O	O
+ATRP	1216,1220	O	B-Process
+can	1221,1224	O	O
+be	1225,1227	O	O
+transformed	1228,1239	O	O
+into	1240,1244	O	O
+azides	1245,1251	O	B-Material
+by	1252,1254	O	O
+nucleophilic	1255,1267	O	B-Process
+substitution	1268,1280	O	I-Process
+and	1281,1284	O	O
+subsequently	1285,1297	O	O
+reacted	1298,1305	O	O
+with	1306,1310	O	O
+functional	1311,1321	O	O
+alkynes	1322,1329	O	B-Material
+(	1330,1331	O	O
+Scheme	1331,1337	O	O
+3	1338,1339	O	O
+)	1339,1340	O	O
+[	1341,1342	O	O
+32	1342,1344	O	O
+]	1344,1345	O	O
+.	1345,1346	O	O
+
+Due	1347,1350	O	O
+to	1351,1353	O	O
+the	1354,1357	O	O
+very	1358,1362	O	O
+high	1363,1367	O	O
+chemoselectivity	1368,1384	O	O
+of	1385,1387	O	O
+CuAAC	1388,1393	O	B-Process
+,	1393,1394	O	O
+this	1395,1399	O	O
+method	1400,1406	O	O
+is	1407,1409	O	O
+highly	1410,1416	O	O
+modular	1417,1424	O	O
+and	1425,1428	O	O
+may	1429,1432	O	O
+be	1433,1435	O	O
+used	1436,1440	O	O
+to	1441,1443	O	O
+synthesize	1444,1454	O	O
+a	1455,1456	O	O
+wide	1457,1461	O	O
+range	1462,1467	O	O
+of	1468,1470	O	O
+ω-functional	1471,1483	O	B-Material
+polymers	1484,1492	O	I-Material
+.	1492,1493	O	O
+
+Moreover	1494,1502	O	O
+,	1502,1503	O	O
+the	1504,1507	O	O
+formed	1508,1514	O	O
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+not	1534,1537	O	O
+“	1538,1539	O	O
+passive	1539,1546	O	O
+”	1546,1547	O	O
+spacers	1548,1555	O	O
+but	1556,1559	O	O
+interesting	1560,1571	O	O
+functions	1572,1581	O	O
+exhibiting	1582,1592	O	O
+H	1593,1594	O	B-Process
+-	1594,1595	O	I-Process
+bonds	1595,1600	O	I-Process
+capability	1601,1611	O	O
+,	1611,1612	O	O
+aromaticity	1613,1624	O	O
+and	1625,1628	O	O
+rigidity	1629,1637	O	O
+.	1637,1638	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386108009397)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+of	26,28	O	O
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+containing	40,50	O	O
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+amounts	57,64	O	O
+of	65,67	O	O
+unattached	68,78	O	O
+chains	79,85	O	O
+has	86,89	O	O
+been	90,94	O	O
+investigated	95,107	O	O
+to	108,110	O	O
+characterize	111,123	O	B-Task
+the	124,127	O	I-Task
+dynamics	128,136	O	I-Task
+of	137,139	O	I-Task
+the	140,143	O	I-Task
+polymer	144,151	O	I-Task
+chains	152,158	O	I-Task
+trapped	159,166	O	O
+in	167,169	O	O
+fixed	170,175	O	O
+networks	176,184	O	O
+[	185,186	O	O
+66–68	186,191	O	O
+]	191,192	O	O
+.	192,193	O	O
+
+Polymer	194,201	O	B-Material
+chains	202,208	O	I-Material
+trapped	209,216	O	O
+in	217,219	O	O
+fixed	220,225	O	O
+networks	226,234	O	O
+constitute	235,245	O	O
+a	246,247	O	O
+simpler	248,255	O	O
+system	256,262	O	O
+for	263,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+study	271,276	O	O
+of	277,279	O	O
+the	280,283	O	O
+polymer	284,291	O	B-Material
+chain	292,297	O	I-Material
+dynamics	298,306	O	O
+than	307,311	O	O
+the	312,315	O	O
+corresponding	316,329	O	O
+uncrosslinked	330,343	O	O
+polymer	344,351	O	B-Material
+melts	352,357	O	I-Material
+.	357,358	O	O
+
+This	359,363	O	O
+is	364,366	O	O
+because	367,374	O	O
+the	375,378	O	O
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+effect	391,397	O	O
+of	398,400	O	O
+the	401,404	O	O
+motion	405,411	O	O
+of	412,414	O	O
+the	415,418	O	O
+surrounding	419,430	O	O
+chains	431,437	O	O
+on	438,440	O	O
+the	441,444	O	O
+dynamics	445,453	O	O
+of	454,456	O	O
+the	457,460	O	O
+probe	461,466	O	B-Material
+chain	467,472	O	I-Material
+–	473,474	O	O
+called	475,481	O	O
+“	482,483	O	O
+constraint	483,493	O	B-Process
+release	494,501	O	I-Process
+”	501,502	O	O
+[	503,504	O	O
+69	504,506	O	O
+]	506,507	O	O
+–	508,509	O	O
+is	510,512	O	O
+absent	513,519	O	O
+in	520,522	O	O
+the	523,526	O	O
+fixed	527,532	O	O
+network	533,540	O	O
+systems	541,548	O	O
+.	548,549	O	O
+
+Most	550,554	O	O
+of	555,557	O	O
+the	558,561	O	O
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+studies	570,577	O	O
+employed	578,586	O	O
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+crosslinked	596,607	O	B-Material
+elastomers	608,618	O	I-Material
+as	619,621	O	O
+host	622,626	O	O
+networks	627,635	O	O
+.	635,636	O	O
+
+In	637,639	O	O
+this	640,644	O	O
+case	645,649	O	O
+,	649,650	O	O
+precise	651,658	O	O
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+of	667,669	O	I-Task
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+of	684,686	O	O
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+,	720,721	O	O
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+the	726,729	O	O
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+a	744,745	O	O
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+.	764,765	O	O
+
+The	766,769	O	O
+end	770,773	O	O
+-	773,774	O	O
+linking	774,781	O	O
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+give	790,794	O	O
+the	795,798	O	O
+host	799,803	O	O
+networks	804,812	O	O
+a	813,814	O	O
+more	815,819	O	O
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+size	833,837	O	O
+,	837,838	O	O
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+the	860,863	O	O
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+the	877,880	O	O
+size	881,885	O	O
+of	886,888	O	O
+the	889,892	O	O
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+
+We	911,913	O	O
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+the	927,930	O	O
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+viscoelasticity	939,954	O	O
+of	955,957	O	O
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+-	961,962	O	O
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+(	1069,1070	O	O
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+)	1072,1073	O	O
+and	1074,1077	O	O
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+(	1095,1096	O	O
+Mx	1096,1098	O	B-Material
+)	1098,1099	O	O
+(	1100,1101	O	O
+Fig	1101,1104	O	O
+.	1104,1105	O	O
+
+9a	1106,1108	O	O
+)	1108,1109	O	O
+[	1110,1111	O	O
+70	1111,1113	O	O
+]	1113,1114	O	O
+.	1114,1115	O	O
+
+We	1116,1118	O	O
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+two	1128,1131	O	O
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+of	1138,1140	O	O
+host	1141,1145	O	O
+networks	1146,1154	O	O
+with	1155,1159	O	O
+Mx	1160,1162	O	O
+>	1162,1163	O	O
+
+Me	1163,1165	O	O
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+Mx	1170,1172	O	O
+
+<	1172,1173	O	O
+Me	1173,1175	O	O
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+Me	1182,1184	O	O
+(	1185,1186	O	O
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+)	1202,1203	O	O
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+in	1257,1259	O	O
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+
+The	1278,1281	O	O
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+
+Me	1285,1287	O	O
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+Mx	1292,1294	O	O
+
+<	1294,1295	O	O
+Me	1295,1297	O	O
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+(	1307,1308	O	O
+designated	1308,1318	O	O
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+NS	1329,1331	O	B-Process
+,	1331,1332	O	O
+respectively	1333,1345	O	O
+)	1345,1346	O	O
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+-	1367,1368	O	O
+linking	1368,1375	O	O
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+(	1385,1386	O	O
+Mn=84,000	1386,1395	O	O
+)	1395,1396	O	O
+and	1397,1400	O	O
+short	1401,1406	O	O
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+chains	1417,1423	O	O
+(	1424,1425	O	O
+Mn=4,550	1425,1433	O	O
+)	1433,1434	O	O
+,	1434,1435	O	O
+respectively	1436,1448	O	O
+.	1448,1449	O	O
+
+The	1450,1453	O	O
+mesh	1454,1458	O	B-Material
+of	1459,1461	O	O
+the	1462,1465	O	O
+NL	1466,1468	O	O
+networks	1469,1477	O	O
+is	1478,1480	O	O
+dominated	1481,1490	O	O
+by	1491,1493	O	O
+trapped	1494,1501	O	O
+entanglements	1502,1515	O	O
+,	1515,1516	O	O
+while	1517,1522	O	O
+that	1523,1527	O	O
+of	1528,1530	O	O
+the	1531,1534	O	O
+NS	1535,1537	O	O
+network	1538,1545	O	O
+is	1546,1548	O	O
+governed	1549,1557	O	O
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+chemical	1561,1569	O	B-Material
+cross	1570,1575	O	I-Material
+-	1575,1576	O	I-Material
+links	1576,1581	O	I-Material
+.	1581,1582	O	I-Material
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109001463)
+
+When	0,4	O	O
+incompatible	5,17	O	O
+three	18,23	O	O
+component	24,33	O	O
+polymer	34,41	O	B-Material
+chains	42,48	O	I-Material
+are	49,52	O	O
+tethered	53,61	O	O
+at	62,64	O	O
+a	65,66	O	O
+junction	67,75	O	O
+point	76,81	O	O
+,	81,82	O	O
+the	83,86	O	O
+resultant	87,96	O	O
+star	97,101	O	B-Material
+molecules	102,111	O	I-Material
+of	112,114	O	O
+the	115,118	O	O
+ABC	119,122	O	O
+type	123,127	O	O
+are	128,131	O	O
+in	132,134	O	O
+a	135,136	O	O
+very	137,141	O	O
+frustrated	142,152	O	O
+field	153,158	O	O
+in	159,161	O	O
+bulk	162,166	O	O
+.	166,167	O	O
+
+That	168,172	O	O
+is	173,175	O	O
+,	175,176	O	O
+their	177,182	O	O
+junction	183,191	O	O
+points	192,198	O	O
+can	199,202	O	O
+not	202,205	O	O
+be	206,208	O	O
+aligned	209,216	O	O
+on	217,219	O	O
+two	220,223	O	O
+-	223,224	O	O
+dimensional	224,235	O	O
+planes	236,242	O	O
+but	243,246	O	O
+on	247,249	O	O
+one	250,253	O	O
+-	253,254	O	O
+dimensional	254,265	O	O
+lines	266,271	O	O
+,	271,272	O	O
+as	273,275	O	O
+schematically	276,289	O	O
+shown	290,295	O	O
+in	296,298	O	O
+Fig	299,302	O	O
+.	302,303	O	O
+
+1	304,305	O	O
+.	305,306	O	O
+
+Furthermore	307,318	O	O
+,	318,319	O	O
+when	320,324	O	O
+the	325,328	O	O
+chain	329,334	O	O
+length	335,341	O	O
+difference	342,352	O	O
+is	353,355	O	O
+not	356,359	O	O
+so	360,362	O	O
+large	363,368	O	O
+,	368,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+array	374,379	O	O
+of	380,382	O	O
+junction	383,391	O	O
+points	392,398	O	O
+tends	399,404	O	O
+to	405,407	O	O
+be	408,410	O	O
+straight	411,419	O	O
+and	420,423	O	O
+long	424,428	O	O
+one	429,432	O	O
+.	432,433	O	O
+
+Consequently	434,446	O	O
+each	447,451	O	O
+domain	452,458	O	O
+with	459,463	O	O
+mesoscopic	464,474	O	O
+sizes	475,480	O	O
+becomes	481,488	O	O
+cylinders	489,498	O	B-Material
+,	498,499	O	O
+and	500,503	O	O
+their	504,509	O	O
+cross	510,515	O	O
+sections	516,524	O	O
+could	525,530	O	O
+be	531,533	O	O
+conformed	534,543	O	O
+by	544,546	O	O
+polygons	547,555	O	B-Material
+[	556,557	O	O
+28,29	557,562	O	O
+]	562,563	O	O
+.	563,564	O	O
+
+This	565,569	O	O
+is	570,572	O	O
+because	573,580	O	O
+three	581,586	O	B-Material
+interfaces	587,597	O	I-Material
+,	597,598	O	I-Material
+A	599,600	O	I-Material
+/	600,601	O	I-Material
+B	601,602	O	I-Material
+,	602,603	O	I-Material
+B	604,605	O	I-Material
+/	605,606	O	I-Material
+C	606,607	O	I-Material
+and	608,611	O	I-Material
+C	612,613	O	I-Material
+/	613,614	O	I-Material
+A	614,615	O	I-Material
+are	616,619	O	O
+likely	620,626	O	O
+to	627,629	O	O
+be	630,632	O	O
+flat	633,637	O	O
+since	638,643	O	O
+there	644,649	O	O
+exist	650,655	O	O
+no	656,658	O	O
+junction	659,667	O	O
+points	668,674	O	O
+at	675,677	O	O
+interfaces	678,688	O	O
+and	689,692	O	O
+therefore	693,702	O	O
+chain	703,708	O	B-Process
+entropy	709,716	O	I-Process
+contribution	717,729	O	O
+to	730,732	O	O
+the	733,736	O	O
+free	737,741	O	O
+energy	742,748	O	O
+of	749,751	O	O
+structure	752,761	O	O
+formation	762,771	O	O
+is	772,774	O	O
+considerably	775,787	O	O
+small	788,793	O	O
+comparing	794,803	O	O
+with	804,808	O	O
+regular	809,816	O	O
+block	817,822	O	O
+and	823,826	O	O
+graft	827,832	O	O
+copolymer	833,842	O	O
+systems	843,850	O	O
+.	850,851	O	O
+
+As	852,854	O	O
+a	855,856	O	O
+matter	857,863	O	O
+of	864,866	O	O
+fact	867,871	O	O
+,	871,872	O	O
+Dotera	873,879	O	O
+predicted	880,889	O	O
+several	890,897	O	O
+tiling	898,904	O	O
+patterns	905,913	O	O
+by	914,916	O	O
+the	917,920	O	O
+diagonal	921,929	O	B-Process
+bond	930,934	O	I-Process
+method	935,941	O	I-Process
+,	941,942	O	O
+a	943,944	O	O
+new	945,948	O	O
+Monte	949,954	O	B-Process
+Carlo	955,960	O	I-Process
+Simulation	961,971	O	I-Process
+[	972,973	O	O
+30	973,975	O	O
+]	975,976	O	O
+,	976,977	O	O
+while	978,983	O	O
+Gemma	984,989	O	O
+and	990,993	O	O
+Dotera	994,1000	O	O
+pointed	1001,1008	O	O
+out	1009,1012	O	O
+that	1013,1017	O	O
+only	1018,1022	O	O
+three	1023,1028	O	O
+regular	1029,1036	O	O
+tilings	1037,1044	O	O
+,	1044,1045	O	O
+i.e.	1046,1050	O	O
+,	1050,1051	O	O
+(	1052,1053	O	O
+6.6.6	1053,1058	O	O
+)	1058,1059	O	O
+,	1059,1060	O	O
+(	1061,1062	O	O
+4.8.8	1062,1067	O	O
+)	1067,1068	O	O
+and	1069,1072	O	O
+(	1073,1074	O	O
+4.6.12	1074,1080	O	O
+)	1080,1081	O	O
+are	1082,1085	O	O
+permitted	1086,1095	O	O
+for	1096,1099	O	O
+three	1100,1105	O	B-Material
+-	1105,1106	O	I-Material
+branched	1106,1114	O	I-Material
+molecules	1115,1124	O	I-Material
+proposed	1125,1133	O	O
+as	1134,1136	O	O
+the	1137,1140	O	O
+“	1141,1142	O	O
+even	1142,1146	O	B-Process
+polygon	1147,1154	O	I-Process
+theorem	1155,1162	O	I-Process
+”	1162,1163	O	O
+[	1164,1165	O	O
+31	1165,1167	O	O
+]	1167,1168	O	O
+.	1168,1169	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109003991)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+living	2,8	O	O
+polymerization	9,23	O	B-Process
+is	24,26	O	O
+a	27,28	O	O
+reaction	29,37	O	B-Process
+without	38,45	O	O
+transfer	46,54	O	O
+and	55,58	O	O
+termination	59,70	O	B-Process
+reactions	71,80	O	O
+that	81,85	O	O
+can	86,89	O	O
+proceed	90,97	O	O
+up	98,100	O	O
+to	101,103	O	O
+complete	104,112	O	O
+monomer	113,120	O	B-Process
+conversion	121,131	O	I-Process
+.	131,132	O	O
+
+In	133,135	O	O
+addition	136,144	O	O
+,	144,145	O	O
+when	146,150	O	O
+initiation	151,161	O	O
+is	162,164	O	O
+quantitative	165,177	O	O
+and	178,181	O	O
+fast	182,186	O	O
+compared	187,195	O	O
+to	196,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+propagation	203,214	O	B-Process
+reaction	215,223	O	O
+,	223,224	O	O
+polymers	225,233	O	B-Material
+with	234,238	O	O
+precisely	239,248	O	O
+controlled	249,259	O	O
+chain	260,265	O	O
+length	266,272	O	O
+and	273,276	O	O
+narrow	277,283	O	O
+molar	284,289	O	O
+mass	290,294	O	O
+distribution	295,307	O	O
+can	308,311	O	O
+be	312,314	O	O
+obtained	315,323	O	O
+.	323,324	O	O
+
+In	325,327	O	O
+the	328,331	O	O
+case	332,336	O	O
+of	337,339	O	O
+an	340,342	O	O
+industrial	343,353	O	B-Task
+styrene	354,361	O	I-Task
+polymerization	362,376	O	I-Task
+this	377,381	O	O
+would	382,387	O	O
+permit	388,394	O	O
+to	395,397	O	O
+avoid	398,403	O	O
+any	404,407	O	O
+specific	408,416	O	O
+washing	417,424	O	B-Process
+or	425,427	O	O
+degassing	428,437	O	B-Process
+steps	438,443	O	O
+,	443,444	O	O
+which	445,450	O	O
+are	451,454	O	O
+necessary	455,464	O	O
+in	465,467	O	O
+the	468,471	O	O
+radical	472,479	O	O
+process	480,487	O	O
+to	488,490	O	O
+remove	491,497	O	O
+residual	498,506	O	O
+monomer	507,514	O	O
+and	515,518	O	O
+low	519,522	O	B-Material
+molar	523,528	O	I-Material
+mass	529,533	O	I-Material
+oligomers	534,543	O	I-Material
+.	543,544	O	O
+
+Since	545,550	O	O
+head	551,555	O	O
+-	555,556	O	O
+to	556,558	O	O
+-	558,559	O	O
+head	559,563	O	O
+defects	564,571	O	O
+along	572,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
+chains	582,588	O	O
+are	589,592	O	O
+absent	593,599	O	O
+,	599,600	O	O
+anionic	601,608	O	B-Material
+polystyrene	609,620	O	I-Material
+would	621,626	O	O
+exhibit	627,634	O	O
+also	635,639	O	O
+a	640,641	O	O
+better	642,648	O	O
+thermal	649,656	O	O
+stability	657,666	O	O
+than	667,671	O	O
+radical	672,679	O	O
+one	680,683	O	O
+.	683,684	O	O
+
+Therefore	685,694	O	O
+,	694,695	O	O
+production	696,706	O	B-Task
+of	707,709	O	I-Task
+anionic	710,717	O	I-Task
+polystyrene	718,729	O	I-Task
+(	730,731	O	I-Task
+PS	731,733	O	I-Task
+)	733,734	O	I-Task
+would	735,740	O	O
+be	741,743	O	O
+of	744,746	O	O
+interest	747,755	O	O
+if	756,758	O	O
+the	759,762	O	O
+conditions	763,773	O	O
+required	774,782	O	O
+to	783,785	O	O
+control	786,793	O	O
+the	794,797	O	O
+polymerization	798,812	O	B-Process
+could	813,818	O	O
+be	819,821	O	O
+adapted	822,829	O	O
+to	830,832	O	O
+the	833,836	O	O
+market	837,843	O	O
+and	844,847	O	O
+be	848,850	O	O
+able	851,855	O	O
+to	856,858	O	O
+compete	859,866	O	O
+economically	867,879	O	O
+with	880,884	O	O
+industrial	885,895	O	O
+radical	896,903	O	O
+processes	904,913	O	O
+.	913,914	O	O
+
+The	915,918	O	O
+use	919,922	O	O
+of	923,925	O	O
+organic	926,933	O	B-Material
+solvents	934,942	O	I-Material
+and	943,946	O	O
+of	947,949	O	O
+expensive	950,959	O	O
+alkyllithium	960,972	O	B-Process
+initiators	973,983	O	I-Process
+,	983,984	O	O
+as	985,987	O	O
+well	988,992	O	O
+as	993,995	O	O
+the	996,999	O	O
+relatively	1000,1010	O	O
+low	1011,1014	O	O
+reaction	1015,1023	O	O
+temperatures	1024,1036	O	O
+required	1037,1045	O	O
+,	1045,1046	O	O
+was	1047,1050	O	O
+some	1051,1055	O	O
+important	1056,1065	O	O
+limitation	1066,1076	O	O
+to	1077,1079	O	O
+overcome	1080,1088	O	O
+.	1088,1089	O	O
+
+The	1090,1093	O	O
+possibilities	1094,1107	O	O
+to	1108,1110	O	O
+achieve	1111,1118	O	O
+a	1119,1120	O	O
+quantitative	1121,1133	O	O
+living	1134,1140	O	O
+-	1140,1141	O	O
+like	1141,1145	O	O
+anionic	1146,1153	O	B-Process
+polymerization	1154,1168	O	I-Process
+of	1169,1171	O	I-Process
+styrene	1172,1179	O	I-Process
+in	1180,1182	O	O
+the	1183,1186	O	O
+absence	1187,1194	O	O
+of	1195,1197	O	O
+solvent	1198,1205	O	B-Material
+and	1206,1209	O	O
+at	1210,1212	O	O
+elevated	1213,1221	O	O
+temperature	1222,1233	O	O
+,	1233,1234	O	O
+using	1235,1240	O	O
+inexpensive	1241,1252	O	O
+initiating	1253,1263	O	O
+systems	1264,1271	O	O
+,	1271,1272	O	O
+were	1273,1277	O	O
+the	1278,1281	O	O
+main	1282,1286	O	O
+targets	1287,1294	O	O
+identified	1295,1305	O	O
+to	1306,1308	O	O
+tremendously	1309,1321	O	O
+decrease	1322,1330	O	O
+the	1331,1334	O	O
+cost	1335,1339	O	O
+of	1340,1342	O	O
+the	1343,1346	O	O
+anionic	1347,1354	O	O
+process	1355,1362	O	O
+.	1362,1363	O	O
+
+This	1364,1368	O	O
+implied	1369,1376	O	O
+at	1377,1379	O	O
+first	1380,1385	O	O
+to	1386,1388	O	O
+control	1389,1396	O	O
+the	1397,1400	O	O
+reactivity	1401,1411	O	O
+and	1412,1415	O	O
+stability	1416,1425	O	O
+of	1426,1428	O	O
+initiating	1429,1439	O	O
+and	1440,1443	O	O
+propagating	1444,1455	O	B-Process
+active	1456,1462	O	I-Process
+species	1463,1470	O	I-Process
+in	1471,1473	O	O
+such	1474,1478	O	O
+unusual	1479,1486	O	O
+operating	1487,1496	O	O
+conditions	1497,1507	O	O
+.	1507,1508	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109005357)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+hydroxyl	2,10	O	O
+-	10,11	O	O
+functionalized	11,25	O	O
+poly(butylene	26,39	O	O
+succinate	40,49	O	O
+)	49,50	O	O
+based	51,56	O	O
+polyester	57,66	O	B-Material
+was	67,70	O	O
+prepared	71,79	O	O
+by	80,82	O	O
+conventional	83,95	O	O
+polycondensation	96,112	O	B-Process
+of	113,115	O	O
+benzyl	116,122	O	O
+-	122,123	O	O
+protected	123,132	O	O
+dimethyl	133,141	O	B-Material
+malonate	142,150	O	I-Material
+and	151,154	O	O
+1,4-butanediol	155,169	O	B-Material
+
+(	170,171	O	O
+Scheme	171,177	O	O
+2(a	178,181	O	O
+)	181,182	O	O
+)	182,183	O	O
+
+[	184,185	O	O
+24a	185,188	O	O
+]	188,189	O	O
+.	189,190	O	O
+
+Yao	191,194	O	O
+et	195,197	O	O
+al	198,200	O	O
+.	200,201	O	O
+reported	202,210	O	O
+on	211,213	O	O
+the	214,217	O	O
+direct	218,224	O	O
+polycondensation	225,241	O	B-Process
+of	242,244	O	O
+l	245,246	O	B-Material
+-	246,247	O	I-Material
+lactic	247,253	O	I-Material
+acid	254,258	O	I-Material
+and	259,262	O	O
+citric	263,269	O	B-Material
+acid	270,274	O	I-Material
+with	275,279	O	O
+the	280,283	O	O
+formation	284,293	O	O
+of	294,296	O	O
+poly[(l	297,304	O	B-Material
+-	304,305	O	I-Material
+lactic	305,311	O	I-Material
+acid)-co-(citric	312,328	O	I-Material
+acid	329,333	O	I-Material
+)	333,334	O	I-Material
+]	334,335	O	I-Material
+,	335,336	O	O
+obtaining	337,346	O	O
+a	347,348	O	O
+polyester	349,358	O	B-Material
+oligomer	359,367	O	I-Material
+with	368,372	O	O
+both	373,377	O	O
+pendant	378,385	O	O
+carboxylic	386,396	O	O
+and	397,400	O	O
+hydroxyl	401,409	O	O
+groups	410,416	O	O
+[	417,418	O	O
+24b	418,421	O	O
+]	421,422	O	O
+.	422,423	O	O
+
+This	424,428	O	O
+PLCA	429,433	O	B-Material
+oligomer	434,442	O	I-Material
+was	443,446	O	O
+reacted	447,454	O	O
+with	455,459	O	O
+dihydroxylated	460,474	O	B-Material
+PLLA	475,479	O	I-Material
+as	480,482	O	O
+a	483,484	O	O
+macromonomer	485,497	O	O
+,	497,498	O	O
+yielding	499,507	O	O
+a	508,509	O	O
+PLCA	510,514	O	O
+–	514,515	O	O
+
+PLLA	515,519	O	O
+multiblock	520,530	O	O
+copolymer	531,540	O	O
+as	541,543	O	O
+shown	544,549	O	O
+in	550,552	O	O
+Scheme	553,559	O	O
+2(b	560,563	O	O
+)	563,564	O	O
+.	564,565	O	O
+
+While	566,571	O	O
+lipases	572,579	O	B-Material
+have	580,584	O	O
+been	585,589	O	O
+investigated	590,602	O	O
+for	603,606	O	O
+the	607,610	O	O
+ring	611,615	O	B-Process
+-	615,616	O	I-Process
+opening	616,623	O	I-Process
+polymerization	624,638	O	I-Process
+(	639,640	O	O
+ROP	640,643	O	B-Process
+)	643,644	O	O
+of	645,647	O	O
+cyclic	648,654	O	B-Material
+ester	655,660	O	I-Material
+monomers	661,669	O	I-Material
+[	670,671	O	O
+25,26	671,676	O	O
+]	676,677	O	O
+,	677,678	O	O
+they	679,683	O	O
+have	684,688	O	O
+also	689,693	O	O
+been	694,698	O	O
+used	699,703	O	O
+for	704,707	O	O
+the	708,711	O	O
+preparation	712,723	O	O
+of	724,726	O	O
+polyesters	727,737	O	B-Material
+by	738,740	O	O
+polycondensation	741,757	O	B-Process
+reactions	758,767	O	O
+.	767,768	O	O
+
+The	769,772	O	O
+advantage	773,782	O	O
+of	783,785	O	O
+this	786,790	O	O
+technique	791,800	O	O
+is	801,803	O	O
+that	804,808	O	O
+these	809,814	O	O
+enzyme	815,821	O	B-Process
+-	821,822	O	I-Process
+catalyzed	822,831	O	I-Process
+reactions	832,841	O	O
+proceed	842,849	O	O
+without	850,857	O	O
+protection	858,868	O	O
+of	869,871	O	O
+the	872,875	O	O
+pendant	876,883	O	O
+functional	884,894	O	O
+groups	895,901	O	O
+.	901,902	O	O
+
+In	903,905	O	O
+this	906,910	O	O
+field	911,916	O	O
+,	916,917	O	O
+hydroxyl	918,926	O	B-Material
+-	926,927	O	I-Material
+bearing	927,934	O	I-Material
+polyesters	935,945	O	I-Material
+have	946,950	O	O
+been	951,955	O	O
+synthesized	956,967	O	O
+by	968,970	O	O
+the	971,974	O	O
+copolymerization	975,991	O	B-Process
+of	992,994	O	O
+divinyl	995,1002	O	B-Material
+adipate	1003,1010	O	I-Material
+with	1011,1015	O	O
+various	1016,1023	O	O
+triols	1024,1030	O	B-Material
+(	1031,1032	O	O
+e.g.	1032,1036	O	O
+glycerol	1037,1045	O	B-Material
+,	1045,1046	O	O
+1,2,4-butanetriol	1047,1064	O	B-Material
+)	1064,1065	O	O
+as	1066,1068	O	O
+represented	1069,1080	O	O
+in	1081,1083	O	O
+Scheme	1084,1090	O	O
+2(c	1091,1094	O	O
+)	1094,1095	O	O
+
+[	1096,1097	O	O
+27	1097,1099	O	O
+]	1099,1100	O	O
+and	1101,1104	O	O
+by	1105,1107	O	O
+copolymerizations	1108,1125	O	B-Process
+of	1126,1128	O	O
+1,8-octanediol	1129,1143	O	B-Material
+with	1144,1148	O	O
+adipic	1149,1155	O	B-Material
+acid	1156,1160	O	I-Material
+and	1161,1164	O	O
+several	1165,1172	O	O
+alditols	1173,1181	O	B-Material
+[	1182,1183	O	O
+28	1183,1185	O	O
+]	1185,1186	O	O
+.	1186,1187	O	O
+
+Very	1188,1192	O	O
+recently	1193,1201	O	O
+,	1201,1202	O	O
+several	1203,1210	O	O
+α-hydroxy	1211,1220	O	B-Material
+acids	1221,1226	O	I-Material
+derived	1227,1234	O	O
+from	1235,1239	O	O
+amino	1240,1245	O	B-Material
+acids	1246,1251	O	I-Material
+were	1252,1256	O	O
+homo-	1257,1262	O	O
+and	1263,1266	O	O
+copolymerized	1267,1280	O	O
+with	1281,1285	O	O
+lactic	1286,1292	O	B-Material
+acid	1293,1297	O	I-Material
+by	1298,1300	O	O
+polycondensation	1301,1317	O	B-Process
+in	1318,1320	O	O
+bulk	1321,1325	O	O
+without	1326,1333	O	O
+protected	1334,1343	O	O
+monomers	1344,1352	O	B-Material
+(	1353,1354	O	O
+Scheme	1354,1360	O	O
+2(d	1361,1364	O	O
+)	1364,1365	O	O
+)	1365,1366	O	O
+
+[	1367,1368	O	O
+29	1368,1370	O	O
+]	1370,1371	O	O
+.	1371,1372	O	O
+
+Biodegradable	1373,1386	O	B-Material
+polyesters	1387,1397	O	I-Material
+with	1398,1402	O	O
+various	1403,1410	O	O
+pendant	1411,1418	O	O
+groups	1419,1425	O	O
+were	1426,1430	O	O
+obtained	1431,1439	O	O
+,	1439,1440	O	O
+although	1441,1449	O	O
+the	1450,1453	O	O
+molecular	1454,1463	O	O
+weights	1464,1471	O	O
+remained	1472,1480	O	O
+low	1481,1484	O	O
+(	1485,1486	O	O
+1000–3000gmol−1	1486,1501	O	O
+)	1501,1502	O	O
+.	1502,1503	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386110001254)
+
+Despite	0,7	O	O
+the	8,11	O	O
+loss	12,16	O	O
+of	17,19	O	O
+directed	20,28	O	O
+,	28,29	O	O
+self	30,34	O	O
+-	34,35	O	O
+complementary	35,48	O	O
+hydrogen	49,57	O	B-Process
+bonding	58,65	O	I-Process
+through	66,73	O	O
+alkylation	74,84	O	B-Process
+of	85,87	O	O
+the	88,91	O	O
+imidazole	92,101	O	O
+ring	102,106	O	O
+,	106,107	O	O
+electrostatic	108,121	O	B-Process
+aggregation	122,133	O	I-Process
+of	134,136	O	O
+imidazolium	137,148	O	B-Material
+salts	149,154	O	I-Material
+is	155,157	O	O
+a	158,159	O	O
+tunable	160,167	O	O
+,	167,168	O	O
+self	169,173	O	O
+-	173,174	O	O
+assembly	174,182	O	O
+process	183,190	O	O
+,	190,191	O	O
+which	192,197	O	O
+is	198,200	O	O
+instrumental	201,213	O	O
+to	214,216	O	O
+several	217,224	O	O
+applications	225,237	O	O
+.	237,238	O	O
+
+Imidazolium	239,250	O	B-Material
+salts	251,256	O	I-Material
+are	257,260	O	O
+used	261,265	O	O
+to	266,268	O	O
+extract	269,276	O	O
+metal	277,282	O	B-Material
+ions	283,287	O	I-Material
+from	288,292	O	O
+aqueous	293,300	O	B-Material
+solutions	301,310	O	I-Material
+and	311,314	O	O
+coat	315,319	O	O
+metal	320,325	O	B-Material
+nanoparticles	326,339	O	I-Material
+[	340,341	O	O
+15	341,343	O	O
+]	343,344	O	O
+,	344,345	O	O
+dissolve	346,354	O	O
+carbohydrates	355,368	O	B-Material
+[	369,370	O	O
+16	370,372	O	O
+]	372,373	O	O
+,	373,374	O	O
+and	375,378	O	O
+create	379,385	O	O
+polyelectrolyte	386,401	O	B-Process
+brushes	402,409	O	I-Process
+on	410,412	O	O
+surfaces	413,421	O	O
+[	422,423	O	O
+17	423,425	O	O
+]	425,426	O	O
+.	426,427	O	O
+
+For	428,431	O	O
+example	432,439	O	O
+,	439,440	O	O
+atom	441,445	O	B-Process
+transfer	446,454	O	I-Process
+radical	455,462	O	I-Process
+polymerization	463,477	O	I-Process
+(	478,479	O	O
+ATRP	479,483	O	B-Process
+)	483,484	O	O
+was	485,488	O	O
+used	489,493	O	O
+to	494,496	O	O
+graft	497,502	O	O
+poly(1-ethyl	503,515	O	B-Material
+3-(2-methacryloyloxy	516,536	O	I-Material
+ethyl	537,542	O	I-Material
+)	542,543	O	I-Material
+imidazolium	544,555	O	I-Material
+chloride	556,564	O	I-Material
+)	564,565	O	O
+brushes	566,573	O	O
+onto	574,578	O	O
+gold	579,583	O	B-Material
+surfaces	584,592	O	I-Material
+[	593,594	O	O
+17	594,596	O	O
+]	596,597	O	O
+.	597,598	O	O
+
+One	599,602	O	O
+of	603,605	O	O
+the	606,609	O	O
+imidazolium	610,621	O	B-Material
+salt	622,626	O	I-Material
+’s	626,628	O	O
+most	629,633	O	O
+promising	634,643	O	O
+attributes	644,654	O	O
+is	655,657	O	O
+its	658,661	O	O
+antimicrobial	662,675	O	B-Process
+action	676,682	O	I-Process
+[	683,684	O	O
+12,18	684,689	O	O
+]	689,690	O	O
+and	691,694	O	O
+molecular	695,704	O	O
+self	705,709	O	O
+-	709,710	O	O
+assembly	710,718	O	O
+into	719,723	O	O
+liquid	724,730	O	B-Material
+crystals	731,739	O	I-Material
+[	740,741	O	O
+19,20	741,746	O	O
+]	746,747	O	O
+.	747,748	O	O
+
+1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium	749,776	O	B-Material
+chlorides	777,786	O	I-Material
+and	787,790	O	O
+bromides	791,799	O	B-Material
+,	799,800	O	O
+1-alkyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium	801,843	O	B-Material
+chlorides	844,853	O	I-Material
+,	853,854	O	O
+and	855,858	O	O
+N	859,860	O	B-Material
+-	860,861	O	I-Material
+alkyl	861,866	O	I-Material
+-	866,867	O	I-Material
+N	867,868	O	I-Material
+-	868,869	O	I-Material
+hydroxyethylpyrrolidinonium	869,896	O	I-Material
+,	896,897	O	O
+for	898,901	O	O
+example	902,909	O	O
+,	909,910	O	O
+all	911,914	O	O
+exhibit	915,922	O	O
+strong	923,929	O	O
+biocidal	930,938	O	B-Process
+activity	939,947	O	I-Process
+[	948,949	O	O
+18	949,951	O	O
+]	951,952	O	O
+.	952,953	O	O
+
+Hydrogels	954,963	O	B-Material
+form	964,968	O	I-Material
+from	969,973	O	O
+polymerized	974,985	O	B-Material
+methylimidazolium	986,1003	O	I-Material
+-	1003,1004	O	I-Material
+based	1004,1009	O	I-Material
+ionic	1010,1015	O	I-Material
+liquids	1016,1023	O	I-Material
+with	1024,1028	O	O
+acryloyl	1029,1037	O	B-Material
+groups	1038,1044	O	I-Material
+;	1044,1045	O	O
+the	1046,1049	O	O
+polymer	1050,1057	O	B-Material
+self	1058,1062	O	O
+-	1062,1063	O	O
+assembles	1063,1072	O	O
+into	1073,1077	O	O
+organized	1078,1087	O	B-Material
+lamellae	1088,1096	O	I-Material
+with	1097,1101	O	O
+unique	1102,1108	O	O
+swelling	1109,1117	O	O
+properties	1118,1128	O	O
+,	1128,1129	O	O
+leading	1130,1137	O	O
+to	1138,1140	O	O
+bioactive	1141,1150	O	B-Task
+applications	1151,1163	O	I-Task
+[	1164,1165	O	O
+19	1165,1167	O	O
+]	1167,1168	O	O
+.	1168,1169	O	O
+
+Other	1170,1175	O	O
+bioactive	1176,1185	O	B-Task
+applications	1186,1198	O	I-Task
+for	1199,1202	O	O
+imidazolium	1203,1214	O	B-Material
+salts	1215,1220	O	I-Material
+include	1221,1228	O	O
+antiarrhythmics	1229,1244	O	B-Material
+[	1245,1246	O	O
+21	1246,1248	O	O
+]	1248,1249	O	O
+,	1249,1250	O	O
+anti	1251,1255	O	B-Material
+-	1255,1256	O	I-Material
+metastic	1256,1264	O	I-Material
+agents	1265,1271	O	I-Material
+[	1272,1273	O	O
+22,23	1273,1278	O	O
+]	1278,1279	O	O
+,	1279,1280	O	O
+and	1281,1284	O	O
+imidazolium	1285,1296	O	B-Material
+-	1296,1297	O	I-Material
+based	1297,1302	O	I-Material
+steroids	1303,1311	O	I-Material
+[	1312,1313	O	O
+24	1313,1315	O	O
+]	1315,1316	O	O
+.	1316,1317	O	O
+
+Separation	1318,1328	O	B-Process
+applications	1329,1341	O	I-Process
+include	1342,1349	O	O
+efficient	1350,1359	O	B-Process
+absorption	1360,1370	O	I-Process
+of	1371,1373	O	I-Process
+CO2	1374,1377	O	I-Process
+[	1378,1379	O	O
+25	1379,1381	O	O
+]	1381,1382	O	O
+.	1382,1383	O	O
+
+Imidazolium	1384,1395	O	B-Material
+salts	1396,1401	O	I-Material
+enhance	1402,1409	O	O
+vesicle	1410,1417	O	B-Process
+formation	1418,1427	O	I-Process
+as	1428,1430	O	O
+imidazolium	1431,1442	O	B-Material
+surfactants	1443,1454	O	I-Material
+[	1455,1456	O	O
+26	1456,1458	O	O
+]	1458,1459	O	O
+,	1459,1460	O	O
+and	1461,1464	O	O
+they	1465,1469	O	O
+also	1470,1474	O	O
+find	1475,1479	O	O
+application	1480,1491	O	O
+in	1492,1494	O	O
+polymeric	1495,1504	O	B-Process
+actuators	1505,1514	O	I-Process
+[	1515,1516	O	O
+27	1516,1518	O	O
+]	1518,1519	O	O
+.	1519,1520	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0039602899010493)
+
+Although	0,8	O	O
+the	9,12	O	O
+basic	13,18	O	O
+mechanisms	19,29	O	O
+of	30,32	O	O
+the	33,36	O	O
+AD	37,39	O	B-Process
+process	40,47	O	O
+are	48,51	O	O
+reasonably	52,62	O	O
+well	63,67	O	O
+understood	68,78	O	O
+,	78,79	O	O
+it	80,82	O	O
+has	83,86	O	O
+not	87,90	O	O
+proved	91,97	O	O
+simple	98,104	O	O
+to	105,107	O	O
+apply	108,113	O	O
+existing	114,122	O	O
+theories	123,131	O	O
+to	132,134	O	O
+the	135,138	O	O
+interpretation	139,153	O	O
+of	154,156	O	O
+experimental	157,169	O	O
+data	170,174	O	O
+.	174,175	O	O
+
+What	176,180	O	O
+is	181,183	O	O
+needed	184,190	O	O
+is	191,193	O	O
+a	194,195	O	O
+combination	196,207	O	O
+of	208,210	O	O
+the	211,214	O	O
+AD	215,217	O	B-Process
+theory	218,224	O	O
+and	225,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+electronic	233,243	O	O
+structure	244,253	O	O
+of	254,256	O	O
+realistic	257,266	O	O
+systems	267,274	O	O
+,	274,275	O	O
+including	276,285	O	O
+surface	286,293	O	B-Material
+defects	294,301	O	I-Material
+and	302,305	O	O
+adsorbed	306,314	O	B-Material
+species	315,322	O	I-Material
+.	322,323	O	O
+
+Such	324,328	O	O
+electronic	329,339	O	O
+structure	340,349	O	O
+calculations	350,362	O	O
+are	363,366	O	O
+still	367,372	O	O
+complex	373,380	O	O
+and	381,384	O	O
+time	385,389	O	O
+-	389,390	O	O
+consuming	390,399	O	O
+.	399,400	O	O
+
+In	401,403	O	O
+many	404,408	O	O
+cases	409,414	O	O
+,	414,415	O	O
+especially	416,426	O	O
+for	427,430	O	O
+insulating	431,441	O	O
+surfaces	442,450	O	O
+,	450,451	O	O
+attempts	452,460	O	O
+to	461,463	O	O
+model	464,469	O	O
+MIES	470,474	O	B-Material
+spectra	475,482	O	I-Material
+use	483,486	O	O
+simple	487,493	O	O
+or	494,496	O	O
+intuitive	497,506	O	O
+models	507,513	O	O
+.	513,514	O	O
+
+In	515,517	O	O
+Refs	518,522	O	O
+.	522,523	O	O
+
+[	524,525	O	O
+4,6,23	525,531	O	O
+]	531,532	O	O
+it	533,535	O	O
+is	536,538	O	O
+assumed	539,546	O	O
+that	547,551	O	O
+the	552,555	O	O
+main	556,560	O	O
+transition	561,571	O	O
+mechanism	572,581	O	O
+is	582,584	O	O
+Auger	585,590	O	B-Process
+de	591,593	O	I-Process
+-	593,594	O	I-Process
+excitation	594,604	O	I-Process
+,	604,605	O	O
+and	606,609	O	O
+the	610,613	O	O
+MIES	614,618	O	B-Material
+spectra	619,626	O	I-Material
+have	627,631	O	O
+been	632,636	O	O
+simulated	637,646	O	O
+by	647,649	O	O
+the	650,653	O	O
+surface	654,661	O	O
+density	662,669	O	B-Process
+of	670,672	O	I-Process
+states	673,679	O	I-Process
+(	680,681	O	O
+DOS	681,684	O	B-Process
+)	684,685	O	O
+projected	686,695	O	O
+on	696,698	O	O
+the	699,702	O	O
+surface	703,710	O	B-Material
+oxygen	711,717	O	I-Material
+ions	718,722	O	I-Material
+of	723,725	O	O
+the	726,729	O	O
+uppermost	730,739	O	O
+surface	740,747	O	O
+layer	748,753	O	O
+using	754,759	O	O
+a	760,761	O	O
+Hartree	762,769	O	B-Process
+–	769,770	O	I-Process
+Fock	770,774	O	I-Process
+method	775,781	O	I-Process
+(	782,783	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+crystal	787,794	O	B-Process
+code	795,799	O	I-Process
+[	800,801	O	O
+24,25	801,806	O	O
+]	806,807	O	O
+)	807,808	O	O
+and	809,812	O	O
+a	813,814	O	O
+density	815,822	O	B-Process
+functional	823,833	O	I-Process
+theory	834,840	O	I-Process
+(	841,842	O	O
+DFT	842,845	O	B-Process
+)	845,846	O	O
+method	847,853	O	O
+(	854,855	O	O
+the	855,858	O	O
+cetep	859,864	O	B-Process
+code	865,869	O	I-Process
+[	870,871	O	O
+26	871,873	O	O
+]	873,874	O	O
+)	874,875	O	O
+.	875,876	O	O
+
+The	877,880	O	O
+effect	881,887	O	O
+of	888,890	O	O
+the	891,894	O	O
+overlap	895,902	O	O
+between	903,910	O	O
+the	911,914	O	O
+surface	915,922	O	O
+and	923,926	O	O
+He(1s	927,932	O	O
+)	932,933	O	O
+wavefunctions	934,947	O	O
+was	948,951	O	O
+taken	952,957	O	O
+into	958,962	O	O
+account	963,970	O	O
+only	971,975	O	O
+approximately	976,989	O	O
+by	990,992	O	O
+applying	993,1001	O	O
+an	1002,1004	O	O
+additional	1005,1015	O	O
+z	1016,1017	O	O
+-	1017,1018	O	O
+dependent	1018,1027	O	O
+exponential	1028,1039	O	O
+factor	1040,1046	O	O
+to	1047,1049	O	O
+the	1050,1053	O	O
+surface	1054,1061	O	O
+DOS	1062,1065	O	B-Process
+.	1065,1066	O	O
+
+Other	1067,1072	O	O
+workers	1073,1080	O	O
+[	1081,1082	O	O
+5,6	1082,1085	O	O
+]	1085,1086	O	O
+estimated	1087,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+AD	1101,1103	O	B-Process
+transition	1104,1114	O	I-Process
+probability	1115,1126	O	O
+using	1127,1132	O	O
+a	1133,1134	O	O
+DOS	1135,1138	O	B-Process
+projected	1139,1148	O	O
+on	1149,1151	O	O
+to	1152,1154	O	O
+the	1155,1158	O	O
+projectile	1159,1169	O	O
+1s	1170,1172	O	O
+atomic	1173,1179	O	O
+orbital	1180,1187	O	O
+.	1187,1188	O	O
+
+However	1189,1196	O	O
+,	1196,1197	O	O
+they	1198,1202	O	O
+were	1203,1207	O	O
+not	1208,1211	O	O
+able	1212,1216	O	O
+to	1217,1219	O	O
+use	1220,1223	O	O
+state	1224,1229	O	O
+-	1229,1230	O	O
+of	1230,1232	O	O
+-	1232,1233	O	O
+the	1233,1236	O	O
+-	1236,1237	O	O
+art	1237,1240	O	O
+methods	1241,1248	O	O
+for	1249,1252	O	O
+the	1253,1256	O	O
+surface	1257,1264	O	O
+electronic	1265,1275	O	O
+structure	1276,1285	O	O
+.	1285,1286	O	O
+
+Yet	1287,1290	O	O
+the	1291,1294	O	O
+success	1295,1302	O	O
+of	1303,1305	O	O
+the	1306,1309	O	O
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+treatments	1321,1331	O	O
+[	1332,1333	O	O
+4–6	1333,1336	O	O
+]	1336,1337	O	O
+,	1337,1338	O	O
+especially	1339,1349	O	O
+for	1350,1353	O	O
+MIES	1354,1358	O	B-Material
+features	1359,1367	O	O
+such	1368,1372	O	O
+as	1373,1375	O	O
+relative	1376,1384	O	O
+energies	1385,1393	O	O
+of	1394,1396	O	O
+the	1397,1400	O	O
+different	1401,1410	O	O
+peaks	1411,1416	O	O
+,	1416,1417	O	O
+suggests	1418,1426	O	O
+that	1427,1431	O	O
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+spectra	1437,1444	O	O
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+related	1456,1463	O	O
+to	1464,1466	O	O
+the	1467,1470	O	O
+projection	1471,1481	O	O
+of	1482,1484	O	O
+the	1485,1488	O	O
+surface	1489,1496	O	O
+DOS	1497,1500	O	B-Process
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+to	1504,1506	O	O
+the	1507,1510	O	O
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+orbital	1522,1529	O	O
+.	1529,1530	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0098300413002124)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
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+section	8,15	O	O
+,	15,16	O	O
+we	17,19	O	O
+use	20,23	O	O
+the	24,27	O	O
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+an	55,57	O	O
+example	58,65	O	O
+to	66,68	O	O
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+the	78,81	O	I-Task
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+
+Since	119,124	O	O
+Google	125,131	O	O
+Maps	132,136	O	O
+/	136,137	O	O
+Earth	137,142	O	O
+server	143,149	O	O
+only	150,154	O	O
+gives	155,160	O	O
+the	161,164	O	O
+terrain	165,172	O	O
+data	173,177	O	O
+in	178,180	O	O
+graphical	181,190	O	O
+display	191,198	O	O
+,	198,199	O	O
+we	200,202	O	O
+have	203,207	O	O
+to	208,210	O	O
+get	211,214	O	O
+terrain	215,222	O	B-Material
+digital	223,230	O	I-Material
+data	231,235	O	I-Material
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+.	254,255	O	O
+
+The	256,259	O	O
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+-	264,265	O	I-Process
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+as	314,316	O	O
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+(	322,323	O	O
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+)	358,359	O	O
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+USGS	363,367	O	O
+'s	367,369	O	O
+DEM	370,373	O	B-Process
+(	374,375	O	O
+Digital	375,382	O	B-Process
+Elevation	383,392	O	I-Process
+Model	393,398	O	I-Process
+)	398,399	O	O
+data	400,404	O	O
+are	405,408	O	O
+necessary	409,418	O	O
+.	418,419	O	O
+
+Moreover	420,428	O	O
+,	428,429	O	O
+since	430,435	O	O
+3DWF	436,440	O	O
+is	441,443	O	O
+used	444,448	O	O
+to	449,451	O	O
+model	452,457	O	O
+the	458,461	O	O
+fine	462,466	O	B-Process
+-	466,467	O	I-Process
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+(	473,474	O	I-Process
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+100	487,490	O	I-Process
+m	490,491	O	I-Process
+)	491,492	O	I-Process
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+,	509,510	O	O
+it	511,513	O	O
+needs	514,519	O	O
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+resolution	525,535	O	O
+terrain	536,543	O	O
+data	544,548	O	O
+.	548,549	O	O
+
+In	550,552	O	O
+this	553,557	O	O
+project	558,565	O	O
+,	565,566	O	O
+we	567,569	O	O
+use	570,573	O	O
+the	574,577	O	O
+terrain	578,585	O	O
+elevation	586,595	O	O
+data	596,600	O	O
+set	601,604	O	O
+from	605,609	O	O
+SRTM	610,614	O	B-Process
+(	615,616	O	O
+Farr	616,620	O	O
+et	621,623	O	O
+al	624,626	O	O
+.	626,627	O	O
+
+2007	628,632	O	O
+)	632,633	O	O
+with	634,638	O	O
+3-arcsecond	639,650	O	O
+(	651,652	O	O
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+m	655,656	O	O
+resolution	657,667	O	O
+at	668,670	O	O
+the	671,674	O	O
+equator	675,682	O	O
+)	682,683	O	O
+resolution	684,694	O	O
+.	694,695	O	O
+
+The	696,699	O	O
+data	700,704	O	O
+covers	705,711	O	O
+the	712,715	O	O
+land	716,720	O	O
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+,	725,726	O	O
+nearly	727,733	O	O
+global	734,740	O	O
+from	741,745	O	O
+56S	746,749	O	O
+to	750,752	O	O
+60N	753,756	O	O
+latitudes	757,766	O	O
+.	766,767	O	O
+
+We	768,770	O	O
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+the	775,778	O	O
+processed	779,788	O	O
+version	789,796	O	O
+4	797,798	O	O
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+described	816,825	O	O
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+(	837,838	O	O
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+)	842,843	O	O
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+which	847,852	O	O
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+of	858,860	O	O
+the	861,864	O	O
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+filled	889,895	O	O
+.	895,896	O	O
+
+The	897,900	O	O
+original	901,909	O	O
+data	910,914	O	O
+is	915,917	O	O
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+(	937,938	O	O
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+)	962,963	O	O
+
+geodetic	964,972	O	O
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+.	990,991	O	O
+
+When	992,996	O	O
+the	997,1000	O	O
+data	1001,1005	O	O
+are	1006,1009	O	O
+applied	1010,1017	O	O
+to	1018,1020	O	O
+the	1021,1024	O	O
+3DWF	1025,1029	O	B-Process
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+,	1035,1036	O	O
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+transformed	1046,1057	O	O
+to	1058,1060	O	O
+the	1061,1064	O	O
+local	1065,1070	O	O
+East	1071,1075	O	B-Material
+,	1075,1076	O	I-Material
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+(	1107,1108	O	O
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+
+3	1117,1118	O	O
+)	1118,1119	O	O
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+
+Since	1121,1126	O	O
+the	1127,1130	O	O
+3DWF	1131,1135	O	B-Process
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+a	1139,1140	O	O
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+wind	1152,1156	O	O
+model	1157,1162	O	O
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+its	1167,1170	O	O
+entire	1171,1177	O	O
+model	1178,1183	O	O
+domain	1184,1190	O	O
+is	1191,1193	O	O
+not	1194,1197	O	O
+intended	1198,1206	O	O
+to	1207,1209	O	O
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+than	1220,1224	O	O
+20×20	1225,1230	O	O
+km	1230,1232	O	O
+,	1232,1233	O	O
+this	1234,1238	O	O
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+choice	1277,1283	O	O
+with	1284,1288	O	O
+very	1289,1293	O	O
+little	1294,1300	O	O
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+due	1312,1315	O	O
+to	1316,1318	O	O
+the	1319,1322	O	O
+curvature	1323,1332	O	O
+of	1333,1335	O	O
+the	1336,1339	O	O
+Earth	1340,1345	O	O
+'s	1345,1347	O	O
+surface	1348,1355	O	O
+.	1355,1356	O	O
+
+The	1357,1360	O	O
+transformation	1361,1375	O	O
+from	1376,1380	O	O
+the	1381,1384	O	O
+WGS84	1385,1390	O	O
+data	1391,1395	O	O
+to	1396,1398	O	O
+the	1399,1402	O	O
+ENU	1403,1406	O	O
+coordinate	1407,1417	O	O
+is	1418,1420	O	O
+performed	1421,1430	O	O
+as	1431,1433	O	O
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+(	1442,1443	O	O
+Fukushima	1443,1452	O	O
+,	1452,1453	O	O
+2006	1454,1458	O	O
+;	1458,1459	O	O
+Featherstone	1460,1472	O	O
+and	1473,1476	O	O
+Claessens	1477,1486	O	O
+,	1486,1487	O	O
+2008	1488,1492	O	O
+)	1492,1493	O	O
+.	1493,1494	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0098300414000259)
+
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+a	14,15	O	O
+platform	16,24	O	O
+for	25,28	O	O
+creating	29,37	O	O
+MapReduce	38,47	O	B-Process
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+with	58,62	O	O
+Hadoop	63,69	O	B-Material
+.	69,70	O	O
+
+These	71,76	O	O
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+are	87,90	O	O
+expressed	91,100	O	O
+as	101,103	O	O
+directed	104,112	O	B-Material
+acyclic	113,120	O	I-Material
+graphs	121,127	O	I-Material
+(	128,129	O	O
+DAGs	129,133	O	B-Material
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+of	135,137	O	O
+tasks	138,143	O	O
+that	144,148	O	O
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+a	158,159	O	O
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+higher	173,179	O	O
+level	180,185	O	O
+than	186,190	O	O
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+
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+building	288,296	O	O
+these	297,302	O	O
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+,	312,313	O	O
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+to	339,341	O	O
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+SQL	358,361	O	B-Process
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+database	391,399	O	O
+systems	400,407	O	O
+.	407,408	O	O
+
+In	409,411	O	O
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+to	421,423	O	O
+standard	424,432	O	O
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+,	447,448	O	O
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+-	478,479	O	I-Process
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+written	513,520	O	O
+in	521,523	O	O
+Java	524,528	O	O
+.	528,529	O	O
+
+We	530,532	O	O
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+of	568,570	O	O
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+to	586,588	O	O
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+up	595,597	O	O
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+,	614,615	O	O
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+for	622,625	O	O
+ad	626,628	O	O
+hoc	629,632	O	O
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+changes	642,649	O	O
+,	649,650	O	O
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+the	666,669	O	O
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+,	765,766	O	O
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+)	771,772	O	O
+.	772,773	O	O
+
+Specifically	774,786	O	O
+,	786,787	O	O
+in	788,790	O	O
+the	791,794	O	O
+event	795,800	O	O
+that	801,805	O	O
+future	806,812	O	O
+versions	813,821	O	O
+of	822,824	O	O
+Hadoop	825,831	O	B-Material
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+to	846,848	O	O
+support	849,856	O	O
+paradigms	857,866	O	O
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+than	873,877	O	O
+MapReduce	878,887	O	B-Process
+,	887,888	O	O
+Pig	889,892	O	B-Material
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+of	922,924	O	O
+these	925,930	O	O
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+,	956,957	O	O
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+would	995,1000	O	O
+need	1001,1005	O	O
+to	1006,1008	O	O
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+.	1021,1022	O	O
+
+
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+The	0,3	O	B-Task
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+the	95,98	O	O
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+,	109,110	O	O
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+previous	123,131	O	O
+studies	132,139	O	O
+(	140,141	O	O
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+,	161,162	O	O
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+)	167,168	O	O
+,	168,169	O	O
+and	170,173	O	O
+some	174,178	O	O
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+and	185,188	O	O
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+.	194,195	O	O
+
+After	196,201	O	O
+the	202,205	O	O
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+determined	227,237	O	O
+,	237,238	O	O
+the	239,242	O	O
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+of	248,250	O	O
+the	251,254	O	O
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+.	275,276	O	O
+
+However	277,284	O	O
+,	284,285	O	O
+we	286,288	O	O
+do	289,291	O	O
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+some	303,307	O	O
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+manual	316,322	O	B-Process
+editing	323,330	O	I-Process
+may	331,334	O	O
+be	335,337	O	O
+needed	338,344	O	O
+in	345,347	O	O
+some	348,352	O	O
+complicated	353,364	O	O
+terrains	365,373	O	O
+when	374,378	O	O
+apply	379,384	O	O
+it	385,387	O	O
+to	388,390	O	O
+all	391,394	O	O
+of	395,397	O	O
+Mars	398,402	O	O
+.	402,403	O	O
+
+To	404,406	O	O
+minimize	407,415	O	O
+the	416,419	O	O
+distortion	420,430	O	O
+resulted	431,439	O	O
+from	440,444	O	O
+map	445,448	O	O
+projection	449,459	O	O
+on	460,462	O	O
+global	463,469	O	O
+datasets	470,478	O	O
+,	478,479	O	O
+we	480,482	O	O
+will	483,487	O	O
+choose	488,494	O	O
+an	495,497	O	O
+equal	498,503	O	O
+area	504,508	O	O
+projection	509,519	O	O
+by	520,522	O	O
+evaluating	523,533	O	O
+the	534,537	O	O
+options	538,545	O	O
+suggested	546,555	O	O
+in	556,558	O	O
+Steinwand	559,568	O	O
+et	569,571	O	O
+al	572,574	O	O
+.	574,575	O	O
+
+(	576,577	O	O
+1995	577,581	O	O
+)	581,582	O	O
+or	583,585	O	O
+conduct	586,593	O	O
+geodesic	594,602	O	O
+area	603,607	O	O
+calculation	608,619	O	O
+using	620,625	O	O
+software	626,634	O	O
+such	635,639	O	O
+as	640,642	O	O
+“	643,644	O	O
+Tools	644,649	O	B-Process
+for	650,653	O	I-Process
+Graphics	654,662	O	I-Process
+and	663,666	O	I-Process
+Shapes	667,673	O	I-Process
+
+”	673,674	O	O
+(	675,676	O	O
+http://www.jennessent.com/arcgis/shapes_graphics.htm)Although	676,737	O	O
+post	738,742	O	O
+-	742,743	O	O
+formational	743,754	O	O
+modification	755,767	O	O
+to	768,770	O	O
+the	771,774	O	O
+valleys	775,782	O	O
+may	783,786	O	O
+be	787,789	O	O
+minimum	790,797	O	O
+(	798,799	O	O
+Williams	799,807	O	O
+and	808,811	O	O
+Phillips	812,820	O	O
+,	820,821	O	O
+2001	822,826	O	O
+)	826,827	O	O
+,	827,828	O	O
+there	829,834	O	O
+may	835,838	O	O
+nonetheless	839,850	O	O
+be	851,853	O	O
+modifications	854,867	O	O
+such	868,872	O	O
+as	873,875	O	O
+eolian	876,882	O	O
+fill	883,887	O	O
+and	888,891	O	O
+mass	892,896	O	O
+wasting	897,904	O	O
+(	905,906	O	O
+e.g.	906,910	O	O
+,	910,911	O	O
+Grant	912,917	O	O
+et	918,920	O	O
+al	921,923	O	O
+.	923,924	O	O
+,	924,925	O	O
+2008	926,930	O	O
+)	930,931	O	O
+.	931,932	O	O
+
+Thus	933,937	O	O
+the	938,941	O	O
+volume	942,948	O	O
+estimates	949,958	O	O
+derived	959,966	O	O
+with	967,971	O	O
+PBTH	972,976	O	B-Process
+method	977,983	O	I-Process
+represents	984,994	O	O
+a	995,996	O	O
+lower	997,1002	O	O
+bound	1003,1008	O	O
+.	1008,1009	O	O
+
+Comparing	1010,1019	O	O
+the	1020,1023	O	O
+estimates	1024,1033	O	O
+from	1034,1038	O	O
+MOLA	1039,1043	O	B-Material
+and	1044,1047	O	O
+HRSC	1048,1052	O	B-Material
+data	1053,1057	O	O
+reveals	1058,1065	O	O
+that	1066,1070	O	O
+MOLA	1071,1075	O	B-Material
+estimate	1076,1084	O	O
+is	1085,1087	O	O
+about	1088,1093	O	O
+91	1094,1096	O	O
+%	1096,1097	O	O
+of	1098,1100	O	O
+HRSC	1101,1105	O	B-Material
+value	1106,1111	O	O
+.	1111,1112	O	O
+
+However	1113,1120	O	O
+,	1120,1121	O	O
+MOLA	1122,1126	O	B-Material
+has	1127,1130	O	O
+global	1131,1137	O	O
+coverage	1138,1146	O	O
+whereas	1147,1154	O	O
+HRSC	1155,1159	O	B-Material
+does	1160,1164	O	O
+not	1165,1168	O	O
+.	1168,1169	O	O
+
+Therefore	1170,1179	O	O
+,	1179,1180	O	O
+for	1181,1184	O	O
+areas	1185,1190	O	O
+where	1191,1196	O	O
+there	1197,1202	O	O
+is	1203,1205	O	O
+only	1206,1210	O	O
+MOLA	1211,1215	O	B-Material
+coverage	1216,1224	O	O
+,	1224,1225	O	O
+the	1226,1229	O	O
+estimate	1230,1238	O	O
+may	1239,1242	O	O
+be	1243,1245	O	O
+scaled	1246,1252	O	O
+upward	1253,1259	O	O
+by	1260,1262	O	O
+1.1	1263,1266	O	O
+times	1267,1272	O	O
+.	1272,1273	O	O
+
+The	1274,1277	O	O
+algorithm	1278,1287	O	O
+has	1288,1291	O	O
+been	1292,1296	O	O
+tested	1297,1303	O	O
+on	1304,1306	O	O
+DEMs	1307,1311	O	B-Material
+with	1312,1316	O	O
+various	1317,1324	O	O
+resolutions	1325,1336	O	O
+(	1337,1338	O	O
+2	1338,1339	O	O
+m	1340,1341	O	O
+for	1342,1345	O	O
+simulated	1346,1355	O	O
+DEM	1356,1359	O	B-Material
+,	1359,1360	O	O
+75	1361,1363	O	O
+m	1363,1364	O	O
+for	1365,1368	O	O
+HRSC	1369,1373	O	B-Material
+,	1373,1374	O	O
+and	1375,1378	O	O
+463	1379,1382	O	O
+m	1382,1383	O	O
+for	1384,1387	O	O
+MOLA	1388,1392	O	B-Material
+)	1392,1393	O	O
+.	1393,1394	O	O
+
+It	1395,1397	O	O
+can	1398,1401	O	O
+certainly	1402,1411	O	O
+be	1412,1414	O	O
+applied	1415,1422	O	O
+to	1423,1425	O	O
+higher	1426,1432	O	O
+resolution	1433,1443	O	O
+DEMs	1444,1448	O	B-Material
+for	1449,1452	O	O
+Mars	1453,1457	O	O
+when	1458,1462	O	O
+they	1463,1467	O	O
+become	1468,1474	O	O
+available	1475,1484	O	O
+,	1484,1485	O	O
+but	1486,1489	O	O
+the	1490,1493	O	O
+threshold	1494,1503	O	O
+values	1504,1510	O	O
+will	1511,1515	O	O
+need	1516,1520	O	O
+to	1521,1523	O	O
+be	1524,1526	O	O
+adjusted	1527,1535	O	O
+.	1535,1536	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0166361516300926)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+research	5,13	O	O
+traces	14,20	O	O
+the	21,24	O	O
+implementation	25,39	O	O
+of	40,42	O	O
+an	43,45	O	O
+information	46,57	O	O
+system	58,64	O	O
+in	65,67	O	O
+the	68,71	O	O
+form	72,76	O	O
+of	77,79	O	O
+ERP	80,83	O	B-Material
+modules	84,91	O	I-Material
+covering	92,100	O	O
+tenant	101,107	O	O
+and	108,111	O	O
+contract	112,120	O	O
+management	121,131	O	O
+in	132,134	O	O
+a	135,136	O	O
+Chinese	137,144	O	O
+service	145,152	O	O
+company	153,160	O	O
+.	160,161	O	O
+
+Misalignments	162,175	O	O
+between	176,183	O	O
+the	184,187	O	O
+ERP	188,191	O	B-Process
+system	192,198	O	I-Process
+specification	199,212	O	O
+and	213,216	O	O
+user	217,221	O	O
+needs	222,227	O	O
+led	228,231	O	O
+to	232,234	O	O
+the	235,238	O	O
+adoption	239,247	O	O
+of	248,250	O	O
+informal	251,259	O	O
+processes	260,269	O	O
+within	270,276	O	O
+the	277,280	O	O
+organisation	281,293	O	O
+.	293,294	O	O
+
+These	295,300	O	O
+processes	301,310	O	O
+are	311,314	O	O
+facilitated	315,326	O	O
+within	327,333	O	O
+an	334,336	O	O
+informal	337,345	O	O
+organisational	346,360	O	O
+structure	361,370	O	O
+and	371,374	O	O
+are	375,378	O	O
+based	379,384	O	O
+on	385,387	O	O
+human	388,393	O	O
+interactions	394,406	O	O
+undertaken	407,417	O	O
+within	418,424	O	O
+the	425,428	O	O
+formal	429,435	O	O
+organisation	436,448	O	O
+.	448,449	O	O
+
+Rather	450,456	O	O
+than	457,461	O	O
+to	462,464	O	O
+attempt	465,472	O	O
+to	473,475	O	O
+suppress	476,484	O	O
+the	485,488	O	O
+emergence	489,498	O	O
+of	499,501	O	O
+the	502,505	O	O
+informal	506,514	O	O
+organisation	515,527	O	O
+the	528,531	O	O
+company	532,539	O	O
+decided	540,547	O	O
+to	548,550	O	O
+channel	551,558	O	O
+the	559,562	O	O
+energies	563,571	O	O
+of	572,574	O	O
+staff	575,580	O	O
+involved	581,589	O	O
+in	590,592	O	O
+informal	593,601	O	O
+processes	602,611	O	O
+towards	612,619	O	O
+organisational	620,634	O	O
+goals	635,640	O	O
+.	640,641	O	O
+
+The	642,645	O	O
+company	646,653	O	O
+achieved	654,662	O	O
+this	663,667	O	O
+by	668,670	O	O
+harnessing	671,681	O	O
+the	682,685	O	O
+capabilities	686,698	O	O
+of	699,701	O	O
+what	702,706	O	O
+we	707,709	O	O
+term	710,714	O	O
+a	715,716	O	O
+hybrid	717,723	O	B-Process
+ERP	724,727	O	I-Process
+system	728,734	O	I-Process
+,	734,735	O	O
+combining	736,745	O	O
+the	746,749	O	O
+functionality	750,763	O	O
+of	764,766	O	O
+a	767,768	O	O
+traditional	769,780	O	O
+(	781,782	O	O
+formal	782,788	O	O
+)	788,789	O	O
+ERP	790,793	O	B-Process
+installation	794,806	O	I-Process
+with	807,811	O	O
+the	812,815	O	O
+capabilities	816,828	O	O
+of	829,831	O	O
+Enterprise	832,842	O	B-Process
+Social	843,849	O	I-Process
+Software	850,858	O	I-Process
+(	859,860	O	O
+ESS	860,863	O	B-Process
+)	863,864	O	O
+.	864,865	O	O
+
+However	866,873	O	O
+the	874,877	O	O
+company	878,885	O	O
+recognised	886,896	O	O
+that	897,901	O	O
+the	902,905	O	O
+successful	906,916	O	O
+operation	917,926	O	O
+of	927,929	O	O
+the	930,933	O	O
+hybrid	934,940	O	O
+ERP	941,944	O	B-Process
+system	945,951	O	I-Process
+would	952,957	O	O
+require	958,965	O	O
+a	966,967	O	O
+number	968,974	O	O
+of	975,977	O	O
+changes	978,985	O	O
+in	986,988	O	O
+organisational	989,1003	O	O
+design	1004,1010	O	O
+in	1011,1013	O	O
+areas	1014,1019	O	O
+such	1020,1024	O	O
+as	1025,1027	O	O
+reporting	1028,1037	O	O
+structures	1038,1048	O	O
+and	1049,1052	O	O
+communication	1053,1066	O	O
+channels	1067,1075	O	O
+.	1075,1076	O	O
+
+A	1077,1078	O	O
+narrative	1079,1088	O	O
+provided	1089,1097	O	O
+by	1098,1100	O	O
+interviews	1101,1111	O	O
+with	1112,1116	O	O
+company	1117,1124	O	O
+personnel	1125,1134	O	O
+is	1135,1137	O	O
+thematised	1138,1148	O	O
+around	1149,1155	O	O
+the	1156,1159	O	O
+formal	1160,1166	O	O
+and	1167,1170	O	O
+informal	1171,1179	O	O
+characteristics	1180,1195	O	O
+of	1196,1198	O	O
+the	1199,1202	O	O
+organisation	1203,1215	O	O
+as	1216,1218	O	O
+defined	1219,1226	O	O
+in	1227,1229	O	O
+the	1230,1233	O	O
+literature	1234,1244	O	O
+.	1244,1245	O	O
+
+This	1246,1250	O	O
+leads	1251,1256	O	O
+to	1257,1259	O	O
+a	1260,1261	O	O
+definition	1262,1272	O	O
+of	1273,1275	O	O
+the	1276,1279	O	O
+characteristics	1280,1295	O	O
+of	1296,1298	O	O
+the	1299,1302	O	O
+hybrid	1303,1309	O	O
+organisation	1310,1322	O	O
+and	1323,1326	O	O
+strategies	1327,1337	O	O
+for	1338,1341	O	O
+enabling	1342,1350	O	O
+a	1351,1352	O	O
+hybrid	1353,1359	O	O
+organisation	1360,1372	O	O
+,	1372,1373	O	O
+facilitated	1374,1385	O	O
+by	1386,1388	O	O
+a	1389,1390	O	O
+hybrid	1391,1397	O	B-Process
+ERP	1398,1401	O	I-Process
+system	1402,1408	O	I-Process
+,	1408,1409	O	O
+which	1410,1415	O	O
+directs	1416,1423	O	O
+formal	1424,1430	O	O
+and	1431,1434	O	O
+informal	1435,1443	O	O
+behaviour	1444,1453	O	O
+towards	1454,1461	O	O
+organisational	1462,1476	O	O
+goals	1477,1482	O	O
+and	1483,1486	O	O
+provides	1487,1495	O	O
+a	1496,1497	O	O
+template	1498,1506	O	O
+for	1507,1510	O	O
+future	1511,1517	O	O
+hybrid	1518,1524	O	O
+implementations	1525,1540	O	O
+.	1540,1541	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168365912007560)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+addressed	3,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+question	17,25	O	O
+whether	26,33	O	B-Task
+carbohydrate	34,46	O	I-Task
+coupling	47,55	O	I-Task
+increased	56,65	O	I-Task
+antigen	66,73	O	I-Task
+uptake	74,80	O	I-Task
+by	81,83	O	O
+DCs	84,87	O	O
+via	88,91	O	O
+C	92,93	O	B-Process
+-	93,94	O	I-Process
+type	94,98	O	I-Process
+lectin	99,105	O	I-Process
+receptor	106,114	O	I-Process
+targeting	115,124	O	I-Process
+.	124,125	O	O
+
+Therefore	126,135	O	O
+,	135,136	O	O
+the	137,140	O	O
+antigens	141,149	O	B-Material
+were	150,154	O	O
+labeled	155,162	O	O
+with	163,167	O	O
+pHrodo	168,174	O	B-Material
+Red	175,178	O	I-Material
+dye	179,182	O	I-Material
+(	183,184	O	O
+Invitrogen	184,194	O	B-Material
+)	194,195	O	O
+,	195,196	O	O
+a	197,198	O	O
+dye	199,202	O	O
+that	203,207	O	O
+specifically	208,220	O	O
+fluoresces	221,231	O	B-Process
+as	232,234	O	O
+pH	235,237	O	O
+decreases	238,247	O	O
+from	248,252	O	O
+neutral	253,260	O	O
+to	261,263	O	O
+acidic	264,270	O	O
+,	270,271	O	O
+as	272,274	O	O
+provided	275,283	O	O
+in	284,286	O	O
+endosomes	287,296	O	B-Material
+/	296,297	O	O
+lysosomes	297,306	O	B-Material
+of	307,309	O	O
+cells	310,315	O	O
+.	315,316	O	O
+
+In	317,319	O	O
+vitro	320,325	O	O
+characterization	326,342	O	O
+of	343,345	O	O
+the	346,349	O	O
+cellular	350,358	O	O
+uptake	359,365	O	O
+of	366,368	O	O
+neoglycocomplexes	369,386	O	B-Material
+using	387,392	O	O
+bone	393,397	O	B-Material
+marrow	398,404	O	I-Material
+derived	405,412	O	I-Material
+dendritic	413,422	O	I-Material
+cells	423,428	O	I-Material
+(	429,430	O	O
+BMDCs	430,435	O	B-Material
+)	435,436	O	O
+demonstrated	437,449	O	O
+superior	450,458	O	O
+ingestion	459,468	O	B-Process
+of	469,471	O	O
+mannan	472,478	O	O
+-	478,479	O	O
+conjugates	479,489	O	O
+MN	490,492	O	O
+–	492,493	O	O
+Ova	493,496	O	O
+and	497,500	O	O
+MN	501,503	O	O
+
+–	503,504	O	O
+Pap	504,507	O	O
+(	508,509	O	O
+Supplementary	509,522	O	O
+Fig	523,526	O	O
+.	526,527	O	O
+
+S4A	528,531	O	O
+-	531,532	O	O
+D	532,533	O	O
+,	533,534	O	O
+F	534,535	O	O
+)	535,536	O	O
+.	536,537	O	O
+
+This	538,542	O	O
+was	543,546	O	O
+confirmed	547,556	O	O
+in	557,559	O	O
+vivo	560,564	O	O
+by	565,567	O	O
+intradermal	568,579	O	B-Task
+needle	580,586	O	I-Task
+-	586,587	O	I-Task
+injection	587,596	O	I-Task
+of	597,599	O	O
+labeled	600,607	O	O
+antigen	608,615	O	O
+into	616,620	O	O
+the	621,624	O	O
+ear	625,628	O	O
+pinnae	629,635	O	O
+of	636,638	O	O
+mice	639,643	O	O
+.	643,644	O	O
+
+Antigen	645,652	O	B-Material
+uptake	653,659	O	O
+and	660,663	O	O
+transport	664,673	O	O
+to	674,676	O	O
+the	677,680	O	O
+ear	681,684	O	O
+
+dLNs	685,689	O	O
+were	690,694	O	O
+measured	695,703	O	O
+after	704,709	O	O
+24h	710,713	O	O
+by	714,716	O	O
+FACS	717,721	O	B-Process
+analysis	722,730	O	I-Process
+.	730,731	O	O
+
+DCs	732,735	O	O
+in	736,738	O	O
+cervical	739,747	O	O
+LNs	748,751	O	O
+were	752,756	O	O
+identified	757,767	O	O
+according	768,777	O	O
+to	778,780	O	O
+their	781,786	O	O
+high	787,791	O	O
+expression	792,802	O	O
+of	803,805	O	O
+MHC	806,809	O	O
+class	810,815	O	O
+II	816,818	O	O
+(	819,820	O	O
+Fig	820,823	O	O
+.	823,824	O	O
+
+3A	825,827	O	O
+)	827,828	O	O
+and	829,832	O	O
+additionally	833,845	O	O
+characterized	846,859	O	O
+by	860,862	O	O
+CD8α	863,867	O	B-Material
+,	867,868	O	O
+CD11b	869,874	O	B-Material
+,	874,875	O	O
+and	876,879	O	O
+CD11c	880,885	O	B-Material
+expression	886,896	O	O
+and	897,900	O	O
+uptake	901,907	O	O
+of	908,910	O	O
+pHrodo	911,917	O	B-Material
+-	917,918	O	I-Material
+labeled	918,925	O	I-Material
+antigen	926,933	O	I-Material
+(	934,935	O	O
+Fig	935,938	O	O
+.	938,939	O	O
+
+3B	940,942	O	O
+,	942,943	O	O
+D	944,945	O	O
+–	945,946	O	O
+F	946,947	O	O
+)	947,948	O	O
+.	948,949	O	O
+
+The	950,953	O	O
+results	954,961	O	O
+showed	962,968	O	O
+significantly	969,982	O	O
+elevated	983,991	O	O
+numbers	992,999	O	O
+of	1000,1002	O	O
+pHrodo+MHCIIhigh	1003,1019	O	B-Material
+DCs	1020,1023	O	I-Material
+for	1024,1027	O	O
+mannan	1028,1034	O	O
+conjugates	1035,1045	O	O
+MN	1046,1048	O	B-Material
+–	1048,1049	O	I-Material
+Ova	1049,1052	O	I-Material
+and	1053,1056	O	O
+MN	1057,1059	O	B-Material
+–	1059,1060	O	I-Material
+Pap	1060,1063	O	I-Material
+(	1064,1065	O	O
+and	1065,1068	O	O
+to	1069,1071	O	O
+a	1072,1073	O	O
+lesser	1074,1080	O	O
+degree	1081,1087	O	O
+for	1088,1091	O	O
+MD	1092,1094	O	B-Material
+–	1094,1095	O	I-Material
+Pap	1095,1098	O	I-Material
+)	1098,1099	O	O
+in	1100,1102	O	O
+comparison	1103,1113	O	O
+to	1114,1116	O	O
+the	1117,1120	O	O
+unmodified	1121,1131	O	O
+antigens	1132,1140	O	B-Material
+(	1141,1142	O	O
+Fig	1142,1145	O	O
+.	1145,1146	O	O
+
+3C	1147,1149	O	O
+)	1149,1150	O	O
+.	1150,1151	O	O
+
+Both	1152,1156	O	O
+carbohydrates	1157,1170	O	B-Material
+targeted	1171,1179	O	O
+antigen	1180,1187	O	B-Material
+preferentially	1188,1202	O	O
+to	1203,1205	O	O
+CD8α−	1206,1211	O	B-Material
+DCs	1212,1215	O	I-Material
+,	1215,1216	O	O
+as	1217,1219	O	O
+indicated	1220,1229	O	O
+by	1230,1232	O	O
+an	1233,1235	O	O
+increase	1236,1244	O	O
+in	1245,1247	O	O
+CD8α−/pHrodo+	1248,1261	O	B-Material
+DCs	1262,1265	O	I-Material
+compared	1266,1274	O	O
+to	1275,1277	O	O
+unmodified	1278,1288	O	O
+antigens	1289,1297	O	B-Material
+(	1298,1299	O	O
+Fig	1299,1302	O	O
+.	1302,1303	O	O
+
+3E	1304,1306	O	O
+and	1307,1310	O	O
+F	1311,1312	O	O
+)	1312,1313	O	O
+.	1313,1314	O	O
+
+Nevertheless	1315,1327	O	O
+,	1327,1328	O	O
+whether	1329,1336	O	O
+the	1337,1340	O	O
+antigens	1341,1349	O	B-Material
+were	1350,1354	O	O
+taken	1355,1360	O	O
+up	1361,1363	O	O
+in	1364,1366	O	O
+situ	1367,1371	O	O
+by	1372,1374	O	O
+dermal	1375,1381	O	O
+DCs	1382,1385	O	O
+or	1386,1388	O	O
+by	1389,1391	O	O
+LN	1392,1394	O	O
+resident	1395,1403	O	O
+APCs	1404,1408	O	O
+via	1409,1412	O	O
+the	1413,1416	O	O
+afferent	1417,1425	O	O
+lymphatics	1426,1436	O	O
+could	1437,1442	O	O
+not	1443,1446	O	O
+be	1447,1449	O	O
+fully	1450,1455	O	O
+elucidated	1456,1466	O	O
+.	1466,1467	O	O
+
+Histology	1468,1477	O	O
+revealed	1478,1486	O	O
+that	1487,1491	O	O
+antigen	1492,1499	O	B-Material
+-	1499,1500	O	I-Material
+loaded	1500,1506	O	I-Material
+cells	1507,1512	O	I-Material
+in	1513,1515	O	O
+the	1516,1519	O	O
+dLNs	1520,1524	O	O
+were	1525,1529	O	O
+already	1530,1537	O	O
+present	1538,1545	O	O
+30min	1546,1551	O	O
+after	1552,1557	O	O
+intradermal	1558,1569	O	B-Process
+injection	1570,1579	O	I-Process
+(	1580,1581	O	O
+Supplementary	1581,1594	O	O
+Fig	1595,1598	O	O
+.	1598,1599	O	O
+
+S4	1600,1602	O	O
+G	1602,1603	O	O
+)	1603,1604	O	O
+,	1604,1605	O	O
+suggesting	1606,1616	O	O
+both	1617,1621	O	O
+mechanisms	1622,1632	O	O
+.	1632,1633	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168365913001521)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+mesoporous	4,14	O	B-Material
+silica	15,21	O	I-Material
+particles	22,31	O	O
+were	32,36	O	O
+prepared	37,45	O	O
+by	46,48	O	O
+the	49,52	O	O
+surfactant	53,63	O	B-Process
+self	64,68	O	I-Process
+-	68,69	O	I-Process
+assembly	69,77	O	I-Process
+method	78,84	O	O
+described	85,94	O	O
+previously	95,105	O	O
+[	106,107	O	O
+18,24	107,112	O	O
+]	112,113	O	O
+.	113,114	O	O
+
+Briefly	115,122	O	O
+,	122,123	O	O
+a	124,125	O	O
+homogeneous	126,137	O	B-Material
+solution	138,146	O	I-Material
+of	147,149	O	O
+the	150,153	O	O
+soluble	154,161	O	B-Material
+silica	162,168	O	I-Material
+precursor	169,178	O	I-Material
+,	178,179	O	O
+tetraethylorthosilicate	180,203	O	B-Material
+(	204,205	O	O
+TEOS	205,209	O	B-Material
+;	209,210	O	O
+Sigma	211,216	O	O
+-	216,217	O	O
+Aldrich	217,224	O	O
+Corp.	225,230	O	O
+,	230,231	O	O
+St.	232,235	O	O
+Louis	236,241	O	O
+,	241,242	O	O
+MO	243,245	O	O
+)	245,246	O	O
+,	246,247	O	O
+and	248,251	O	O
+hydrochloric	252,264	O	B-Material
+acid	265,269	O	I-Material
+was	270,273	O	O
+mixed	274,279	O	O
+in	280,282	O	O
+ethanol	283,290	O	B-Material
+and	291,294	O	O
+water	295,300	O	B-Material
+.	300,301	O	I-Material
+
+A	302,303	O	O
+surfactant	304,314	O	B-Material
+,	314,315	O	O
+cetyltrimethylammonium	316,338	O	B-Material
+bromide	339,346	O	I-Material
+(	347,348	O	O
+CTAB	348,352	O	B-Material
+;	352,353	O	O
+Sigma	354,359	O	O
+-	359,360	O	O
+Aldrich	360,367	O	O
+Corp.	368,373	O	O
+,	373,374	O	O
+St.	375,378	O	O
+Louis	379,384	O	O
+,	384,385	O	O
+MO	386,388	O	O
+)	388,389	O	O
+,	389,390	O	O
+with	391,395	O	O
+an	396,398	O	O
+initial	399,406	O	O
+concentration	407,420	O	O
+much	421,425	O	O
+less	426,430	O	O
+than	431,435	O	O
+the	436,439	O	O
+critical	440,448	O	O
+micelle	449,456	O	O
+concentration	457,470	O	O
+was	471,474	O	O
+added	475,480	O	O
+to	481,483	O	O
+lower	484,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+surface	494,501	O	O
+tension	502,509	O	O
+of	510,512	O	O
+the	513,516	O	O
+liquid	517,523	O	O
+mixture	524,531	O	O
+and	532,535	O	O
+act	536,539	O	O
+as	540,542	O	O
+the	543,546	O	O
+mesoporous	547,557	O	B-Material
+structure	558,567	O	I-Material
+-	567,568	O	I-Material
+directing	568,577	O	I-Material
+template	578,586	O	I-Material
+.	586,587	O	O
+
+Aerosol	588,595	O	B-Material
+solutions	596,605	O	I-Material
+of	606,608	O	O
+soluble	609,616	O	B-Material
+silica	617,623	O	I-Material
+plus	624,628	O	O
+surfactant	629,639	O	B-Material
+were	640,644	O	O
+then	645,649	O	O
+generated	650,659	O	O
+with	660,664	O	O
+nitrogen	665,673	O	B-Process
+as	674,676	O	O
+a	677,678	O	O
+carrier	679,686	O	O
+atomizing	687,696	O	B-Material
+gas	697,700	O	I-Material
+using	701,706	O	O
+a	707,708	O	O
+commercially	709,721	O	O
+available	722,731	O	O
+atomizer	732,740	O	B-Process
+(	741,742	O	O
+Model	742,747	O	O
+9392A	748,753	O	O
+,	753,754	O	O
+TSI	755,758	O	O
+,	758,759	O	O
+Inc.	760,764	O	O
+,	764,765	O	O
+St.	766,769	O	O
+Paul	770,774	O	O
+,	774,775	O	O
+MN	776,778	O	O
+)	778,779	O	O
+.	779,780	O	O
+
+The	781,784	O	O
+aerosol	785,792	O	B-Material
+droplets	793,801	O	I-Material
+were	802,806	O	O
+solidified	807,817	O	O
+in	818,820	O	O
+a	821,822	O	O
+tube	823,827	O	B-Process
+furnace	828,835	O	I-Process
+at	836,838	O	O
+400	839,842	O	O
+°	842,843	O	O
+C	843,844	O	O
+until	845,850	O	O
+dry	851,854	O	O
+.	854,855	O	O
+
+Once	856,860	O	O
+dried	861,866	O	O
+,	866,867	O	O
+a	868,869	O	O
+durapore	870,878	O	B-Material
+membrane	879,887	O	I-Material
+filter	888,894	O	I-Material
+,	894,895	O	O
+kept	896,900	O	O
+at	901,903	O	O
+80	904,906	O	O
+°	906,907	O	O
+C	907,908	O	O
+,	908,909	O	O
+was	910,913	O	O
+used	914,918	O	O
+to	919,921	O	O
+collect	922,929	O	O
+the	930,933	O	O
+particles	934,943	O	O
+.	943,944	O	O
+
+As	945,947	O	O
+a	948,949	O	O
+final	950,955	O	O
+step	956,960	O	O
+,	960,961	O	O
+the	962,965	O	O
+surfactant	966,976	O	B-Material
+was	977,980	O	O
+removed	981,988	O	O
+at	989,991	O	O
+400	992,995	O	O
+°	995,996	O	O
+C	996,997	O	O
+for	998,1001	O	O
+5h	1002,1004	O	O
+via	1005,1008	O	O
+calcination	1009,1020	O	B-Process
+.	1020,1021	O	O
+
+The	1022,1025	O	O
+surface	1026,1033	O	O
+of	1034,1036	O	O
+the	1037,1040	O	O
+mesoporous	1041,1051	O	B-Material
+silica	1052,1058	O	I-Material
+core	1059,1063	O	I-Material
+in	1064,1066	O	O
+these	1067,1072	O	O
+studies	1073,1080	O	O
+was	1081,1084	O	O
+chemically	1085,1095	O	O
+modified	1096,1104	O	O
+with	1105,1109	O	O
+10wt.%	1110,1116	O	O
+or	1117,1119	O	O
+15wt.%	1120,1126	O	O
+by	1127,1129	O	O
+aminopropyltriethoxysilane	1130,1156	O	B-Material
+(	1157,1158	O	O
+APTES	1158,1163	O	B-Material
+;	1163,1164	O	O
+Sigma	1165,1170	O	O
+-	1170,1171	O	O
+Aldrich	1171,1178	O	O
+Corp.	1179,1184	O	O
+,	1184,1185	O	O
+St.	1186,1189	O	O
+Louis	1190,1195	O	O
+,	1195,1196	O	O
+MO	1197,1199	O	O
+)	1199,1200	O	O
+conducted	1201,1210	O	O
+identically	1211,1222	O	O
+as	1223,1225	O	O
+previously	1226,1236	O	O
+described	1237,1246	O	O
+[	1247,1248	O	O
+17	1248,1250	O	O
+]	1250,1251	O	O
+to	1252,1254	O	O
+create	1255,1261	O	O
+a	1262,1263	O	O
+positive	1264,1272	O	O
+surface	1273,1280	O	O
+charge	1281,1287	O	O
+to	1288,1290	O	O
+increase	1291,1299	O	O
+loading	1300,1307	O	O
+efficiency	1308,1318	O	O
+of	1319,1321	O	O
+negatively	1322,1332	O	O
+charged	1333,1340	O	O
+cargo	1341,1346	O	O
+.	1346,1347	O	O
+
+Further	1348,1355	O	O
+,	1355,1356	O	O
+Liu	1357,1360	O	O
+and	1361,1364	O	O
+colleagues	1365,1375	O	O
+report	1376,1382	O	O
+the	1383,1386	O	O
+colloidal	1387,1396	O	O
+stability	1397,1406	O	O
+of	1407,1409	O	O
+these	1410,1415	O	O
+protocells	1416,1426	O	B-Material
+with	1427,1431	O	O
+lipid	1432,1437	O	O
+bilayers	1438,1446	O	O
+,	1446,1447	O	O
+excess	1448,1454	O	O
+amount	1455,1461	O	O
+of	1462,1464	O	O
+liposomes	1465,1474	O	B-Material
+(	1475,1476	O	O
+50μg	1476,1480	O	O
+liposomes	1481,1490	O	O
+per	1491,1494	O	O
+0.5	1495,1498	O	O
+mg	1498,1500	O	O
+silica	1501,1507	O	O
+were	1508,1512	O	O
+used	1513,1517	O	O
+[	1518,1519	O	O
+18	1519,1521	O	O
+]	1521,1522	O	O
+)	1522,1523	O	O
+.	1523,1524	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168365913009589)
+
+Ultrasound	0,10	O	B-Process
+(	11,12	O	O
+US	12,14	O	B-Process
+)	14,15	O	O
+can	16,19	O	O
+initiate	20,28	O	O
+the	29,32	O	O
+release	33,40	O	O
+of	41,43	O	O
+drugs	44,49	O	O
+from	50,54	O	O
+liposomes	55,64	O	B-Material
+via	65,68	O	O
+an	69,71	O	O
+event	72,77	O	O
+called	78,84	O	O
+inertial	85,93	O	B-Task
+cavitation	94,104	O	I-Task
+,	104,105	O	O
+whereby	106,113	O	O
+the	114,117	O	O
+rarefactional	118,131	O	O
+phase	132,137	O	O
+of	138,140	O	O
+an	141,143	O	O
+ultrasound	144,154	O	O
+wave	155,159	O	O
+causes	160,166	O	O
+the	167,170	O	O
+expansion	171,180	O	O
+of	181,183	O	O
+a	184,185	O	O
+gas	186,189	O	B-Material
+bubble	190,196	O	I-Material
+followed	197,205	O	O
+by	206,208	O	O
+a	209,210	O	O
+violent	211,218	O	O
+collapse	219,227	O	O
+due	228,231	O	O
+to	232,234	O	O
+the	235,238	O	O
+inertia	239,246	O	O
+of	247,249	O	O
+the	250,253	O	O
+surrounding	254,265	O	O
+media	266,271	O	O
+.	271,272	O	O
+
+This	273,277	O	O
+collapse	278,286	O	O
+creates	287,294	O	O
+shock	295,300	O	O
+waves	301,306	O	O
+which	307,312	O	O
+can	313,316	O	O
+disrupt	317,324	O	O
+the	325,328	O	O
+stability	329,338	O	O
+of	339,341	O	O
+co	342,344	O	O
+-	344,345	O	O
+localised	345,354	O	O
+liposomal	355,364	O	O
+drug	365,369	O	O
+carriers	370,378	O	O
+.	378,379	O	O
+
+To	380,382	O	O
+date	383,387	O	O
+,	387,388	O	O
+studies	389,396	O	O
+have	397,401	O	O
+concentrated	402,414	O	O
+on	415,417	O	O
+the	418,421	O	O
+use	422,425	O	O
+of	426,428	O	O
+low	429,432	O	O
+frequency	433,442	O	O
+or	443,445	O	O
+high	446,450	O	O
+intensity	451,460	O	O
+US	461,463	O	B-Process
+to	464,466	O	O
+generate	467,475	O	O
+gas	476,479	O	B-Material
+bubbles	480,487	O	I-Material
+in	488,490	O	O
+situ	491,495	O	O
+,	495,496	O	O
+and	497,500	O	O
+most	501,505	O	O
+recently	506,514	O	O
+such	515,519	O	O
+parameters	520,530	O	O
+have	531,535	O	O
+been	536,540	O	O
+used	541,545	O	O
+to	546,548	O	O
+achieve	549,556	O	O
+a	557,558	O	O
+variable	559,567	O	O
+level	568,573	O	O
+of	574,576	O	O
+triggered	577,586	O	O
+drug	587,591	O	O
+release	592,599	O	O
+following	600,609	O	O
+an	610,612	O	O
+intratumoral	613,625	O	B-Process
+injection	626,635	O	I-Process
+of	636,638	O	O
+liposomes	639,648	O	O
+[	649,650	O	O
+14	650,652	O	O
+]	652,653	O	O
+.	653,654	O	O
+
+However	655,662	O	O
+,	662,663	O	O
+concerns	664,672	O	O
+persist	673,680	O	O
+over	681,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+damage	690,696	O	O
+to	697,699	O	O
+non	700,703	O	O
+-	703,704	O	O
+target	704,710	O	O
+tissue	711,717	O	O
+that	718,722	O	O
+such	723,727	O	O
+US	728,730	O	B-Process
+exposure	731,739	O	O
+parameters	740,750	O	O
+may	751,754	O	O
+cause	755,760	O	O
+and	761,764	O	O
+whether	765,772	O	O
+ultimately	773,783	O	O
+they	784,788	O	O
+will	789,793	O	O
+be	794,796	O	O
+widely	797,803	O	O
+clinically	804,814	O	O
+applicable	815,825	O	O
+.	825,826	O	O
+
+An	827,829	O	O
+alternative	830,841	O	O
+strategy	842,850	O	O
+is	851,853	O	O
+to	854,856	O	O
+utilise	857,864	O	O
+high	865,869	O	O
+-	869,870	O	O
+frequency	870,879	O	O
+US	880,882	O	B-Process
+pulses	883,889	O	O
+at	890,892	O	O
+pressures	893,902	O	O
+in	903,905	O	O
+the	906,909	O	O
+diagnostic	910,920	O	O
+range	921,926	O	O
+in	927,929	O	O
+the	930,933	O	O
+presence	934,942	O	O
+of	943,945	O	O
+pre	946,949	O	O
+-	949,950	O	O
+existing	950,958	O	O
+gas	959,962	O	O
+bubbles	963,970	O	O
+.	970,971	O	O
+
+This	972,976	O	O
+provides	977,985	O	O
+an	986,988	O	O
+inertial	989,997	O	B-Task
+cavitation	998,1008	O	I-Task
+stimulus	1009,1017	O	O
+for	1018,1021	O	O
+drug	1022,1026	O	O
+release	1027,1034	O	O
+using	1035,1040	O	O
+safe	1041,1045	O	O
+,	1045,1046	O	O
+clinically	1047,1057	O	O
+achievable	1058,1068	O	O
+US	1069,1071	O	B-Process
+exposure	1072,1080	O	O
+conditions	1081,1091	O	O
+and	1092,1095	O	O
+approved	1096,1104	O	O
+US	1105,1107	O	B-Material
+contrast	1108,1116	O	I-Material
+agents	1117,1123	O	I-Material
+[	1124,1125	O	O
+15	1125,1127	O	O
+]	1127,1128	O	O
+.	1128,1129	O	O
+
+Indeed	1130,1136	O	O
+,	1136,1137	O	O
+in	1138,1140	O	O
+the	1141,1144	O	O
+context	1145,1152	O	O
+of	1153,1155	O	O
+improving	1156,1165	O	O
+the	1166,1169	O	O
+delivery	1170,1178	O	O
+of	1179,1181	O	O
+therapeutics	1182,1194	O	O
+such	1195,1199	O	O
+as	1200,1202	O	O
+oncolytic	1203,1212	O	B-Material
+viruses	1213,1220	O	I-Material
+,	1220,1221	O	O
+this	1222,1226	O	O
+approach	1227,1235	O	O
+has	1236,1239	O	O
+already	1240,1247	O	O
+shown	1248,1253	O	O
+great	1254,1259	O	O
+promise	1260,1267	O	O
+[	1268,1269	O	O
+16	1269,1271	O	O
+]	1271,1272	O	O
+.	1272,1273	O	O
+
+A	1274,1275	O	O
+further	1276,1283	O	O
+advantage	1284,1293	O	O
+of	1294,1296	O	O
+this	1297,1301	O	O
+approach	1302,1310	O	O
+is	1311,1313	O	O
+that	1314,1318	O	O
+US	1319,1321	O	B-Process
+-	1321,1322	O	I-Process
+induced	1322,1329	O	I-Process
+cavitation	1330,1340	O	I-Process
+events	1341,1347	O	O
+produce	1348,1355	O	O
+distinct	1356,1364	O	O
+acoustic	1365,1373	O	O
+emissions	1374,1383	O	O
+that	1384,1388	O	O
+can	1389,1392	O	O
+be	1393,1395	O	O
+recorded	1396,1404	O	O
+and	1405,1408	O	O
+characterised	1409,1422	O	O
+providing	1423,1432	O	O
+non	1433,1436	O	O
+-	1436,1437	O	O
+invasive	1437,1445	O	O
+feedback	1446,1454	O	O
+,	1454,1455	O	O
+a	1456,1457	O	O
+feature	1458,1465	O	O
+which	1466,1471	O	O
+has	1472,1475	O	O
+proven	1476,1482	O	O
+useful	1483,1489	O	O
+in	1490,1492	O	O
+ablative	1493,1501	O	O
+US	1502,1504	O	B-Process
+applications	1505,1517	O	O
+[	1518,1519	O	O
+17–19	1519,1524	O	O
+]	1524,1525	O	O
+.	1525,1526	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168583X14003929)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+most	4,8	O	O
+widely	9,15	O	O
+used	16,20	O	O
+ion	21,24	O	O
+source	25,31	O	O
+in	32,34	O	O
+FIB	35,38	O	B-Process
+instruments	39,50	O	I-Process
+is	51,53	O	O
+a	54,55	O	O
+gallium	56,63	O	B-Material
+(	64,65	O	O
+Ga	65,67	O	B-Material
+)	67,68	O	O
+liquid	69,75	O	O
+metal	76,81	O	O
+ion	82,85	O	O
+source	86,92	O	O
+(	93,94	O	O
+LMIS	94,98	O	O
+)	98,99	O	O
+[	100,101	O	O
+1	101,102	O	O
+]	102,103	O	O
+.	103,104	O	O
+
+Gallium	105,112	O	B-Material
+is	113,115	O	O
+attractive	116,126	O	O
+as	127,129	O	O
+an	130,132	O	O
+ion	133,136	O	O
+source	137,143	O	O
+because	144,151	O	O
+of	152,154	O	O
+its	155,158	O	O
+low	159,162	O	O
+melting	163,170	O	O
+temperature	171,182	O	O
+(	183,184	O	O
+29.8	184,188	O	O
+°	188,189	O	O
+C	189,190	O	O
+at	191,193	O	O
+standard	194,202	O	O
+atmospheric	203,214	O	O
+pressure	215,223	O	O
+[	224,225	O	O
+4	225,226	O	O
+]	226,227	O	O
+)	227,228	O	O
+and	229,232	O	O
+its	233,236	O	O
+low	237,240	O	O
+volatility	241,251	O	O
+[	252,253	O	O
+1	253,254	O	O
+]	254,255	O	O
+.	255,256	O	O
+
+However	257,264	O	O
+,	264,265	O	O
+some	266,270	O	O
+materials	271,280	O	O
+show	281,285	O	O
+sensitivity	286,297	O	O
+to	298,300	O	O
+the	301,304	O	O
+Ga	305,307	O	B-Process
+ion	308,311	O	I-Process
+beam	312,316	O	I-Process
+.	316,317	O	O
+
+This	318,322	O	O
+sensitivity	323,334	O	O
+is	335,337	O	O
+manifested	338,348	O	O
+as	349,351	O	O
+changes	352,359	O	O
+in	360,362	O	O
+the	363,366	O	O
+structure	367,376	O	O
+and	377,380	O	O
+chemical	381,389	O	O
+composition	390,401	O	O
+of	402,404	O	O
+the	405,408	O	O
+starting	409,417	O	O
+material	418,426	O	O
+upon	427,431	O	O
+exposure	432,440	O	O
+to	441,443	O	O
+the	444,447	O	O
+Ga	448,450	O	B-Process
+ion	451,454	O	I-Process
+beam	455,459	O	I-Process
+[	460,461	O	O
+5	461,462	O	O
+]	462,463	O	O
+.	463,464	O	O
+
+Group	465,470	O	O
+III	471,474	O	O
+–	474,475	O	O
+V	475,476	O	O
+compound	477,485	O	O
+semiconductors	486,500	O	B-Process
+are	501,504	O	O
+one	505,508	O	O
+class	509,514	O	O
+of	515,517	O	O
+materials	518,527	O	O
+that	528,532	O	O
+show	533,537	O	O
+such	538,542	O	O
+sensitivity	543,554	O	O
+.	554,555	O	O
+
+Cryo	556,560	O	B-Task
+-	560,561	O	I-Task
+FIB	561,564	O	I-Task
+milling	565,572	O	I-Task
+has	573,576	O	O
+recently	577,585	O	O
+been	586,590	O	O
+reported	591,599	O	O
+to	600,602	O	O
+suppress	603,611	O	O
+the	612,615	O	O
+reactions	616,625	O	O
+between	626,633	O	O
+the	634,637	O	O
+Ga	638,640	O	B-Process
+ion	641,644	O	I-Process
+beam	645,649	O	I-Process
+and	650,653	O	O
+III	654,657	O	B-Material
+–	657,658	O	I-Material
+V	658,659	O	I-Material
+materials	660,669	O	I-Material
+[	670,671	O	O
+6	671,672	O	O
+]	672,673	O	O
+.	673,674	O	O
+
+The	675,678	O	O
+suggested	679,688	O	O
+advantage	689,698	O	O
+of	699,701	O	O
+cryo	702,706	O	B-Task
+-	706,707	O	I-Task
+FIB	707,710	O	I-Task
+milling	711,718	O	I-Task
+over	719,723	O	O
+room	724,728	O	O
+temperature	729,740	O	O
+milling	741,748	O	O
+of	749,751	O	O
+Group	752,757	O	B-Material
+III	758,761	O	I-Material
+–	761,762	O	I-Material
+V	762,763	O	I-Material
+materials	764,773	O	I-Material
+is	774,776	O	O
+appealing	777,786	O	O
+,	786,787	O	O
+given	788,793	O	O
+the	794,797	O	O
+variety	798,805	O	O
+of	806,808	O	O
+present	809,816	O	O
+and	817,820	O	O
+potential	821,830	O	O
+future	831,837	O	O
+applications	838,850	O	O
+for	851,854	O	O
+these	855,860	O	O
+materials	861,870	O	O
+(	871,872	O	O
+e.g.	872,876	O	O
+,	876,877	O	O
+as	878,880	O	O
+electronic	881,891	O	B-Process
+or	892,894	O	I-Process
+photonic	895,903	O	I-Process
+devices	904,911	O	I-Process
+given	912,917	O	O
+the	918,921	O	O
+favorable	922,931	O	O
+electron	932,940	O	O
+transport	941,950	O	O
+and	951,954	O	O
+direct	955,961	O	O
+band	962,966	O	O
+gap	967,970	O	O
+properties	971,981	O	O
+associated	982,992	O	O
+with	993,997	O	O
+several	998,1005	O	O
+III	1006,1009	O	O
+–	1009,1010	O	O
+V	1010,1011	O	O
+semiconductor	1012,1025	O	B-Process
+systems	1026,1033	O	O
+)	1033,1034	O	O
+.	1034,1035	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0257897213003563)
+
+According	0,9	O	O
+to	10,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+ellipsometric	17,30	O	B-Process
+spectra	31,38	O	I-Process
+,	38,39	O	O
+optical	40,47	O	B-Process
+constants	48,57	O	I-Process
+and	58,61	O	O
+other	62,67	O	O
+physical	68,76	O	O
+parameters	77,87	O	O
+can	88,91	O	O
+be	92,94	O	O
+extracted	95,104	O	O
+by	105,107	O	O
+an	108,110	O	O
+appropriate	111,122	O	O
+fitting	123,130	O	O
+model	131,136	O	O
+.	136,137	O	O
+
+In	138,140	O	O
+order	141,146	O	O
+to	147,149	O	O
+estimate	150,158	O	O
+the	159,162	O	O
+optical	163,170	O	B-Process
+constants	171,180	O	I-Process
+/	180,181	O	I-Process
+dielectric	181,191	O	I-Process
+functions	192,201	O	O
+of	202,204	O	O
+Ni	205,207	O	B-Material
+-	207,208	O	I-Material
+doped	208,213	O	I-Material
+TiO2	214,218	O	I-Material
+films	219,224	O	I-Material
+,	224,225	O	O
+a	226,227	O	O
+three	228,233	O	B-Process
+-	233,234	O	I-Process
+phase	234,239	O	I-Process
+layered	240,247	O	I-Process
+system	248,254	O	I-Process
+(	255,256	O	O
+air	256,259	O	B-Process
+/	259,260	O	I-Process
+film	260,264	O	I-Process
+/	264,265	O	I-Process
+substrate	265,274	O	I-Process
+)	274,275	O	O
+[	276,277	O	O
+15	277,279	O	O
+]	279,280	O	O
+was	281,284	O	O
+utilized	285,293	O	O
+to	294,296	O	O
+study	297,302	O	O
+the	303,306	O	O
+ellipsometric	307,320	O	O
+spectra	321,328	O	O
+.	328,329	O	O
+
+TiO2	330,334	O	O
+belongs	335,342	O	O
+to	343,345	O	O
+the	346,349	O	O
+wide	350,354	O	O
+band	355,359	O	O
+gap	360,363	O	O
+semiconductors	364,378	O	B-Process
+.	378,379	O	O
+
+Considering	380,391	O	O
+the	392,395	O	O
+contribution	396,408	O	O
+of	409,411	O	O
+the	412,415	O	O
+M0	416,418	O	O
+type	419,423	O	O
+critical	424,432	O	O
+point	433,438	O	O
+with	439,443	O	O
+the	444,447	O	O
+lowest	448,454	O	O
+three	455,460	O	O
+dimensions	461,471	O	O
+,	471,472	O	O
+its	473,476	O	O
+dielectric	477,487	O	O
+function	488,496	O	O
+can	497,500	O	O
+be	501,503	O	O
+calculated	504,514	O	O
+by	515,517	O	O
+Adachi	518,524	O	B-Process
+'s	524,526	O	I-Process
+model	527,532	O	I-Process
+[	533,534	O	O
+15,22,23	534,542	O	O
+]	542,543	O	O
+:	543,544	O	O
+ε(Ε)=ε∞+{A0[2−(1+χ0)1/2−(1−χ0)1/2]}/(EOBG2/3χ02	545,592	O	B-Process
+)	592,593	O	I-Process
+.	593,594	O	O
+
+In	595,597	O	O
+the	598,601	O	O
+model	602,607	O	O
+,	607,608	O	O
+E	609,610	O	B-Process
+is	611,613	O	O
+the	614,617	O	O
+incident	618,626	O	B-Process
+photon	627,633	O	I-Process
+energy	634,640	O	I-Process
+,	640,641	O	O
+ε∞	642,644	O	B-Process
+is	645,647	O	O
+the	648,651	O	O
+high	652,656	O	B-Process
+-	656,657	O	I-Process
+frequency	657,666	O	I-Process
+dielectric	667,677	O	I-Process
+constant	678,686	O	I-Process
+,	686,687	O	O
+χ0=(E+iΓ	688,696	O	B-Process
+)	696,697	O	I-Process
+,	697,698	O	O
+EOBG	699,703	O	B-Process
+is	704,706	O	O
+the	707,710	O	O
+optical	711,718	O	O
+gap	719,722	O	O
+energy	723,729	O	O
+,	729,730	O	O
+and	731,734	O	O
+A0	735,737	O	B-Process
+and	738,741	O	I-Process
+Γ	742,743	O	I-Process
+are	744,747	O	O
+the	748,751	O	O
+strength	752,760	O	B-Process
+and	761,764	O	I-Process
+broadening	765,775	O	I-Process
+parameters	776,786	O	I-Process
+of	787,789	O	O
+the	790,793	O	O
+EOBG	794,798	O	B-Process
+transition	799,809	O	O
+,	809,810	O	O
+respectively	811,823	O	O
+.	823,824	O	O
+
+As	825,827	O	O
+an	828,830	O	O
+example	831,838	O	O
+,	838,839	O	O
+the	840,843	O	O
+experimental	844,856	O	O
+SE	857,859	O	B-Process
+of	860,862	O	O
+the	863,866	O	O
+film	867,871	O	O
+TN1	872,875	O	O
+at	876,878	O	O
+an	879,881	O	O
+incident	882,890	O	O
+angle	891,896	O	O
+70	897,899	O	O
+°	899,900	O	O
+by	901,903	O	O
+dot	904,907	O	O
+scatter	908,915	O	O
+is	916,918	O	O
+shown	919,924	O	O
+in	925,927	O	O
+Fig	928,931	O	O
+.	931,932	O	O
+
+4	933,934	O	O
+.	934,935	O	O
+
+The	936,939	O	O
+Fabry	940,945	O	B-Material
+–	945,946	O	I-Material
+Pérot	946,951	O	I-Material
+interference	952,964	O	I-Material
+oscillations	965,977	O	O
+due	978,981	O	O
+to	982,984	O	O
+multiple	985,993	O	O
+reflections	994,1005	O	O
+within	1006,1012	O	O
+the	1013,1016	O	O
+film	1017,1021	O	O
+have	1022,1026	O	O
+been	1027,1031	O	O
+found	1032,1037	O	O
+in	1038,1040	O	O
+the	1041,1044	O	O
+photon	1045,1051	O	O
+energy	1052,1058	O	O
+from	1059,1063	O	O
+1.5eV	1064,1069	O	O
+to	1070,1072	O	O
+3.5eV	1073,1078	O	O
+(	1079,1080	O	O
+354nm–826	1080,1089	O	O
+nm	1089,1091	O	O
+)	1091,1092	O	O
+,	1092,1093	O	O
+which	1094,1099	O	O
+indicates	1100,1109	O	O
+that	1110,1114	O	O
+the	1115,1118	O	O
+films	1119,1124	O	O
+are	1125,1128	O	O
+transparent	1129,1140	O	O
+in	1141,1143	O	O
+this	1144,1148	O	O
+region	1149,1155	O	O
+.	1155,1156	O	O
+
+Note	1157,1161	O	O
+that	1162,1166	O	O
+a	1167,1168	O	O
+good	1169,1173	O	O
+agreement	1174,1183	O	O
+of	1184,1186	O	O
+the	1187,1190	O	O
+experimental	1191,1203	O	O
+and	1204,1207	O	O
+calculated	1208,1218	O	O
+spectra	1219,1226	O	O
+is	1227,1229	O	O
+attained	1230,1238	O	O
+in	1239,1241	O	O
+the	1242,1245	O	O
+whole	1246,1251	O	O
+measured	1252,1260	O	O
+photon	1261,1267	O	O
+energy	1268,1274	O	O
+range	1275,1280	O	O
+.	1280,1281	O	O
+
+The	1282,1285	O	O
+fitting	1286,1293	O	O
+thickness	1294,1303	O	O
+for	1304,1307	O	O
+film	1308,1312	O	O
+TN2	1313,1316	O	O
+is	1317,1319	O	O
+159	1320,1323	O	O
+nm	1323,1325	O	O
+,	1325,1326	O	O
+which	1327,1332	O	O
+is	1333,1335	O	O
+very	1336,1340	O	O
+near	1341,1345	O	O
+to	1346,1348	O	O
+the	1349,1352	O	O
+value	1353,1358	O	O
+obtained	1359,1367	O	O
+by	1368,1370	O	O
+SEM	1371,1374	O	B-Process
+(	1375,1376	O	O
+see	1376,1379	O	O
+Fig	1380,1383	O	O
+.	1383,1384	O	O
+
+1(b	1385,1388	O	O
+)	1388,1389	O	O
+)	1389,1390	O	O
+.	1390,1391	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0257897213004131)
+
+Fig	0,3	O	O
+.	3,4	O	O
+
+7	5,6	O	O
+shows	7,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+relationship	17,29	O	O
+between	30,37	O	O
+the	38,41	O	O
+testing	42,49	O	B-Process
+time	50,54	O	I-Process
+and	55,58	O	O
+friction	59,67	O	B-Process
+coefficients	68,80	O	I-Process
+of	81,83	O	O
+various	84,91	O	O
+samples	92,99	O	O
+under	100,105	O	O
+dry	106,109	O	O
+conditions	110,120	O	O
+.	120,121	O	O
+
+There	122,127	O	O
+exist	128,133	O	O
+running	134,141	O	O
+in	142,144	O	O
+and	145,148	O	O
+steady	149,155	O	O
+wear	156,160	O	O
+period	161,167	O	O
+in	168,170	O	O
+the	171,174	O	O
+wear	175,179	O	B-Process
+process	180,187	O	I-Process
+of	188,190	O	O
+uncoated	191,199	O	B-Material
+AZ31	200,204	O	I-Material
+and	205,208	O	O
+anodizing	209,218	O	B-Material
+coating	219,226	O	I-Material
+without	227,234	O	I-Material
+Al2O3	235,240	O	I-Material
+nanoparticles	241,254	O	I-Material
+while	255,260	O	O
+there	261,266	O	O
+has	267,270	O	O
+a	271,272	O	O
+steady	273,279	O	O
+wear	280,284	O	O
+period	285,291	O	O
+only	292,296	O	O
+in	297,299	O	O
+the	300,303	O	O
+wear	304,308	O	B-Process
+process	309,316	O	I-Process
+of	317,319	O	O
+composite	320,329	O	B-Material
+anodizing	330,339	O	I-Material
+coating	340,347	O	I-Material
+with	348,352	O	O
+Al2O3	353,358	O	B-Material
+nanoparticles	359,372	O	I-Material
+.	372,373	O	O
+
+At	374,376	O	O
+the	377,380	O	O
+same	381,385	O	O
+time	386,390	O	O
+,	390,391	O	O
+the	392,395	O	O
+addition	396,404	O	O
+of	405,407	O	O
+nano	408,412	O	B-Material
+-	412,413	O	I-Material
+particles	413,422	O	I-Material
+to	423,425	O	O
+electrolyte	426,437	O	B-Material
+led	438,441	O	O
+to	442,444	O	O
+reduction	445,454	O	B-Process
+of	455,457	O	I-Process
+friction	458,466	O	I-Process
+coefficient	467,478	O	I-Process
+.	478,479	O	O
+
+The	480,483	O	O
+friction	484,492	O	O
+coefficient	493,504	O	O
+of	505,507	O	O
+composite	508,517	O	B-Process
+coating	518,525	O	I-Process
+is	526,528	O	O
+relatively	529,539	O	O
+lower	540,545	O	O
+and	546,549	O	O
+more	550,554	O	O
+stable	555,561	O	O
+than	562,566	O	O
+what	567,571	O	O
+has	572,575	O	O
+been	576,580	O	O
+reported	581,589	O	O
+in	590,592	O	O
+literature	593,603	O	O
+[	604,605	O	O
+24,25	605,610	O	O
+]	610,611	O	O
+for	612,615	O	O
+anodizing	616,625	O	B-Material
+coatings	626,634	O	I-Material
+.	634,635	O	O
+
+This	636,640	O	O
+may	641,644	O	O
+be	645,647	O	O
+caused	648,654	O	O
+by	655,657	O	O
+“	658,659	O	B-Process
+rolling	659,666	O	I-Process
+effect	667,673	O	I-Process
+”	673,674	O	I-Process
+made	675,679	O	O
+by	680,682	O	O
+Al2O3	683,688	O	B-Material
+nanoparticles	689,702	O	I-Material
+on	703,705	O	O
+the	706,709	O	O
+surface	710,717	O	O
+of	718,720	O	O
+oxide	721,726	O	O
+coating	727,734	O	O
+.	734,735	O	O
+
+Spherical	736,745	O	B-Material
+nanoparticles	746,759	O	I-Material
+change	760,766	O	O
+sliding	767,774	O	O
+into	775,779	O	O
+rolling	780,787	O	O
+,	787,788	O	O
+which	789,794	O	O
+reduce	795,801	O	B-Process
+friction	802,810	O	I-Process
+,	810,811	O	O
+making	812,818	O	O
+the	819,822	O	O
+friction	823,831	O	B-Process
+coefficient	832,843	O	I-Process
+becomes	844,851	O	O
+more	852,856	O	O
+stable	857,863	O	O
+.	863,864	O	O
+
+The	865,868	O	O
+friction	869,877	O	O
+coefficient	878,889	O	O
+of	890,892	O	O
+anodizing	893,902	O	B-Material
+coating	903,910	O	I-Material
+without	911,918	O	I-Material
+Al2O3	919,924	O	I-Material
+nanoparticles	925,938	O	I-Material
+has	939,942	O	O
+large	943,948	O	O
+fluctuation	949,960	O	O
+maybe	961,966	O	O
+for	967,970	O	O
+the	971,974	O	O
+damage	975,981	O	O
+of	982,984	O	O
+coating	985,992	O	B-Process
+.	992,993	O	O
+
+In	994,996	O	O
+contrast	997,1005	O	O
+to	1006,1008	O	O
+the	1009,1012	O	O
+uncoated	1013,1021	O	B-Material
+AZ31	1022,1026	O	I-Material
+magnesium	1027,1036	O	I-Material
+alloy	1037,1042	O	I-Material
+,	1042,1043	O	O
+the	1044,1047	O	O
+anodizing	1048,1057	O	B-Material
+coatings	1058,1066	O	I-Material
+show	1067,1071	O	O
+slightly	1072,1080	O	O
+lower	1081,1086	O	O
+friction	1087,1095	O	B-Process
+coefficient	1096,1107	O	I-Process
+.	1107,1108	O	O
+
+This	1109,1113	O	O
+can	1114,1117	O	O
+be	1118,1120	O	O
+attributed	1121,1131	O	O
+to	1132,1134	O	O
+their	1135,1140	O	O
+higher	1141,1147	O	O
+load	1148,1152	O	O
+-	1152,1153	O	O
+bearing	1153,1160	O	O
+capacity	1161,1169	O	O
+for	1170,1173	O	O
+high	1174,1178	O	O
+hardness	1179,1187	O	O
+.	1187,1188	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0263822312000657)
+
+Functionally	0,12	O	B-Material
+Graded	13,19	O	I-Material
+Materials	20,29	O	I-Material
+(	30,31	O	O
+FGMs	31,35	O	B-Material
+)	35,36	O	O
+,	36,37	O	O
+described	38,47	O	O
+in	48,50	O	O
+detail	51,57	O	O
+by	58,60	O	O
+Suresh	61,67	O	O
+and	68,71	O	O
+Mortensen	72,81	O	O
+[	82,83	O	O
+1	83,84	O	O
+]	84,85	O	O
+,	85,86	O	O
+are	87,90	O	O
+a	91,92	O	O
+type	93,97	O	O
+of	98,100	O	O
+heterogeneous	101,114	O	B-Material
+composite	115,124	O	I-Material
+materials	125,134	O	I-Material
+exhibiting	135,145	O	O
+gradual	146,153	O	O
+variation	154,163	O	O
+in	164,166	O	O
+volume	167,173	O	O
+fraction	174,182	O	O
+of	183,185	O	O
+their	186,191	O	O
+constituents	192,204	O	O
+from	205,209	O	O
+one	210,213	O	O
+surface	214,221	O	O
+of	222,224	O	O
+the	225,228	O	O
+material	229,237	O	O
+to	238,240	O	O
+the	241,244	O	O
+other	245,250	O	O
+,	250,251	O	O
+resulting	252,261	O	O
+in	262,264	O	O
+properties	265,275	O	O
+which	276,281	O	O
+vary	282,286	O	O
+continuously	287,299	O	O
+across	300,306	O	O
+the	307,310	O	O
+material	311,319	O	O
+.	319,320	O	O
+
+The	321,324	O	O
+idea	325,329	O	O
+of	330,332	O	O
+a	333,334	O	O
+Functionally	335,347	O	B-Material
+Graded	348,354	O	I-Material
+Material	355,363	O	I-Material
+is	364,366	O	O
+not	367,370	O	O
+a	371,372	O	O
+new	373,376	O	O
+one	377,380	O	O
+,	380,381	O	O
+there	382,387	O	O
+are	388,391	O	O
+in	392,394	O	O
+fact	395,399	O	O
+many	400,404	O	O
+natural	405,412	O	O
+materials	413,422	O	O
+which	423,428	O	O
+exhibit	429,436	O	O
+this	437,441	O	O
+property	442,450	O	O
+.	450,451	O	O
+
+Study	452,457	O	B-Task
+of	458,460	O	I-Task
+bone	461,465	O	I-Task
+,	465,466	O	I-Task
+shell	467,472	O	I-Task
+,	472,473	O	I-Task
+balsawood	474,483	O	I-Task
+and	484,487	O	I-Task
+bamboo	488,494	O	I-Task
+shows	495,500	O	O
+that	501,505	O	O
+they	506,510	O	O
+are	511,514	O	O
+all	515,518	O	O
+graded	519,525	O	O
+with	526,530	O	O
+their	531,536	O	O
+greatest	537,545	O	O
+strength	546,554	O	O
+on	555,557	O	O
+the	558,561	O	O
+outside	562,569	O	O
+,	569,570	O	O
+in	571,573	O	O
+areas	574,579	O	O
+where	580,585	O	O
+the	586,589	O	O
+greatest	590,598	O	O
+protection	599,609	O	O
+is	610,612	O	O
+required	613,621	O	O
+.	621,622	O	O
+
+However	623,630	O	O
+it	631,633	O	O
+was	634,637	O	O
+not	638,641	O	O
+until	642,647	O	O
+the	648,651	O	O
+1980s	652,657	O	O
+in	658,660	O	O
+Japan	661,666	O	O
+[	667,668	O	O
+2	668,669	O	O
+]	669,670	O	O
+that	671,675	O	O
+the	676,679	O	O
+idea	680,684	O	O
+of	685,687	O	O
+a	688,689	O	O
+Functionally	690,702	O	B-Material
+Graded	703,709	O	I-Material
+Material	710,718	O	I-Material
+was	719,722	O	O
+actively	723,731	O	O
+researched	732,742	O	O
+in	743,745	O	O
+order	746,751	O	O
+to	752,754	O	O
+gain	755,759	O	O
+advances	760,768	O	O
+in	769,771	O	O
+heat	772,776	O	B-Material
+resistant	777,786	O	I-Material
+materials	787,796	O	I-Material
+for	797,800	O	O
+use	801,804	O	O
+in	805,807	O	O
+aerospace	808,817	O	B-Task
+and	818,821	O	O
+nuclear	822,829	O	B-Task
+fission	830,837	O	I-Task
+reactors	838,846	O	I-Task
+.	846,847	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0263822312001468)
+
+Recently	0,8	O	O
+together	9,17	O	O
+with	18,22	O	O
+structural	23,33	O	B-Process
+efficiency	34,44	O	I-Process
+,	44,45	O	O
+passenger	46,55	O	B-Task
+safety	56,62	O	I-Task
+is	63,65	O	O
+also	66,70	O	O
+an	71,73	O	O
+important	74,83	O	O
+issue	84,89	O	O
+in	90,92	O	O
+application	93,104	O	O
+of	105,107	O	O
+material	108,116	O	O
+to	117,119	O	O
+transportation	120,134	O	B-Process
+industries	135,145	O	I-Process
+.	145,146	O	O
+
+Hence	147,152	O	O
+,	152,153	O	O
+the	154,157	O	O
+crashworthiness	158,173	O	B-Material
+parameters	174,184	O	I-Material
+are	185,188	O	O
+introducing	189,200	O	O
+to	201,203	O	O
+predict	204,211	O	O
+the	212,215	O	O
+capability	216,226	O	O
+of	227,229	O	O
+structure	230,239	O	O
+to	240,242	O	O
+prevent	243,250	O	B-Task
+the	251,254	O	I-Task
+massive	255,262	O	I-Task
+damage	263,269	O	I-Task
+and	270,273	O	O
+protect	274,281	O	B-Task
+the	282,285	O	I-Task
+passenger	286,295	O	I-Task
+in	296,298	O	O
+the	299,302	O	O
+event	303,308	O	O
+of	309,311	O	O
+a	312,313	O	O
+crash	314,319	O	O
+.	319,320	O	O
+
+Crashworthiness	321,336	O	B-Task
+parameters	337,347	O	I-Task
+for	348,351	O	O
+various	352,359	O	O
+thin	360,364	O	O
+-	364,365	O	O
+walled	365,371	O	O
+tubes	372,377	O	O
+made	378,382	O	O
+from	383,387	O	O
+metal	388,393	O	B-Material
+or	394,396	O	O
+fibre	397,402	O	B-Material
+/	402,403	O	I-Material
+resin	403,408	O	I-Material
+composites	409,419	O	I-Material
+in	420,422	O	O
+different	423,432	O	O
+geometries	433,443	O	O
+have	444,448	O	O
+been	449,453	O	O
+studied	454,461	O	O
+.	461,462	O	O
+
+A	463,464	O	O
+critical	465,473	O	O
+difference	474,484	O	O
+of	485,487	O	O
+tubular	488,495	O	B-Process
+composites	496,506	O	I-Process
+failure	507,514	O	I-Process
+modes	515,520	O	O
+compared	521,529	O	O
+with	530,534	O	O
+metallic	535,543	O	O
+is	544,546	O	O
+the	547,550	O	O
+brittle	551,558	O	B-Process
+collapse	559,567	O	I-Process
+.	567,568	O	O
+
+In	569,571	O	O
+addition	572,580	O	O
+,	580,581	O	O
+in	582,584	O	O
+composites	585,595	O	B-Material
+,	595,596	O	O
+tubular	597,604	O	B-Material
+failure	605,612	O	I-Material
+modes	613,618	O	I-Material
+are	619,622	O	O
+involved	623,631	O	O
+with	632,636	O	O
+micro	637,642	O	B-Process
+-	642,643	O	I-Process
+cracking	643,651	O	I-Process
+development	652,663	O	I-Process
+,	663,664	O	O
+delamination	665,677	O	B-Process
+,	677,678	O	O
+fibre	679,684	O	B-Process
+breakage	685,693	O	I-Process
+,	693,694	O	O
+etc	695,698	O	O
+.	698,699	O	O
+,	699,700	O	O
+instead	701,708	O	O
+of	709,711	O	O
+plastic	712,719	O	B-Process
+deformation	720,731	O	I-Process
+.	731,732	O	O
+
+Implementation	733,747	O	B-Task
+of	748,750	O	I-Task
+composite	751,760	O	I-Task
+materials	761,770	O	I-Task
+in	771,773	O	O
+the	774,777	O	O
+field	778,783	O	O
+of	784,786	O	O
+crashworthiness	787,802	O	O
+is	803,805	O	O
+attributed	806,816	O	O
+to	817,819	O	O
+Hull	820,824	O	O
+,	824,825	O	O
+who	826,829	O	O
+in	830,832	O	O
+80s	833,836	O	O
+and	837,840	O	O
+90s	841,844	O	O
+of	845,847	O	O
+the	848,851	O	O
+last	852,856	O	O
+century	857,864	O	O
+studied	865,872	O	O
+extensively	873,884	O	O
+the	885,888	O	O
+crushing	889,897	O	B-Process
+behaviour	898,907	O	I-Process
+of	908,910	O	O
+fibre	911,916	O	B-Material
+reinforced	917,927	O	I-Material
+composite	928,937	O	I-Material
+material	938,946	O	I-Material
+.	946,947	O	O
+
+He	948,950	O	O
+found	951,956	O	O
+that	957,961	O	O
+the	962,965	O	O
+composite	966,975	O	B-Material
+materials	976,985	O	I-Material
+absorbed	986,994	O	O
+high	995,999	O	O
+energy	1000,1006	O	O
+in	1007,1009	O	O
+the	1010,1013	O	O
+face	1014,1018	O	O
+of	1019,1021	O	O
+the	1022,1025	O	O
+fracture	1026,1034	O	B-Process
+surface	1035,1042	O	I-Process
+energy	1043,1049	O	I-Process
+mechanism	1050,1059	O	O
+rather	1060,1066	O	O
+than	1067,1071	O	O
+plastic	1072,1079	O	B-Process
+deformation	1080,1091	O	I-Process
+as	1092,1094	O	O
+observed	1095,1103	O	O
+for	1104,1107	O	O
+metals	1108,1114	O	B-Material
+[	1115,1116	O	O
+1	1116,1117	O	O
+]	1117,1118	O	O
+.	1118,1119	O	O
+
+This	1120,1124	O	O
+observation	1125,1136	O	O
+has	1137,1140	O	O
+inspired	1141,1149	O	O
+others	1150,1156	O	O
+to	1157,1159	O	O
+further	1160,1167	O	O
+investigation	1168,1181	O	O
+about	1182,1187	O	O
+crashworthiness	1188,1203	O	B-Process
+characteristics	1204,1219	O	I-Process
+of	1220,1222	O	O
+composite	1223,1232	O	B-Material
+materials	1233,1242	O	I-Material
+.	1242,1243	O	O
+
+Studies	1244,1251	O	O
+have	1252,1256	O	O
+examined	1257,1265	O	O
+the	1266,1269	O	O
+axial	1270,1275	O	B-Process
+crushing	1276,1284	O	I-Process
+behaviour	1285,1294	O	I-Process
+of	1295,1297	O	O
+fibre	1298,1303	O	B-Material
+-	1303,1304	O	I-Material
+reinforced	1304,1314	O	I-Material
+tubes	1315,1320	O	I-Material
+[	1321,1322	O	O
+2	1322,1323	O	O
+]	1323,1324	O	O
+,	1324,1325	O	O
+fibreglass	1326,1336	O	B-Material
+tubes	1337,1342	O	I-Material
+[	1343,1344	O	O
+3,4	1344,1347	O	O
+]	1347,1348	O	O
+,	1348,1349	O	O
+PVC	1350,1353	O	B-Material
+tubes	1354,1359	O	I-Material
+[	1360,1361	O	O
+5	1361,1362	O	O
+]	1362,1363	O	O
+and	1364,1367	O	O
+carbon	1368,1374	O	B-Material
+fibre	1375,1380	O	I-Material
+reinforced	1381,1391	O	I-Material
+plastic	1392,1399	O	I-Material
+(	1400,1401	O	I-Material
+CFRP	1401,1405	O	I-Material
+)	1405,1406	O	I-Material
+tubes	1407,1412	O	I-Material
+[	1413,1414	O	O
+6	1414,1415	O	O
+]	1415,1416	O	O
+.	1416,1417	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301679X13003289)
+
+Nanoparticle	0,12	O	B-Process
+Tracking	13,21	O	I-Process
+Analysis	22,30	O	I-Process
+(	31,32	O	O
+NTA	32,35	O	B-Process
+)	35,36	O	O
+has	37,40	O	O
+been	41,45	O	O
+applied	46,53	O	O
+to	54,56	O	O
+characterising	57,71	O	O
+soot	72,76	O	B-Material
+agglomerates	77,89	O	I-Material
+of	90,92	O	O
+particles	93,102	O	O
+and	103,106	O	O
+compared	107,115	O	O
+with	116,120	O	O
+Transmission	121,133	O	B-Process
+Electron	134,142	O	I-Process
+Microscoscopy	143,156	O	I-Process
+(	157,158	O	O
+TEM	158,161	O	B-Process
+)	161,162	O	O
+.	162,163	O	O
+
+Soot	164,168	O	B-Material
+nanoparticles	169,182	O	I-Material
+were	183,187	O	O
+extracted	188,197	O	O
+from	198,202	O	O
+used	203,207	O	O
+oil	208,211	O	O
+drawn	212,217	O	O
+from	218,222	O	O
+the	223,226	O	O
+sump	227,231	O	O
+of	232,234	O	O
+a	235,236	O	O
+light	237,242	O	O
+duty	243,247	O	O
+automotive	248,258	O	O
+diesel	259,265	O	O
+engine	266,272	O	O
+.	272,273	O	O
+
+The	274,277	O	O
+samples	278,285	O	O
+were	286,290	O	O
+prepared	291,299	O	O
+for	300,303	O	O
+analysis	304,312	O	O
+by	313,315	O	O
+diluting	316,324	O	O
+with	325,329	O	O
+heptane	330,337	O	B-Material
+.	337,338	O	O
+
+Individual	339,349	O	O
+tracking	350,358	O	O
+of	359,361	O	O
+soot	362,366	O	B-Material
+agglomerates	367,379	O	I-Material
+allows	380,386	O	O
+for	387,390	O	O
+size	391,395	O	B-Process
+distribution	396,408	O	I-Process
+analysis	409,417	O	I-Process
+.	417,418	O	O
+
+The	419,422	O	O
+size	423,427	O	O
+of	428,430	O	O
+soot	431,435	O	O
+was	436,439	O	O
+compared	440,448	O	O
+with	449,453	O	O
+length	454,460	O	O
+measurements	461,473	O	O
+of	474,476	O	O
+projected	477,486	O	O
+two	487,490	O	O
+-	490,491	O	O
+dimensional	491,502	O	O
+TEM	503,506	O	B-Process
+images	507,513	O	O
+of	514,516	O	O
+agglomerates	517,529	O	B-Material
+.	529,530	O	O
+
+Both	531,535	O	O
+the	536,539	O	O
+techniques	540,550	O	O
+show	551,555	O	O
+that	556,560	O	O
+soot	561,565	O	O
+-	565,566	O	O
+in	566,568	O	O
+-	568,569	O	O
+oil	569,572	O	O
+exists	573,579	O	O
+as	580,582	O	O
+agglomerates	583,595	O	B-Material
+with	596,600	O	O
+average	601,608	O	O
+size	609,613	O	O
+of	614,616	O	O
+120	617,620	O	O
+nm	620,622	O	O
+.	622,623	O	O
+
+NTA	624,627	O	B-Process
+is	628,630	O	O
+able	631,635	O	O
+to	636,638	O	O
+measure	639,646	O	O
+particles	647,656	O	O
+in	657,659	O	O
+polydisperse	660,672	O	B-Material
+solutions	673,682	O	I-Material
+and	683,686	O	O
+reports	687,694	O	O
+the	695,698	O	O
+size	699,703	O	O
+and	704,707	O	O
+volume	708,714	O	O
+distribution	715,727	O	O
+of	728,730	O	O
+soot	731,735	O	B-Material
+-	735,736	O	I-Material
+in	736,738	O	I-Material
+-	738,739	O	I-Material
+oil	739,742	O	I-Material
+aggregates	743,753	O	I-Material
+;	753,754	O	O
+it	755,757	O	O
+has	758,761	O	O
+the	762,765	O	O
+advantages	766,776	O	O
+of	777,779	O	O
+being	780,785	O	O
+fast	786,790	O	O
+and	791,794	O	O
+relatively	795,805	O	O
+low	806,809	O	O
+cost	810,814	O	O
+if	815,817	O	O
+compared	818,826	O	O
+with	827,831	O	O
+TEM.Nanoparticle	832,848	O	B-Process
+Tracking	849,857	O	I-Process
+Analysis	858,866	O	I-Process
+(	867,868	O	O
+NTA	868,871	O	B-Process
+)	871,872	O	O
+has	873,876	O	O
+been	877,881	O	O
+applied	882,889	O	O
+to	890,892	O	O
+characterising	893,907	O	O
+soot	908,912	O	O
+agglomerates	913,925	O	O
+of	926,928	O	O
+particles	929,938	O	O
+and	939,942	O	O
+compared	943,951	O	O
+with	952,956	O	O
+Transmission	957,969	O	B-Process
+Electron	970,978	O	I-Process
+Microscoscopy	979,992	O	I-Process
+(	993,994	O	O
+TEM	994,997	O	B-Process
+)	997,998	O	O
+.	998,999	O	O
+
+Soot	1000,1004	O	O
+nanoparticles	1005,1018	O	O
+were	1019,1023	O	O
+extracted	1024,1033	O	O
+from	1034,1038	O	O
+used	1039,1043	O	O
+oil	1044,1047	O	O
+drawn	1048,1053	O	O
+from	1054,1058	O	O
+the	1059,1062	O	O
+sump	1063,1067	O	O
+of	1068,1070	O	O
+a	1071,1072	O	O
+light	1073,1078	O	O
+duty	1079,1083	O	O
+automotive	1084,1094	O	O
+diesel	1095,1101	O	O
+engine	1102,1108	O	O
+.	1108,1109	O	O
+
+The	1110,1113	O	O
+samples	1114,1121	O	O
+were	1122,1126	O	O
+prepared	1127,1135	O	O
+for	1136,1139	O	O
+analysis	1140,1148	O	O
+by	1149,1151	O	O
+diluting	1152,1160	O	O
+with	1161,1165	O	O
+heptane	1166,1173	O	B-Material
+.	1173,1174	O	O
+
+Individual	1175,1185	O	O
+tracking	1186,1194	O	O
+of	1195,1197	O	O
+soot	1198,1202	O	B-Material
+agglomerates	1203,1215	O	I-Material
+allows	1216,1222	O	O
+for	1223,1226	O	O
+size	1227,1231	O	B-Process
+distribution	1232,1244	O	I-Process
+analysis	1245,1253	O	I-Process
+.	1253,1254	O	O
+
+The	1255,1258	O	O
+size	1259,1263	O	O
+of	1264,1266	O	O
+soot	1267,1271	O	O
+was	1272,1275	O	O
+compared	1276,1284	O	O
+with	1285,1289	O	O
+length	1290,1296	O	O
+measurements	1297,1309	O	O
+of	1310,1312	O	O
+projected	1313,1322	O	O
+two	1323,1326	O	O
+-	1326,1327	O	O
+dimensional	1327,1338	O	O
+TEM	1339,1342	O	B-Process
+images	1343,1349	O	O
+of	1350,1352	O	O
+agglomerates	1353,1365	O	B-Material
+.	1365,1366	O	O
+
+Both	1367,1371	O	O
+the	1372,1375	O	O
+techniques	1376,1386	O	O
+show	1387,1391	O	O
+that	1392,1396	O	O
+soot	1397,1401	O	O
+-	1401,1402	O	O
+in	1402,1404	O	O
+-	1404,1405	O	O
+oil	1405,1408	O	O
+exists	1409,1415	O	O
+as	1416,1418	O	O
+agglomerates	1419,1431	O	B-Material
+with	1432,1436	O	O
+average	1437,1444	O	O
+size	1445,1449	O	O
+of	1450,1452	O	O
+120	1453,1456	O	O
+nm	1456,1458	O	O
+.	1458,1459	O	O
+
+NTA	1460,1463	O	B-Process
+is	1464,1466	O	O
+able	1467,1471	O	O
+to	1472,1474	O	O
+measure	1475,1482	O	O
+particles	1483,1492	O	O
+in	1493,1495	O	O
+polydisperse	1496,1508	O	B-Material
+solutions	1509,1518	O	I-Material
+and	1519,1522	O	O
+reports	1523,1530	O	O
+the	1531,1534	O	O
+size	1535,1539	O	O
+and	1540,1543	O	O
+volume	1544,1550	O	O
+distribution	1551,1563	O	O
+of	1564,1566	O	O
+soot	1567,1571	O	B-Material
+-	1571,1572	O	I-Material
+in	1572,1574	O	I-Material
+-	1574,1575	O	I-Material
+oil	1575,1578	O	I-Material
+aggregates	1579,1589	O	I-Material
+;	1589,1590	O	O
+it	1591,1593	O	O
+has	1594,1597	O	O
+the	1598,1601	O	O
+advantages	1602,1612	O	O
+of	1613,1615	O	O
+being	1616,1621	O	O
+fast	1622,1626	O	O
+and	1627,1630	O	O
+relatively	1631,1641	O	O
+low	1642,1645	O	O
+cost	1646,1650	O	O
+if	1651,1653	O	O
+compared	1654,1662	O	O
+with	1663,1667	O	O
+TEM	1668,1671	O	B-Process
+.	1671,1672	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301679X14000449)
+
+Fig	0,3	O	O
+.	3,4	O	O
+
+11	5,7	O	O
+shows	8,13	O	O
+the	14,17	O	O
+wear	18,22	O	B-Material
+-	22,23	O	I-Material
+mode	23,27	O	I-Material
+map	28,31	O	I-Material
+of	32,34	O	O
+RH	35,37	O	O
+ceramics	38,46	O	O
+,	46,47	O	O
+in	48,50	O	O
+which	51,56	O	O
+the	57,60	O	O
+early	61,66	O	O
+-	66,67	O	O
+stage	67,72	O	O
+friction	73,81	O	O
+coefficients	82,94	O	O
+and	95,98	O	O
+the	99,102	O	O
+surface	103,110	O	O
+roughness	111,120	O	O
+of	121,123	O	O
+the	124,127	O	O
+pure	128,132	O	O
+surface	133,140	O	O
+were	141,145	O	O
+chosen	146,152	O	O
+.	152,153	O	O
+
+The	154,157	O	O
+value	158,163	O	O
+of	164,166	O	O
+the	167,170	O	O
+fracture	171,179	O	O
+toughness	180,189	O	O
+of	190,192	O	O
+RH	193,195	O	O
+ceramics	196,204	O	O
+was	205,208	O	O
+calculated	209,219	O	O
+based	220,225	O	O
+on	226,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+reference	233,242	O	O
+data	243,247	O	O
+in	248,250	O	O
+other	251,256	O	O
+literature	257,267	O	O
+[	268,269	O	O
+22	269,271	O	O
+]	271,272	O	O
+.	272,273	O	O
+
+The	274,277	O	O
+Sc	278,280	O	O
+of	281,283	O	O
+RH	284,286	O	O
+ceramics	287,295	O	O
+was	296,299	O	O
+smaller	300,307	O	O
+than	308,312	O	O
+Sc	313,315	O	O
+,	315,316	O	O
+critical	316,324	O	O
+under	325,330	O	O
+all	331,334	O	O
+tested	335,341	O	O
+conditions	342,352	O	O
+during	353,359	O	O
+the	360,363	O	O
+initial	364,371	O	O
+stage	372,377	O	O
+of	378,380	O	O
+friction	381,389	O	O
+.	389,390	O	O
+
+Thus	391,395	O	O
+,	395,396	O	O
+the	397,400	O	O
+initial	401,408	O	O
+wear	409,413	O	O
+mode	414,418	O	O
+of	419,421	O	O
+RH	422,424	O	O
+ceramics	425,433	O	O
+was	434,437	O	O
+powder	438,444	O	B-Process
+formation	445,454	O	I-Process
+or	455,457	O	O
+plowing	458,465	O	B-Process
+.	465,466	O	O
+
+In	467,469	O	O
+addition	470,478	O	O
+,	478,479	O	O
+powder	480,486	O	B-Process
+formation	487,496	O	I-Process
+and	497,500	O	O
+plowing	501,508	O	B-Process
+can	509,512	O	O
+be	513,515	O	O
+distinguished	516,529	O	O
+using	530,535	O	O
+a	536,537	O	O
+dimensionless	538,551	O	B-Material
+parameter	552,561	O	I-Material
+(	562,563	O	O
+Sc⁎	563,566	O	B-Material
+)	566,567	O	O
+and	568,571	O	O
+a	572,573	O	O
+critical	574,582	O	B-Material
+parameter	583,592	O	I-Material
+(	593,594	O	O
+Sc	594,596	O	B-Material
+,	596,597	O	I-Material
+critical⁎).(3)Sc⁎=HvRmaxKIc(4)Sc	597,629	O	I-Material
+,	629,630	O	I-Process
+critical⁎=51	630,642	O	I-Process
++	642,643	O	I-Process
+10μwhere	643,651	O	I-Process
+
+Hv	652,654	O	O
+is	655,657	O	O
+the	658,661	O	O
+Vickers	662,669	O	B-Process
+hardness	670,678	O	I-Process
+of	679,681	O	O
+RH	682,684	O	O
+ceramics	685,693	O	O
+
+[	694,695	O	O
+Pa	695,697	O	O
+]	697,698	O	O
+.	698,699	O	O
+
+The	700,703	O	O
+initial	704,711	O	O
+wear	712,716	O	O
+mode	717,721	O	O
+of	722,724	O	O
+RH	725,727	O	O
+ceramics	728,736	O	O
+was	737,740	O	O
+determined	741,751	O	O
+as	752,754	O	O
+powder	755,761	O	B-Process
+formation	762,771	O	I-Process
+under	772,777	O	O
+all	778,781	O	O
+tested	782,788	O	O
+conditions	789,799	O	O
+,	799,800	O	O
+as	801,803	O	O
+demonstrated	804,816	O	O
+in	817,819	O	O
+Fig	820,823	O	O
+.	823,824	O	O
+
+12(a	825,829	O	O
+)	829,830	O	O
+.	830,831	O	O
+
+Furthermore	832,843	O	O
+,	843,844	O	O
+the	845,848	O	O
+wear	849,853	O	O
+-	853,854	O	O
+mode	854,858	O	O
+map	859,862	O	O
+at	863,865	O	O
+2×104	866,871	O	O
+cycles	872,878	O	O
+was	879,882	O	O
+constructed	883,894	O	O
+,	894,895	O	O
+as	896,898	O	O
+shown	899,904	O	O
+in	905,907	O	O
+Fig	908,911	O	O
+.	911,912	O	O
+
+12(b	913,917	O	O
+)	917,918	O	O
+.	918,919	O	O
+
+In	920,922	O	O
+the	923,926	O	O
+map	927,930	O	O
+,	930,931	O	O
+all	932,935	O	O
+plots	936,941	O	O
+moved	942,947	O	O
+near	948,952	O	O
+the	953,956	O	O
+transition	957,967	O	O
+curve	968,973	O	O
+to	974,976	O	O
+plowing	977,984	O	B-Process
+.	984,985	O	O
+
+In	986,988	O	O
+particular	989,999	O	O
+,	999,1000	O	O
+the	1001,1004	O	O
+plots	1005,1010	O	O
+for	1011,1014	O	O
+RH	1015,1017	O	O
+ceramics	1018,1026	O	O
+sliding	1027,1034	O	O
+against	1035,1042	O	O
+stainless	1043,1052	O	B-Material
+steel	1053,1058	O	I-Material
+or	1059,1061	O	O
+Al2O3	1062,1067	O	B-Material
+balls	1068,1073	O	I-Material
+were	1074,1078	O	O
+nearer	1079,1085	O	O
+than	1086,1090	O	O
+SiC	1091,1094	O	B-Material
+or	1095,1097	O	I-Material
+Si3N4	1098,1103	O	I-Material
+balls	1104,1109	O	I-Material
+.	1109,1110	O	O
+
+Therefore	1111,1120	O	O
+,	1120,1121	O	O
+RH	1122,1124	O	O
+ceramics	1125,1133	O	O
+sliding	1134,1141	O	O
+against	1142,1149	O	O
+SiC	1150,1153	O	B-Material
+and	1154,1157	O	I-Material
+Si3N4	1158,1163	O	I-Material
+balls	1164,1169	O	I-Material
+showed	1170,1176	O	O
+relatively	1177,1187	O	O
+higher	1188,1194	O	O
+wear	1195,1199	O	O
+than	1200,1204	O	O
+the	1205,1208	O	O
+other	1209,1214	O	O
+counterpart	1215,1226	O	O
+materials	1227,1236	O	O
+.	1236,1237	O	O
+
+Nevertheless	1238,1250	O	O
+,	1250,1251	O	O
+these	1252,1257	O	O
+results	1258,1265	O	O
+from	1266,1270	O	O
+the	1271,1274	O	O
+wear	1275,1279	O	B-Material
+-	1279,1280	O	I-Material
+mode	1280,1284	O	I-Material
+maps	1285,1289	O	I-Material
+indicated	1290,1299	O	O
+that	1300,1304	O	O
+the	1305,1308	O	O
+wear	1309,1313	O	O
+mode	1314,1318	O	O
+of	1319,1321	O	O
+RH	1322,1324	O	O
+ceramics	1325,1333	O	O
+was	1334,1337	O	O
+powder	1338,1344	O	B-Process
+formation	1345,1354	O	I-Process
+accompanied	1355,1366	O	O
+with	1367,1371	O	O
+microcracks	1372,1383	O	O
+under	1384,1389	O	O
+all	1390,1393	O	O
+tested	1394,1400	O	O
+conditions	1401,1411	O	O
+in	1412,1414	O	O
+this	1415,1419	O	O
+study	1420,1425	O	O
+,	1425,1426	O	O
+resulting	1427,1436	O	O
+in	1437,1439	O	O
+low	1440,1443	O	O
+wear	1444,1448	O	O
+(	1449,1450	O	O
+<	1450,1451	O	O
+5×10−9mm2/N	1451,1462	O	O
+)	1462,1463	O	O
+.	1463,1464	O	O
+
+Indeed	1465,1471	O	O
+,	1471,1472	O	O
+the	1473,1476	O	O
+observation	1477,1488	O	O
+of	1489,1491	O	O
+the	1492,1495	O	O
+worn	1496,1500	O	O
+surfaces	1501,1509	O	O
+revealed	1510,1518	O	O
+that	1519,1523	O	O
+the	1524,1527	O	O
+catastrophic	1528,1540	O	O
+wear	1541,1545	O	O
+of	1546,1548	O	O
+RH	1549,1551	O	O
+ceramics	1552,1560	O	O
+accompanied	1561,1572	O	O
+by	1573,1575	O	O
+large	1576,1581	O	O
+brittle	1582,1589	O	O
+fracture	1590,1598	O	O
+was	1599,1602	O	O
+prevented	1603,1612	O	O
+overall	1613,1620	O	O
+,	1620,1621	O	O
+as	1622,1624	O	O
+shown	1625,1630	O	O
+in	1631,1633	O	O
+Fig	1634,1637	O	O
+.	1637,1638	O	O
+
+13	1639,1641	O	O
+.	1641,1642	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301679X14003272)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+lateral	4,11	O	B-Task
+force	12,17	O	I-Task
+,	17,18	O	I-Task
+Q	19,20	O	I-Task
+,	20,21	O	I-Task
+is	22,24	O	I-Task
+measured	25,33	O	I-Task
+and	34,37	O	I-Task
+recorded	38,46	O	I-Task
+throughout	47,57	O	O
+the	58,61	O	O
+entire	62,68	O	O
+test	69,73	O	O
+by	74,76	O	O
+a	77,78	O	O
+piezoelectric	79,92	O	B-Process
+load	93,97	O	I-Process
+cell	98,102	O	I-Process
+which	103,108	O	O
+is	109,111	O	O
+connected	112,121	O	O
+to	122,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	O
+quasi	129,134	O	O
+-	134,135	O	O
+stationary	135,145	O	O
+LSMB	146,150	O	B-Process
+.	150,151	O	O
+
+The	152,155	O	O
+LSMB	156,160	O	B-Process
+is	161,163	O	O
+mounted	164,171	O	O
+on	172,174	O	O
+flexures	175,183	O	B-Material
+which	184,189	O	O
+provide	190,197	O	O
+flexibility	198,209	O	O
+in	210,212	O	O
+the	213,216	O	O
+horizontal	217,227	O	O
+direction	228,237	O	O
+so	238,240	O	O
+that	241,245	O	O
+the	246,249	O	O
+majority	250,258	O	O
+of	259,261	O	O
+the	262,265	O	O
+lateral	266,273	O	O
+force	274,279	O	O
+is	280,282	O	O
+transmitted	283,294	O	O
+though	295,301	O	O
+the	302,305	O	O
+much	306,310	O	O
+stiffer	311,318	O	O
+load	319,323	O	O
+path	324,328	O	O
+which	329,334	O	O
+contains	335,343	O	O
+the	344,347	O	O
+load	348,352	O	B-Process
+cell	353,357	O	I-Process
+as	358,360	O	O
+shown	361,366	O	O
+in	367,369	O	O
+Fig	370,373	O	O
+.	373,374	O	O
+
+2	375,376	O	O
+.	376,377	O	O
+
+Both	378,382	O	O
+displacement	383,395	O	B-Process
+and	396,399	O	I-Process
+load	400,404	O	I-Process
+sensors	405,412	O	I-Process
+have	413,417	O	O
+been	418,422	O	O
+calibrated	423,433	O	O
+(	434,435	O	O
+both	435,439	O	O
+externally	440,450	O	O
+and	451,454	O	O
+in	455,457	O	O
+-	457,458	O	O
+situ	458,462	O	O
+)	462,463	O	O
+in	464,466	O	O
+static	467,473	O	O
+conditions	474,484	O	O
+.	484,485	O	O
+
+The	486,489	O	O
+load	490,494	O	O
+and	495,498	O	O
+displacement	499,511	O	O
+signals	512,519	O	O
+are	520,523	O	O
+sampled	524,531	O	O
+at	532,534	O	O
+a	535,536	O	O
+rate	537,541	O	O
+of	542,544	O	O
+two	545,548	O	O
+hundred	549,556	O	O
+measurements	557,569	O	O
+per	570,573	O	O
+fretting	574,582	O	O
+cycle	583,588	O	O
+at	589,591	O	O
+all	592,595	O	O
+fretting	596,604	O	O
+frequencies	605,616	O	O
+,	616,617	O	O
+with	618,622	O	O
+these	623,628	O	O
+data	629,633	O	O
+being	634,639	O	O
+used	640,644	O	O
+to	645,647	O	O
+generate	648,656	O	O
+fretting	657,665	O	B-Material
+loops	666,671	O	I-Material
+.	671,672	O	I-Material
+
+The	673,676	O	O
+loops	677,682	O	O
+were	683,687	O	O
+used	688,692	O	O
+to	693,695	O	O
+derive	696,702	O	O
+the	703,706	O	O
+contact	707,714	O	O
+slip	715,719	O	O
+amplitude	720,729	O	O
+and	730,733	O	O
+the	734,737	O	O
+energy	738,744	O	O
+coefficient	745,756	O	O
+of	757,759	O	O
+friction	760,768	O	O
+in	769,771	O	O
+each	772,776	O	O
+cycle	777,782	O	O
+according	783,792	O	O
+to	793,795	O	O
+the	796,799	O	O
+method	800,806	O	O
+suggested	807,816	O	O
+by	817,819	O	O
+Fouvry	820,826	O	O
+et	827,829	O	O
+al	830,832	O	O
+.	832,833	O	O
+
+[	834,835	O	O
+17	835,837	O	O
+]	837,838	O	O
+.	838,839	O	O
+
+Average	840,847	O	O
+values	848,854	O	O
+for	855,858	O	O
+these	859,864	O	O
+were	865,869	O	O
+calculated	870,880	O	O
+for	881,884	O	O
+each	885,889	O	O
+test	890,894	O	O
+(	895,896	O	O
+the	896,899	O	O
+average	900,907	O	O
+coefficient	908,919	O	O
+of	920,922	O	O
+friction	923,931	O	O
+included	932,940	O	O
+values	941,947	O	O
+associated	948,958	O	O
+with	959,963	O	O
+the	964,967	O	O
+initial	968,975	O	O
+transients	976,986	O	O
+in	987,989	O	O
+the	990,993	O	O
+tests	994,999	O	O
+as	1000,1002	O	O
+suggested	1003,1012	O	O
+by	1013,1015	O	O
+Hirsch	1016,1022	O	O
+and	1023,1026	O	O
+Neu	1027,1030	O	O
+
+[	1031,1032	O	O
+18	1032,1034	O	O
+]	1034,1035	O	O
+)	1035,1036	O	O
+.	1036,1037	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0304399111001811)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+have	3,7	O	O
+developed	8,17	O	O
+the	18,21	O	O
+theory	22,28	O	O
+of	29,31	O	O
+electrons	32,41	O	B-Process
+carrying	42,50	O	I-Process
+quantized	51,60	O	I-Process
+orbital	61,68	O	I-Process
+angular	69,76	O	I-Process
+momentum	77,85	O	I-Process
+.	85,86	O	I-Process
+
+To	87,89	O	O
+make	90,94	O	O
+connection	95,105	O	O
+to	106,108	O	O
+realistic	109,118	O	O
+situations	119,129	O	O
+,	129,130	O	O
+we	131,133	O	O
+considered	134,144	O	O
+a	145,146	O	O
+plane	147,152	O	B-Material
+wave	153,157	O	I-Material
+moving	158,164	O	O
+along	165,170	O	O
+the	171,174	O	O
+optic	175,180	O	O
+axis	181,185	O	O
+of	186,188	O	O
+a	189,190	O	O
+lens	191,195	O	B-Material
+system	196,202	O	I-Material
+,	202,203	O	O
+intercepted	204,215	O	O
+by	216,218	O	O
+a	219,220	O	O
+round	221,226	O	B-Material
+,	226,227	O	I-Material
+centered	228,236	O	I-Material
+aperture.88In	237,250	O	I-Material
+the	251,254	O	O
+experiment	255,265	O	O
+,	265,266	O	O
+this	267,271	O	O
+aperture	272,280	O	B-Material
+carries	281,288	O	O
+the	289,292	O	O
+holographic	293,304	O	B-Material
+mask	305,309	O	I-Material
+.	309,310	O	O
+
+It	311,313	O	O
+turns	314,319	O	O
+out	320,323	O	O
+that	324,328	O	O
+the	329,332	O	O
+movement	333,341	O	O
+along	342,347	O	O
+the	348,351	O	O
+optic	352,357	O	O
+axis	358,362	O	O
+can	363,366	O	O
+be	367,369	O	O
+separated	370,379	O	O
+off	380,383	O	O
+;	383,384	O	O
+the	385,388	O	O
+reduced	389,396	O	B-Process
+Schrödinger	397,408	O	I-Process
+equation	409,417	O	I-Process
+operating	418,427	O	O
+in	428,430	O	O
+the	431,434	O	O
+plane	435,440	O	B-Material
+of	441,443	O	O
+the	444,447	O	O
+aperture	448,456	O	B-Material
+can	457,460	O	O
+be	461,463	O	O
+mapped	464,470	O	O
+onto	471,475	O	O
+Bessel	476,482	O	O
+'s	482,484	O	O
+differential	485,497	O	O
+equation	498,506	O	O
+.	506,507	O	O
+
+The	508,511	O	O
+ensuing	512,519	O	O
+eigenfunctions	520,534	O	O
+fall	535,539	O	O
+into	540,544	O	O
+families	545,553	O	O
+with	554,558	O	O
+discrete	559,567	O	O
+orbital	568,575	O	O
+angular	576,583	O	O
+momentum	584,592	O	O
+ℏm	593,595	O	O
+along	596,601	O	O
+the	602,605	O	O
+optic	606,611	O	O
+axis	612,616	O	O
+where	617,622	O	O
+m	623,624	O	O
+is	625,627	O	O
+a	628,629	O	O
+magnetic	630,638	O	O
+quantum	639,646	O	O
+number	647,653	O	O
+.	653,654	O	O
+
+Those	655,660	O	O
+vortices	661,669	O	B-Material
+can	670,673	O	O
+be	674,676	O	O
+produced	677,685	O	O
+by	686,688	O	O
+matching	689,697	O	O
+a	698,699	O	O
+plane	700,705	O	B-Material
+wave	706,710	O	I-Material
+after	711,716	O	O
+passage	717,724	O	O
+through	725,732	O	O
+a	733,734	O	O
+holographic	735,746	O	B-Material
+mask	747,751	O	I-Material
+with	752,756	O	O
+a	757,758	O	O
+fork	759,763	O	O
+dislocation	764,775	O	O
+to	776,778	O	O
+the	779,782	O	O
+eigenfunctions	783,797	O	O
+of	798,800	O	O
+the	801,804	O	O
+cylindrical	805,816	O	O
+problem	817,824	O	O
+.	824,825	O	O
+
+Vortices	826,834	O	O
+can	835,838	O	O
+be	839,841	O	O
+focussed	842,850	O	O
+by	851,853	O	O
+magnetic	854,862	O	B-Material
+lenses	863,869	O	I-Material
+into	870,874	O	O
+volcano	875,882	O	O
+-	882,883	O	O
+like	883,887	O	O
+charge	888,894	O	O
+distributions	895,908	O	O
+with	909,913	O	O
+very	914,918	O	O
+narrow	919,925	O	O
+angular	926,933	O	B-Process
+divergence	934,944	O	I-Process
+,	944,945	O	O
+resembling	946,956	O	O
+loop	957,961	O	O
+currents	962,970	O	O
+in	971,973	O	O
+the	974,977	O	O
+diffraction	978,989	O	O
+plane	990,995	O	O
+.	995,996	O	O
+
+Inclusion	997,1006	O	B-Process
+of	1007,1009	O	I-Process
+spherical	1010,1019	O	I-Process
+aberration	1020,1030	O	I-Process
+changes	1031,1038	O	O
+the	1039,1042	O	O
+ringlike	1043,1051	O	O
+shape	1052,1057	O	O
+but	1058,1061	O	O
+does	1062,1066	O	O
+not	1067,1070	O	O
+destroy	1071,1078	O	O
+the	1079,1082	O	O
+central	1083,1090	O	O
+zero	1091,1095	O	O
+intensity	1096,1105	O	O
+of	1106,1108	O	O
+vortices	1109,1117	O	O
+with	1118,1122	O	O
+m≠0	1123,1126	O	O
+.	1126,1127	O	O
+
+Partial	1128,1135	O	B-Process
+coherence	1136,1145	O	I-Process
+of	1146,1148	O	O
+the	1149,1152	O	O
+incident	1153,1161	O	B-Material
+wave	1162,1166	O	I-Material
+leads	1167,1172	O	O
+to	1173,1175	O	O
+a	1176,1177	O	O
+rise	1178,1182	O	O
+of	1183,1185	O	O
+the	1186,1189	O	O
+central	1190,1197	O	O
+intensity	1198,1207	O	O
+minimum	1208,1215	O	O
+.	1215,1216	O	O
+
+It	1217,1219	O	O
+is	1220,1222	O	O
+shown	1223,1228	O	O
+that	1229,1233	O	O
+a	1234,1235	O	O
+very	1236,1240	O	O
+small	1241,1246	O	O
+source	1247,1253	O	O
+angle	1254,1259	O	O
+(	1260,1261	O	O
+i.e.	1261,1265	O	O
+a	1266,1267	O	O
+very	1268,1272	O	O
+high	1273,1277	O	O
+coherence	1278,1287	O	O
+)	1287,1288	O	O
+is	1289,1291	O	O
+necessary	1292,1301	O	O
+so	1302,1304	O	O
+as	1305,1307	O	O
+to	1308,1310	O	O
+keep	1311,1315	O	O
+the	1316,1319	O	O
+volcano	1320,1327	O	O
+structure	1328,1337	O	O
+intact	1338,1344	O	O
+.	1344,1345	O	O
+
+Their	1346,1351	O	O
+small	1352,1357	O	O
+angular	1358,1365	O	O
+width	1366,1371	O	O
+in	1372,1374	O	O
+the	1375,1378	O	O
+far	1379,1382	O	O
+field	1383,1388	O	O
+may	1389,1392	O	O
+allow	1393,1398	O	O
+the	1399,1402	O	O
+creation	1403,1411	O	B-Process
+of	1412,1414	O	I-Process
+nm	1415,1417	O	I-Process
+-	1417,1418	O	I-Process
+sized	1418,1423	O	I-Process
+or	1424,1426	O	I-Process
+smaller	1427,1434	O	I-Process
+electron	1435,1443	O	I-Process
+vortices	1444,1452	O	I-Process
+but	1453,1456	O	O
+the	1457,1460	O	O
+demand	1461,1467	O	O
+for	1468,1471	O	O
+extremely	1472,1481	O	O
+high	1482,1486	O	O
+coherence	1487,1496	O	O
+of	1497,1499	O	O
+the	1500,1503	O	O
+source	1504,1510	O	O
+poses	1511,1516	O	O
+a	1517,1518	O	O
+serious	1519,1526	O	O
+difficulty	1527,1537	O	O
+.	1537,1538	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S030439911200040X)
+
+Some	0,4	O	O
+methods	5,12	O	O
+use	13,16	O	O
+1D	17,19	O	B-Material
+radial	20,26	O	I-Material
+profiles	27,35	O	I-Material
+obtained	36,44	O	O
+from	45,49	O	O
+circular	50,58	O	B-Process
+averaging	59,68	O	I-Process
+of	69,71	O	O
+2D	72,74	O	B-Process
+experimental	75,87	O	I-Process
+PSD	88,91	O	I-Process
+[	92,93	O	O
+4,8,11	93,99	O	O
+]	99,100	O	O
+or	101,103	O	O
+by	104,106	O	O
+elliptical	107,117	O	B-Process
+averaging	118,127	O	I-Process
+[	128,129	O	O
+17	129,131	O	O
+]	131,132	O	O
+.	132,133	O	O
+
+An	134,136	O	O
+inadequacy	137,147	O	O
+of	148,150	O	O
+circular	151,159	O	B-Process
+averaging	160,169	O	I-Process
+is	170,172	O	O
+that	173,177	O	O
+it	178,180	O	O
+neglects	181,189	O	O
+astigmatism	190,201	O	B-Process
+.	201,202	O	O
+
+Astigmatism	203,214	O	B-Process
+distorts	215,223	O	O
+the	224,227	O	O
+circular	228,236	O	O
+shape	237,242	O	O
+of	243,245	O	O
+the	246,249	O	O
+Thon	250,254	O	B-Material
+rings	255,260	O	I-Material
+and	261,264	O	O
+thus	265,269	O	O
+decreases	270,279	O	O
+their	280,285	O	O
+modulation	286,296	O	O
+depth	297,302	O	O
+in	303,305	O	O
+the	306,309	O	O
+obtained	310,318	O	O
+1D	319,321	O	B-Material
+profile	322,329	O	I-Material
+.	329,330	O	O
+
+A	331,332	O	O
+few	333,336	O	O
+algorithms	337,347	O	O
+that	348,352	O	O
+consider	353,361	O	O
+astigmatism	362,373	O	O
+involve	374,381	O	O
+concepts	382,390	O	O
+such	391,395	O	O
+as	396,398	O	O
+dividing	399,407	O	O
+the	408,411	O	O
+PSD	412,415	O	B-Process
+into	416,420	O	O
+sectors	421,428	O	O
+where	429,434	O	O
+Thon	435,439	O	B-Material
+rings	440,445	O	I-Material
+are	446,449	O	O
+approximated	450,462	O	O
+by	463,465	O	O
+circular	466,474	O	O
+arcs	475,479	O	O
+[	480,481	O	O
+15,21	481,486	O	O
+]	486,487	O	O
+,	487,488	O	O
+applying	489,497	O	O
+Canny	498,503	O	B-Process
+edge	504,508	O	I-Process
+detection	509,518	O	I-Process
+to	519,521	O	O
+find	522,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+rings	531,536	O	O
+[	537,538	O	O
+17	538,540	O	O
+]	540,541	O	O
+prior	542,547	O	O
+to	548,550	O	O
+elliptical	551,561	O	B-Process
+averaging	562,571	O	I-Process
+,	571,572	O	O
+determining	573,584	O	O
+the	585,588	O	O
+relationship	589,601	O	O
+between	602,609	O	O
+the	610,613	O	O
+1D	614,616	O	O
+circular	617,625	O	O
+averages	626,634	O	O
+with	635,639	O	O
+and	640,643	O	O
+without	644,651	O	O
+astigmatism	652,663	O	B-Process
+[	664,665	O	O
+22	665,667	O	O
+]	667,668	O	O
+,	668,669	O	O
+or	670,672	O	O
+using	673,678	O	O
+a	679,680	O	O
+brute	681,686	O	O
+-	686,687	O	O
+force	687,692	O	O
+scan	693,697	O	O
+of	698,700	O	O
+a	701,702	O	O
+database	703,711	O	O
+containing	712,722	O	O
+precalculated	723,736	O	O
+patterns	737,745	O	O
+as	746,748	O	O
+in	749,751	O	O
+ATLAS	752,757	O	B-Process
+[	758,759	O	O
+23	759,761	O	O
+]	761,762	O	O
+.	762,763	O	O
+
+Some	764,768	O	O
+other	769,774	O	O
+approaches	775,785	O	O
+for	786,789	O	O
+estimating	790,800	O	O
+CTF	801,804	O	B-Process
+parameters	805,815	O	O
+do	816,818	O	O
+a	819,820	O	O
+fully	821,826	O	O
+2D	827,829	O	B-Process
+PSD	830,833	O	I-Process
+optimization	834,846	O	I-Process
+[	847,848	O	O
+12,14,18,20	848,859	O	O
+]	859,860	O	O
+but	861,864	O	O
+they	865,869	O	O
+usually	870,877	O	O
+regulate	878,886	O	O
+and	887,890	O	O
+fit	891,894	O	O
+numerous	895,903	O	O
+parameters	904,914	O	O
+by	915,917	O	O
+an	918,920	O	O
+extensive	921,930	O	O
+search	931,937	O	O
+that	938,942	O	O
+does	943,947	O	O
+not	948,951	O	O
+guarantee	952,961	O	O
+convergence	962,973	O	O
+.	973,974	O	O
+
+Furthermore	975,986	O	O
+,	986,987	O	O
+only	988,992	O	O
+a	993,994	O	O
+few	995,998	O	O
+schemes	999,1006	O	O
+that	1007,1011	O	O
+were	1012,1016	O	O
+developed	1017,1026	O	O
+for	1027,1030	O	O
+defocus	1031,1038	O	O
+estimation	1039,1049	O	O
+provide	1050,1057	O	O
+an	1058,1060	O	O
+error	1061,1066	O	O
+analysis	1067,1075	O	O
+[	1076,1077	O	O
+23,24	1077,1082	O	O
+]	1082,1083	O	O
+.	1083,1084	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0305440314001927)
+
+Traditionally	0,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+archaeologists	15,29	O	O
+have	30,34	O	O
+recorded	35,43	O	B-Task
+sites	44,49	O	I-Task
+and	50,53	O	I-Task
+artefacts	54,63	O	I-Task
+via	64,67	O	O
+a	68,69	O	O
+combination	70,81	O	O
+of	82,84	O	O
+ordinary	85,93	O	B-Material
+still	94,99	O	I-Material
+photographs	100,111	O	I-Material
+,	111,112	O	O
+2D	113,115	O	B-Material
+line	116,120	O	I-Material
+drawings	121,129	O	I-Material
+and	130,133	O	O
+occasional	134,144	O	B-Material
+cross	145,150	O	I-Material
+-	150,151	O	I-Material
+sections	151,159	O	I-Material
+.	159,160	O	O
+
+Given	161,166	O	O
+these	167,172	O	O
+constraints	173,184	O	O
+,	184,185	O	O
+the	186,189	O	O
+attractions	190,201	O	O
+of	202,204	O	O
+3D	205,207	O	B-Process
+models	208,214	O	I-Process
+have	215,219	O	O
+been	220,224	O	O
+obvious	225,232	O	O
+for	233,236	O	O
+some	237,241	O	O
+time	242,246	O	O
+,	246,247	O	O
+with	248,252	O	O
+digital	253,260	O	B-Process
+photogrammetry	261,275	O	I-Process
+and	276,279	O	O
+laser	280,285	O	B-Process
+scanners	286,294	O	I-Process
+offering	295,303	O	O
+two	304,307	O	O
+well	308,312	O	O
+-	312,313	O	O
+known	313,318	O	O
+methods	319,326	O	O
+for	327,330	O	O
+data	331,335	O	B-Task
+capture	336,343	O	I-Task
+at	344,346	O	I-Task
+close	347,352	O	I-Task
+range	353,358	O	I-Task
+(	359,360	O	O
+e.g.	360,364	O	O
+Bates	365,370	O	O
+et	371,373	O	O
+al	374,376	O	O
+.	376,377	O	O
+
+,	377,378	O	O
+2010	379,383	O	O
+;	383,384	O	O
+Hess	385,389	O	O
+and	390,393	O	O
+Robson	394,400	O	O
+,	400,401	O	O
+2010	402,406	O	O
+)	406,407	O	O
+.	407,408	O	O
+
+The	409,412	O	O
+highest	413,420	O	O
+specification	421,434	O	O
+laser	435,440	O	B-Process
+scanners	441,449	O	I-Process
+still	450,455	O	O
+boast	456,461	O	O
+better	462,468	O	O
+positional	469,479	O	O
+accuracy	480,488	O	O
+and	489,492	O	O
+greater	493,500	O	O
+true	501,505	O	O
+colour	506,512	O	O
+fidelity	513,521	O	O
+than	522,526	O	O
+SfM	527,530	O	O
+–	530,531	O	O
+
+MVS	531,534	O	O
+methods	535,542	O	O
+(	543,544	O	O
+James	544,549	O	O
+and	550,553	O	O
+Robson	554,560	O	O
+,	560,561	O	O
+2012	562,566	O	O
+)	566,567	O	O
+,	567,568	O	O
+but	569,572	O	O
+the	573,576	O	O
+latter	577,583	O	O
+produce	584,591	O	O
+very	592,596	O	O
+good	597,601	O	O
+quality	602,609	O	O
+models	610,616	O	O
+nonetheless	617,628	O	O
+and	629,632	O	O
+have	633,637	O	O
+many	638,642	O	O
+unique	643,649	O	O
+selling	650,657	O	O
+points	658,664	O	O
+.	664,665	O	O
+
+Unlike	666,672	O	O
+traditional	673,684	O	B-Process
+digital	685,692	O	I-Process
+photogrammetry	693,707	O	I-Process
+,	707,708	O	O
+little	709,715	O	O
+or	716,718	O	O
+no	719,721	O	O
+prior	722,727	O	O
+control	728,735	O	B-Process
+of	736,738	O	I-Process
+camera	739,745	O	I-Process
+position	746,754	O	I-Process
+is	755,757	O	O
+necessary	758,767	O	O
+,	767,768	O	O
+and	769,772	O	O
+unlike	773,779	O	O
+laser	780,785	O	B-Process
+scanning	786,794	O	I-Process
+,	794,795	O	O
+no	796,798	O	O
+major	799,804	O	O
+equipment	805,814	O	O
+costs	815,820	O	O
+or	821,823	O	O
+setup	824,829	O	O
+are	830,833	O	O
+involved	834,842	O	O
+.	842,843	O	O
+
+However	844,851	O	O
+,	851,852	O	O
+the	853,856	O	O
+key	857,860	O	O
+attraction	861,871	O	O
+of	872,874	O	O
+SfM	875,878	O	O
+–	878,879	O	O
+
+MVS	879,882	O	O
+is	883,885	O	O
+that	886,890	O	O
+the	891,894	O	O
+required	895,903	O	O
+input	904,909	O	O
+can	910,913	O	O
+be	914,916	O	O
+taken	917,922	O	O
+by	923,925	O	O
+anyone	926,932	O	O
+with	933,937	O	O
+a	938,939	O	O
+digital	940,947	O	B-Material
+camera	948,954	O	I-Material
+and	955,958	O	O
+modest	959,965	O	O
+prior	966,971	O	B-Process
+training	972,980	O	I-Process
+about	981,986	O	I-Process
+the	987,990	O	I-Process
+required	991,999	O	I-Process
+number	1000,1006	O	I-Process
+and	1007,1010	O	I-Process
+overlap	1011,1018	O	I-Process
+of	1019,1021	O	I-Process
+photographs	1022,1033	O	I-Process
+.	1033,1034	O	O
+
+A	1035,1036	O	O
+whole	1037,1042	O	O
+series	1043,1049	O	O
+of	1050,1052	O	O
+traditional	1053,1064	O	O
+bottlenecks	1065,1076	O	O
+are	1077,1080	O	O
+thereby	1081,1088	O	O
+removed	1089,1096	O	O
+from	1097,1101	O	O
+the	1102,1105	O	O
+recording	1106,1115	O	B-Process
+process	1116,1123	O	I-Process
+and	1124,1127	O	O
+large	1128,1133	O	O
+numbers	1134,1141	O	O
+of	1142,1144	O	O
+archaeological	1145,1159	O	B-Task
+landscapes	1160,1170	O	I-Task
+,	1170,1171	O	O
+sites	1172,1177	O	B-Task
+or	1178,1180	O	O
+artefacts	1181,1190	O	B-Task
+can	1191,1194	O	O
+now	1195,1198	O	O
+be	1199,1201	O	O
+captured	1202,1210	O	O
+rapidly	1211,1218	O	O
+,	1218,1219	O	O
+in	1220,1222	O	O
+the	1223,1226	O	O
+field	1227,1232	O	O
+,	1232,1233	O	O
+in	1234,1236	O	O
+the	1237,1240	O	O
+laboratory	1241,1251	O	O
+or	1252,1254	O	O
+in	1255,1257	O	O
+the	1258,1261	O	O
+museum	1262,1268	O	O
+.	1268,1269	O	O
+
+Fig	1270,1273	O	O
+.	1273,1274	O	O
+
+2a	1275,1277	O	O
+
+–	1277,1278	O	O
+c	1278,1279	O	O
+shows	1280,1285	O	O
+examples	1286,1294	O	O
+of	1295,1297	O	O
+terracotta	1298,1308	O	B-Process
+warrior	1309,1316	O	I-Process
+models	1317,1323	O	I-Process
+for	1324,1327	O	O
+which	1328,1333	O	O
+the	1334,1337	O	O
+level	1338,1343	O	O
+of	1344,1346	O	O
+surface	1347,1354	O	O
+detail	1355,1361	O	O
+is	1362,1364	O	O
+considerable	1365,1377	O	O
+.	1377,1378	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269301015222)
+
+Recent	0,6	O	O
+astronomical	7,19	O	B-Task
+observations	20,32	O	I-Task
+of	33,35	O	O
+high	36,40	O	B-Material
+redshift	41,49	O	I-Material
+type	50,54	O	I-Material
+Ia	55,57	O	I-Material
+supernovae	58,68	O	I-Material
+performed	69,78	O	O
+by	79,81	O	O
+two	82,85	O	O
+groups	86,92	O	O
+[	93,94	O	O
+1–3	94,97	O	O
+]	97,98	O	O
+as	99,101	O	O
+well	102,106	O	O
+as	107,109	O	O
+the	110,113	O	O
+power	114,119	O	B-Task
+spectrum	120,128	O	I-Task
+of	129,131	O	I-Task
+the	132,135	O	I-Task
+cosmic	136,142	O	I-Task
+microwave	143,152	O	I-Task
+background	153,163	O	I-Task
+radiation	164,173	O	I-Task
+obtained	174,182	O	O
+by	183,185	O	O
+the	186,189	O	O
+BOOMERANG	190,199	O	B-Process
+[	200,201	O	O
+4	201,202	O	O
+]	202,203	O	O
+and	204,207	O	O
+MAXIMA-1	208,216	O	B-Process
+[	217,218	O	O
+5	218,219	O	O
+]	219,220	O	O
+experiments	221,232	O	O
+seem	233,237	O	O
+to	238,240	O	O
+indicate	241,249	O	O
+that	250,254	O	O
+at	255,257	O	O
+present	258,265	O	O
+the	266,269	O	O
+Universe	270,278	O	O
+is	279,281	O	O
+in	282,284	O	O
+a	285,286	O	O
+state	287,292	O	O
+of	293,295	O	O
+accelerated	296,307	O	O
+expansion	308,317	O	O
+.	317,318	O	O
+
+If	319,321	O	O
+one	322,325	O	O
+analyzes	326,334	O	O
+these	335,340	O	O
+data	341,345	O	O
+within	346,352	O	O
+the	353,356	O	O
+Friedmann	357,366	O	B-Process
+–	366,367	O	I-Process
+Robertson	367,376	O	I-Process
+–	376,377	O	I-Process
+Walker	377,383	O	I-Process
+(	384,385	O	I-Process
+FRW	385,388	O	I-Process
+)	388,389	O	I-Process
+standard	390,398	O	I-Process
+model	399,404	O	I-Process
+of	405,407	O	O
+cosmology	408,417	O	B-Task
+their	418,423	O	O
+most	424,428	O	O
+natural	429,436	O	O
+interpretation	437,451	O	O
+is	452,454	O	O
+that	455,459	O	O
+the	460,463	O	O
+Universe	464,472	O	O
+is	473,475	O	O
+spatially	476,485	O	O
+flat	486,490	O	O
+and	491,494	O	O
+that	495,499	O	O
+the	500,503	O	O
+(	504,505	O	O
+baryonic	505,513	O	O
+plus	514,518	O	O
+dark	519,523	O	O
+)	523,524	O	O
+matter	525,531	O	B-Process
+density	532,539	O	I-Process
+ρ	540,541	O	B-Process
+is	542,544	O	O
+about	545,550	O	O
+one	551,554	O	O
+third	555,560	O	O
+of	561,563	O	O
+the	564,567	O	O
+critical	568,576	O	B-Process
+density	577,584	O	I-Process
+ρcrit	585,590	O	B-Process
+.	590,591	O	O
+
+Most	592,596	O	O
+interestingly	597,610	O	O
+,	610,611	O	O
+the	612,615	O	O
+dominant	616,624	O	O
+contribution	625,637	O	O
+to	638,640	O	O
+the	641,644	O	O
+energy	645,651	O	O
+density	652,659	O	O
+is	660,662	O	O
+provided	663,671	O	O
+by	672,674	O	O
+the	675,678	O	O
+cosmological	679,691	O	B-Material
+constant	692,700	O	I-Material
+Λ.	701,703	O	B-Material
+The	704,707	O	O
+vacuum	708,714	O	B-Process
+energy	715,721	O	I-Process
+density	722,729	O	I-Process
+(	730,731	O	O
+1.1)ρΛ≡Λ/(8πG	731,744	O	B-Process
+)	744,745	O	I-Process
+is	746,748	O	O
+about	749,754	O	O
+twice	755,760	O	O
+as	761,763	O	O
+large	764,769	O	O
+as	770,772	O	O
+ρ	773,774	O	B-Process
+,	774,775	O	O
+i.e.	776,780	O	O
+,	780,781	O	O
+about	782,787	O	O
+two	788,791	O	O
+thirds	792,798	O	O
+of	799,801	O	O
+the	802,805	O	O
+critical	806,814	O	B-Process
+density	815,822	O	I-Process
+.	822,823	O	O
+
+With	824,828	O	O
+ΩM≡ρ/ρcrit	829,839	O	O
+,	839,840	O	O
+ΩΛ≡ρΛ/ρcrit	841,852	O	O
+and	853,856	O	O
+Ωtot≡ΩM+ΩΛ	857,867	O	O
+:	867,868	O	O
+(	869,870	O	O
+1.2)ΩM≈1/3,ΩΛ≈2/3,Ωtot≈1	870,894	O	O
+.	894,895	O	O
+
+This	896,900	O	O
+implies	901,908	O	O
+that	909,913	O	O
+the	914,917	O	O
+deceleration	918,930	O	B-Process
+parameter	931,940	O	I-Process
+q	941,942	O	B-Process
+is	943,945	O	O
+approximately	946,959	O	O
+−1/2	960,964	O	O
+.	964,965	O	O
+
+While	966,971	O	O
+originally	972,982	O	O
+the	983,986	O	O
+cosmological	987,999	O	B-Task
+constant	1000,1008	O	I-Task
+problem	1009,1016	O	I-Task
+[	1017,1018	O	O
+6	1018,1019	O	O
+]	1019,1020	O	O
+was	1021,1024	O	O
+related	1025,1032	O	O
+to	1033,1035	O	O
+the	1036,1039	O	O
+question	1040,1048	O	B-Task
+why	1049,1052	O	I-Task
+Λ	1053,1054	O	I-Task
+is	1055,1057	O	I-Task
+so	1058,1060	O	I-Task
+unnaturally	1061,1072	O	I-Task
+small	1073,1078	O	I-Task
+,	1078,1079	O	O
+the	1080,1083	O	O
+discovery	1084,1093	O	O
+of	1094,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+important	1101,1110	O	O
+role	1111,1115	O	O
+played	1116,1122	O	O
+by	1123,1125	O	O
+ρΛ	1126,1128	O	B-Material
+has	1129,1132	O	O
+shifted	1133,1140	O	O
+the	1141,1144	O	O
+emphasis	1145,1153	O	O
+toward	1154,1160	O	O
+the	1161,1164	O	O
+“	1165,1166	O	O
+coincidence	1166,1177	O	B-Task
+problem	1178,1185	O	I-Task
+”	1185,1186	O	O
+,	1186,1187	O	O
+the	1188,1191	O	O
+question	1192,1200	O	O
+why	1201,1204	O	B-Task
+ρ	1205,1206	O	I-Task
+and	1207,1210	O	I-Task
+ρΛ	1211,1213	O	I-Task
+happen	1214,1220	O	I-Task
+to	1221,1223	O	I-Task
+be	1224,1226	O	I-Task
+of	1227,1229	O	I-Task
+the	1230,1233	O	I-Task
+same	1234,1238	O	I-Task
+order	1239,1244	O	I-Task
+of	1245,1247	O	I-Task
+magnitude	1248,1257	O	I-Task
+precisely	1258,1267	O	I-Task
+at	1268,1270	O	I-Task
+this	1271,1275	O	I-Task
+very	1276,1280	O	I-Task
+moment	1281,1287	O	I-Task
+[	1288,1289	O	O
+7	1289,1290	O	O
+]	1290,1291	O	O
+.	1291,1292	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269302011838)
+
+First	0,5	O	O
+results	6,13	O	O
+from	14,18	O	O
+RHIC	19,23	O	O
+on	24,26	O	O
+charged	27,34	O	B-Task
+multiplicities	35,49	O	I-Task
+,	49,50	O	O
+evolution	51,60	O	B-Task
+of	61,63	O	I-Task
+multiplicities	64,78	O	I-Task
+with	79,83	O	I-Task
+centrality	84,94	O	I-Task
+,	94,95	O	O
+particle	96,104	O	B-Task
+ratios	105,111	O	I-Task
+and	112,115	O	O
+transverse	116,126	O	B-Task
+momentum	127,135	O	I-Task
+distributions	136,149	O	I-Task
+in	150,152	O	O
+central	153,160	O	O
+and	161,164	O	O
+minimum	165,172	O	O
+bias	173,177	O	O
+collisions	178,188	O	O
+,	188,189	O	O
+are	190,193	O	O
+analyzed	194,202	O	O
+in	203,205	O	O
+a	206,207	O	O
+string	208,214	O	B-Process
+model	215,220	O	I-Process
+which	221,226	O	O
+includes	227,235	O	O
+hard	236,240	O	B-Material
+collisions	241,251	O	I-Material
+,	251,252	O	O
+collectivity	253,265	O	B-Material
+in	266,268	O	I-Material
+the	269,272	O	I-Material
+initial	273,280	O	I-Material
+state	281,286	O	I-Material
+considered	287,297	O	O
+as	298,300	O	O
+string	301,307	O	O
+fusion	308,314	O	O
+,	314,315	O	O
+and	316,319	O	O
+rescattering	320,332	O	B-Material
+of	333,335	O	I-Material
+the	336,339	O	I-Material
+produced	340,348	O	I-Material
+secondaries	349,360	O	I-Material
+.	360,361	O	O
+
+Multiplicities	362,376	O	B-Task
+and	377,380	O	O
+their	381,386	O	B-Task
+evolution	387,396	O	I-Task
+with	397,401	O	O
+centrality	402,412	O	O
+are	413,416	O	O
+successfully	417,429	O	O
+reproduced	430,440	O	O
+.	440,441	O	O
+
+Transverse	442,452	O	B-Process
+momentum	453,461	O	I-Process
+distributions	462,475	O	I-Process
+in	476,478	O	O
+the	479,482	O	O
+model	483,488	O	O
+show	489,493	O	O
+a	494,495	O	O
+larger	496,502	O	O
+pT	503,505	O	O
+-	505,506	O	O
+tail	506,510	O	O
+than	511,515	O	O
+experimental	516,528	O	O
+data	529,533	O	O
+,	533,534	O	O
+disagreement	535,547	O	O
+which	548,553	O	O
+grows	554,559	O	O
+with	560,564	O	O
+increasing	565,575	O	O
+centrality	576,586	O	O
+.	586,587	O	O
+
+Discrepancies	588,601	O	B-Process
+with	602,606	O	I-Process
+particle	607,615	O	I-Process
+ratios	616,622	O	I-Process
+appear	623,629	O	O
+and	630,633	O	O
+are	634,637	O	O
+examined	638,646	O	O
+comparing	647,656	O	O
+with	657,661	O	O
+previous	662,670	O	O
+features	671,679	O	O
+of	680,682	O	O
+the	683,686	O	O
+model	687,692	O	O
+at	693,695	O	O
+SPS	696,699	O	O
+.	699,700	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269302012492)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+section	8,15	O	O
+we	16,18	O	O
+wish	19,23	O	O
+to	24,26	O	O
+calculate	27,36	O	B-Task
+the	37,40	O	I-Task
+cross	41,46	O	I-Task
+section	47,54	O	I-Task
+for	55,58	O	I-Task
+the	59,62	O	I-Task
+absorption	63,73	O	I-Task
+of	74,76	O	I-Task
+massless	77,85	O	I-Task
+scalars	86,93	O	I-Task
+by	94,96	O	O
+the	97,100	O	O
+self	101,105	O	B-Process
+-	105,106	O	I-Process
+dual	106,110	O	I-Process
+string	111,117	O	I-Process
+in	118,120	O	O
+the	121,124	O	O
+world	125,130	O	O
+volume	131,137	O	O
+of	138,140	O	O
+the	141,144	O	O
+M	145,146	O	B-Material
+-	146,147	O	I-Material
+theory	147,153	O	I-Material
+five	154,158	O	I-Material
+-	158,159	O	I-Material
+brane	159,164	O	I-Material
+.	164,165	O	O
+
+We	166,168	O	O
+will	169,173	O	O
+adopt	174,179	O	O
+an	180,182	O	O
+entirely	183,191	O	B-Process
+world	192,197	O	I-Process
+volume	198,204	O	I-Process
+approach	205,213	O	I-Process
+similar	214,221	O	O
+to	222,224	O	O
+that	225,229	O	O
+of	230,232	O	O
+[	233,234	O	O
+21–23	234,239	O	O
+]	239,240	O	O
+.	240,241	O	O
+
+We	242,244	O	O
+begin	245,250	O	O
+by	251,253	O	O
+writing	254,261	O	O
+the	262,265	O	O
+equation	266,274	O	O
+satisfied	275,284	O	O
+by	285,287	O	O
+the	288,291	O	O
+s	292,293	O	B-Material
+-	293,294	O	I-Material
+wave	294,298	O	I-Material
+with	299,303	O	O
+energy	304,310	O	O
+ω	311,312	O	O
+,	312,313	O	O
+φ(r	314,317	O	O
+,	317,318	O	O
+t)=φ(r)eiωt	318,329	O	O
+,	329,330	O	O
+of	331,333	O	O
+the	334,337	O	O
+linear	338,344	O	B-Process
+fluctuations	345,357	O	I-Process
+of	358,360	O	O
+the	361,364	O	O
+four	365,369	O	O
+overall	370,377	O	O
+transverse	378,388	O	O
+scalars	389,396	O	O
+about	397,402	O	O
+the	403,406	O	O
+self	407,411	O	O
+-	411,412	O	O
+dual	412,416	O	O
+string	417,423	O	O
+,	423,424	O	O
+(	425,426	O	O
+it	426,428	O	O
+is	429,431	O	O
+known	432,437	O	O
+that	438,442	O	O
+there	443,448	O	O
+are	449,452	O	O
+problems	453,461	O	O
+when	462,466	O	O
+one	467,470	O	O
+considers	471,480	O	O
+higher	481,487	O	B-Process
+angular	488,495	O	I-Process
+momentum	496,504	O	I-Process
+modes	505,510	O	I-Process
+[	511,512	O	O
+23	512,514	O	O
+]	514,515	O	O
+,	515,516	O	O
+one	517,520	O	O
+must	521,525	O	O
+take	526,530	O	O
+care	531,535	O	O
+with	536,540	O	O
+the	541,544	O	O
+validity	545,553	O	O
+of	554,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
+linearized	561,571	O	B-Process
+approximation	572,585	O	I-Process
+,	585,586	O	O
+this	587,591	O	O
+is	592,594	O	O
+discussed	595,604	O	O
+in	605,607	O	O
+[	608,609	O	O
+13	609,611	O	O
+]	611,612	O	O
+)	612,613	O	O
+:	613,614	O	O
+(	615,616	O	O
+15)ρ−3ddρρ3ddρ+1+R6ω6ρ6φ(ρ)=0	616,645	O	O
+,	645,646	O	O
+where	647,652	O	O
+ρ=rω	653,657	O	O
+,	657,658	O	O
+R	659,660	O	O
+=	660,661	O	O
+Q1/3ℓp	661,667	O	O
+.	667,668	O	O
+
+Note	669,673	O	O
+,	673,674	O	O
+as	675,677	O	O
+pointed	678,685	O	O
+out	686,689	O	O
+by	690,692	O	O
+[	693,694	O	O
+11	694,696	O	O
+]	696,697	O	O
+world	698,703	O	B-Process
+volume	704,710	O	I-Process
+solitons	711,719	O	I-Process
+have	720,724	O	O
+a	725,726	O	O
+much	727,731	O	O
+sharper	732,739	O	O
+potential	740,749	O	O
+than	750,754	O	O
+the	755,758	O	O
+Coulomb	759,766	O	O
+type	767,771	O	O
+potential	772,781	O	O
+typical	782,789	O	O
+of	790,792	O	O
+brane	793,798	O	B-Process
+solutions	799,808	O	I-Process
+in	809,811	O	O
+supergravity	812,824	O	O
+;	824,825	O	O
+thus	826,830	O	O
+this	831,835	O	O
+scattering	836,846	O	O
+is	847,849	O	O
+different	850,859	O	O
+to	860,862	O	O
+that	863,867	O	O
+of	868,870	O	O
+the	871,874	O	O
+string	875,881	O	O
+in	882,884	O	O
+six	885,888	O	O
+-	888,889	O	O
+dimensional	889,900	O	O
+supergravity	901,913	O	O
+.	913,914	O	O
+
+Nevertheless	915,927	O	O
+,	927,928	O	O
+for	929,932	O	O
+small	933,938	O	B-Task
+ωR	939,941	O	I-Task
+one	942,945	O	O
+may	946,949	O	O
+solve	950,955	O	O
+this	956,960	O	O
+problem	961,968	O	O
+by	969,971	O	O
+matching	972,980	O	O
+an	981,983	O	O
+approximate	984,995	O	B-Process
+solution	996,1004	O	I-Process
+in	1005,1007	O	O
+the	1008,1011	O	O
+inner	1012,1017	O	O
+region	1018,1024	O	O
+to	1025,1027	O	O
+an	1028,1030	O	O
+approximate	1031,1042	O	B-Process
+solution	1043,1051	O	I-Process
+in	1052,1054	O	O
+the	1055,1058	O	O
+outer	1059,1064	O	O
+region	1065,1071	O	O
+;	1071,1072	O	O
+this	1073,1077	O	O
+follows	1078,1085	O	O
+closely	1086,1093	O	O
+the	1094,1097	O	O
+supergravity	1098,1110	O	B-Process
+calculation	1111,1122	O	I-Process
+[	1123,1124	O	O
+24	1124,1126	O	O
+]	1126,1127	O	O
+.	1127,1128	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269302013412)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+consider	3,11	O	B-Task
+cosmological	12,24	O	I-Task
+consequences	25,37	O	I-Task
+of	38,40	O	I-Task
+a	41,42	O	I-Task
+conformal	43,52	O	I-Task
+-	52,53	O	I-Task
+invariant	53,62	O	I-Task
+formulation	63,74	O	I-Task
+of	75,77	O	I-Task
+Einstein	78,86	O	I-Task
+'s	86,88	O	I-Task
+General	89,96	O	I-Task
+Relativity	97,107	O	I-Task
+where	108,113	O	O
+instead	114,121	O	O
+of	122,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	O
+scale	129,134	O	B-Material
+factor	135,141	O	I-Material
+of	142,144	O	O
+the	145,148	O	O
+spatial	149,156	O	O
+metrics	157,164	O	O
+in	165,167	O	O
+the	168,171	O	O
+action	172,178	O	O
+functional	179,189	O	O
+a	190,191	O	O
+massless	192,200	O	B-Material
+scalar	201,207	O	I-Material
+(	208,209	O	I-Material
+dilaton	209,216	O	I-Material
+)	216,217	O	I-Material
+field	218,223	O	I-Material
+occurs	224,230	O	O
+which	231,236	O	O
+scales	237,243	O	O
+all	244,247	O	O
+masses	248,254	O	B-Material
+including	255,264	O	O
+the	265,268	O	O
+Planck	269,275	O	B-Material
+mass	276,280	O	I-Material
+.	280,281	O	O
+
+Instead	282,289	O	O
+of	290,292	O	O
+the	293,296	O	O
+expansion	297,306	O	B-Process
+of	307,309	O	I-Process
+the	310,313	O	I-Process
+universe	314,322	O	I-Process
+we	323,325	O	O
+obtain	326,332	O	O
+the	333,336	O	O
+Hoyle	337,342	O	B-Process
+–	342,343	O	I-Process
+Narlikar	343,351	O	I-Process
+type	352,356	O	I-Process
+of	357,359	O	I-Process
+mass	360,364	O	I-Process
+evolution	365,374	O	I-Process
+,	374,375	O	O
+where	376,381	O	O
+the	382,385	O	O
+temperature	386,397	O	B-Process
+history	398,405	O	I-Process
+of	406,408	O	I-Process
+the	409,412	O	I-Process
+universe	413,421	O	I-Process
+is	422,424	O	O
+replaced	425,433	O	O
+by	434,436	O	O
+the	437,440	O	O
+mass	441,445	O	B-Process
+history	446,453	O	I-Process
+.	453,454	O	O
+
+We	455,457	O	O
+show	458,462	O	O
+that	463,467	O	O
+this	468,472	O	O
+conformal	473,482	O	B-Process
+-	482,483	O	I-Process
+invariant	483,492	O	I-Process
+cosmological	493,505	O	I-Process
+model	506,511	O	I-Process
+gives	512,517	O	O
+a	518,519	O	O
+satisfactory	520,532	O	O
+description	533,544	O	O
+of	545,547	O	O
+the	548,551	O	O
+new	552,555	O	O
+supernova	556,565	O	B-Material
+Ia	566,568	O	I-Material
+data	569,573	O	I-Material
+for	574,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
+effective	582,591	O	B-Process
+magnitude	592,601	O	I-Process
+–	601,602	O	I-Process
+redshift	602,610	O	I-Process
+relation	611,619	O	I-Process
+without	620,627	O	O
+a	628,629	O	O
+cosmological	630,642	O	B-Material
+constant	643,651	O	I-Material
+and	652,655	O	O
+make	656,660	O	O
+a	661,662	O	O
+prediction	663,673	O	O
+for	674,677	O	O
+the	678,681	O	O
+high	682,686	O	B-Process
+-	686,687	O	I-Process
+redshift	687,695	O	I-Process
+behavior	696,704	O	I-Process
+which	705,710	O	O
+deviates	711,719	O	O
+from	720,724	O	O
+that	725,729	O	O
+of	730,732	O	O
+standard	733,741	O	B-Task
+cosmology	742,751	O	I-Task
+for	752,755	O	O
+z>1.7	756,761	O	O
+.	761,762	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269302014880)
+
+Production	0,10	O	B-Task
+of	11,13	O	I-Task
+charmonium	14,24	O	I-Task
+states	25,31	O	I-Task
+J/ψ	32,35	O	I-Task
+and	36,39	O	I-Task
+ψ′	40,42	O	I-Task
+in	43,45	O	I-Task
+nucleus	46,53	O	I-Task
+–	53,54	O	I-Task
+nucleus	54,61	O	I-Task
+collisions	62,72	O	I-Task
+has	73,76	O	O
+been	77,81	O	O
+studied	82,89	O	O
+at	90,92	O	O
+CERN	93,97	O	O
+SPS	98,101	O	O
+over	102,106	O	O
+the	107,110	O	O
+previous	111,119	O	O
+15	120,122	O	O
+years	123,128	O	O
+by	129,131	O	O
+the	132,135	O	O
+NA38	136,140	O	O
+and	141,144	O	O
+NA50	145,149	O	O
+Collaborations	150,164	O	O
+.	164,165	O	O
+
+This	166,170	O	O
+experimental	171,183	O	B-Task
+program	184,191	O	I-Task
+was	192,195	O	O
+mainly	196,202	O	O
+motivated	203,212	O	O
+by	213,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+suggestion	220,230	O	O
+[	231,232	O	O
+1	232,233	O	O
+]	233,234	O	O
+to	235,237	O	O
+use	238,241	O	B-Task
+the	242,245	O	I-Task
+J/ψ	246,249	O	I-Task
+as	250,252	O	I-Task
+a	253,254	O	I-Task
+probe	255,260	O	I-Task
+of	261,263	O	I-Task
+the	264,267	O	I-Task
+state	268,273	O	I-Task
+of	274,276	O	I-Task
+matter	277,283	O	I-Task
+created	284,291	O	I-Task
+at	292,294	O	I-Task
+the	295,298	O	I-Task
+early	299,304	O	I-Task
+stage	305,310	O	I-Task
+of	311,313	O	I-Task
+the	314,317	O	I-Task
+collision	318,327	O	I-Task
+.	327,328	O	O
+
+The	329,332	O	O
+original	333,341	O	B-Material
+picture	342,349	O	I-Material
+[	350,351	O	O
+1	351,352	O	O
+]	352,353	O	O
+(	354,355	O	O
+see	355,358	O	O
+also	359,363	O	O
+[	364,365	O	O
+2	365,366	O	O
+]	366,367	O	O
+for	368,371	O	O
+a	372,373	O	O
+modern	374,380	O	O
+review	381,387	O	O
+)	387,388	O	O
+assumes	389,396	O	O
+that	397,401	O	O
+charmonia	402,411	O	B-Material
+are	412,415	O	O
+created	416,423	O	O
+exclusively	424,435	O	O
+at	436,438	O	O
+the	439,442	O	O
+initial	443,450	O	O
+stage	451,456	O	O
+of	457,459	O	O
+the	460,463	O	O
+reaction	464,472	O	O
+in	473,475	O	O
+primary	476,483	O	B-Process
+nucleon	484,491	O	I-Process
+–	491,492	O	I-Process
+nucleon	492,499	O	I-Process
+collisions	500,510	O	I-Process
+.	510,511	O	O
+
+During	512,518	O	O
+the	519,522	O	O
+subsequent	523,533	O	B-Process
+evolution	534,543	O	I-Process
+of	544,546	O	I-Process
+the	547,550	O	I-Process
+system	551,557	O	I-Process
+,	557,558	O	I-Process
+the	559,562	O	O
+number	563,569	O	O
+of	570,572	O	O
+hidden	573,579	O	B-Material
+charm	580,585	O	I-Material
+mesons	586,592	O	I-Material
+is	593,595	O	O
+reduced	596,603	O	O
+because	604,611	O	O
+of	612,614	O	O
+:	614,615	O	O
+(	616,617	O	O
+a	617,618	O	O
+)	618,619	O	O
+absorption	620,630	O	B-Process
+of	631,633	O	I-Process
+pre	634,637	O	I-Process
+-	637,638	O	I-Process
+resonance	638,647	O	I-Process
+charmonium	648,658	O	I-Process
+states	659,665	O	I-Process
+by	666,668	O	I-Process
+nuclear	669,676	O	I-Process
+nucleons	677,685	O	I-Process
+(	686,687	O	O
+normal	687,693	O	B-Process
+nuclear	694,701	O	I-Process
+suppression	702,713	O	I-Process
+)	713,714	O	O
+,	714,715	O	O
+(	716,717	O	O
+b	717,718	O	O
+)	718,719	O	O
+interactions	720,732	O	B-Process
+of	733,735	O	I-Process
+charmonia	736,745	O	I-Process
+with	746,750	O	I-Process
+secondary	751,760	O	I-Process
+hadrons	761,768	O	I-Process
+(	769,770	O	O
+comovers	770,778	O	B-Process
+)	778,779	O	O
+,	779,780	O	O
+(	781,782	O	O
+c	782,783	O	O
+)	783,784	O	O
+dissociation	785,797	O	B-Process
+of	798,800	O	I-Process
+cc̄	801,804	O	I-Process
+bound	805,810	O	I-Process
+states	811,817	O	I-Process
+in	818,820	O	I-Process
+deconfined	821,831	O	I-Process
+medium	832,838	O	I-Process
+(	839,840	O	O
+anomalous	840,849	O	B-Process
+suppression	850,861	O	I-Process
+)	861,862	O	O
+.	862,863	O	O
+
+It	864,866	O	O
+was	867,870	O	O
+found	871,876	O	O
+[	877,878	O	O
+3	878,879	O	O
+]	879,880	O	O
+that	881,885	O	O
+J/ψ	886,889	O	B-Process
+suppression	890,901	O	I-Process
+with	902,906	O	O
+respect	907,914	O	O
+to	915,917	O	O
+Drell	918,923	O	B-Material
+–	923,924	O	I-Material
+Yan	924,927	O	I-Material
+muon	928,932	O	I-Material
+pairs	933,938	O	I-Material
+measured	939,947	O	O
+in	948,950	O	O
+proton	951,957	O	B-Material
+–	957,958	O	I-Material
+nucleus	958,965	O	I-Material
+and	966,969	O	O
+nucleus	970,977	O	O
+–	977,978	O	O
+
+nucleus	978,985	O	O
+collisions	986,996	O	O
+with	997,1001	O	O
+light	1002,1007	O	B-Material
+projectiles	1008,1019	O	I-Material
+can	1020,1023	O	O
+be	1024,1026	O	O
+explained	1027,1036	O	O
+by	1037,1039	O	O
+the	1040,1043	O	O
+so	1044,1046	O	O
+-	1046,1047	O	O
+called	1047,1053	O	O
+“	1054,1055	O	O
+normal	1055,1061	O	O
+”	1061,1062	O	O
+(	1063,1064	O	O
+due	1064,1067	O	O
+to	1068,1070	O	O
+sweeping	1071,1079	O	B-Material
+nucleons	1080,1088	O	I-Material
+)	1088,1089	O	O
+nuclear	1090,1097	O	B-Process
+suppression	1098,1109	O	I-Process
+alone	1110,1115	O	O
+.	1115,1116	O	O
+
+In	1117,1119	O	O
+contrast	1120,1128	O	O
+,	1128,1129	O	O
+the	1130,1133	O	O
+NA50	1134,1138	O	B-Task
+experiment	1139,1149	O	I-Task
+with	1150,1154	O	O
+a	1155,1156	O	O
+heavy	1157,1162	O	B-Material
+projectile	1163,1173	O	I-Material
+and	1174,1177	O	I-Material
+target	1178,1184	O	I-Material
+(	1185,1186	O	O
+Pb+Pb	1186,1191	O	B-Material
+)	1191,1192	O	O
+revealed	1193,1201	O	O
+essentially	1202,1213	O	O
+stronger	1214,1222	O	O
+J/ψ	1223,1226	O	B-Process
+suppression	1227,1238	O	I-Process
+for	1239,1242	O	O
+central	1243,1250	O	B-Process
+collisions	1251,1261	O	I-Process
+[	1262,1263	O	O
+4–7	1263,1266	O	O
+]	1266,1267	O	O
+.	1267,1268	O	O
+
+This	1269,1273	O	O
+anomalous	1274,1283	O	O
+J/ψ	1284,1287	O	B-Process
+suppression	1288,1299	O	I-Process
+was	1300,1303	O	O
+attributed	1304,1314	O	O
+to	1315,1317	O	O
+formation	1318,1327	O	B-Process
+of	1328,1330	O	I-Process
+quark	1331,1336	O	I-Process
+–	1336,1337	O	I-Process
+gluon	1337,1342	O	I-Process
+plasma	1343,1349	O	I-Process
+(	1350,1351	O	O
+QGP	1351,1354	O	B-Material
+)	1354,1355	O	O
+[	1356,1357	O	O
+7	1357,1358	O	O
+]	1358,1359	O	O
+,	1359,1360	O	O
+but	1361,1364	O	O
+a	1365,1366	O	O
+comover	1367,1374	O	B-Process
+scenario	1375,1383	O	I-Process
+can	1384,1387	O	O
+not	1387,1390	O	O
+be	1391,1393	O	O
+excluded	1394,1402	O	O
+[	1403,1404	O	O
+8	1404,1405	O	O
+]	1405,1406	O	O
+.	1406,1407	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269302014892)
+
+Brodsky	0,7	O	O
+and	8,11	O	O
+Lepage	12,18	O	O
+[	19,20	O	O
+8	20,21	O	O
+]	21,22	O	O
+have	23,27	O	O
+proposed	28,36	O	O
+a	37,38	O	O
+formula	39,46	O	B-Task
+for	47,50	O	I-Task
+meson	51,56	O	I-Task
+pair	57,61	O	I-Task
+production	62,72	O	I-Task
+which	73,78	O	O
+looks	79,84	O	O
+similar	85,92	O	O
+to	93,95	O	O
+(	96,97	O	O
+25	97,99	O	O
+)	99,100	O	O
+,	100,101	O	O
+except	102,108	O	O
+for	109,112	O	O
+a	113,114	O	O
+different	115,124	O	O
+charge	125,131	O	O
+factor	132,138	O	O
+and	139,142	O	O
+the	143,146	O	O
+appearance	147,157	O	O
+of	158,160	O	O
+the	161,164	O	O
+timelike	165,173	O	O
+electromagnetic	174,189	O	B-Material
+meson	190,195	O	I-Material
+form	196,200	O	O
+factor	201,207	O	O
+instead	208,215	O	O
+of	216,218	O	O
+the	219,222	O	O
+annihilation	223,235	O	O
+form	236,240	O	O
+factor	241,247	O	O
+R(s	248,251	O	O
+)	251,252	O	O
+.	252,253	O	O
+
+This	254,258	O	O
+formula	259,266	O	B-Task
+was	267,270	O	O
+obtained	271,279	O	O
+from	280,284	O	O
+the	285,288	O	O
+leading	289,296	O	O
+-	296,297	O	O
+twist	297,302	O	O
+result	303,309	O	O
+by	310,312	O	O
+neglecting	313,323	O	B-Process
+part	324,328	O	I-Process
+of	329,331	O	I-Process
+the	332,335	O	I-Process
+amplitudes	336,346	O	I-Process
+with	347,351	O	I-Process
+opposite	352,360	O	I-Process
+photon	361,367	O	I-Process
+helicities	368,378	O	I-Process
+.	378,379	O	O
+
+As	380,382	O	O
+has	383,386	O	O
+been	387,391	O	O
+pointed	392,399	O	O
+out	400,403	O	O
+in	404,406	O	O
+[	407,408	O	O
+9	408,409	O	O
+]	409,410	O	O
+,	410,411	O	O
+this	412,416	O	O
+part	417,421	O	O
+is	422,424	O	O
+however	425,432	O	O
+not	433,436	O	O
+approximately	437,450	O	O
+independent	451,462	O	O
+of	463,465	O	O
+the	466,469	O	O
+pion	470,474	O	O
+distribution	475,487	O	O
+amplitude	488,497	O	O
+and	498,501	O	O
+not	502,505	O	O
+generically	506,517	O	O
+small	518,523	O	O
+.	523,524	O	O
+
+We	525,527	O	O
+also	528,532	O	O
+remark	533,539	O	O
+that	540,544	O	O
+the	545,548	O	O
+appearance	549,559	O	O
+of	560,562	O	O
+Fπ(s	563,567	O	O
+)	567,568	O	O
+in	569,571	O	O
+the	572,575	O	O
+γγ→π+π−	576,583	O	O
+amplitude	584,593	O	O
+is	594,596	O	O
+no	597,599	O	O
+longer	600,606	O	O
+observed	607,615	O	O
+if	616,618	O	O
+corrections	619,630	O	O
+from	631,635	O	O
+partonic	636,644	O	B-Process
+transverse	645,655	O	I-Process
+momentum	656,664	O	I-Process
+in	665,667	O	O
+the	668,671	O	O
+hard	672,676	O	B-Process
+scattering	677,687	O	I-Process
+process	688,695	O	I-Process
+are	696,699	O	O
+taken	700,705	O	O
+into	706,710	O	O
+account	711,718	O	O
+,	718,719	O	O
+and	720,723	O	O
+that	724,728	O	O
+these	729,734	O	O
+corrections	735,746	O	O
+are	747,750	O	O
+not	751,754	O	O
+numerically	755,766	O	O
+small	767,772	O	O
+for	773,776	O	O
+the	777,780	O	O
+values	781,787	O	O
+of	788,790	O	O
+s	791,792	O	O
+we	793,795	O	O
+are	796,799	O	O
+dealing	800,807	O	O
+with	808,812	O	O
+[	813,814	O	O
+13	814,816	O	O
+]	816,817	O	O
+.	817,818	O	O
+
+Notice	819,825	O	O
+further	826,833	O	O
+that	834,838	O	O
+two	839,842	O	B-Process
+-	842,843	O	I-Process
+photon	843,849	O	I-Process
+annihilation	850,862	O	I-Process
+produces	863,871	O	O
+two	872,875	O	O
+pions	876,881	O	B-Material
+in	882,884	O	O
+a	885,886	O	O
+C	887,888	O	O
+-	888,889	O	O
+even	889,893	O	O
+state	894,899	O	O
+,	899,900	O	O
+whereas	901,908	O	O
+the	909,912	O	O
+electromagnetic	913,928	O	B-Process
+form	929,933	O	I-Process
+factor	934,940	O	I-Process
+projects	941,949	O	O
+on	950,952	O	O
+the	953,956	O	O
+C	957,958	O	O
+-	958,959	O	O
+odd	959,962	O	O
+state	963,968	O	O
+of	969,971	O	O
+a	972,973	O	O
+pion	974,978	O	B-Material
+pair	979,983	O	I-Material
+.	983,984	O	O
+
+In	985,987	O	O
+contrast	988,996	O	O
+,	996,997	O	O
+our	998,1001	O	O
+annihilation	1002,1014	O	B-Material
+form	1015,1019	O	I-Material
+factor	1020,1026	O	I-Material
+R2π(s	1027,1032	O	B-Material
+)	1032,1033	O	I-Material
+is	1034,1036	O	O
+C	1037,1038	O	O
+-	1038,1039	O	O
+even	1039,1043	O	O
+as	1044,1046	O	O
+discussed	1047,1056	O	O
+after	1057,1062	O	O
+(	1063,1064	O	O
+24	1064,1066	O	O
+)	1066,1067	O	O
+.	1067,1068	O	O
+
+Finally	1069,1076	O	O
+,	1076,1077	O	O
+due	1078,1081	O	O
+to	1082,1084	O	O
+a	1085,1086	O	O
+particular	1087,1097	O	O
+charge	1098,1104	O	O
+factor	1105,1111	O	O
+,	1111,1112	O	O
+the	1113,1116	O	O
+Brodsky	1117,1124	O	B-Task
+–	1124,1125	O	I-Task
+Lepage	1125,1131	O	I-Task
+formula	1132,1139	O	I-Task
+leads	1140,1145	O	O
+to	1146,1148	O	O
+a	1149,1150	O	O
+vanishing	1151,1160	O	B-Process
+cross	1161,1166	O	I-Process
+section	1167,1174	O	I-Process
+for	1175,1178	O	I-Process
+γγ	1179,1181	O	I-Process
+annihilation	1182,1194	O	I-Process
+into	1195,1199	O	O
+pairs	1200,1205	O	O
+of	1206,1208	O	O
+neutral	1209,1216	O	B-Material
+pseudoscalars	1217,1230	O	I-Material
+.	1230,1231	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269303015478)
+
+Since	0,5	O	O
+perturbative	6,18	O	B-Process
+expansion	19,28	O	I-Process
+is	29,31	O	O
+used	32,36	O	O
+,	36,37	O	O
+it	38,40	O	O
+is	41,43	O	O
+impossible	44,54	O	O
+to	55,57	O	O
+find	58,62	O	O
+the	63,66	O	O
+exact	67,72	O	B-Process
+bounds	73,79	O	I-Process
+;	79,80	O	O
+instead	81,88	O	O
+,	88,89	O	O
+one	90,93	O	O
+can	94,97	O	O
+derive	98,104	O	O
+tree	105,109	O	B-Process
+-	109,110	O	I-Process
+level	110,115	O	I-Process
+unitarity	116,125	O	I-Process
+bounds	126,132	O	I-Process
+or	133,135	O	O
+loop	136,140	O	B-Process
+-	140,141	O	I-Process
+improved	141,149	O	I-Process
+unitarity	150,159	O	I-Process
+bounds	160,166	O	I-Process
+.	166,167	O	O
+
+In	168,170	O	O
+this	171,175	O	O
+study	176,181	O	O
+,	181,182	O	O
+we	183,185	O	O
+will	186,190	O	O
+use	191,194	O	O
+unitarity	195,204	O	B-Process
+bounds	205,211	O	I-Process
+coming	212,218	O	O
+from	219,223	O	O
+a	224,225	O	O
+tree	226,230	O	B-Task
+-	230,231	O	I-Task
+level	231,236	O	I-Task
+analysis	237,245	O	I-Task
+[	246,247	O	O
+20	247,249	O	O
+]	249,250	O	O
+.	250,251	O	O
+
+This	252,256	O	O
+tree	257,261	O	B-Task
+level	262,267	O	I-Task
+analysis	268,276	O	I-Task
+is	277,279	O	O
+derived	280,287	O	O
+with	288,292	O	O
+the	293,296	O	O
+help	297,301	O	O
+of	302,304	O	O
+the	305,308	O	O
+equivalence	309,320	O	B-Process
+theorem	321,328	O	I-Process
+[	329,330	O	O
+21	330,332	O	O
+]	332,333	O	O
+,	333,334	O	O
+which	335,340	O	O
+itself	341,347	O	O
+is	348,350	O	O
+a	351,352	O	O
+high	353,357	O	B-Process
+-	357,358	O	I-Process
+energy	358,364	O	I-Process
+approximation	365,378	O	I-Process
+where	379,384	O	O
+it	385,387	O	O
+is	388,390	O	O
+assumed	391,398	O	O
+that	399,403	O	O
+the	404,407	O	O
+energy	408,414	O	O
+scale	415,420	O	O
+is	421,423	O	O
+much	424,428	O	O
+larger	429,435	O	O
+than	436,440	O	O
+the	441,444	O	O
+Z0	445,447	O	O
+and	448,451	O	O
+W±	452,454	O	O
+gauge	455,460	O	B-Material
+-	460,461	O	I-Material
+boson	461,466	O	I-Material
+masses	467,473	O	I-Material
+.	473,474	O	O
+
+We	475,477	O	O
+will	478,482	O	O
+consider	483,491	O	O
+here	492,496	O	O
+this	497,501	O	O
+“	502,503	O	O
+high	503,507	O	O
+-	507,508	O	O
+energy	508,514	O	O
+”	514,515	O	O
+hypothesis	516,526	O	O
+that	527,531	O	O
+both	532,536	O	O
+the	537,540	O	O
+equivalence	541,552	O	B-Process
+theorem	553,560	O	I-Process
+and	561,564	O	O
+the	565,568	O	O
+decoupling	569,579	O	B-Process
+regime	580,586	O	I-Process
+are	587,590	O	O
+well	591,595	O	O
+settled	596,603	O	O
+,	603,604	O	O
+but	605,608	O	O
+in	609,611	O	O
+such	612,616	O	O
+a	617,618	O	O
+way	619,622	O	O
+that	623,627	O	O
+the	628,631	O	O
+unitarity	632,641	O	B-Process
+constraint	642,652	O	I-Process
+is	653,655	O	O
+also	656,660	O	O
+fulfilled	661,670	O	O
+.	670,671	O	O
+
+Our	672,675	O	O
+purpose	676,683	O	O
+is	684,686	O	O
+to	687,689	O	O
+investigate	690,701	O	B-Task
+the	702,705	O	I-Task
+quantum	706,713	O	I-Task
+effects	714,721	O	I-Task
+in	722,724	O	I-Task
+the	725,728	O	I-Task
+decays	729,735	O	I-Task
+of	736,738	O	I-Task
+the	739,742	O	I-Task
+light	743,748	O	I-Task
+CP	749,751	O	I-Task
+-	751,752	O	I-Task
+even	752,756	O	I-Task
+Higgs	757,762	O	I-Task
+boson	763,768	O	I-Task
+h0	769,771	O	I-Task
+,	771,772	O	O
+especially	773,783	O	O
+looking	784,791	O	B-Task
+for	792,795	O	I-Task
+sizeable	796,804	O	I-Task
+differences	805,816	O	I-Task
+with	817,821	O	I-Task
+respect	822,829	O	I-Task
+to	830,832	O	I-Task
+the	833,836	O	I-Task
+SM	837,839	O	I-Task
+in	840,842	O	I-Task
+the	843,846	O	I-Task
+decoupling	847,857	O	I-Task
+regime	858,864	O	I-Task
+.	864,865	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269303017222)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+bag	7,10	O	B-Process
+model	11,16	O	I-Process
+and	17,20	O	O
+in	21,23	O	O
+linear	24,30	O	O
+or	31,33	O	O
+harmonic	34,42	O	O
+oscillator	43,53	O	B-Process
+confining	54,63	O	I-Process
+potentials	64,74	O	I-Process
+,	74,75	O	O
+the	76,79	O	O
+first	80,85	O	O
+excited	86,93	O	O
+S	94,95	O	O
+-	95,96	O	O
+state	96,101	O	O
+lies	102,106	O	O
+above	107,112	O	O
+the	113,116	O	O
+lowest	117,123	O	O
+P	124,125	O	O
+-	125,126	O	O
+state	126,131	O	O
+,	131,132	O	O
+making	133,139	O	O
+the	140,143	O	O
+predicted	144,153	O	O
+Roper	154,159	O	O
+mass	160,164	O	O
+heavier	165,172	O	O
+than	173,177	O	O
+the	178,181	O	O
+lightest	182,190	O	O
+negative	191,199	O	O
+parity	200,206	O	O
+baryon	207,213	O	O
+mass	214,218	O	O
+.	218,219	O	O
+
+Pairwise	220,228	O	B-Process
+spin	229,233	O	I-Process
+-	233,234	O	I-Process
+dependent	234,243	O	I-Process
+interactions	244,256	O	I-Process
+must	257,261	O	O
+reverse	262,269	O	O
+the	270,273	O	O
+level	274,279	O	B-Process
+ordering	280,288	O	I-Process
+.	288,289	O	O
+
+As	290,292	O	O
+mentioned	293,302	O	O
+earlier	303,310	O	O
+,	310,311	O	O
+color	312,317	O	B-Process
+-	317,318	O	I-Process
+spin	318,322	O	I-Process
+interactions	323,335	O	I-Process
+fail	336,340	O	O
+in	341,343	O	O
+this	344,348	O	O
+regard	349,355	O	O
+[	356,357	O	O
+29	357,359	O	O
+]	359,360	O	O
+,	360,361	O	O
+while	362,367	O	O
+flavor	368,374	O	B-Process
+-	374,375	O	I-Process
+spin	375,379	O	I-Process
+interactions	380,392	O	I-Process
+produce	393,400	O	O
+the	401,404	O	O
+desired	405,412	O	O
+effect	413,419	O	O
+.	419,420	O	O
+
+Since	421,426	O	O
+the	427,430	O	O
+q3	431,433	O	B-Process
+color	434,439	O	I-Process
+wave	440,444	O	I-Process
+function	445,453	O	I-Process
+is	454,456	O	O
+antisymmetric	457,470	O	O
+,	470,471	O	O
+the	472,475	O	O
+flavor	476,482	O	B-Process
+-	482,483	O	I-Process
+spin	483,487	O	I-Process
+-	487,488	O	I-Process
+orbital	488,495	O	I-Process
+wave	496,500	O	I-Process
+function	501,509	O	I-Process
+is	510,512	O	O
+totally	513,520	O	O
+symmetric	521,530	O	O
+.	530,531	O	O
+
+For	532,535	O	O
+all	536,539	O	O
+quarks	540,546	O	B-Material
+in	547,549	O	O
+an	550,552	O	O
+S	553,554	O	O
+-	554,555	O	O
+state	555,560	O	O
+,	560,561	O	O
+the	562,565	O	O
+flavor	566,572	O	B-Process
+-	572,573	O	I-Process
+spin	573,577	O	I-Process
+wave	578,582	O	I-Process
+function	583,591	O	I-Process
+is	592,594	O	O
+totally	595,602	O	O
+symmetric	603,612	O	O
+all	613,616	O	O
+by	617,619	O	O
+itself	620,626	O	O
+and	627,630	O	O
+leads	631,636	O	O
+to	637,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+most	644,648	O	O
+attractive	649,659	O	O
+flavor	660,666	O	B-Process
+-	666,667	O	I-Process
+spin	667,671	O	I-Process
+interaction	672,683	O	I-Process
+.	683,684	O	O
+
+If	685,687	O	O
+one	688,691	O	O
+quark	692,697	O	B-Material
+is	698,700	O	O
+in	701,703	O	O
+a	704,705	O	O
+P	706,707	O	O
+-	707,708	O	O
+state	708,713	O	O
+,	713,714	O	O
+the	715,718	O	O
+orbital	719,726	O	B-Process
+wave	727,731	O	I-Process
+function	732,740	O	I-Process
+is	741,743	O	O
+mixed	744,749	O	O
+symmetry	750,758	O	O
+and	759,762	O	O
+so	763,765	O	O
+is	766,768	O	O
+the	769,772	O	O
+flavor	773,779	O	B-Process
+-	779,780	O	I-Process
+spin	780,784	O	I-Process
+wave	785,789	O	I-Process
+function	790,798	O	I-Process
+,	798,799	O	O
+and	800,803	O	O
+the	804,807	O	O
+flavor	808,814	O	B-Process
+-	814,815	O	I-Process
+spin	815,819	O	I-Process
+interaction	820,831	O	I-Process
+is	832,834	O	O
+a	835,836	O	O
+less	837,841	O	O
+attractive	842,852	O	O
+.	852,853	O	O
+
+In	854,856	O	O
+the	857,860	O	O
+SU(3)F	861,867	O	O
+symmetric	868,877	O	O
+case	878,882	O	O
+,	882,883	O	O
+Eq	884,886	O	O
+.	886,887	O	O
+
+(	888,889	O	O
+1	889,890	O	O
+)	890,891	O	O
+,	891,892	O	O
+one	893,896	O	O
+obtains	897,904	O	O
+mass	905,909	O	B-Process
+splittings	910,920	O	I-Process
+(	921,922	O	O
+2)ΔMχ=−14Cχ,N(939),N∗(1440),−4Cχ,Δ(1232),−2Cχ,N∗(1535	922,975	O	O
+)	975,976	O	O
+.	976,977	O	O
+
+Here	978,982	O	O
+we	983,985	O	O
+have	986,990	O	O
+approximated	991,1003	O	O
+the	1004,1007	O	O
+N∗(1535	1008,1015	O	O
+)	1015,1016	O	O
+as	1017,1019	O	O
+a	1020,1021	O	O
+state	1022,1027	O	O
+with	1028,1032	O	O
+total	1033,1038	O	O
+quark	1039,1044	O	B-Process
+spin-1/2	1045,1053	O	I-Process
+.	1053,1054	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S037026930301801X)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+measurements	4,16	O	O
+presented	17,26	O	O
+here	27,31	O	O
+provide	32,39	O	O
+evidence	40,48	O	O
+for	49,52	O	O
+the	53,56	O	O
+existence	57,66	O	O
+of	67,69	O	O
+di	70,72	O	B-Material
+-	72,73	O	I-Material
+cluster	73,80	O	I-Material
+structures	81,91	O	I-Material
+in	92,94	O	O
+10–12,14Be	95,105	O	O
+.	105,106	O	O
+
+Certainly	107,116	O	O
+,	116,117	O	O
+if	118,120	O	O
+the	121,124	O	O
+breakup	125,132	O	B-Process
+process	133,140	O	I-Process
+samples	141,148	O	O
+the	149,152	O	O
+overlap	153,160	O	O
+between	161,168	O	O
+the	169,172	O	O
+wavefunctions	173,186	O	B-Process
+of	187,189	O	I-Process
+the	190,193	O	I-Process
+ground	194,200	O	I-Process
+state	201,206	O	I-Process
+and	207,210	O	I-Process
+the	211,214	O	I-Process
+excited	215,222	O	I-Process
+states	223,229	O	I-Process
+,	229,230	O	O
+the	231,234	O	O
+first	235,240	O	B-Process
+-	240,241	O	I-Process
+chance	241,247	O	I-Process
+cluster	248,255	O	I-Process
+breakup	256,263	O	I-Process
+cross	264,269	O	I-Process
+-	269,270	O	I-Process
+sections	270,278	O	I-Process
+,	278,279	O	O
+shown	280,285	O	O
+in	286,288	O	O
+Fig	289,292	O	O
+.	292,293	O	O
+
+4(a	294,297	O	O
+)	297,298	O	O
+,	298,299	O	O
+indicate	300,308	O	O
+that	309,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	O
+xHe+A−xHe	318,327	O	B-Material
+cluster	328,335	O	I-Material
+structure	336,345	O	I-Material
+does	346,350	O	O
+not	351,354	O	O
+decrease	355,363	O	O
+over	364,368	O	O
+the	369,372	O	O
+mass	373,377	O	O
+range	378,383	O	O
+A=10	384,388	O	O
+,	388,389	O	O
+12	390,392	O	O
+and	393,396	O	O
+14	397,399	O	O
+.	399,400	O	O
+
+Given	401,406	O	O
+also	407,411	O	O
+that	412,416	O	O
+the	417,420	O	O
+decay	421,426	O	B-Process
+energy	427,433	O	I-Process
+threshold	434,443	O	O
+increases	444,453	O	O
+with	454,458	O	O
+mass	459,463	O	O
+number	464,470	O	O
+,	470,471	O	O
+the	472,475	O	O
+present	476,483	O	O
+data	484,488	O	O
+may	489,492	O	O
+even	493,497	O	O
+indicate	498,506	O	O
+a	507,508	O	O
+slight	509,515	O	O
+increase	516,524	O	O
+in	525,527	O	O
+clustering	528,538	O	O
+.	538,539	O	O
+
+The	540,543	O	O
+breakup	544,551	O	B-Process
+cross	552,557	O	I-Process
+-	557,558	O	I-Process
+sections	558,566	O	I-Process
+also	567,571	O	O
+appear	572,578	O	O
+to	579,581	O	O
+demonstrate	582,593	O	O
+that	594,598	O	O
+these	599,604	O	O
+nuclei	605,611	O	B-Material
+possess	612,619	O	O
+a	620,621	O	O
+stronger	622,630	O	O
+structural	631,641	O	O
+overlap	642,649	O	O
+with	650,654	O	O
+an	655,657	O	O
+α–Xn–α	658,664	O	O
+configuration	665,678	O	O
+,	678,679	O	O
+although	680,688	O	O
+the	689,692	O	O
+reaction	693,701	O	B-Process
+mechanics	702,711	O	I-Process
+by	712,714	O	O
+which	715,720	O	O
+this	721,725	O	O
+final	726,731	O	O
+state	732,737	O	O
+is	738,740	O	O
+reached	741,748	O	O
+may	749,752	O	O
+be	753,755	O	O
+complex	756,763	O	O
+.	763,764	O	O
+
+That	765,769	O	O
+is	770,772	O	O
+to	773,775	O	O
+say	776,779	O	O
+that	780,784	O	O
+the	785,788	O	O
+dominant	789,797	O	B-Process
+structural	798,808	O	I-Process
+mode	809,813	O	I-Process
+of	814,816	O	O
+the	817,820	O	O
+neutron	821,828	O	B-Material
+rich	829,833	O	I-Material
+isotopes	834,842	O	I-Material
+may	843,846	O	O
+be	847,849	O	O
+identified	850,860	O	O
+with	861,865	O	O
+two	866,869	O	O
+alpha	870,875	O	B-Material
+-	875,876	O	I-Material
+particles	876,885	O	I-Material
+plus	886,890	O	O
+valence	891,898	O	B-Material
+neutrons	899,907	O	I-Material
+.	907,908	O	O
+
+These	909,914	O	O
+comprehensive	915,928	O	B-Task
+measurements	929,941	O	I-Task
+of	942,944	O	I-Task
+the	945,948	O	I-Task
+neutron	949,956	O	I-Task
+-	956,957	O	I-Task
+removal	957,964	O	I-Task
+and	965,968	O	I-Task
+cluster	969,976	O	I-Task
+breakup	977,984	O	I-Task
+for	985,988	O	O
+the	989,992	O	O
+first	993,998	O	O
+time	999,1003	O	O
+provide	1004,1011	O	O
+experimental	1012,1024	O	O
+data	1025,1029	O	O
+whereby	1030,1037	O	O
+the	1038,1041	O	O
+structure	1042,1051	O	O
+of	1052,1054	O	O
+the	1055,1058	O	O
+most	1059,1063	O	O
+neutron	1064,1071	O	B-Material
+-	1071,1072	O	I-Material
+rich	1072,1076	O	I-Material
+Be	1077,1079	O	I-Material
+isotopes	1080,1088	O	I-Material
+can	1089,1092	O	O
+be	1093,1095	O	O
+modeled	1096,1103	O	O
+via	1104,1107	O	O
+their	1108,1113	O	O
+reactions	1114,1123	O	O
+.	1123,1124	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304005829)
+
+Let	0,3	O	O
+us	4,6	O	O
+now	7,10	O	O
+consider	11,19	O	O
+the	20,23	O	O
+case	24,28	O	O
+of	29,31	O	O
+a	32,33	O	O
+beta	34,38	O	B-Material
+-	38,39	O	I-Material
+beam	39,43	O	I-Material
+source	44,50	O	I-Material
+.	50,51	O	O
+
+Similarly	52,61	O	O
+to	62,64	O	O
+the	65,68	O	O
+case	69,73	O	O
+of	74,76	O	O
+a	77,78	O	O
+static	79,85	O	B-Material
+tritium	86,93	O	I-Material
+source	94,100	O	I-Material
+,	100,101	O	O
+an	102,104	O	O
+advantage	105,114	O	O
+of	115,117	O	O
+the	118,121	O	O
+beta	122,126	O	B-Process
+-	126,127	O	I-Process
+beams	127,132	O	I-Process
+is	133,135	O	O
+that	136,140	O	O
+the	141,144	O	O
+neutrino	145,153	O	B-Process
+fluxes	154,160	O	I-Process
+can	161,164	O	O
+be	165,167	O	O
+very	168,172	O	O
+accurately	173,183	O	O
+calculated	184,194	O	O
+.	194,195	O	O
+
+Fig	196,199	O	O
+.	199,200	O	O
+
+3	201,202	O	O
+shows	203,208	O	O
+the	209,212	O	O
+electron	213,221	O	B-Process
+–	221,222	O	I-Process
+neutrino	222,230	O	I-Process
+scattering	231,241	O	I-Process
+events	242,248	O	O
+in	249,251	O	O
+the	252,255	O	O
+range	256,261	O	O
+of	262,264	O	O
+0.1	265,268	O	O
+MeV	269,272	O	O
+to	273,275	O	O
+1	276,277	O	O
+MeV	278,281	O	O
+and	282,285	O	O
+1	286,287	O	O
+keV	288,291	O	O
+to	292,294	O	O
+10	295,297	O	O
+keV	298,301	O	O
+,	301,302	O	O
+respectively	303,315	O	O
+.	315,316	O	O
+
+(	317,318	O	O
+In	318,320	O	O
+Fig	321,324	O	O
+.	324,325	O	O
+
+3(b	326,329	O	O
+)	329,330	O	O
+
+we	331,333	O	O
+have	334,338	O	O
+rounded	339,346	O	O
+to	347,349	O	O
+the	350,353	O	O
+nearest	354,361	O	O
+integer	362,369	O	O
+number	370,376	O	O
+of	377,379	O	O
+counts	380,386	O	O
+.	386,387	O	O
+)	387,388	O	O
+
+The	389,392	O	O
+shape	393,398	O	O
+of	399,401	O	O
+the	402,405	O	O
+flux	406,410	O	O
+-	410,411	O	O
+averaged	411,419	O	O
+cross	420,425	O	O
+sections	426,434	O	O
+is	435,437	O	O
+very	438,442	O	O
+similar	443,450	O	O
+to	451,453	O	O
+the	454,457	O	O
+reactor	458,465	O	B-Material
+case	466,470	O	I-Material
+as	471,473	O	O
+reflected	474,483	O	O
+in	484,486	O	O
+the	487,490	O	O
+event	491,496	O	O
+rates	497,502	O	O
+shown	503,508	O	O
+in	509,511	O	O
+the	512,515	O	O
+figures	516,523	O	O
+.	523,524	O	O
+
+As	525,527	O	O
+can	528,531	O	O
+be	532,534	O	O
+seen	535,539	O	O
+,	539,540	O	O
+by	541,543	O	O
+measuring	544,553	O	O
+electron	554,562	O	B-Material
+recoils	563,570	O	I-Material
+in	571,573	O	O
+the	574,577	O	O
+keV	578,581	O	O
+range	582,587	O	O
+with	588,592	O	O
+a	593,594	O	O
+beta	595,599	O	B-Material
+-	599,600	O	I-Material
+beam	600,604	O	I-Material
+source	605,611	O	I-Material
+one	612,615	O	O
+could	616,621	O	O
+,	621,622	O	O
+with	623,627	O	O
+a	628,629	O	O
+sufficiently	630,642	O	O
+strong	643,649	O	O
+source	650,656	O	O
+,	656,657	O	O
+have	658,662	O	O
+a	663,664	O	O
+very	665,669	O	O
+clear	670,675	O	O
+signature	676,685	O	O
+for	686,689	O	O
+a	690,691	O	O
+neutrino	692,700	O	B-Process
+magnetic	701,709	O	I-Process
+moment	710,716	O	I-Process
+of	717,719	O	O
+5×10−11μB.	720,730	O	O
+
+These	731,736	O	O
+figures	737,744	O	O
+are	745,748	O	O
+for	749,752	O	O
+Helium-6	753,761	O	B-Material
+ions	762,766	O	I-Material
+,	766,767	O	O
+however	768,775	O	O
+,	775,776	O	O
+similar	777,784	O	O
+results	785,792	O	O
+can	793,796	O	O
+be	797,799	O	O
+obtained	800,808	O	O
+using	809,814	O	O
+neutrinos	815,824	O	B-Material
+from	825,829	O	O
+18Ne	830,834	O	O
+.	834,835	O	O
+
+The	836,839	O	O
+results	840,847	O	O
+shown	848,853	O	O
+are	854,857	O	O
+obtained	858,866	O	O
+for	867,870	O	O
+an	871,873	O	O
+intensity	874,883	O	O
+of	884,886	O	O
+1015	887,891	O	O
+ν/s	892,895	O	O
+(	896,897	O	O
+i.e.	897,901	O	O
+,	901,902	O	O
+1015	903,907	O	O
+ions	909,913	O	O
+/	913,914	O	O
+s	914,915	O	O
+)	915,916	O	O
+.	916,917	O	O
+
+If	918,920	O	O
+there	921,926	O	O
+is	927,929	O	O
+no	930,932	O	O
+magnetic	933,941	O	O
+moment	942,948	O	O
+,	948,949	O	O
+this	950,954	O	O
+intensity	955,964	O	O
+will	965,969	O	O
+produce	970,977	O	O
+about	978,983	O	O
+170	984,987	O	O
+events	988,994	O	O
+in	995,997	O	O
+the	998,1001	O	O
+0.1	1002,1005	O	O
+MeV	1006,1009	O	O
+to	1010,1012	O	O
+1	1013,1014	O	O
+MeV	1015,1018	O	O
+range	1019,1024	O	O
+per	1025,1028	O	O
+year	1029,1033	O	O
+and	1034,1037	O	O
+3	1038,1039	O	O
+events	1040,1046	O	O
+in	1047,1049	O	O
+the	1050,1053	O	O
+1	1054,1055	O	O
+keV	1056,1059	O	O
+to	1060,1062	O	O
+10	1063,1065	O	O
+keV	1066,1069	O	O
+range	1070,1075	O	O
+per	1076,1079	O	O
+year	1080,1084	O	O
+.	1084,1085	O	O
+
+These	1086,1091	O	O
+numbers	1092,1099	O	O
+increase	1100,1108	O	O
+to	1109,1111	O	O
+210	1112,1115	O	O
+and	1116,1119	O	O
+55	1120,1122	O	O
+,	1122,1123	O	O
+respectively	1124,1136	O	O
+,	1136,1137	O	O
+in	1138,1140	O	O
+the	1141,1144	O	O
+case	1145,1149	O	O
+of	1150,1152	O	O
+a	1153,1154	O	O
+magnetic	1155,1163	O	O
+moment	1164,1170	O	O
+of	1171,1173	O	O
+5×10−11μB.	1174,1184	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007567)
+
+Each	0,4	O	O
+hit	5,8	O	O
+position	9,17	O	O
+inside	18,24	O	O
+the	25,28	O	O
+drift	29,34	O	B-Material
+chambers	35,43	O	I-Material
+was	44,47	O	O
+calculated	48,58	O	O
+from	59,63	O	O
+the	64,67	O	O
+drift	68,73	O	O
+time	74,78	O	O
+digitized	79,88	O	O
+by	89,91	O	O
+a	92,93	O	O
+flash	94,99	O	B-Material
+analog	100,106	O	I-Material
+-	106,107	O	I-Material
+to	107,109	O	I-Material
+-	109,110	O	I-Material
+digital	110,117	O	I-Material
+converter	118,127	O	I-Material
+.	127,128	O	O
+
+The	129,132	O	O
+calculation	133,144	O	O
+was	145,148	O	O
+carried	149,156	O	O
+out	157,160	O	O
+based	161,166	O	O
+on	167,169	O	O
+a	170,171	O	O
+relation	172,180	O	B-Process
+between	181,188	O	I-Process
+the	189,192	O	I-Process
+hit	193,196	O	I-Process
+position	197,205	O	I-Process
+and	206,209	O	I-Process
+the	210,213	O	I-Process
+drift	214,219	O	I-Process
+time	220,224	O	I-Process
+(	225,226	O	O
+x	226,227	O	B-Process
+–	227,228	O	I-Process
+t	228,229	O	I-Process
+relation	230,238	O	I-Process
+)	238,239	O	O
+.	239,240	O	O
+
+The	241,244	O	O
+x	245,246	O	B-Process
+–	246,247	O	I-Process
+t	247,248	O	I-Process
+relation	249,257	O	I-Process
+was	258,261	O	O
+precisely	262,271	O	O
+calculated	272,282	O	O
+by	283,285	O	O
+a	286,287	O	O
+drift	288,293	O	B-Material
+chamber	294,301	O	I-Material
+simulation	302,312	O	I-Material
+package	313,320	O	I-Material
+,	320,321	O	O
+GARFIELD	322,330	O	B-Material
+[	331,332	O	O
+20	332,334	O	O
+]	334,335	O	O
+,	335,336	O	O
+and	337,340	O	O
+a	341,342	O	O
+gas	343,346	O	B-Material
+property	347,355	O	I-Material
+simulation	356,366	O	I-Material
+package	367,374	O	I-Material
+,	374,375	O	O
+MAGBOLTZ	376,384	O	B-Material
+[	385,386	O	O
+21	386,388	O	O
+]	388,389	O	O
+.	389,390	O	O
+
+Although	391,399	O	O
+the	400,403	O	O
+chambers	404,412	O	B-Material
+were	413,417	O	O
+constructed	418,429	O	O
+carefully	430,439	O	O
+with	440,444	O	O
+a	445,446	O	O
+tolerance	447,456	O	O
+of	457,459	O	O
+100	460,463	O	O
+μm	464,466	O	O
+,	466,467	O	O
+there	468,473	O	O
+was	474,477	O	O
+a	478,479	O	O
+small	480,485	O	O
+position	486,494	O	O
+deviation	495,504	O	O
+of	505,507	O	O
+wires	508,513	O	O
+and	514,517	O	O
+field	518,523	O	O
+-	523,524	O	O
+shaping	524,531	O	O
+patterns	532,540	O	O
+,	540,541	O	O
+which	542,547	O	O
+could	548,553	O	O
+locally	554,561	O	O
+modify	562,568	O	O
+the	569,572	O	O
+electric	573,581	O	O
+field	582,587	O	O
+.	587,588	O	O
+
+In	589,591	O	O
+order	592,597	O	O
+to	598,600	O	O
+take	601,605	O	O
+account	606,613	O	O
+of	614,616	O	O
+the	617,620	O	O
+limited	621,628	O	O
+accuracy	629,637	O	O
+in	638,640	O	O
+the	641,644	O	O
+chamber	645,652	O	O
+manufacturing	653,666	O	O
+,	666,667	O	O
+a	668,669	O	O
+correction	670,680	O	O
+was	681,684	O	O
+commonly	685,693	O	O
+applied	694,701	O	O
+to	702,704	O	O
+the	705,708	O	O
+calculated	709,719	O	O
+x	720,721	O	B-Process
+–	721,722	O	I-Process
+t	722,723	O	I-Process
+relation	724,732	O	I-Process
+throughout	733,743	O	O
+the	744,747	O	O
+experiments	748,759	O	O
+.	759,760	O	O
+
+The	761,764	O	O
+correction	765,775	O	O
+was	776,779	O	O
+obtained	780,788	O	O
+to	789,791	O	O
+minimize	792,800	O	O
+the	801,804	O	O
+χ2	805,807	O	O
+in	808,810	O	O
+the	811,814	O	O
+fitting	815,822	O	O
+of	823,825	O	O
+straight	826,834	O	O
+tracks	835,841	O	O
+of	842,844	O	O
+clean	845,850	O	O
+muon	851,855	O	O
+events	856,862	O	O
+observed	863,871	O	O
+on	872,874	O	O
+the	875,878	O	O
+ground	879,885	O	O
+without	886,893	O	O
+magnetic	894,902	O	B-Process
+field	903,908	O	I-Process
+.	908,909	O	O
+
+The	910,913	O	O
+correction	914,924	O	O
+was	925,928	O	O
+as	929,931	O	O
+small	932,937	O	O
+as	938,940	O	O
+expected	941,949	O	O
+from	950,954	O	O
+the	955,958	O	O
+accuracy	959,967	O	O
+in	968,970	O	O
+the	971,974	O	O
+chamber	975,982	O	B-Process
+manufacturing	983,996	O	I-Process
+.	996,997	O	O
+
+During	998,1004	O	O
+the	1005,1008	O	O
+observations	1009,1021	O	O
+,	1021,1022	O	O
+the	1023,1026	O	O
+x	1027,1028	O	B-Process
+–	1028,1029	O	I-Process
+t	1029,1030	O	I-Process
+relation	1031,1039	O	I-Process
+was	1040,1043	O	O
+affected	1044,1052	O	O
+by	1053,1055	O	O
+the	1056,1059	O	O
+variation	1060,1069	O	O
+in	1070,1072	O	O
+the	1073,1076	O	O
+pressure	1077,1085	O	O
+and	1086,1089	O	O
+temperature	1090,1101	O	O
+of	1102,1104	O	O
+the	1105,1108	O	O
+chamber	1109,1116	O	B-Material
+gas	1117,1120	O	I-Material
+.	1120,1121	O	O
+
+In	1122,1124	O	O
+order	1125,1130	O	O
+to	1131,1133	O	O
+take	1134,1138	O	O
+account	1139,1146	O	O
+of	1147,1149	O	O
+these	1150,1155	O	O
+time	1156,1160	O	O
+-	1160,1161	O	O
+dependent	1161,1170	O	O
+variations	1171,1181	O	O
+,	1181,1182	O	O
+the	1183,1186	O	O
+x	1187,1188	O	B-Process
+–	1188,1189	O	I-Process
+t	1189,1190	O	I-Process
+relation	1191,1199	O	I-Process
+was	1200,1203	O	O
+calibrated	1204,1214	O	O
+for	1215,1218	O	O
+each	1219,1223	O	O
+data	1224,1228	O	O
+-	1228,1229	O	O
+taking	1229,1235	O	O
+run	1236,1239	O	O
+.	1239,1240	O	O
+
+Especially	1241,1251	O	O
+in	1252,1254	O	O
+calibrating	1255,1266	O	O
+the	1267,1270	O	O
+x	1271,1272	O	B-Process
+–	1272,1273	O	I-Process
+t	1273,1274	O	I-Process
+relation	1275,1283	O	I-Process
+of	1284,1286	O	O
+ODCs	1287,1291	O	B-Material
+,	1291,1292	O	O
+an	1293,1295	O	O
+absolute	1296,1304	O	O
+reference	1305,1314	O	O
+positions	1315,1324	O	O
+were	1325,1329	O	O
+provided	1330,1338	O	O
+by	1339,1341	O	O
+SciFi	1342,1347	O	O
+,	1347,1348	O	O
+which	1349,1354	O	O
+are	1355,1358	O	O
+not	1359,1362	O	O
+affected	1363,1371	O	O
+by	1372,1374	O	O
+the	1375,1378	O	O
+variation	1379,1388	O	O
+in	1389,1391	O	O
+the	1392,1395	O	O
+pressure	1396,1404	O	O
+nor	1405,1408	O	O
+temperature	1409,1420	O	O
+.	1420,1421	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007816)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+define	3,9	O	B-Task
+a	10,11	O	I-Task
+new	12,15	O	I-Task
+multispecies	16,28	O	I-Task
+model	29,34	O	I-Task
+of	35,37	O	I-Task
+Calogero	38,46	O	I-Task
+type	47,51	O	I-Task
+in	52,54	O	I-Task
+D	55,56	O	I-Task
+dimensions	57,67	O	I-Task
+with	68,72	O	O
+harmonic	73,81	O	B-Process
+,	81,82	O	I-Process
+two	83,86	O	I-Process
+-	86,87	O	I-Process
+body	87,91	O	I-Process
+and	92,95	O	I-Process
+three	96,101	O	I-Process
+-	101,102	O	I-Process
+body	102,106	O	I-Process
+interactions	107,119	O	I-Process
+.	119,120	O	O
+
+Using	121,126	O	O
+the	127,130	O	O
+underlying	131,141	O	O
+conformal	142,151	O	B-Process
+SU(1,1	152,158	O	I-Process
+)	158,159	O	I-Process
+algebra	160,167	O	I-Process
+,	167,168	O	O
+we	169,171	O	O
+indicate	172,180	O	O
+how	181,184	O	O
+to	185,187	O	O
+find	188,192	O	O
+the	193,196	O	O
+complete	197,205	O	O
+set	206,209	O	O
+of	210,212	O	O
+the	213,216	O	O
+states	217,223	O	O
+in	224,226	O	O
+Bargmann	227,235	O	O
+–	235,236	O	O
+Fock	236,240	O	O
+space	241,246	O	O
+.	246,247	O	O
+
+There	248,253	O	O
+are	254,257	O	O
+towers	258,264	O	O
+of	265,267	O	O
+states	268,274	O	O
+,	274,275	O	O
+with	276,280	O	O
+equidistant	281,292	O	B-Process
+energy	293,299	O	I-Process
+spectra	300,307	O	I-Process
+in	308,310	O	O
+each	311,315	O	O
+tower	316,321	O	O
+.	321,322	O	O
+
+We	323,325	O	O
+explicitely	326,337	O	O
+construct	338,347	O	B-Process
+all	348,351	O	I-Process
+polynomial	352,362	O	I-Process
+eigenstates	363,374	O	I-Process
+,	374,375	O	O
+namely	376,382	O	O
+the	383,386	O	O
+center	387,393	O	O
+-	393,394	O	O
+of	394,396	O	O
+-	396,397	O	O
+mass	397,401	O	O
+states	402,408	O	O
+and	409,412	O	O
+global	413,419	O	O
+dilatation	420,430	O	O
+modes	431,436	O	O
+,	436,437	O	O
+and	438,441	O	O
+find	442,446	O	B-Process
+their	447,452	O	I-Process
+corresponding	453,466	O	I-Process
+eigenenergies	467,480	O	I-Process
+.	480,481	O	O
+
+We	482,484	O	O
+also	485,489	O	O
+construct	490,499	O	B-Process
+ladder	500,506	O	I-Process
+operators	507,516	O	I-Process
+for	517,520	O	O
+these	521,526	O	O
+global	527,533	O	O
+collective	534,544	O	O
+states	545,551	O	O
+.	551,552	O	O
+
+Analysing	553,562	O	B-Task
+corresponding	563,576	O	I-Task
+Fock	577,581	O	I-Task
+space	582,587	O	I-Task
+,	587,588	O	O
+we	589,591	O	O
+detect	592,598	O	O
+the	599,602	O	O
+universal	603,612	O	O
+critical	613,621	O	O
+point	622,627	O	O
+at	628,630	O	O
+which	631,636	O	O
+the	637,640	O	O
+model	641,646	O	O
+exhibits	647,655	O	O
+singular	656,664	O	O
+behavior	665,673	O	O
+.	673,674	O	O
+
+The	675,678	O	O
+above	679,684	O	O
+results	685,692	O	O
+are	693,696	O	O
+universal	697,706	O	O
+for	707,710	O	O
+all	711,714	O	O
+systems	715,722	O	O
+with	723,727	O	O
+underlying	728,738	O	O
+conformal	739,748	O	O
+SU(1,1	749,755	O	O
+)	755,756	O	O
+symmetry	757,765	O	O
+.	765,766	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008421)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+expression	4,14	O	O
+for	15,18	O	O
+Pc	19,21	O	B-Material
+is	22,24	O	O
+also	25,29	O	O
+easily	30,36	O	O
+found	37,42	O	O
+in	43,45	O	O
+the	46,49	O	O
+same	50,54	O	O
+basis	55,60	O	O
+,	60,61	O	O
+where	62,67	O	O
+it	68,70	O	O
+becomes	71,78	O	O
+apparent	79,87	O	O
+that	88,92	O	O
+the	93,96	O	O
+dynamics	97,105	O	O
+of	106,108	O	O
+conversion	109,119	O	B-Process
+in	120,122	O	I-Process
+matter	123,129	O	I-Process
+depends	130,137	O	O
+only	138,142	O	O
+on	143,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+relative	150,158	O	B-Process
+orientation	159,170	O	I-Process
+of	171,173	O	I-Process
+the	174,177	O	I-Process
+eigenstates	178,189	O	I-Process
+of	190,192	O	O
+the	193,196	O	O
+vacuum	197,203	O	B-Process
+and	204,207	O	O
+matter	208,214	O	B-Process
+Hamiltonians	215,227	O	I-Process
+.	227,228	O	O
+
+This	229,233	O	O
+allows	234,240	O	O
+to	241,243	O	O
+directly	244,252	O	O
+apply	253,258	O	O
+the	259,262	O	O
+known	263,268	O	O
+analytical	269,279	O	B-Process
+solutions	280,289	O	I-Process
+for	290,293	O	I-Process
+Pc	294,296	O	I-Process
+,	296,297	O	O
+and	298,301	O	O
+,	301,302	O	O
+upon	303,307	O	O
+rotating	308,316	O	O
+back	317,321	O	O
+,	321,322	O	O
+obtain	323,329	O	O
+a	330,331	O	O
+generalization	332,346	O	B-Process
+of	347,349	O	I-Process
+these	350,355	O	I-Process
+results	356,363	O	I-Process
+to	364,366	O	I-Process
+the	367,370	O	I-Process
+NSI	371,374	O	I-Process
+case	375,379	O	I-Process
+.	379,380	O	O
+
+For	381,384	O	O
+example	385,392	O	O
+,	392,393	O	O
+the	394,397	O	O
+answer	398,404	O	O
+for	405,408	O	O
+the	409,412	O	O
+infinite	413,421	O	O
+exponential	422,433	O	O
+profile	434,441	O	O
+[	442,443	O	O
+18,19	443,448	O	O
+]	448,449	O	O
+A∝exp(−r	450,458	O	O
+/	458,459	O	O
+r0	459,461	O	O
+)	461,462	O	O
+becomes	463,470	O	O
+Pc	471,473	O	O
+=	473,474	O	O
+exp[γ(1−cos2θrel)/2]−1exp(γ)−1	474,504	O	O
+,	504,505	O	O
+where	506,511	O	O
+γ≡4πr0Δ=πr0Δm2/Eν.	512,530	O	O
+We	531,533	O	O
+further	534,541	O	O
+observe	542,549	O	O
+that	550,554	O	O
+since	555,560	O	O
+γ⪢1	561,564	O	O
+the	565,568	O	O
+adiabaticity	569,581	O	B-Process
+violation	582,591	O	I-Process
+occurs	592,598	O	O
+only	599,603	O	O
+when	604,608	O	O
+|θ−α|⪡1	609,616	O	O
+and	617,620	O	O
+φ≃π/2	621,626	O	O
+,	626,627	O	O
+which	628,633	O	O
+is	634,636	O	O
+the	637,640	O	O
+analogue	641,649	O	O
+of	650,652	O	O
+the	653,656	O	O
+small	657,662	O	O
+-	662,663	O	O
+angle	663,668	O	O
+MSW	669,672	O	O
+[	673,674	O	O
+10,20	674,679	O	O
+]	679,680	O	O
+effect	681,687	O	O
+in	688,690	O	O
+the	691,694	O	O
+rotated	695,702	O	O
+basis	703,708	O	O
+.	708,709	O	O
+
+The	710,713	O	O
+“	714,715	O	O
+resonant	715,723	O	O
+”	723,724	O	O
+region	725,731	O	O
+in	732,734	O	O
+the	735,738	O	O
+Sun	739,742	O	O
+where	743,748	O	O
+level	749,754	O	O
+jumping	755,762	O	O
+can	763,766	O	O
+take	767,771	O	O
+place	772,777	O	O
+is	778,780	O	O
+narrow	781,787	O	O
+,	787,788	O	O
+defined	789,796	O	O
+by	797,799	O	O
+A≃Δ	800,803	O	O
+[	804,805	O	O
+21	805,807	O	O
+]	807,808	O	O
+.	808,809	O	O
+
+A	810,811	O	O
+neutrino	812,820	O	B-Material
+produced	821,829	O	O
+at	830,832	O	O
+a	833,834	O	O
+lower	835,840	O	O
+density	841,848	O	O
+evolves	849,856	O	O
+adiabatically	857,870	O	O
+,	870,871	O	O
+while	872,877	O	O
+a	878,879	O	O
+neutrino	880,888	O	B-Material
+produced	889,897	O	O
+at	898,900	O	O
+a	901,902	O	O
+higher	903,909	O	O
+density	910,917	O	O
+may	918,921	O	O
+undergo	922,929	O	O
+level	930,935	O	O
+crossing	936,944	O	O
+.	944,945	O	O
+
+The	946,949	O	O
+probability	950,961	O	O
+Pc	962,964	O	B-Material
+in	965,967	O	O
+the	968,971	O	O
+latter	972,978	O	O
+case	979,983	O	O
+is	984,986	O	O
+given	987,992	O	O
+to	993,995	O	O
+a	996,997	O	O
+very	998,1002	O	O
+good	1003,1007	O	O
+accuracy	1008,1016	O	O
+by	1017,1019	O	O
+the	1020,1023	O	O
+formula	1024,1031	O	O
+for	1032,1035	O	O
+the	1036,1039	O	O
+linear	1040,1046	O	O
+profile	1047,1054	O	O
+,	1054,1055	O	O
+with	1056,1060	O	O
+an	1061,1063	O	O
+appropriate	1064,1075	O	O
+gradient	1076,1084	O	O
+taken	1085,1090	O	O
+along	1091,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+neutrino	1101,1109	O	B-Material
+trajectory	1110,1120	O	O
+,	1120,1121	O	O
+(	1122,1123	O	O
+12)Pc≃Θ(A−Δ)e−γ(cos2θrel+1)/2	1123,1152	O	O
+,	1152,1153	O	O
+where	1154,1159	O	O
+Θ(x	1160,1163	O	O
+)	1163,1164	O	O
+is	1165,1167	O	O
+the	1168,1171	O	O
+step	1172,1176	O	O
+function	1177,1185	O	O
+,	1185,1186	O	O
+Θ(x)=1	1187,1193	O	O
+for	1194,1197	O	O
+x>0	1198,1201	O	O
+and	1202,1205	O	O
+Θ(x)=0	1206,1212	O	O
+otherwise	1213,1222	O	O
+.	1222,1223	O	O
+
+We	1224,1226	O	O
+emphasize	1227,1236	O	O
+that	1237,1241	O	O
+our	1242,1245	O	O
+results	1246,1253	O	O
+differ	1254,1260	O	O
+from	1261,1265	O	O
+the	1266,1269	O	O
+similar	1270,1277	O	O
+ones	1278,1282	O	O
+given	1283,1288	O	O
+in	1289,1291	O	O
+[	1292,1293	O	O
+5,22	1293,1297	O	O
+]	1297,1298	O	O
+in	1299,1301	O	O
+three	1302,1307	O	O
+important	1308,1317	O	O
+respects	1318,1326	O	O
+:	1326,1327	O	O
+(	1328,1329	O	O
+i	1329,1330	O	O
+)	1330,1331	O	O
+they	1332,1336	O	O
+are	1337,1340	O	O
+valid	1341,1346	O	O
+for	1347,1350	O	O
+all	1351,1354	O	O
+,	1354,1355	O	O
+not	1356,1359	O	O
+just	1360,1364	O	O
+small	1365,1370	O	O
+values	1371,1377	O	O
+of	1378,1380	O	O
+α	1381,1382	O	O
+(	1383,1384	O	O
+which	1384,1389	O	O
+is	1390,1392	O	O
+essential	1393,1402	O	O
+for	1403,1406	O	O
+our	1407,1410	O	O
+application	1411,1422	O	O
+)	1422,1423	O	O
+,	1423,1424	O	O
+(	1425,1426	O	O
+ii	1426,1428	O	O
+)	1428,1429	O	O
+they	1430,1434	O	O
+include	1435,1442	O	O
+the	1443,1446	O	O
+angle	1447,1452	O	O
+φ	1453,1454	O	O
+,	1454,1455	O	O
+and	1456,1459	O	O
+(	1460,1461	O	O
+iii	1461,1464	O	O
+)	1464,1465	O	O
+the	1466,1469	O	O
+argument	1470,1478	O	O
+of	1479,1481	O	O
+the	1482,1485	O	O
+Θ	1486,1487	O	O
+function	1488,1496	O	O
+does	1497,1501	O	O
+not	1502,1505	O	O
+contain	1506,1513	O	O
+cos2θ	1514,1519	O	O
+,	1519,1520	O	O
+as	1521,1523	O	O
+follows	1524,1531	O	O
+from	1532,1536	O	O
+[	1537,1538	O	O
+21	1538,1540	O	O
+]	1540,1541	O	O
+.	1541,1542	O	O
+
+We	1543,1545	O	O
+stress	1546,1552	O	O
+that	1553,1557	O	O
+for	1558,1561	O	O
+large	1562,1567	O	O
+values	1568,1574	O	O
+of	1575,1577	O	O
+α	1578,1579	O	O
+and	1580,1583	O	O
+φ≃π/2	1584,1589	O	O
+
+adiabaticity	1590,1602	O	O
+is	1603,1605	O	O
+violated	1606,1614	O	O
+for	1615,1618	O	O
+large	1619,1624	O	O
+values	1625,1631	O	O
+of	1632,1634	O	O
+θ.	1635,1637	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008494)
+
+One	0,3	O	O
+major	4,9	O	O
+goal	10,14	O	O
+of	15,17	O	O
+current	18,25	O	O
+nuclear	26,33	O	B-Task
+physics	34,41	O	I-Task
+is	42,44	O	O
+the	45,48	O	O
+observation	49,60	O	B-Task
+of	61,63	O	I-Task
+at	64,66	O	I-Task
+least	67,72	O	I-Task
+partial	73,80	O	I-Task
+restoration	81,92	O	I-Task
+of	93,95	O	I-Task
+chiral	96,102	O	I-Task
+symmetry	103,111	O	I-Task
+.	111,112	O	O
+
+Since	113,118	O	O
+the	119,122	O	O
+chiral	123,129	O	B-Material
+order	130,135	O	I-Material
+parameter	136,145	O	I-Material
+〈	146,147	O	O
+q̄q	147,150	O	B-Material
+〉	150,151	O	O
+is	152,154	O	O
+expected	155,163	O	O
+to	164,166	O	O
+decrease	167,175	O	O
+by	176,178	O	O
+about	179,184	O	O
+30	185,187	O	O
+%	187,188	O	O
+already	189,196	O	O
+at	197,199	O	O
+normal	200,206	O	O
+nuclear	207,214	O	B-Material
+matter	215,221	O	I-Material
+density	222,229	O	O
+[	230,231	O	O
+1–4	231,234	O	O
+]	234,235	O	O
+,	235,236	O	O
+any	237,240	O	O
+in	241,243	O	O
+-	243,244	O	O
+medium	244,250	O	O
+change	251,257	O	O
+due	258,261	O	O
+to	262,264	O	O
+the	265,268	O	O
+dropping	269,277	O	O
+quark	278,283	O	B-Material
+condensate	284,294	O	I-Material
+should	295,301	O	O
+in	302,304	O	O
+principle	305,314	O	O
+be	315,317	O	O
+observable	318,328	O	O
+in	329,331	O	O
+photonuclear	332,344	O	B-Process
+reactions	345,354	O	I-Process
+.	354,355	O	O
+
+The	356,359	O	O
+conjecture	360,370	O	O
+that	371,375	O	O
+such	376,380	O	O
+a	381,382	O	O
+partial	383,390	O	B-Process
+restoration	391,402	O	I-Process
+of	403,405	O	I-Process
+chiral	406,412	O	I-Process
+symmetry	413,421	O	I-Process
+causes	422,428	O	O
+a	429,430	O	O
+softening	431,440	O	O
+and	441,444	O	O
+narrowing	445,454	O	O
+of	455,457	O	O
+the	458,461	O	O
+σ	462,463	O	B-Material
+meson	464,469	O	I-Material
+as	470,472	O	O
+the	473,476	O	O
+chiral	477,483	O	B-Material
+partner	484,491	O	I-Material
+of	492,494	O	O
+the	495,498	O	O
+pion	499,503	O	B-Material
+in	504,506	O	O
+the	507,510	O	O
+nuclear	511,518	O	B-Material
+medium	519,525	O	I-Material
+[	526,527	O	O
+5,6	527,530	O	O
+]	530,531	O	O
+has	532,535	O	O
+led	536,539	O	O
+to	540,542	O	O
+the	543,546	O	O
+idea	547,551	O	O
+of	552,554	O	O
+measuring	555,564	O	B-Process
+the	565,568	O	I-Process
+π0π0	569,573	O	I-Process
+invariant	574,583	O	I-Process
+mass	584,588	O	I-Process
+distribution	589,601	O	I-Process
+near	602,606	O	O
+the	607,610	O	O
+2π	611,613	O	O
+threshold	614,623	O	O
+in	624,626	O	O
+photon	627,633	O	B-Process
+induced	634,641	O	I-Process
+reactions	642,651	O	I-Process
+on	652,654	O	O
+nuclei	655,661	O	B-Material
+[	662,663	O	O
+7	663,664	O	O
+]	664,665	O	O
+.	665,666	O	O
+
+In	667,669	O	O
+contrast	670,678	O	O
+to	679,681	O	O
+its	682,685	O	O
+questionable	686,698	O	O
+nature	699,705	O	O
+as	706,708	O	O
+a	709,710	O	O
+proper	711,717	O	O
+quasiparticle	718,731	O	B-Material
+in	732,734	O	O
+vacuum	735,741	O	O
+,	741,742	O	O
+the	743,746	O	O
+σ	747,748	O	B-Material
+meson	749,754	O	I-Material
+might	755,760	O	O
+develop	761,768	O	O
+a	769,770	O	O
+much	771,775	O	O
+narrower	776,784	O	O
+peak	785,789	O	O
+at	790,792	O	O
+finite	793,799	O	O
+baryon	800,806	O	O
+density	807,814	O	O
+due	815,818	O	O
+to	819,821	O	O
+phase	822,827	O	O
+-	827,828	O	O
+space	828,833	O	O
+suppression	834,845	O	O
+for	846,849	O	O
+the	850,853	O	O
+σ→ππ	854,858	O	B-Process
+decay	859,864	O	I-Process
+,	864,865	O	O
+hence	866,871	O	O
+making	872,878	O	O
+it	879,881	O	O
+possible	882,890	O	O
+to	891,893	O	O
+explore	894,901	O	O
+its	902,905	O	O
+properties	906,916	O	O
+when	917,921	O	O
+embedded	922,930	O	O
+in	931,933	O	O
+a	934,935	O	O
+nuclear	936,943	O	B-Process
+many	944,948	O	I-Process
+-	948,949	O	I-Process
+body	949,953	O	I-Process
+system	954,960	O	I-Process
+[	961,962	O	O
+8–11	962,966	O	O
+]	966,967	O	O
+.	967,968	O	O
+
+Measuring	969,978	O	B-Process
+a	979,980	O	I-Process
+threshold	981,990	O	I-Process
+enhancement	991,1002	O	I-Process
+of	1003,1005	O	I-Process
+the	1006,1009	O	I-Process
+π0π0	1010,1014	O	I-Process
+invariant	1015,1024	O	I-Process
+mass	1025,1029	O	I-Process
+spectrum	1030,1038	O	I-Process
+might	1039,1044	O	O
+serve	1045,1050	O	O
+as	1051,1053	O	O
+a	1054,1055	O	O
+signal	1056,1062	O	O
+for	1063,1066	O	O
+the	1067,1070	O	O
+partial	1071,1078	O	B-Task
+restoration	1079,1090	O	I-Task
+of	1091,1093	O	I-Task
+chiral	1094,1100	O	I-Task
+symmetry	1101,1109	O	I-Task
+inside	1110,1116	O	O
+nuclei	1117,1123	O	B-Material
+and	1124,1127	O	O
+,	1127,1128	O	O
+therefore	1129,1138	O	O
+,	1138,1139	O	O
+give	1140,1144	O	O
+information	1145,1156	O	O
+about	1157,1162	O	O
+one	1163,1166	O	O
+of	1167,1169	O	O
+the	1170,1173	O	O
+most	1174,1178	O	O
+fundamental	1179,1190	O	O
+features	1191,1199	O	O
+of	1200,1202	O	O
+QCD	1203,1206	O	B-Material
+.	1206,1207	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009293)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
+OPE	3,6	O	B-Material
+of	7,9	O	O
+VQCD(r	10,16	O	B-Material
+)	16,17	O	I-Material
+was	18,21	O	O
+developed	22,31	O	O
+in	32,34	O	O
+[	35,36	O	O
+3	36,37	O	O
+]	37,38	O	O
+.	38,39	O	O
+
+In	40,42	O	O
+this	43,47	O	O
+and	48,51	O	O
+the	52,55	O	O
+next	56,60	O	O
+paragraph	61,70	O	O
+,	70,71	O	O
+we	72,74	O	O
+review	75,81	O	O
+the	82,85	O	O
+content	86,93	O	O
+of	94,96	O	O
+that	97,101	O	O
+paper	102,107	O	O
+relevant	108,116	O	O
+to	117,119	O	O
+our	120,123	O	O
+analysis	124,132	O	O
+.	132,133	O	O
+
+Within	134,140	O	O
+this	141,145	O	O
+framework	146,155	O	O
+,	155,156	O	O
+short	157,162	O	O
+-	162,163	O	O
+distance	163,171	O	O
+contributions	172,185	O	O
+are	186,189	O	O
+contained	190,199	O	O
+in	200,202	O	O
+the	203,206	O	O
+potentials	207,217	O	O
+,	217,218	O	O
+which	219,224	O	O
+are	225,228	O	O
+in	229,231	O	O
+fact	232,236	O	O
+the	237,240	O	O
+Wilson	241,247	O	O
+coefficients	248,260	O	O
+,	260,261	O	O
+while	262,267	O	O
+non	268,271	O	O
+-	271,272	O	O
+perturbative	272,284	O	O
+contributions	285,298	O	O
+are	299,302	O	O
+contained	303,312	O	O
+in	313,315	O	O
+the	316,319	O	O
+matrix	320,326	O	O
+elements	327,335	O	O
+that	336,340	O	O
+are	341,344	O	O
+organized	345,354	O	O
+in	355,357	O	O
+multipole	358,367	O	B-Process
+expansion	368,377	O	I-Process
+in	378,380	O	O
+r→	381,383	O	O
+at	384,386	O	O
+r≪ΛQCD−1	387,395	O	O
+.	395,396	O	O
+
+The	397,400	O	O
+following	401,410	O	O
+relation	411,419	O	O
+was	420,423	O	O
+derived	424,431	O	O
+:	431,432	O	O
+(	433,434	O	O
+16)VQCD(r)=VS(r)+δEUS(r),(17)δEUS=−ig2TFNC∫0∞dte−iΔV(r)t×〈r→⋅E→a(t)φadj(t,0)abr→⋅E→b(0)〉+O(r3	434,527	O	O
+)	527,528	O	O
+.	528,529	O	O
+
+VS(r	530,534	O	O
+)	534,535	O	O
+denotes	536,543	O	O
+the	544,547	O	O
+singlet	548,555	O	O
+potential	556,565	O	O
+.	565,566	O	O
+
+δEUS(r	567,573	O	O
+)	573,574	O	O
+denotes	575,582	O	O
+the	583,586	O	O
+non	587,590	O	O
+-	590,591	O	O
+perturbative	591,603	O	O
+contribution	604,616	O	O
+to	617,619	O	O
+the	620,623	O	O
+QCD	624,627	O	B-Material
+potential	628,637	O	I-Material
+,	637,638	O	O
+which	639,644	O	O
+starts	645,651	O	O
+at	652,654	O	O
+O(ΛQCD3r2	655,664	O	O
+)	664,665	O	O
+in	666,668	O	O
+the	669,672	O	O
+multipole	673,682	O	B-Process
+expansion	683,692	O	I-Process
+.	692,693	O	O
+
+ΔV(r)=VO(r)−VS(r	694,710	O	O
+)	710,711	O	O
+denotes	712,719	O	O
+the	720,723	O	O
+difference	724,734	O	O
+between	735,742	O	O
+the	743,746	O	O
+octet	747,752	O	O
+and	753,756	O	O
+singlet	757,764	O	O
+potentials	765,775	O	O
+;	775,776	O	O
+see	777,780	O	O
+[	781,782	O	O
+3	782,783	O	O
+]	783,784	O	O
+for	785,788	O	O
+details	789,796	O	O
+.	796,797	O	O
+
+Intuitively	798,809	O	O
+VS(r	810,814	O	O
+)	814,815	O	O
+corresponds	816,827	O	O
+to	828,830	O	O
+VUV(r;μf	831,839	O	O
+)	839,840	O	O
+and	841,844	O	O
+δEUS(r	845,851	O	O
+)	851,852	O	O
+to	853,855	O	O
+VIR(r;μf	856,864	O	O
+)	864,865	O	O
+.	865,866	O	O
+
+We	867,869	O	O
+adopt	870,875	O	O
+dimensional	876,887	O	B-Process
+regularization	888,902	O	I-Process
+in	903,905	O	O
+our	906,909	O	O
+analysis	910,918	O	O
+;	918,919	O	O
+we	920,922	O	O
+also	923,927	O	O
+refer	928,933	O	O
+to	934,936	O	O
+hard	937,941	O	B-Process
+cutoff	942,948	O	I-Process
+schemes	949,956	O	I-Process
+when	957,961	O	O
+discussing	962,972	O	O
+conceptual	973,983	O	O
+aspects	984,991	O	O
+.	991,992	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304012638)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+has	3,6	O	O
+recently	7,15	O	O
+been	16,20	O	O
+demonstrated	21,33	O	O
+[	34,35	O	O
+15	35,37	O	O
+]	37,38	O	O
+(	39,40	O	O
+see	40,43	O	O
+also	44,48	O	O
+[	49,50	O	O
+13	50,52	O	O
+]	52,53	O	O
+and	54,57	O	O
+references	58,68	O	O
+therein	69,76	O	O
+)	76,77	O	O
+that	78,82	O	O
+for	83,86	O	O
+a	87,88	O	O
+self	89,93	O	O
+-	93,94	O	O
+dual	94,98	O	O
+background	99,109	O	O
+the	110,113	O	O
+two	114,117	O	B-Process
+-	117,118	O	I-Process
+loop	118,122	O	I-Process
+QED	123,126	O	I-Process
+effective	127,136	O	I-Process
+action	137,143	O	I-Process
+takes	144,149	O	O
+a	150,151	O	O
+remarkably	152,162	O	O
+simple	163,169	O	O
+form	170,174	O	O
+that	175,179	O	O
+is	180,182	O	O
+very	183,187	O	O
+similar	188,195	O	O
+to	196,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+one	203,206	O	B-Process
+-	206,207	O	I-Process
+loop	207,211	O	I-Process
+action	212,218	O	I-Process
+in	219,221	O	O
+the	222,225	O	O
+same	226,230	O	O
+background	231,241	O	O
+.	241,242	O	O
+
+There	243,248	O	O
+are	249,252	O	O
+expectations	253,265	O	O
+that	266,270	O	O
+this	271,275	O	O
+similarity	276,286	O	O
+persists	287,295	O	O
+at	296,298	O	O
+higher	299,305	O	B-Process
+loops	306,311	O	I-Process
+,	311,312	O	O
+and	313,316	O	O
+therefore	317,326	O	O
+there	327,332	O	O
+should	333,339	O	O
+be	340,342	O	O
+some	343,347	O	O
+remarkable	348,358	O	O
+structure	359,368	O	O
+encoded	369,376	O	O
+in	377,379	O	O
+the	380,383	O	O
+all	384,387	O	B-Process
+-	387,388	O	I-Process
+loop	388,392	O	I-Process
+effective	393,402	O	I-Process
+action	403,409	O	I-Process
+for	410,413	O	O
+gauge	414,419	O	O
+theories	420,428	O	O
+.	428,429	O	O
+
+In	430,432	O	O
+the	433,436	O	O
+supersymmetric	437,451	O	O
+case	452,456	O	O
+,	456,457	O	O
+one	458,461	O	O
+has	462,465	O	O
+to	466,468	O	O
+replace	469,476	O	O
+the	477,480	O	O
+requirement	481,492	O	O
+of	493,495	O	O
+self	496,500	O	O
+-	500,501	O	O
+duality	501,508	O	O
+by	509,511	O	O
+that	512,516	O	O
+of	517,519	O	O
+relaxed	520,527	O	O
+super	528,533	O	O
+self	534,538	O	O
+-	538,539	O	O
+duality	539,546	O	O
+[	547,548	O	O
+16	548,550	O	O
+]	550,551	O	O
+in	552,554	O	O
+order	555,560	O	O
+to	561,563	O	O
+arrive	564,570	O	O
+at	571,573	O	O
+conclusions	574,585	O	O
+similar	586,593	O	O
+to	594,596	O	O
+those	597,602	O	O
+given	603,608	O	O
+in	609,611	O	O
+[	612,613	O	O
+15	613,615	O	O
+]	615,616	O	O
+.	616,617	O	O
+
+Further	618,625	O	O
+progress	626,634	O	O
+in	635,637	O	O
+this	638,642	O	O
+direction	643,652	O	O
+may	653,656	O	O
+be	657,659	O	O
+achieved	660,668	O	O
+through	669,676	O	O
+the	677,680	O	O
+analysis	681,689	O	B-Task
+of	690,692	O	I-Task
+N=2	693,696	O	I-Task
+covariant	697,706	O	I-Task
+supergraphs	707,718	O	I-Task
+.	718,719	O	O
+
+Finally	720,727	O	O
+,	727,728	O	O
+we	729,731	O	O
+believe	732,739	O	O
+that	740,744	O	O
+the	745,748	O	O
+results	749,756	O	O
+of	757,759	O	O
+this	760,764	O	O
+Letter	765,771	O	O
+may	772,775	O	O
+be	776,778	O	O
+helpful	779,786	O	O
+in	787,789	O	O
+the	790,793	O	O
+context	794,801	O	O
+of	802,804	O	O
+the	805,808	O	O
+conjectured	809,820	O	O
+correspondence	821,835	O	O
+[	836,837	O	O
+17–19	837,842	O	O
+]	842,843	O	O
+between	844,851	O	O
+the	852,855	O	O
+D3-brane	856,864	O	B-Process
+action	865,871	O	I-Process
+in	872,874	O	O
+AdS5×S5	875,882	O	B-Material
+and	883,886	O	O
+the	887,890	O	O
+low	891,894	O	O
+-	894,895	O	O
+energy	895,901	O	O
+action	902,908	O	O
+for	909,912	O	O
+N=4	913,916	O	O
+SU(N	917,921	O	O
+
+)	921,922	O	O
+SYM	923,926	O	O
+on	927,929	O	O
+its	930,933	O	O
+Coulomb	934,941	O	B-Material
+branch	942,948	O	I-Material
+,	948,949	O	O
+with	950,954	O	O
+the	955,958	O	O
+gauge	959,964	O	B-Material
+group	965,970	O	I-Material
+SU(N	971,975	O	B-Material
+)	975,976	O	I-Material
+spontaneously	977,990	O	O
+broken	991,997	O	O
+to	998,1000	O	O
+SU(N−1)×U(1	1001,1012	O	B-Material
+)	1012,1013	O	I-Material
+.	1013,1014	O	O
+
+There	1015,1020	O	O
+have	1021,1025	O	O
+appeared	1026,1034	O	O
+two	1035,1038	O	O
+independent	1039,1050	O	O
+F6	1051,1053	O	B-Task
+tests	1054,1059	O	I-Task
+of	1060,1062	O	I-Task
+this	1063,1067	O	I-Task
+conjecture	1068,1078	O	I-Task
+[	1079,1080	O	O
+19,20	1080,1085	O	O
+]	1085,1086	O	O
+,	1086,1087	O	O
+with	1088,1092	O	O
+conflicting	1093,1104	O	O
+conclusions	1105,1116	O	O
+.	1116,1117	O	O
+
+The	1118,1121	O	O
+approach	1122,1130	O	O
+advocated	1131,1140	O	O
+here	1141,1145	O	O
+provides	1146,1154	O	O
+the	1155,1158	O	O
+opportunity	1159,1170	O	O
+for	1171,1174	O	O
+a	1175,1176	O	O
+further	1177,1184	O	O
+test	1185,1189	O	O
+.	1189,1190	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S037877531001949X)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+Substrate	4,13	O	B-Task
+Induced	14,21	O	I-Task
+Coagulation	22,33	O	I-Task
+(	34,35	O	O
+SIC	35,38	O	B-Task
+)	38,39	O	O
+coating	40,47	O	B-Process
+process	48,55	O	O
+provides	56,64	O	O
+a	65,66	O	O
+self	67,71	O	O
+assembled	72,81	O	O
+and	82,85	O	O
+almost	86,92	O	O
+binder	93,99	O	O
+free	100,104	O	O
+coating	105,112	O	B-Process
+with	113,117	O	O
+small	118,123	O	O
+particles	124,133	O	O
+.	133,134	O	O
+
+Most	135,139	O	O
+research	140,148	O	O
+so	149,151	O	O
+far	152,155	O	O
+has	156,159	O	O
+been	160,164	O	O
+used	165,169	O	O
+to	170,172	O	O
+coat	173,177	O	O
+a	178,179	O	O
+variety	180,187	O	O
+of	188,190	O	O
+surfaces	191,199	O	O
+with	200,204	O	O
+highly	205,211	O	O
+conductive	212,222	O	O
+carbon	223,229	O	B-Material
+blacks	230,236	O	I-Material
+[	237,238	O	O
+34,35,36	238,246	O	O
+]	246,247	O	O
+.	247,248	O	O
+
+Layers	249,255	O	O
+deposited	256,265	O	O
+by	266,268	O	O
+this	269,273	O	O
+technique	274,283	O	O
+have	284,288	O	O
+been	289,293	O	O
+used	294,298	O	O
+in	299,301	O	O
+electromagnetic	302,317	O	B-Process
+wave	318,322	O	I-Process
+shielding	323,332	O	I-Process
+,	332,333	O	O
+in	334,336	O	O
+the	337,340	O	O
+metallization	341,354	O	B-Process
+process	355,362	O	O
+of	363,365	O	O
+through	366,373	O	O
+-	373,374	O	O
+holes	374,379	O	O
+in	380,382	O	O
+printed	383,390	O	B-Material
+wiring	391,397	O	I-Material
+boards	398,404	O	I-Material
+,	404,405	O	O
+and	406,409	O	O
+in	410,412	O	O
+the	413,416	O	O
+manufacture	417,428	O	O
+of	429,431	O	O
+conducting	432,442	O	B-Material
+polymers	443,451	O	I-Material
+(	452,453	O	O
+such	453,457	O	O
+as	458,460	O	O
+Teflon	461,467	O	B-Material
+)	467,468	O	O
+[	469,470	O	O
+37,38,39	470,478	O	O
+]	478,479	O	O
+.	479,480	O	O
+
+An	481,483	O	O
+advantage	484,493	O	O
+of	494,496	O	O
+this	497,501	O	O
+dip	502,505	O	B-Process
+-	505,506	O	I-Process
+coating	506,513	O	I-Process
+process	514,521	O	O
+is	522,524	O	O
+that	525,529	O	O
+it	530,532	O	O
+can	533,536	O	O
+be	537,539	O	O
+used	540,544	O	O
+for	545,548	O	O
+any	549,552	O	O
+kind	553,557	O	O
+of	558,560	O	O
+surface	561,568	O	O
+,	568,569	O	O
+provided	570,578	O	O
+the	579,582	O	O
+substrate	583,592	O	O
+is	593,595	O	O
+stable	596,602	O	O
+in	603,605	O	O
+water	606,611	O	O
+and	612,615	O	O
+that	616,620	O	O
+the	621,624	O	O
+particles	625,634	O	O
+used	635,639	O	O
+for	640,643	O	O
+the	644,647	O	O
+coating	648,655	O	O
+form	656,660	O	O
+a	661,662	O	O
+meta	663,667	O	B-Process
+-	667,668	O	I-Process
+stable	668,674	O	I-Process
+dispersion	675,685	O	I-Process
+.	685,686	O	O
+
+Recently	687,695	O	O
+,	695,696	O	O
+a	697,698	O	O
+non	699,702	O	O
+-	702,703	O	O
+aqueous	703,710	O	O
+SIC	711,714	O	B-Process
+coating	715,722	O	I-Process
+process	723,730	O	O
+of	731,733	O	O
+carbon	734,740	O	B-Material
+black	741,746	O	I-Material
+was	747,750	O	O
+developed	751,760	O	O
+by	761,763	O	O
+investigating	764,777	O	O
+the	778,781	O	O
+stabilities	782,793	O	O
+of	794,796	O	O
+non	797,800	O	O
+-	800,801	O	O
+aqueous	801,808	O	O
+dispersions	809,820	O	O
+[	821,822	O	O
+36	822,824	O	O
+]	824,825	O	O
+.	825,826	O	O
+
+These	827,832	O	O
+dispersions	833,844	O	O
+were	845,849	O	O
+used	850,854	O	O
+to	855,857	O	O
+prepare	858,865	O	O
+LiCoO2-composite	866,882	O	B-Process
+electrodes	883,893	O	I-Process
+for	894,897	O	O
+Li	898,900	O	B-Process
+-	900,901	O	I-Process
+ion	901,904	O	I-Process
+batteries	905,914	O	I-Process
+with	915,919	O	O
+an	920,922	O	O
+improved	923,931	O	O
+conductivity	932,944	O	O
+while	945,950	O	O
+keeping	951,958	O	O
+the	959,962	O	O
+content	963,970	O	O
+of	971,973	O	O
+active	974,980	O	O
+battery	981,988	O	O
+material	989,997	O	O
+high	998,1002	O	O
+[	1003,1004	O	O
+35	1004,1006	O	O
+]	1006,1007	O	O
+.	1007,1008	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0885230816301759)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+paper	5,10	O	O
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+sentence	22,30	O	B-Process
+stress	31,37	O	I-Process
+feedback	38,46	O	I-Process
+system	47,53	O	I-Process
+in	54,56	O	O
+which	57,62	O	O
+sentence	63,71	O	O
+stress	72,78	O	O
+prediction	79,89	O	O
+,	89,90	O	O
+detection	91,100	O	O
+,	100,101	O	O
+and	102,105	O	O
+feedback	106,114	O	O
+provision	115,124	O	O
+models	125,131	O	O
+are	132,135	O	O
+combined	136,144	O	O
+.	144,145	O	O
+
+This	146,150	O	O
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+-	170,171	O	I-Task
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+on	201,203	O	I-Task
+sentence	204,212	O	I-Task
+stress	213,219	O	I-Task
+errors	220,226	O	I-Task
+so	227,229	O	O
+that	230,234	O	O
+they	235,239	O	O
+can	240,243	O	O
+improve	244,251	O	O
+their	252,257	O	O
+English	258,265	O	O
+rhythm	266,272	O	O
+and	273,276	O	O
+fluency	277,284	O	O
+in	285,287	O	O
+a	288,289	O	O
+self	290,294	O	O
+-	294,295	O	O
+study	295,300	O	O
+setting	301,308	O	O
+.	308,309	O	O
+
+The	310,313	O	O
+sentence	314,322	O	O
+stress	323,329	O	O
+feedback	330,338	O	O
+system	339,345	O	O
+was	346,349	O	O
+devised	350,357	O	O
+to	358,360	O	O
+predict	361,368	O	B-Task
+and	369,372	O	I-Task
+detect	373,379	O	I-Task
+the	380,383	O	I-Task
+sentence	384,392	O	I-Task
+stress	393,399	O	I-Task
+of	400,402	O	O
+any	403,406	O	O
+practice	407,415	O	O
+sentence	416,424	O	O
+.	424,425	O	O
+
+The	426,429	O	O
+accuracy	430,438	O	O
+of	439,441	O	O
+the	442,445	O	O
+prediction	446,456	O	B-Process
+and	457,460	O	I-Process
+detection	461,470	O	I-Process
+models	471,477	O	I-Process
+was	478,481	O	O
+96.6	482,486	O	O
+%	486,487	O	O
+and	488,491	O	O
+84.1	492,496	O	O
+%	496,497	O	O
+,	497,498	O	O
+respectively	499,511	O	O
+.	511,512	O	O
+
+The	513,516	O	O
+stress	517,523	O	B-Process
+feedback	524,532	O	I-Process
+provision	533,542	O	I-Process
+model	543,548	O	I-Process
+offers	549,555	O	O
+positive	556,564	O	O
+or	565,567	O	O
+negative	568,576	O	O
+stress	577,583	O	O
+feedback	584,592	O	O
+for	593,596	O	O
+each	597,601	O	O
+spoken	602,608	O	O
+word	609,613	O	O
+by	614,616	O	O
+comparing	617,626	O	O
+the	627,630	O	O
+probability	631,642	O	O
+of	643,645	O	O
+the	646,649	O	O
+predicted	650,659	O	O
+stress	660,666	O	O
+pattern	667,674	O	O
+with	675,679	O	O
+that	680,684	O	O
+of	685,687	O	O
+the	688,691	O	O
+detected	692,700	O	O
+stress	701,707	O	O
+pattern	708,715	O	O
+.	715,716	O	O
+
+In	717,719	O	O
+an	720,722	O	O
+experiment	723,733	O	O
+that	734,738	O	O
+evaluated	739,748	O	O
+the	749,752	O	O
+educational	753,764	O	O
+effect	765,771	O	O
+of	772,774	O	O
+the	775,778	O	O
+proposed	779,787	O	O
+system	788,794	O	O
+incorporated	795,807	O	O
+in	808,810	O	O
+our	811,814	O	O
+CALL	815,819	O	B-Material
+system	820,826	O	I-Material
+,	826,827	O	O
+significant	828,839	O	O
+improvements	840,852	O	O
+in	853,855	O	O
+accentedness	856,868	O	O
+and	869,872	O	O
+rhythm	873,879	O	O
+were	880,884	O	O
+seen	885,889	O	O
+with	890,894	O	O
+the	895,898	O	O
+students	899,907	O	O
+who	908,911	O	O
+trained	912,919	O	O
+with	920,924	O	O
+our	925,928	O	O
+system	929,935	O	O
+but	936,939	O	O
+not	940,943	O	O
+with	944,948	O	O
+those	949,954	O	O
+in	955,957	O	O
+the	958,961	O	O
+control	962,969	O	O
+group	970,975	O	O
+.	975,976	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S092583881302834X)
+
+Plastically	0,11	O	O
+deformed	12,20	O	O
+MGs	21,24	O	B-Material
+develop	25,32	O	O
+inhomogeneity	33,46	O	O
+and	47,50	O	O
+show	51,55	O	O
+harder	56,62	O	O
+and	63,66	O	O
+softer	67,73	O	O
+regions	74,81	O	O
+[	82,83	O	O
+16	83,85	O	O
+]	85,86	O	O
+.	86,87	O	O
+
+While	88,93	O	O
+this	94,98	O	O
+could	99,104	O	O
+in	105,107	O	O
+principle	108,117	O	O
+be	118,120	O	O
+associated	121,131	O	O
+with	132,136	O	O
+a	137,138	O	O
+BE	139,141	O	O
+according	142,151	O	O
+to	152,154	O	O
+the	155,158	O	O
+composite	159,168	O	O
+model	169,174	O	O
+,	174,175	O	O
+a	176,177	O	O
+MG	178,180	O	B-Material
+provides	181,189	O	O
+no	190,192	O	O
+basis	193,198	O	O
+for	199,202	O	O
+a	203,204	O	O
+dislocation	205,216	O	O
+-	216,217	O	O
+based	217,222	O	O
+theory	223,229	O	O
+.	229,230	O	O
+
+The	231,234	O	O
+search	235,241	O	B-Task
+for	242,245	O	I-Task
+a	246,247	O	I-Task
+BE	248,250	O	I-Task
+in	251,253	O	I-Task
+plastic	254,261	O	I-Task
+flow	262,266	O	I-Task
+is	267,269	O	O
+hindered	270,278	O	O
+by	279,281	O	O
+the	282,285	O	O
+softening	286,295	O	O
+of	296,298	O	O
+MGs	299,302	O	B-Material
+associated	303,313	O	O
+with	314,318	O	O
+shear	319,324	O	B-Process
+-	324,325	O	I-Process
+banding	325,332	O	I-Process
+(	333,334	O	O
+in	334,336	O	O
+contrast	337,345	O	O
+to	346,348	O	O
+the	349,352	O	O
+work	353,357	O	O
+-	357,358	O	O
+hardening	358,367	O	O
+familiar	368,376	O	O
+in	377,379	O	O
+conventional	380,392	O	O
+alloys	393,399	O	O
+)	399,400	O	O
+.	400,401	O	O
+
+Anelastic	402,411	O	B-Process
+deformation	412,423	O	I-Process
+is	424,426	O	O
+,	426,427	O	O
+however	428,435	O	O
+,	435,436	O	O
+of	437,439	O	O
+interest	440,448	O	O
+as	449,451	O	O
+its	452,455	O	O
+time	456,460	O	O
+-	460,461	O	O
+dependence	461,471	O	O
+must	472,476	O	O
+relate	477,483	O	O
+to	484,486	O	O
+relaxation	487,497	O	O
+processes	498,507	O	O
+in	508,510	O	O
+the	511,514	O	O
+MG	515,517	O	O
+structure	518,527	O	O
+that	528,532	O	O
+in	533,535	O	O
+turn	536,540	O	O
+should	541,547	O	O
+be	548,550	O	O
+connected	551,560	O	O
+to	561,563	O	O
+the	564,567	O	O
+onset	568,573	O	O
+of	574,576	O	O
+plasticity	577,587	O	O
+.	587,588	O	O
+
+In	589,591	O	O
+particular	592,602	O	O
+,	602,603	O	O
+anelasticity	604,616	O	O
+may	617,620	O	O
+offer	621,626	O	O
+a	627,628	O	O
+way	629,632	O	O
+to	633,635	O	O
+study	636,641	O	O
+the	642,645	O	O
+operation	646,655	O	O
+of	656,658	O	O
+the	659,662	O	O
+shear	663,668	O	B-Process
+transformation	669,683	O	I-Process
+zones	684,689	O	I-Process
+(	690,691	O	O
+STZs	691,695	O	B-Process
+[	696,697	O	O
+17	697,699	O	O
+]	699,700	O	O
+)	700,701	O	O
+often	702,707	O	O
+used	708,712	O	O
+to	713,715	O	O
+interpret	716,725	O	O
+the	726,729	O	O
+deformation	730,741	O	O
+of	742,744	O	O
+MGs	745,748	O	B-Material
+.	748,749	O	O
+
+Fujita	750,756	O	O
+et	757,759	O	O
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+.	762,763	O	O
+
+have	764,768	O	O
+used	769,773	O	O
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+to	788,790	O	O
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+in	812,814	O	I-Task
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+(	826,827	O	O
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+maximum	830,837	O	O
+,	837,838	O	O
+on	839,841	O	O
+the	842,845	O	O
+cylindrical	846,857	O	O
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+surface	865,872	O	O
+)	872,873	O	O
+to	874,876	O	O
+30	877,879	O	O
+%	879,880	O	O
+,	880,881	O	O
+16	882,884	O	O
+%	884,885	O	O
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+4	895,896	O	O
+%	896,897	O	O
+of	898,900	O	O
+the	901,904	O	O
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+yield	911,916	O	O
+
+stress	917,923	O	O
+τy	924,926	O	O
+[	927,928	O	O
+18	928,930	O	O
+]	930,931	O	O
+.	931,932	O	O
+
+In	933,935	O	O
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+work	948,952	O	O
+we	953,955	O	O
+apply	956,961	O	O
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+samples	976,983	O	O
+to	984,986	O	O
+reach	987,992	O	O
+stresses	993,1001	O	O
+up	1002,1004	O	O
+to	1005,1007	O	O
+24	1008,1010	O	O
+%	1010,1011	O	O
+of	1012,1014	O	O
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+,	1017,1018	O	O
+and	1019,1022	O	O
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+first	1031,1036	O	O
+time	1037,1041	O	O
+in	1042,1044	O	O
+the	1045,1048	O	O
+elastic	1049,1056	O	O
+regime	1057,1063	O	O
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+the	1076,1079	O	I-Task
+effects	1080,1087	O	I-Task
+of	1088,1090	O	I-Task
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+.	1106,1107	O	I-Task
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0925838814009669)
+
+SPS	0,3	O	B-Material
+has	4,7	O	O
+been	8,12	O	O
+utilized	13,21	O	O
+in	22,24	O	O
+several	25,32	O	O
+studies	33,40	O	O
+to	41,43	O	O
+retain	44,50	O	B-Process
+the	51,54	O	I-Process
+nanostructure	55,68	O	I-Process
+of	69,71	O	I-Process
+aluminum	72,80	O	I-Process
+alloy	81,86	O	I-Process
+powders	87,94	O	I-Process
+during	95,101	O	I-Process
+consolidation	102,115	O	I-Process
+.	115,116	O	O
+
+Ye	117,119	O	O
+et	120,122	O	O
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+.	125,126	O	O
+investigated	127,139	O	B-Task
+the	140,143	O	I-Task
+effect	144,150	O	I-Task
+of	151,153	O	I-Task
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+of	165,167	O	I-Task
+cryomilled	168,178	O	I-Task
+Al	179,181	O	I-Task
+5083	182,186	O	I-Task
+powder	187,193	O	I-Task
+via	194,197	O	O
+SPS	198,201	O	B-Process
+[	202,203	O	O
+13	203,205	O	O
+]	205,206	O	O
+.	206,207	O	O
+
+X	208,209	O	B-Process
+-	209,210	O	I-Process
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+Diffraction	214,225	O	I-Process
+(	226,227	O	I-Process
+XRD	227,230	O	I-Process
+)	230,231	O	I-Process
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+size	238,242	O	I-Process
+calculations	243,255	O	I-Process
+before	256,262	O	O
+and	263,266	O	O
+after	267,272	O	O
+SPS	273,276	O	B-Process
+showed	277,283	O	O
+that	284,288	O	O
+the	289,292	O	O
+average	293,300	O	O
+grain	301,306	O	O
+size	307,311	O	O
+of	312,314	O	O
+the	315,318	O	O
+alloy	319,324	O	B-Material
+only	325,329	O	O
+increased	330,339	O	O
+from	340,344	O	O
+25	345,347	O	O
+nm	347,349	O	O
+to	350,352	O	O
+50	353,355	O	O
+nm	355,357	O	O
+(	358,359	O	O
+from	359,363	O	O
+powder	364,370	O	O
+to	371,373	O	O
+bulk	374,378	O	O
+state	379,384	O	O
+)	384,385	O	O
+.	385,386	O	O
+
+Subsequently	387,399	O	O
+,	399,400	O	O
+the	401,404	O	O
+hardness	405,413	O	O
+values	414,420	O	O
+obtained	421,429	O	O
+through	430,437	O	O
+nanoindentation	438,453	O	B-Process
+for	454,457	O	O
+specimens	458,467	O	O
+of	468,470	O	O
+AA5083	471,477	O	B-Material
+produced	478,486	O	O
+via	487,490	O	O
+SPS	491,494	O	B-Material
+were	495,499	O	O
+highly	500,506	O	O
+improved	507,515	O	O
+in	516,518	O	O
+comparison	519,529	O	O
+to	530,532	O	O
+conventional	533,545	O	O
+sintering	546,555	O	O
+methods	556,563	O	O
+were	564,568	O	O
+grain	569,574	O	O
+coarsening	575,585	O	O
+takes	586,591	O	O
+place	592,597	O	O
+on	598,600	O	O
+a	601,602	O	O
+larger	603,609	O	O
+scale	610,615	O	O
+.	615,616	O	O
+
+In	617,619	O	O
+another	620,627	O	O
+study	628,633	O	O
+the	634,637	O	O
+combination	638,649	O	B-Process
+of	650,652	O	I-Process
+cryomilling	653,664	O	I-Process
+and	665,668	O	I-Process
+SPS	669,672	O	I-Process
+of	673,675	O	I-Process
+AA-5356/B4C	676,687	O	I-Process
+nanocomposites	688,702	O	I-Process
+powder	703,709	O	I-Process
+was	710,713	O	O
+found	714,719	O	O
+to	720,722	O	O
+largely	723,730	O	O
+improve	731,738	O	O
+the	739,742	O	O
+microhardness	743,756	O	O
+and	757,760	O	O
+flexural	761,769	O	O
+strengths	770,779	O	O
+of	780,782	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+bulk	787,791	O	B-Material
+nanocomposite	792,805	O	I-Material
+.	805,806	O	O
+
+Rana	807,811	O	O
+et	812,814	O	O
+al	815,817	O	O
+.	817,818	O	O
+
+[	819,820	O	O
+14	820,822	O	O
+]	822,823	O	O
+investigated	824,836	O	O
+the	837,840	O	O
+effect	841,847	O	O
+of	848,850	O	O
+SPS	851,854	O	O
+on	855,857	O	O
+mechanically	858,870	O	O
+milled	871,877	O	O
+AA6061	878,884	O	O
+
+(	885,886	O	O
+Al	886,888	O	O
+–	888,889	O	O
+
+Mg	889,891	O	O
+–	891,892	O	O
+Si	892,894	O	O
+)	894,895	O	O
+micro	896,901	O	O
+-	901,902	O	O
+alloy	902,907	O	O
+powder	908,914	O	O
+.	914,915	O	O
+
+The	916,919	O	O
+average	920,927	O	O
+grain	928,933	O	O
+size	934,938	O	O
+after	939,944	O	O
+20h	945,948	O	O
+of	949,951	O	O
+milling	952,959	O	O
+was	960,963	O	O
+∼35	964,967	O	O
+nm	967,969	O	O
+and	970,973	O	O
+increased	974,983	O	O
+to	984,986	O	O
+only	987,991	O	O
+∼85	992,995	O	O
+nm	995,997	O	O
+after	998,1003	O	O
+processing	1004,1014	O	O
+with	1015,1019	O	O
+SPS	1020,1023	O	B-Material
+at	1024,1026	O	O
+500	1027,1030	O	O
+°	1030,1031	O	O
+C	1031,1032	O	O
+.	1032,1033	O	O
+
+Microhardness	1034,1047	O	O
+and	1048,1051	O	O
+compressive	1052,1063	O	O
+tests	1064,1069	O	O
+were	1070,1074	O	O
+carried	1075,1082	O	O
+out	1083,1086	O	O
+on	1087,1089	O	O
+the	1090,1093	O	O
+consolidated	1094,1106	O	O
+near	1107,1111	O	O
+full	1112,1116	O	O
+density	1117,1124	O	O
+specimens	1125,1134	O	O
+of	1135,1137	O	O
+both	1138,1142	O	O
+unmilled	1143,1151	O	B-Material
+and	1152,1155	O	I-Material
+milled	1156,1162	O	I-Material
+powders	1163,1170	O	I-Material
+and	1171,1174	O	O
+the	1175,1178	O	O
+results	1179,1186	O	O
+showed	1187,1193	O	O
+significant	1194,1205	O	O
+increase	1206,1214	O	O
+in	1215,1217	O	O
+both	1218,1222	O	O
+hardness	1223,1231	O	O
+and	1232,1235	O	O
+compressive	1236,1247	O	O
+strengths	1248,1257	O	O
+for	1258,1261	O	O
+the	1262,1265	O	O
+milled	1266,1272	O	B-Material
+nanocrystalline	1273,1288	O	I-Material
+powders	1289,1296	O	I-Material
+as	1297,1299	O	O
+a	1300,1301	O	O
+result	1302,1308	O	O
+of	1309,1311	O	O
+the	1312,1315	O	O
+very	1316,1320	O	O
+fine	1321,1325	O	O
+grain	1326,1331	O	O
+size	1332,1336	O	O
+.	1336,1337	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0927025614003322)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+principle	2,11	O	O
+of	12,14	O	O
+high	15,19	O	B-Task
+-	19,20	O	I-Task
+throughput	20,30	O	I-Task
+materials	31,40	O	I-Task
+science	41,48	O	I-Task
+is	49,51	O	O
+that	52,56	O	O
+one	57,60	O	O
+does	61,65	O	O
+not	66,69	O	O
+know	70,74	O	O
+a	75,76	O	O
+priori	77,83	O	O
+where	84,89	O	O
+the	90,93	O	O
+value	94,99	O	O
+of	100,102	O	O
+the	103,106	O	O
+data	107,111	O	O
+lies	112,116	O	O
+for	117,120	O	O
+any	121,124	O	O
+specific	125,133	O	O
+application	134,145	O	O
+.	145,146	O	O
+
+Trends	147,153	O	O
+and	154,157	O	O
+insights	158,166	O	O
+are	167,170	O	O
+deduced	171,178	O	O
+a	179,180	O	O
+posteriori	181,191	O	O
+.	191,192	O	O
+
+This	193,197	O	O
+requires	198,206	O	O
+efficient	207,216	O	B-Task
+interfaces	217,227	O	I-Task
+to	228,230	O	I-Task
+interrogate	231,242	O	I-Task
+available	243,252	O	I-Task
+data	253,257	O	I-Task
+on	258,260	O	I-Task
+various	261,268	O	I-Task
+levels	269,275	O	I-Task
+.	275,276	O	O
+
+We	277,279	O	O
+have	280,284	O	O
+developed	285,294	O	O
+a	295,296	O	O
+simple	297,303	O	O
+WEB	304,307	O	B-Process
+-	307,308	O	I-Process
+based	308,313	O	I-Process
+API	314,317	O	I-Process
+to	318,320	O	O
+greatly	321,328	O	O
+improve	329,336	O	B-Task
+the	337,340	O	I-Task
+accessibility	341,354	O	I-Task
+and	355,358	O	I-Task
+utility	359,366	O	I-Task
+of	367,369	O	I-Task
+the	370,373	O	I-Task
+AFLOWLIB	374,382	O	I-Task
+database	383,391	O	I-Task
+[	392,393	O	O
+14	393,395	O	O
+]	395,396	O	O
+to	397,399	O	O
+the	400,403	O	O
+scientific	404,414	O	O
+community	415,424	O	O
+.	424,425	O	O
+
+Through	426,433	O	O
+it	434,436	O	O
+,	436,437	O	O
+the	438,441	O	O
+client	442,448	O	O
+can	449,452	O	O
+access	453,459	O	O
+calculated	460,470	O	O
+physical	471,479	O	B-Material
+properties	480,490	O	I-Material
+(	491,492	O	O
+thermodynamic	492,505	O	B-Material
+,	505,506	O	I-Material
+crystallographic	507,523	O	I-Material
+,	523,524	O	I-Material
+or	525,527	O	I-Material
+mechanical	528,538	O	I-Material
+properties	539,549	O	I-Material
+)	549,550	O	O
+,	550,551	O	O
+as	552,554	O	O
+well	555,559	O	O
+as	560,562	O	O
+simulation	563,573	O	B-Material
+provenance	574,584	O	I-Material
+and	585,588	O	O
+runtime	589,596	O	B-Material
+properties	597,607	O	I-Material
+of	608,610	O	O
+the	611,614	O	O
+included	615,623	O	O
+systems	624,631	O	O
+.	631,632	O	O
+
+The	633,636	O	O
+data	637,641	O	O
+may	642,645	O	O
+be	646,648	O	O
+used	649,653	O	O
+directly	654,662	O	O
+(	663,664	O	O
+e.g.	664,668	O	O
+,	668,669	O	O
+to	670,672	O	O
+browse	673,679	O	B-Process
+a	680,681	O	I-Process
+class	682,687	O	I-Process
+of	688,690	O	I-Process
+materials	691,700	O	I-Process
+with	701,705	O	I-Process
+a	706,707	O	I-Process
+desired	708,715	O	I-Process
+property	716,724	O	I-Process
+)	724,725	O	O
+or	726,728	O	O
+integrated	729,739	O	O
+into	740,744	O	O
+higher	745,751	O	B-Process
+level	752,757	O	I-Process
+work	758,762	O	I-Process
+-	762,763	O	I-Process
+flows	763,768	O	I-Process
+.	768,769	O	O
+
+The	770,773	O	O
+interface	774,783	O	B-Process
+also	784,788	O	O
+allows	789,795	O	O
+for	796,799	O	O
+the	800,803	O	O
+sharing	804,811	O	B-Process
+of	812,814	O	I-Process
+updates	815,822	O	I-Process
+of	823,825	O	I-Process
+data	826,830	O	I-Process
+used	831,835	O	O
+in	836,838	O	O
+previous	839,847	O	O
+published	848,857	O	O
+works	858,863	O	O
+,	863,864	O	O
+e.g.	865,869	O	O
+,	869,870	O	O
+previously	871,881	O	O
+calculated	882,892	O	O
+alloy	893,898	O	B-Material
+phase	899,904	O	I-Material
+diagrams	905,913	O	I-Material
+[	914,915	O	O
+19–31	915,920	O	O
+]	920,921	O	O
+,	921,922	O	O
+thus	923,927	O	O
+the	928,931	O	O
+database	932,940	O	O
+can	941,944	O	O
+be	945,947	O	O
+expanded	948,956	O	O
+systematically	957,971	O	O
+.	971,972	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0927025614006181)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+Discrete	4,12	O	B-Process
+Element	13,20	O	I-Process
+Method	21,27	O	I-Process
+applied	28,35	O	O
+to	36,38	O	O
+spheres	39,46	O	B-Material
+is	47,49	O	O
+well	50,54	O	O
+established	55,66	O	O
+as	67,69	O	O
+a	70,71	O	O
+reasonably	72,82	O	O
+realistic	83,92	O	O
+tool	93,97	O	O
+,	97,98	O	O
+in	99,101	O	O
+a	102,103	O	O
+wide	104,108	O	O
+range	109,114	O	O
+of	115,117	O	O
+engineering	118,129	O	O
+disciplines	130,141	O	O
+,	141,142	O	O
+for	143,146	O	O
+modelling	147,156	O	B-Task
+packing	157,164	O	I-Task
+and	165,168	O	I-Task
+flow	169,173	O	I-Task
+of	174,176	O	I-Task
+granular	177,185	O	I-Task
+materials	186,195	O	I-Task
+;	195,196	O	O
+Asmar	197,202	O	O
+et	203,205	O	O
+al	206,208	O	O
+.	208,209	O	O
+
+[	210,211	O	O
+8	211,212	O	O
+]	212,213	O	O
+describes	214,223	O	O
+the	224,227	O	O
+fundamentals	228,240	O	O
+of	241,243	O	O
+this	244,248	O	O
+method	249,255	O	O
+as	256,258	O	O
+applied	259,266	O	O
+by	267,269	O	O
+code	270,274	O	O
+developed	275,284	O	O
+in	285,287	O	O
+-	287,288	O	O
+house	288,293	O	O
+at	294,296	O	O
+Nottingham	297,307	O	O
+;	307,308	O	O
+since	309,314	O	O
+these	315,320	O	O
+are	321,324	O	O
+widely	325,331	O	O
+documented	332,342	O	O
+the	343,346	O	O
+details	347,354	O	O
+are	355,358	O	O
+not	359,362	O	O
+reproduced	363,373	O	O
+here	374,378	O	O
+,	378,379	O	O
+simply	380,386	O	O
+a	387,388	O	O
+summary	389,396	O	O
+.	396,397	O	O
+
+It	398,400	O	O
+applies	401,408	O	O
+an	409,411	O	O
+explicit	412,420	O	B-Process
+time	421,425	O	I-Process
+stepping	426,434	O	I-Process
+approach	435,443	O	I-Process
+to	444,446	O	O
+numerically	447,458	O	B-Process
+integrate	459,468	O	I-Process
+the	469,472	O	O
+translational	473,486	O	B-Process
+and	487,490	O	I-Process
+rotational	491,501	O	I-Process
+motion	502,508	O	I-Process
+of	509,511	O	O
+each	512,516	O	O
+particle	517,525	O	O
+from	526,530	O	O
+the	531,534	O	O
+resulting	535,544	O	O
+forces	545,551	O	B-Process
+and	552,555	O	O
+moments	556,563	O	B-Process
+acting	564,570	O	O
+on	571,573	O	O
+them	574,578	O	O
+at	579,581	O	O
+each	582,586	O	O
+timestep	587,595	O	O
+.	595,596	O	O
+
+The	597,600	O	O
+inter	601,606	O	B-Material
+-	606,607	O	I-Material
+particle	607,615	O	I-Material
+and	616,619	O	I-Material
+particle	620,628	O	I-Material
+wall	629,633	O	I-Material
+contacts	634,642	O	I-Material
+are	643,646	O	O
+modelled	647,655	O	O
+using	656,661	O	O
+the	662,665	O	O
+linear	666,672	O	B-Process
+spring	673,679	O	I-Process
+–	679,680	O	I-Process
+dashpot	680,687	O	I-Process
+–	687,688	O	I-Process
+slider	688,694	O	I-Process
+analogy	695,702	O	I-Process
+.	702,703	O	O
+
+Contact	704,711	O	B-Process
+forces	712,718	O	I-Process
+are	719,722	O	O
+modelled	723,731	O	O
+in	732,734	O	O
+the	735,738	O	O
+normal	739,745	O	O
+and	746,749	O	O
+tangential	750,760	O	O
+directions	761,771	O	O
+with	772,776	O	O
+respect	777,784	O	O
+to	785,787	O	O
+the	788,791	O	O
+line	792,796	O	O
+connecting	797,807	O	O
+the	808,811	O	O
+particles	812,821	O	B-Material
+centres	822,829	O	I-Material
+.	829,830	O	O
+
+Particle	831,839	O	B-Process
+elastic	840,847	O	I-Process
+stiffness	848,857	O	I-Process
+is	858,860	O	O
+set	861,864	O	O
+so	865,867	O	O
+sphere	868,874	O	B-Process
+“	875,876	O	I-Process
+overlap	876,883	O	I-Process
+”	883,884	O	I-Process
+is	885,887	O	O
+not	888,891	O	O
+significant	892,903	O	O
+and	904,907	O	O
+moderate	908,916	O	O
+contact	917,924	O	B-Process
+damping	925,932	O	I-Process
+is	933,935	O	O
+applied	936,943	O	O
+.	943,944	O	O
+
+Particle	945,953	O	B-Process
+cohesion	954,962	O	I-Process
+can	963,966	O	O
+also	967,971	O	O
+be	972,974	O	O
+modelled	975,983	O	O
+but	984,987	O	O
+is	988,990	O	O
+assumed	991,998	O	O
+to	999,1001	O	O
+be	1002,1004	O	O
+negligible	1005,1015	O	O
+in	1016,1018	O	O
+the	1019,1022	O	O
+current	1023,1030	O	O
+study	1031,1036	O	O
+.	1036,1037	O	O
+
+The	1038,1041	O	O
+translational	1042,1055	O	B-Process
+and	1056,1059	O	I-Process
+rotational	1060,1070	O	I-Process
+motion	1071,1077	O	I-Process
+of	1078,1080	O	O
+each	1081,1085	O	O
+particle	1086,1094	O	B-Material
+is	1095,1097	O	O
+modelled	1098,1106	O	O
+using	1107,1112	O	O
+a	1113,1114	O	O
+half	1115,1119	O	B-Process
+step	1120,1124	O	I-Process
+leap	1125,1129	O	I-Process
+-	1129,1130	O	I-Process
+frog	1130,1134	O	I-Process
+Verlet	1135,1141	O	I-Process
+numerical	1142,1151	O	I-Process
+integration	1152,1163	O	I-Process
+scheme	1164,1170	O	I-Process
+to	1171,1173	O	O
+update	1174,1180	O	O
+particle	1181,1189	O	B-Material
+positions	1190,1199	O	I-Material
+and	1200,1203	O	O
+velocities	1204,1214	O	B-Material
+.	1214,1215	O	O
+
+Near	1216,1220	O	B-Process
+-	1220,1221	O	I-Process
+neighbour	1221,1230	O	I-Process
+lists	1231,1236	O	I-Process
+are	1237,1240	O	O
+used	1241,1245	O	O
+to	1246,1248	O	O
+increase	1249,1257	O	O
+the	1258,1261	O	O
+computational	1262,1275	O	O
+efficiency	1276,1286	O	O
+of	1287,1289	O	O
+determining	1290,1301	O	O
+particle	1302,1310	O	B-Material
+contacts	1311,1319	O	I-Material
+and	1320,1323	O	O
+a	1324,1325	O	O
+zoning	1326,1332	O	B-Process
+method	1333,1339	O	I-Process
+is	1340,1342	O	O
+used	1343,1347	O	O
+each	1348,1352	O	O
+time	1353,1357	O	O
+the	1358,1361	O	O
+list	1362,1366	O	O
+is	1367,1369	O	O
+composed	1370,1378	O	O
+;	1378,1379	O	O
+that	1380,1384	O	O
+is	1385,1387	O	O
+the	1388,1391	O	O
+system	1392,1398	O	O
+is	1399,1401	O	O
+divided	1402,1409	O	O
+into	1410,1414	O	O
+cubic	1415,1420	O	O
+regions	1421,1428	O	O
+,	1428,1429	O	O
+each	1430,1434	O	O
+particle	1435,1443	O	B-Material
+centre	1444,1450	O	I-Material
+is	1451,1453	O	O
+within	1454,1460	O	O
+one	1461,1464	O	O
+zone	1465,1469	O	O
+,	1469,1470	O	O
+and	1471,1474	O	O
+potential	1475,1484	O	O
+contacting	1485,1495	O	B-Material
+particles	1496,1505	O	I-Material
+are	1506,1509	O	O
+within	1510,1516	O	O
+the	1517,1520	O	O
+same	1521,1525	O	O
+or	1526,1528	O	O
+next	1529,1533	O	O
+-	1533,1534	O	O
+door	1534,1538	O	O
+neighbour	1539,1548	O	O
+zones	1549,1554	O	O
+.	1554,1555	O	O
+
+Full	1556,1560	O	O
+details	1561,1568	O	O
+are	1569,1572	O	O
+given	1573,1578	O	O
+in	1579,1581	O	O
+Asmar	1582,1587	O	O
+et	1588,1590	O	O
+al	1591,1593	O	O
+.	1593,1594	O	O
+
+[	1595,1596	O	O
+8	1596,1597	O	O
+]	1597,1598	O	O
+.	1598,1599	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0927025615006357)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
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+plasticity	23,33	O	I-Process
+model	34,39	O	I-Process
+,	39,40	O	O
+in	41,43	O	O
+combination	44,55	O	O
+with	56,60	O	O
+XFEM	61,65	O	B-Process
+,	65,66	O	O
+has	67,70	O	O
+been	71,75	O	O
+applied	76,83	O	O
+to	84,86	O	O
+study	87,92	O	B-Task
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+deformation	100,111	O	I-Task
+and	112,115	O	I-Task
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+in	137,139	O	O
+a	140,141	O	O
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+-	148,149	O	I-Material
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+(	171,172	O	O
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+)	198,199	O	O
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+.	219,220	O	O
+
+The	221,224	O	O
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+objective	231,240	O	O
+of	241,243	O	O
+this	244,248	O	O
+research	249,257	O	O
+was	258,261	O	O
+to	262,264	O	O
+develop	265,272	O	B-Task
+and	273,276	O	I-Task
+evaluate	277,285	O	I-Task
+a	286,287	O	I-Task
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+-	291,292	O	I-Task
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+a	345,346	O	O
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+.	380,381	O	O
+
+The	382,385	O	O
+second	386,392	O	O
+objective	393,402	O	O
+of	403,405	O	O
+this	406,410	O	O
+work	411,415	O	O
+was	416,419	O	O
+to	420,422	O	O
+determine	423,432	O	B-Task
+the	433,436	O	I-Task
+parameters	437,447	O	I-Task
+of	448,450	O	I-Task
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+model	485,490	O	I-Task
+to	491,493	O	O
+describe	494,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+cyclic	507,513	O	B-Process
+deformation	514,525	O	I-Process
+behaviour	526,535	O	O
+of	536,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+material	543,551	O	O
+by	552,554	O	O
+using	555,560	O	O
+a	561,562	O	O
+user	563,567	O	B-Material
+-	567,568	O	I-Material
+defined	568,575	O	I-Material
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+(	596,597	O	O
+UMAT	597,601	O	B-Material
+)	601,602	O	O
+interfaced	603,613	O	O
+with	614,618	O	O
+the	619,622	O	O
+finite	623,629	O	O
+element	630,637	O	O
+package	638,645	O	O
+ABAQUS	646,652	O	B-Material
+.	652,653	O	O
+
+The	654,657	O	O
+model	658,663	O	O
+parameters	664,674	O	O
+were	675,679	O	O
+calibrated	680,690	O	O
+from	691,695	O	O
+extensive	696,705	O	O
+finite	706,712	O	B-Process
+element	713,720	O	I-Process
+analyses	721,729	O	I-Process
+to	730,732	O	O
+fit	733,736	O	O
+the	737,740	O	O
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+,	750,751	O	I-Material
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+.	790,791	O	O
+
+The	792,795	O	O
+third	796,801	O	O
+objective	802,811	O	O
+was	812,815	O	O
+to	816,818	O	O
+predict	819,826	O	B-Task
+crack	827,832	O	I-Task
+growth	833,839	O	I-Task
+by	840,842	O	O
+combining	843,852	O	O
+the	853,856	O	O
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+technique	862,871	O	I-Process
+and	872,875	O	O
+the	876,879	O	O
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+UMAT	910,914	O	I-Process
+,	914,915	O	O
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+which	920,925	O	O
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+used	957,961	O	O
+as	962,964	O	O
+the	965,968	O	O
+fracture	969,977	O	B-Process
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+.	987,988	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S096386951400070X)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+paper	5,10	O	O
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+a	27,28	O	I-Task
+band	29,33	O	I-Task
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+,	48,49	O	O
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+the	58,61	O	O
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+,	90,91	O	O
+and	92,95	O	O
+close	96,101	O	O
+to	102,104	O	O
+electrical	105,115	O	B-Process
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+of	126,128	O	I-Process
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+current	137,144	O	I-Process
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+,	150,151	O	O
+where	152,157	O	O
+the	158,161	O	O
+magnitude	162,171	O	O
+of	172,174	O	O
+impedance	175,184	O	B-Material
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+reaches	189,196	O	O
+a	197,198	O	O
+peak	199,203	O	O
+.	203,204	O	O
+
+The	205,208	O	O
+SNR	209,212	O	B-Material
+of	213,215	O	O
+scans	216,221	O	O
+of	222,224	O	O
+three	225,230	O	O
+slots	231,236	O	O
+of	237,239	O	O
+varying	240,247	O	O
+depth	248,253	O	O
+were	254,258	O	O
+enhanced	259,267	O	O
+by	268,270	O	O
+a	271,272	O	O
+factor	273,279	O	O
+of	280,282	O	O
+up	283,285	O	O
+to	286,288	O	O
+3.7	289,292	O	O
+,	292,293	O	O
+from	294,298	O	O
+the	299,302	O	O
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+1MHz	319,323	O	O
+.	323,324	O	O
+
+This	325,329	O	O
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+a	333,334	O	O
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+of	342,344	O	O
+a	345,346	O	O
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+-	353,354	O	I-Process
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+to	404,406	O	O
+as	407,409	O	O
+the	410,413	O	O
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+(	459,460	O	O
+NERSE	460,465	O	B-Process
+)	465,466	O	O
+phenomenon	467,477	O	O
+.	477,478	O	O
+
+NERSE	479,484	O	B-Process
+frequency	485,494	O	O
+operation	495,504	O	O
+has	505,508	O	O
+significant	509,520	O	O
+potential	521,530	O	O
+for	531,534	O	O
+ECT	535,538	O	B-Process
+inspection	539,549	O	I-Process
+,	549,550	O	O
+and	551,554	O	O
+opens	555,560	O	O
+up	561,563	O	O
+a	564,565	O	O
+range	566,571	O	O
+of	572,574	O	O
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+possibilities	589,602	O	O
+.	602,603	O	O
+
+Within	604,610	O	O
+this	611,615	O	O
+investigation	616,629	O	O
+,	629,630	O	O
+only	631,635	O	O
+the	636,639	O	O
+magnitude	640,649	O	O
+of	650,652	O	O
+the	653,656	O	O
+electrical	657,667	O	B-Material
+impedance	668,677	O	I-Material
+has	678,681	O	O
+been	682,686	O	O
+analyzed	687,695	O	O
+.	695,696	O	O
+
+An	697,699	O	O
+immediate	700,709	O	O
+extension	710,719	O	O
+of	720,722	O	O
+this	723,727	O	O
+investigation	728,741	O	O
+will	742,746	O	O
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+to	750,752	O	O
+consider	753,761	O	O
+phase	762,767	O	O
+information	768,779	O	O
+,	779,780	O	O
+and	781,784	O	O
+determine	785,794	O	O
+whether	795,802	O	O
+a	803,804	O	O
+similar	805,812	O	O
+exploitable	813,824	O	O
+NERSE	825,830	O	B-Process
+effect	831,837	O	O
+exists	838,844	O	O
+.	844,845	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0963869514000875)
+
+There	0,5	O	O
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+a	10,11	O	O
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+of	19,21	O	O
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+to	30,32	O	O
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+for	41,44	O	O
+future	45,51	O	O
+work	52,56	O	O
+,	56,57	O	O
+in	58,60	O	O
+particular	61,71	O	O
+the	72,75	O	O
+use	76,79	O	B-Task
+of	80,82	O	I-Task
+other	83,88	O	I-Task
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+–	93,94	O	I-Task
+frequency	94,103	O	I-Task
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+.	120,121	O	O
+
+The	122,125	O	O
+STFT	126,130	O	B-Process
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+was	143,146	O	O
+utilised	147,155	O	O
+here	156,160	O	O
+,	160,161	O	O
+as	162,164	O	O
+it	165,167	O	O
+is	168,170	O	O
+the	171,174	O	O
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+to	184,186	O	O
+implement	187,196	O	O
+.	196,197	O	O
+
+Whilst	198,204	O	O
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+of	209,211	O	O
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+be	229,231	O	O
+clearly	232,239	O	O
+resolved	240,248	O	O
+in	249,251	O	O
+both	252,256	O	O
+time	257,261	O	O
+and	262,265	O	O
+frequency	266,275	O	O
+,	275,276	O	O
+the	277,280	O	O
+spectrogram	281,292	O	B-Process
+suffers	293,300	O	O
+from	301,305	O	O
+a	306,307	O	O
+fixed	308,313	O	B-Material
+resolution	314,324	O	I-Material
+,	324,325	O	O
+i.e.	326,330	O	O
+an	331,333	O	O
+increase	334,342	O	O
+of	343,345	O	O
+time	346,350	O	B-Material
+resolution	351,361	O	I-Material
+necessarily	362,373	O	O
+leads	374,379	O	O
+to	380,382	O	O
+a	383,384	O	O
+decrease	385,393	O	O
+in	394,396	O	O
+frequency	397,406	O	B-Material
+resolution	407,417	O	I-Material
+.	417,418	O	O
+
+Other	419,424	O	O
+methods	425,432	O	O
+of	433,435	O	O
+time	436,440	O	B-Process
+–	440,441	O	I-Process
+frequency	441,450	O	I-Process
+analysis	451,459	O	I-Process
+,	459,460	O	O
+such	461,465	O	O
+as	466,468	O	O
+discrete	469,477	O	B-Process
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+,	494,495	O	O
+benefit	496,503	O	O
+from	504,508	O	O
+advantage	509,518	O	O
+of	519,521	O	O
+multi	522,527	O	B-Process
+-	527,528	O	I-Process
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+,	547,548	O	O
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+of	591,593	O	O
+the	594,597	O	O
+high	598,602	O	O
+frequency	603,612	O	O
+components	613,623	O	O
+,	623,624	O	O
+and	625,628	O	O
+frequency	629,638	O	B-Material
+resolution	639,649	O	I-Material
+of	650,652	O	O
+the	653,656	O	O
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+frequency	661,670	O	I-Material
+components	671,681	O	I-Material
+[	682,683	O	O
+25,18,19	683,691	O	O
+]	691,692	O	O
+.	692,693	O	O
+
+Also	694,698	O	O
+,	698,699	O	O
+whilst	700,706	O	O
+the	707,710	O	O
+current	711,718	O	O
+work	719,723	O	O
+has	724,727	O	O
+utilised	728,736	O	O
+SH	737,739	O	B-Material
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+that	746,750	O	O
+are	751,754	O	O
+generated	755,764	O	O
+by	765,767	O	O
+EMATs	768,773	O	B-Process
+,	773,774	O	O
+the	775,778	O	O
+physics	779,786	O	O
+that	787,791	O	O
+describes	792,801	O	O
+the	802,805	O	O
+pulsed	806,812	O	B-Material
+array	813,818	O	I-Material
+system	819,825	O	I-Material
+is	826,828	O	O
+universal	829,838	O	O
+to	839,841	O	O
+other	842,847	O	O
+types	848,853	O	O
+of	854,856	O	O
+waves	857,862	O	O
+.	862,863	O	O
+
+Future	864,870	O	O
+work	871,875	O	O
+will	876,880	O	O
+include	881,888	O	O
+demonstrating	889,902	O	B-Task
+this	903,907	O	I-Task
+phenomenon	908,918	O	I-Task
+with	919,923	O	I-Task
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+of	933,935	O	I-Task
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+,	949,950	O	O
+for	951,954	O	O
+example	955,962	O	O
+using	963,968	O	O
+longitudinal	969,981	O	B-Material
+ultrasonic	982,992	O	I-Material
+waves	993,998	O	I-Material
+or	999,1001	O	O
+electromagnetic	1002,1017	O	B-Material
+waves	1018,1023	O	I-Material
+.	1023,1024	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0963869514000954)
+
+Global	0,6	O	B-Process
+optimisation	7,19	O	I-Process
+algorithms	20,30	O	I-Process
+are	31,34	O	O
+used	35,39	O	O
+in	40,42	O	O
+this	43,47	O	O
+study	48,53	O	O
+to	54,56	O	O
+solve	57,62	O	B-Task
+the	63,66	O	I-Task
+optimisation	67,79	O	I-Task
+problem	80,87	O	I-Task
+as	88,90	O	O
+they	91,95	O	O
+are	96,99	O	O
+known	100,105	O	O
+to	106,108	O	O
+be	109,111	O	O
+efficient	112,121	O	O
+in	122,124	O	O
+incorporating	125,138	O	B-Process
+statistical	139,150	O	I-Process
+information	151,162	O	I-Process
+and	163,166	O	O
+dealing	167,174	O	O
+with	175,179	O	O
+complicated	180,191	O	O
+objective	192,201	O	B-Process
+functions	202,211	O	I-Process
+that	212,216	O	O
+have	217,221	O	O
+multiple	222,230	O	O
+local	231,236	O	B-Material
+minima	237,243	O	I-Material
+/	243,244	O	I-Material
+maxima	244,250	O	I-Material
+.	250,251	O	O
+
+The	252,255	O	O
+genetic	256,263	O	B-Process
+algorithm	264,273	O	I-Process
+(	274,275	O	O
+GA	275,277	O	B-Process
+)	277,278	O	O
+is	279,281	O	O
+such	282,286	O	O
+a	287,288	O	O
+global	289,295	O	B-Process
+optimisation	296,308	O	I-Process
+technique	309,318	O	I-Process
+that	319,323	O	O
+mimics	324,330	O	B-Process
+biological	331,341	O	I-Process
+evolution	342,351	O	I-Process
+processes	352,361	O	I-Process
+and	362,365	O	O
+is	366,368	O	O
+used	369,373	O	O
+in	374,376	O	O
+this	377,381	O	O
+particular	382,392	O	O
+study	393,398	O	O
+.	398,399	O	O
+
+The	400,403	O	O
+algorithm	404,413	O	O
+starts	414,420	O	O
+with	421,425	O	O
+a	426,427	O	O
+random	428,434	O	B-Process
+selection	435,444	O	I-Process
+of	445,447	O	I-Process
+a	448,449	O	I-Process
+population	450,460	O	I-Process
+from	461,465	O	O
+the	466,469	O	O
+decision	470,478	O	B-Material
+variable	479,487	O	I-Material
+domain	488,494	O	I-Material
+(	495,496	O	O
+X	496,497	O	B-Material
+)	497,498	O	O
+.	498,499	O	O
+
+The	500,503	O	O
+genetic	504,511	O	B-Process
+algorithm	512,521	O	I-Process
+repeatedly	522,532	O	O
+modifies	533,541	O	O
+this	542,546	O	O
+population	547,557	O	O
+.	557,558	O	O
+
+At	559,561	O	O
+each	562,566	O	O
+step	567,571	O	O
+,	571,572	O	O
+the	573,576	O	O
+algorithm	577,586	O	O
+selects	587,594	O	B-Process
+a	595,596	O	I-Process
+group	597,602	O	I-Process
+of	603,605	O	I-Process
+individual	606,616	O	I-Process
+values	617,623	O	I-Process
+from	624,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
+population	633,643	O	B-Material
+(	644,645	O	O
+parent	645,651	O	B-Material
+)	651,652	O	O
+which	653,658	O	O
+are	659,662	O	O
+evolved	663,670	O	O
+through	671,678	O	O
+crossover	679,688	O	B-Process
+or	689,691	O	O
+mutation	692,700	O	B-Process
+to	701,703	O	O
+produce	704,711	O	O
+members	712,719	O	O
+of	720,722	O	O
+the	723,726	O	O
+next	727,731	O	O
+generation	732,742	O	O
+.	742,743	O	O
+
+This	744,748	O	O
+process	749,756	O	O
+is	757,759	O	O
+repeated	760,768	O	O
+for	769,772	O	O
+several	773,780	O	O
+generations	781,792	O	O
+until	793,798	O	O
+an	799,801	O	O
+optimum	802,809	O	O
+solution	810,818	O	O
+is	819,821	O	O
+reached	822,829	O	O
+.	829,830	O	O
+
+See	831,834	O	O
+[	835,836	O	O
+19	836,838	O	O
+]	838,839	O	O
+for	840,843	O	O
+a	844,845	O	O
+fuller	846,852	O	O
+description	853,864	O	O
+of	865,867	O	O
+the	868,871	O	O
+GA	872,874	O	B-Process
+.	874,875	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0963869514001066)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+Total	7,12	O	B-Process
+Focusing	13,21	O	I-Process
+Method	22,28	O	I-Process
+(	29,30	O	O
+TFM	30,33	O	B-Process
+)	33,34	O	O
+the	35,38	O	O
+beam	39,43	O	O
+is	44,46	O	O
+synthetically	47,60	O	O
+focused	61,68	O	O
+at	69,71	O	O
+every	72,77	O	O
+point	78,83	O	O
+in	84,86	O	O
+the	87,90	O	O
+target	91,97	O	O
+region	98,104	O	O
+[	105,106	O	O
+7	106,107	O	O
+]	107,108	O	O
+as	109,111	O	O
+follows	112,119	O	O
+.	119,120	O	O
+
+After	121,126	O	O
+obtaining	127,136	O	O
+the	137,140	O	O
+FMC	141,144	O	B-Material
+data	145,149	O	I-Material
+,	149,150	O	O
+the	151,154	O	O
+target	155,161	O	O
+region	162,168	O	O
+,	168,169	O	O
+which	170,175	O	O
+is	176,178	O	O
+in	179,181	O	O
+the	182,185	O	O
+x	186,187	O	B-Material
+–	187,188	O	I-Material
+z	188,189	O	I-Material
+plane	190,195	O	I-Material
+in	196,198	O	O
+2D	199,201	O	O
+(	202,203	O	O
+Fig	203,206	O	O
+.	206,207	O	O
+
+1	208,209	O	O
+)	209,210	O	O
+,	210,211	O	O
+is	212,214	O	O
+discretized	215,226	O	B-Process
+into	227,231	O	I-Process
+a	232,233	O	I-Process
+grid	234,238	O	I-Process
+.	238,239	O	O
+
+The	240,243	O	O
+signals	244,251	O	O
+from	252,256	O	O
+all	257,260	O	O
+elements	261,269	O	O
+in	270,272	O	O
+the	273,276	O	O
+array	277,282	O	O
+are	283,286	O	O
+then	287,291	O	O
+summed	292,298	O	B-Process
+to	299,301	O	O
+synthesize	302,312	O	B-Process
+a	313,314	O	I-Process
+focus	315,320	O	I-Process
+at	321,323	O	I-Process
+every	324,329	O	I-Process
+point	330,335	O	I-Process
+in	336,338	O	I-Process
+this	339,343	O	I-Process
+grid	344,348	O	I-Process
+.	348,349	O	O
+
+Linear	350,356	O	B-Process
+interpolation	357,370	O	I-Process
+of	371,373	O	O
+the	374,377	O	O
+time	378,382	O	O
+domain	383,389	O	O
+signals	390,397	O	O
+is	398,400	O	O
+necessary	401,410	O	O
+since	411,416	O	O
+they	417,421	O	O
+are	422,425	O	O
+discretely	426,436	O	B-Process
+sampled	437,444	O	I-Process
+.	444,445	O	O
+
+The	446,449	O	O
+intensity	450,459	O	O
+of	460,462	O	O
+the	463,466	O	O
+TFM	467,470	O	B-Process
+image	471,476	O	I-Process
+ITFM	477,481	O	I-Process
+at	482,484	O	O
+any	485,488	O	O
+point	489,494	O	O
+(	495,496	O	O
+x	496,497	O	O
+,	497,498	O	O
+z	498,499	O	O
+)	499,500	O	O
+is	501,503	O	O
+given	504,509	O	O
+by:(10)ITFM(x	510,523	O	O
+,	523,524	O	O
+z)=|∑HTR(1c((xT−x)2+z2+(xR−x)2+z2))|forallT	524,567	O	O
+,	567,568	O	O
+Rwhere	568,574	O	O
+HTR(t	575,580	O	O
+)	580,581	O	O
+is	582,584	O	O
+the	585,588	O	O
+Hilbert	589,596	O	B-Process
+transform	597,606	O	I-Process
+of	607,609	O	O
+a	610,611	O	O
+signal	612,618	O	O
+uTR(t	619,624	O	O
+)	624,625	O	O
+in	626,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
+FMC	633,636	O	B-Material
+data	637,641	O	I-Material
+,	641,642	O	O
+xT	643,645	O	O
+is	646,648	O	O
+the	649,652	O	O
+x	653,654	O	O
+-	654,655	O	O
+position	655,663	O	O
+of	664,666	O	O
+the	667,670	O	O
+transmitting	671,683	O	B-Material
+element	684,691	O	I-Material
+(	692,693	O	O
+T	693,694	O	B-Material
+)	694,695	O	O
+and	696,699	O	O
+xR	700,702	O	O
+is	703,705	O	O
+the	706,709	O	O
+x	710,711	O	O
+-	711,712	O	O
+position	712,720	O	O
+of	721,723	O	O
+the	724,727	O	O
+receiving	728,737	O	B-Material
+element	738,745	O	I-Material
+(	746,747	O	O
+R	747,748	O	B-Material
+)	748,749	O	O
+.	749,750	O	O
+
+Note	751,755	O	O
+that	756,760	O	O
+the	761,764	O	O
+z	765,766	O	O
+-	766,767	O	O
+position	767,775	O	O
+of	776,778	O	O
+all	779,782	O	O
+elements	783,791	O	O
+is	792,794	O	O
+zero	795,799	O	O
+(	800,801	O	O
+Fig	801,804	O	O
+.	804,805	O	O
+
+3a	806,808	O	O
+)	808,809	O	O
+.	809,810	O	O
+
+The	811,814	O	O
+summation	815,824	O	B-Process
+is	825,827	O	O
+carried	828,835	O	O
+out	836,839	O	O
+for	840,843	O	O
+all	844,847	O	O
+possible	848,856	O	O
+transmitter	857,868	O	B-Material
+–	868,869	O	I-Material
+receiver	869,877	O	I-Material
+pairs	878,883	O	I-Material
+and	884,887	O	O
+therefore	888,897	O	O
+uses	898,902	O	O
+all	903,906	O	O
+the	907,910	O	O
+information	911,922	O	O
+captured	923,931	O	O
+with	932,936	O	O
+FMC	937,940	O	B-Material
+.	940,941	O	O
+
+This	942,946	O	O
+algorithm	947,956	O	O
+is	957,959	O	O
+referred	960,968	O	O
+to	969,971	O	O
+as	972,974	O	O
+‘	975,976	O	O
+conventional	976,988	O	B-Process
+TFM’	989,993	O	I-Process
+in	994,996	O	O
+this	997,1001	O	O
+paper	1002,1007	O	O
+.	1007,1008	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0963869514001078)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+is	3,5	O	O
+known	6,11	O	O
+that	12,16	O	O
+as	17,19	O	O
+the	20,23	O	O
+temperature	24,35	O	O
+of	36,38	O	O
+the	39,42	O	O
+sample	43,49	O	O
+rises	50,55	O	O
+,	55,56	O	O
+the	57,60	O	O
+Lorentz	61,68	O	B-Process
+mechanism	69,78	O	I-Process
+remains	79,86	O	O
+dominant	87,95	O	O
+until	96,101	O	O
+Tc	102,104	O	O
+of	105,107	O	O
+steel	108,113	O	B-Material
+is	114,116	O	O
+reached	117,124	O	O
+(	125,126	O	O
+770	126,129	O	O
+°	129,130	O	O
+C	130,131	O	O
+for	132,135	O	O
+a	136,137	O	O
+low	138,141	O	B-Material
+carbon	142,148	O	I-Material
+steel	149,154	O	I-Material
+)	154,155	O	O
+,	155,156	O	O
+when	157,161	O	O
+the	162,165	O	O
+magnetostrictive	166,182	O	B-Process
+mechanism	183,192	O	I-Process
+becomes	193,200	O	O
+more	201,205	O	O
+efficient	206,215	O	O
+[	216,217	O	O
+15	217,219	O	O
+]	219,220	O	O
+.	220,221	O	O
+
+Previously	222,232	O	O
+this	233,237	O	O
+has	238,241	O	O
+been	242,246	O	O
+thought	247,254	O	O
+due	255,258	O	O
+to	259,261	O	O
+a	262,263	O	O
+thin	264,268	O	O
+ferromagnetic	269,282	O	B-Material
+oxide	283,288	O	I-Material
+layer	289,294	O	O
+on	295,297	O	O
+the	298,301	O	O
+sample	302,308	O	O
+surface	309,316	O	O
+,	316,317	O	O
+the	318,321	O	O
+surface	322,329	O	O
+being	330,335	O	O
+cooler	336,342	O	O
+than	343,347	O	O
+the	348,351	O	O
+bulk	352,356	O	O
+of	357,359	O	O
+the	360,363	O	O
+material	364,372	O	O
+[	373,374	O	O
+16,17	374,379	O	O
+]	379,380	O	O
+.	380,381	O	O
+
+This	382,386	O	O
+layer	387,392	O	O
+concentrates	393,405	O	O
+the	406,409	O	O
+magnetic	410,418	O	B-Material
+field	419,424	O	I-Material
+,	424,425	O	O
+increasing	426,436	O	O
+generation	437,447	O	B-Process
+efficiency	448,458	O	I-Process
+.	458,459	O	O
+
+Recent	460,466	O	O
+studies	467,474	O	O
+also	475,479	O	O
+show	480,484	O	O
+that	485,489	O	O
+rearrangement	490,503	O	O
+of	504,506	O	O
+the	507,510	O	O
+magnetic	511,519	O	O
+moments	520,527	O	O
+from	528,532	O	O
+ordered	533,540	O	O
+domains	541,548	O	O
+to	549,551	O	O
+a	552,553	O	O
+disordered	554,564	O	O
+state	565,570	O	O
+at	571,573	O	O
+a	574,575	O	O
+magnetic	576,584	O	B-Process
+phase	585,590	O	I-Process
+transition	591,601	O	I-Process
+lowers	602,608	O	O
+the	609,612	O	O
+magnetostrictive	613,629	O	O
+constant	630,638	O	O
+.	638,639	O	O
+
+This	640,644	O	O
+ferromagnetic	645,658	O	B-Process
+to	659,661	O	I-Process
+paramagnetic	662,674	O	I-Process
+transition	675,685	O	I-Process
+is	686,688	O	O
+accompanied	689,700	O	O
+by	701,703	O	O
+large	704,709	O	O
+changes	710,717	O	O
+in	718,720	O	O
+the	721,724	O	O
+efficiency	725,735	O	O
+of	736,738	O	O
+electromagnetic	739,754	O	B-Process
+ultrasound	755,765	O	I-Process
+generation	766,776	O	I-Process
+leading	777,784	O	O
+to	785,787	O	O
+the	788,791	O	O
+use	792,795	O	O
+of	796,798	O	O
+EMATs	799,804	O	B-Material
+as	805,807	O	O
+a	808,809	O	O
+method	810,816	O	O
+of	817,819	O	O
+studying	820,828	O	B-Task
+phase	829,834	O	I-Task
+transitions	835,846	O	I-Task
+in	847,849	O	O
+magnetic	850,858	O	B-Material
+alloys	859,865	O	I-Material
+[	866,867	O	O
+18	867,869	O	O
+]	869,870	O	O
+.	870,871	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0963869515000572)
+
+Shear	0,5	O	B-Material
+horizontal	6,16	O	I-Material
+(	17,18	O	I-Material
+SH	18,20	O	I-Material
+)	20,21	O	I-Material
+ultrasound	22,32	O	I-Material
+waves	33,38	O	I-Material
+are	39,42	O	O
+guided	43,49	O	B-Material
+waves	50,55	O	I-Material
+(	56,57	O	O
+they	57,61	O	O
+have	62,66	O	O
+propagation	67,78	O	O
+properties	79,89	O	O
+affected	90,98	O	O
+by	99,101	O	O
+the	102,105	O	O
+geometry	106,114	O	O
+of	115,117	O	O
+the	118,121	O	O
+propagation	122,133	O	B-Process
+medium	134,140	O	O
+)	140,141	O	O
+,	141,142	O	O
+with	143,147	O	O
+symmetric	148,157	O	O
+and	158,161	O	O
+anti	162,166	O	O
+-	166,167	O	O
+symmetric	167,176	O	O
+modes	177,182	O	O
+;	182,183	O	O
+phase	184,189	O	O
+and	190,193	O	O
+group	194,199	O	O
+speeds	200,206	O	O
+are	207,210	O	O
+dependent	211,220	O	O
+on	221,223	O	O
+frequency	224,233	O	O
+,	233,234	O	O
+sample	235,241	O	O
+thickness	242,251	O	O
+,	251,252	O	O
+and	253,256	O	O
+the	257,260	O	O
+bulk	261,265	O	B-Process
+shear	266,271	O	I-Process
+wave	272,276	O	I-Process
+speed	277,282	O	I-Process
+[	283,284	O	O
+11,12	284,289	O	O
+]	289,290	O	O
+.	290,291	O	O
+
+The	292,295	O	O
+properties	296,306	O	O
+of	307,309	O	O
+the	310,313	O	O
+different	314,323	O	O
+modes	324,329	O	O
+can	330,333	O	O
+be	334,336	O	O
+very	337,341	O	O
+useful	342,348	O	O
+,	348,349	O	O
+such	350,354	O	O
+as	355,357	O	O
+in	358,360	O	O
+thickness	361,370	O	O
+measurement	371,382	O	O
+[	383,384	O	O
+13	384,386	O	O
+]	386,387	O	O
+,	387,388	O	O
+but	389,392	O	O
+in	393,395	O	O
+this	396,400	O	O
+case	401,405	O	O
+they	406,410	O	O
+are	411,414	O	O
+a	415,416	O	O
+complication	417,429	O	O
+.	429,430	O	O
+
+SH0	431,434	O	B-Material
+has	435,438	O	O
+a	439,440	O	O
+thickness	441,450	O	O
+independent	451,462	O	O
+speed	463,468	O	O
+,	468,469	O	O
+equal	470,475	O	O
+to	476,478	O	O
+the	479,482	O	O
+shear	483,488	O	B-Process
+wave	489,493	O	I-Process
+speed	494,499	O	I-Process
+,	499,500	O	O
+and	501,504	O	O
+is	505,507	O	O
+non	508,511	O	O
+-	511,512	O	O
+dispersive	512,522	O	O
+(	523,524	O	O
+the	524,527	O	O
+phase	528,533	O	B-Process
+and	534,537	O	I-Process
+group	538,543	O	I-Process
+speed	544,549	O	I-Process
+are	550,553	O	O
+equal	554,559	O	O
+to	560,562	O	O
+the	563,566	O	O
+shear	567,572	O	B-Process
+wave	573,577	O	I-Process
+speed	578,583	O	I-Process
+for	584,587	O	O
+all	588,591	O	O
+frequencies	592,603	O	O
+)	603,604	O	O
+.	604,605	O	O
+
+The	606,609	O	O
+oscillation	610,621	O	B-Process
+direction	622,631	O	O
+of	632,634	O	O
+SH	635,637	O	B-Process
+ultrasound	638,648	O	I-Process
+is	649,651	O	O
+in	652,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+plane	659,664	O	O
+of	665,667	O	O
+the	668,671	O	O
+surface	672,679	O	O
+where	680,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+wave	690,694	O	B-Material
+was	695,698	O	O
+generated	699,708	O	O
+,	708,709	O	O
+and	710,713	O	O
+perpendicular	714,727	O	O
+to	728,730	O	O
+the	731,734	O	O
+propagation	735,746	O	B-Process
+direction	747,756	O	O
+,	756,757	O	O
+as	758,760	O	O
+shown	761,766	O	O
+in	767,769	O	O
+Fig	770,773	O	O
+.	773,774	O	O
+
+1	775,776	O	O
+,	776,777	O	O
+with	778,782	O	O
+respect	783,790	O	O
+to	791,793	O	O
+a	794,795	O	O
+reference	796,805	O	O
+interface	806,815	O	O
+,	815,816	O	O
+which	817,822	O	O
+is	823,825	O	O
+typically	826,835	O	O
+a	836,837	O	O
+sample	838,844	O	O
+surface	845,852	O	O
+.	852,853	O	O
+
+Under	854,859	O	O
+certain	860,867	O	O
+conditions	868,878	O	O
+,	878,879	O	O
+such	880,884	O	O
+as	885,887	O	O
+over	888,892	O	O
+short	893,898	O	O
+propagation	899,910	O	B-Process
+distances	911,920	O	O
+,	920,921	O	O
+SH	922,924	O	B-Material
+waves	925,930	O	I-Material
+can	931,934	O	O
+be	935,937	O	O
+treated	938,945	O	O
+as	946,948	O	O
+bulk	949,953	O	B-Material
+waves	954,959	O	I-Material
+.	959,960	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0968432814000250)
+
+Volume	0,6	O	B-Task
+EM	7,9	O	I-Task
+can	10,13	O	O
+be	14,16	O	O
+performed	17,26	O	O
+using	27,32	O	O
+transmission	33,45	O	B-Process
+or	46,48	O	O
+scanning	49,57	O	B-Material
+electron	58,66	O	I-Material
+microscopes	67,78	O	I-Material
+.	78,79	O	O
+
+Each	80,84	O	O
+approach	85,93	O	O
+has	94,97	O	O
+its	98,101	O	O
+own	102,105	O	O
+strengths	106,115	O	O
+and	116,119	O	O
+weaknesses	120,130	O	O
+,	130,131	O	O
+and	132,135	O	O
+the	136,139	O	O
+choice	140,146	O	O
+is	147,149	O	O
+dependant	150,159	O	O
+on	160,162	O	O
+the	163,166	O	O
+required	167,175	O	O
+lateral	176,183	O	O
+(	184,185	O	O
+x	185,186	O	O
+,	186,187	O	O
+y	188,189	O	O
+)	189,190	O	O
+and	191,194	O	O
+axial	195,200	O	O
+(	201,202	O	O
+z	202,203	O	O
+)	203,204	O	O
+resolution	205,215	O	O
+,	215,216	O	O
+and	217,220	O	O
+the	221,224	O	O
+size	225,229	O	O
+of	230,232	O	O
+the	233,236	O	O
+structure	237,246	O	O
+of	247,249	O	O
+interest	250,258	O	O
+.	258,259	O	O
+
+Historically	260,272	O	O
+,	272,273	O	O
+transmission	274,286	O	B-Material
+electron	287,295	O	I-Material
+microscopy	296,306	O	I-Material
+(	307,308	O	O
+TEM	308,311	O	B-Material
+)	311,312	O	O
+was	313,316	O	O
+the	317,320	O	O
+tool	321,325	O	O
+of	326,328	O	O
+choice	329,335	O	O
+for	336,339	O	O
+ultrastructural	340,355	O	B-Task
+examination	356,367	O	I-Task
+of	368,370	O	I-Task
+biomedical	371,381	O	I-Task
+specimens	382,391	O	I-Task
+at	392,394	O	O
+sub	395,398	O	O
+-	398,399	O	O
+nanometer	399,408	O	O
+resolution	409,419	O	O
+.	419,420	O	O
+
+However	421,428	O	O
+,	428,429	O	O
+for	430,433	O	O
+many	434,438	O	O
+cell	439,443	O	B-Task
+biology	444,451	O	I-Task
+studies	452,459	O	I-Task
+structural	460,470	O	O
+resolution	471,481	O	O
+is	482,484	O	O
+actually	485,493	O	O
+limited	494,501	O	O
+by	502,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+deposition	509,519	O	B-Process
+of	520,522	O	I-Process
+heavy	523,528	O	I-Process
+metals	529,535	O	I-Process
+onto	536,540	O	O
+membranes	541,550	O	O
+during	551,557	O	O
+sample	558,564	O	O
+preparation	565,576	O	O
+.	576,577	O	O
+
+In	578,580	O	O
+addition	581,589	O	O
+,	589,590	O	O
+voxel	591,596	O	O
+dimensions	597,607	O	O
+may	608,611	O	O
+only	612,616	O	O
+need	617,621	O	O
+to	622,624	O	O
+be	625,627	O	O
+half	628,632	O	O
+that	633,637	O	O
+of	638,640	O	O
+the	641,644	O	O
+smallest	645,653	O	O
+expected	654,662	O	O
+feature	663,670	O	O
+of	671,673	O	O
+interest	674,682	O	O
+(	683,684	O	O
+Briggman	684,692	O	O
+and	693,696	O	O
+Bock	697,701	O	O
+,	701,702	O	O
+2012	703,707	O	O
+)	707,708	O	O
+.	708,709	O	O
+
+Advances	710,718	O	O
+in	719,721	O	O
+scanning	722,730	O	B-Process
+electron	731,739	O	I-Process
+microscopy	740,750	O	I-Process
+(	751,752	O	I-Process
+SEM	752,755	O	I-Process
+)	755,756	O	I-Process
+technology	757,767	O	I-Process
+are	768,771	O	O
+now	772,775	O	O
+driving	776,783	O	O
+a	784,785	O	O
+paradigm	786,794	O	O
+shift	795,800	O	O
+in	801,803	O	O
+electron	804,812	O	B-Task
+imaging	813,820	O	I-Task
+.	820,821	O	O
+
+SEMs	822,826	O	B-Process
+with	827,831	O	O
+field	832,837	O	B-Material
+emission	838,846	O	I-Material
+electron	847,855	O	I-Material
+sources	856,863	O	I-Material
+and	864,867	O	O
+high	868,872	O	B-Material
+efficiency	873,883	O	I-Material
+electron	884,892	O	I-Material
+detectors	893,902	O	I-Material
+can	903,906	O	O
+achieve	907,914	O	O
+lateral	915,922	O	O
+resolutions	923,934	O	O
+in	935,937	O	O
+the	938,941	O	O
+order	942,947	O	O
+of	948,950	O	O
+3	951,952	O	O
+nm	952,954	O	O
+,	954,955	O	O
+allowing	956,964	O	O
+visualisation	965,978	O	B-Task
+of	979,981	O	I-Task
+structures	982,992	O	I-Task
+such	993,997	O	O
+as	998,1000	O	O
+synaptic	1001,1009	O	B-Material
+vesicles	1010,1018	O	I-Material
+and	1019,1022	O	O
+membranes	1023,1032	O	B-Material
+(	1033,1034	O	O
+De	1034,1036	O	O
+Winter	1037,1043	O	O
+et	1044,1046	O	O
+al	1047,1049	O	O
+.	1049,1050	O	O
+
+,	1050,1051	O	O
+2009	1052,1056	O	O
+;	1056,1057	O	O
+Knott	1058,1063	O	O
+et	1064,1066	O	O
+al	1067,1069	O	O
+.	1069,1070	O	O
+,	1070,1071	O	O
+2008	1072,1076	O	O
+;	1076,1077	O	O
+Vihinen	1078,1085	O	O
+et	1086,1088	O	O
+al	1089,1091	O	O
+.	1091,1092	O	O
+,	1092,1093	O	O
+2013	1094,1098	O	O
+;	1098,1099	O	O
+Villinger	1100,1109	O	O
+et	1110,1112	O	O
+al	1113,1115	O	O
+.	1115,1116	O	O
+,	1116,1117	O	O
+2012	1118,1122	O	O
+)	1122,1123	O	O
+,	1123,1124	O	O
+though	1125,1131	O	O
+resolving	1132,1141	O	B-Task
+individual	1142,1152	O	I-Task
+leaflets	1153,1161	O	I-Task
+of	1162,1164	O	I-Task
+membrane	1165,1173	O	I-Task
+bilayers	1174,1182	O	I-Task
+remains	1183,1190	O	O
+a	1191,1192	O	O
+challenge	1193,1202	O	O
+(	1203,1204	O	O
+Vihinen	1204,1211	O	O
+et	1212,1214	O	O
+al	1215,1217	O	O
+.	1217,1218	O	O
+,	1218,1219	O	O
+2013	1220,1224	O	O
+)	1224,1225	O	O
+.	1225,1226	O	O
+
+The	1227,1230	O	O
+use	1231,1234	O	O
+of	1235,1237	O	O
+low	1238,1241	O	B-Material
+beam	1242,1246	O	I-Material
+energies	1247,1255	O	I-Material
+also	1256,1260	O	O
+limits	1261,1267	O	O
+the	1268,1271	O	O
+interaction	1272,1283	O	B-Process
+volume	1284,1290	O	I-Process
+,	1290,1291	O	O
+enhancing	1292,1301	O	B-Process
+axial	1302,1307	O	I-Process
+resolution	1308,1318	O	I-Process
+(	1319,1320	O	O
+Hennig	1320,1326	O	O
+and	1327,1330	O	O
+Denk	1331,1335	O	O
+,	1335,1336	O	O
+2007	1337,1341	O	O
+)	1341,1342	O	O
+.	1342,1343	O	O
+
+In	1344,1346	O	O
+this	1347,1351	O	O
+review	1352,1358	O	O
+,	1358,1359	O	O
+volume	1360,1366	O	B-Task
+imaging	1367,1374	O	I-Task
+in	1375,1377	O	O
+both	1378,1382	O	O
+transmission	1383,1395	O	B-Process
+and	1396,1399	O	I-Process
+scanning	1400,1408	O	I-Process
+EMs	1409,1412	O	I-Process
+will	1413,1417	O	O
+be	1418,1420	O	O
+explored	1421,1429	O	O
+,	1429,1430	O	O
+moving	1431,1437	O	O
+from	1438,1442	O	O
+traditional	1443,1454	O	B-Process
+manual	1455,1461	O	I-Process
+techniques	1462,1472	O	I-Process
+,	1472,1473	O	O
+through	1474,1481	O	O
+to	1482,1484	O	O
+the	1485,1488	O	O
+latest	1489,1495	O	B-Process
+systems	1496,1503	O	I-Process
+where	1504,1509	O	O
+aspects	1510,1517	O	O
+of	1518,1520	O	O
+both	1521,1525	O	O
+sample	1526,1532	O	B-Task
+preparation	1533,1544	O	I-Task
+and	1545,1548	O	O
+imaging	1549,1556	O	B-Task
+have	1557,1561	O	O
+been	1562,1566	O	O
+automated	1567,1576	O	O
+.	1576,1577	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1010603009002676)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+we	15,17	O	O
+present	18,25	O	O
+our	26,29	O	O
+experimental	30,42	O	O
+observations	43,55	O	O
+on	56,58	O	O
+how	59,62	O	O
+solvents	63,71	O	O
+can	72,75	O	O
+vary	76,80	O	O
+the	81,84	O	O
+TPA	85,88	O	O
+and	89,92	O	O
+TPF	93,96	O	O
+properties	97,107	O	O
+of	108,110	O	O
+fluorescent	111,122	O	O
+rhodamine	123,132	O	O
+
+(	133,134	O	O
+Rh	134,136	O	O
+)	136,137	O	O
+dyes	138,142	O	O
+Rh6	143,146	O	B-Material
+G	146,147	O	I-Material
+,	147,148	O	O
+RhB	149,152	O	B-Material
+and	153,156	O	O
+Rh101	157,162	O	B-Material
+.	162,163	O	O
+
+Rhodamines	164,174	O	B-Material
+are	175,178	O	O
+well	179,183	O	O
+-	183,184	O	O
+known	184,189	O	O
+xanthenes	190,199	O	B-Material
+dyes	200,204	O	I-Material
+,	204,205	O	O
+which	206,211	O	O
+have	212,216	O	O
+been	217,221	O	O
+extensively	222,233	O	O
+used	234,238	O	O
+for	239,242	O	O
+many	243,247	O	O
+widespread	248,258	O	O
+applications	259,271	O	O
+in	272,274	O	O
+single	275,281	O	B-Process
+-	281,282	O	I-Process
+molecule	282,290	O	I-Process
+detection	291,300	O	I-Process
+[	301,302	O	O
+24	302,304	O	O
+]	304,305	O	O
+,	305,306	O	O
+DNA	307,310	O	B-Process
+-	310,311	O	I-Process
+sequence	311,319	O	I-Process
+determination	320,333	O	I-Process
+[	334,335	O	O
+25	335,337	O	O
+]	337,338	O	O
+,	338,339	O	O
+fluorescence	340,352	O	B-Process
+labelling	353,362	O	I-Process
+[	363,364	O	O
+26	364,366	O	O
+]	366,367	O	O
+,	367,368	O	O
+etc	369,372	O	O
+.	372,373	O	O
+due	374,377	O	O
+to	378,380	O	O
+their	381,386	O	O
+strong	387,393	O	O
+fluorescence	394,406	O	B-Process
+over	407,411	O	O
+the	412,415	O	O
+visible	416,423	O	O
+spectral	424,432	O	O
+region	433,439	O	O
+.	439,440	O	O
+
+Molecular	441,450	O	O
+geometries	451,461	O	O
+of	462,464	O	O
+rhodamine	465,474	O	B-Material
+dyes	475,479	O	I-Material
+are	480,483	O	O
+well	484,488	O	O
+-	488,489	O	O
+known	489,494	O	O
+[	495,496	O	O
+27,28	496,501	O	O
+]	501,502	O	O
+and	503,506	O	O
+indicate	507,515	O	O
+that	516,520	O	O
+all	521,524	O	O
+the	525,528	O	O
+structures	529,539	O	O
+are	540,543	O	O
+non	544,547	O	O
+-	547,548	O	O
+centrosymmetric	548,563	O	O
+.	563,564	O	O
+
+In	565,567	O	O
+general	568,575	O	O
+,	575,576	O	O
+for	577,580	O	O
+centrosymmetric	581,596	O	B-Material
+molecules	597,606	O	I-Material
+,	606,607	O	O
+TPA	608,611	O	B-Process
+is	612,614	O	O
+forbidden	615,624	O	O
+when	625,629	O	O
+tuned	630,635	O	O
+to	636,638	O	O
+the	639,642	O	O
+transitions	643,654	O	O
+at	655,657	O	O
+one	658,661	O	O
+-	661,662	O	O
+half	662,666	O	O
+of	667,669	O	O
+the	670,673	O	O
+excitation	674,684	O	O
+frequencies	685,696	O	O
+.	696,697	O	O
+
+However	698,705	O	O
+,	705,706	O	O
+for	707,710	O	O
+non	711,714	O	B-Material
+-	714,715	O	I-Material
+centrosymmetric	715,730	O	I-Material
+molecules	731,740	O	I-Material
+due	741,744	O	O
+to	745,747	O	O
+symmetry	748,756	O	B-Process
+relaxations	757,768	O	I-Process
+,	768,769	O	O
+the	770,773	O	O
+single	774,780	O	B-Process
+-	780,781	O	I-Process
+photon	781,787	O	I-Process
+absorption	788,798	O	I-Process
+(	799,800	O	I-Process
+SPA	800,803	O	I-Process
+)	803,804	O	I-Process
+peaks	805,810	O	I-Process
+and	811,814	O	O
+TPA	815,818	O	B-Process
+peaks	819,824	O	I-Process
+may	825,828	O	O
+coincide	829,837	O	O
+.	837,838	O	O
+
+So	839,841	O	O
+we	842,844	O	O
+set	845,848	O	O
+our	849,852	O	O
+primary	853,860	O	O
+aim	861,864	O	O
+to	865,867	O	O
+find	868,872	O	O
+the	873,876	O	O
+effect	877,883	O	O
+of	884,886	O	O
+solvent	887,894	O	O
+polarity	895,903	O	O
+on	904,906	O	O
+the	907,910	O	O
+correlation	911,922	O	O
+of	923,925	O	O
+SPA	926,929	O	B-Process
+and	930,933	O	O
+TPA	934,937	O	B-Process
+peaks	938,943	O	O
+for	944,947	O	O
+all	948,951	O	O
+the	952,955	O	O
+dyes	956,960	O	B-Material
+.	960,961	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1010603013001809)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+other	4,9	O	O
+methods	10,17	O	O
+for	18,21	O	O
+enhancement	22,33	O	B-Task
+of	34,36	O	I-Task
+photocatalytic	37,51	O	I-Task
+activity	52,60	O	I-Task
+are	61,64	O	O
+grafting	65,73	O	O
+co	74,76	O	B-Material
+-	76,77	O	I-Material
+catalysts	77,86	O	I-Material
+.	86,87	O	O
+
+There	88,93	O	O
+are	94,97	O	O
+two	98,101	O	O
+kinds	102,107	O	O
+of	108,110	O	O
+co	111,113	O	B-Material
+-	113,114	O	I-Material
+catalysts	114,123	O	I-Material
+in	124,126	O	O
+terms	127,132	O	O
+of	133,135	O	O
+its	136,139	O	O
+function	140,148	O	O
+:	148,149	O	O
+one	150,153	O	O
+is	154,156	O	O
+for	157,160	O	O
+separation	161,171	O	B-Process
+of	172,174	O	I-Process
+electrons	175,184	O	I-Process
+and	185,188	O	O
+the	189,192	O	O
+other	193,198	O	O
+is	199,201	O	O
+for	202,205	O	O
+separation	206,216	O	B-Process
+of	217,219	O	I-Process
+holes	220,225	O	I-Process
+.	225,226	O	O
+
+The	227,230	O	O
+former	231,237	O	O
+representative	238,252	O	O
+co	253,255	O	B-Material
+-	255,256	O	I-Material
+catalysts	256,265	O	I-Material
+are	266,269	O	O
+Pt	270,272	O	B-Material
+,	272,273	O	O
+Fe3	274,277	O	B-Material
++	277,278	O	I-Material
+,	278,279	O	O
+and	280,283	O	O
+Cu2	284,287	O	B-Material
++	287,288	O	I-Material
+[	289,290	O	O
+9–12	290,294	O	O
+]	294,295	O	O
+.	295,296	O	O
+
+It	297,299	O	O
+was	300,303	O	O
+reported	304,312	O	O
+that	313,317	O	O
+Fe3	318,321	O	B-Material
++	321,322	O	I-Material
+and	323,326	O	O
+Cu2	327,330	O	O
+
++	330,331	O	O
+were	332,336	O	O
+grafted	337,344	O	O
+as	345,347	O	O
+amorphous	348,357	O	B-Material
+oxide	358,363	O	I-Material
+cluster	364,371	O	I-Material
+[	372,373	O	O
+9,10	373,377	O	O
+]	377,378	O	O
+,	378,379	O	O
+and	380,383	O	O
+reduced	384,391	O	O
+into	392,396	O	O
+Fe2	397,400	O	B-Material
++	400,401	O	I-Material
+and	402,405	O	O
+Cu+	406,409	O	B-Material
+by	410,412	O	O
+receiving	413,422	O	O
+one	423,426	O	O
+electron	427,435	O	B-Material
+,	435,436	O	O
+respectively	437,449	O	O
+[	450,451	O	O
+11,12	451,456	O	O
+]	456,457	O	O
+.	457,458	O	O
+
+The	459,462	O	O
+reduced	463,470	O	B-Material
+metal	471,476	O	I-Material
+oxide	477,482	O	I-Material
+cluster	483,490	O	I-Material
+with	491,495	O	O
+reduced	496,503	O	B-Material
+ions	504,508	O	I-Material
+could	509,514	O	O
+return	515,521	O	O
+into	522,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+original	531,539	O	O
+state	540,545	O	O
+by	546,548	O	O
+giving	549,555	O	O
+more	556,560	O	O
+than	561,565	O	O
+one	566,569	O	O
+electron	570,578	O	B-Material
+to	579,581	O	O
+molecular	582,591	O	O
+oxygen	592,598	O	B-Material
+.	598,599	O	O
+
+The	600,603	O	O
+latter	604,610	O	O
+ones	611,615	O	O
+are	616,619	O	O
+CoOx	620,624	O	B-Material
+,	624,625	O	O
+CoPi	626,630	O	B-Material
+(	631,632	O	O
+CoPOx	632,637	O	B-Material
+)	637,638	O	O
+,	638,639	O	O
+IrOx	640,644	O	B-Material
+,	644,645	O	O
+and	646,649	O	O
+RuOx	650,654	O	B-Material
+which	655,660	O	O
+are	661,664	O	O
+used	665,669	O	O
+for	670,673	O	O
+water	674,679	O	B-Process
+oxidation	680,689	O	I-Process
+,	689,690	O	O
+among	691,696	O	O
+which	697,702	O	O
+CoPi	703,707	O	B-Material
+is	708,710	O	O
+reported	711,719	O	O
+to	720,722	O	O
+be	723,725	O	O
+the	726,729	O	O
+most	730,734	O	O
+effective	735,744	O	O
+co	745,747	O	B-Material
+-	747,748	O	I-Material
+catalyst	748,756	O	I-Material
+for	757,760	O	O
+water	761,766	O	B-Process
+oxidation	767,776	O	I-Process
+[	777,778	O	O
+13	778,780	O	O
+]	780,781	O	O
+.	781,782	O	O
+
+However	783,790	O	O
+,	790,791	O	O
+there	792,797	O	O
+were	798,802	O	O
+few	803,806	O	O
+reports	807,814	O	O
+concerning	815,825	O	O
+co	826,828	O	B-Process
+-	828,829	O	I-Process
+grafting	829,837	O	I-Process
+effects	838,845	O	O
+on	846,848	O	O
+photocatalytic	849,863	O	B-Process
+activity	864,872	O	I-Process
+especially	873,883	O	O
+in	884,886	O	O
+gaseous	887,894	O	B-Process
+phase	895,900	O	I-Process
+.	900,901	O	O
+
+We	902,904	O	O
+expected	905,913	O	O
+that	914,918	O	O
+by	919,921	O	O
+co	922,924	O	B-Process
+-	924,925	O	I-Process
+grafting	925,933	O	I-Process
+of	934,936	O	O
+both	937,941	O	O
+co	942,944	O	B-Material
+-	944,945	O	I-Material
+catalysts	945,954	O	I-Material
+for	955,958	O	O
+separations	959,970	O	O
+of	971,973	O	O
+electrons	974,983	O	B-Material
+and	984,987	O	O
+holes	988,993	O	B-Material
+,	993,994	O	O
+photocatalytic	995,1009	O	B-Process
+activity	1010,1018	O	I-Process
+in	1019,1021	O	O
+gaseous	1022,1029	O	B-Process
+phase	1030,1035	O	I-Process
+would	1036,1041	O	O
+be	1042,1044	O	O
+further	1045,1052	O	O
+enhanced	1053,1061	O	O
+.	1061,1062	O	O
+
+Moreover	1063,1071	O	O
+,	1071,1072	O	O
+complex	1073,1080	O	O
+of	1081,1083	O	O
+BiVO4	1084,1089	O	B-Material
+with	1090,1094	O	O
+the	1095,1098	O	O
+other	1099,1104	O	O
+materials	1105,1114	O	O
+of	1115,1117	O	O
+p	1118,1119	O	B-Material
+-	1119,1120	O	I-Material
+type	1120,1124	O	I-Material
+semiconductor	1125,1138	O	I-Material
+is	1139,1141	O	O
+also	1142,1146	O	O
+effective	1147,1156	O	O
+for	1157,1160	O	O
+enhancing	1161,1170	O	O
+photocatalytic	1171,1185	O	B-Process
+activity	1186,1194	O	I-Process
+.	1194,1195	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S107158191630074X)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
+obvious	3,10	O	O
+metric	11,17	O	O
+to	18,20	O	O
+measure	21,28	O	O
+the	29,32	O	O
+monitoring	33,43	O	O
+performance	44,55	O	O
+between	56,63	O	O
+the	64,67	O	O
+different	68,77	O	O
+conditions	78,88	O	O
+would	89,94	O	O
+be	95,97	O	O
+to	98,100	O	O
+compare	101,108	O	B-Task
+how	109,112	O	I-Task
+many	113,117	O	I-Task
+clicks	118,124	O	I-Task
+the	125,128	O	I-Task
+users	129,134	O	I-Task
+made	135,139	O	I-Task
+in	140,142	O	I-Task
+average	143,150	O	I-Task
+for	151,154	O	I-Task
+each	155,159	O	I-Task
+condition	160,169	O	I-Task
+.	169,170	O	O
+
+Furthermore	171,182	O	O
+of	183,185	O	O
+interest	186,194	O	O
+are	195,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+buffer	203,209	O	B-Material
+values	210,216	O	O
+of	217,219	O	O
+the	220,223	O	O
+respective	224,234	O	O
+buffers	235,242	O	B-Material
+at	243,245	O	O
+the	246,249	O	O
+time	250,254	O	O
+of	255,257	O	O
+the	258,261	O	O
+user	262,266	O	O
+'s	266,268	O	O
+interaction	269,280	O	O
+with	281,285	O	O
+the	286,289	O	O
+simulation	290,300	O	B-Process
+(	301,302	O	O
+e.g.	302,306	O	O
+,	306,307	O	O
+the	308,311	O	O
+input	312,317	O	B-Material
+buffer	318,324	O	I-Material
+of	325,327	O	O
+a	328,329	O	O
+certain	330,337	O	O
+machine	338,345	O	O
+at	346,348	O	O
+the	349,352	O	O
+time	353,357	O	O
+of	358,360	O	O
+refilling	361,370	O	O
+it	371,373	O	O
+)	373,374	O	O
+.	374,375	O	O
+
+A	376,377	O	O
+relatively	378,388	O	O
+high	389,393	O	O
+average	394,401	O	O
+buffer	402,408	O	O
+value	409,414	O	O
+can	415,418	O	O
+e.g.	419,423	O	O
+signify	424,431	O	O
+that	432,436	O	O
+the	437,440	O	O
+users	441,446	O	O
+do	447,449	O	O
+not	450,453	O	O
+trust	454,459	O	O
+that	460,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+respective	469,479	O	O
+mode	480,484	O	O
+of	485,487	O	O
+process	488,495	O	O
+monitoring	496,506	O	O
+conveys	507,514	O	O
+the	515,518	O	O
+need	519,523	O	O
+for	524,527	O	O
+interaction	528,539	O	O
+in	540,542	O	O
+time	543,547	O	O
+,	547,548	O	O
+leading	549,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
+users	561,566	O	O
+to	567,569	O	O
+switching	570,579	O	O
+their	580,585	O	O
+attention	586,595	O	O
+to	596,598	O	O
+the	599,602	O	O
+process	603,610	O	O
+simulation	611,621	O	O
+in	622,624	O	O
+regular	625,632	O	O
+intervals	633,642	O	O
+,	642,643	O	O
+and	644,647	O	O
+performing	648,658	O	O
+interactions	659,671	O	O
+just	672,676	O	O
+in	677,679	O	O
+case	680,684	O	O
+.	684,685	O	O
+
+A	686,687	O	O
+low	688,691	O	O
+average	692,699	O	O
+buffer	700,706	O	B-Material
+can	707,710	O	O
+,	710,711	O	O
+on	712,714	O	O
+the	715,718	O	O
+other	719,724	O	O
+hand	725,729	O	O
+,	729,730	O	O
+signify	731,738	O	O
+that	739,743	O	O
+the	744,747	O	O
+users	748,753	O	O
+rely	754,758	O	O
+on	759,761	O	O
+the	762,765	O	O
+respective	766,776	O	O
+conditions’	777,788	O	O
+ability	789,796	O	O
+to	797,799	O	O
+signal	800,806	O	O
+interaction	807,818	O	O
+needs	819,824	O	O
+.	824,825	O	O
+
+On	826,828	O	O
+the	829,832	O	O
+other	833,838	O	O
+hand	839,843	O	O
+,	843,844	O	O
+if	845,847	O	O
+e.g.	848,852	O	O
+an	853,855	O	O
+input	856,861	O	O
+buffer	862,868	O	B-Material
+had	869,872	O	O
+already	873,880	O	O
+been	881,885	O	O
+completely	886,896	O	O
+depleted	897,905	O	O
+at	906,908	O	O
+the	909,912	O	O
+time	913,917	O	O
+of	918,920	O	O
+intervention	921,933	O	O
+,	933,934	O	O
+this	935,939	O	O
+may	940,943	O	O
+signify	944,951	O	O
+that	952,956	O	O
+the	957,960	O	O
+respective	961,971	O	O
+condition	972,981	O	O
+has	982,985	O	O
+failed	986,992	O	O
+to	993,995	O	O
+inform	996,1002	O	O
+the	1003,1006	O	O
+users	1007,1012	O	O
+in	1013,1015	O	O
+time	1016,1020	O	O
+.	1020,1021	O	O
+
+In	1022,1024	O	O
+many	1025,1029	O	O
+cases	1030,1035	O	O
+,	1035,1036	O	O
+participants	1037,1049	O	O
+used	1050,1054	O	O
+double	1055,1061	O	O
+clicks	1062,1068	O	O
+for	1069,1072	O	O
+their	1073,1078	O	O
+interactions	1079,1091	O	O
+,	1091,1092	O	O
+while	1093,1098	O	O
+a	1099,1100	O	O
+single	1101,1107	O	O
+click	1108,1113	O	O
+would	1114,1119	O	O
+have	1120,1124	O	O
+been	1125,1129	O	O
+sufficient	1130,1140	O	O
+,	1140,1141	O	O
+a	1142,1143	O	O
+fact	1144,1148	O	O
+that	1149,1153	O	O
+was	1154,1157	O	O
+perhaps	1158,1165	O	O
+not	1166,1169	O	O
+communicated	1170,1182	O	O
+clearly	1183,1190	O	O
+enough	1191,1197	O	O
+to	1198,1200	O	O
+the	1201,1204	O	O
+participants	1205,1217	O	O
+.	1217,1218	O	O
+
+Therefore	1219,1228	O	O
+,	1228,1229	O	O
+if	1230,1232	O	O
+several	1233,1240	O	O
+clicks	1241,1247	O	O
+were	1248,1252	O	O
+performed	1253,1262	O	O
+directly	1263,1271	O	O
+one	1272,1275	O	O
+after	1276,1281	O	O
+another	1282,1289	O	O
+,	1289,1290	O	O
+only	1291,1295	O	O
+the	1296,1299	O	O
+first	1300,1305	O	O
+click	1306,1311	O	O
+was	1312,1315	O	O
+taken	1316,1321	O	O
+into	1322,1326	O	O
+account	1327,1334	O	O
+.	1334,1335	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1359646214000165)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+first	4,9	O	B-Task
+-	9,10	O	I-Task
+principles	10,20	O	I-Task
+calculations	21,33	O	I-Task
+are	34,37	O	O
+performed	38,47	O	O
+using	48,53	O	O
+the	54,57	O	O
+Cambridge	58,67	O	B-Material
+Serial	68,74	O	I-Material
+Total	75,80	O	I-Material
+Energy	81,87	O	I-Material
+Package	88,95	O	I-Material
+(	96,97	O	O
+CASTEP	97,103	O	B-Material
+)	103,104	O	O
+[	105,106	O	O
+21	106,108	O	O
+]	108,109	O	O
+which	110,115	O	O
+implements	116,126	O	O
+the	127,130	O	O
+plane	131,136	O	B-Process
+-	136,137	O	I-Process
+wave	137,141	O	I-Process
+pseudopotential	142,157	O	I-Process
+DFT	158,161	O	I-Process
+method	162,168	O	I-Process
+.	168,169	O	O
+
+The	170,173	O	O
+exchange	174,182	O	B-Process
+correlation	183,194	O	I-Process
+functional	195,205	O	I-Process
+is	206,208	O	O
+approximated	209,221	O	O
+using	222,227	O	O
+the	228,231	O	O
+generalized	232,243	O	B-Process
+gradient	244,252	O	I-Process
+approximation	253,266	O	I-Process
+(	267,268	O	O
+PBE	268,271	O	B-Process
+-	271,272	O	I-Process
+GGA	272,275	O	I-Process
+)	275,276	O	O
+
+[	277,278	O	O
+22	278,280	O	O
+]	280,281	O	O
+,	281,282	O	O
+and	283,286	O	O
+the	287,290	O	O
+electron	291,299	O	B-Process
+–	299,300	O	I-Process
+ion	300,303	O	I-Process
+interactions	304,316	O	I-Process
+are	317,320	O	O
+described	321,330	O	O
+by	331,333	O	O
+Vanderbilt	334,344	O	B-Process
+-	344,345	O	I-Process
+type	345,349	O	I-Process
+ultrasoft	350,359	O	I-Process
+pseudopotentials	360,376	O	I-Process
+[	377,378	O	O
+23	378,380	O	O
+]	380,381	O	O
+.	381,382	O	O
+
+The	383,386	O	O
+plane	387,392	O	B-Material
+wave	393,397	O	I-Material
+basis	398,403	O	O
+set	404,407	O	O
+is	408,410	O	O
+truncated	411,420	O	O
+at	421,423	O	O
+a	424,425	O	O
+cutoff	426,432	O	O
+of	433,435	O	O
+400eV	436,441	O	O
+,	441,442	O	O
+and	443,446	O	O
+the	447,450	O	O
+Brillouin	451,460	O	B-Process
+-	460,461	O	I-Process
+zone	461,465	O	I-Process
+sampling	466,474	O	I-Process
+was	475,478	O	O
+performed	479,488	O	O
+using	489,494	O	O
+the	495,498	O	O
+Monkhorst	499,508	O	B-Process
+-	508,509	O	I-Process
+Pack	509,513	O	I-Process
+scheme	514,520	O	I-Process
+with	521,525	O	O
+a	526,527	O	O
+k	528,529	O	B-Process
+-	529,530	O	I-Process
+point	530,535	O	I-Process
+spacing	536,543	O	I-Process
+in	544,546	O	O
+reciprocal	547,557	O	O
+space	558,563	O	O
+of	564,566	O	O
+0.04Å−1	567,574	O	O
+.	574,575	O	O
+
+Tests	576,581	O	O
+show	582,586	O	O
+that	587,591	O	O
+these	592,597	O	O
+computational	598,611	O	O
+parameters	612,622	O	O
+give	623,627	O	O
+results	628,635	O	O
+that	636,640	O	O
+are	641,644	O	O
+sufficiently	645,657	O	O
+accurate	658,666	O	O
+for	667,670	O	O
+present	671,678	O	O
+purposes	679,687	O	O
+.	687,688	O	O
+
+The	689,692	O	O
+ferromagnetism	693,707	O	B-Process
+of	708,710	O	O
+nickel	711,717	O	B-Material
+is	718,720	O	O
+accounted	721,730	O	O
+for	731,734	O	O
+by	735,737	O	O
+performing	738,748	O	O
+all	749,752	O	O
+calculations	753,765	O	O
+using	766,771	O	O
+spin	772,776	O	B-Process
+polarization	777,789	O	I-Process
+,	789,790	O	O
+starting	791,799	O	O
+at	800,802	O	O
+a	803,804	O	O
+ferromagnetic	805,818	O	O
+initial	819,826	O	O
+configuration	827,840	O	O
+and	841,844	O	O
+relaxing	845,853	O	O
+towards	854,861	O	O
+its	862,865	O	O
+ground	866,872	O	O
+state	873,878	O	O
+.	878,879	O	O
+
+However	880,887	O	O
+,	887,888	O	O
+for	889,892	O	O
+all	893,896	O	O
+compositions	897,909	O	O
+considered	910,920	O	O
+,	920,921	O	O
+the	922,925	O	O
+ground	926,932	O	O
+state	933,938	O	O
+electronic	939,949	O	O
+structure	950,959	O	O
+of	960,962	O	O
+each	963,967	O	O
+alloy	968,973	O	B-Material
+is	974,976	O	O
+found	977,982	O	O
+to	983,985	O	O
+exhibit	986,993	O	O
+only	994,998	O	O
+very	999,1003	O	O
+weak	1004,1008	O	O
+ferromagnetism	1009,1023	O	B-Process
+,	1023,1024	O	O
+and	1025,1028	O	O
+the	1029,1032	O	O
+effect	1033,1039	O	O
+is	1040,1042	O	O
+not	1043,1046	O	O
+thought	1047,1054	O	O
+to	1055,1057	O	O
+influence	1058,1067	O	O
+their	1068,1073	O	O
+phase	1074,1079	O	O
+stability	1080,1089	O	O
+.	1089,1090	O	O
+
+Table	1091,1096	O	O
+1	1097,1098	O	O
+shows	1099,1104	O	O
+the	1105,1108	O	O
+calculated	1109,1119	O	O
+equilibrium	1120,1131	O	O
+lattice	1132,1139	O	O
+constants	1140,1149	O	O
+of	1150,1152	O	O
+the	1153,1156	O	O
+η	1157,1158	O	O
+phase	1159,1164	O	O
+at	1165,1167	O	O
+various	1168,1175	O	O
+Ti	1176,1178	O	B-Material
+concentrations	1179,1193	O	O
+,	1193,1194	O	O
+using	1195,1200	O	O
+partially	1201,1210	O	O
+ordered	1211,1218	O	O
+ηP	1219,1221	O	B-Material
+structures	1222,1232	O	I-Material
+.	1232,1233	O	O
+
+The	1234,1237	O	O
+change	1238,1244	O	O
+in	1245,1247	O	O
+lattice	1248,1255	O	O
+constant	1256,1264	O	O
+upon	1265,1269	O	O
+Ti	1270,1272	O	B-Process
+alloying	1273,1281	O	I-Process
+is	1282,1284	O	O
+relatively	1285,1295	O	O
+small	1296,1301	O	O
+,	1301,1302	O	O
+but	1303,1306	O	O
+can	1307,1310	O	O
+be	1311,1313	O	O
+related	1314,1321	O	O
+to	1322,1324	O	O
+the	1325,1328	O	O
+∼10	1329,1332	O	O
+%	1332,1333	O	O
+larger	1334,1340	O	O
+covalent	1341,1349	O	O
+radius	1350,1356	O	O
+of	1357,1359	O	O
+Ti	1360,1362	O	B-Material
+.	1362,1363	O	O
+
+The	1364,1367	O	O
+calculated	1368,1378	O	O
+lattice	1379,1386	O	O
+constants	1387,1396	O	O
+are	1397,1400	O	O
+in	1401,1403	O	O
+good	1404,1408	O	O
+agreement	1409,1418	O	O
+with	1419,1423	O	O
+the	1424,1427	O	O
+experimental	1428,1440	O	O
+values	1441,1447	O	O
+,	1447,1448	O	O
+which	1449,1454	O	O
+relate	1455,1461	O	O
+to	1462,1464	O	O
+an	1465,1467	O	O
+alloy	1468,1473	O	B-Material
+with	1474,1478	O	O
+a	1479,1480	O	O
+Al	1481,1483	O	B-Material
+/	1483,1484	O	O
+Ti	1484,1486	O	B-Material
+ratio	1487,1492	O	O
+of	1493,1495	O	O
+∼2.75	1496,1501	O	O
+.	1501,1502	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1364815216302122)
+
+When	0,4	O	O
+we	5,7	O	O
+formulate	8,17	O	O
+the	18,21	O	O
+downscaling	22,33	O	O
+problem	34,41	O	O
+as	42,44	O	O
+a	45,46	O	O
+multi	47,52	O	B-Process
+-	52,53	O	I-Process
+objective	53,62	O	I-Process
+optimization	63,75	O	I-Process
+problem	76,83	O	O
+,	83,84	O	O
+we	85,87	O	O
+face	88,92	O	O
+,	92,93	O	O
+however	94,101	O	O
+,	101,102	O	O
+the	103,106	O	O
+following	107,116	O	O
+problems	117,125	O	O
+.	125,126	O	O
+
+Minimizing	127,137	O	O
+the	138,141	O	O
+sum	142,145	O	O
+of	146,148	O	O
+different	149,158	O	O
+objectives	159,169	O	O
+is	170,172	O	O
+problematic	173,184	O	O
+,	184,185	O	O
+since	186,191	O	O
+they	192,196	O	O
+may	197,200	O	O
+have	201,205	O	O
+different	206,215	O	O
+units	216,221	O	O
+and	222,225	O	O
+ranges	226,232	O	O
+.	232,233	O	O
+
+Even	234,238	O	O
+with	239,243	O	O
+an	244,246	O	O
+appropriate	247,258	O	O
+scaling	259,266	O	B-Process
+procedure	267,276	O	I-Process
+there	277,282	O	O
+is	283,285	O	O
+a	286,287	O	O
+risk	288,292	O	O
+of	293,295	O	O
+treating	296,304	O	O
+the	305,308	O	O
+objectives	309,319	O	O
+unequally	320,329	O	O
+or	330,332	O	O
+getting	333,340	O	O
+trapped	341,348	O	O
+in	349,351	O	O
+a	352,353	O	O
+local	354,359	O	O
+minimum	360,367	O	O
+.	367,368	O	O
+
+Firstly	369,376	O	O
+,	376,377	O	O
+we	378,380	O	O
+can	381,384	O	O
+never	385,390	O	O
+know	391,395	O	O
+,	395,396	O	O
+what	397,401	O	O
+is	402,404	O	O
+the	405,408	O	O
+minimum	409,416	O	O
+value	417,422	O	O
+of	423,425	O	O
+each	426,430	O	O
+objective	431,440	O	O
+that	441,445	O	O
+can	446,449	O	O
+be	450,452	O	O
+achieved	453,461	O	O
+by	462,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+regression	469,479	O	B-Process
+.	479,480	O	O
+
+Thus	481,485	O	O
+,	485,486	O	O
+designing	487,496	O	O
+an	497,499	O	O
+appropriate	500,511	O	O
+scaling	512,519	O	B-Process
+procedure	520,529	O	I-Process
+is	530,532	O	O
+difficult	533,542	O	O
+and	543,546	O	O
+one	547,550	O	O
+would	551,556	O	O
+need	557,561	O	O
+to	562,564	O	O
+decide	565,571	O	O
+on	572,574	O	O
+the	575,578	O	O
+relative	579,587	O	O
+importance	588,598	O	O
+of	599,601	O	O
+the	602,605	O	O
+different	606,615	O	O
+objectives	616,626	O	O
+in	627,629	O	O
+advance	630,637	O	O
+.	637,638	O	O
+
+Secondly	639,647	O	O
+,	647,648	O	O
+adding	649,655	O	O
+multiple	656,664	O	O
+,	664,665	O	O
+conflicting	666,677	O	O
+objectives	678,688	O	O
+very	689,693	O	O
+likely	694,700	O	O
+results	701,708	O	O
+in	709,711	O	O
+a	712,713	O	O
+fitness	714,721	O	O
+function	722,730	O	O
+with	731,735	O	O
+multiple	736,744	O	O
+local	745,750	O	O
+minima	751,757	O	O
+,	757,758	O	O
+which	759,764	O	O
+makes	765,770	O	O
+optimization	771,783	O	B-Process
+more	784,788	O	O
+difficult	789,798	O	O
+.	798,799	O	O
+
+To	800,802	O	O
+avoid	803,808	O	O
+these	809,814	O	O
+problems	815,823	O	O
+,	823,824	O	O
+we	825,827	O	O
+have	828,832	O	O
+implemented	833,844	O	O
+fitness	845,852	O	O
+calculation	853,864	O	O
+according	865,874	O	O
+to	875,877	O	O
+the	878,881	O	O
+Strength	882,890	O	B-Process
+Pareto	891,897	O	I-Process
+Evolutionary	898,910	O	I-Process
+Algorithm	911,920	O	I-Process
+(	921,922	O	O
+SPEA	922,926	O	B-Process
+)	926,927	O	O
+by	928,930	O	O
+Zitzler	931,938	O	O
+and	939,942	O	O
+Thiele	943,949	O	O
+(	950,951	O	O
+1999	951,955	O	O
+)	955,956	O	O
+,	956,957	O	O
+instead	958,965	O	O
+of	966,968	O	O
+using	969,974	O	B-Process
+a	975,976	O	I-Process
+single	977,983	O	I-Process
+(	984,985	O	I-Process
+weighted	985,993	O	I-Process
+)	993,994	O	I-Process
+fitness	995,1002	O	I-Process
+or	1003,1005	O	I-Process
+cost	1006,1010	O	I-Process
+function	1011,1019	O	I-Process
+.	1019,1020	O	O
+
+Approaches	1021,1031	O	O
+for	1032,1035	O	O
+multi	1036,1041	O	B-Process
+-	1041,1042	O	I-Process
+objective	1042,1051	O	I-Process
+optimization	1052,1064	O	I-Process
+like	1065,1069	O	O
+SPEA	1070,1074	O	B-Process
+are	1075,1078	O	O
+widely	1079,1085	O	O
+used	1086,1090	O	O
+in	1091,1093	O	O
+evolutionary	1094,1106	O	B-Task
+computation	1107,1118	O	I-Task
+.	1118,1119	O	O
+
+In	1120,1122	O	O
+SPEA	1123,1127	O	B-Process
+the	1128,1131	O	O
+fitness	1132,1139	O	B-Process
+calculation	1140,1151	O	I-Process
+during	1152,1158	O	O
+the	1159,1162	O	O
+fitting	1163,1170	O	O
+procedure	1171,1180	O	O
+is	1181,1183	O	O
+based	1184,1189	O	O
+on	1190,1192	O	O
+an	1193,1195	O	O
+intercomparison	1196,1211	O	O
+of	1212,1214	O	O
+the	1215,1218	O	O
+different	1219,1228	O	O
+models	1229,1235	O	O
+.	1235,1236	O	O
+
+Further	1237,1244	O	O
+,	1244,1245	O	O
+a	1246,1247	O	O
+finite	1248,1254	O	O
+set	1255,1258	O	O
+of	1259,1261	O	O
+so	1262,1264	O	O
+called	1265,1271	O	O
+Pareto	1272,1278	O	B-Process
+optimal	1279,1286	O	I-Process
+models	1287,1293	O	I-Process
+(	1294,1295	O	O
+downscaling	1295,1306	O	B-Process
+rules	1307,1312	O	I-Process
+)	1312,1313	O	O
+is	1314,1316	O	O
+returned	1317,1325	O	O
+.	1325,1326	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1364815216302705)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+main	4,8	O	O
+objective	9,18	O	O
+of	19,21	O	O
+this	22,26	O	O
+manuscript	27,37	O	O
+is	38,40	O	O
+to	41,43	O	O
+present	44,51	O	B-Task
+and	52,55	O	I-Task
+discuss	56,63	O	I-Task
+the	64,67	O	I-Task
+application	68,79	O	I-Task
+of	80,82	O	I-Task
+SLAMM	83,88	O	I-Task
+to	89,91	O	I-Task
+the	92,95	O	I-Task
+New	96,99	O	I-Task
+York	100,104	O	I-Task
+coast	105,110	O	I-Task
+.	110,111	O	O
+
+Although	112,120	O	O
+the	121,124	O	O
+base	125,129	O	O
+analysis	130,138	O	O
+considers	139,148	O	O
+a	149,150	O	O
+range	151,156	O	O
+of	157,159	O	O
+different	160,169	O	O
+possible	170,178	O	O
+SLR	179,182	O	B-Process
+scenarios	183,192	O	O
+,	192,193	O	O
+the	194,197	O	O
+effects	198,205	O	O
+of	206,208	O	O
+various	209,216	O	O
+sources	217,224	O	O
+of	225,227	O	O
+uncertainties	228,241	O	O
+such	242,246	O	O
+as	247,249	O	O
+input	250,255	O	O
+parameters	256,266	O	O
+and	267,270	O	O
+driving	271,278	O	O
+data	279,283	O	O
+are	284,287	O	O
+not	288,291	O	O
+accounted	292,301	O	O
+for	302,305	O	O
+.	305,306	O	O
+
+In	307,309	O	O
+addition	310,318	O	O
+,	318,319	O	O
+refined	320,327	O	O
+and	328,331	O	O
+site	332,336	O	O
+-	336,337	O	O
+specific	337,345	O	O
+data	346,350	O	O
+are	351,354	O	O
+often	355,360	O	O
+not	361,364	O	O
+available	365,374	O	O
+requiring	375,384	O	O
+the	385,388	O	O
+use	389,392	O	O
+of	393,395	O	O
+regional	396,404	O	O
+data	405,409	O	O
+collected	410,419	O	O
+from	420,424	O	O
+literature	425,435	O	O
+and	436,439	O	O
+professional	440,452	O	O
+judgement	453,462	O	O
+in	463,465	O	O
+order	466,471	O	O
+to	472,474	O	O
+run	475,478	O	O
+the	479,482	O	O
+model	483,488	O	O
+.	488,489	O	O
+
+To	490,492	O	O
+ignore	493,499	O	O
+the	500,503	O	O
+effects	504,511	O	O
+of	512,514	O	O
+these	515,520	O	O
+uncertainties	521,534	O	O
+on	535,537	O	O
+predictions	538,549	O	O
+may	550,553	O	O
+make	554,558	O	O
+interpretation	559,573	O	O
+of	574,576	O	O
+the	577,580	O	O
+results	581,588	O	O
+and	589,592	O	O
+subsequent	593,603	O	O
+decision	604,612	O	O
+making	613,619	O	O
+misleading	620,630	O	O
+since	631,636	O	O
+the	637,640	O	O
+likelihood	641,651	O	O
+and	652,655	O	O
+probabilities	656,669	O	O
+of	670,672	O	O
+predicted	673,682	O	O
+outcomes	683,691	O	O
+would	692,697	O	O
+be	698,700	O	O
+unknown	701,708	O	O
+.	708,709	O	O
+
+A	710,711	O	O
+unique	712,718	O	O
+capability	719,729	O	O
+of	730,732	O	O
+the	733,736	O	O
+current	737,744	O	O
+version	745,752	O	O
+of	753,755	O	O
+SLAMM	756,761	O	B-Process
+is	762,764	O	O
+the	765,768	O	O
+ability	769,776	O	O
+to	777,779	O	O
+aggregate	780,789	O	O
+multiple	790,798	O	O
+types	799,804	O	O
+of	805,807	O	O
+input	808,813	O	O
+-	813,814	O	O
+data	814,818	O	O
+uncertainty	819,830	O	O
+to	831,833	O	O
+create	834,840	O	O
+outputs	841,848	O	O
+accompanied	849,860	O	O
+by	861,863	O	O
+probability	864,875	O	O
+statements	876,886	O	O
+and	887,890	O	O
+confidence	891,901	O	O
+intervals	902,911	O	O
+.	911,912	O	O
+
+Uncertainty	913,924	O	O
+in	925,927	O	O
+elevation	928,937	O	O
+data	938,942	O	O
+layers	943,949	O	O
+have	950,954	O	O
+been	955,959	O	O
+considered	960,970	O	O
+by	971,973	O	O
+several	974,981	O	O
+modeling	982,990	O	O
+groups	991,997	O	O
+to	998,1000	O	O
+various	1001,1008	O	O
+extents	1009,1016	O	O
+(	1017,1018	O	O
+Gesch	1018,1023	O	O
+,	1023,1024	O	O
+2009	1025,1029	O	O
+;	1029,1030	O	O
+Gilmer	1031,1037	O	O
+and	1038,1041	O	O
+Ferdaña	1042,1049	O	O
+,	1049,1050	O	O
+2012	1051,1055	O	O
+;	1055,1056	O	O
+
+Schmid	1057,1063	O	O
+et	1064,1066	O	O
+al	1067,1069	O	O
+.	1069,1070	O	O
+,	1070,1071	O	O
+2014	1072,1076	O	O
+)	1076,1077	O	O
+.	1077,1078	O	O
+
+However	1079,1086	O	O
+,	1086,1087	O	O
+to	1088,1090	O	O
+the	1091,1094	O	O
+best	1095,1099	O	O
+of	1100,1102	O	O
+our	1103,1106	O	O
+knowledge	1107,1116	O	O
+,	1116,1117	O	O
+no	1118,1120	O	O
+other	1121,1126	O	O
+marsh	1127,1132	O	B-Material
+migration	1133,1142	O	I-Material
+model	1143,1148	O	I-Material
+simultaneously	1149,1163	O	O
+accounts	1164,1172	O	O
+for	1173,1176	O	O
+the	1177,1180	O	O
+combined	1181,1189	O	O
+effects	1190,1197	O	O
+of	1198,1200	O	O
+uncertainty	1201,1212	O	O
+in	1213,1215	O	O
+spatial	1216,1223	O	B-Process
+inputs	1224,1230	O	I-Process
+(	1231,1232	O	O
+DEM	1232,1235	O	B-Process
+,	1235,1236	O	O
+VDATUM	1237,1243	O	B-Process
+,	1243,1244	O	O
+etc	1245,1248	O	O
+.	1248,1249	O	O
+)	1249,1250	O	O
+
+and	1251,1254	O	O
+parameter	1255,1264	O	B-Process
+choices	1265,1272	O	I-Process
+(	1273,1274	O	O
+accretion	1274,1283	O	B-Process
+rates	1284,1289	O	I-Process
+,	1289,1290	O	O
+tide	1291,1295	O	B-Process
+ranges	1296,1302	O	I-Process
+,	1302,1303	O	O
+etc	1304,1307	O	O
+.	1307,1308	O	O
+)	1308,1309	O	O
+
+on	1310,1312	O	O
+landcover	1313,1322	O	B-Process
+projections	1323,1334	O	I-Process
+.	1334,1335	O	O
+
+This	1336,1340	O	O
+added	1341,1346	O	O
+feature	1347,1354	O	O
+of	1355,1357	O	O
+SLAMM	1358,1363	O	B-Process
+allows	1364,1370	O	O
+results	1371,1378	O	O
+to	1379,1381	O	O
+be	1382,1384	O	O
+evaluated	1385,1394	O	O
+in	1395,1397	O	O
+terms	1398,1403	O	O
+of	1404,1406	O	O
+their	1407,1412	O	O
+likelihood	1413,1423	O	O
+of	1424,1426	O	O
+occurrence	1427,1437	O	O
+with	1438,1442	O	O
+respect	1443,1450	O	O
+to	1451,1453	O	O
+input	1454,1459	O	O
+-	1459,1460	O	O
+data	1460,1464	O	O
+and	1465,1468	O	O
+parameter	1469,1478	O	O
+uncertainties	1479,1492	O	O
+.	1492,1493	O	O
+
+Further	1494,1501	O	O
+,	1501,1502	O	O
+by	1503,1505	O	O
+assigning	1506,1515	O	O
+wide	1516,1520	O	O
+ranges	1521,1527	O	O
+of	1528,1530	O	O
+uncertainty	1531,1542	O	O
+when	1543,1547	O	O
+appropriate	1548,1559	O	O
+,	1559,1560	O	O
+it	1561,1563	O	O
+permits	1564,1571	O	O
+the	1572,1575	O	O
+production	1576,1586	O	O
+of	1587,1589	O	O
+meaningful	1590,1600	O	O
+projections	1601,1612	O	O
+in	1613,1615	O	O
+areas	1616,1621	O	O
+where	1622,1627	O	O
+high	1628,1632	O	B-Material
+-	1632,1633	O	I-Material
+quality	1633,1640	O	I-Material
+local	1641,1646	O	I-Material
+data	1647,1651	O	I-Material
+are	1652,1655	O	O
+not	1656,1659	O	O
+available	1660,1669	O	O
+.	1669,1670	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S136481521630305X)
+
+Using	0,5	O	O
+measured	6,14	O	O
+data	15,19	O	O
+from	20,24	O	O
+two	25,28	O	O
+arable	29,35	O	O
+sites	36,41	O	O
+in	42,44	O	O
+the	45,48	O	O
+UK	49,51	O	O
+we	52,54	O	O
+have	55,59	O	O
+shown	60,65	O	O
+that	66,70	O	O
+lags	71,75	O	O
+can	76,79	O	O
+have	80,84	O	O
+significant	85,96	O	O
+impact	97,103	O	O
+on	104,106	O	O
+model	107,112	O	B-Task
+evaluation	113,123	O	I-Task
+and	124,127	O	O
+can	128,131	O	O
+affect	132,138	O	O
+both	139,143	O	O
+the	144,147	O	O
+level	148,153	O	O
+of	154,156	O	O
+correlation	157,168	O	O
+between	169,176	O	O
+measured	177,185	O	O
+and	186,189	O	O
+simulated	190,199	O	O
+data	200,204	O	O
+and	205,208	O	O
+the	209,212	O	O
+magnitude	213,222	O	O
+of	223,225	O	O
+the	226,229	O	O
+sums	230,234	O	O
+of	235,237	O	O
+the	238,241	O	O
+residuals	242,251	O	O
+.	251,252	O	O
+
+Also	253,257	O	O
+,	257,258	O	O
+we	259,261	O	O
+used	262,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+division	271,279	O	O
+of	280,282	O	O
+MSE	283,286	O	B-Process
+to	287,289	O	O
+three	290,295	O	O
+constituent	296,307	O	B-Process
+statistics	308,318	O	I-Process
+(	319,320	O	O
+SB	320,322	O	B-Process
+,	322,323	O	O
+SDSD	324,328	O	B-Process
+and	329,332	O	O
+LCS	333,336	O	B-Process
+)	336,337	O	O
+to	338,340	O	O
+show	341,345	O	O
+how	346,349	O	O
+the	350,353	O	O
+level	354,359	O	O
+of	360,362	O	O
+correlation	363,374	O	O
+can	375,378	O	O
+affect	379,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+sum	390,393	O	O
+of	394,396	O	O
+residuals	397,406	O	O
+.	406,407	O	O
+
+By	408,410	O	O
+dividing	411,419	O	O
+the	420,423	O	O
+algorithm	424,433	O	O
+-	433,434	O	O
+predicted	434,443	O	O
+series	444,450	O	O
+of	451,453	O	O
+lag	454,457	O	O
+values	458,464	O	O
+into	465,469	O	O
+monthly	470,477	O	O
+sets	478,482	O	O
+and	483,486	O	O
+examining	487,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+frequency	501,510	O	O
+distribution	511,523	O	O
+of	524,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+lags	531,535	O	O
+,	535,536	O	O
+certain	537,544	O	O
+patterns	545,553	O	O
+in	554,556	O	O
+these	557,562	O	O
+temporally	563,573	O	O
+patchy	574,580	O	O
+series	581,587	O	O
+have	588,592	O	O
+been	593,597	O	O
+identified	598,608	O	O
+.	608,609	O	O
+
+A	610,611	O	O
+challenging	612,623	O	O
+task	624,628	O	O
+in	629,631	O	O
+relation	632,640	O	O
+to	641,643	O	O
+time	644,648	O	O
+lags	649,653	O	O
+between	654,661	O	O
+observed	662,670	O	O
+and	671,674	O	O
+simulated	675,684	O	O
+daily	685,690	O	O
+data	691,695	O	O
+,	695,696	O	O
+is	697,699	O	O
+to	700,702	O	O
+determine	703,712	O	O
+their	713,718	O	O
+cause	719,724	O	O
+.	724,725	O	O
+
+This	726,730	O	O
+task	731,735	O	O
+becomes	736,743	O	O
+more	744,748	O	O
+difficult	749,758	O	O
+for	759,762	O	O
+model	763,768	O	O
+outputs	769,776	O	O
+such	777,781	O	O
+as	782,784	O	O
+soil	785,789	O	O
+N2O	790,793	O	B-Material
+emissions	794,803	O	I-Material
+that	804,808	O	O
+are	809,812	O	O
+driven	813,819	O	O
+by	820,822	O	O
+various	823,830	O	O
+interacting	831,842	O	O
+variables	843,852	O	O
+.	852,853	O	O
+
+Even	854,858	O	O
+more	859,863	O	O
+so	864,866	O	O
+,	866,867	O	O
+because	868,875	O	O
+the	876,879	O	O
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+and	902,905	O	O
+the	906,909	O	O
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+of	928,930	O	O
+their	931,936	O	O
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+(	945,946	O	O
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+soil	951,955	O	O
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+,	964,965	O	O
+soil	966,970	O	O
+N	971,972	O	O
+content	973,980	O	O
+)	980,981	O	O
+cover	982,987	O	O
+small	988,993	O	O
+time	994,998	O	O
+periods	999,1006	O	O
+,	1006,1007	O	O
+they	1008,1012	O	O
+are	1013,1016	O	O
+not	1017,1020	O	O
+continuous	1021,1031	O	O
+and	1032,1035	O	O
+can	1036,1039	O	O
+vary	1040,1044	O	O
+widely	1045,1051	O	O
+in	1052,1054	O	O
+size	1055,1059	O	O
+.	1059,1060	O	O
+
+In	1061,1063	O	O
+this	1064,1068	O	O
+study	1069,1074	O	O
+we	1075,1077	O	O
+implemented	1078,1089	O	O
+the	1090,1093	O	O
+algorithm	1094,1103	O	O
+using	1104,1109	O	O
+measured	1110,1118	O	B-Material
+and	1119,1122	O	I-Material
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+for	1138,1141	O	I-Material
+soil	1142,1146	O	I-Material
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+(	1156,1157	O	O
+first	1157,1162	O	O
+and	1163,1166	O	O
+second	1167,1173	O	O
+example	1174,1181	O	O
+)	1181,1182	O	O
+and	1183,1186	O	O
+soil	1187,1191	O	B-Material
+mineral	1192,1199	O	I-Material
+N	1200,1201	O	I-Material
+(	1202,1203	O	O
+second	1203,1209	O	O
+example	1210,1217	O	O
+)	1217,1218	O	O
+,	1218,1219	O	O
+and	1220,1223	O	O
+compared	1224,1232	O	O
+its	1233,1236	O	O
+results	1237,1244	O	O
+with	1245,1249	O	O
+the	1250,1253	O	O
+respective	1254,1264	O	O
+results	1265,1272	O	O
+for	1273,1276	O	O
+N2O.	1277,1281	O	B-Material
+
+In	1282,1284	O	O
+our	1285,1288	O	O
+first	1289,1294	O	O
+example	1295,1302	O	O
+,	1302,1303	O	O
+we	1304,1306	O	O
+showed	1307,1313	O	O
+that	1314,1318	O	O
+the	1319,1322	O	O
+estimated	1323,1332	O	O
+lags	1333,1337	O	O
+in	1338,1340	O	O
+N2O	1341,1344	O	B-Task
+prediction	1345,1355	O	I-Task
+are	1356,1359	O	O
+related	1360,1367	O	O
+to	1368,1370	O	O
+the	1371,1374	O	O
+lags	1375,1379	O	O
+in	1380,1382	O	O
+soil	1383,1387	O	B-Task
+moisture	1388,1396	O	I-Task
+prediction	1397,1407	O	I-Task
+in	1408,1410	O	O
+a	1411,1412	O	O
+way	1413,1416	O	O
+that	1417,1421	O	O
+changes	1422,1429	O	O
+gradually	1430,1439	O	O
+through	1440,1447	O	O
+time	1448,1452	O	O
+.	1452,1453	O	O
+
+In	1454,1456	O	O
+our	1457,1460	O	O
+second	1461,1467	O	O
+example	1468,1475	O	O
+,	1475,1476	O	O
+the	1477,1480	O	O
+lags	1481,1485	O	O
+in	1486,1488	O	O
+N2O	1489,1492	O	B-Task
+prediction	1493,1503	O	I-Task
+were	1504,1508	O	O
+explained	1509,1518	O	O
+by	1519,1521	O	O
+the	1522,1525	O	O
+lags	1526,1530	O	O
+in	1531,1533	O	O
+soil	1534,1538	O	B-Material
+moisture	1539,1547	O	I-Material
+and	1548,1551	O	O
+soil	1552,1556	O	B-Task
+mineral	1557,1564	O	I-Task
+N	1565,1566	O	I-Task
+prediction	1567,1577	O	I-Task
+,	1577,1578	O	O
+with	1579,1583	O	O
+which	1584,1589	O	O
+they	1590,1594	O	O
+had	1595,1598	O	O
+a	1599,1600	O	O
+positive	1601,1609	O	O
+relationship	1610,1622	O	O
+.	1622,1623	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1364815216303061)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+representing	3,15	O	B-Task
+wetland	16,23	O	I-Task
+-	23,24	O	I-Task
+river	24,29	O	I-Task
+interactions	30,42	O	I-Task
+involving	43,52	O	I-Task
+GIWs	53,57	O	I-Task
+,	57,58	O	O
+many	59,63	O	O
+models	64,70	O	O
+assume	71,77	O	O
+that	78,82	O	O
+the	83,86	O	O
+wetland	87,94	O	O
+can	95,98	O	O
+discharge	99,108	O	O
+into	109,113	O	O
+a	114,115	O	O
+river	116,121	O	O
+but	122,125	O	O
+can	126,129	O	O
+not	129,132	O	O
+receive	133,140	O	O
+overbank	141,149	O	O
+flows	150,155	O	O
+from	156,160	O	O
+it	161,163	O	O
+.	163,164	O	O
+
+In	165,167	O	O
+such	168,172	O	O
+models	173,179	O	O
+,	179,180	O	O
+the	181,184	O	O
+volume	185,191	O	O
+of	192,194	O	O
+water	195,200	O	O
+(	201,202	O	O
+or	202,204	O	O
+water	205,210	O	O
+level	211,216	O	O
+elevation	217,226	O	O
+)	226,227	O	O
+in	228,230	O	O
+a	231,232	O	O
+wetland	233,240	O	O
+and	241,244	O	O
+its	245,248	O	O
+corresponding	249,262	O	O
+threshold	263,272	O	O
+value	273,278	O	O
+(	279,280	O	O
+predominantly	280,293	O	O
+controlled	294,304	O	O
+by	305,307	O	O
+outlet	308,314	O	B-Process
+elevation	315,324	O	I-Process
+)	324,325	O	O
+are	326,329	O	O
+the	330,333	O	O
+prime	334,339	O	O
+determinants	340,352	O	O
+of	353,355	O	O
+wetland	356,363	O	O
+outflow	364,371	O	O
+(	372,373	O	O
+Feng	373,377	O	O
+et	378,380	O	O
+al	381,383	O	O
+.	383,384	O	O
+,	384,385	O	O
+2012	386,390	O	O
+;	390,391	O	O
+Hammer	392,398	O	O
+and	399,402	O	O
+Kadlec	403,409	O	O
+,	409,410	O	O
+1986	411,415	O	O
+;	415,416	O	O
+Johnson	417,424	O	O
+et	425,427	O	O
+al	428,430	O	O
+
+.	430,431	O	O
+,	431,432	O	O
+2010	433,437	O	O
+;	437,438	O	O
+
+Kadlec	439,445	O	O
+and	446,449	O	O
+Wallace	450,457	O	O
+,	457,458	O	O
+2009	459,463	O	O
+;	463,464	O	O
+Powell	465,471	O	O
+et	472,474	O	O
+al	475,477	O	O
+.	477,478	O	O
+,	478,479	O	O
+2008	480,484	O	O
+;	484,485	O	O
+Voldseth	486,494	O	O
+et	495,497	O	O
+al	498,500	O	O
+.	500,501	O	O
+,	501,502	O	O
+2007	503,507	O	O
+;	507,508	O	O
+Wen	509,512	O	O
+et	513,515	O	O
+al	516,518	O	O
+.	518,519	O	O
+,	519,520	O	O
+2013	521,525	O	O
+;	525,526	O	O
+Zhang	527,532	O	O
+and	533,536	O	O
+Mitsch	537,543	O	O
+,	543,544	O	O
+2005	545,549	O	O
+)	549,550	O	O
+.	550,551	O	O
+
+However	552,559	O	O
+,	559,560	O	O
+in	561,563	O	O
+regions	564,571	O	O
+characterised	572,585	O	O
+by	586,588	O	O
+widespread	589,599	O	O
+riparian	600,608	O	O
+wetlands	609,617	O	O
+that	618,622	O	O
+are	623,626	O	O
+hydraulically	627,640	O	O
+connected	641,650	O	O
+with	651,655	O	O
+adjacent	656,664	O	O
+rivers	665,671	O	O
+,	671,672	O	O
+wetland	673,680	O	O
+-	680,681	O	O
+river	681,686	O	O
+interaction	687,698	O	O
+is	699,701	O	O
+likely	702,708	O	O
+to	709,711	O	O
+be	712,714	O	O
+bidirectional	715,728	O	O
+.	728,729	O	O
+
+Such	730,734	O	O
+interactions	735,747	O	B-Task
+should	748,754	O	I-Task
+be	755,757	O	I-Task
+quantified	758,768	O	I-Task
+according	769,778	O	I-Task
+to	779,781	O	I-Task
+hydraulic	782,791	O	I-Task
+principles	792,802	O	I-Task
+involving	803,812	O	O
+relative	813,821	O	B-Material
+river	822,827	O	I-Material
+and	828,831	O	I-Material
+wetland	832,839	O	I-Material
+water	840,845	O	I-Material
+level	846,851	O	I-Material
+elevations	852,862	O	I-Material
+as	863,865	O	O
+well	866,870	O	O
+as	871,873	O	O
+the	874,877	O	O
+properties	878,888	O	B-Material
+of	889,891	O	I-Material
+the	892,895	O	I-Material
+connection	896,906	O	I-Material
+between	907,914	O	I-Material
+the	915,918	O	I-Material
+two	919,922	O	I-Material
+(	923,924	O	O
+Kouwen	924,930	O	O
+,	930,931	O	O
+2013	932,936	O	O
+;	936,937	O	O
+Liu	938,941	O	O
+et	942,944	O	O
+al	945,947	O	O
+.	947,948	O	O
+
+,	948,949	O	O
+2008	950,954	O	O
+;	954,955	O	O
+Min	956,959	O	O
+et	960,962	O	O
+al	963,965	O	O
+.	965,966	O	O
+,	966,967	O	O
+2010	968,972	O	O
+;	972,973	O	O
+Nyarko	974,980	O	O
+,	980,981	O	O
+2007	982,986	O	O
+;	986,987	O	O
+Restrepo	988,996	O	O
+et	997,999	O	O
+al	1000,1002	O	O
+.	1002,1003	O	O
+,	1003,1004	O	O
+1998	1005,1009	O	O
+)	1009,1010	O	O
+.	1010,1011	O	O
+
+In	1012,1014	O	O
+the	1015,1018	O	O
+WATFLOOD	1019,1027	O	B-Process
+model	1028,1033	O	O
+,	1033,1034	O	O
+for	1035,1038	O	O
+instance	1039,1047	O	O
+,	1047,1048	O	O
+riparian	1049,1057	O	B-Task
+wetland	1058,1065	O	I-Task
+-	1065,1066	O	I-Task
+river	1066,1071	O	I-Task
+interaction	1072,1083	O	I-Task
+is	1084,1086	O	I-Task
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+using	1096,1101	O	O
+the	1102,1105	O	O
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+of	1116,1118	O	I-Material
+Dupuit	1119,1125	O	I-Material
+-	1125,1126	O	I-Material
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+/	1145,1146	O	I-Material
+radial	1146,1152	O	I-Material
+groundwater	1153,1164	O	I-Material
+flow	1165,1169	O	I-Material
+(	1170,1171	O	O
+Kouwen	1171,1177	O	O
+,	1177,1178	O	O
+2013	1179,1183	O	O
+)	1183,1184	O	O
+.	1184,1185	O	O
+
+Since	1186,1191	O	O
+exchange	1192,1200	O	O
+between	1201,1208	O	O
+riparian	1209,1217	O	O
+wetlands	1218,1226	O	O
+and	1227,1230	O	O
+rivers	1231,1237	O	O
+can	1238,1241	O	O
+occur	1242,1247	O	O
+over	1248,1252	O	O
+the	1253,1256	O	O
+surface	1257,1264	O	O
+and/or	1265,1271	O	O
+through	1272,1279	O	O
+the	1280,1283	O	O
+subsurface	1284,1294	O	O
+,	1294,1295	O	O
+Restrepo	1296,1304	O	O
+et	1305,1307	O	O
+al	1308,1310	O	O
+.	1310,1311	O	O
+
+(	1312,1313	O	O
+1998	1313,1317	O	O
+)	1317,1318	O	O
+incorporated	1319,1331	O	O
+an	1332,1334	O	O
+equivalent	1335,1345	O	B-Process
+transmissivity	1346,1360	O	I-Process
+expression	1361,1371	O	I-Process
+,	1371,1372	O	O
+obtained	1373,1381	O	O
+for	1382,1385	O	O
+wetland	1386,1393	O	B-Material
+vegetation	1394,1404	O	I-Material
+and	1405,1408	O	O
+the	1409,1412	O	O
+subsurface	1413,1423	O	B-Material
+soil	1424,1428	O	I-Material
+,	1428,1429	O	O
+into	1430,1434	O	O
+the	1435,1438	O	O
+Darcy	1439,1444	O	B-Process
+flow	1445,1449	O	I-Process
+equation	1450,1458	O	I-Process
+of	1459,1461	O	O
+the	1462,1465	O	O
+MODFLOW	1466,1473	O	B-Process
+model	1474,1479	O	O
+.	1479,1480	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1364815216303243)
+
+Typical	0,7	O	O
+physically	8,18	O	B-Process
+-	18,19	O	I-Process
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+2D	25,27	O	I-Process
+flood	28,33	O	I-Process
+models	34,40	O	I-Process
+solve	41,46	O	B-Task
+the	47,50	O	I-Task
+Shallow	51,58	O	I-Task
+Water	59,64	O	I-Task
+Equations	65,74	O	I-Task
+(	75,76	O	I-Task
+SWEs	76,80	O	I-Task
+)	80,81	O	I-Task
+,	81,82	O	O
+requiring	83,92	O	O
+high	93,97	O	O
+computational	98,111	O	O
+resources	112,121	O	O
+.	121,122	O	O
+
+Many	123,127	O	O
+of	128,130	O	O
+these	131,136	O	O
+models	137,143	O	O
+have	144,148	O	O
+been	149,153	O	O
+developed	154,163	O	O
+to	164,166	O	O
+obtain	167,173	O	O
+better	174,180	O	O
+performance	181,192	O	O
+,	192,193	O	O
+while	194,199	O	O
+maintaining	200,211	O	O
+the	212,215	O	O
+required	216,224	O	O
+accuracy	225,233	O	O
+,	233,234	O	O
+by	235,237	O	O
+reducing	238,246	O	B-Process
+the	247,250	O	I-Process
+complexity	251,261	O	I-Process
+of	262,264	O	I-Process
+the	265,268	O	I-Process
+SWEs	269,273	O	I-Process
+.	273,274	O	O
+
+This	275,279	O	O
+reduction	280,289	O	O
+is	290,292	O	O
+usually	293,300	O	O
+achieved	301,309	O	O
+by	310,312	O	O
+approximating	313,326	O	O
+or	327,329	O	O
+neglecting	330,340	O	O
+less	341,345	O	O
+significant	346,357	O	O
+terms	358,363	O	O
+of	364,366	O	O
+the	367,370	O	O
+equations	371,380	O	O
+(	381,382	O	O
+Hunter	382,388	O	O
+et	389,391	O	O
+al	392,394	O	O
+.	394,395	O	O
+
+,	395,396	O	O
+2007	397,401	O	O
+;	401,402	O	O
+Yen	403,406	O	O
+and	407,410	O	O
+Tsai	411,415	O	O
+,	415,416	O	O
+2001	417,421	O	O
+)	421,422	O	O
+.	422,423	O	O
+
+The	424,427	O	O
+JFLOW	428,433	O	B-Process
+model	434,439	O	O
+(	440,441	O	O
+Bradbrook	441,450	O	O
+et	451,453	O	O
+al	454,456	O	O
+.	456,457	O	O
+,	457,458	O	O
+2004	459,463	O	O
+)	463,464	O	O
+,	464,465	O	O
+Urban	466,471	O	B-Process
+Inundation	472,482	O	I-Process
+Model	483,488	O	I-Process
+(	489,490	O	O
+UIM	490,493	O	B-Process
+)	493,494	O	O
+
+(	495,496	O	O
+Chen	496,500	O	O
+et	501,503	O	O
+al	504,506	O	O
+.	506,507	O	O
+,	507,508	O	O
+2007	509,513	O	O
+)	513,514	O	O
+,	514,515	O	O
+and	516,519	O	O
+the	520,523	O	O
+diffusive	524,533	O	O
+version	534,541	O	O
+of	542,544	O	O
+LISFLOOD	545,553	O	B-Process
+-	553,554	O	I-Process
+FP	554,556	O	I-Process
+(	557,558	O	O
+Hunter	558,564	O	O
+et	565,567	O	O
+al	568,570	O	O
+.	570,571	O	O
+,	571,572	O	O
+2005	573,577	O	O
+)	577,578	O	O
+solve	579,584	O	O
+the	585,588	O	O
+2D	589,591	O	B-Process
+diffusion	592,601	O	I-Process
+wave	602,606	O	I-Process
+equations	607,616	O	I-Process
+that	617,621	O	O
+neglect	622,629	O	O
+the	630,633	O	O
+inertial	634,642	O	O
+(	643,644	O	O
+local	644,649	O	O
+acceleration	650,662	O	O
+)	662,663	O	O
+and	664,667	O	O
+advection	668,677	O	O
+(	678,679	O	O
+convective	679,689	O	O
+acceleration	690,702	O	O
+)	702,703	O	O
+terms	704,709	O	O
+(	710,711	O	O
+Yen	711,714	O	O
+and	715,718	O	O
+Tsai	719,723	O	O
+,	723,724	O	O
+2001	725,729	O	O
+)	729,730	O	O
+.	730,731	O	O
+
+The	732,735	O	O
+inertial	736,744	O	O
+version	745,752	O	O
+of	753,755	O	O
+LISFLOOD	756,764	O	B-Process
+-	764,765	O	I-Process
+FP	765,767	O	I-Process
+(	768,769	O	O
+Bates	769,774	O	O
+et	775,777	O	O
+al	778,780	O	O
+.	780,781	O	O
+,	781,782	O	O
+2010	783,787	O	O
+)	787,788	O	O
+solves	789,795	O	O
+the	796,799	O	O
+SWEs	800,804	O	B-Process
+without	805,812	O	O
+the	813,816	O	O
+advection	817,826	O	O
+term	827,831	O	O
+.	831,832	O	O
+
+In	833,835	O	O
+either	836,842	O	O
+version	843,850	O	O
+of	851,853	O	O
+LISFLOOD	854,862	O	B-Process
+-	862,863	O	I-Process
+FP	863,865	O	I-Process
+the	866,869	O	O
+flow	870,874	O	O
+is	875,877	O	O
+decoupled	878,887	O	O
+in	888,890	O	O
+the	891,894	O	O
+Cartesian	895,904	O	B-Process
+directions	905,915	O	I-Process
+.	915,916	O	O
+
+Other	917,922	O	O
+models	923,929	O	O
+use	930,933	O	O
+the	934,937	O	O
+full	938,942	O	O
+SWEs	943,947	O	B-Process
+but	948,951	O	O
+focus	952,957	O	O
+on	958,960	O	O
+the	961,964	O	O
+use	965,968	O	O
+of	969,971	O	O
+multi	972,977	O	B-Material
+resolution	978,988	O	I-Material
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+or	995,997	O	I-Material
+irregular	998,1007	O	I-Material
+mesh	1008,1012	O	I-Material
+,	1012,1013	O	O
+like	1014,1018	O	O
+InfoWorks	1019,1028	O	B-Material
+ICM	1029,1032	O	I-Material
+(	1033,1034	O	O
+Innovyze	1034,1042	O	O
+,	1042,1043	O	O
+2012	1044,1048	O	O
+)	1048,1049	O	O
+and	1050,1053	O	O
+MIKE	1054,1058	O	B-Material
+FLOOD	1059,1064	O	I-Material
+(	1065,1066	O	O
+DHI	1066,1069	O	O
+Software	1070,1078	O	O
+,	1078,1079	O	O
+2014	1080,1084	O	O
+;	1084,1085	O	O
+Hénonin	1086,1093	O	O
+et	1094,1096	O	O
+al	1097,1099	O	O
+.	1099,1100	O	O
+,	1100,1101	O	O
+2013	1102,1106	O	O
+)	1106,1107	O	O
+.	1107,1108	O	O
+
+These	1109,1114	O	O
+last	1115,1119	O	O
+two	1120,1123	O	O
+models	1124,1130	O	O
+are	1131,1134	O	O
+commercial	1135,1145	O	O
+packages	1146,1154	O	O
+,	1154,1155	O	O
+and	1156,1159	O	O
+the	1160,1163	O	O
+code	1164,1168	O	O
+applied	1169,1176	O	O
+in	1177,1179	O	O
+the	1180,1183	O	O
+optimisation	1184,1196	O	O
+techniques	1197,1207	O	O
+is	1208,1210	O	O
+not	1211,1214	O	O
+in	1215,1217	O	O
+the	1218,1221	O	O
+public	1222,1228	O	O
+domain	1229,1235	O	O
+.	1235,1236	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1386505616301769)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+purported	4,13	O	O
+advantages	14,24	O	O
+of	25,27	O	O
+EMR	28,31	O	B-Task
+implementation	32,46	O	I-Task
+in	47,49	O	O
+urban	50,55	O	O
+slums	56,61	O	O
+are	62,65	O	O
+widely	66,72	O	O
+promoted	73,81	O	O
+.	81,82	O	O
+
+Increasingly	83,95	O	O
+capable	96,103	O	O
+health	104,110	O	B-Task
+information	111,122	O	I-Task
+systems	123,130	O	I-Task
+could	131,136	O	O
+facilitate	137,147	O	O
+communication	148,161	O	O
+,	161,162	O	O
+help	163,167	O	O
+coordinate	168,178	O	O
+care	179,183	O	O
+,	183,184	O	O
+and	185,188	O	O
+improve	189,196	O	O
+the	197,200	O	O
+continuity	201,211	O	O
+of	212,214	O	O
+care	215,219	O	O
+in	220,222	O	O
+disadvantaged	223,236	O	O
+communities	237,248	O	O
+like	249,253	O	O
+Kibera	254,260	O	O
+.	260,261	O	O
+
+However	262,269	O	O
+,	269,270	O	O
+available	271,280	O	O
+systems	281,288	O	O
+may	289,292	O	O
+not	293,296	O	O
+have	297,301	O	O
+the	302,305	O	O
+ability	306,313	O	O
+to	314,316	O	O
+simplify	317,325	O	O
+care	326,330	O	O
+or	331,333	O	O
+improve	334,341	O	O
+efficiency	342,352	O	O
+where	353,358	O	O
+funding	359,366	O	O
+and	367,370	O	O
+human	371,376	O	O
+resources	377,386	O	O
+are	387,390	O	O
+scarce	391,397	O	O
+,	397,398	O	O
+infrastructure	399,413	O	O
+is	414,416	O	O
+unreliable	417,427	O	O
+and	428,431	O	O
+health	432,438	O	O
+data	439,443	O	O
+demands	444,451	O	O
+are	452,455	O	O
+opportunistic	456,469	O	O
+,	469,470	O	O
+not	471,474	O	O
+strategic	475,484	O	O
+.	484,485	O	O
+
+This	486,490	O	O
+study	491,496	O	O
+described	497,506	O	O
+perceptions	507,518	O	O
+of	519,521	O	O
+local	522,527	O	O
+EMR	528,531	O	B-Process
+stakeholders	532,544	O	O
+in	545,547	O	O
+two	548,551	O	O
+urban	552,557	O	O
+slum	558,562	O	O
+clinics	563,570	O	O
+.	570,571	O	O
+
+They	572,576	O	O
+shared	577,583	O	O
+many	584,588	O	O
+observations	589,601	O	O
+that	602,606	O	O
+may	607,610	O	O
+be	611,613	O	O
+important	614,623	O	O
+for	624,627	O	O
+other	628,633	O	O
+EMR	634,637	O	B-Process
+initiatives	638,649	O	O
+to	650,652	O	O
+heed	653,657	O	O
+,	657,658	O	O
+and	659,662	O	O
+worried	663,670	O	O
+most	671,675	O	O
+about	676,681	O	O
+the	682,685	O	O
+sustainability	686,700	O	O
+of	701,703	O	O
+EMR	704,707	O	B-Process
+initiatives	708,719	O	O
+in	720,722	O	O
+like	723,727	O	O
+communities	728,739	O	O
+.	739,740	O	O
+
+The	741,744	O	O
+future	745,751	O	O
+for	752,755	O	O
+EMR	756,759	O	B-Process
+use	760,763	O	O
+in	764,766	O	O
+urban	767,772	O	O
+slums	773,778	O	O
+is	779,781	O	O
+promising	782,791	O	O
+.	791,792	O	O
+
+Innovative	793,803	O	O
+new	804,807	O	O
+technologies	808,820	O	O
+,	820,821	O	O
+such	822,826	O	O
+as	827,829	O	O
+mobile	830,836	O	B-Material
+applications	837,849	O	I-Material
+and	850,853	O	O
+point	854,859	O	O
+-	859,860	O	O
+of	860,862	O	O
+-	862,863	O	O
+care	863,867	O	O
+laboratory	868,878	O	O
+tests	879,884	O	O
+,	884,885	O	O
+could	886,891	O	O
+extend	892,898	O	O
+the	899,902	O	O
+reach	903,908	O	O
+of	909,911	O	O
+EMRs	912,916	O	B-Process
+where	917,922	O	O
+infrastructure	923,937	O	O
+is	938,940	O	O
+wanting	941,948	O	O
+.	948,949	O	O
+
+New	950,953	O	O
+cloud	954,959	O	B-Process
+-	959,960	O	I-Process
+based	960,965	O	I-Process
+EMR	966,969	O	I-Process
+ecosystems	970,980	O	I-Process
+,	980,981	O	O
+where	982,987	O	O
+data	988,992	O	O
+is	993,995	O	O
+collected	996,1005	O	O
+and	1006,1009	O	O
+stored	1010,1016	O	O
+centrally	1017,1026	O	O
+could	1027,1032	O	O
+leverage	1033,1041	O	O
+cell	1042,1046	O	O
+phone	1047,1052	O	O
+networks	1053,1061	O	O
+to	1062,1064	O	O
+promote	1065,1072	O	O
+more	1073,1077	O	O
+health	1078,1084	O	O
+information	1085,1096	O	O
+sharing	1097,1104	O	O
+,	1104,1105	O	O
+coordination	1106,1118	O	O
+of	1119,1121	O	O
+care	1122,1126	O	O
+and	1127,1130	O	O
+ultimately	1131,1141	O	O
+better	1142,1148	O	O
+outcomes	1149,1157	O	O
+for	1158,1161	O	O
+vulnerable	1162,1172	O	O
+populations	1173,1184	O	O
+.	1184,1185	O	O
+
+Summary	1185,1192	O	O
+pointsWhat	1193,1203	O	O
+was	1204,1207	O	O
+already	1208,1215	O	O
+known	1216,1221	O	O
+on	1222,1224	O	O
+the	1225,1228	O	O
+topic?•Rapid	1229,1241	O	O
+urbanization	1242,1254	O	O
+is	1255,1257	O	O
+associated	1258,1268	O	O
+with	1269,1273	O	O
+growth	1274,1280	O	O
+in	1281,1283	O	O
+the	1284,1287	O	O
+number	1288,1294	O	O
+and	1295,1298	O	O
+size	1299,1303	O	O
+of	1304,1306	O	O
+urban	1307,1312	O	O
+slums	1313,1318	O	O
+and	1319,1322	O	O
+an	1323,1325	O	O
+associated	1326,1336	O	O
+rise	1337,1341	O	O
+in	1342,1344	O	O
+the	1345,1348	O	O
+burden	1349,1355	O	O
+of	1356,1358	O	O
+disease	1359,1366	O	O
+,	1366,1367	O	O
+further	1368,1375	O	O
+worsening	1376,1385	O	O
+an	1386,1388	O	O
+already	1389,1396	O	O
+fragmented	1397,1407	O	O
+and	1408,1411	O	O
+inefficient	1412,1423	O	O
+health	1424,1430	O	O
+care	1431,1435	O	O
+system	1436,1442	O	O
+.	1442,1443	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1574119211001544)
+
+As	0,2	O	O
+future	3,9	O	O
+work	10,14	O	O
+on	15,17	O	O
+the	18,21	O	O
+protocol	22,30	O	B-Task
+,	30,31	O	O
+we	32,34	O	O
+would	35,40	O	O
+promote	41,48	O	O
+two	49,52	O	O
+items	53,58	O	O
+.	58,59	O	O
+
+Firstly	60,67	O	O
+,	67,68	O	O
+the	69,72	O	O
+two	73,76	O	O
+mobility	77,85	O	B-Process
+models	86,92	O	I-Process
+that	93,97	O	O
+we	98,100	O	O
+have	101,105	O	O
+considered	106,116	O	O
+in	117,119	O	O
+this	120,124	O	O
+work	125,129	O	O
+propose	130,137	O	O
+possible	138,146	O	O
+way	147,150	O	O
+to	151,153	O	O
+capture	154,161	O	O
+social	162,168	O	O
+context	169,176	O	O
+in	177,179	O	O
+the	180,183	O	O
+way	184,187	O	O
+nodes	188,193	O	B-Material
+move	194,198	O	O
+in	199,201	O	O
+the	202,205	O	O
+physical	206,214	O	B-Material
+space	215,220	O	I-Material
+,	220,221	O	O
+yet	222,225	O	O
+still	226,231	O	O
+potentially	232,243	O	O
+allowing	244,252	O	O
+nodes	253,258	O	B-Material
+to	259,261	O	O
+explore	262,269	O	O
+the	270,273	O	O
+geographical	274,286	O	B-Material
+regions	287,294	O	I-Material
+considered	295,305	O	O
+in	306,308	O	O
+its	309,312	O	O
+entirety	313,321	O	O
+.	321,322	O	O
+
+Further	323,330	O	O
+insights	331,339	O	O
+to	340,342	O	O
+the	343,346	O	O
+performance	347,358	O	B-Material
+potential	359,368	O	I-Material
+could	369,374	O	O
+be	375,377	O	O
+given	378,383	O	O
+through	384,391	O	O
+the	392,395	O	O
+assessment	396,406	O	O
+of	407,409	O	O
+the	410,413	O	O
+protocol	414,422	O	O
+with	423,427	O	O
+other	428,433	O	O
+mobilities	434,444	O	O
+that	445,449	O	O
+can	450,453	O	O
+extend	454,460	O	B-Process
+the	461,464	O	I-Process
+physical	465,473	O	I-Process
+region	474,480	O	I-Process
+of	481,483	O	I-Process
+movement	484,492	O	I-Process
+as	493,495	O	O
+well	496,500	O	O
+as	501,503	O	O
+impose	504,510	O	B-Process
+potential	511,520	O	I-Process
+restrictions	521,533	O	I-Process
+on	534,536	O	O
+the	537,540	O	O
+nodes	541,546	O	B-Process
+mobility	547,555	O	I-Process
+,	555,556	O	O
+for	557,560	O	O
+example	561,568	O	O
+by	569,571	O	O
+forcing	572,579	O	B-Process
+similar	580,587	O	I-Process
+nodes	588,593	O	I-Process
+to	594,596	O	I-Process
+move	597,601	O	I-Process
+within	602,608	O	I-Process
+specifically	609,621	O	I-Process
+defined	622,629	O	I-Process
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+.	635,636	O	O
+
+Secondly	637,645	O	O
+,	645,646	O	O
+the	647,650	O	O
+different	651,660	O	O
+forwarding	661,671	O	B-Process
+modes	672,677	O	I-Process
+introduced	678,688	O	O
+in	689,691	O	O
+Section	692,699	O	O
+3.3	701,704	O	O
+express	705,712	O	O
+different	713,722	O	O
+levels	723,729	O	O
+of	730,732	O	O
+cooperation	733,744	O	O
+across	745,751	O	O
+the	752,755	O	O
+network	756,763	O	B-Process
+.	763,764	O	O
+
+The	765,768	O	O
+push	769,773	O	B-Process
+-	773,774	O	I-Process
+community	774,783	O	I-Process
+mode	784,788	O	I-Process
+,	788,789	O	O
+for	790,793	O	O
+example	794,801	O	O
+,	801,802	O	O
+is	803,805	O	O
+a	806,807	O	O
+form	808,812	O	O
+of	813,815	O	O
+interest	816,824	O	O
+-	824,825	O	O
+community	825,834	O	O
+selfishness	835,846	O	O
+and	847,850	O	O
+assumes	851,858	O	O
+reciprocation	859,872	O	O
+in	873,875	O	O
+the	876,879	O	O
+nodes’	880,886	O	B-Material
+behaviour	887,896	O	O
+.	896,897	O	O
+
+The	898,901	O	O
+vulnerability	902,915	O	O
+(	916,917	O	O
+resp	917,921	O	O
+.	921,922	O	O
+resilience	923,933	O	O
+)	933,934	O	O
+of	935,937	O	O
+the	938,941	O	O
+protocol	942,950	O	O
+to	951,953	O	O
+different	954,963	O	O
+instances	964,973	O	O
+of	974,976	O	O
+node	977,981	O	B-Material
+misbehaviours	982,995	O	O
+is	996,998	O	O
+a	999,1000	O	O
+research	1001,1009	O	O
+item	1010,1014	O	O
+worth	1015,1020	O	O
+exploring	1021,1030	O	O
+.	1030,1031	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1574119215000796)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+proposed	4,12	O	O
+multihop	13,21	O	B-Process
+routing	22,29	O	I-Process
+protocol	30,38	O	I-Process
+,	38,39	O	O
+PHASeR	40,46	O	B-Process
+,	46,47	O	O
+applies	48,55	O	O
+the	56,59	O	O
+technique	60,69	O	O
+of	70,72	O	O
+blind	73,78	O	O
+forwarding	79,89	O	O
+in	90,92	O	O
+a	93,94	O	O
+MWSN	95,99	O	B-Material
+,	99,100	O	O
+which	101,106	O	O
+increases	107,116	O	O
+the	117,120	O	O
+reliability	121,132	O	O
+of	133,135	O	O
+data	136,140	O	O
+delivery	141,149	O	O
+through	150,157	O	O
+its	158,161	O	O
+inherent	162,170	O	O
+use	171,174	O	O
+of	175,177	O	O
+multiple	178,186	O	O
+routes	187,193	O	O
+.	193,194	O	O
+
+This	195,199	O	O
+approach	200,208	O	O
+requires	209,217	O	O
+a	218,219	O	O
+gradient	220,228	O	B-Process
+metric	229,235	O	I-Process
+to	236,238	O	O
+be	239,241	O	O
+continuously	242,254	O	O
+maintained	255,265	O	O
+,	265,266	O	O
+which	267,272	O	O
+is	273,275	O	O
+problematic	276,287	O	O
+in	288,290	O	O
+a	291,292	O	O
+dynamic	293,300	O	O
+topology	301,309	O	O
+.	309,310	O	O
+
+The	311,314	O	O
+literature	315,325	O	O
+commonly	326,334	O	O
+uses	335,339	O	O
+either	340,346	O	O
+flooding	347,355	O	O
+or	356,358	O	O
+location	359,367	O	O
+awareness	368,377	O	O
+,	377,378	O	O
+however	379,386	O	O
+flooding	387,395	O	O
+creates	396,403	O	O
+large	404,409	O	O
+amounts	410,417	O	O
+of	418,420	O	O
+overhead	421,429	O	O
+and	430,433	O	O
+location	434,442	O	O
+determination	443,456	O	O
+schemes	457,464	O	O
+can	465,468	O	O
+often	469,474	O	O
+be	475,477	O	O
+inaccurate	478,488	O	O
+,	488,489	O	O
+power	490,495	O	O
+hungry	496,502	O	O
+and	503,506	O	O
+create	507,513	O	O
+the	514,517	O	O
+issue	518,523	O	O
+of	524,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+dead	531,535	O	O
+end	536,539	O	O
+problem	540,547	O	O
+.	547,548	O	O
+
+PHASeR	549,555	O	B-Process
+uses	556,560	O	O
+a	561,562	O	O
+novel	563,568	O	O
+method	569,575	O	O
+of	576,578	O	O
+gradient	579,587	O	B-Process
+maintenance	588,599	O	I-Process
+in	600,602	O	O
+a	603,604	O	O
+mobile	605,611	O	B-Material
+network	612,619	O	I-Material
+,	619,620	O	O
+which	621,626	O	O
+requires	627,635	O	O
+the	636,639	O	O
+proactive	640,649	O	O
+sharing	650,657	O	O
+of	658,660	O	O
+only	661,665	O	O
+local	666,671	O	O
+topology	672,680	O	O
+information	681,692	O	O
+.	692,693	O	O
+
+This	694,698	O	O
+is	699,701	O	O
+facilitated	702,713	O	O
+by	714,716	O	O
+a	717,718	O	O
+global	719,725	O	O
+TDMA	726,730	O	B-Process
+(	731,732	O	O
+time	732,736	O	B-Process
+division	737,745	O	I-Process
+multiple	746,754	O	I-Process
+access	755,761	O	I-Process
+)	761,762	O	O
+MAC	763,766	O	B-Process
+(	767,768	O	O
+medium	768,774	O	B-Process
+access	775,781	O	I-Process
+control	782,789	O	I-Process
+)	789,790	O	O
+layer	791,796	O	O
+and	797,800	O	O
+further	801,808	O	O
+reduces	809,816	O	O
+the	817,820	O	O
+amount	821,827	O	O
+of	828,830	O	O
+overhead	831,839	O	O
+,	839,840	O	O
+which	841,846	O	O
+in	847,849	O	O
+turn	850,854	O	O
+will	855,859	O	O
+decrease	860,868	O	O
+packet	869,875	O	B-Material
+latency	876,883	O	I-Material
+.	883,884	O	O
+
+PHASeR	885,891	O	B-Process
+is	892,894	O	O
+also	895,899	O	O
+set	900,903	O	O
+apart	904,909	O	O
+by	910,912	O	O
+its	913,916	O	O
+use	917,920	O	O
+of	921,923	O	O
+encapsulation	924,937	O	B-Process
+,	937,938	O	O
+which	939,944	O	O
+allows	945,951	O	O
+data	952,956	O	O
+from	957,961	O	O
+multiple	962,970	O	O
+nodes	971,976	O	B-Material
+to	977,979	O	O
+be	980,982	O	O
+transmitted	983,994	O	O
+in	995,997	O	O
+the	998,1001	O	O
+same	1002,1006	O	O
+packet	1007,1013	O	O
+in	1014,1016	O	O
+order	1017,1022	O	O
+to	1023,1025	O	O
+handle	1026,1032	O	O
+high	1033,1037	O	O
+volumes	1038,1045	O	O
+of	1046,1048	O	O
+traffic	1049,1056	O	O
+.	1056,1057	O	O
+
+It	1058,1060	O	O
+utilises	1061,1069	O	O
+node	1070,1074	O	B-Process
+cooperation	1075,1086	O	I-Process
+to	1087,1089	O	O
+create	1090,1096	O	O
+a	1097,1098	O	O
+robust	1099,1105	O	O
+multipath	1106,1115	O	O
+routing	1116,1123	O	O
+solution	1124,1132	O	O
+.	1132,1133	O	O
+
+As	1134,1136	O	O
+such	1137,1141	O	O
+,	1141,1142	O	O
+the	1143,1146	O	O
+contribution	1147,1159	O	O
+of	1160,1162	O	O
+this	1163,1167	O	O
+paper	1168,1173	O	O
+is	1174,1176	O	O
+a	1177,1178	O	O
+cross	1179,1184	O	B-Task
+-	1184,1185	O	I-Task
+layer	1185,1190	O	I-Task
+routing	1191,1198	O	I-Task
+protocol	1199,1207	O	I-Task
+for	1208,1211	O	I-Task
+MWSNs	1212,1217	O	I-Task
+that	1218,1222	O	O
+can	1223,1226	O	O
+handle	1227,1233	O	O
+the	1234,1237	O	O
+constant	1238,1246	O	O
+flow	1247,1251	O	O
+of	1252,1254	O	O
+data	1255,1259	O	O
+from	1260,1264	O	O
+sensors	1265,1272	O	B-Material
+in	1273,1275	O	O
+highly	1276,1282	O	O
+mobile	1283,1289	O	O
+situations	1290,1300	O	O
+.	1300,1301	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1631070514000954)
+
+Superconductivity	0,17	O	B-Task
+in	18,20	O	I-Task
+actinides	21,30	O	I-Task
+was	31,34	O	O
+first	35,40	O	O
+observed	41,49	O	O
+in	50,52	O	O
+thorium	53,60	O	B-Material
+metal	61,66	O	I-Material
+in	67,69	O	O
+1929	70,74	O	O
+[	75,76	O	O
+7	76,77	O	O
+]	77,78	O	O
+,	78,79	O	O
+then	80,84	O	O
+in	85,87	O	O
+elemental	88,97	O	O
+uranium	98,105	O	B-Material
+in	106,108	O	O
+1942	109,113	O	O
+[	114,115	O	O
+8	115,116	O	O
+]	116,117	O	O
+,	117,118	O	O
+and	119,122	O	O
+in	123,125	O	O
+uranium	126,133	O	B-Material
+compounds	134,143	O	I-Material
+in	144,146	O	O
+1958	147,151	O	O
+[	152,153	O	O
+9	153,154	O	O
+]	154,155	O	O
+.	155,156	O	O
+
+A	157,158	O	O
+new	159,162	O	O
+class	163,168	O	O
+of	169,171	O	O
+uranium	172,179	O	B-Material
+superconductors	180,195	O	I-Material
+emerged	196,203	O	O
+in	204,206	O	O
+the	207,210	O	O
+1980	211,215	O	O
+'s	215,217	O	O
+with	218,222	O	O
+the	223,226	O	O
+discovery	227,236	O	O
+of	237,239	O	O
+uranium	240,247	O	B-Material
+heavy	248,253	O	I-Material
+fermion	254,261	O	I-Material
+superconductors	262,277	O	I-Material
+[	278,279	O	O
+10	279,281	O	O
+]	281,282	O	O
+.	282,283	O	O
+
+Further	284,291	O	O
+surprises	292,301	O	O
+came	302,306	O	O
+at	307,309	O	O
+the	310,313	O	O
+beginning	314,323	O	O
+of	324,326	O	O
+the	327,330	O	O
+century	331,338	O	O
+with	339,343	O	O
+the	344,347	O	O
+discovery	348,357	O	O
+of	358,360	O	O
+ferromagnetic	361,374	O	B-Material
+superconductors	375,390	O	I-Material
+in	391,393	O	O
+uranium	394,401	O	B-Material
+systems	402,409	O	O
+[	410,411	O	O
+11	411,413	O	O
+]	413,414	O	O
+and	415,418	O	O
+the	419,422	O	O
+first	423,428	O	O
+observation	429,440	O	O
+of	441,443	O	O
+superconductivity	444,461	O	B-Process
+in	462,464	O	O
+plutonium	465,474	O	B-Material
+[	475,476	O	O
+12	476,478	O	O
+]	478,479	O	O
+and	480,483	O	O
+neptunium	484,493	O	B-Material
+[	494,495	O	O
+13	495,497	O	O
+]	497,498	O	O
+compounds	499,508	O	O
+.	508,509	O	O
+
+The	510,513	O	O
+actinides	514,523	O	B-Material
+(	524,525	O	O
+or	525,527	O	O
+actinoids	528,537	O	B-Material
+)	537,538	O	O
+are	539,542	O	O
+located	543,550	O	O
+at	551,553	O	O
+the	554,557	O	O
+end	558,561	O	O
+of	562,564	O	O
+the	565,568	O	O
+periodic	569,577	O	B-Process
+table	578,583	O	I-Process
+(	584,585	O	O
+N=89	585,589	O	O
+(	590,591	O	O
+Ac	591,593	O	B-Material
+)	593,594	O	O
+or	595,597	O	O
+90	598,600	O	O
+(	601,602	O	O
+Th	602,604	O	B-Material
+)	604,605	O	O
+to	606,608	O	O
+103	609,612	O	O
+(	613,614	O	O
+Lr	614,616	O	B-Material
+)	616,617	O	O
+)	617,618	O	O
+.	618,619	O	O
+
+Transuranium	620,632	O	B-Material
+elements	633,641	O	I-Material
+(	642,643	O	O
+or	643,645	O	O
+transuranics	646,658	O	B-Material
+)	658,659	O	O
+are	660,663	O	O
+the	664,667	O	O
+chemical	668,676	O	O
+elements	677,685	O	O
+with	686,690	O	O
+atomic	691,697	O	O
+number	698,704	O	O
+(	705,706	O	O
+Z	706,707	O	O
+)	707,708	O	O
+greater	709,716	O	O
+than	717,721	O	O
+92	722,724	O	O
+(	725,726	O	O
+uranium	726,733	O	B-Material
+)	733,734	O	O
+and	735,738	O	O
+due	739,742	O	O
+to	743,745	O	O
+their	746,751	O	O
+short	752,757	O	O
+half	758,762	O	O
+-	762,763	O	O
+life	763,767	O	O
+on	768,770	O	O
+a	771,772	O	O
+geological	773,783	O	O
+timescale	784,793	O	O
+,	793,794	O	O
+they	795,799	O	O
+are	800,803	O	O
+essentially	804,815	O	O
+synthetic	816,825	O	B-Material
+elements	826,834	O	I-Material
+.	834,835	O	O
+
+Above	836,841	O	O
+Z=103	842,847	O	O
+(	848,849	O	O
+Lr	849,851	O	B-Material
+)	851,852	O	O
+,	852,853	O	O
+one	854,857	O	O
+talks	858,863	O	O
+about	864,869	O	O
+transactinides	870,884	O	B-Material
+(	885,886	O	O
+or	886,888	O	O
+superactinides	889,903	O	B-Material
+)	903,904	O	O
+elements	905,913	O	O
+.	913,914	O	O
+
+These	915,920	O	O
+latter	921,927	O	O
+elements	928,936	O	O
+have	937,941	O	O
+extremely	942,951	O	O
+short	952,957	O	O
+half	958,962	O	O
+-	962,963	O	O
+lives	963,968	O	O
+and	969,972	O	O
+no	973,975	O	O
+macroscopic	976,987	O	O
+quantity	988,996	O	O
+is	997,999	O	O
+available	1000,1009	O	O
+for	1010,1013	O	O
+the	1014,1017	O	O
+study	1018,1023	O	B-Task
+of	1024,1026	O	I-Task
+condensed	1027,1036	O	I-Task
+-	1036,1037	O	I-Task
+matter	1037,1043	O	I-Task
+properties	1044,1054	O	I-Task
+.	1054,1055	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S167420011300196X)
+
+PV	0,2	O	B-Task
+cells	3,8	O	I-Task
+are	9,12	O	O
+one	13,16	O	O
+of	17,19	O	O
+the	20,23	O	O
+most	24,28	O	O
+promising	29,38	O	O
+technologies	39,51	O	O
+for	52,55	O	O
+conversion	56,66	O	B-Process
+of	67,69	O	I-Process
+incident	70,78	O	I-Process
+solar	79,84	O	I-Process
+radiation	85,94	O	I-Process
+into	95,99	O	I-Process
+electric	100,108	O	I-Process
+power	109,114	O	I-Process
+.	114,115	O	O
+
+However	116,123	O	O
+,	123,124	O	O
+this	125,129	O	O
+technology	130,140	O	O
+is	141,143	O	O
+still	144,149	O	O
+far	150,153	O	O
+from	154,158	O	O
+being	159,164	O	O
+able	165,169	O	O
+to	170,172	O	O
+compete	173,180	O	O
+with	181,185	O	O
+fossil	186,192	O	B-Process
+fuel	193,197	O	I-Process
+-	197,198	O	I-Process
+based	198,203	O	I-Process
+energy	204,210	O	I-Process
+conversion	211,221	O	I-Process
+technologies	222,234	O	O
+because	235,242	O	O
+of	243,245	O	O
+its	246,249	O	O
+relatively	250,260	O	O
+low	261,264	O	O
+efficiency	265,275	O	O
+and	276,279	O	O
+energy	280,286	O	O
+density	287,294	O	O
+.	294,295	O	O
+
+Theoretically	296,309	O	O
+,	309,310	O	O
+there	311,316	O	O
+are	317,320	O	O
+three	321,326	O	O
+unavoidable	327,338	O	O
+losses	339,345	O	O
+that	346,350	O	O
+limit	351,356	O	O
+the	357,360	O	O
+solar	361,366	O	B-Process
+conversion	367,377	O	I-Process
+efficiency	378,388	O	O
+of	389,391	O	O
+a	392,393	O	O
+device	394,400	O	O
+with	401,405	O	O
+a	406,407	O	O
+single	408,414	O	O
+absorption	415,425	O	B-Process
+threshold	426,435	O	O
+or	436,438	O	O
+band	439,443	O	O
+gap	444,447	O	O
+
+Eg	448,450	O	O
+:	450,451	O	O
+(	452,453	O	O
+1	453,454	O	O
+)	454,455	O	O
+incomplete	456,466	O	B-Process
+absorption	467,477	O	I-Process
+,	477,478	O	O
+where	479,484	O	O
+photons	485,492	O	B-Material
+with	493,497	O	O
+energies	498,506	O	O
+below	507,512	O	O
+Eg	513,515	O	O
+are	516,519	O	O
+not	520,523	O	O
+absorbed	524,532	O	O
+;	532,533	O	O
+(	534,535	O	O
+2	535,536	O	O
+)	536,537	O	O
+thermalization	538,552	O	B-Process
+or	553,555	O	O
+carrier	556,563	O	B-Process
+cooling	564,571	O	I-Process
+,	571,572	O	O
+where	573,578	O	O
+solar	579,584	O	B-Material
+photons	585,592	O	I-Material
+with	593,597	O	O
+sufficient	598,608	O	O
+energy	609,615	O	O
+generate	616,624	O	O
+electron	625,633	O	B-Material
+-	633,634	O	I-Material
+hole	634,638	O	I-Material
+pairs	639,644	O	I-Material
+and	645,648	O	O
+then	649,653	O	O
+immediately	654,665	O	O
+lose	666,670	O	O
+almost	671,677	O	O
+all	678,681	O	O
+energy	682,688	O	O
+in	689,691	O	O
+excess	692,698	O	O
+of	699,701	O	O
+Eg	702,704	O	O
+in	705,707	O	O
+the	708,711	O	O
+form	712,716	O	O
+of	717,719	O	O
+heat	720,724	O	O
+;	724,725	O	O
+and	726,729	O	O
+(	730,731	O	O
+3	731,732	O	O
+)	732,733	O	O
+radiative	734,743	O	B-Process
+recombination	744,757	O	I-Process
+,	757,758	O	O
+where	759,764	O	O
+a	765,766	O	O
+small	767,772	O	O
+fraction	773,781	O	O
+of	782,784	O	O
+the	785,788	O	O
+excited	789,796	O	O
+states	797,803	O	O
+radioactively	804,817	O	O
+recombine	818,827	O	O
+with	828,832	O	O
+the	833,836	O	O
+ground	837,843	O	O
+state	844,849	O	O
+at	850,852	O	O
+the	853,856	O	O
+maximum	857,864	O	O
+power	865,870	O	O
+output	871,877	O	O
+(	878,879	O	O
+Hanna	879,884	O	O
+&	885,886	O	O
+Nozik	887,892	O	O
+,	892,893	O	O
+2006	894,898	O	O
+;	898,899	O	O
+Henry	900,905	O	O
+,	905,906	O	O
+1980	907,911	O	O
+)	911,912	O	O
+.	912,913	O	O
+
+Taking	914,920	O	O
+an	921,923	O	O
+air	924,927	O	O
+mass	928,932	O	O
+of	933,935	O	O
+1.5	936,939	O	O
+as	940,942	O	O
+an	943,945	O	O
+example	946,953	O	O
+,	953,954	O	O
+for	955,958	O	O
+different	959,968	O	O
+band	969,973	O	O
+gap	974,977	O	O
+
+Eg	978,980	O	O
+these	981,986	O	O
+three	987,992	O	O
+losses	993,999	O	O
+can	1000,1003	O	O
+be	1004,1006	O	O
+calculated	1007,1017	O	O
+and	1018,1021	O	O
+the	1022,1025	O	O
+results	1026,1033	O	O
+are	1034,1037	O	O
+indicated	1038,1047	O	O
+by	1048,1050	O	O
+areas	1051,1056	O	O
+S1	1057,1059	O	O
+,	1059,1060	O	O
+S2	1061,1063	O	O
+,	1063,1064	O	O
+and	1065,1068	O	O
+S3	1069,1071	O	O
+in	1072,1074	O	O
+Fig	1075,1078	O	O
+.	1078,1079	O	O
+
+1	1080,1081	O	O
+.	1081,1082	O	O
+
+Note	1083,1087	O	O
+that	1088,1092	O	O
+the	1093,1096	O	O
+area	1097,1101	O	O
+under	1102,1107	O	O
+the	1108,1111	O	O
+outer	1112,1117	O	O
+curve	1118,1123	O	O
+is	1124,1126	O	O
+the	1127,1130	O	O
+solar	1131,1136	O	B-Process
+power	1137,1142	O	I-Process
+per	1143,1146	O	O
+unit	1147,1151	O	O
+area	1152,1156	O	O
+,	1156,1157	O	O
+and	1158,1161	O	O
+that	1162,1166	O	O
+only	1167,1171	O	O
+S4	1172,1174	O	O
+can	1175,1178	O	O
+be	1179,1181	O	O
+delivered	1182,1191	O	O
+to	1192,1194	O	O
+the	1195,1198	O	O
+load	1199,1203	O	O
+.	1203,1204	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1687850714000405)
+
+Xylanases	0,9	O	B-Material
+have	10,14	O	O
+potential	15,24	O	O
+applications	25,37	O	O
+in	38,40	O	O
+various	41,48	O	O
+fields	49,55	O	O
+.	55,56	O	O
+
+Some	57,61	O	O
+of	62,64	O	O
+the	65,68	O	O
+important	69,78	O	O
+applications	79,91	O	O
+are	92,95	O	O
+as	96,98	O	O
+fallows	99,106	O	O
+.	106,107	O	O
+
+Xylanases	108,117	O	B-Material
+are	118,121	O	O
+used	122,126	O	O
+as	127,129	O	O
+bleaching	130,139	O	B-Material
+agent	140,145	O	I-Material
+in	146,148	O	O
+the	149,152	O	O
+pulp	153,157	O	B-Task
+and	158,161	O	I-Task
+paper	162,167	O	I-Task
+industry	168,176	O	I-Task
+.	176,177	O	O
+
+Mostly	178,184	O	O
+they	185,189	O	O
+are	190,193	O	O
+used	194,198	O	O
+to	199,201	O	O
+hydrolyzed	202,212	O	B-Process
+the	213,216	O	I-Process
+xylan	217,222	O	I-Process
+component	223,232	O	I-Process
+from	233,237	O	O
+wood	238,242	O	B-Material
+which	243,248	O	O
+facilitate	249,259	O	O
+in	260,262	O	O
+removal	263,270	O	B-Process
+of	271,273	O	I-Process
+lignin	274,280	O	I-Process
+(	281,282	O	O
+Viikari	282,289	O	O
+,	289,290	O	O
+Kantelinen	291,301	O	O
+,	301,302	O	O
+Buchert	303,310	O	O
+,	310,311	O	O
+&	312,313	O	O
+Puls	314,318	O	O
+,	318,319	O	O
+1994	320,324	O	O
+)	324,325	O	O
+.	325,326	O	O
+
+It	327,329	O	O
+also	330,334	O	O
+helps	335,340	O	O
+in	341,343	O	O
+brightening	344,355	O	B-Process
+of	356,358	O	I-Process
+the	359,362	O	I-Process
+pulp	363,367	O	I-Process
+to	368,370	O	O
+avoid	371,376	O	O
+the	377,380	O	O
+chlorine	381,389	O	B-Process
+free	390,394	O	I-Process
+bleaching	395,404	O	I-Process
+operations	405,415	O	I-Process
+(	416,417	O	O
+Paice	417,422	O	O
+,	422,423	O	O
+Jurasek	424,431	O	O
+,	431,432	O	O
+Ho	433,435	O	O
+,	435,436	O	O
+Bourbonnais	437,448	O	O
+,	448,449	O	O
+&	450,451	O	O
+Archibald	452,461	O	O
+,	461,462	O	O
+1989	463,467	O	O
+)	467,468	O	O
+.	468,469	O	O
+
+In	470,472	O	O
+bakeries	473,481	O	O
+the	482,485	O	O
+xylanase	486,494	O	B-Material
+act	495,498	O	O
+on	499,501	O	O
+the	502,505	O	O
+gluten	506,512	O	O
+fraction	513,521	O	O
+of	522,524	O	O
+the	525,528	O	O
+dough	529,534	O	O
+and	535,538	O	O
+help	539,543	O	O
+in	544,546	O	O
+the	547,550	O	O
+even	551,555	O	B-Process
+redistribution	556,570	O	I-Process
+of	571,573	O	I-Process
+the	574,577	O	I-Process
+water	578,583	O	I-Process
+content	584,591	O	I-Process
+of	592,594	O	I-Process
+the	595,598	O	I-Process
+bread	599,604	O	I-Process
+(	605,606	O	O
+Wong	606,610	O	O
+&	611,612	O	O
+Saddler	613,620	O	O
+,	620,621	O	O
+1992	622,626	O	O
+)	626,627	O	O
+.	627,628	O	O
+
+Xylanases	629,638	O	B-Material
+also	639,643	O	O
+have	644,648	O	O
+potential	649,658	O	O
+application	659,670	O	O
+in	671,673	O	O
+animal	674,680	O	B-Task
+feed	681,685	O	I-Task
+industry	686,694	O	I-Task
+.	694,695	O	O
+
+They	696,700	O	O
+are	701,704	O	O
+used	705,709	O	O
+for	710,713	O	O
+the	714,717	O	O
+hydrolysis	718,728	O	B-Task
+of	729,731	O	I-Task
+non	732,735	O	I-Task
+-	735,736	O	I-Task
+starchy	736,743	O	I-Task
+polysaccharides	744,759	O	I-Task
+such	760,764	O	O
+as	765,767	O	O
+arabinoxylan	768,780	O	B-Material
+in	781,783	O	O
+monogastric	784,795	O	O
+diets	796,801	O	O
+(	802,803	O	O
+Walsh	803,808	O	O
+,	808,809	O	O
+Power	810,815	O	O
+,	815,816	O	O
+&	817,818	O	O
+Headon	819,825	O	O
+,	825,826	O	O
+1993	827,831	O	O
+)	831,832	O	O
+.	832,833	O	O
+
+Xylanases	834,843	O	B-Material
+also	844,848	O	O
+play	849,853	O	O
+a	854,855	O	O
+key	856,859	O	O
+role	860,864	O	O
+in	865,867	O	O
+the	868,871	O	O
+maceration	872,882	O	B-Task
+of	883,885	O	I-Task
+vegetable	886,895	O	I-Task
+matter	896,902	O	I-Task
+(	903,904	O	O
+Beck	904,908	O	O
+&	909,910	O	O
+Scoot	911,916	O	O
+,	916,917	O	O
+1974	918,922	O	O
+)	922,923	O	O
+,	923,924	O	O
+protoplastation	925,940	O	B-Task
+of	941,943	O	I-Task
+plant	944,949	O	I-Task
+cells	950,955	O	I-Task
+,	955,956	O	O
+clarification	957,970	O	B-Task
+of	971,973	O	I-Task
+juices	974,980	O	I-Task
+and	981,984	O	I-Task
+wine	985,989	O	I-Task
+(	990,991	O	O
+Biely	991,996	O	O
+,	996,997	O	O
+1985	998,1002	O	O
+)	1002,1003	O	O
+liquefaction	1004,1016	O	B-Task
+of	1017,1019	O	I-Task
+coffee	1020,1026	O	I-Task
+mucilage	1027,1035	O	I-Task
+for	1036,1039	O	O
+making	1040,1046	O	B-Task
+liquid	1047,1053	O	I-Task
+coffee	1054,1060	O	I-Task
+,	1060,1061	O	O
+recovery	1062,1070	O	B-Task
+of	1071,1073	O	I-Task
+oil	1074,1077	O	I-Task
+from	1078,1082	O	I-Task
+subterranian	1083,1095	O	I-Task
+mines	1096,1101	O	I-Task
+,	1101,1102	O	O
+extraction	1103,1113	O	B-Task
+of	1114,1116	O	I-Task
+flavors	1117,1124	O	I-Task
+and	1125,1128	O	I-Task
+pigments	1129,1137	O	I-Task
+,	1137,1138	O	I-Task
+plant	1139,1144	O	I-Task
+oils	1145,1149	O	I-Task
+and	1150,1153	O	I-Task
+starch	1154,1160	O	I-Task
+(	1161,1162	O	O
+McCleary	1162,1170	O	O
+,	1170,1171	O	O
+1986	1172,1176	O	O
+)	1176,1177	O	O
+and	1178,1181	O	O
+to	1182,1184	O	O
+improve	1185,1192	O	O
+the	1193,1196	O	O
+efficiency	1197,1207	O	B-Task
+of	1208,1210	O	I-Task
+agricultural	1211,1223	O	I-Task
+silage	1224,1230	O	I-Task
+production	1231,1241	O	I-Task
+(	1242,1243	O	O
+Wong	1243,1247	O	O
+&	1248,1249	O	O
+Saddler	1250,1257	O	O
+,	1257,1258	O	O
+1992	1259,1263	O	O
+)	1263,1264	O	O
+.	1264,1265	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1746809416300933)
+
+ObjectiveElectrically	0,21	O	B-Material
+evoked	22,28	O	I-Material
+auditory	29,37	O	I-Material
+steady	38,44	O	I-Material
+-	44,45	O	I-Material
+state	45,50	O	I-Material
+responses	51,60	O	I-Material
+(	61,62	O	O
+EASSRs	62,68	O	B-Material
+)	68,69	O	O
+are	70,73	O	O
+neural	74,80	O	B-Material
+potentials	81,91	O	I-Material
+measured	92,100	O	O
+in	101,103	O	O
+the	104,107	O	O
+electroencephalogram	108,128	O	B-Process
+(	129,130	O	O
+EEG	130,133	O	B-Process
+)	133,134	O	O
+in	135,137	O	O
+response	138,146	O	O
+to	147,149	O	O
+periodic	150,158	O	O
+pulse	159,164	O	O
+trains	165,171	O	O
+presented	172,181	O	O
+,	181,182	O	O
+for	183,186	O	O
+example	187,194	O	O
+,	194,195	O	O
+through	196,203	O	O
+a	204,205	O	O
+cochlear	206,214	O	B-Process
+implant	215,222	O	I-Process
+(	223,224	O	O
+CI	224,226	O	B-Process
+)	226,227	O	O
+.	227,228	O	O
+
+EASSRs	229,235	O	B-Material
+could	236,241	O	O
+potentially	242,253	O	O
+be	254,256	O	O
+used	257,261	O	O
+for	262,265	O	O
+objective	266,275	O	O
+CI	276,278	O	B-Process
+fitting	279,286	O	I-Process
+.	286,287	O	O
+
+However	288,295	O	O
+,	295,296	O	O
+EEG	297,300	O	B-Process
+signals	301,308	O	I-Process
+are	309,312	O	O
+contaminated	313,325	O	O
+with	326,330	O	O
+electrical	331,341	O	O
+CI	342,344	O	B-Process
+artifacts	345,354	O	I-Process
+.	354,355	O	O
+
+In	356,358	O	O
+this	359,363	O	O
+paper	364,369	O	O
+,	369,370	O	O
+we	371,373	O	O
+characterized	374,387	O	B-Task
+the	388,391	O	I-Task
+CI	392,394	O	I-Task
+artifacts	395,404	O	I-Task
+for	405,408	O	I-Task
+monopolar	409,418	O	I-Task
+mode	419,423	O	I-Task
+stimulation	424,435	O	I-Task
+and	436,439	O	O
+evaluated	440,449	O	O
+at	450,452	O	O
+which	453,458	O	O
+pulse	459,464	O	O
+rate	465,469	O	O
+,	469,470	O	O
+linear	471,477	O	B-Task
+interpolation	478,491	O	I-Task
+over	492,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+signal	501,507	O	O
+part	508,512	O	O
+contaminated	513,525	O	O
+with	526,530	O	O
+CI	531,533	O	B-Process
+artifact	534,542	O	I-Process
+is	543,545	O	O
+successful	546,556	O	O
+.	556,557	O	O
+
+MethodsCI	557,566	O	O
+artifacts	567,576	O	O
+were	577,581	O	O
+characterized	582,595	O	O
+by	596,598	O	O
+means	599,604	O	O
+of	605,607	O	O
+their	608,613	O	O
+amplitude	614,623	O	O
+growth	624,630	O	O
+functions	631,640	O	O
+and	641,644	O	O
+duration	645,653	O	O
+.	653,654	O	O
+
+ResultsCI	654,663	O	B-Process
+artifact	664,672	O	I-Process
+durations	673,682	O	O
+were	683,687	O	O
+between	688,695	O	O
+0.7	696,699	O	O
+and	700,703	O	O
+1.7ms	704,709	O	O
+,	709,710	O	O
+at	711,713	O	O
+contralateral	714,727	O	B-Process
+recording	728,737	O	I-Process
+electrodes	738,748	O	I-Process
+.	748,749	O	O
+
+At	750,752	O	O
+ipsilateral	753,764	O	B-Process
+recording	765,774	O	I-Process
+electrodes	775,785	O	I-Process
+,	785,786	O	O
+CI	787,789	O	B-Process
+artifact	790,798	O	I-Process
+durations	799,808	O	O
+are	809,812	O	O
+range	813,818	O	O
+from	819,823	O	O
+0.7	824,827	O	O
+to	828,830	O	O
+larger	831,837	O	O
+than	838,842	O	O
+2ms	843,846	O	O
+.	846,847	O	O
+
+ConclusionAt	847,859	O	O
+contralateral	860,873	O	B-Process
+recording	874,883	O	I-Process
+electrodes	884,894	O	I-Process
+,	894,895	O	O
+the	896,899	O	O
+artifact	900,908	O	O
+was	909,912	O	O
+shorter	913,920	O	O
+than	921,925	O	O
+the	926,929	O	O
+interpulse	930,940	O	O
+interval	941,949	O	O
+across	950,956	O	O
+subjects	957,965	O	O
+for	966,969	O	O
+500pps	970,976	O	O
+,	976,977	O	O
+which	978,983	O	O
+was	984,987	O	O
+not	988,991	O	O
+always	992,998	O	O
+the	999,1002	O	O
+case	1003,1007	O	O
+for	1008,1011	O	O
+900pps	1012,1018	O	O
+.	1018,1019	O	O
+
+SignificanceCI	1019,1033	O	B-Process
+artifact	1034,1042	O	I-Process
+-	1042,1043	O	O
+free	1043,1047	O	O
+EASSRs	1048,1054	O	B-Material
+are	1055,1058	O	O
+crucial	1059,1066	O	O
+for	1067,1070	O	O
+reliable	1071,1079	O	O
+CI	1080,1082	O	B-Process
+fitting	1083,1090	O	I-Process
+and	1091,1094	O	O
+neuroscience	1095,1107	O	B-Task
+research	1108,1116	O	I-Task
+.	1116,1117	O	O
+
+The	1118,1121	O	O
+CI	1122,1124	O	B-Process
+artifact	1125,1133	O	I-Process
+has	1134,1137	O	O
+been	1138,1142	O	O
+characterized	1143,1156	O	O
+and	1157,1160	O	O
+linear	1161,1167	O	B-Task
+interpolation	1168,1181	O	I-Task
+allows	1182,1188	O	O
+to	1189,1191	O	O
+remove	1192,1198	O	O
+it	1199,1201	O	O
+at	1202,1204	O	O
+contralateral	1205,1218	O	B-Process
+recording	1219,1228	O	I-Process
+electrodes	1229,1239	O	I-Process
+for	1240,1243	O	O
+stimulation	1244,1255	O	O
+at	1256,1258	O	O
+500pps	1259,1265	O	O
+.	1265,1266	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1877750311000676)
+
+One	0,3	O	O
+way	4,7	O	O
+to	8,10	O	O
+enforce	11,18	O	O
+this	19,23	O	O
+ratio	24,29	O	O
+is	30,32	O	O
+to	33,35	O	O
+use	36,39	O	O
+a	40,41	O	O
+probabilistic	42,55	O	B-Process
+,	55,56	O	I-Process
+‘	57,58	O	I-Process
+roulette	58,66	O	I-Process
+wheel’	67,73	O	I-Process
+style	74,79	O	I-Process
+lane	80,84	O	B-Task
+selection	85,94	O	I-Task
+policy	95,101	O	I-Task
+.	101,102	O	O
+
+VISSIM	103,109	O	B-Process
+,	109,110	O	O
+along	111,116	O	O
+with	117,121	O	O
+most	122,126	O	O
+simulation	127,137	O	B-Process
+toolkits	138,146	O	I-Process
+,	146,147	O	O
+offers	148,154	O	O
+methods	155,162	O	O
+to	163,165	O	O
+specify	166,173	O	O
+probabilistic	174,187	O	B-Process
+routing	188,195	O	I-Process
+whereby	196,203	O	O
+a	204,205	O	O
+defined	206,213	O	O
+percentage	214,224	O	O
+of	225,227	O	O
+vehicles	228,236	O	O
+are	237,240	O	O
+sent	241,245	O	O
+down	246,250	O	O
+unique	251,257	O	O
+routes	258,264	O	O
+.	264,265	O	O
+
+This	266,270	O	O
+is	271,273	O	O
+a	274,275	O	O
+piecewise	276,285	O	B-Process
+technique	286,295	O	I-Process
+that	296,300	O	O
+can	301,304	O	O
+be	305,307	O	O
+reapplied	308,317	O	O
+at	318,320	O	O
+various	321,328	O	O
+locations	329,338	O	O
+around	339,345	O	O
+a	346,347	O	O
+simulation	348,358	O	B-Process
+.	358,359	O	O
+
+While	360,365	O	O
+these	366,371	O	O
+methods	372,379	O	O
+are	380,383	O	O
+attractive	384,394	O	O
+from	395,399	O	O
+a	400,401	O	O
+calibration	402,413	O	O
+perspective	414,425	O	O
+as	426,428	O	O
+exact	429,434	O	O
+representations	435,450	O	O
+of	451,453	O	O
+existing	454,462	O	O
+statistics	463,473	O	O
+can	474,477	O	O
+be	478,480	O	O
+ensured	481,488	O	O
+,	488,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+process	494,501	O	O
+is	502,504	O	O
+an	505,507	O	O
+unrealistic	508,519	O	O
+one	520,523	O	O
+as	524,526	O	O
+it	527,529	O	O
+assumes	530,537	O	O
+that	538,542	O	O
+drivers	543,550	O	B-Material
+make	551,555	O	O
+probabilistic	556,569	O	O
+decisions	570,579	O	O
+at	580,582	O	O
+precise	583,590	O	O
+locations	591,600	O	O
+.	600,601	O	O
+
+So	602,604	O	O
+in	605,607	O	O
+this	608,612	O	O
+case	613,617	O	O
+when	618,622	O	O
+a	623,624	O	O
+vehicle	625,632	O	B-Material
+arrives	633,640	O	O
+at	641,643	O	O
+a	644,645	O	O
+point	646,651	O	O
+prior	652,657	O	O
+to	658,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
+weighbridges	665,677	O	B-Material
+it	678,680	O	O
+is	681,683	O	O
+allocated	684,693	O	O
+one	694,697	O	O
+of	698,700	O	O
+the	701,704	O	O
+lanes	705,710	O	O
+based	711,716	O	O
+on	717,719	O	O
+the	720,723	O	O
+respective	724,734	O	O
+probabilities	735,748	O	O
+.	748,749	O	O
+
+It	750,752	O	O
+turns	753,758	O	O
+out	759,762	O	O
+that	763,767	O	O
+this	768,772	O	O
+method	773,779	O	O
+leads	780,785	O	O
+to	786,788	O	O
+significant	789,800	O	O
+variations	801,811	O	O
+in	812,814	O	O
+trip	815,819	O	O
+times	820,825	O	O
+depending	826,835	O	O
+on	836,838	O	O
+the	839,842	O	O
+initial	843,850	O	O
+random	851,857	O	O
+number	858,864	O	O
+seed	865,869	O	O
+,	869,870	O	O
+this	871,875	O	O
+can	876,879	O	O
+be	880,882	O	O
+seen	883,887	O	O
+in	888,890	O	O
+a	891,892	O	O
+graphic	893,900	O	O
+of	901,903	O	O
+the	904,907	O	O
+key	908,911	O	O
+areas	912,917	O	O
+of	918,920	O	O
+the	921,924	O	O
+simulation	925,935	O	O
+for	936,939	O	O
+the	940,943	O	O
+2	944,945	O	O
+different	946,955	O	O
+runs	956,960	O	O
+(	961,962	O	O
+Fig	962,965	O	O
+.	965,966	O	O
+
+7	967,968	O	O
+)	968,969	O	O
+.	969,970	O	O
+
+One	971,974	O	O
+of	975,977	O	O
+the	978,981	O	O
+benefits	982,990	O	O
+of	991,993	O	O
+graphical	994,1003	O	B-Process
+microsimulation	1004,1019	O	I-Process
+is	1020,1022	O	O
+that	1023,1027	O	O
+the	1028,1031	O	O
+2D	1032,1034	O	B-Process
+and	1035,1038	O	I-Process
+3D	1039,1041	O	I-Process
+simulations	1042,1053	O	I-Process
+help	1054,1058	O	O
+the	1059,1062	O	O
+researcher	1063,1073	O	O
+to	1074,1076	O	O
+visualise	1077,1086	O	O
+a	1087,1088	O	O
+new	1089,1092	O	O
+scheme	1093,1099	O	O
+and	1100,1103	O	O
+its	1104,1107	O	O
+potential	1108,1117	O	O
+benefits	1118,1126	O	O
+but	1127,1130	O	O
+also	1131,1135	O	O
+to	1136,1138	O	O
+highlight	1139,1148	O	O
+unrealistic	1149,1160	O	O
+behaviour	1161,1170	O	O
+.	1170,1171	O	O
+
+Fig	1172,1175	O	O
+.	1175,1176	O	O
+
+7	1177,1178	O	O
+shows	1179,1184	O	O
+the	1185,1188	O	O
+congestion	1189,1199	O	O
+at	1200,1202	O	O
+the	1203,1206	O	O
+decision	1207,1215	O	O
+point	1216,1221	O	O
+for	1222,1225	O	O
+2	1226,1227	O	O
+different	1228,1237	O	O
+runs	1238,1242	O	O
+.	1242,1243	O	O
+
+Using	1244,1249	O	O
+probabilistic	1250,1263	O	B-Process
+routing	1264,1271	O	I-Process
+to	1272,1274	O	O
+enforce	1275,1282	O	O
+correct	1283,1290	O	O
+routing	1291,1298	O	O
+percentages	1299,1310	O	O
+is	1311,1313	O	O
+a	1314,1315	O	O
+clear	1316,1321	O	O
+case	1322,1326	O	O
+of	1327,1329	O	O
+overcalibration	1330,1345	O	O
+affecting	1346,1355	O	O
+simulation	1356,1366	O	B-Process
+brittleness	1367,1378	O	O
+.	1378,1379	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1877750313000240)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+few	2,5	O	O
+studies	6,13	O	O
+within	14,20	O	O
+the	21,24	O	O
+physiological	25,38	O	O
+domain	39,45	O	O
+are	46,49	O	O
+of	50,52	O	O
+special	53,60	O	O
+relevance	61,70	O	O
+to	71,73	O	O
+this	74,78	O	O
+work	79,83	O	O
+.	83,84	O	O
+
+These	85,90	O	O
+include	91,98	O	O
+a	99,100	O	O
+performance	101,112	O	O
+analysis	113,121	O	O
+of	122,124	O	O
+a	125,126	O	O
+blood	127,132	O	B-Process
+-	132,133	O	I-Process
+flow	133,137	O	I-Process
+LB	138,140	O	I-Process
+solver	141,147	O	I-Process
+using	148,153	O	O
+a	154,155	O	O
+range	156,161	O	O
+of	162,164	O	O
+sparse	165,171	O	O
+and	172,175	O	O
+non	176,179	O	O
+-	179,180	O	O
+sparse	180,186	O	O
+geometries	187,197	O	O
+[	198,199	O	O
+21	199,201	O	O
+]	201,202	O	O
+and	203,206	O	O
+a	207,208	O	O
+performance	209,220	O	B-Process
+prediction	221,231	O	I-Process
+model	232,237	O	I-Process
+for	238,241	O	O
+lattice	242,249	O	B-Process
+-	249,250	O	I-Process
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+solvers	260,267	O	I-Process
+[	268,269	O	O
+22,23	269,274	O	O
+]	274,275	O	O
+.	275,276	O	O
+
+This	277,281	O	O
+performance	282,293	O	B-Process
+prediction	294,304	O	I-Process
+model	305,310	O	I-Process
+can	311,314	O	O
+be	315,317	O	O
+applied	318,325	O	O
+largely	326,333	O	O
+to	334,336	O	O
+our	337,340	O	O
+HemeLB	341,347	O	B-Process
+application	348,359	O	I-Process
+,	359,360	O	O
+although	361,369	O	O
+HemeLB	370,376	O	B-Process
+uses	377,381	O	O
+a	382,383	O	O
+different	384,393	O	O
+decomposition	394,407	O	O
+technique	408,417	O	O
+and	418,421	O	O
+performs	422,430	O	O
+real	431,435	O	O
+-	435,436	O	O
+time	436,440	O	O
+rendering	441,450	O	O
+and	451,454	O	O
+visualisation	455,468	O	O
+tasks	469,474	O	O
+during	475,481	O	O
+the	482,485	O	O
+LB	486,488	O	B-Process
+simulations	489,500	O	I-Process
+.	500,501	O	O
+
+Mazzeo	502,508	O	O
+and	509,512	O	O
+Coveney	513,520	O	O
+[	521,522	O	O
+1	522,523	O	O
+]	523,524	O	O
+studied	525,532	O	O
+the	533,536	O	O
+scalability	537,548	O	O
+of	549,551	O	O
+an	552,554	O	O
+earlier	555,562	O	O
+version	563,570	O	O
+of	571,573	O	O
+HemeLB	574,580	O	B-Process
+.	580,581	O	O
+
+However	582,589	O	O
+,	589,590	O	O
+the	591,594	O	O
+current	595,602	O	O
+performance	603,614	O	O
+characteristics	615,630	O	O
+of	631,633	O	O
+HemeLB	634,640	O	B-Process
+are	641,644	O	O
+substantially	645,658	O	O
+enhanced	659,667	O	O
+due	668,671	O	O
+to	672,674	O	O
+numerous	675,683	O	O
+subsequent	684,694	O	O
+advances	695,703	O	O
+in	704,706	O	O
+the	707,710	O	O
+code	711,715	O	O
+,	715,716	O	O
+amongst	717,724	O	O
+others	725,731	O	O
+:	731,732	O	O
+an	733,735	O	O
+improved	736,744	O	O
+hierarchical	745,757	O	O
+,	757,758	O	O
+compressed	759,769	O	O
+file	770,774	O	O
+format	775,781	O	O
+;	781,782	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+use	787,790	O	O
+of	791,793	O	O
+ParMETIS	794,802	O	B-Material
+to	803,805	O	O
+ensure	806,812	O	O
+good	813,817	O	O
+load	818,822	O	O
+-	822,823	O	O
+balance	823,830	O	O
+;	830,831	O	O
+the	832,835	O	O
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+communication	846,859	O	I-Process
+patterns	860,868	O	I-Process
+to	869,871	O	O
+reduce	872,878	O	O
+the	879,882	O	O
+overhead	883,891	O	O
+of	892,894	O	O
+rendering	895,904	O	B-Process
+;	904,905	O	O
+use	906,909	O	O
+of	910,912	O	O
+compile	913,920	O	B-Process
+-	920,921	O	I-Process
+time	921,925	O	I-Process
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+to	939,941	O	O
+avoid	942,947	O	O
+virtual	948,955	O	O
+function	956,964	O	O
+calls	965,970	O	O
+in	971,973	O	O
+inner	974,979	O	O
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+.	985,986	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S187775031300077X)
+
+Although	0,8	O	O
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+-	13,14	O	I-Process
+field	14,19	O	I-Process
+models	20,26	O	I-Process
+have	27,31	O	O
+been	32,36	O	O
+used	37,41	O	O
+in	42,44	O	O
+all	45,48	O	O
+these	49,54	O	O
+settings	55,63	O	O
+,	63,64	O	O
+little	65,71	O	O
+analysis	72,80	O	O
+has	81,84	O	O
+been	85,89	O	O
+done	90,94	O	O
+on	95,97	O	O
+their	98,103	O	O
+behaviour	104,113	O	O
+as	114,116	O	O
+spatially	117,126	O	B-Task
+extended	127,135	O	I-Task
+dynamical	136,145	O	I-Task
+systems	146,153	O	I-Task
+.	153,154	O	O
+
+In	155,157	O	O
+part	158,162	O	O
+,	162,163	O	O
+this	164,168	O	O
+is	169,171	O	O
+due	172,175	O	O
+to	176,178	O	O
+their	179,184	O	O
+staggering	185,195	O	O
+complexity	196,206	O	O
+.	206,207	O	O
+
+The	208,211	O	O
+Liley	212,217	O	B-Process
+model	218,223	O	I-Process
+[	224,225	O	O
+15	225,227	O	O
+]	227,228	O	O
+considered	229,239	O	O
+here	240,244	O	O
+,	244,245	O	O
+for	246,249	O	O
+instance	250,258	O	O
+,	258,259	O	O
+consists	260,268	O	O
+of	269,271	O	O
+fourteen	272,280	O	O
+coupled	281,288	O	O
+Partial	289,296	O	B-Material
+Differential	297,309	O	I-Material
+Equations	310,319	O	I-Material
+(	320,321	O	O
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+)	325,326	O	O
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+,	353,354	O	O
+imposed	355,362	O	O
+by	363,365	O	O
+coupling	366,374	O	O
+between	375,382	O	O
+the	383,386	O	O
+mean	387,391	O	O
+membrane	392,400	O	B-Material
+potentials	401,411	O	I-Material
+and	412,415	O	O
+the	416,419	O	O
+mean	420,424	O	O
+synaptic	425,433	O	B-Material
+inputs	434,440	O	I-Material
+.	440,441	O	O
+
+The	442,445	O	O
+model	446,451	O	O
+can	452,455	O	O
+be	456,458	O	O
+reduced	459,466	O	O
+to	467,469	O	O
+a	470,471	O	O
+system	472,478	O	O
+of	479,481	O	O
+Ordinary	482,490	O	B-Material
+Differential	491,503	O	I-Material
+Equations	504,513	O	I-Material
+(	514,515	O	O
+ODEs	515,519	O	B-Material
+)	519,520	O	O
+by	521,523	O	O
+considering	524,535	O	O
+only	536,540	O	O
+spatially	541,550	O	O
+homogeneous	551,562	O	O
+solutions	563,572	O	O
+,	572,573	O	O
+and	574,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
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+system	592,598	O	O
+has	599,602	O	O
+been	603,607	O	O
+examined	608,616	O	O
+in	617,619	O	O
+detail	620,626	O	O
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+(	664,665	O	O
+see	665,668	O	O
+[	669,670	O	O
+16	670,672	O	O
+]	672,673	O	O
+and	674,677	O	O
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+therein	689,696	O	O
+)	696,697	O	O
+.	697,698	O	O
+
+In	699,701	O	O
+order	702,707	O	O
+to	708,710	O	O
+compute	711,718	O	O
+equilibria	719,729	O	O
+,	729,730	O	O
+periodic	731,739	O	O
+orbits	740,746	O	O
+and	747,750	O	O
+such	751,755	O	O
+objects	756,763	O	O
+for	764,767	O	O
+the	768,771	O	O
+PDE	772,775	O	B-Material
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+,	781,782	O	O
+we	783,785	O	O
+need	786,790	O	O
+a	791,792	O	O
+flexible	793,801	O	O
+,	801,802	O	O
+stable	803,809	O	O
+simulation	810,820	O	O
+code	821,825	O	O
+for	826,829	O	O
+the	830,833	O	O
+model	834,839	O	O
+and	840,843	O	O
+its	844,847	O	O
+linearization	848,861	O	O
+that	862,866	O	O
+can	867,870	O	O
+run	871,874	O	O
+in	875,877	O	O
+parallel	878,886	O	O
+to	887,889	O	O
+scale	890,895	O	O
+up	896,898	O	O
+to	899,901	O	O
+a	902,903	O	O
+domain	904,910	O	O
+size	911,915	O	O
+of	916,918	O	O
+about	919,924	O	O
+2500cm2	925,932	O	O
+,	932,933	O	O
+the	934,937	O	O
+size	938,942	O	O
+of	943,945	O	O
+a	946,947	O	O
+full	948,952	O	O
+-	952,953	O	O
+grown	953,958	O	O
+human	959,964	O	O
+cortex	965,971	O	O
+.	971,972	O	O
+
+We	973,975	O	O
+also	976,980	O	O
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+,	995,996	O	I-Task
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+,	1045,1046	O	I-Task
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+.	1062,1063	O	O
+
+In	1064,1066	O	O
+this	1067,1071	O	O
+paper	1072,1077	O	O
+,	1077,1078	O	O
+we	1079,1081	O	O
+will	1082,1086	O	O
+show	1087,1091	O	O
+that	1092,1096	O	O
+all	1097,1100	O	O
+this	1101,1105	O	O
+can	1106,1109	O	O
+be	1110,1112	O	O
+accomplished	1113,1125	O	O
+in	1126,1128	O	O
+the	1129,1132	O	O
+open	1133,1137	O	O
+-	1137,1138	O	O
+source	1138,1144	O	O
+software	1145,1153	O	O
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+PETSc	1162,1167	O	B-Material
+[	1168,1169	O	O
+17	1169,1171	O	O
+]	1171,1172	O	O
+.	1172,1173	O	O
+
+Our	1174,1177	O	O
+implementation	1178,1192	O	O
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+of	1202,1204	O	O
+a	1205,1206	O	O
+number	1207,1213	O	O
+of	1214,1216	O	O
+functions	1217,1226	O	O
+in	1227,1229	O	O
+C	1230,1231	O	O
+that	1232,1236	O	O
+are	1237,1240	O	O
+available	1241,1250	O	O
+publicly	1251,1259	O	O
+[	1260,1261	O	O
+18	1261,1263	O	O
+]	1263,1264	O	O
+.	1264,1265	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1877750313001269)
+
+While	0,5	O	O
+virtualization	6,20	O	B-Process
+technologies	21,33	O	I-Process
+certainly	34,43	O	O
+reduce	44,50	O	O
+the	51,54	O	O
+complexity	55,65	O	O
+of	66,68	O	O
+using	69,74	O	O
+a	75,76	O	O
+system	77,83	O	O
+,	83,84	O	O
+and	85,88	O	O
+especially	89,99	O	O
+when	100,104	O	O
+working	105,112	O	O
+across	113,119	O	O
+multiple	120,128	O	O
+heterogeneous	129,142	O	O
+computing	143,152	O	O
+environments	153,165	O	O
+,	165,166	O	O
+they	167,171	O	O
+are	172,175	O	O
+not	176,179	O	O
+widely	180,186	O	O
+deployed	187,195	O	O
+in	196,198	O	O
+high	199,203	O	B-Task
+performance	204,215	O	I-Task
+computing	216,225	O	I-Task
+scenarios	226,235	O	I-Task
+.	235,236	O	O
+
+As	237,239	O	O
+its	240,243	O	O
+name	244,248	O	O
+suggest	249,256	O	O
+,	256,257	O	O
+HPC	258,261	O	B-Process
+seeks	262,267	O	O
+to	268,270	O	O
+obtain	271,277	O	O
+maximum	278,285	O	O
+performance	286,297	O	O
+from	298,302	O	O
+computing	303,312	O	O
+platforms	313,322	O	O
+.	322,323	O	O
+
+Extra	324,329	O	O
+software	330,338	O	O
+layers	339,345	O	O
+impact	346,352	O	O
+detrimentally	353,366	O	O
+on	367,369	O	O
+performance	370,381	O	O
+,	381,382	O	O
+meaning	383,390	O	O
+that	391,395	O	O
+in	396,398	O	O
+HPC	399,402	O	B-Process
+scenarios	403,412	O	O
+users	413,418	O	O
+typically	419,428	O	O
+run	429,432	O	O
+the	433,436	O	O
+applications	437,449	O	B-Material
+as	450,452	O	O
+close	453,458	O	O
+to	459,461	O	O
+the	462,465	O	O
+‘	466,467	O	O
+bare	467,471	O	O
+metal’	472,478	O	O
+as	479,481	O	O
+possible	482,490	O	O
+.	490,491	O	O
+
+In	492,494	O	O
+addition	495,503	O	O
+to	504,506	O	O
+the	507,510	O	O
+performance	511,522	O	O
+degradation	523,534	O	O
+introduced	535,545	O	O
+by	546,548	O	O
+virtualization	549,563	O	B-Process
+technologies	564,576	O	I-Process
+,	576,577	O	O
+choosing	578,586	O	O
+what	587,591	O	O
+details	592,599	O	O
+to	600,602	O	O
+abstract	603,611	O	O
+in	612,614	O	O
+a	615,616	O	O
+virtualized	617,628	O	B-Material
+interface	629,638	O	I-Material
+is	639,641	O	O
+itself	642,648	O	O
+very	649,653	O	O
+important	654,663	O	O
+.	663,664	O	O
+
+Grid	665,669	O	B-Process
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+computing	680,689	O	I-Process
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+different	698,707	O	O
+interaction	708,719	O	B-Process
+models	720,726	O	I-Process
+.	726,727	O	O
+
+In	728,730	O	O
+grid	731,735	O	B-Process
+computing	736,745	O	I-Process
+,	745,746	O	O
+the	747,750	O	O
+user	751,755	O	O
+interacts	756,765	O	O
+with	766,770	O	O
+an	771,773	O	O
+individual	774,784	O	O
+resource	785,793	O	O
+(	794,795	O	O
+or	795,797	O	O
+sometimes	798,807	O	O
+a	808,809	O	O
+broker	810,816	O	B-Material
+)	816,817	O	O
+in	818,820	O	O
+order	821,826	O	O
+to	827,829	O	O
+launch	830,836	O	O
+jobs	837,841	O	O
+into	842,846	O	O
+a	847,848	O	O
+queuing	849,856	O	B-Process
+system	857,863	O	I-Process
+.	863,864	O	O
+
+In	865,867	O	O
+cloud	868,873	O	B-Process
+computing	874,883	O	I-Process
+,	883,884	O	O
+users	885,890	O	O
+interact	891,899	O	O
+with	900,904	O	O
+a	905,906	O	O
+virtual	907,914	O	B-Material
+server	915,921	O	I-Material
+,	921,922	O	O
+in	923,925	O	O
+effect	926,932	O	O
+putting	933,940	O	O
+them	941,945	O	O
+in	946,948	O	O
+control	949,956	O	O
+of	957,959	O	O
+their	960,965	O	O
+own	966,969	O	O
+complete	970,978	O	O
+operating	979,988	O	O
+system	989,995	O	O
+.	995,996	O	O
+
+Both	997,1001	O	O
+of	1002,1004	O	O
+these	1005,1010	O	O
+interaction	1011,1022	O	B-Process
+models	1023,1029	O	I-Process
+put	1030,1033	O	O
+the	1034,1037	O	O
+onus	1038,1042	O	O
+on	1043,1045	O	O
+the	1046,1049	O	O
+user	1050,1054	O	O
+to	1055,1057	O	O
+understand	1058,1068	O	O
+very	1069,1073	O	O
+specific	1074,1082	O	O
+details	1083,1090	O	O
+of	1091,1093	O	O
+the	1094,1097	O	O
+system	1098,1104	O	O
+that	1105,1109	O	O
+they	1110,1114	O	O
+are	1115,1118	O	O
+dealing	1119,1126	O	O
+with	1127,1131	O	O
+,	1131,1132	O	O
+making	1133,1139	O	O
+life	1140,1144	O	O
+difficult	1145,1154	O	O
+for	1155,1158	O	O
+the	1159,1162	O	O
+end	1163,1166	O	O
+user	1167,1171	O	O
+,	1171,1172	O	O
+typically	1173,1182	O	O
+a	1183,1184	O	O
+scientist	1185,1194	O	O
+who	1195,1198	O	O
+wants	1199,1204	O	O
+to	1205,1207	O	O
+progress	1208,1216	O	O
+his	1217,1220	O	O
+or	1221,1223	O	O
+her	1224,1227	O	O
+scientific	1228,1238	O	O
+investigations	1239,1253	O	O
+without	1254,1261	O	O
+any	1262,1265	O	O
+specific	1266,1274	O	O
+usability	1275,1284	O	O
+hurdles	1285,1292	O	O
+obstructing	1293,1304	O	O
+the	1305,1308	O	O
+pathway	1309,1316	O	O
+.	1316,1317	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1877750315000460)
+
+FabHemeLB	0,9	O	B-Material
+is	10,12	O	O
+a	13,14	O	O
+Python	15,21	O	B-Material
+tool	22,26	O	I-Material
+which	27,32	O	O
+helps	33,38	O	O
+automate	39,47	O	B-Task
+the	48,51	O	I-Task
+construction	52,64	O	I-Task
+and	65,68	O	I-Task
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+of	80,82	O	I-Task
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+.	112,113	O	O
+
+FabHemeLB	114,123	O	B-Material
+is	124,126	O	O
+an	127,129	O	O
+extended	130,138	O	O
+version	139,146	O	O
+of	147,149	O	O
+FabSim	150,156	O	B-Material
+[	157,158	O	O
+27	158,160	O	O
+]	160,161	O	O
+configured	162,172	O	O
+to	173,175	O	O
+handle	176,182	O	O
+HemeLB	183,189	O	B-Material
+operations	190,200	O	O
+.	200,201	O	O
+
+Both	202,206	O	O
+FabSim	207,213	O	B-Material
+and	214,217	O	O
+FabHemeLB	218,227	O	B-Material
+help	228,232	O	O
+to	233,235	O	O
+automate	236,244	O	B-Task
+application	245,256	O	I-Task
+deployment	257,267	O	I-Task
+,	267,268	O	I-Task
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+analysis	288,296	O	I-Task
+on	297,299	O	I-Task
+remote	300,306	O	I-Task
+resources	307,316	O	I-Task
+.	316,317	O	O
+
+FabHemeLB	318,327	O	B-Material
+can	328,331	O	O
+be	332,334	O	O
+used	335,339	O	O
+to	340,342	O	O
+compile	343,350	O	O
+and	351,354	O	O
+build	355,360	O	O
+HemeLB	361,367	O	B-Material
+on	368,370	O	O
+any	371,374	O	O
+remote	375,381	O	O
+resource	382,390	O	O
+,	390,391	O	O
+to	392,394	O	O
+reuse	395,400	O	O
+machine	401,408	O	O
+-	408,409	O	O
+specific	409,417	O	O
+configurations	418,432	O	O
+,	432,433	O	O
+and	434,437	O	O
+to	438,440	O	O
+organize	441,449	O	B-Process
+and	450,453	O	I-Process
+curate	454,460	O	I-Process
+simulation	461,471	O	I-Process
+data	472,476	O	I-Process
+.	476,477	O	O
+
+It	478,480	O	O
+can	481,484	O	O
+also	485,489	O	O
+submit	490,496	O	O
+HemeLB	497,503	O	B-Material
+jobs	504,508	O	O
+to	509,511	O	O
+a	512,513	O	O
+remote	514,520	O	O
+resource	521,529	O	O
+specifying	530,540	O	O
+the	541,544	O	O
+number	545,551	O	O
+of	552,554	O	O
+cores	555,560	O	O
+and	561,564	O	O
+the	565,568	O	O
+wall	569,573	O	O
+clock	574,579	O	O
+time	580,584	O	O
+limit	585,590	O	O
+for	591,594	O	O
+completing	595,605	O	O
+a	606,607	O	O
+simulation	608,618	O	B-Process
+.	618,619	O	O
+
+The	620,623	O	O
+tool	624,628	O	O
+is	629,631	O	O
+also	632,636	O	O
+able	637,641	O	O
+to	642,644	O	O
+monitor	645,652	O	B-Process
+the	653,656	O	I-Process
+queue	657,662	O	I-Process
+status	663,669	O	I-Process
+on	670,672	O	I-Process
+remote	673,679	O	I-Process
+resources	680,689	O	I-Process
+,	689,690	O	O
+fetch	691,696	O	B-Process
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+of	705,707	O	I-Process
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+,	722,723	O	O
+and	724,727	O	O
+can	728,731	O	O
+conveniently	732,744	O	O
+combine	745,752	O	B-Process
+functionalities	753,768	O	I-Process
+into	769,773	O	I-Process
+single	774,780	O	I-Process
+one	781,784	O	I-Process
+-	784,785	O	I-Process
+line	785,789	O	I-Process
+commands	790,798	O	I-Process
+.	798,799	O	O
+
+In	800,802	O	O
+general	803,810	O	O
+,	810,811	O	O
+the	812,815	O	O
+FabHemeLB	816,825	O	B-Material
+commands	826,834	O	O
+have	835,839	O	O
+the	840,843	O	O
+following	844,853	O	O
+structure	854,863	O	O
+:	863,864	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000431)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
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+,	13,14	O	O
+an	15,17	O	O
+implementation	18,32	O	O
+of	33,35	O	O
+a	36,37	O	O
+LBP	38,41	O	B-Material
+(	42,43	O	O
+local	43,48	O	B-Material
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+)	63,64	O	O
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+.	132,133	O	O
+
+First	134,139	O	O
+,	139,140	O	O
+face	141,145	O	O
+in	146,148	O	O
+picture	149,156	O	O
+taken	157,162	O	O
+from	163,167	O	O
+camera	168,174	O	O
+is	175,177	O	O
+detected	178,186	O	O
+using	187,192	O	O
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+.	211,212	O	O
+
+Second	213,219	O	O
+,	219,220	O	O
+the	221,224	O	O
+pre	225,228	O	O
+-	228,229	O	O
+processing	229,239	O	O
+of	240,242	O	O
+the	243,246	O	O
+face	247,251	O	O
+is	252,254	O	O
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+,	259,260	O	O
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+,	283,284	O	I-Task
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+,	308,309	O	I-Task
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+.	336,337	O	O
+
+During	338,344	O	O
+the	345,348	O	O
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+,	367,368	O	O
+a	369,370	O	O
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+ER	403,405	O	B-Process
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+)	421,422	O	O
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+.	450,451	O	O
+
+Last	452,456	O	O
+,	456,457	O	O
+the	458,461	O	O
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+
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+,	575,576	O	O
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+for	624,627	O	O
+recognition	628,639	O	O
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+and	645,648	O	O
+time	649,653	O	O
+.	653,654	O	O
+
+in	655,657	O	O
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+this	666,670	O	O
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+,	676,677	O	O
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+of	696,698	O	O
+a	699,700	O	O
+LBP	701,704	O	B-Material
+(	705,706	O	O
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+recognition	744,755	O	O
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+platform	774,782	O	I-Material
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+.	795,796	O	O
+
+First	797,802	O	O
+,	802,803	O	O
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+in	809,811	O	O
+picture	812,819	O	O
+taken	820,825	O	O
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+is	838,840	O	O
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+
+Second	876,882	O	O
+,	882,883	O	O
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+-	891,892	O	I-Task
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+,	922,923	O	O
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+,	946,947	O	O
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+
+During	1001,1007	O	O
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+,	1030,1031	O	O
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+
+Last	1115,1119	O	O
+,	1119,1120	O	O
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+
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+and	1308,1311	O	O
+time	1312,1316	O	O
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+
+in	1318,1320	O	O
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+
+
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+on	33,35	O	O
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+
+In	117,119	O	O
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+
+Experimental	462,474	O	O
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+.	646,647	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221267161400105X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
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+.	86,87	O	O
+
+Scale	88,93	O	B-Process
+-	93,94	O	I-Process
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+(	122,123	O	O
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+)	130,131	O	O
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+.	151,152	O	O
+
+The	153,156	O	O
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+(	184,185	O	O
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+.	216,217	O	O
+
+These	218,223	O	O
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+are	236,239	O	O
+tested	240,246	O	O
+on	247,249	O	O
+set	250,253	O	O
+of	254,256	O	O
+depth	257,262	O	B-Material
+maps	263,267	O	I-Material
+.	267,268	O	O
+
+Ten	269,272	O	O
+defined	273,280	O	O
+gestures	281,289	O	O
+of	290,292	O	O
+left	293,297	O	O
+hand	298,302	O	O
+are	303,306	O	O
+in	307,309	O	O
+these	310,315	O	O
+depth	316,321	O	O
+maps	322,326	O	O
+.	326,327	O	O
+
+The	328,331	O	O
+Microsoft	332,341	O	B-Process
+Kinect	342,348	O	I-Process
+camera	349,355	O	I-Process
+is	356,358	O	O
+used	359,363	O	O
+for	364,367	O	O
+capturing	368,377	O	O
+the	378,381	O	O
+images	382,388	O	O
+[	389,390	O	O
+1	390,391	O	O
+]	391,392	O	O
+.	392,393	O	O
+
+The	394,397	O	O
+Support	398,405	O	B-Process
+vector	406,412	O	I-Process
+machine	413,420	O	I-Process
+(	421,422	O	O
+or	422,424	O	O
+SVM	425,428	O	B-Process
+)	428,429	O	O
+is	430,432	O	O
+used	433,437	O	O
+as	438,440	O	O
+classification	441,455	O	B-Process
+method	456,462	O	I-Process
+.	462,463	O	O
+
+The	464,467	O	O
+results	468,475	O	O
+are	476,479	O	O
+accuracy	480,488	O	O
+of	489,491	O	O
+SVM	492,495	O	B-Process
+prediction	496,506	O	O
+on	507,509	O	O
+selected	510,518	O	O
+images	519,525	O	O
+.	525,526	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221450951400014X)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+figure	5,11	O	O
+demonstrates	12,24	O	O
+that	25,29	O	O
+changes	30,37	O	B-Process
+in	38,40	O	I-Process
+the	41,44	O	I-Process
+measure	45,52	O	I-Process
+of	53,55	O	I-Process
+bitumen	56,63	O	I-Process
+content	64,71	O	I-Process
+create	72,78	O	O
+sizable	79,86	O	O
+differences	87,98	O	B-Process
+in	99,101	O	I-Process
+the	102,105	O	I-Process
+stiffness	106,115	O	I-Process
+modulus	116,123	O	I-Process
+of	124,126	O	I-Process
+asphaltic	127,136	O	I-Process
+samples	137,144	O	I-Process
+that	145,149	O	O
+include	150,157	O	O
+waste	158,163	O	B-Material
+glass	164,169	O	I-Material
+cullet	170,176	O	I-Material
+.	176,177	O	O
+
+As	178,180	O	O
+the	181,184	O	O
+percentage	185,195	O	O
+of	196,198	O	O
+glass	199,204	O	B-Material
+increases	205,214	O	O
+,	214,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+measure	220,227	O	O
+of	228,230	O	O
+the	231,234	O	O
+stiffness	235,244	O	B-Process
+modulus	245,252	O	I-Process
+of	253,255	O	O
+modified	256,264	O	B-Material
+asphalt	265,272	O	I-Material
+increases	273,282	O	O
+too	283,286	O	O
+.	286,287	O	O
+
+But	288,291	O	O
+with	292,296	O	O
+pass	297,301	O	O
+of	302,304	O	O
+optimum	305,312	O	O
+measure	313,320	O	O
+of	321,323	O	O
+glass	324,329	O	B-Material
+the	330,333	O	O
+stiffness	334,343	O	B-Process
+modulus	344,351	O	I-Process
+of	352,354	O	O
+asphaltic	355,364	O	B-Material
+samples	365,372	O	I-Material
+decrease	373,381	O	O
+.	381,382	O	O
+
+This	383,387	O	O
+trend	388,393	O	O
+in	394,396	O	O
+total	397,402	O	O
+of	403,405	O	O
+percentages	406,417	O	O
+of	418,420	O	O
+bitumen	421,428	O	B-Material
+content	429,436	O	O
+is	437,439	O	O
+existing	440,448	O	O
+.	448,449	O	O
+
+Due	450,453	O	O
+to	454,456	O	O
+that	457,461	O	O
+waste	462,467	O	B-Material
+glass	468,473	O	I-Material
+cullet	474,480	O	I-Material
+has	481,484	O	O
+no	485,487	O	O
+suction	488,495	O	O
+;	495,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+trend	501,506	O	O
+does	507,511	O	O
+not	512,515	O	O
+extend	516,522	O	O
+to	523,525	O	O
+measuring	526,535	O	O
+the	536,539	O	O
+stiffness	540,549	O	B-Process
+modulus	550,557	O	I-Process
+of	558,560	O	O
+asphaltic	561,570	O	B-Material
+samples	571,578	O	I-Material
+including	579,588	O	O
+waste	589,594	O	B-Material
+glass	595,600	O	I-Material
+cullet	601,607	O	I-Material
+with	608,612	O	O
+different	613,622	O	O
+percentage	623,633	O	O
+of	634,636	O	O
+bitumen	637,644	O	B-Material
+content	645,652	O	O
+.	652,653	O	O
+
+Glass	654,659	O	B-Material
+particles	660,669	O	I-Material
+do	670,672	O	O
+not	673,676	O	O
+absorb	677,683	O	O
+any	684,687	O	O
+bituminous	688,698	O	B-Material
+material	699,707	O	I-Material
+,	707,708	O	O
+so	709,711	O	O
+it	712,714	O	O
+is	715,717	O	O
+necessary	718,727	O	O
+to	728,730	O	O
+decrease	731,739	O	O
+the	740,743	O	O
+bitumen	744,751	O	B-Material
+content	752,759	O	O
+with	760,764	O	O
+the	765,768	O	O
+addition	769,777	O	O
+of	778,780	O	O
+glass	781,786	O	B-Material
+cullet	787,793	O	I-Material
+.	793,794	O	O
+
+According	795,804	O	O
+to	805,807	O	O
+Fig	808,811	O	O
+.	811,812	O	O
+
+2	813,814	O	O
+and	815,818	O	O
+the	819,822	O	O
+results	823,830	O	O
+of	831,833	O	O
+the	834,837	O	O
+Marshall	838,846	O	B-Process
+tests	847,852	O	I-Process
+,	852,853	O	O
+the	854,857	O	O
+optimum	858,865	O	O
+bitumen	866,873	O	B-Material
+measures	874,882	O	O
+decrease	883,891	O	O
+significantly	892,905	O	O
+in	906,908	O	O
+samples	909,916	O	O
+that	917,921	O	O
+include	922,929	O	O
+higher	930,936	O	O
+percentages	937,948	O	O
+of	949,951	O	O
+waste	952,957	O	B-Material
+glass	958,963	O	I-Material
+cullet	964,970	O	I-Material
+.	970,971	O	O
+
+As	972,974	O	O
+the	975,978	O	O
+percentage	979,989	O	O
+of	990,992	O	O
+optimum	993,1000	O	O
+bitumen	1001,1008	O	B-Material
+content	1009,1016	O	O
+is	1017,1019	O	O
+1	1020,1021	O	O
+%	1021,1022	O	O
+more	1023,1027	O	O
+in	1028,1030	O	O
+samples	1031,1038	O	O
+without	1039,1046	O	O
+waste	1047,1052	O	B-Material
+glass	1053,1058	O	I-Material
+cullet	1059,1065	O	I-Material
+in	1066,1068	O	O
+comparison	1069,1079	O	O
+with	1080,1084	O	O
+saphaltic	1085,1094	O	B-Material
+samples	1095,1102	O	I-Material
+that	1103,1107	O	O
+include	1108,1115	O	O
+20	1116,1118	O	O
+%	1118,1119	O	O
+waste	1120,1125	O	B-Material
+glass	1126,1131	O	I-Material
+cullet	1132,1138	O	I-Material
+.	1138,1139	O	O
+
+The	1140,1143	O	O
+stiffness	1144,1153	O	B-Process
+modulus	1154,1161	O	I-Process
+of	1162,1164	O	O
+asphaltic	1165,1174	O	B-Material
+samples	1175,1182	O	I-Material
+that	1183,1187	O	O
+include	1188,1195	O	O
+waste	1196,1201	O	B-Material
+glass	1202,1207	O	I-Material
+cullet	1208,1214	O	I-Material
+increased	1215,1224	O	O
+due	1225,1228	O	O
+to	1229,1231	O	O
+additional	1232,1242	O	O
+interlocking	1243,1255	O	B-Process
+between	1256,1263	O	O
+the	1264,1267	O	O
+aggregate	1268,1277	O	O
+and	1278,1281	O	O
+the	1282,1285	O	O
+angularity	1286,1296	O	O
+of	1297,1299	O	O
+particles	1300,1309	O	O
+of	1310,1312	O	O
+glass	1313,1318	O	B-Material
+cullet	1319,1325	O	I-Material
+content	1326,1333	O	O
+.	1333,1334	O	O
+
+The	1335,1338	O	O
+increase	1339,1347	O	O
+in	1348,1350	O	O
+the	1351,1354	O	O
+intrusive	1355,1364	O	O
+friction	1365,1373	O	O
+angle	1374,1379	O	O
+because	1380,1387	O	O
+of	1388,1390	O	O
+the	1391,1394	O	O
+glass	1395,1400	O	B-Material
+particles’	1401,1411	O	I-Material
+increased	1412,1421	O	O
+angularity	1422,1432	O	O
+is	1433,1435	O	O
+the	1436,1439	O	O
+main	1440,1444	O	O
+reason	1445,1451	O	O
+for	1452,1455	O	O
+the	1456,1459	O	O
+addition	1460,1468	O	O
+of	1469,1471	O	O
+the	1472,1475	O	O
+stiffness	1476,1485	O	B-Process
+modulus	1486,1493	O	I-Process
+of	1494,1496	O	O
+asphaltic	1497,1506	O	B-Material
+samples	1507,1514	O	I-Material
+that	1515,1519	O	O
+include	1520,1527	O	O
+waste	1528,1533	O	B-Material
+glass	1534,1539	O	I-Material
+cullet	1540,1546	O	I-Material
+.	1546,1547	O	O
+
+But	1548,1551	O	O
+as	1552,1554	O	O
+the	1555,1558	O	O
+percentage	1559,1569	O	O
+of	1570,1572	O	O
+glass	1573,1578	O	B-Material
+content	1579,1586	O	O
+reaches	1587,1594	O	O
+greater	1595,1602	O	O
+than	1603,1607	O	O
+15	1608,1610	O	O
+%	1610,1611	O	O
+,	1611,1612	O	O
+the	1613,1616	O	O
+particles’	1617,1627	O	B-Material
+abundance	1628,1637	O	O
+cause	1638,1643	O	O
+slip	1644,1648	O	O
+these	1649,1654	O	O
+particles	1655,1664	O	O
+on	1665,1667	O	O
+together	1668,1676	O	O
+.	1676,1677	O	O
+
+The	1678,1681	O	O
+stiffness	1682,1691	O	B-Process
+modulus	1692,1699	O	I-Process
+of	1700,1702	O	O
+samples	1703,1710	O	O
+decreases	1711,1720	O	O
+as	1721,1723	O	O
+the	1724,1727	O	O
+percentage	1728,1738	O	O
+of	1739,1741	O	O
+glass	1742,1747	O	B-Material
+cullet	1748,1754	O	I-Material
+increases	1755,1764	O	O
+.	1764,1765	O	O
+
+The	1766,1769	O	O
+variations	1770,1780	O	O
+in	1781,1783	O	O
+the	1784,1787	O	O
+stiffness	1788,1797	O	B-Process
+modulus	1798,1805	O	I-Process
+of	1806,1808	O	O
+asphaltic	1809,1818	O	B-Material
+samples	1819,1826	O	I-Material
+that	1827,1831	O	O
+include	1832,1839	O	O
+different	1840,1849	O	O
+percentages	1850,1861	O	O
+of	1862,1864	O	O
+waste	1865,1870	O	B-Material
+glass	1871,1876	O	I-Material
+cullet	1877,1883	O	I-Material
+at	1884,1886	O	O
+different	1887,1896	O	O
+temperature	1897,1908	O	O
+are	1909,1912	O	O
+shown	1913,1918	O	O
+in	1919,1921	O	O
+Fig	1922,1925	O	O
+.	1925,1926	O	O
+
+3	1927,1928	O	O
+.	1928,1929	O	O
+
+
diff --git a/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt b/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8795f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/ner/semeval2017/train.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,69550 @@
+-DOCSTART- (S0003491615000433)
+
+Nuclear	0,7	O	B-Task
+theory	8,14	O	I-Task
+devoted	15,22	O	O
+major	23,28	O	O
+efforts	29,36	O	O
+since	37,42	O	O
+4	43,44	O	O
+decades	45,52	O	O
+to	53,55	O	O
+describe	56,64	O	O
+thermalization	65,79	O	B-Task
+in	80,82	O	O
+nuclear	83,90	O	B-Process
+reactions	91,100	O	I-Process
+,	100,101	O	O
+predominantly	102,115	O	O
+using	116,121	O	O
+semi	122,126	O	B-Process
+-	126,127	O	I-Process
+classical	127,136	O	I-Process
+methods	137,144	O	I-Process
+[	146,147	O	O
+13,14,10	147,155	O	O
+]	155,156	O	O
+,	156,157	O	O
+in	158,160	O	O
+line	161,165	O	O
+with	166,170	O	O
+similar	171,178	O	O
+problems	179,187	O	O
+in	188,190	O	O
+quantum	191,198	O	B-Material
+liquids	199,206	O	I-Material
+[	208,209	O	O
+15,16	209,214	O	O
+]	214,215	O	O
+.	215,216	O	O
+
+There	217,222	O	O
+were	223,227	O	O
+attempts	228,236	O	O
+to	237,239	O	O
+develop	240,247	O	O
+improved	248,256	O	B-Process
+molecular	257,266	O	I-Process
+dynamics	267,275	O	I-Process
+methods	276,283	O	I-Process
+combining	284,293	O	B-Task
+quantum	294,301	O	I-Task
+features	302,310	O	I-Task
+with	311,315	O	O
+a	316,317	O	O
+semi	318,322	O	B-Process
+classical	323,332	O	I-Process
+treatment	333,342	O	I-Process
+of	343,345	O	I-Process
+dynamical	346,355	O	I-Process
+correlations	356,368	O	I-Process
+[	370,371	O	O
+17,18	371,376	O	O
+]	376,377	O	O
+.	377,378	O	O
+
+Still	379,384	O	O
+,	384,385	O	O
+no	386,388	O	O
+clear	389,394	O	O
+-	394,395	O	O
+cut	395,398	O	O
+quantum	399,406	O	B-Process
+approach	407,415	O	I-Process
+is	416,418	O	O
+readily	419,426	O	O
+available	427,436	O	O
+yet	437,440	O	O
+,	440,441	O	O
+in	442,444	O	O
+spite	445,450	O	O
+of	451,453	O	O
+numerous	454,462	O	O
+formal	463,469	O	O
+attempts	470,478	O	O
+[	479,480	O	O
+19,20,10	480,488	O	O
+]	488,489	O	O
+.	489,490	O	O
+
+The	491,494	O	O
+field	495,500	O	B-Task
+of	501,503	O	I-Task
+clusters	504,512	O	I-Task
+and	513,516	O	I-Task
+nano	517,521	O	I-Task
+structures	522,532	O	I-Task
+is	533,535	O	O
+far	536,539	O	O
+younger	540,547	O	O
+but	548,551	O	O
+fast	552,556	O	O
+developing	557,567	O	O
+in	568,570	O	O
+relation	571,579	O	O
+to	580,582	O	O
+the	583,586	O	O
+ongoing	587,594	O	O
+developments	595,607	O	O
+of	608,610	O	O
+lasers	611,617	O	B-Process
+and	618,621	O	O
+imaging	622,629	O	B-Process
+techniques	630,640	O	I-Process
+.	640,641	O	O
+
+Semiclassical	642,655	O	O
+approaches	656,666	O	O
+were	667,671	O	O
+also	672,676	O	O
+considered	677,687	O	O
+in	688,690	O	O
+the	691,694	O	O
+field	695,700	O	O
+to	701,703	O	O
+include	704,711	O	O
+some	712,716	O	O
+dynamical	717,726	O	O
+corrections	727,738	O	O
+[	740,741	O	O
+21,22	741,746	O	O
+]	746,747	O	O
+and	748,751	O	O
+could	752,757	O	O
+qualitatively	758,771	O	B-Process
+describe	772,780	O	I-Process
+dynamical	781,790	O	I-Process
+processes	791,800	O	I-Process
+.	800,801	O	I-Process
+
+But	802,805	O	O
+such	806,810	O	O
+approaches	811,821	O	O
+are	822,825	O	O
+bound	826,831	O	O
+to	832,834	O	O
+simple	835,841	O	B-Material
+metals	842,848	O	I-Material
+with	849,853	O	I-Material
+sufficiently	854,866	O	I-Material
+delocalized	867,878	O	I-Material
+wave	879,883	O	I-Material
+functions	884,893	O	I-Material
+,	893,894	O	O
+and	895,898	O	O
+thus	899,903	O	O
+smooth	904,910	O	O
+potentials	911,921	O	O
+justifying	922,932	O	O
+semiclassical	933,946	O	O
+approximations	947,961	O	O
+.	961,962	O	O
+
+The	963,966	O	O
+case	967,971	O	O
+of	972,974	O	O
+organic	975,982	O	B-Task
+systems	983,990	O	I-Task
+,	990,991	O	O
+in	992,994	O	O
+particular	995,1005	O	O
+the	1006,1009	O	O
+much	1010,1014	O	O
+celebrated	1015,1025	O	O
+C60	1026,1029	O	B-Material
+
+[	1032,1033	O	O
+4,23	1033,1037	O	O
+]	1037,1038	O	O
+,	1038,1039	O	O
+can	1040,1043	O	O
+not	1043,1046	O	O
+be	1047,1049	O	O
+treated	1050,1057	O	O
+this	1058,1062	O	O
+way	1063,1066	O	O
+.	1066,1067	O	O
+
+Semi	1068,1072	O	O
+classical	1073,1082	O	O
+,	1082,1083	O	O
+and	1084,1087	O	O
+even	1088,1092	O	O
+classical	1093,1102	O	O
+approaches	1103,1113	O	O
+,	1113,1114	O	O
+can	1115,1118	O	O
+be	1119,1121	O	O
+used	1122,1126	O	O
+at	1127,1129	O	O
+very	1130,1134	O	O
+high	1135,1139	O	O
+excitations	1140,1151	O	O
+such	1152,1156	O	O
+as	1157,1159	O	O
+delivered	1160,1169	O	O
+by	1170,1172	O	O
+very	1173,1177	O	B-Process
+intense	1178,1185	O	I-Process
+laser	1186,1191	O	I-Process
+pulses	1192,1198	O	I-Process
+
+[	1200,1201	O	O
+2	1201,1202	O	O
+]	1202,1203	O	O
+.	1203,1204	O	O
+
+In	1205,1207	O	O
+such	1208,1212	O	O
+cases	1213,1218	O	O
+the	1219,1222	O	O
+system	1223,1229	O	O
+is	1230,1232	O	O
+blown	1233,1238	O	O
+up	1239,1241	O	O
+and	1242,1245	O	O
+details	1246,1253	O	O
+of	1254,1256	O	O
+its	1257,1260	O	O
+quantum	1261,1268	O	B-Task
+mechanical	1269,1279	O	I-Task
+features	1280,1288	O	I-Task
+do	1289,1291	O	O
+not	1292,1295	O	O
+matter	1296,1302	O	O
+anymore	1303,1310	O	O
+.	1310,1311	O	O
+
+But	1312,1315	O	O
+for	1316,1319	O	O
+less	1320,1324	O	O
+violent	1325,1332	O	O
+scenarios	1333,1342	O	O
+,	1342,1343	O	O
+quantum	1344,1351	O	B-Process
+shell	1352,1357	O	I-Process
+effects	1358,1365	O	I-Process
+can	1366,1369	O	O
+not	1369,1372	O	O
+be	1373,1375	O	O
+ignored	1376,1383	O	O
+.	1383,1384	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0003491615001505)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+next	4,8	O	O
+important	9,18	O	O
+step	19,23	O	O
+might	24,29	O	O
+be	30,32	O	O
+the	33,36	O	O
+derivation	37,47	O	O
+of	48,50	O	O
+the	51,54	O	O
+Dirac	55,60	O	B-Process
+equation	61,69	O	I-Process
+.	69,70	O	O
+
+The	71,74	O	B-Process
+Creutz	75,81	O	I-Process
+model	82,87	O	I-Process
+[	89,90	O	O
+32	90,92	O	O
+]	92,93	O	O
+suggests	94,102	O	O
+that	103,107	O	O
+we	108,110	O	O
+should	111,117	O	O
+consider	118,126	O	O
+incorporating	127,140	O	O
+into	141,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+logical	150,157	O	O
+inference	158,167	O	O
+treatment	168,177	O	O
+,	177,178	O	O
+the	179,182	O	O
+additional	183,193	O	O
+knowledge	194,203	O	O
+that	204,208	O	O
+one	209,212	O	O
+has	213,216	O	O
+objects	217,224	O	B-Process
+hopping	225,232	O	I-Process
+on	233,235	O	I-Process
+a	236,237	O	I-Process
+lattice	238,245	O	I-Process
+instead	246,253	O	I-Process
+of	254,256	O	I-Process
+particles	257,266	O	I-Process
+moving	267,273	O	O
+in	274,276	O	O
+a	277,278	O	O
+space	279,284	O	O
+-	284,285	O	O
+time	285,289	O	O
+continuum	290,299	O	O
+.	299,300	O	O
+
+Recall	301,307	O	O
+that	308,312	O	O
+up	313,315	O	O
+to	316,318	O	O
+Section	319,326	O	O
+2.4	328,331	O	O
+,	331,332	O	O
+the	333,336	O	O
+description	337,348	O	O
+of	349,351	O	O
+the	352,355	O	O
+measurement	356,367	O	B-Task
+scenario	368,376	O	I-Task
+,	376,377	O	O
+robustness	378,388	O	O
+etc	389,392	O	O
+.	392,393	O	O
+is	394,396	O	O
+explicitly	397,407	O	O
+discrete	408,416	O	O
+.	416,417	O	O
+
+In	418,420	O	O
+Section	421,428	O	O
+2.4	430,433	O	O
+,	433,434	O	O
+the	435,438	O	O
+continuum	439,448	O	O
+limit	449,454	O	O
+was	455,458	O	O
+taken	459,464	O	O
+only	465,469	O	O
+because	470,477	O	O
+our	478,481	O	O
+aim	482,485	O	O
+was	486,489	O	O
+to	490,492	O	O
+derive	493,499	O	O
+the	500,503	O	O
+Pauli	504,509	O	B-Process
+equation	510,518	O	I-Process
+,	518,519	O	O
+which	520,525	O	O
+is	526,528	O	O
+formulated	529,539	O	O
+in	540,542	O	O
+continuum	543,552	O	B-Material
+space	553,558	O	I-Material
+-	558,559	O	I-Material
+time	559,563	O	I-Material
+.	563,564	O	O
+
+Of	565,567	O	O
+course	568,574	O	O
+,	574,575	O	O
+the	576,579	O	O
+description	580,591	O	O
+of	592,594	O	O
+the	595,598	O	O
+motion	599,605	O	B-Task
+of	606,608	O	I-Task
+the	609,612	O	I-Task
+particle	613,621	O	I-Task
+in	622,624	O	O
+Section	625,632	O	O
+2.6	634,637	O	O
+is	638,640	O	O
+entirely	641,649	O	O
+within	650,656	O	O
+a	657,658	O	O
+continuum	659,668	O	O
+description	669,680	O	O
+but	681,684	O	O
+there	685,690	O	O
+is	691,693	O	O
+no	694,696	O	O
+fundamental	697,708	O	O
+obstacle	709,717	O	O
+to	718,720	O	O
+replace	721,728	O	O
+this	729,733	O	O
+treatment	734,743	O	O
+by	744,746	O	O
+a	747,748	O	O
+proper	749,755	O	O
+treatment	756,765	O	O
+of	766,768	O	O
+objects	769,776	O	B-Material
+hopping	777,784	O	O
+on	785,787	O	O
+a	788,789	O	O
+lattice	790,797	O	B-Material
+.	797,798	O	O
+
+Therefore	799,808	O	O
+it	809,811	O	O
+seems	812,817	O	O
+plausible	818,827	O	O
+that	828,832	O	O
+the	833,836	O	O
+logical	837,844	O	O
+inference	845,854	O	O
+approach	855,863	O	O
+can	864,867	O	O
+be	868,870	O	O
+extended	871,879	O	O
+to	880,882	O	O
+describe	883,891	O	O
+massless	892,900	O	B-Material
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+particles	910,919	O	I-Material
+moving	920,926	O	O
+in	927,929	O	O
+continuum	930,939	O	O
+space	940,945	O	O
+-	945,946	O	O
+time	946,950	O	O
+by	951,953	O	O
+considering	954,965	O	O
+the	966,969	O	O
+continuum	970,979	O	O
+limit	980,985	O	O
+of	986,988	O	O
+the	989,992	O	O
+corresponding	993,1006	O	O
+lattice	1007,1014	O	B-Process
+model	1015,1020	O	I-Process
+.	1020,1021	O	O
+
+An	1022,1024	O	O
+in	1025,1027	O	O
+-	1027,1028	O	O
+depth	1028,1033	O	O
+,	1033,1034	O	O
+general	1035,1042	O	O
+treatment	1043,1052	O	O
+of	1053,1055	O	O
+this	1056,1060	O	O
+problem	1061,1068	O	O
+is	1069,1071	O	O
+beyond	1072,1078	O	O
+the	1079,1082	O	O
+scope	1083,1088	O	O
+of	1089,1091	O	O
+the	1092,1095	O	O
+present	1096,1103	O	O
+paper	1104,1109	O	O
+and	1110,1113	O	O
+we	1114,1116	O	O
+therefore	1117,1126	O	O
+leave	1127,1132	O	O
+this	1133,1137	O	O
+interesting	1138,1149	O	O
+problem	1150,1157	O	O
+for	1158,1161	O	O
+future	1162,1168	O	B-Task
+research	1169,1177	O	I-Task
+.	1177,1178	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0003491615001955)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+fluctuating	2,13	O	B-Material
+vacuum	14,20	O	I-Material
+is	21,23	O	O
+a	24,25	O	O
+general	26,33	O	O
+feature	34,41	O	O
+of	42,44	O	O
+quantum	45,52	O	B-Task
+fields	53,59	O	I-Task
+,	59,60	O	O
+of	61,63	O	O
+which	64,69	O	O
+the	70,73	O	O
+free	74,78	O	B-Process
+Maxwell	79,86	O	I-Process
+field	87,92	O	I-Process
+considered	93,103	O	O
+in	104,106	O	O
+[	108,109	O	O
+1–12	109,113	O	O
+]	113,114	O	O
+is	115,117	O	O
+but	118,121	O	O
+one	122,125	O	O
+example	126,133	O	O
+.	133,134	O	O
+
+Fermionic	135,144	O	B-Process
+fields	145,151	O	I-Process
+such	152,156	O	O
+as	157,159	O	O
+that	160,164	O	O
+describing	165,175	O	O
+the	176,179	O	O
+electron	180,188	O	O
+,	188,189	O	O
+also	190,194	O	O
+undergo	195,202	O	B-Process
+vacuum	203,209	O	I-Process
+fluctuations	210,222	O	I-Process
+,	222,223	O	O
+consequently	224,236	O	O
+one	237,240	O	O
+expects	241,248	O	O
+to	249,251	O	O
+find	252,256	O	O
+Casimir	257,264	O	B-Process
+effects	265,272	O	I-Process
+associated	273,283	O	O
+with	284,288	O	O
+such	289,293	O	B-Process
+fields	294,300	O	I-Process
+whenever	301,309	O	O
+they	310,314	O	O
+are	315,318	O	O
+confined	319,327	O	O
+in	328,330	O	O
+some	331,335	O	O
+way	336,339	O	O
+.	339,340	O	O
+
+Such	341,345	O	O
+effects	346,353	O	O
+were	354,358	O	O
+first	359,364	O	O
+investigated	365,377	O	O
+in	378,380	O	O
+the	381,384	O	O
+context	385,392	O	O
+of	393,395	O	O
+nuclear	396,403	O	B-Task
+physics	404,411	O	I-Task
+,	411,412	O	O
+within	413,419	O	O
+the	420,423	O	O
+so	424,426	O	O
+-	426,427	O	O
+called	427,433	O	O
+“	434,435	O	B-Task
+MIT	435,438	O	I-Task
+bag	439,442	O	I-Task
+model	443,448	O	I-Task
+”	448,449	O	I-Task
+of	450,452	O	I-Task
+the	453,456	O	I-Task
+nucleon	457,464	O	I-Task
+[	466,467	O	O
+13	467,469	O	O
+]	469,470	O	O
+.	470,471	O	O
+
+In	472,474	O	O
+the	475,478	O	O
+bag	479,482	O	O
+-	482,483	O	O
+model	483,488	O	O
+one	489,492	O	O
+envisages	493,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+nucleon	507,514	O	B-Material
+as	515,517	O	O
+a	518,519	O	B-Task
+collection	520,530	O	I-Task
+of	531,533	O	I-Task
+fermionic	534,543	O	I-Task
+fields	544,550	O	I-Task
+describing	551,561	O	I-Task
+confined	562,570	O	I-Task
+quarks	571,577	O	I-Task
+.	577,578	O	O
+
+These	579,584	O	O
+quarks	585,591	O	O
+are	592,595	O	O
+subject	596,603	O	O
+to	604,606	O	O
+a	607,608	O	O
+boundary	609,617	O	O
+condition	618,627	O	O
+at	628,630	O	O
+the	631,634	O	O
+surface	635,642	O	O
+of	643,645	O	O
+the	646,649	O	O
+‘	650,651	O	O
+bag’	651,655	O	O
+that	656,660	O	O
+represents	661,671	O	O
+the	672,675	O	O
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+’s	683,685	O	O
+surface	686,693	O	O
+.	693,694	O	O
+
+Just	695,699	O	O
+as	700,702	O	O
+in	703,705	O	O
+the	706,709	O	O
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+case	726,730	O	O
+,	730,731	O	O
+the	732,735	O	B-Process
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+boundary	740,748	O	I-Process
+condition	749,758	O	I-Process
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+the	768,771	O	I-Process
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+of	792,794	O	I-Process
+the	795,798	O	I-Process
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+,	804,805	O	O
+which	806,811	O	O
+results	812,819	O	O
+in	820,822	O	O
+the	823,826	O	O
+appearance	827,837	O	O
+of	838,840	O	O
+a	841,842	O	O
+Casimir	843,850	O	B-Task
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+
+[	858,859	O	O
+14–18	859,864	O	O
+]	864,865	O	O
+.	865,866	O	O
+
+This	867,871	O	O
+force	872,877	O	O
+,	877,878	O	O
+although	879,887	O	O
+very	888,892	O	O
+weak	893,897	O	O
+at	898,900	O	O
+a	901,902	O	O
+macroscopic	903,914	O	O
+scale	915,920	O	O
+,	920,921	O	O
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+be	926,928	O	O
+significant	929,940	O	O
+on	941,943	O	O
+the	944,947	O	O
+small	948,953	O	O
+length	954,960	O	O
+scales	961,967	O	O
+encountered	968,979	O	O
+in	980,982	O	O
+nuclear	983,990	O	B-Task
+physics	991,998	O	I-Task
+.	998,999	O	O
+
+It	1000,1002	O	O
+therefore	1003,1012	O	O
+has	1013,1016	O	O
+important	1017,1026	O	O
+consequences	1027,1039	O	O
+for	1040,1043	O	O
+the	1044,1047	O	O
+physics	1048,1055	O	O
+of	1056,1058	O	O
+the	1059,1062	O	O
+bag	1063,1066	O	B-Material
+-	1066,1067	O	I-Material
+model	1067,1072	O	I-Material
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+[	1082,1083	O	O
+19	1083,1085	O	O
+]	1085,1086	O	O
+.	1086,1087	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261409006666)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+have	3,7	O	O
+presented	8,17	O	O
+spectrally	18,28	O	B-Process
+resolved	29,37	O	I-Process
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+three	50,55	O	I-Process
+-	55,56	O	I-Process
+pulse	56,61	O	I-Process
+photon	62,68	O	I-Process
+echo	69,73	O	I-Process
+measurements	74,86	O	I-Process
+on	87,89	O	O
+Zn(II)–OEP	90,100	O	B-Material
+,	100,101	O	O
+Ni(II)–OEP	102,112	O	B-Material
+and	113,116	O	O
+Co(II)–OEP	117,127	O	B-Material
+.	127,128	O	O
+
+Increased	129,138	O	B-Task
+degree	139,145	O	I-Task
+of	146,148	O	I-Task
+freedom	149,156	O	I-Task
+in	157,159	O	O
+scans	160,165	O	O
+of	166,168	O	O
+time	169,173	O	O
+delays	174,180	O	O
+allows	181,187	O	O
+one	188,191	O	O
+to	192,194	O	O
+separate	195,203	O	B-Process
+and	204,207	O	I-Process
+extract	208,215	O	I-Process
+specific	216,224	O	I-Process
+type	225,229	O	I-Process
+of	230,232	O	I-Process
+spectroscopic	233,246	O	I-Process
+information	247,258	O	I-Process
+in	259,261	O	O
+complex	262,269	O	B-Material
+molecules	270,279	O	I-Material
+by	280,282	O	O
+studying	283,291	O	O
+spectral	292,300	O	B-Process
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+of	324,326	O	I-Process
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+signals	343,350	O	I-Process
+.	350,351	O	O
+
+By	352,354	O	O
+varying	355,362	O	B-Process
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+times	378,383	O	I-Process
+,	383,384	O	O
+population	385,395	O	B-Task
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+dynamics	407,415	O	I-Task
+and	416,419	O	O
+inhomogeneous	420,433	O	B-Process
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+is	445,447	O	O
+revealed	448,456	O	O
+in	457,459	O	O
+the	460,463	O	O
+photon	464,470	O	B-Material
+echo	471,475	O	I-Material
+spectra	476,483	O	I-Material
+.	483,484	O	O
+
+Time	485,489	O	B-Material
+-	489,490	O	I-Material
+integrated	490,500	O	I-Material
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+signals	513,520	O	I-Material
+show	521,525	O	O
+two	526,529	O	O
+different	530,539	O	O
+timescales	540,550	O	B-Material
+.	550,551	O	O
+
+The	552,555	O	O
+electronic	556,566	O	B-Material
+relaxation	567,577	O	I-Material
+timescale	578,587	O	I-Material
+is	588,590	O	O
+found	591,596	O	O
+to	597,599	O	O
+be	600,602	O	O
+sub	603,606	O	B-Material
+50fs	607,611	O	I-Material
+whereas	612,619	O	O
+the	620,623	O	O
+timescale	624,633	O	B-Material
+for	634,637	O	O
+intramolecular	638,652	O	B-Process
+vibrational	653,664	O	I-Process
+relaxation	665,675	O	I-Process
+,	675,676	O	O
+occurring	677,686	O	O
+in	687,689	O	O
+Q00	690,693	O	B-Material
+band	694,698	O	I-Material
+,	698,699	O	O
+was	700,703	O	O
+found	704,709	O	O
+to	710,712	O	O
+be	713,715	O	O
+over	716,720	O	O
+a	721,722	O	O
+picosecond	723,733	O	O
+for	734,737	O	O
+Co(II)–OEP	738,748	O	B-Material
+and	749,752	O	O
+Ni(II)–OEP	753,763	O	B-Material
+and	764,767	O	O
+within	768,774	O	B-Material
+a	775,776	O	I-Material
+picosecond	777,787	O	I-Material
+for	788,791	O	I-Material
+Zn(II)–OEP	792,802	O	I-Material
+.	802,803	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261412006513)
+
+Water	0,5	O	B-Material
+is	6,8	O	O
+the	9,12	O	O
+most	13,17	O	O
+important	18,27	O	O
+liquid	28,34	O	B-Material
+,	34,35	O	O
+and	36,39	O	O
+the	40,43	O	O
+nature	44,50	O	O
+of	51,53	O	O
+its	54,57	O	O
+structure	58,67	O	O
+remains	68,75	O	O
+a	76,77	O	O
+topic	78,83	O	O
+of	84,86	O	O
+keen	87,91	O	O
+debate	92,98	O	O
+and	99,102	O	O
+an	103,105	O	O
+active	106,112	O	O
+area	113,117	O	O
+of	118,120	O	O
+research	121,129	O	O
+[	130,131	O	O
+1–9	131,134	O	O
+]	134,135	O	O
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+Much	137,141	O	O
+of	142,144	O	O
+this	145,149	O	O
+debate	150,156	O	O
+centers	157,164	O	O
+around	165,171	O	O
+whether	172,179	O	O
+water	180,185	O	B-Material
+has	186,189	O	O
+a	190,191	O	O
+mainly	192,198	O	O
+tetrahedral	199,210	O	O
+structure	211,220	O	O
+with	221,225	O	O
+a	226,227	O	O
+continuum	228,237	O	O
+of	238,240	O	O
+distorted	241,250	O	B-Material
+hydrogen	251,259	O	I-Material
+bonds	260,265	O	I-Material
+,	265,266	O	O
+or	267,269	O	O
+if	270,272	O	O
+it	273,275	O	O
+contains	276,284	O	O
+a	285,286	O	O
+mixture	287,294	O	O
+of	295,297	O	O
+two	298,301	O	O
+distinct	302,310	O	O
+components	311,321	O	O
+.	321,322	O	O
+
+One	323,326	O	O
+major	327,332	O	O
+development	333,344	O	O
+in	345,347	O	O
+recent	348,354	O	O
+years	355,360	O	O
+is	361,363	O	O
+the	364,367	O	O
+application	368,379	O	O
+of	380,382	O	O
+inner	383,388	O	B-Process
+-	388,389	O	I-Process
+shell	389,394	O	I-Process
+spectroscopic	395,408	O	I-Process
+techniques	409,419	O	I-Process
+,	419,420	O	O
+such	421,425	O	O
+as	426,428	O	O
+X	429,430	O	B-Process
+-	430,431	O	I-Process
+ray	431,434	O	I-Process
+absorption	435,445	O	I-Process
+spectroscopy	446,458	O	I-Process
+(	459,460	O	O
+XAS	460,463	O	B-Process
+)	463,464	O	O
+and	465,468	O	O
+X	469,470	O	B-Process
+-	470,471	O	I-Process
+ray	471,474	O	I-Process
+emission	475,483	O	I-Process
+spectroscopy	484,496	O	I-Process
+(	497,498	O	O
+XES	498,501	O	B-Process
+)	501,502	O	O
+at	503,505	O	O
+the	506,509	O	O
+oxygen	510,516	O	B-Material
+K	517,518	O	I-Material
+-	518,519	O	I-Material
+edge	519,523	O	I-Material
+to	524,526	O	O
+investigate	527,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+structure	543,552	O	O
+of	553,555	O	O
+water	556,561	O	B-Material
+[	562,563	O	O
+2,10–12	563,570	O	O
+]	570,571	O	O
+.	571,572	O	O
+
+These	573,578	O	O
+methods	579,586	O	O
+can	587,590	O	O
+provide	591,598	O	O
+a	599,600	O	O
+direct	601,607	O	B-Process
+structural	608,618	O	I-Process
+probe	619,624	O	I-Process
+of	625,627	O	I-Process
+water	628,633	O	I-Process
+,	633,634	O	O
+providing	635,644	O	O
+insight	645,652	O	O
+into	653,657	O	O
+the	658,661	O	O
+nature	662,668	O	O
+of	669,671	O	O
+its	672,675	O	O
+hydrogen	676,684	O	B-Task
+bonding	685,692	O	I-Task
+network	693,700	O	I-Task
+.	700,701	O	O
+
+Theoretical	702,713	O	O
+studies	714,721	O	O
+play	722,726	O	O
+a	727,728	O	O
+critical	729,737	O	O
+role	738,742	O	O
+in	743,745	O	O
+these	746,751	O	O
+studies	752,759	O	O
+,	759,760	O	O
+since	761,766	O	O
+the	767,770	O	O
+analysis	771,779	O	O
+of	780,782	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+experimental	787,799	O	B-Material
+data	800,804	O	I-Material
+requires	805,813	O	O
+calculations	814,826	O	B-Material
+to	827,829	O	O
+provide	830,837	O	O
+a	838,839	O	O
+link	840,844	O	O
+between	845,852	O	O
+the	853,856	O	O
+observed	857,865	O	B-Process
+spectral	866,874	O	I-Process
+features	875,883	O	I-Process
+and	884,887	O	O
+the	888,891	O	O
+underlying	892,902	O	B-Task
+structure	903,912	O	I-Task
+.	912,913	O	O
+
+However	914,921	O	O
+,	921,922	O	O
+the	923,926	O	O
+simulation	927,937	O	O
+of	938,940	O	O
+the	941,944	O	O
+XAS	945,948	O	B-Process
+or	949,951	O	O
+XES	952,955	O	B-Process
+for	956,959	O	O
+liquid	960,966	O	B-Material
+water	967,972	O	I-Material
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+a	982,983	O	O
+difficult	984,993	O	O
+challenge	994,1003	O	O
+because	1004,1011	O	O
+it	1012,1014	O	O
+requires	1015,1023	O	O
+accurate	1024,1032	O	B-Process
+molecular	1033,1042	O	I-Process
+dynamics	1043,1051	O	I-Process
+simulations	1052,1063	O	I-Process
+to	1064,1066	O	O
+provide	1067,1074	O	O
+a	1075,1076	O	O
+correct	1077,1084	O	O
+description	1085,1096	O	O
+of	1097,1099	O	O
+the	1100,1103	O	O
+molecular	1104,1113	O	B-Task
+structure	1114,1123	O	I-Task
+coupled	1124,1131	O	O
+with	1132,1136	O	O
+accurate	1137,1145	O	O
+calculations	1146,1158	O	O
+of	1159,1161	O	O
+the	1162,1165	O	O
+spectral	1166,1174	O	B-Task
+properties	1175,1185	O	I-Task
+,	1185,1186	O	O
+i.e.	1187,1191	O	O
+excitation	1192,1202	O	B-Task
+energies	1203,1211	O	I-Task
+and	1212,1215	O	O
+line	1216,1220	O	B-Task
+intensities	1221,1232	O	I-Task
+.	1232,1233	O	O
+
+Furthermore	1234,1245	O	O
+,	1245,1246	O	O
+adequate	1247,1255	O	B-Material
+sampling	1256,1264	O	I-Material
+over	1265,1269	O	O
+molecular	1270,1279	O	B-Process
+configurations	1280,1294	O	I-Process
+also	1295,1299	O	O
+needs	1300,1305	O	O
+to	1306,1308	O	O
+be	1309,1311	O	O
+accounted	1312,1321	O	O
+for	1322,1325	O	O
+.	1325,1326	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261412012365)
+
+Under	0,5	O	O
+these	6,11	O	O
+experimental	12,24	O	O
+conditions	25,35	O	O
+,	35,36	O	O
+the	37,40	O	O
+observed	41,49	O	B-Process
+dynamics	50,58	O	I-Process
+has	59,62	O	O
+to	63,65	O	O
+occur	66,71	O	O
+where	72,77	O	O
+the	78,81	O	O
+probe	82,87	O	B-Process
+laser	88,93	O	I-Process
+induces	94,101	O	O
+the	102,105	O	O
+reactions	106,115	O	B-Task
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+in	126,128	O	O
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+ionization	137,147	O	I-Process
+[	148,149	O	O
+30	149,151	O	O
+]	151,152	O	O
+.	152,153	O	O
+
+The	154,157	O	O
+two	158,161	O	B-Process
+-	161,162	O	I-Process
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+[	179,180	O	O
+26	180,182	O	O
+]	182,183	O	O
+was	184,187	O	O
+applied	188,195	O	O
+to	196,198	O	O
+explain	199,206	O	O
+the	207,210	O	O
+above	211,216	O	O
+-	216,217	O	O
+mentioned	217,226	O	O
+fragmentation	227,240	O	B-Process
+of	241,243	O	I-Process
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+to	249,251	O	I-Process
+CPD	252,255	O	I-Process
+,	255,256	O	O
+shown	257,262	O	O
+in	263,265	O	O
+Figure	266,272	O	O
+8a	273,275	O	O
+.	275,276	O	O
+
+The	277,280	O	O
+fitting	281,288	O	O
+of	289,291	O	O
+the	292,295	O	O
+rise	296,300	O	B-Material
+and	301,304	O	I-Material
+decay	305,310	O	I-Material
+components	311,321	O	I-Material
+of	322,324	O	O
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+by	350,352	O	O
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+the	379,382	O	O
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+
+The	428,431	O	O
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++	505,506	O	I-Material
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+,	541,542	O	O
+while	543,548	O	O
+that	549,553	O	O
+for	554,557	O	O
+C5H6	558,562	O	B-Material
++	562,563	O	I-Material
+ion	564,567	O	I-Material
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+,	598,599	O	O
+respectively	600,612	O	O
+.	612,613	O	O
+
+These	614,619	O	O
+decay	620,625	O	B-Task
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+to	644,646	O	O
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+reported	662,670	O	O
+time	671,675	O	O
+constants	676,685	O	O
+of	686,688	O	O
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+]	724,725	O	O
+.	725,726	O	O
+
+The	727,730	O	O
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++	771,772	O	O
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+of	810,812	O	O
+the	813,816	O	O
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++	834,835	O	I-Material
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+24	952,954	O	O
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+
+Applying	957,965	O	B-Process
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++	1092,1093	O	I-Process
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261412013838)
+
+Experimental	0,12	O	O
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+of	21,23	O	O
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+of	37,39	O	O
+individual	40,50	O	O
+carbon	51,57	O	B-Material
+atoms	58,63	O	I-Material
+in	64,66	O	O
+graphene	67,75	O	B-Material
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+by	96,98	O	O
+the	99,102	O	O
+recent	103,109	O	O
+progress	110,118	O	O
+in	119,121	O	O
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+-	132,133	O	I-Process
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+
+The	221,224	O	O
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+,	319,320	O	O
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+[	341,342	O	O
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+formation	351,360	O	B-Process
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+3	425,426	O	O
+]	426,427	O	O
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+
+The	429,432	O	O
+AC	433,435	O	O
+-	435,436	O	O
+TEM	436,439	O	O
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+been	444,448	O	O
+also	449,453	O	O
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+in	464,466	O	O
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+in	481,483	O	O
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+time	489,493	O	O
+of	494,496	O	O
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+[	576,577	O	O
+4,5	577,580	O	O
+]	580,581	O	O
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+formation	586,595	O	B-Process
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+6	658,659	O	O
+]	659,660	O	O
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+
+Based	662,667	O	O
+on	668,670	O	O
+AC	671,673	O	B-Process
+-	673,674	O	I-Process
+TEM	674,677	O	I-Process
+observations	678,690	O	I-Process
+of	691,693	O	O
+transformation	694,708	O	O
+of	709,711	O	O
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+flake	734,739	O	I-Material
+into	740,744	O	O
+fullerene	745,754	O	B-Material
+,	754,755	O	O
+a	756,757	O	O
+new	758,761	O	O
+‘	762,763	O	B-Task
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+fullerene	804,813	O	I-Task
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+the	820,823	O	O
+electron	824,832	O	O
+beam	833,837	O	O
+radiation	838,847	O	O
+has	848,851	O	O
+been	852,856	O	O
+proposed	857,865	O	O
+[	866,867	O	O
+7	867,868	O	O
+]	868,869	O	O
+.	869,870	O	O
+
+The	871,874	O	O
+critical	875,883	O	O
+step	884,888	O	O
+in	889,891	O	O
+the	892,895	O	O
+proposed	896,904	O	B-Task
+‘	905,906	O	I-Task
+top	906,909	O	I-Task
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+of	926,928	O	I-Task
+the	929,932	O	I-Task
+fullerene	933,942	O	I-Task
+formation	943,952	O	I-Task
+is	953,955	O	O
+creation	956,964	O	B-Process
+of	965,967	O	I-Process
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+in	978,980	O	I-Process
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+flake	996,1001	O	I-Process
+as	1002,1004	O	O
+a	1005,1006	O	O
+result	1007,1013	O	O
+of	1014,1016	O	O
+knock	1017,1022	O	B-Process
+-	1022,1023	O	I-Process
+on	1023,1025	O	I-Process
+damage	1026,1032	O	I-Process
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+electrons	1036,1045	O	I-Process
+of	1046,1048	O	I-Process
+the	1049,1052	O	I-Process
+imaging	1053,1060	O	I-Process
+electron	1061,1069	O	I-Process
+beam	1070,1074	O	I-Process
+(	1075,1076	O	I-Process
+e	1076,1077	O	I-Process
+-	1077,1078	O	I-Process
+beam	1078,1082	O	I-Process
+)	1082,1083	O	I-Process
+.	1083,1084	O	O
+
+The	1085,1088	O	O
+subsequent	1089,1099	O	B-Task
+formation	1100,1109	O	I-Task
+of	1110,1112	O	I-Task
+pentagons	1113,1122	O	I-Task
+at	1123,1125	O	O
+the	1126,1129	O	O
+vacancy	1130,1137	O	O
+sites	1138,1143	O	O
+near	1144,1148	O	O
+the	1149,1152	O	O
+edge	1153,1157	O	O
+reduces	1158,1165	O	O
+the	1166,1169	O	O
+number	1170,1176	O	O
+of	1177,1179	O	O
+dangling	1180,1188	O	O
+bonds	1189,1194	O	O
+and	1195,1198	O	O
+triggers	1199,1207	O	O
+the	1208,1211	O	O
+curving	1212,1219	O	O
+process	1220,1227	O	O
+of	1228,1230	O	O
+graphene	1231,1239	O	O
+flake	1240,1245	O	O
+into	1246,1250	O	O
+a	1251,1252	O	O
+closed	1253,1259	O	O
+fullerene	1260,1269	O	O
+structure	1270,1279	O	O
+[	1280,1281	O	O
+7	1281,1282	O	O
+]	1282,1283	O	O
+.	1283,1284	O	O
+
+Thus	1285,1289	O	O
+,	1289,1290	O	O
+dynamic	1291,1298	O	O
+behaviour	1299,1308	O	O
+of	1309,1311	O	O
+vacancies	1312,1321	O	O
+near	1322,1326	O	O
+graphene	1327,1335	O	O
+edge	1336,1340	O	O
+plays	1341,1346	O	O
+a	1347,1348	O	O
+crucial	1349,1356	O	O
+role	1357,1361	O	O
+in	1362,1364	O	O
+explaining	1365,1375	O	O
+mechanisms	1376,1386	O	O
+of	1387,1389	O	O
+the	1390,1393	O	O
+e	1394,1395	O	B-Task
+-	1395,1396	O	I-Task
+beam	1396,1400	O	I-Task
+assisted	1401,1409	O	I-Task
+self	1410,1414	O	I-Task
+-	1414,1415	O	I-Task
+assembly	1415,1423	O	I-Task
+and	1424,1427	O	O
+structural	1428,1438	O	B-Task
+transformations	1439,1454	O	I-Task
+in	1455,1457	O	I-Task
+graphene	1458,1466	O	I-Task
+-	1466,1467	O	I-Task
+like	1467,1471	O	I-Task
+structures	1472,1482	O	I-Task
+.	1482,1483	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261413006738)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+PESs	4,8	O	O
+here	9,13	O	O
+employed	14,22	O	O
+have	23,27	O	O
+already	28,35	O	O
+been	36,40	O	O
+tested	41,47	O	O
+in	48,50	O	O
+order	51,56	O	O
+to	57,59	O	O
+verify	60,66	O	B-Process
+their	67,72	O	I-Process
+validity	73,81	O	I-Process
+for	82,85	O	I-Process
+dynamical	86,95	O	I-Process
+purposes	96,104	O	I-Process
+.	104,105	O	O
+
+Such	106,110	O	O
+tests	111,116	O	O
+include	117,124	O	O
+studies	125,132	O	B-Task
+of	133,135	O	I-Task
+the	136,139	O	I-Task
+nitrogen	140,148	O	I-Task
+exchange	149,157	O	I-Task
+reaction	158,166	O	I-Task
+[	167,168	O	O
+14	168,170	O	O
+]	170,171	O	O
+both	172,176	O	O
+adiabatic	177,186	O	O
+by	187,189	O	O
+running	190,197	O	O
+trajectories	198,210	O	O
+on	211,213	O	O
+the	214,217	O	O
+lowest	218,224	O	O
+surfaces	225,233	O	O
+and	234,237	O	O
+non	238,241	O	O
+-	241,242	O	O
+adiabatic	242,251	O	O
+by	252,254	O	O
+using	255,260	O	O
+the	261,264	O	O
+trajectory	265,275	O	B-Process
+surface	276,283	O	I-Process
+hoping	284,290	O	I-Process
+(	291,292	O	I-Process
+TSH	292,295	O	I-Process
+)	295,296	O	I-Process
+method	297,303	O	I-Process
+[	304,305	O	O
+22,23	305,310	O	O
+]	310,311	O	O
+for	312,315	O	O
+transitions	316,327	O	O
+to	328,330	O	O
+the	331,334	O	O
+excited	335,342	O	O
+state	343,348	O	O
+of	349,351	O	O
+same	352,356	O	O
+symmetry	357,365	O	O
+.	365,366	O	O
+
+It	367,369	O	O
+was	370,373	O	O
+concluded	374,383	O	O
+that	384,388	O	O
+nonadiabatic	389,401	O	O
+transitions	402,413	O	O
+could	414,419	O	O
+not	420,423	O	O
+make	424,428	O	O
+a	429,430	O	O
+significant	431,442	O	O
+impact	443,449	O	O
+on	450,452	O	O
+the	453,456	O	O
+rate	457,461	O	B-Material
+coefficients	462,474	O	I-Material
+,	474,475	O	O
+and	476,479	O	O
+therefore	480,489	O	O
+all	490,493	O	O
+trajectories	494,506	O	O
+here	507,511	O	O
+reported	512,520	O	O
+are	521,524	O	O
+independently	525,538	O	B-Process
+integrated	539,549	O	I-Process
+for	550,553	O	I-Process
+each	554,558	O	I-Process
+symmetry	559,567	O	I-Process
+on	568,570	O	O
+the	571,574	O	O
+corresponding	575,588	O	O
+lowest	589,595	O	O
+adiabatic	596,605	O	O
+PES	606,609	O	O
+.	609,610	O	O
+
+In	611,613	O	O
+fact	614,618	O	O
+,	618,619	O	O
+we	620,622	O	O
+have	623,627	O	O
+tested	628,634	O	O
+the	635,638	O	O
+impact	639,645	O	O
+of	646,648	O	O
+running	649,656	O	O
+the	657,660	O	O
+trajectories	661,673	O	O
+starting	674,682	O	O
+on	683,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+upper	690,695	O	O
+sheets	696,702	O	O
+,	702,703	O	O
+and	704,707	O	O
+found	708,713	O	O
+no	714,716	O	O
+vibrational	717,728	O	B-Process
+transition	729,739	O	I-Process
+to	740,742	O	O
+take	743,747	O	O
+place	748,753	O	O
+,	753,754	O	O
+only	755,759	O	O
+small	760,765	O	O
+amounts	766,773	O	O
+of	774,776	O	O
+rotational	777,787	O	B-Task
+energy	788,794	O	I-Task
+is	795,797	O	O
+exchanged	798,807	O	O
+in	808,810	O	O
+this	811,815	O	O
+case	816,820	O	O
+.	820,821	O	O
+
+Also	822,826	O	O
+neglected	827,836	O	O
+are	837,840	O	O
+electronic	841,851	O	B-Process
+transitions	852,863	O	I-Process
+to	864,866	O	I-Process
+the	867,870	O	I-Process
+quartet	871,878	O	I-Process
+state	879,884	O	I-Process
+which	885,890	O	O
+are	891,894	O	O
+believed	895,903	O	O
+to	904,906	O	O
+be	907,909	O	O
+far	910,913	O	O
+less	914,918	O	O
+probable	919,927	O	O
+than	928,932	O	O
+the	933,936	O	O
+simple	937,943	O	O
+vibrational	944,955	O	O
+energy	956,962	O	O
+transfer	963,971	O	O
+here	972,976	O	O
+studied	977,984	O	O
+due	985,988	O	O
+to	989,991	O	O
+their	992,997	O	O
+spin	998,1002	O	O
+-	1002,1003	O	O
+forbidden	1003,1012	O	O
+character	1013,1022	O	O
+.	1022,1023	O	O
+
+It	1024,1026	O	O
+should	1027,1033	O	O
+also	1034,1038	O	O
+be	1039,1041	O	O
+noted	1042,1047	O	O
+that	1048,1052	O	O
+the	1053,1056	O	O
+use	1057,1060	O	B-Process
+of	1061,1063	O	I-Process
+quasiclassical	1064,1078	O	I-Process
+trajectories	1079,1091	O	I-Process
+is	1092,1094	O	O
+justified	1095,1104	O	O
+by	1105,1107	O	O
+the	1108,1111	O	O
+large	1112,1117	O	O
+masses	1118,1124	O	O
+of	1125,1127	O	O
+the	1128,1131	O	O
+atoms	1132,1137	O	B-Material
+involved	1138,1146	O	O
+[	1147,1148	O	O
+24	1148,1150	O	O
+]	1150,1151	O	O
+.	1151,1152	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261413011111)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+optical	4,11	O	O
+properties	12,22	O	O
+of	23,25	O	O
+charged	26,33	O	O
+excitations	34,45	O	O
+are	46,49	O	O
+important	50,59	O	O
+for	60,63	O	O
+understanding	64,77	O	O
+organic	78,85	O	B-Task
+semiconductor	86,99	O	I-Task
+photophysics	100,112	O	I-Task
+.	112,113	O	O
+
+The	114,117	O	O
+injection	118,127	O	O
+of	128,130	O	O
+electric	131,139	O	B-Material
+charge	140,146	O	I-Material
+into	147,151	O	O
+organic	152,159	O	B-Material
+materials	160,169	O	I-Material
+polarizes	170,179	O	O
+the	180,183	O	O
+surroundings	184,196	O	O
+and	197,200	O	O
+changes	201,208	O	O
+the	209,212	O	O
+bond	213,217	O	O
+lengths	218,225	O	O
+around	226,232	O	O
+it	233,235	O	O
+,	235,236	O	O
+such	237,241	O	O
+an	242,244	O	O
+excitation	245,255	O	O
+is	256,258	O	O
+defined	259,266	O	O
+as	267,269	O	O
+a	270,271	O	O
+charged	272,279	O	B-Material
+polaron	280,287	O	I-Material
+.	287,288	O	O
+
+Absorption	289,299	O	O
+of	300,302	O	O
+light	303,308	O	O
+and	309,312	O	O
+fluorescence	313,325	O	O
+quenching	326,335	O	O
+by	336,338	O	O
+polarons	339,347	O	O
+are	348,351	O	O
+important	352,361	O	O
+issues	362,368	O	O
+in	369,371	O	O
+the	372,375	O	O
+operation	376,385	O	B-Task
+of	386,388	O	I-Task
+organic	389,396	O	I-Task
+optoelectronic	397,411	O	I-Task
+devices	412,419	O	I-Task
+.	419,420	O	O
+
+It	421,423	O	O
+is	424,426	O	O
+particularly	427,439	O	O
+relevant	440,448	O	O
+to	449,451	O	O
+the	452,455	O	O
+development	456,467	O	B-Task
+of	468,470	O	I-Task
+electrically	471,483	O	I-Task
+pumped	484,490	O	I-Task
+lasers	491,497	O	I-Task
+.	497,498	O	O
+
+With	499,503	O	O
+recent	504,510	O	O
+advances	511,519	O	O
+in	520,522	O	O
+materials	523,532	O	O
+properties	533,543	O	O
+and	544,547	O	O
+optical	548,555	O	O
+design	556,562	O	O
+the	563,566	O	O
+lasing	567,573	O	B-Task
+threshold	574,583	O	I-Task
+of	584,586	O	I-Task
+organic	587,594	O	I-Task
+structures	595,605	O	I-Task
+under	606,611	O	I-Task
+optical	612,619	O	I-Task
+pumping	620,627	O	I-Task
+is	628,630	O	O
+now	631,634	O	O
+low	635,638	O	O
+enough	639,645	O	O
+to	646,648	O	O
+enable	649,655	O	O
+pumping	656,663	O	O
+by	664,666	O	O
+inorganic	667,676	O	B-Material
+laser	677,682	O	I-Material
+diodes	683,689	O	I-Material
+
+[	690,691	O	O
+1–3	691,694	O	O
+]	694,695	O	O
+and	696,699	O	O
+LEDs	700,704	O	O
+[	705,706	O	O
+4	706,707	O	O
+]	707,708	O	O
+which	709,714	O	O
+is	715,717	O	O
+promising	718,727	O	O
+for	728,731	O	O
+fabrication	732,743	O	O
+of	744,746	O	O
+very	747,751	O	B-Material
+sensitive	752,761	O	I-Material
+low	762,765	O	I-Material
+-	765,766	O	I-Material
+cost	766,770	O	I-Material
+devices	771,778	O	I-Material
+for	779,782	O	O
+biosensing	783,793	O	B-Process
+and	794,797	O	O
+chemosensing	798,810	O	B-Process
+[	811,812	O	O
+5,6	812,815	O	O
+]	815,816	O	O
+.	816,817	O	O
+
+However	818,825	O	O
+,	825,826	O	O
+light	827,832	O	B-Process
+absorption	833,843	O	I-Process
+by	844,846	O	O
+injected	847,855	O	O
+charges	856,863	O	O
+has	864,867	O	O
+been	868,872	O	O
+reported	873,881	O	O
+to	882,884	O	O
+be	885,887	O	O
+the	888,891	O	O
+major	892,897	O	O
+obstacle	898,906	O	O
+to	907,909	O	O
+electrically	910,922	O	B-Process
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+lasing	930,936	O	I-Process
+[	937,938	O	O
+7	938,939	O	O
+]	939,940	O	O
+.	940,941	O	O
+
+Injected	942,950	O	O
+charges	951,958	O	O
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+also	963,967	O	O
+quench	968,974	O	O
+luminescence	975,987	O	O
+as	988,990	O	O
+they	991,995	O	O
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+energy	1003,1009	O	I-Process
+from	1010,1014	O	I-Process
+excitons	1015,1023	O	I-Process
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+dipole	1036,1042	O	I-Task
+–	1042,1043	O	I-Task
+dipole	1043,1049	O	I-Task
+interactions	1050,1062	O	I-Task
+and	1063,1066	O	O
+this	1067,1071	O	O
+is	1072,1074	O	O
+an	1075,1077	O	O
+important	1078,1087	O	O
+loss	1088,1092	O	O
+mechanism	1093,1102	O	O
+in	1103,1105	O	O
+organic	1106,1113	O	B-Material
+LEDs	1114,1118	O	I-Material
+as	1119,1121	O	O
+well	1122,1126	O	O
+as	1127,1129	O	O
+in	1130,1132	O	O
+lasers	1133,1139	O	B-Material
+.	1139,1140	O	O
+
+Absorption	1141,1151	O	O
+cross	1152,1157	O	O
+-	1157,1158	O	O
+sections	1158,1166	O	O
+of	1167,1169	O	O
+polarons	1170,1178	O	O
+are	1179,1182	O	O
+not	1183,1186	O	O
+known	1187,1192	O	O
+to	1193,1195	O	O
+the	1196,1199	O	O
+desired	1200,1207	O	O
+accuracy	1208,1216	O	O
+because	1217,1224	O	O
+of	1225,1227	O	O
+the	1228,1231	O	O
+difficulty	1232,1242	O	O
+of	1243,1245	O	O
+quantifying	1246,1257	O	O
+the	1258,1261	O	O
+charge	1262,1268	O	B-Process
+density	1269,1276	O	I-Process
+injected	1277,1285	O	O
+into	1286,1290	O	O
+the	1291,1294	O	O
+film	1295,1299	O	O
+.	1299,1300	O	O
+
+Previous	1301,1309	O	O
+studies	1310,1317	O	O
+used	1318,1322	O	O
+controlled	1323,1333	O	B-Process
+electrical	1334,1344	O	I-Process
+injection	1345,1354	O	I-Process
+of	1355,1357	O	I-Process
+charges	1358,1365	O	I-Process
+in	1366,1368	O	O
+unipolar	1369,1377	O	B-Material
+devices	1378,1385	O	I-Material
+through	1386,1393	O	O
+contacting	1394,1404	O	B-Material
+electrodes	1405,1415	O	I-Material
+and	1416,1419	O	O
+field	1420,1425	O	B-Material
+-	1425,1426	O	I-Material
+dependent	1426,1435	O	I-Material
+charge	1436,1442	O	I-Material
+mobility	1443,1451	O	I-Material
+measurements	1452,1464	O	I-Material
+to	1465,1467	O	O
+estimate	1468,1476	O	O
+the	1477,1480	O	O
+charge	1481,1487	O	O
+densities	1488,1497	O	O
+which	1498,1503	O	O
+were	1504,1508	O	O
+compared	1509,1517	O	O
+with	1518,1522	O	O
+the	1523,1526	O	O
+values	1527,1533	O	O
+obtained	1534,1542	O	O
+by	1543,1545	O	O
+capacitance	1546,1557	O	B-Process
+–	1557,1558	O	I-Process
+voltage	1558,1565	O	I-Process
+analysis	1566,1574	O	I-Process
+and	1575,1578	O	O
+the	1579,1582	O	O
+two	1583,1586	O	O
+results	1587,1594	O	O
+differed	1595,1603	O	O
+by	1604,1606	O	O
+a	1607,1608	O	O
+factor	1609,1615	O	O
+of	1616,1618	O	O
+three	1619,1624	O	O
+[	1625,1626	O	O
+8,9	1626,1629	O	O
+]	1629,1630	O	O
+.	1630,1631	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S000926141301539X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+Letter	8,14	O	O
+we	15,17	O	O
+revisit	18,25	O	O
+the	26,29	O	O
+Chesnavich	30,40	O	B-Process
+model	41,46	O	I-Process
+Hamiltonian	47,58	O	I-Process
+[	59,60	O	O
+37	60,62	O	O
+]	62,63	O	O
+in	64,66	O	O
+the	67,70	O	O
+light	71,76	O	O
+of	77,79	O	O
+recent	80,86	O	O
+developments	87,99	O	O
+in	100,102	O	O
+TST	103,106	O	B-Material
+.	106,107	O	O
+
+For	108,111	O	O
+barrierless	112,123	O	O
+systems	124,131	O	O
+such	132,136	O	O
+as	137,139	O	O
+ion	140,143	O	B-Process
+–	143,144	O	I-Process
+molecule	144,152	O	I-Process
+reactions	153,162	O	I-Process
+,	162,163	O	O
+the	164,167	O	O
+concepts	168,176	O	O
+of	177,179	O	O
+OTS	180,183	O	B-Material
+and	184,187	O	O
+TTS	188,191	O	B-Material
+can	192,195	O	O
+be	196,198	O	O
+clearly	199,206	O	O
+formulated	207,217	O	O
+in	218,220	O	O
+terms	221,226	O	O
+of	227,229	O	O
+well	230,234	O	O
+defined	235,242	O	O
+phase	243,248	O	O
+space	249,254	O	B-Material
+geometrical	255,266	O	I-Material
+objects	267,274	O	I-Material
+.	274,275	O	O
+
+(	276,277	O	O
+For	277,280	O	O
+work	281,285	O	O
+on	286,288	O	O
+the	289,292	O	O
+phase	293,298	O	O
+space	299,304	O	O
+description	305,316	O	O
+of	317,319	O	O
+OTS	320,323	O	B-Material
+,	323,324	O	O
+see	325,328	O	O
+Refs	329,333	O	O
+.	333,334	O	O
+
+[	335,336	O	O
+38–40	336,341	O	O
+]	341,342	O	O
+.	342,343	O	O
+)	343,344	O	O
+
+The	345,348	O	O
+first	349,354	O	O
+goal	355,359	O	O
+of	360,362	O	O
+the	363,366	O	O
+present	367,374	O	O
+article	375,382	O	O
+is	383,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+identification	390,404	O	B-Process
+of	405,407	O	O
+these	408,413	O	O
+notions	414,421	O	O
+with	422,426	O	O
+well	427,431	O	B-Material
+defined	432,439	O	I-Material
+phase	440,445	O	I-Material
+space	446,451	O	I-Material
+dividing	452,460	O	I-Material
+surfaces	461,469	O	I-Material
+attached	470,478	O	I-Material
+to	479,481	O	I-Material
+NHIMs	482,487	O	I-Material
+.	487,488	O	O
+
+The	489,492	O	O
+second	493,499	O	O
+and	500,503	O	O
+main	504,508	O	O
+goal	509,513	O	O
+is	514,516	O	O
+an	517,519	O	O
+elucidation	520,531	O	O
+of	532,534	O	O
+the	535,538	O	O
+roaming	539,546	O	O
+phenomenon	547,557	O	O
+in	558,560	O	O
+the	561,564	O	O
+context	565,572	O	O
+of	573,575	O	O
+the	576,579	O	O
+Chesnavich	580,590	O	B-Process
+model	591,596	O	I-Process
+Hamiltonian	597,608	O	I-Process
+.	608,609	O	O
+
+The	610,613	O	O
+associated	614,624	O	B-Process
+potential	625,634	O	I-Process
+function	635,643	O	I-Process
+,	643,644	O	O
+possessing	645,655	O	O
+many	656,660	O	O
+features	661,669	O	O
+associated	670,680	O	O
+with	681,685	O	O
+a	686,687	O	O
+realistic	688,697	O	O
+molecular	698,707	O	O
+PES	708,711	O	O
+,	711,712	O	O
+leads	713,718	O	O
+to	719,721	O	O
+dynamics	722,730	O	B-Task
+which	731,736	O	I-Task
+clearly	737,744	O	I-Task
+reveal	745,751	O	I-Task
+the	752,755	O	I-Task
+origins	756,763	O	I-Task
+of	764,766	O	I-Task
+the	767,770	O	I-Task
+roaming	771,778	O	I-Task
+effect	779,785	O	I-Task
+.	785,786	O	O
+
+Based	787,792	O	O
+on	793,795	O	O
+our	796,799	O	O
+trajectory	800,810	O	B-Material
+simulations	811,822	O	I-Material
+,	822,823	O	O
+we	824,826	O	O
+show	827,831	O	O
+how	832,835	O	O
+the	836,839	O	O
+identification	840,854	O	O
+of	855,857	O	O
+the	858,861	O	O
+TTS	862,865	O	O
+and	866,869	O	O
+OTS	870,873	O	O
+DSs	874,877	O	O
+with	878,882	O	O
+periodic	883,891	O	B-Material
+orbit	892,897	O	I-Material
+dividing	898,906	O	I-Material
+surfaces	907,915	O	I-Material
+(	916,917	O	O
+PODS	917,921	O	B-Material
+)	921,922	O	O
+provides	923,931	O	O
+the	932,935	O	O
+natural	936,943	O	O
+framework	944,953	O	O
+for	954,957	O	O
+analysis	958,966	O	O
+of	967,969	O	O
+the	970,973	O	O
+roaming	974,981	O	O
+mechanism	982,991	O	O
+.	991,992	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261415000974)
+
+Within	0,6	O	O
+the	7,10	O	O
+range	11,16	O	B-Material
+of	17,19	O	I-Material
+temperatures	20,32	O	I-Material
+chosen	33,39	O	I-Material
+,	39,40	O	O
+alanine	41,48	O	B-Material
+dipeptide	49,58	O	I-Material
+exhibits	59,67	O	O
+very	68,72	O	O
+simple	73,79	O	O
+behaviour	80,89	O	O
+.	89,90	O	O
+
+This	91,95	O	O
+result	96,102	O	O
+is	103,105	O	O
+due	106,109	O	O
+to	110,112	O	O
+the	113,116	O	O
+relatively	117,127	O	O
+small	128,133	O	O
+number	134,140	O	O
+of	141,143	O	O
+physically	144,154	O	B-Process
+relevant	155,163	O	I-Process
+minima	164,170	O	I-Process
+(	171,172	O	O
+seven	172,177	O	O
+were	178,182	O	O
+characterised	183,196	O	O
+using	197,202	O	O
+this	203,207	O	O
+force	208,213	O	B-Process
+field	214,219	O	I-Process
+and	220,223	O	I-Process
+solvent	224,231	O	I-Process
+model	232,237	O	I-Process
+)	237,238	O	O
+and	239,242	O	O
+the	243,246	O	O
+larger	247,253	O	B-Material
+potential	254,263	O	I-Material
+energy	264,270	O	I-Material
+spacing	271,278	O	I-Material
+between	279,286	O	O
+the	287,290	O	O
+global	291,297	O	O
+minimum	298,305	O	O
+and	306,309	O	O
+higher	310,316	O	O
+energy	317,323	O	O
+minima	324,330	O	O
+.	330,331	O	O
+
+Indeed	332,338	O	O
+,	338,339	O	O
+cross	340,345	O	B-Process
+-	345,346	O	I-Process
+overs	346,351	O	I-Process
+in	352,354	O	I-Process
+the	355,358	O	I-Process
+approximate	359,370	O	I-Process
+global	371,377	O	I-Process
+free	378,382	O	I-Process
+energy	383,389	O	I-Process
+minimum	390,397	O	O
+for	398,401	O	O
+this	402,406	O	O
+system	407,413	O	O
+(	414,415	O	O
+where	415,420	O	O
+the	421,424	O	O
+free	425,429	O	O
+energy	430,436	O	O
+of	437,439	O	O
+the	440,443	O	O
+second	444,450	O	O
+-	450,451	O	O
+lowest	451,457	O	O
+potential	458,467	O	O
+energy	468,474	O	O
+minimum	475,482	O	O
+becomes	483,490	O	O
+lower	491,496	O	O
+than	497,501	O	O
+that	502,506	O	O
+of	507,509	O	O
+the	510,513	O	O
+global	514,520	O	O
+potential	521,530	O	O
+energy	531,537	O	O
+minimum	538,545	O	O
+)	545,546	O	O
+in	547,549	O	O
+the	550,553	O	O
+harmonic	554,562	O	O
+approximation	563,576	O	O
+would	577,582	O	O
+occur	583,588	O	O
+at	589,591	O	O
+1170K.	592,598	O	O
+
+In	599,601	O	O
+general	602,609	O	O
+,	609,610	O	O
+the	611,614	O	O
+harmonic	615,623	O	O
+prediction	624,634	O	O
+for	635,638	O	O
+the	639,642	O	O
+crossover	643,652	O	O
+temperature	653,664	O	O
+between	665,672	O	O
+two	673,676	O	O
+minima	677,683	O	O
+is(4)kBTxo	684,694	O	O
+=	694,695	O	O
+V1−V2ln((o2ν¯2κ)/(o1ν¯1κ)),from	695,726	O	O
+Eq	727,729	O	O
+.	729,730	O	O
+
+(	731,732	O	O
+3	732,733	O	O
+)	733,734	O	O
+,	734,735	O	O
+which	736,741	O	O
+clearly	742,749	O	O
+illustrates	750,761	O	O
+the	762,765	O	O
+balance	766,773	O	B-Task
+between	774,781	O	I-Task
+potential	782,791	O	I-Task
+energy	792,798	O	I-Task
+and	799,802	O	I-Task
+well	803,807	O	I-Task
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+.	815,816	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0009261415002730)
+
+Both	0,4	O	O
+methods	5,12	O	O
+of	13,15	O	O
+structure	16,25	O	B-Process
+solution	26,34	O	I-Process
+reveal	35,41	O	O
+a	42,43	O	O
+bent	44,48	O	B-Process
+conformation	49,61	O	I-Process
+of	62,64	O	O
+the	65,68	O	O
+central	69,76	O	B-Material
+terthiophene	77,89	O	I-Material
+units	90,95	O	I-Material
+of	96,98	O	O
+the	99,102	O	O
+DOTT	103,107	O	B-Material
+molecule	108,116	O	I-Material
+as	117,119	O	O
+is	120,122	O	O
+clearly	123,130	O	O
+visible	131,138	O	O
+in	139,141	O	O
+all	142,145	O	O
+three	146,151	O	O
+cases	152,157	O	O
+in	158,160	O	O
+Figure	161,167	O	O
+5	168,169	O	O
+.	169,170	O	O
+
+However	171,178	O	O
+,	178,179	O	O
+there	180,185	O	O
+is	186,188	O	O
+a	189,190	O	O
+fundamental	191,202	O	O
+difference	203,213	O	O
+in	214,216	O	O
+the	217,220	O	O
+conformation	221,233	O	O
+of	234,236	O	O
+the	237,240	O	O
+octyl	241,246	O	B-Material
+side	247,251	O	I-Material
+chains	252,258	O	I-Material
+.	258,259	O	O
+
+Whilst	260,266	O	O
+for	267,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+single	275,281	O	O
+crystal	282,289	O	O
+phase	290,295	O	O
+at	296,298	O	O
+T=100	299,304	O	O
+K	304,305	O	O
+linearly	306,314	O	B-Material
+extended	315,323	O	I-Material
+chains	324,330	O	I-Material
+are	331,334	O	O
+observed	335,343	O	O
+(	344,345	O	O
+Figure	345,351	O	O
+5B	352,354	O	O
+)	354,355	O	O
+,	355,356	O	O
+a	357,358	O	O
+defined	359,366	O	B-Process
+rotation	367,375	O	I-Process
+of	376,378	O	I-Process
+the	379,382	O	I-Process
+octyl	383,388	O	I-Process
+chains	389,395	O	I-Process
+relative	396,404	O	O
+to	405,407	O	O
+the	408,411	O	O
+terthiophene	412,424	O	B-Material
+unit	425,429	O	I-Material
+is	430,432	O	O
+found	433,438	O	O
+for	439,442	O	O
+the	443,446	O	O
+three	447,452	O	O
+thin	453,457	O	B-Material
+film	458,462	O	I-Material
+phases	463,469	O	O
+(	470,471	O	O
+Figure	471,477	O	O
+5A	478,480	O	O
+)	480,481	O	O
+.	481,482	O	O
+
+The	483,486	O	O
+rotation	487,495	O	O
+angle	496,501	O	O
+of	502,504	O	O
+about	505,510	O	O
+±70	511,514	O	O
+°	514,515	O	O
+results	516,523	O	O
+from	524,528	O	O
+a	529,530	O	O
+twist	531,536	O	B-Process
+of	537,539	O	I-Process
+the	540,543	O	I-Process
+first	544,549	O	I-Process
+CC	550,552	O	I-Process
+single	553,559	O	I-Process
+bond	560,564	O	I-Process
+at	565,567	O	O
+the	568,571	O	O
+link	572,576	O	O
+between	577,584	O	O
+the	585,588	O	O
+terthiophene	589,601	O	B-Material
+unit	602,606	O	I-Material
+and	607,610	O	O
+the	611,614	O	O
+octyl	615,620	O	B-Material
+chain	621,626	O	I-Material
+(	627,628	O	O
+see	628,631	O	O
+arrows	632,638	O	O
+Figure	639,645	O	O
+5A	646,648	O	O
+)	648,649	O	O
+.	649,650	O	O
+
+Two	651,654	O	O
+features	655,663	O	O
+of	664,666	O	O
+this	667,671	O	O
+rotated	672,679	O	O
+conformation	680,692	O	O
+are	693,696	O	O
+interesting	697,708	O	O
+.	708,709	O	O
+
+First	710,715	O	O
+,	715,716	O	O
+a	717,718	O	O
+molecule	719,727	O	O
+with	728,732	O	O
+rotated	733,740	O	B-Material
+side	741,745	O	I-Material
+chains	746,752	O	I-Material
+represents	753,763	O	O
+the	764,767	O	O
+equilibrium	768,779	O	O
+state	780,785	O	O
+of	786,788	O	O
+an	789,791	O	O
+isolated	792,800	O	O
+single	801,807	O	O
+DOTT	808,812	O	B-Material
+molecule	813,821	O	I-Material
+as	822,824	O	O
+obtained	825,833	O	O
+by	834,836	O	O
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+MD	846,848	O	I-Process
+and	849,852	O	I-Process
+VASP	853,857	O	I-Process
+calculations	858,870	O	I-Process
+
+[	871,872	O	O
+33	872,874	O	O
+]	874,875	O	O
+.	875,876	O	O
+
+Second	877,883	O	O
+,	883,884	O	O
+the	885,888	O	O
+rotated	889,896	O	O
+conformation	897,909	O	O
+of	910,912	O	O
+the	913,916	O	O
+octyl	917,922	O	B-Material
+chains	923,929	O	I-Material
+allows	930,936	O	O
+a	937,938	O	O
+dense	939,944	O	B-Process
+packing	945,952	O	I-Process
+of	953,955	O	O
+the	956,959	O	O
+octyl	960,965	O	B-Material
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+chains	971,977	O	I-Material
+for	978,981	O	O
+both	982,986	O	O
+molecules	987,996	O	O
+.	996,997	O	O
+
+Interestingly	998,1011	O	O
+,	1011,1012	O	O
+the	1013,1016	O	O
+single	1017,1023	O	O
+crystal	1024,1031	O	B-Material
+structure	1032,1041	O	I-Material
+at	1042,1044	O	O
+room	1045,1049	O	O
+temperature	1050,1061	O	O
+shows	1062,1067	O	O
+the	1068,1071	O	O
+twisted	1072,1079	O	O
+as	1080,1082	O	O
+well	1083,1087	O	O
+as	1088,1090	O	O
+the	1091,1094	O	O
+linear	1095,1101	O	O
+conformation	1102,1114	O	O
+of	1115,1117	O	O
+the	1118,1121	O	O
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+side	1128,1132	O	I-Material
+chains	1133,1139	O	I-Material
+within	1140,1146	O	O
+one	1147,1150	O	O
+molecule	1151,1159	O	O
+(	1160,1161	O	O
+Figure	1161,1167	O	O
+5C	1168,1170	O	O
+)	1170,1171	O	O
+.	1171,1172	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S000926141500651X)
+
+Previous	0,8	O	O
+studies	9,16	O	O
+have	17,21	O	O
+shown	22,27	O	O
+that	28,32	O	O
+there	33,38	O	O
+are	39,42	O	O
+two	43,46	O	O
+main	47,51	O	O
+mechanisms	52,62	O	O
+for	63,66	O	O
+the	67,70	O	O
+development	71,82	O	B-Process
+of	83,85	O	I-Process
+radiation	86,95	O	I-Process
+-	95,96	O	I-Process
+induced	96,103	O	I-Process
+DSBs	104,108	O	I-Process
+[	109,110	O	O
+16,17	110,115	O	O
+]	115,116	O	O
+.	116,117	O	O
+
+For	118,121	O	O
+γ-ray	122,127	O	B-Process
+radiation	128,137	O	I-Process
+,	137,138	O	O
+single	139,145	O	B-Process
+step	146,150	O	I-Process
+is	151,153	O	O
+the	154,157	O	O
+main	158,162	O	O
+process	163,170	O	O
+to	171,173	O	O
+cause	174,179	O	O
+DSBs	180,184	O	B-Process
+(	185,186	O	O
+see	186,189	O	O
+Figure	190,196	O	O
+3b	197,199	O	O
+)	199,200	O	O
+,	200,201	O	O
+which	202,207	O	O
+is	208,210	O	O
+attributed	211,221	O	O
+to	222,224	O	O
+the	225,228	O	O
+generation	229,239	O	B-Process
+of	240,242	O	I-Process
+number	243,249	O	I-Process
+of	250,252	O	I-Process
+ROS	253,256	O	I-Process
+upon	257,261	O	O
+the	262,265	O	O
+incident	266,274	O	O
+of	275,277	O	O
+individual	278,288	O	O
+photon	289,295	O	B-Material
+of	296,298	O	I-Material
+γ-ray	299,304	O	I-Material
+.	304,305	O	O
+
+Whereas	306,313	O	O
+photo	314,319	O	B-Process
+-	319,320	O	I-Process
+radiation	320,329	O	I-Process
+causes	330,336	O	O
+DSBs	337,341	O	B-Process
+through	342,349	O	O
+two	350,353	O	B-Process
+step	354,358	O	I-Process
+mechanism	359,368	O	I-Process
+(	369,370	O	O
+Figure	370,376	O	O
+3a	377,379	O	O
+)	379,380	O	O
+by	381,383	O	O
+reflecting	384,394	O	O
+that	395,399	O	O
+each	400,404	O	O
+single	405,411	O	O
+photon	412,418	O	B-Material
+causes	419,425	O	O
+mostly	426,432	O	O
+single	433,439	O	O
+ROS	440,443	O	B-Material
+and	444,447	O	O
+thus	448,452	O	O
+induces	453,460	O	O
+only	461,465	O	O
+single	466,472	O	B-Process
+strand	473,479	O	I-Process
+break	480,485	O	I-Process
+.	485,486	O	O
+
+Then	487,491	O	O
+,	491,492	O	O
+when	493,497	O	O
+a	498,499	O	O
+second	500,506	O	O
+single	507,513	O	B-Process
+strand	514,520	O	I-Process
+break	521,526	O	I-Process
+occurs	527,533	O	O
+where	534,539	O	O
+near	540,544	O	O
+the	545,548	O	O
+existing	549,557	O	O
+single	558,564	O	B-Process
+strand	565,571	O	I-Process
+break	572,577	O	I-Process
+,	577,578	O	O
+DBS	579,582	O	B-Process
+is	583,585	O	O
+caused	586,592	O	O
+,	592,593	O	O
+i.e.	594,598	O	O
+,	598,599	O	O
+the	600,603	O	O
+two	604,607	O	B-Process
+step	608,612	O	I-Process
+mechanism	613,622	O	I-Process
+.	622,623	O	O
+
+Summarizing	624,635	O	O
+the	636,639	O	O
+results	640,647	O	O
+and	648,651	O	O
+discussion	652,662	O	O
+we	663,665	O	O
+may	666,669	O	O
+conclude	670,678	O	O
+as	679,681	O	O
+that	682,686	O	O
+:	686,687	O	O
+(	688,689	O	O
+1	689,690	O	O
+)	690,691	O	O
+The	692,695	O	O
+significant	696,707	O	O
+protective	708,718	O	O
+effect	719,725	O	O
+of	726,728	O	O
+AA	729,731	O	B-Material
+against	732,739	O	O
+photo	740,745	O	B-Process
+-	745,746	O	I-Process
+induced	746,753	O	I-Process
+damage	754,760	O	I-Process
+may	761,764	O	O
+reflect	765,772	O	O
+the	773,776	O	O
+effective	777,786	O	O
+diminish	787,795	O	O
+of	796,798	O	O
+ROS	799,802	O	B-Material
+by	803,805	O	O
+AA	806,808	O	B-Material
+.	808,809	O	O
+
+(	810,811	O	O
+2	811,812	O	O
+)	812,813	O	O
+
+For	814,817	O	O
+the	818,821	O	O
+γ-ray	822,827	O	B-Material
+induced	828,835	O	I-Material
+DSB	836,839	O	I-Material
+,	839,840	O	O
+
+the	841,844	O	O
+protective	845,855	O	O
+effect	856,862	O	O
+by	863,865	O	O
+AA	866,868	O	B-Material
+is	869,871	O	O
+a	872,873	O	O
+little	874,880	O	O
+bit	881,884	O	O
+weaker	885,891	O	O
+than	892,896	O	O
+the	897,900	O	O
+case	901,905	O	O
+of	906,908	O	O
+photo	909,914	O	B-Process
+irradiation	915,926	O	I-Process
+.	926,927	O	O
+
+This	928,932	O	O
+may	933,936	O	O
+be	937,939	O	O
+due	940,943	O	O
+to	944,946	O	O
+the	947,950	O	O
+generation	951,961	O	O
+of	962,964	O	O
+numbers	965,972	O	O
+of	973,975	O	O
+ROS	976,979	O	B-Material
+by	980,982	O	O
+single	983,989	O	B-Material
+photon	990,996	O	I-Material
+of	997,999	O	I-Material
+γ-ray	1000,1005	O	I-Material
+.	1005,1006	O	O
+
+Surviving	1007,1016	O	O
+oxygen	1017,1023	O	O
+species	1024,1031	O	O
+against	1032,1039	O	O
+the	1040,1043	O	O
+diminishment	1044,1056	O	O
+effect	1057,1063	O	O
+by	1064,1066	O	O
+AA	1067,1069	O	B-Material
+may	1070,1073	O	O
+cause	1074,1079	O	O
+DSBs	1080,1084	O	B-Material
+.	1084,1085	O	O
+
+(	1086,1087	O	O
+3	1087,1088	O	O
+)	1088,1089	O	O
+
+As	1090,1092	O	O
+for	1093,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+DSBs	1101,1105	O	B-Material
+by	1106,1108	O	O
+ultrasound	1109,1119	O	B-Process
+,	1119,1120	O	O
+damage	1121,1127	O	O
+is	1128,1130	O	O
+caused	1131,1137	O	O
+by	1138,1140	O	O
+the	1141,1144	O	O
+shockwave	1145,1154	O	B-Process
+through	1155,1162	O	O
+the	1163,1166	O	O
+generation	1167,1177	O	O
+of	1178,1180	O	O
+cavitations	1181,1192	O	B-Material
+[	1193,1194	O	O
+18	1194,1196	O	O
+]	1196,1197	O	O
+.	1197,1198	O	O
+
+Thus	1199,1203	O	O
+,	1203,1204	O	O
+the	1205,1208	O	O
+chemical	1209,1217	O	O
+effect	1218,1224	O	O
+of	1225,1227	O	O
+AA	1228,1230	O	B-Material
+to	1231,1233	O	O
+diminish	1234,1242	O	B-Process
+ROS	1243,1246	O	I-Process
+is	1247,1249	O	O
+considered	1250,1260	O	O
+to	1261,1263	O	O
+be	1264,1266	O	O
+negligibly	1267,1277	O	O
+small	1278,1283	O	O
+for	1284,1287	O	O
+the	1288,1291	O	O
+protection	1292,1302	O	O
+of	1303,1305	O	O
+DSBs	1306,1310	O	B-Material
+.	1310,1311	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X12001163)
+
+In	0,2	O	B-Process
+situ	3,7	O	I-Process
+oxidation	8,17	O	I-Process
+,	17,18	O	O
+experiments	19,30	O	O
+were	31,35	O	O
+carried	36,43	O	O
+out	44,47	O	O
+using	48,53	O	O
+3	54,55	O	B-Material
+mm	55,57	O	I-Material
+diameter	58,66	O	I-Material
+discs	67,72	O	I-Material
+with	73,77	O	O
+one	78,81	O	O
+surface	82,89	O	O
+ground	90,96	O	B-Process
+and	97,100	O	I-Process
+polished	101,109	O	I-Process
+to	110,112	O	O
+a	113,114	O	O
+1μm	115,118	O	O
+diamond	119,126	O	O
+finish	127,133	O	O
+.	133,134	O	O
+
+The	135,138	O	O
+3	139,140	O	O
+mm	140,142	O	O
+discs	143,148	O	O
+were	149,153	O	O
+then	154,158	O	O
+oxidised	159,167	O	B-Process
+in	168,170	O	O
+a	171,172	O	O
+Philips	173,180	O	O
+XL-30	181,186	O	O
+
+FEG	187,190	O	O
+ESEM	191,195	O	O
+with	196,200	O	O
+a	201,202	O	O
+hot	203,206	O	B-Material
+stage	207,212	O	I-Material
+attachment	213,223	O	I-Material
+.	223,224	O	O
+
+The	225,228	O	O
+oxidising	229,238	O	O
+atmosphere	239,249	O	O
+used	250,254	O	O
+was	255,258	O	O
+laboratory	259,269	O	O
+air	270,273	O	O
+at	274,276	O	O
+a	277,278	O	O
+pressure	279,287	O	O
+of	288,290	O	O
+266	291,294	O	O
+Pa	294,296	O	O
+.	296,297	O	O
+
+During	298,304	O	O
+the	305,308	O	O
+experiment	309,319	O	O
+,	319,320	O	O
+the	321,324	O	O
+sample	325,331	O	O
+was	332,335	O	O
+observed	336,344	O	O
+and	345,348	O	O
+imaged	349,355	O	O
+using	356,361	O	O
+a	362,363	O	O
+primary	364,371	O	O
+beam	372,376	O	O
+energy	377,383	O	O
+of	384,386	O	O
+20kV	387,391	O	O
+and	392,395	O	O
+an	396,398	O	O
+Everhart	399,407	O	O
+–	407,408	O	O
+Thornley	408,416	O	O
+secondary	417,426	O	O
+electron	427,435	O	O
+detector	436,444	O	O
+.	444,445	O	O
+
+The	446,449	O	O
+sample	450,456	O	O
+was	457,460	O	O
+heated	461,467	O	B-Process
+at	468,470	O	O
+a	471,472	O	O
+rate	473,477	O	O
+of	478,480	O	O
+100	481,484	O	O
+°	484,485	O	O
+C	485,486	O	O
+/	486,487	O	O
+min	487,490	O	O
+to	491,493	O	O
+a	494,495	O	O
+temperature	496,507	O	O
+of	508,510	O	O
+700	511,514	O	O
+°	514,515	O	O
+C	515,516	O	O
+and	517,520	O	O
+held	521,525	O	O
+at	526,528	O	O
+this	529,533	O	O
+temperature	534,545	O	O
+for	546,549	O	O
+8min	550,554	O	O
+to	555,557	O	O
+stabilise	558,567	O	B-Process
+the	568,571	O	I-Process
+stage	572,577	O	I-Process
+and	578,581	O	I-Process
+the	582,585	O	I-Process
+microscope	586,596	O	I-Process
+.	596,597	O	O
+
+The	598,601	O	O
+sample	602,608	O	O
+was	609,612	O	O
+then	613,617	O	O
+heated	618,624	O	B-Process
+to	625,627	O	I-Process
+a	628,629	O	I-Process
+final	630,635	O	I-Process
+temperature	636,647	O	I-Process
+of	648,650	O	I-Process
+900	651,654	O	I-Process
+°	654,655	O	I-Process
+C	655,656	O	I-Process
+at	657,659	O	O
+the	660,663	O	O
+same	664,668	O	O
+heating	669,676	O	O
+rate	677,681	O	O
+.	681,682	O	O
+
+The	683,686	O	O
+total	687,692	O	O
+time	693,697	O	O
+of	698,700	O	O
+exposure	701,709	O	O
+of	710,712	O	O
+the	713,716	O	O
+sample	717,723	O	O
+was	724,727	O	O
+120min	728,734	O	O
+before	735,741	O	O
+cooling	742,749	O	O
+to	750,752	O	O
+room	753,757	O	O
+temperature	758,769	O	O
+by	770,772	O	O
+turning	773,780	O	O
+off	781,784	O	O
+the	785,788	O	O
+heating	789,796	O	B-Material
+coils	797,802	O	I-Material
+.	802,803	O	O
+
+The	804,807	O	O
+samples	808,815	O	O
+were	816,820	O	O
+then	821,825	O	O
+examined	826,834	O	O
+in	835,837	O	O
+the	838,841	O	O
+LEO	842,845	O	B-Material
+1530VP	846,852	O	I-Material
+FEGSEM	853,859	O	I-Material
+with	860,864	O	O
+chemical	865,873	O	O
+information	874,885	O	O
+gathered	886,894	O	O
+using	895,900	O	O
+EDS	901,904	O	B-Material
+.	904,905	O	O
+
+Cross	906,911	O	O
+-	911,912	O	O
+sections	912,920	O	O
+and	921,924	O	O
+Transmission	925,937	O	B-Material
+Electron	938,946	O	I-Material
+Microscope	947,957	O	I-Material
+(	958,959	O	O
+TEM	959,962	O	B-Material
+)	962,963	O	O
+samples	964,971	O	O
+were	972,976	O	O
+produced	977,985	O	O
+using	986,991	O	O
+a	992,993	O	O
+dual	994,998	O	B-Material
+beam	999,1003	O	I-Material
+FEI	1004,1007	O	I-Material
+Nova	1008,1012	O	I-Material
+Nanolab	1013,1020	O	I-Material
+600	1021,1024	O	I-Material
+for	1025,1028	O	O
+Focused	1029,1036	O	B-Material
+Ion	1037,1040	O	I-Material
+Beam	1041,1045	O	I-Material
+(	1046,1047	O	O
+FIB	1047,1050	O	B-Material
+)	1050,1051	O	O
+milling	1052,1059	O	O
+perpendicular	1060,1073	O	O
+to	1074,1076	O	O
+the	1077,1080	O	O
+phase	1081,1086	O	O
+boundaries	1087,1097	O	O
+to	1098,1100	O	O
+determine	1101,1110	O	O
+their	1111,1116	O	O
+influence	1117,1126	O	O
+on	1127,1129	O	O
+the	1130,1133	O	O
+oxide	1134,1139	O	B-Process
+development	1140,1151	O	I-Process
+and	1152,1155	O	O
+imaged	1156,1162	O	O
+using	1163,1168	O	O
+a	1169,1170	O	O
+Jeol	1171,1175	O	B-Material
+2000FX	1176,1182	O	I-Material
+W	1183,1184	O	I-Material
+-	1184,1185	O	I-Material
+filament	1185,1193	O	I-Material
+TEM	1194,1197	O	I-Material
+.	1197,1198	O	O
+
+EDS	1199,1202	O	B-Material
+maps	1203,1207	O	O
+of	1208,1210	O	O
+the	1211,1214	O	O
+TEM	1215,1218	O	B-Material
+samples	1219,1226	O	I-Material
+were	1227,1231	O	O
+collected	1232,1241	O	O
+using	1242,1247	O	O
+the	1248,1251	O	O
+Nanolab	1252,1259	O	B-Material
+600	1260,1263	O	I-Material
+with	1264,1268	O	O
+a	1269,1270	O	O
+Scanning	1271,1279	O	B-Material
+TEM	1280,1283	O	I-Material
+(	1284,1285	O	I-Material
+STEM	1285,1289	O	I-Material
+)	1289,1290	O	I-Material
+detector	1291,1299	O	I-Material
+and	1300,1303	O	O
+an	1304,1306	O	O
+EDAX	1307,1311	O	B-Material
+Genesis	1312,1319	O	I-Material
+EDS	1320,1323	O	I-Material
+system	1324,1330	O	I-Material
+at	1331,1333	O	O
+an	1334,1336	O	O
+accelerating	1337,1349	O	B-Process
+voltage	1350,1357	O	I-Process
+of	1358,1360	O	I-Process
+30kV.	1361,1366	O	I-Process
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X12002508)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+study	4,9	O	O
+outlines	10,18	O	O
+a	19,20	O	O
+trial	21,26	O	O
+of	27,29	O	O
+transient	30,39	O	B-Task
+response	40,48	O	I-Task
+analysis	49,57	O	I-Task
+on	58,60	O	O
+full	61,65	O	O
+-	65,66	O	O
+scale	66,71	O	O
+motorway	72,80	O	B-Material
+bridge	81,87	O	I-Material
+structures	88,98	O	I-Material
+to	99,101	O	O
+obtain	102,108	O	O
+information	109,120	O	O
+concerning	121,131	O	O
+the	132,135	O	O
+steel	136,141	O	B-Task
+–	141,142	O	I-Task
+concrete	142,150	O	I-Task
+interface	151,160	O	I-Task
+and	161,164	O	O
+is	165,167	O	O
+part	168,172	O	O
+of	173,175	O	O
+a	176,177	O	O
+larger	178,184	O	O
+study	185,190	O	O
+to	191,193	O	O
+assess	194,200	O	O
+the	201,204	O	O
+long	205,209	O	B-Process
+-	209,210	O	I-Process
+term	210,214	O	I-Process
+sustained	215,224	O	I-Process
+benefits	225,233	O	I-Process
+offered	234,241	O	O
+by	242,244	O	O
+Impressed	245,254	O	B-Process
+Current	255,262	O	I-Process
+Cathodic	263,271	O	I-Process
+Protection	272,282	O	I-Process
+(	283,284	O	O
+ICCP	284,288	O	B-Process
+)	288,289	O	O
+after	290,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+interruption	300,312	O	B-Process
+of	313,315	O	I-Process
+the	316,319	O	I-Process
+protective	320,330	O	I-Process
+current	331,338	O	I-Process
+[	339,340	O	O
+1	340,341	O	O
+]	341,342	O	O
+.	342,343	O	O
+
+These	344,349	O	O
+structures	350,360	O	O
+had	361,364	O	O
+previously	365,375	O	O
+been	376,380	O	O
+protected	381,390	O	O
+for	391,394	O	O
+5–16years	395,404	O	O
+by	405,407	O	O
+an	408,410	O	O
+ICCP	411,415	O	B-Process
+system	416,422	O	I-Process
+prior	423,428	O	O
+to	429,431	O	O
+the	432,435	O	O
+start	436,441	O	O
+of	442,444	O	O
+the	445,448	O	O
+study	449,454	O	O
+.	454,455	O	O
+
+The	456,459	O	O
+protective	460,470	O	B-Process
+current	471,478	O	I-Process
+was	479,482	O	I-Process
+interrupted	483,494	O	I-Process
+,	494,495	O	O
+in	496,498	O	O
+order	499,504	O	O
+to	505,507	O	O
+assess	508,514	O	B-Process
+the	515,518	O	I-Process
+long	519,523	O	I-Process
+-	523,524	O	I-Process
+term	524,528	O	I-Process
+benefits	529,537	O	I-Process
+provided	538,546	O	O
+by	547,549	O	O
+ICCP	550,554	O	B-Process
+after	555,560	O	O
+it	561,563	O	O
+has	564,567	O	O
+been	568,572	O	O
+turned	573,579	O	O
+off	580,583	O	O
+.	583,584	O	O
+
+This	585,589	O	O
+paper	590,595	O	O
+develops	596,604	O	B-Task
+and	605,608	O	I-Task
+examines	609,617	O	I-Task
+a	618,619	O	I-Task
+simplified	620,630	O	I-Task
+approach	631,639	O	I-Task
+for	640,643	O	O
+the	644,647	O	O
+on	648,650	O	O
+-	650,651	O	O
+site	651,655	O	O
+use	656,659	O	O
+of	660,662	O	O
+transient	663,672	O	B-Process
+response	673,681	O	I-Process
+analysis	682,690	O	I-Process
+and	691,694	O	O
+discusses	695,704	O	B-Process
+the	705,708	O	I-Process
+potential	709,718	O	I-Process
+advantages	719,729	O	I-Process
+of	730,732	O	O
+the	733,736	O	O
+technique	737,746	O	O
+as	747,749	O	O
+a	750,751	O	O
+tool	752,756	O	O
+for	757,760	O	O
+the	761,764	O	O
+assessment	765,775	O	B-Task
+of	776,778	O	I-Task
+the	779,782	O	I-Task
+corrosion	783,792	O	I-Task
+condition	793,802	O	I-Task
+of	803,805	O	O
+steel	806,811	O	B-Material
+in	812,814	O	O
+reinforced	815,825	O	B-Material
+concrete	826,834	O	I-Material
+structures	835,845	O	I-Material
+.	845,846	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X13002187)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+results	4,11	O	O
+from	12,16	O	O
+two	17,20	O	O
+types	21,26	O	O
+of	27,29	O	O
+oxidation	30,39	O	B-Process
+test	40,44	O	I-Process
+are	45,48	O	O
+combined	49,57	O	O
+in	58,60	O	O
+this	61,65	O	O
+study	66,71	O	O
+.	71,72	O	O
+
+Table	73,78	O	O
+1	79,80	O	O
+shows	81,86	O	O
+the	87,90	O	O
+test	91,95	O	B-Material
+matrix	96,102	O	I-Material
+with	103,107	O	O
+the	108,111	O	O
+two	112,115	O	O
+approaches	116,126	O	O
+included	127,135	O	O
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+All	137,140	O	O
+the	141,144	O	O
+100h	145,149	O	O
+tests	150,155	O	O
+and	156,159	O	O
+the	160,163	O	O
+test	164,168	O	O
+conducted	169,178	O	O
+at	179,181	O	O
+650	182,185	O	O
+°	185,186	O	O
+C	186,187	O	O
+were	188,192	O	O
+performed	193,202	O	O
+using	203,208	O	O
+a	209,210	O	O
+thermogravimetric	211,228	O	B-Process
+balance	229,236	O	I-Process
+(	237,238	O	O
+TGA	238,241	O	B-Process
+)	241,242	O	O
+.	242,243	O	O
+
+The	244,247	O	O
+weight	248,254	O	B-Material
+change	255,261	O	I-Material
+during	262,268	O	I-Material
+these	269,274	O	I-Material
+tests	275,280	O	I-Material
+was	281,284	O	I-Material
+monitored	285,294	O	I-Material
+continually	295,306	O	I-Material
+and	307,310	O	O
+adjusted	311,319	O	B-Process
+to	320,322	O	I-Process
+accommodate	323,334	O	I-Process
+buoyancy	335,343	O	I-Process
+effects	344,351	O	I-Process
+.	351,352	O	O
+
+All	353,356	O	O
+other	357,362	O	O
+tests	363,368	O	O
+were	369,373	O	O
+conducted	374,383	O	O
+in	384,386	O	O
+horizontal	387,397	O	B-Material
+tube	398,402	O	I-Material
+furnaces	403,411	O	I-Material
+.	411,412	O	O
+
+For	413,416	O	O
+these	417,422	O	O
+latter	423,429	O	O
+tests	430,435	O	O
+,	435,436	O	O
+batches	437,444	O	O
+of	445,447	O	O
+specimens	448,457	O	O
+were	458,462	O	O
+placed	463,469	O	O
+in	470,472	O	O
+alumina	473,480	O	B-Material
+boats	481,486	O	I-Material
+and	487,490	O	O
+inserted	491,499	O	O
+into	500,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+furnaces	509,517	O	B-Material
+at	518,520	O	O
+temperature	521,532	O	O
+.	532,533	O	O
+
+Intermittent	534,546	O	O
+weighing	547,555	O	O
+at	556,558	O	O
+room	559,563	O	O
+temperature	564,575	O	O
+was	576,579	O	O
+used	580,584	O	O
+to	585,587	O	O
+determine	588,597	O	B-Task
+the	598,601	O	I-Task
+oxidation	602,611	O	I-Task
+kinetics	612,620	O	I-Task
+.	620,621	O	O
+
+At	622,624	O	O
+selected	625,633	O	O
+time	634,638	O	O
+intervals	639,648	O	O
+,	648,649	O	O
+a	650,651	O	O
+specimen	652,660	O	O
+was	661,664	O	O
+removed	665,672	O	O
+from	673,677	O	O
+the	678,681	O	O
+batch	682,687	O	O
+for	688,691	O	O
+examination	692,703	O	O
+before	704,710	O	O
+the	711,714	O	O
+high	715,719	O	O
+temperature	720,731	O	O
+exposure	732,740	O	O
+continued	741,750	O	O
+for	751,754	O	O
+the	755,758	O	O
+remainder	759,768	O	O
+of	769,771	O	O
+the	772,775	O	O
+batch	776,781	O	O
+.	781,782	O	O
+
+Table	783,788	O	B-Material
+1	789,790	O	I-Material
+shows	791,796	O	I-Material
+the	797,800	O	I-Material
+time	801,805	O	I-Material
+intervals	806,815	O	I-Material
+chosen	816,822	O	I-Material
+for	823,826	O	I-Material
+examination	827,838	O	I-Material
+.	838,839	O	O
+
+At	840,842	O	O
+600	843,846	O	O
+°	846,847	O	O
+C	847,848	O	O
+one	849,852	O	O
+isothermal	853,863	O	O
+test	864,868	O	O
+,	868,869	O	O
+having	870,876	O	O
+an	877,879	O	O
+exposure	880,888	O	O
+time	889,893	O	O
+of	894,896	O	O
+1000h	897,902	O	O
+,	902,903	O	O
+has	904,907	O	O
+been	908,912	O	O
+performed	913,922	O	O
+to	923,925	O	O
+date	926,930	O	O
+.	930,931	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X13005945)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+adhesion	4,12	O	B-Task
+/	12,13	O	I-Task
+cohesion	13,21	O	I-Task
+of	22,24	O	I-Task
+the	25,28	O	I-Task
+coating	29,36	O	I-Task
+was	37,40	O	O
+evaluated	41,50	O	O
+by	51,53	O	O
+the	54,57	O	O
+scratch	58,65	O	B-Process
+test	66,70	O	I-Process
+method	71,77	O	I-Process
+,	77,78	O	O
+using	79,84	O	O
+a	85,86	O	O
+Revetest	87,95	O	B-Material
+system	96,102	O	I-Material
+(	103,104	O	I-Material
+CSM	104,107	O	I-Material
+Instruments	108,119	O	I-Material
+SA	120,122	O	I-Material
+,	122,123	O	I-Material
+Switzerland	124,135	O	I-Material
+)	135,136	O	I-Material
+equipped	137,145	O	I-Material
+with	146,150	O	I-Material
+a	151,152	O	I-Material
+H-270	153,158	O	I-Material
+diamond	159,166	O	I-Material
+indentor	167,175	O	I-Material
+(	176,177	O	I-Material
+200μm	177,182	O	I-Material
+diameter	183,191	O	I-Material
+)	191,192	O	I-Material
+.	192,193	O	O
+
+Six	194,197	O	O
+scratch	198,205	O	B-Process
+indentations	206,218	O	I-Process
+were	219,223	O	I-Process
+carried	224,231	O	I-Process
+out	232,235	O	I-Process
+under	236,241	O	O
+previously	242,252	O	O
+optimized	253,262	O	O
+conditions	263,273	O	O
+(	274,275	O	O
+linear	275,281	O	O
+progressive	282,293	O	O
+load	294,298	O	O
+mode	299,303	O	O
+1–4N	304,308	O	O
+,	308,309	O	O
+4Nmin−1	310,317	O	O
+)	317,318	O	O
+.	318,319	O	O
+
+In	320,322	O	O
+order	323,328	O	O
+to	329,331	O	O
+aid	332,335	O	O
+in	336,338	O	O
+determination	339,352	O	B-Task
+of	353,355	O	I-Task
+location	356,364	O	I-Task
+of	365,367	O	I-Task
+spallation	368,378	O	I-Task
+/	378,379	O	I-Task
+delamination	379,391	O	I-Task
+,	391,392	O	O
+an	393,395	O	O
+extended	396,404	O	O
+scratch	405,412	O	O
+length	413,419	O	O
+of	420,422	O	O
+6	423,424	O	O
+mm	424,426	O	O
+was	427,430	O	O
+employed	431,439	O	O
+.	439,440	O	O
+
+The	441,444	O	O
+scratch	445,452	O	O
+tracks	453,459	O	O
+were	460,464	O	O
+subsequently	465,477	O	O
+observed	478,486	O	O
+by	487,489	O	O
+SEM	490,493	O	O
+to	494,496	O	O
+determine	497,506	O	O
+the	507,510	O	O
+locations	511,520	O	O
+of	521,523	O	O
+the	524,527	O	O
+first	528,533	O	O
+coating	534,541	O	O
+failure	542,549	O	O
+and	550,553	O	O
+to	554,556	O	O
+understand	557,567	O	B-Task
+the	568,571	O	I-Task
+nature	572,578	O	I-Task
+of	579,581	O	I-Task
+the	582,585	O	I-Task
+coating	586,593	O	I-Task
+failure	594,601	O	I-Task
+.	601,602	O	O
+
+During	603,609	O	O
+the	610,613	O	O
+scratch	614,621	O	O
+tests	622,627	O	O
+,	627,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
+loading	633,640	O	B-Process
+force	641,646	O	I-Process
+and	647,650	O	I-Process
+penetration	651,662	O	I-Process
+depth	663,668	O	I-Process
+were	669,673	O	I-Process
+recorded	674,682	O	I-Process
+and	683,686	O	I-Process
+their	687,692	O	I-Process
+respective	693,703	O	I-Process
+values	704,710	O	I-Process
+were	711,715	O	I-Process
+correlated	716,726	O	I-Process
+with	727,731	O	I-Process
+the	732,735	O	I-Process
+observed	736,744	O	I-Process
+failure	745,752	O	I-Process
+locations	753,762	O	I-Process
+.	762,763	O	O
+
+The	764,767	O	O
+surface	768,775	O	B-Task
+roughness	776,785	O	I-Task
+of	786,788	O	I-Task
+the	789,792	O	I-Task
+coating	793,800	O	I-Task
+was	801,804	O	I-Task
+evaluated	805,814	O	I-Task
+using	815,820	O	O
+a	821,822	O	O
+surface	823,830	O	B-Material
+roughness	831,840	O	I-Material
+tester	841,847	O	I-Material
+(	848,849	O	O
+TR200	849,854	O	O
+,	854,855	O	O
+Timegroup	856,865	O	O
+Inc.	866,870	O	O
+)	870,871	O	O
+according	872,881	O	O
+to	882,884	O	O
+ISO	885,888	O	O
+standard	889,897	O	O
+[	898,899	O	O
+29	899,901	O	O
+]	901,902	O	O
+.	902,903	O	O
+
+Due	904,907	O	O
+to	908,910	O	O
+the	911,914	O	O
+presence	915,923	O	O
+of	924,926	O	O
+the	927,930	O	O
+open	931,935	O	O
+porosity	936,944	O	O
+in	945,947	O	O
+the	948,951	O	O
+outer	952,957	O	B-Material
+layer	958,963	O	I-Material
+of	964,966	O	O
+the	967,970	O	O
+coating	971,978	O	B-Process
+,	978,979	O	O
+a	980,981	O	O
+measurement	982,993	O	O
+length	994,1000	O	O
+for	1001,1004	O	O
+determination	1005,1018	O	O
+of	1019,1021	O	O
+the	1022,1025	O	O
+roughness	1026,1035	O	B-Process
+(	1036,1037	O	O
+Ra	1037,1039	O	B-Process
+)	1039,1040	O	O
+of	1041,1043	O	O
+0.8	1044,1047	O	O
+mm	1047,1049	O	O
+was	1050,1053	O	O
+used	1054,1058	O	O
+.	1058,1059	O	O
+
+In	1060,1062	O	O
+total	1063,1068	O	O
+,	1068,1069	O	O
+eight	1070,1075	O	B-Material
+measurements	1076,1088	O	I-Material
+were	1089,1093	O	O
+carried	1094,1101	O	O
+out	1102,1105	O	O
+in	1106,1108	O	O
+different	1109,1118	O	O
+directions	1119,1129	O	O
+.	1129,1130	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X14000420)
+
+One	0,3	O	O
+surface	4,11	O	O
+was	12,15	O	O
+then	16,20	O	O
+polished	21,29	O	O
+and	30,33	O	O
+cleaned	34,41	O	O
+using	42,47	O	O
+a	48,49	O	O
+protocol	50,58	O	O
+designed	59,67	O	O
+to	68,70	O	O
+eliminate	71,80	O	O
+as	81,83	O	O
+much	84,88	O	O
+preparation	89,100	O	O
+-	100,101	O	O
+related	101,108	O	O
+contamination	109,122	O	O
+as	123,125	O	O
+possible	126,134	O	O
+.	134,135	O	O
+
+This	136,140	O	O
+is	141,143	O	O
+as	144,146	O	O
+follows	147,154	O	O
+:	154,155	O	O
+
+The	156,159	O	O
+lead	160,164	O	O
+surface	165,172	O	O
+was	173,176	O	O
+polished	177,185	O	O
+by	186,188	O	O
+hand	189,193	O	O
+using	194,199	O	O
+a	200,201	O	O
+damp	202,206	O	B-Material
+abrasive	207,215	O	I-Material
+disc	216,220	O	I-Material
+(	221,222	O	O
+BuehlerMet	222,232	O	O
+II	233,235	O	O
+®	236,237	O	O
+)	237,238	O	O
+to	239,241	O	O
+remove	242,248	O	O
+visible	249,256	O	O
+surface	257,264	O	B-Material
+defects	265,272	O	O
+and	273,276	O	O
+to	277,279	O	O
+expose	280,286	O	O
+a	287,288	O	O
+fresh	289,294	O	O
+metal	295,300	O	B-Material
+surface	301,308	O	I-Material
+.	308,309	O	O
+
+Coupons	310,317	O	O
+were	318,322	O	O
+then	323,327	O	O
+polished	328,336	O	O
+using	337,342	O	O
+a	343,344	O	O
+sequence	345,353	O	O
+of	354,356	O	O
+diamond	357,364	O	B-Material
+polishes	365,373	O	I-Material
+with	374,378	O	O
+decreasing	379,389	O	O
+particle	390,398	O	O
+sizes	399,404	O	O
+(	405,406	O	O
+6μm	406,409	O	O
+,	409,410	O	O
+3μm	411,414	O	O
+,	414,415	O	O
+1μm	416,419	O	O
+Buehler	420,427	O	O
+MetaDi	428,434	O	O
+®	435,436	O	O
+polycrystalline	437,452	O	B-Material
+diamond	453,460	O	I-Material
+suspension	461,471	O	O
+)	471,472	O	O
+.	472,473	O	O
+
+A	474,475	O	O
+polishing	476,485	O	B-Material
+cloth	486,491	O	I-Material
+(	492,493	O	O
+Buehler	493,500	O	O
+MicroCloth	501,511	O	O
+®	512,513	O	O
+)	513,514	O	O
+was	515,518	O	O
+saturated	519,528	O	O
+with	529,533	O	O
+the	534,537	O	O
+appropriate	538,549	O	O
+diamond	550,557	O	B-Material
+suspension	558,568	O	O
+.	568,569	O	O
+
+A	570,571	O	O
+custom	572,578	O	B-Material
+-	578,579	O	I-Material
+made	579,583	O	I-Material
+jig	584,587	O	I-Material
+fitted	588,594	O	O
+to	595,597	O	O
+an	598,600	O	O
+automatic	601,610	O	O
+polisher	611,619	O	B-Material
+(	620,621	O	O
+Buehler	621,628	O	O
+Minimet	629,636	O	O
+®	637,638	O	O
+1000	639,643	O	O
+)	643,644	O	O
+was	645,648	O	O
+used	649,653	O	O
+to	654,656	O	O
+hold	657,661	O	O
+the	662,665	O	O
+coupons	666,673	O	B-Material
+in	674,676	O	O
+place	677,682	O	O
+during	683,689	O	O
+automated	690,699	O	B-Process
+polishing	700,709	O	I-Process
+.	709,710	O	O
+
+Coupons	711,718	O	B-Material
+were	719,723	O	O
+polished	724,732	O	B-Process
+for	733,736	O	O
+15min	737,742	O	O
+using	743,748	O	O
+each	749,753	O	O
+diamond	754,761	O	B-Process
+suspension	762,772	O	I-Process
+followed	773,781	O	O
+by	782,784	O	O
+rinsing	785,792	O	O
+with	793,797	O	O
+2-propanol	798,808	O	B-Material
+(	809,810	O	O
+99.5	810,814	O	O
+%	814,815	O	O
+,	815,816	O	O
+reagent	817,824	O	O
+grade	825,830	O	O
+)	830,831	O	O
+and	832,835	O	O
+cleaning	836,844	O	O
+in	845,847	O	O
+2-propanol	848,858	O	B-Material
+for	859,862	O	O
+5min	863,867	O	O
+in	868,870	O	O
+an	871,873	O	O
+ultrasonic	874,884	O	B-Material
+bath	885,889	O	I-Material
+.	889,890	O	O
+
+After	891,896	O	O
+polishing	897,906	O	B-Process
+with	907,911	O	O
+the	912,915	O	O
+1μm	916,919	O	O
+diamond	920,927	O	B-Material
+suspension	928,938	O	I-Material
+,	938,939	O	O
+the	940,943	O	O
+coupons	944,951	O	B-Material
+were	952,956	O	O
+ultrasonically	957,971	O	O
+cleaned	972,979	O	O
+in	980,982	O	O
+2-propanol	983,993	O	B-Material
+for	994,997	O	O
+3×5min	998,1004	O	O
+,	1004,1005	O	O
+with	1006,1010	O	O
+fresh	1011,1016	O	O
+propanol	1017,1025	O	B-Material
+for	1026,1029	O	O
+each	1030,1034	O	O
+cleaning	1035,1043	O	B-Process
+cycle	1044,1049	O	O
+.	1049,1050	O	O
+
+Polished	1051,1059	O	O
+coupons	1060,1067	O	B-Material
+were	1068,1072	O	O
+stored	1073,1079	O	O
+in	1080,1082	O	O
+2-propanol	1083,1093	O	B-Material
+until	1094,1099	O	O
+required	1100,1108	O	O
+.	1108,1109	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X1500195X)
+
+Poor	0,4	O	O
+oxidation	5,14	O	B-Process
+behavior	15,23	O	O
+is	24,26	O	O
+the	27,30	O	O
+major	31,36	O	O
+barrier	37,44	O	O
+to	45,47	O	O
+the	48,51	O	O
+increased	52,61	O	O
+use	62,65	O	O
+of	66,68	O	O
+Ti	69,71	O	B-Material
+-	71,72	O	I-Material
+based	72,77	O	I-Material
+alloys	78,84	O	I-Material
+in	85,87	O	O
+high	88,92	O	O
+-	92,93	O	O
+temperature	93,104	O	O
+structural	105,115	O	O
+applications	116,128	O	O
+.	128,129	O	O
+
+The	130,133	O	O
+demand	134,140	O	O
+to	141,143	O	O
+increase	144,152	O	O
+the	153,156	O	O
+service	157,164	O	O
+temperature	165,176	O	O
+of	177,179	O	O
+these	180,185	O	O
+alloys	186,192	O	B-Material
+beyond	193,199	O	O
+550	200,203	O	O
+°	203,204	O	O
+C	204,205	O	O
+(	206,207	O	O
+the	207,210	O	O
+typical	211,218	O	O
+temperature	219,230	O	O
+limit	231,236	O	O
+)	236,237	O	O
+requires	238,246	O	O
+careful	247,254	O	O
+study	255,260	O	O
+to	261,263	O	O
+understand	264,274	O	B-Task
+the	275,278	O	I-Task
+role	279,283	O	I-Task
+that	284,288	O	I-Task
+composition	289,300	O	I-Task
+has	301,304	O	I-Task
+on	305,307	O	I-Task
+the	308,311	O	I-Task
+oxidation	312,321	O	I-Task
+behavior	322,330	O	I-Task
+of	331,333	O	I-Task
+Ti	334,336	O	I-Task
+-	336,337	O	I-Task
+based	337,342	O	I-Task
+alloys	343,349	O	I-Task
+[	350,351	O	O
+1–3	351,354	O	O
+]	354,355	O	O
+.	355,356	O	O
+
+The	357,360	O	O
+attempt	361,368	O	O
+to	369,371	O	O
+overcome	372,380	O	O
+this	381,385	O	O
+limitation	386,396	O	O
+in	397,399	O	O
+Ti	400,402	O	B-Material
+-	402,403	O	I-Material
+based	403,408	O	I-Material
+alloys	409,415	O	I-Material
+has	416,419	O	O
+led	420,423	O	O
+to	424,426	O	O
+the	427,430	O	O
+production	431,441	O	O
+of	442,444	O	O
+alloys	445,451	O	B-Material
+with	452,456	O	I-Material
+substantially	457,470	O	I-Material
+improved	471,479	O	I-Material
+oxidation	480,489	O	I-Material
+resistance	490,500	O	I-Material
+such	501,505	O	O
+as	506,508	O	O
+β-21S	509,514	O	B-Material
+and	515,518	O	O
+also	519,523	O	O
+development	524,535	O	B-Task
+of	536,538	O	I-Task
+coatings	539,547	O	I-Task
+and	548,551	O	I-Task
+pre	552,555	O	I-Task
+-	555,556	O	I-Task
+oxidation	556,565	O	I-Task
+techniques	566,576	O	I-Task
+[	577,578	O	O
+1,4–6	578,583	O	O
+]	583,584	O	O
+.	584,585	O	O
+
+While	586,591	O	O
+it	592,594	O	O
+is	595,597	O	O
+tempting	598,606	O	O
+to	607,609	O	O
+extrapolate	610,621	O	O
+the	622,625	O	O
+oxidation	626,635	O	B-Process
+behavior	636,644	O	O
+(	645,646	O	O
+e.g.	646,650	O	O
+oxidation	651,660	O	O
+rate	661,665	O	O
+law	666,669	O	O
+,	669,670	O	O
+depth	671,676	O	O
+of	677,679	O	O
+oxygen	680,686	O	B-Material
+ingress	687,694	O	O
+and	695,698	O	O
+scale	699,704	O	O
+thickness	705,714	O	O
+)	714,715	O	O
+observed	716,724	O	O
+for	725,728	O	O
+a	729,730	O	O
+limited	731,738	O	O
+number	739,745	O	O
+of	746,748	O	O
+compositions	749,761	O	O
+under	762,767	O	O
+a	768,769	O	O
+certain	770,777	O	O
+oxidation	778,787	O	B-Process
+condition	788,797	O	O
+to	798,800	O	O
+a	801,802	O	O
+broader	803,810	O	O
+compositional	811,824	O	O
+range	825,830	O	O
+,	830,831	O	O
+there	832,837	O	O
+are	838,841	O	O
+numerous	842,850	O	O
+examples	851,859	O	O
+in	860,862	O	O
+the	863,866	O	O
+literature	867,877	O	O
+where	878,883	O	O
+deviations	884,894	O	O
+from	895,899	O	O
+the	900,903	O	O
+expected	904,912	O	O
+relations	913,922	O	O
+are	923,926	O	O
+observed	927,935	O	O
+[	936,937	O	O
+7,8	937,940	O	O
+]	940,941	O	O
+.	941,942	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15002085)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+oxide	4,9	O	B-Process
+thickness	10,19	O	O
+is	20,22	O	O
+calculated	23,33	O	O
+using	34,39	O	O
+the	40,43	O	O
+weight	44,50	O	O
+gain	51,55	O	O
+and	56,59	O	O
+surface	60,67	O	O
+area	68,72	O	O
+.	72,73	O	O
+
+Artificially	74,86	O	O
+changing	87,95	O	O
+the	96,99	O	O
+surface	100,107	O	B-Material
+profile	108,115	O	O
+will	116,120	O	O
+modify	121,127	O	O
+the	128,131	O	O
+surface	132,139	O	B-Material
+area	140,144	O	I-Material
+and	145,148	O	O
+calculated	149,159	O	O
+oxide	160,165	O	B-Material
+thickness	166,175	O	O
+.	175,176	O	O
+
+SEM	177,180	O	B-Material
+images	181,187	O	I-Material
+of	188,190	O	O
+samples	191,198	O	O
+removed	199,206	O	O
+after	207,212	O	O
+111	213,216	O	O
+days	217,221	O	O
+oxidation	222,231	O	B-Process
+were	232,236	O	O
+used	237,241	O	O
+to	242,244	O	O
+define	245,251	O	O
+the	252,255	O	O
+change	256,262	O	O
+in	263,265	O	O
+surface	266,273	O	B-Material
+profile	274,281	O	I-Material
+length	282,288	O	O
+with	289,293	O	O
+variation	294,303	O	O
+in	304,306	O	O
+applied	307,314	O	O
+roughness	315,324	O	O
+.	324,325	O	O
+
+The	326,329	O	O
+profile	330,337	O	B-Material
+lengths	338,345	O	O
+extracted	346,355	O	O
+from	356,360	O	O
+the	361,364	O	O
+images	365,371	O	B-Material
+were	372,376	O	O
+then	377,381	O	O
+used	382,386	O	O
+to	387,389	O	O
+modify	390,396	O	O
+the	397,400	O	O
+length	401,407	O	O
+of	408,410	O	O
+the	411,414	O	O
+sample	415,421	O	B-Material
+and	422,425	O	O
+therefore	426,435	O	O
+the	436,439	O	O
+surface	440,447	O	B-Material
+area	448,452	O	I-Material
+.	452,453	O	O
+
+Table	454,459	O	O
+1	460,461	O	O
+shows	462,467	O	O
+the	468,471	O	O
+original	472,480	O	O
+oxide	481,486	O	B-Material
+thicknesses	487,498	O	O
+after	499,504	O	O
+111	505,508	O	O
+days	509,513	O	O
+oxidation	514,523	O	O
+,	523,524	O	O
+the	525,528	O	O
+modified	529,537	O	O
+oxide	538,543	O	B-Material
+thicknesses	544,555	O	O
+based	556,561	O	O
+on	562,564	O	O
+the	565,568	O	O
+surface	569,576	O	O
+profile	577,584	O	O
+length	585,591	O	O
+and	592,595	O	O
+the	596,599	O	O
+percentage	600,610	O	O
+difference	611,621	O	O
+.	621,622	O	O
+
+Results	623,630	O	O
+show	631,635	O	O
+a	636,637	O	O
+maximum	638,645	O	O
+decrease	646,654	O	O
+in	655,657	O	O
+the	658,661	O	O
+oxide	662,667	O	B-Material
+thickness	668,677	O	O
+of	678,680	O	O
+4	681,682	O	O
+%	682,683	O	O
+when	684,688	O	O
+using	689,694	O	O
+a	695,696	O	O
+surface	697,704	O	B-Material
+which	705,710	O	O
+accounts	711,719	O	O
+for	720,723	O	O
+roughness	724,733	O	O
+.	733,734	O	O
+
+Comparing	735,744	O	O
+the	745,748	O	O
+change	749,755	O	O
+in	756,758	O	O
+oxide	759,764	O	B-Material
+thickness	765,774	O	O
+between	775,782	O	O
+different	783,792	O	O
+surface	793,800	O	B-Material
+finishes	801,809	O	O
+indicates	810,819	O	O
+a	820,821	O	O
+variation	822,831	O	O
+of	832,834	O	O
+less	835,839	O	O
+than	840,844	O	O
+1	845,846	O	O
+%	846,847	O	O
+.	847,848	O	O
+
+As	849,851	O	O
+such	852,856	O	O
+,	856,857	O	O
+the	858,861	O	O
+impact	862,868	O	O
+of	869,871	O	O
+the	872,875	O	O
+variation	876,885	O	O
+in	886,888	O	O
+the	889,892	O	O
+profile	893,900	O	O
+length	901,907	O	O
+on	908,910	O	O
+the	911,914	O	O
+calculated	915,925	O	O
+oxide	926,931	O	B-Material
+thickness	932,941	O	O
+is	942,944	O	O
+considered	945,955	O	O
+to	956,958	O	O
+be	959,961	O	O
+insignificant	962,975	O	O
+.	975,976	O	O
+
+In	977,979	O	O
+addition	980,988	O	O
+,	988,989	O	O
+if	990,992	O	O
+the	993,996	O	O
+differences	997,1008	O	O
+in	1009,1011	O	O
+weight	1012,1018	O	O
+gain	1019,1023	O	O
+were	1024,1028	O	O
+only	1029,1033	O	O
+due	1034,1037	O	O
+to	1038,1040	O	O
+differences	1041,1052	O	O
+in	1053,1055	O	O
+surface	1056,1063	O	B-Material
+area	1064,1068	O	I-Material
+,	1068,1069	O	O
+rougher	1070,1077	O	O
+samples	1078,1085	O	B-Material
+would	1086,1091	O	O
+be	1092,1094	O	O
+expected	1095,1103	O	O
+to	1104,1106	O	O
+demonstrate	1107,1118	O	O
+thicker	1119,1126	O	O
+oxides	1127,1133	O	B-Material
+at	1134,1136	O	O
+the	1137,1140	O	O
+earliest	1141,1149	O	O
+stages	1150,1156	O	O
+of	1157,1159	O	O
+oxidation	1160,1169	O	B-Process
+.	1169,1170	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15002954)
+
+There	0,5	O	O
+have	6,10	O	O
+been	11,15	O	O
+relatively	16,26	O	O
+few	27,30	O	O
+attempts	31,39	O	O
+to	40,42	O	O
+observe	43,50	O	O
+and	51,54	O	O
+in	55,57	O	O
+some	58,62	O	O
+cases	63,68	O	O
+extract	69,76	O	O
+the	77,80	O	O
+average	81,88	O	O
+current	89,96	O	O
+density	97,104	O	O
+from	105,109	O	O
+video	110,115	O	B-Material
+images	116,122	O	I-Material
+taken	123,128	O	O
+of	129,131	O	O
+growing	132,139	O	O
+2D	140,142	O	B-Material
+pits	143,147	O	I-Material
+.	147,148	O	O
+
+Frankel	149,156	O	O
+presented	157,166	O	O
+a	167,168	O	O
+method	169,175	O	O
+to	176,178	O	O
+directly	179,187	O	O
+measure	188,195	O	O
+the	196,199	O	O
+average	200,207	O	O
+anodic	208,214	O	B-Material
+current	215,222	O	I-Material
+density	223,230	O	O
+from	231,235	O	O
+the	236,239	O	O
+growing	240,247	O	O
+pit	248,251	O	B-Material
+boundary	252,260	O	O
+velocity	261,269	O	O
+in	270,272	O	O
+Al	273,275	O	B-Material
+[	276,277	O	O
+33	277,279	O	O
+]	279,280	O	O
+,	280,281	O	O
+an	282,284	O	O
+Al	285,287	O	B-Material
+alloy	288,293	O	I-Material
+[	294,295	O	O
+34	295,297	O	O
+]	297,298	O	O
+and	299,302	O	O
+
+Ni	303,305	O	B-Material
+–	305,306	O	I-Material
+Fe	306,308	O	I-Material
+[	309,310	O	I-Material
+35	310,312	O	I-Material
+]	312,313	O	I-Material
+thin	314,318	O	I-Material
+films	319,324	O	I-Material
+.	324,325	O	O
+
+Subsequently	326,338	O	O
+,	338,339	O	O
+Ryan	340,344	O	O
+et	345,347	O	O
+al	348,350	O	O
+.	350,351	O	O
+
+[	352,353	O	O
+27,36	353,358	O	O
+]	358,359	O	O
+determined	360,370	O	O
+the	371,374	O	O
+anodic	375,381	O	O
+current	382,389	O	O
+density	390,397	O	O
+in	398,400	O	O
+pits	401,405	O	B-Material
+propagating	406,417	O	O
+as	418,420	O	O
+2D	421,423	O	B-Material
+disks	424,429	O	I-Material
+in	430,432	O	O
+stainless	433,442	O	B-Material
+steel	443,448	O	I-Material
+thin	449,453	O	I-Material
+films	454,459	O	I-Material
+by	460,462	O	O
+measuring	463,472	O	O
+the	473,476	O	O
+pit	477,480	O	B-Material
+edge	481,485	O	I-Material
+movement	486,494	O	O
+velocity	495,503	O	O
+.	503,504	O	O
+
+Ernst	505,510	O	O
+and	511,514	O	O
+Newman	515,521	O	O
+[	522,523	O	O
+11,12,37	523,531	O	O
+]	531,532	O	O
+studied	533,540	O	O
+stability	541,550	O	O
+of	551,553	O	O
+pit	554,557	O	B-Process
+growth	558,564	O	I-Process
+in	565,567	O	O
+detail	568,574	O	O
+and	575,578	O	O
+measured	579,587	O	B-Process
+the	588,591	O	I-Process
+kinetics	592,600	O	I-Process
+of	601,603	O	I-Process
+2D	604,606	O	I-Process
+pit	607,610	O	I-Process
+propagation	611,622	O	I-Process
+in	623,625	O	O
+depth	626,631	O	O
+and	632,635	O	O
+width	636,641	O	O
+and	642,645	O	O
+compared	646,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+results	659,666	O	O
+with	667,671	O	O
+kinetics	672,680	O	O
+in	681,683	O	O
+1D	684,686	O	B-Material
+pencil	687,693	O	I-Material
+electrodes	694,704	O	I-Material
+.	704,705	O	O
+
+They	706,710	O	O
+developed	711,720	O	O
+a	721,722	O	O
+semi	723,727	O	B-Process
+-	727,728	O	I-Process
+quantitative	728,740	O	I-Process
+model	741,746	O	I-Process
+for	747,750	O	O
+pit	751,754	O	B-Task
+propagation	755,766	O	I-Task
+which	767,772	O	O
+explained	773,782	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+lacy	787,791	O	B-Process
+pit	792,795	O	I-Process
+cover	796,801	O	I-Process
+formation	802,811	O	I-Process
+during	812,818	O	O
+the	819,822	O	O
+pit	823,826	O	B-Process
+growth	827,833	O	I-Process
+,	833,834	O	O
+although	835,843	O	O
+they	844,848	O	O
+did	849,852	O	O
+not	853,856	O	O
+measure	857,864	O	O
+current	865,872	O	O
+density	873,880	O	O
+within	881,887	O	O
+the	888,891	O	O
+pit	892,895	O	B-Material
+.	895,896	O	O
+
+More	897,901	O	O
+recently	902,910	O	O
+,	910,911	O	O
+Tang	912,916	O	O
+and	917,920	O	O
+Davenport	921,930	O	O
+[	931,932	O	O
+38	932,934	O	O
+]	934,935	O	O
+tracked	936,943	O	O
+the	944,947	O	O
+pit	948,951	O	B-Material
+boundary	952,960	O	O
+movement	961,969	O	O
+and	970,973	O	O
+computed	974,982	O	O
+the	983,986	O	O
+instantaneous	987,1000	O	O
+but	1001,1004	O	O
+average	1005,1012	O	O
+current	1013,1020	O	O
+density	1021,1028	O	O
+in	1029,1031	O	O
+Fe	1032,1034	O	B-Material
+-	1034,1035	O	I-Material
+Co	1035,1037	O	I-Material
+thin	1038,1042	O	I-Material
+films	1043,1048	O	I-Material
+.	1048,1049	O	O
+
+However	1050,1057	O	O
+,	1057,1058	O	O
+there	1059,1064	O	O
+have	1065,1069	O	O
+been	1070,1074	O	O
+no	1075,1077	O	O
+previous	1078,1086	O	O
+attempts	1087,1095	O	O
+to	1096,1098	O	O
+quantify	1099,1107	O	O
+the	1108,1111	O	O
+local	1112,1117	O	O
+current	1118,1125	O	O
+density	1126,1133	O	O
+during	1134,1140	O	O
+inhomogeneous	1141,1154	O	O
+growth	1155,1161	O	O
+of	1162,1164	O	O
+pits	1165,1169	O	B-Material
+,	1169,1170	O	O
+although	1171,1179	O	O
+such	1180,1184	O	O
+local	1185,1190	O	O
+variation	1191,1200	O	O
+in	1201,1203	O	O
+current	1204,1211	O	B-Process
+density	1212,1219	O	O
+has	1220,1223	O	O
+long	1224,1228	O	O
+been	1229,1233	O	O
+recognised	1234,1244	O	O
+[	1245,1246	O	O
+7	1246,1247	O	O
+]	1247,1248	O	O
+.	1248,1249	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15300512)
+
+Anodizing	0,9	O	B-Process
+processes	10,19	O	I-Process
+are	20,23	O	O
+widely	24,30	O	O
+used	31,35	O	O
+for	36,39	O	O
+protecting	40,50	O	B-Task
+aluminium	51,60	O	I-Task
+alloys	61,67	O	I-Task
+against	68,75	O	O
+corrosion	76,85	O	B-Process
+[	86,87	O	O
+1	87,88	O	O
+]	88,89	O	O
+.	89,90	O	O
+
+The	91,94	O	O
+resultant	95,104	O	B-Material
+films	105,110	O	I-Material
+are	111,114	O	O
+composed	115,123	O	O
+of	124,126	O	O
+amorphous	127,136	O	B-Material
+alumina	137,144	O	I-Material
+and	145,148	O	O
+consist	149,156	O	O
+of	157,159	O	O
+a	160,161	O	O
+relatively	162,172	O	O
+thick	173,178	O	O
+,	178,179	O	O
+porous	180,186	O	O
+,	186,187	O	O
+outer	188,193	O	O
+region	194,200	O	O
+and	201,204	O	O
+a	205,206	O	O
+thinner	207,214	O	O
+,	214,215	O	O
+non	216,219	O	O
+-	219,220	O	O
+porous	220,226	O	O
+,	226,227	O	O
+inner	228,233	O	O
+region	234,240	O	O
+[	241,242	O	O
+2,3	242,245	O	O
+]	245,246	O	O
+.	246,247	O	O
+
+The	248,251	O	O
+porous	252,258	O	O
+region	259,265	O	O
+contains	266,274	O	O
+the	275,278	O	O
+major	279,284	O	B-Material
+pores	285,290	O	I-Material
+of	291,293	O	O
+the	294,297	O	O
+film	298,302	O	B-Material
+,	302,303	O	O
+which	304,309	O	O
+extend	310,316	O	B-Process
+from	317,321	O	I-Process
+the	322,325	O	I-Process
+film	326,330	O	I-Process
+surface	331,338	O	I-Process
+to	339,341	O	O
+the	342,345	O	O
+barrier	346,353	O	B-Material
+layer	354,359	O	I-Material
+.	359,360	O	O
+
+Near	361,365	O	O
+the	366,369	O	O
+film	370,374	O	B-Material
+surface	375,382	O	I-Material
+,	382,383	O	O
+shorter	384,391	O	O
+,	391,392	O	O
+incipient	393,402	O	B-Material
+pores	403,408	O	I-Material
+are	409,412	O	O
+also	413,417	O	O
+present	418,425	O	O
+,	425,426	O	O
+whose	427,432	O	O
+growth	433,439	O	B-Process
+stopped	440,447	O	I-Process
+in	448,450	O	I-Process
+the	451,454	O	I-Process
+early	455,460	O	I-Process
+stages	461,467	O	I-Process
+of	468,470	O	I-Process
+anodizing	471,480	O	I-Process
+.	480,481	O	O
+
+The	482,485	O	O
+diameter	486,494	O	O
+of	495,497	O	O
+the	498,501	O	O
+major	502,507	O	B-Material
+pores	508,513	O	I-Material
+and	514,517	O	O
+the	518,521	O	O
+thickness	522,531	O	O
+of	532,534	O	O
+the	535,538	O	O
+inner	539,544	O	O
+,	544,545	O	O
+barrier	546,553	O	O
+region	554,560	O	O
+are	561,564	O	O
+dependent	565,574	O	O
+on	575,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
+potential	582,591	O	O
+applied	592,599	O	O
+during	600,606	O	O
+anodizing	607,616	O	B-Process
+,	616,617	O	O
+with	618,622	O	O
+typical	623,630	O	O
+proportionalities	631,648	O	O
+of	649,651	O	O
+∼1nmV−1	652,659	O	O
+[	660,661	O	O
+3,4	661,664	O	O
+]	664,665	O	O
+.	665,666	O	O
+
+Studies	667,674	O	O
+of	675,677	O	O
+ionic	678,683	O	B-Task
+migration	684,693	O	I-Task
+in	694,696	O	O
+barrier	697,704	O	O
+-	704,705	O	O
+type	705,709	O	O
+and	710,713	O	O
+porous	714,720	O	O
+anodic	721,727	O	B-Material
+alumina	728,735	O	I-Material
+films	736,741	O	I-Material
+have	742,746	O	O
+usually	747,754	O	O
+found	755,760	O	O
+a	761,762	O	O
+transport	763,772	O	O
+number	773,779	O	O
+of	780,782	O	O
+O2−	783,786	O	B-Material
+ions	787,791	O	I-Material
+of	792,794	O	O
+∼0.6	795,799	O	O
+[	800,801	O	O
+5,6	801,804	O	O
+]	804,805	O	O
+.	805,806	O	O
+
+During	807,813	O	O
+the	814,817	O	O
+formation	818,827	O	O
+of	828,830	O	O
+porous	831,837	O	B-Material
+films	838,843	O	I-Material
+,	843,844	O	O
+the	845,848	O	O
+outward	849,856	O	B-Material
+migrating	857,866	O	I-Material
+Al3	867,870	O	I-Material
++	870,871	O	I-Material
+ions	872,876	O	I-Material
+,	876,877	O	O
+constituting	878,890	O	O
+the	891,894	O	O
+remainder	895,904	O	O
+of	905,907	O	O
+the	908,911	O	O
+ionic	912,917	O	B-Material
+current	918,925	O	I-Material
+,	925,926	O	O
+are	927,930	O	O
+ejected	931,938	O	B-Process
+to	939,941	O	O
+the	942,945	O	O
+electrolyte	946,957	O	B-Material
+at	958,960	O	O
+the	961,964	O	O
+pore	965,969	O	B-Material
+bases	970,975	O	I-Material
+[	976,977	O	O
+7	977,978	O	O
+]	978,979	O	O
+.	979,980	O	O
+
+The	981,984	O	O
+electronic	985,995	O	O
+current	996,1003	O	O
+in	1004,1006	O	O
+the	1007,1010	O	O
+barrier	1011,1018	O	O
+region	1019,1025	O	O
+is	1026,1028	O	O
+generally	1029,1038	O	O
+considered	1039,1049	O	O
+to	1050,1052	O	O
+be	1053,1055	O	O
+negligible	1056,1066	O	O
+.	1066,1067	O	O
+
+The	1068,1071	O	O
+thickness	1072,1081	O	O
+of	1082,1084	O	O
+the	1085,1088	O	O
+barrier	1089,1096	O	B-Material
+region	1097,1103	O	I-Material
+,	1103,1104	O	O
+which	1105,1110	O	O
+is	1111,1113	O	O
+relatively	1114,1124	O	O
+constant	1125,1133	O	O
+during	1134,1140	O	O
+the	1141,1144	O	O
+growth	1145,1151	O	O
+of	1152,1154	O	O
+a	1155,1156	O	O
+film	1157,1161	O	B-Material
+under	1162,1167	O	O
+either	1168,1174	O	O
+a	1175,1176	O	O
+constant	1177,1185	O	O
+potential	1186,1195	O	O
+or	1196,1198	O	O
+constant	1199,1207	O	O
+current	1208,1215	O	O
+density	1216,1223	O	O
+,	1223,1224	O	O
+is	1225,1227	O	O
+maintained	1228,1238	O	O
+by	1239,1241	O	O
+a	1242,1243	O	O
+balance	1244,1251	O	O
+between	1252,1259	O	O
+growth	1260,1266	O	B-Process
+of	1267,1269	O	I-Process
+the	1270,1273	O	I-Process
+barrier	1274,1281	O	I-Process
+layer	1282,1287	O	I-Process
+by	1288,1290	O	I-Process
+continued	1291,1300	O	I-Process
+oxidation	1301,1310	O	I-Process
+of	1311,1313	O	O
+the	1314,1317	O	O
+aluminium	1318,1327	O	B-Material
+substrate	1328,1337	O	I-Material
+and	1338,1341	O	O
+thinning	1342,1350	O	B-Process
+of	1351,1353	O	I-Process
+the	1354,1357	O	I-Process
+barrier	1358,1365	O	I-Process
+layer	1366,1371	O	I-Process
+by	1372,1374	O	I-Process
+either	1375,1381	O	I-Process
+field	1382,1387	O	I-Process
+-	1387,1388	O	I-Process
+assisted	1388,1396	O	I-Process
+dissolution	1397,1408	O	I-Process
+of	1409,1411	O	O
+the	1412,1415	O	O
+alumina	1416,1423	O	B-Material
+at	1424,1426	O	O
+the	1427,1430	O	O
+pore	1431,1435	O	B-Material
+bases	1436,1441	O	I-Material
+[	1442,1443	O	O
+8	1443,1444	O	O
+]	1444,1445	O	O
+or	1446,1448	O	O
+field	1449,1454	O	B-Process
+-	1454,1455	O	I-Process
+assisted	1455,1463	O	I-Process
+flow	1464,1468	O	I-Process
+of	1469,1471	O	I-Process
+alumina	1472,1479	O	I-Process
+from	1480,1484	O	O
+the	1485,1488	O	O
+barrier	1489,1496	O	B-Material
+layer	1497,1502	O	I-Material
+to	1503,1505	O	O
+the	1506,1509	O	O
+pore	1510,1514	O	B-Material
+walls	1515,1520	O	I-Material
+[	1521,1522	O	O
+9–13	1522,1526	O	O
+]	1526,1527	O	O
+.	1527,1528	O	O
+
+The	1529,1532	O	O
+pores	1533,1538	O	B-Material
+may	1539,1542	O	O
+be	1543,1545	O	O
+widened	1546,1553	O	O
+toward	1554,1560	O	O
+the	1561,1564	O	O
+film	1565,1569	O	B-Material
+surface	1570,1577	O	I-Material
+by	1578,1580	O	O
+chemical	1581,1589	O	B-Process
+dissolution	1590,1601	O	I-Process
+to	1602,1604	O	O
+an	1605,1607	O	O
+extent	1608,1614	O	O
+dependent	1615,1624	O	O
+on	1625,1627	O	O
+the	1628,1631	O	O
+anodizing	1632,1641	O	O
+conditions	1642,1652	O	O
+.	1652,1653	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X15301189)
+
+Failure	0,7	O	B-Process
+of	8,10	O	I-Process
+structural	11,21	O	I-Process
+components	22,32	O	I-Process
+is	33,35	O	O
+a	36,37	O	O
+major	38,43	O	O
+concern	44,51	O	O
+in	52,54	O	O
+the	55,58	O	O
+nuclear	59,66	O	O
+power	67,72	O	O
+industry	73,81	O	O
+and	82,85	O	O
+represents	86,96	O	O
+not	97,100	O	O
+only	101,105	O	O
+a	106,107	O	O
+safety	108,114	O	O
+issue	115,120	O	O
+,	120,121	O	O
+but	122,125	O	O
+also	126,130	O	O
+a	131,132	O	O
+hazard	133,139	O	O
+to	140,142	O	O
+economic	143,151	O	O
+performance	152,163	O	O
+.	163,164	O	O
+
+Stress	165,171	O	B-Process
+corrosion	172,181	O	I-Process
+cracking	182,190	O	I-Process
+(	191,192	O	O
+SCC	192,195	O	B-Process
+)	195,196	O	O
+,	196,197	O	O
+and	198,201	O	O
+especially	202,212	O	O
+intergranular	213,226	O	B-Process
+stress	227,233	O	I-Process
+corrosion	234,243	O	I-Process
+cracking	244,252	O	I-Process
+(	253,254	O	O
+IGSCC	254,259	O	B-Process
+)	259,260	O	O
+,	260,261	O	O
+have	262,266	O	O
+proved	267,273	O	O
+to	274,276	O	O
+be	277,279	O	O
+a	280,281	O	O
+significant	282,293	O	O
+potential	294,303	O	O
+cause	304,309	O	O
+of	310,312	O	O
+failures	313,321	O	O
+in	322,324	O	O
+the	325,328	O	O
+nuclear	329,336	O	O
+industry	337,345	O	O
+in	346,348	O	O
+materials	349,358	O	O
+such	359,363	O	O
+as	364,366	O	O
+Alloy	367,372	O	B-Material
+600	373,376	O	I-Material
+(	377,378	O	O
+74	378,380	O	B-Material
+%	380,381	O	I-Material
+Ni	382,384	O	I-Material
+,	384,385	O	I-Material
+16	386,388	O	I-Material
+%	388,389	O	I-Material
+Cr	390,392	O	I-Material
+and	393,396	O	I-Material
+8	397,398	O	I-Material
+%	398,399	O	I-Material
+Fe	400,402	O	I-Material
+)	402,403	O	O
+and	404,407	O	O
+stainless	408,417	O	B-Material
+steels	418,424	O	I-Material
+,	424,425	O	O
+especially	426,436	O	O
+in	437,439	O	O
+Pressurised	440,451	O	B-Material
+Water	452,457	O	I-Material
+Reactors	458,466	O	I-Material
+(	467,468	O	O
+PWR	468,471	O	B-Material
+)	471,472	O	O
+[	473,474	O	O
+1–5	474,477	O	O
+]	477,478	O	O
+.	478,479	O	O
+
+Stress	480,486	O	B-Process
+corrosion	487,496	O	I-Process
+cracking	497,505	O	I-Process
+in	506,508	O	O
+pressurized	509,520	O	B-Material
+water	521,526	O	I-Material
+reactors	527,535	O	I-Material
+(	536,537	O	O
+PWSCC	537,542	O	B-Material
+)	542,543	O	O
+occurs	544,550	O	O
+in	551,553	O	O
+Alloy	554,559	O	B-Material
+600	560,563	O	I-Material
+in	564,566	O	O
+safety	567,573	O	B-Material
+critical	574,582	O	I-Material
+components	583,593	O	I-Material
+,	593,594	O	O
+such	595,599	O	O
+as	600,602	O	O
+steam	603,608	O	B-Material
+generator	609,618	O	I-Material
+tubes	619,624	O	I-Material
+,	624,625	O	O
+heater	626,632	O	B-Material
+sleeves	633,640	O	I-Material
+,	640,641	O	O
+pressurized	642,653	O	B-Material
+instrument	654,664	O	I-Material
+penetrations	665,677	O	I-Material
+and	678,681	O	O
+control	682,689	O	B-Material
+rod	690,693	O	I-Material
+drive	694,699	O	I-Material
+mechanisms	700,710	O	I-Material
+[	711,712	O	O
+2,6,7	712,717	O	O
+]	717,718	O	O
+.	718,719	O	O
+
+Understanding	720,733	O	O
+the	734,737	O	O
+mechanisms	738,748	O	O
+that	749,753	O	O
+control	754,761	O	O
+SCC	762,765	O	B-Material
+in	766,768	O	O
+this	769,773	O	O
+alloy	774,779	O	B-Material
+will	780,784	O	O
+allow	785,790	O	O
+for	791,794	O	O
+continued	795,804	O	O
+extensions	805,815	O	O
+of	816,818	O	O
+life	819,823	O	O
+in	824,826	O	O
+current	827,834	O	O
+plant	835,840	O	B-Material
+as	841,843	O	O
+well	844,848	O	O
+as	849,851	O	O
+safer	852,857	O	B-Task
+designs	858,865	O	I-Task
+of	866,868	O	I-Task
+future	869,875	O	I-Task
+nuclear	876,883	O	I-Task
+reactors	884,892	O	I-Task
+.	892,893	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0010938X1530161X)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+key	2,5	O	O
+part	6,10	O	O
+of	11,13	O	O
+this	14,18	O	O
+problem	19,26	O	O
+is	27,29	O	O
+that	30,34	O	O
+an	35,37	O	O
+inspector	38,47	O	O
+only	48,52	O	O
+has	53,56	O	O
+access	57,63	O	O
+to	64,66	O	O
+data	67,71	O	O
+from	72,76	O	O
+a	77,78	O	O
+small	79,84	O	O
+inspected	85,94	O	O
+area	95,99	O	O
+.	99,100	O	O
+
+In	101,103	O	O
+this	104,108	O	O
+area	109,113	O	O
+,	113,114	O	O
+there	115,120	O	O
+is	121,123	O	O
+only	124,128	O	O
+one	129,132	O	O
+minimum	133,140	O	O
+thickness	141,150	O	O
+,	150,151	O	O
+which	152,157	O	O
+does	158,162	O	O
+not	163,166	O	O
+provide	167,174	O	O
+enough	175,181	O	O
+information	182,193	O	O
+to	194,196	O	O
+build	197,202	O	B-Task
+a	203,204	O	I-Task
+model	205,210	O	I-Task
+of	211,213	O	I-Task
+the	214,217	O	I-Task
+smallest	218,226	O	I-Task
+thicknesses	227,238	O	I-Task
+.	238,239	O	O
+
+An	240,242	O	O
+inspector	243,252	O	O
+can	253,256	O	O
+generate	257,265	O	O
+a	266,267	O	O
+sample	268,274	O	B-Material
+of	275,277	O	O
+the	278,281	O	O
+smallest	282,290	O	O
+thickness	291,300	O	O
+measurements	301,313	O	O
+by	314,316	O	O
+partitioning	317,329	O	B-Process
+the	330,333	O	I-Process
+inspection	334,344	O	I-Process
+data	345,349	O	I-Process
+into	350,354	O	O
+a	355,356	O	O
+number	357,363	O	O
+of	364,366	O	O
+equally	367,374	O	B-Material
+sized	375,380	O	I-Material
+blocks	381,387	O	I-Material
+.	387,388	O	O
+
+In	389,391	O	O
+each	392,396	O	O
+block	397,402	O	B-Material
+the	403,406	O	O
+minimum	407,414	O	O
+thickness	415,424	O	O
+is	425,427	O	O
+recorded	428,436	O	O
+.	436,437	O	O
+
+This	438,442	O	O
+set	443,446	O	O
+forms	447,452	O	O
+a	453,454	O	O
+sample	455,461	O	B-Material
+of	462,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+smallest	469,477	O	O
+thickness	478,487	O	O
+measurements	488,500	O	O
+.	500,501	O	O
+
+From	502,506	O	O
+this	507,511	O	O
+sample	512,518	O	O
+,	518,519	O	O
+one	520,523	O	O
+can	524,527	O	O
+build	528,533	O	O
+a	534,535	O	O
+model	536,541	O	B-Process
+which	542,547	O	I-Process
+takes	548,553	O	I-Process
+into	554,558	O	I-Process
+account	559,566	O	I-Process
+the	567,570	O	I-Process
+variations	571,581	O	I-Process
+of	582,584	O	I-Process
+the	585,588	O	I-Process
+smallest	589,597	O	I-Process
+thickness	598,607	O	I-Process
+measurements	608,620	O	I-Process
+.	620,621	O	O
+
+Extreme	622,629	O	B-Process
+value	630,635	O	I-Process
+analysis	636,644	O	I-Process
+(	645,646	O	O
+EVA	646,649	O	B-Process
+)	649,650	O	O
+provides	651,659	O	O
+a	660,661	O	O
+limiting	662,670	O	O
+form	671,675	O	O
+for	676,679	O	O
+this	680,684	O	O
+model	685,690	O	O
+.	690,691	O	O
+
+It	692,694	O	O
+states	695,701	O	O
+that	702,706	O	O
+,	706,707	O	O
+if	708,710	O	O
+the	711,714	O	O
+underlying	715,725	O	O
+thickness	726,735	O	O
+measurements	736,748	O	O
+in	749,751	O	O
+each	752,756	O	O
+block	757,762	O	O
+are	763,766	O	O
+taken	767,772	O	O
+from	773,777	O	O
+independent	778,789	O	O
+and	790,793	O	O
+identical	794,803	O	O
+distributions	804,817	O	O
+,	817,818	O	O
+then	819,823	O	O
+the	824,827	O	O
+sample	828,834	O	O
+of	835,837	O	O
+minimum	838,845	O	O
+thickness	846,855	O	O
+measurements	856,868	O	O
+will	869,873	O	O
+follow	874,880	O	O
+a	881,882	O	O
+generalized	883,894	O	B-Process
+extreme	895,902	O	I-Process
+value	903,908	O	I-Process
+distribution	909,921	O	I-Process
+(	922,923	O	O
+GEVD	923,927	O	B-Process
+)	927,928	O	O
+.	928,929	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021961413004321)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+thermodynamics	4,18	O	B-Task
+of	19,21	O	I-Task
+copper	22,28	O	I-Task
+-	28,29	O	I-Task
+zinc	29,33	O	I-Task
+alloys	34,40	O	I-Task
+(	41,42	O	I-Task
+brass	42,47	O	I-Task
+)	47,48	O	I-Task
+was	49,52	O	O
+subject	53,60	O	O
+of	61,63	O	O
+numerous	64,72	O	O
+investigations	73,87	O	O
+.	87,88	O	O
+
+Brass	89,94	O	B-Material
+is	95,97	O	O
+characterised	98,111	O	O
+by	112,114	O	O
+an	115,117	O	O
+excess	118,124	O	B-Process
+enthalpy	125,133	O	I-Process
+and	134,137	O	I-Process
+excess	138,144	O	I-Process
+entropy	145,152	O	I-Process
+of	153,155	O	I-Process
+mixing	156,162	O	I-Process
+,	162,163	O	O
+both	164,168	O	O
+of	169,171	O	O
+which	172,177	O	O
+are	178,181	O	O
+negative	182,190	O	O
+.	190,191	O	O
+
+The	192,195	O	O
+enthalpic	196,205	O	B-Material
+data	206,210	O	I-Material
+were	211,215	O	O
+measured	216,224	O	O
+by	225,227	O	O
+solution	228,236	O	B-Process
+calorimetry	237,248	O	I-Process
+e.g.	249,253	O	O
+,	253,254	O	O
+[	255,256	O	O
+1–3	256,259	O	O
+]	259,260	O	O
+and	261,264	O	O
+based	265,270	O	O
+on	271,273	O	O
+chemical	274,282	O	B-Material
+potential	283,292	O	I-Material
+data	293,297	O	I-Material
+calculated	298,308	O	O
+from	309,313	O	O
+phase	314,319	O	B-Process
+equilibrium	320,331	O	I-Process
+experiments	332,343	O	I-Process
+e.g.	344,348	O	O
+,	348,349	O	O
+[	350,351	O	O
+4–6	351,354	O	O
+]	354,355	O	O
+,	355,356	O	O
+the	357,360	O	O
+excess	361,367	O	B-Task
+entropy	368,375	O	I-Task
+of	376,378	O	I-Task
+mixing	379,385	O	I-Task
+could	386,391	O	O
+be	392,394	O	O
+evaluated	395,404	O	O
+e.g.	405,409	O	O
+,	409,410	O	O
+[	411,412	O	O
+7–9	412,415	O	O
+]	415,416	O	O
+.	416,417	O	O
+
+This	418,422	O	O
+excess	423,429	O	O
+entropy	430,437	O	O
+contains	438,446	O	O
+both	447,451	O	O
+,	451,452	O	O
+the	453,456	O	O
+vibrational	457,468	O	B-Task
+and	469,472	O	I-Task
+the	473,476	O	I-Task
+configurational	477,492	O	I-Task
+parts	493,498	O	I-Task
+.	498,499	O	O
+
+The	500,503	O	O
+excess	504,510	O	O
+vibrational	511,522	O	O
+entropy	523,530	O	O
+,	530,531	O	O
+defined	532,539	O	O
+as	540,542	O	O
+the	543,546	O	O
+deviation	547,556	O	O
+from	557,561	O	O
+the	562,565	O	O
+entropy	566,573	O	O
+of	574,576	O	O
+a	577,578	O	O
+mechanical	579,589	O	O
+mixture	590,597	O	O
+of	598,600	O	O
+the	601,604	O	O
+end	605,608	O	O
+members	609,616	O	O
+A	617,618	O	O
+and	619,622	O	O
+B	623,624	O	O
+(	625,626	O	O
+i.e.	626,630	O	O
+,	630,631	O	O
+Smmechmix	632,641	O	O
+=	641,642	O	O
+
+XASmA+XBSmB	642,653	O	O
+
+)	653,654	O	O
+,	654,655	O	O
+can	656,659	O	O
+be	660,662	O	O
+determined	663,673	O	O
+by	674,676	O	O
+measuring	677,686	O	B-Process
+the	687,690	O	I-Process
+low	691,694	O	I-Process
+temperature	695,706	O	I-Process
+heat	707,711	O	I-Process
+capacity	712,720	O	I-Process
+(	721,722	O	I-Process
+5	722,723	O	I-Process
+to	724,726	O	I-Process
+300	727,730	O	I-Process
+K	730,731	O	I-Process
+)	731,732	O	I-Process
+versus	733,739	O	I-Process
+composition	740,751	O	I-Process
+behaviour	752,761	O	I-Process
+.	761,762	O	O
+
+The	763,766	O	O
+determination	767,780	O	O
+of	781,783	O	O
+the	784,787	O	O
+excess	788,794	O	B-Task
+configurational	795,810	O	I-Task
+entropy	811,818	O	I-Task
+,	818,819	O	O
+i.e.	820,824	O	O
+,	824,825	O	O
+the	826,829	O	O
+excess	830,836	O	O
+entropy	837,844	O	O
+coming	845,851	O	O
+from	852,856	O	O
+non	857,860	O	O
+-	860,861	O	O
+random	861,867	O	O
+atomic	868,874	O	O
+distributions	875,888	O	O
+and	889,892	O	O
+defects	893,900	O	O
+,	900,901	O	O
+is	902,904	O	O
+much	905,909	O	O
+more	910,914	O	O
+difficult	915,924	O	O
+.	924,925	O	O
+
+Here	926,930	O	O
+,	930,931	O	O
+neutron	932,939	O	B-Process
+scattering	940,950	O	I-Process
+investigations	951,965	O	I-Process
+together	966,974	O	O
+with	975,979	O	O
+computer	980,988	O	B-Process
+simulations	989,1000	O	I-Process
+are	1001,1004	O	O
+normally	1005,1013	O	O
+used	1014,1018	O	O
+.	1018,1019	O	O
+
+If	1020,1022	O	O
+,	1022,1023	O	O
+however	1024,1031	O	O
+,	1031,1032	O	O
+reliable	1033,1041	O	B-Material
+data	1042,1046	O	I-Material
+of	1047,1049	O	I-Material
+the	1050,1053	O	I-Material
+total	1054,1059	O	I-Material
+excess	1060,1066	O	I-Material
+entropy	1067,1074	O	I-Material
+(	1075,1076	O	O
+from	1076,1080	O	O
+enthalpic	1081,1090	O	B-Material
+and	1091,1094	O	I-Material
+chemical	1095,1103	O	I-Material
+potential	1104,1113	O	I-Material
+data	1114,1118	O	I-Material
+)	1118,1119	O	O
+are	1120,1123	O	O
+available	1124,1133	O	O
+,	1133,1134	O	O
+the	1135,1138	O	O
+measurement	1139,1150	O	B-Process
+of	1151,1153	O	I-Process
+the	1154,1157	O	I-Process
+excess	1158,1164	O	I-Process
+vibrational	1165,1176	O	I-Process
+entropy	1177,1184	O	I-Process
+enables	1185,1192	O	O
+the	1193,1196	O	O
+determination	1197,1210	O	B-Process
+of	1211,1213	O	I-Process
+the	1214,1217	O	I-Process
+excess	1218,1224	O	I-Process
+configurational	1225,1240	O	I-Process
+entropy	1241,1248	O	I-Process
+simply	1249,1255	O	O
+by	1256,1258	O	O
+subtraction	1259,1270	O	B-Process
+.	1270,1271	O	O
+
+Since	1272,1277	O	O
+configurational	1278,1293	O	O
+and	1294,1297	O	O
+vibrational	1298,1309	O	O
+entropies	1310,1319	O	O
+may	1320,1323	O	O
+have	1324,1328	O	O
+different	1329,1338	O	O
+temperature	1339,1350	O	O
+dependencies	1351,1363	O	O
+,	1363,1364	O	O
+it	1365,1367	O	O
+is	1368,1370	O	O
+worthwhile	1371,1381	O	O
+to	1382,1384	O	O
+separate	1385,1393	O	B-Task
+the	1394,1397	O	I-Task
+entropic	1398,1406	O	I-Task
+effects	1407,1414	O	I-Task
+.	1414,1415	O	O
+
+This	1416,1420	O	O
+is	1421,1423	O	O
+one	1424,1427	O	O
+aim	1428,1431	O	O
+of	1432,1434	O	O
+this	1435,1439	O	O
+study	1440,1445	O	O
+.	1445,1446	O	O
+
+Another	1447,1454	O	O
+aim	1455,1458	O	O
+is	1459,1461	O	O
+to	1462,1464	O	O
+deliver	1465,1472	O	B-Task
+experimental	1473,1485	O	I-Task
+data	1486,1490	O	I-Task
+so	1491,1493	O	O
+that	1494,1498	O	O
+first	1499,1504	O	O
+principles	1505,1515	O	O
+studies	1516,1523	O	O
+can	1524,1527	O	O
+test	1528,1532	O	O
+their	1533,1538	O	O
+models	1539,1545	O	O
+on	1546,1548	O	O
+a	1549,1550	O	O
+disordered	1551,1561	O	B-Material
+alloy	1562,1567	O	I-Material
+,	1567,1568	O	O
+whose	1569,1574	O	O
+structural	1575,1585	O	O
+details	1586,1593	O	O
+(	1594,1595	O	O
+short	1595,1600	O	O
+-	1600,1601	O	O
+range	1601,1606	O	O
+order	1607,1612	O	O
+)	1612,1613	O	O
+depend	1614,1620	O	O
+on	1621,1623	O	O
+temperature	1624,1635	O	O
+.	1635,1636	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113002362)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+algorithm	4,13	O	O
+allows	14,20	O	O
+the	21,24	O	O
+modelling	25,34	O	B-Task
+of	35,37	O	I-Task
+plasmas	38,45	O	I-Task
+of	46,48	O	I-Task
+arbitrary	49,58	O	I-Task
+degeneracy	59,69	O	I-Task
+under	70,75	O	O
+the	76,79	O	O
+binary	80,86	O	B-Process
+collision	87,96	O	I-Process
+approximation	97,110	O	I-Process
+.	110,111	O	O
+
+It	112,114	O	O
+uses	115,119	O	O
+a	120,121	O	O
+numerical	122,131	O	B-Process
+interpolation	132,145	O	I-Process
+of	146,148	O	O
+the	149,152	O	O
+inverse	153,160	O	O
+cumulative	161,171	O	O
+density	172,179	O	O
+function	180,188	O	O
+of	189,191	O	O
+the	192,195	O	O
+Fermi	196,201	O	B-Process
+–	201,202	O	I-Process
+Dirac	202,207	O	I-Process
+distribution	208,220	O	I-Process
+to	221,223	O	O
+initialise	224,234	O	O
+simulation	235,245	O	B-Material
+particles	246,255	O	I-Material
+,	255,256	O	O
+and	257,260	O	O
+collisions	261,271	O	B-Process
+are	272,275	O	O
+subject	276,283	O	O
+to	284,286	O	O
+Pauli	287,292	O	B-Process
+blocking	293,301	O	I-Process
+.	301,302	O	O
+
+It	303,305	O	O
+is	306,308	O	O
+not	309,312	O	O
+appropriate	313,324	O	O
+in	325,327	O	O
+the	328,331	O	O
+limit	332,337	O	O
+of	338,340	O	O
+very	341,345	O	O
+strong	346,352	O	O
+coupling	353,361	O	B-Process
+because	362,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+plasma	374,380	O	B-Task
+theory	381,387	O	I-Task
+which	388,393	O	O
+the	394,397	O	O
+Monte	398,403	O	B-Process
+Carlo	404,409	O	I-Process
+code	410,414	O	I-Process
+is	415,417	O	O
+based	418,423	O	O
+on	424,426	O	O
+breaks	427,433	O	O
+down	434,438	O	O
+.	438,439	O	O
+
+The	440,443	O	O
+strong	444,450	O	B-Task
+coupling	451,459	O	I-Task
+limit	460,465	O	I-Task
+corresponds	466,477	O	O
+to	478,480	O	O
+lnΛ≲3	481,486	O	O
+,	486,487	O	O
+with	488,492	O	O
+lnΛ	493,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+Coulomb	501,508	O	B-Process
+logarithm	509,518	O	I-Process
+[	519,520	O	O
+10	520,522	O	O
+]	522,523	O	O
+.	523,524	O	O
+
+The	525,528	O	O
+code	529,533	O	O
+is	534,536	O	O
+designed	537,545	O	O
+for	546,549	O	O
+lnΛ>3	550,555	O	O
+in	556,558	O	O
+collisional	559,570	O	B-Material
+plasmas	571,578	O	I-Material
+with	579,583	O	O
+a	584,585	O	O
+non	586,589	O	O
+-	589,590	O	O
+negligible	590,600	O	O
+level	601,606	O	O
+of	607,609	O	O
+degeneracy	610,620	O	O
+.	620,621	O	O
+
+It	622,624	O	O
+is	625,627	O	O
+noted	628,633	O	O
+that	634,638	O	O
+Monte	639,644	O	B-Process
+Carlo	645,650	O	I-Process
+techniques	651,661	O	I-Process
+with	662,666	O	O
+degenerate	667,677	O	O
+capabilities	678,690	O	O
+have	691,695	O	O
+been	696,700	O	O
+developed	701,710	O	O
+for	711,714	O	O
+studying	715,723	O	O
+transport	724,733	O	B-Task
+in	734,736	O	I-Task
+semi	737,741	O	I-Task
+-	741,742	O	I-Task
+conductors	742,752	O	I-Task
+[	753,754	O	O
+11	754,756	O	O
+]	756,757	O	O
+but	758,761	O	O
+no	762,764	O	O
+such	765,769	O	O
+method	770,776	O	O
+exists	777,783	O	O
+for	784,787	O	O
+fully	788,793	O	B-Material
+-	793,794	O	I-Material
+ionised	794,801	O	I-Material
+plasmas	802,809	O	I-Material
+.	809,810	O	O
+
+Some	811,815	O	O
+of	816,818	O	O
+the	819,822	O	O
+techniques	823,833	O	O
+described	834,843	O	O
+are	844,847	O	O
+potentially	848,859	O	O
+applicable	860,870	O	O
+to	871,873	O	O
+other	874,879	O	O
+types	880,885	O	O
+of	886,888	O	O
+codes	889,894	O	O
+,	894,895	O	O
+for	896,899	O	O
+example	900,907	O	O
+,	907,908	O	O
+Particle	909,917	O	O
+-	917,918	O	O
+In	918,920	O	O
+-	920,921	O	O
+Cell	921,925	O	O
+(	926,927	O	O
+PIC	927,930	O	O
+)	930,931	O	O
+codes	932,937	O	O
+.	937,938	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113003422)
+
+Similar	0,7	O	O
+numerical	8,17	O	B-Process
+oscillations	18,30	O	I-Process
+to	31,33	O	O
+those	34,39	O	O
+described	40,49	O	O
+above	50,55	O	O
+also	56,60	O	O
+emerge	61,67	O	O
+in	68,70	O	O
+the	71,74	O	O
+ISPM	75,79	O	B-Process
+when	80,84	O	O
+utilising	85,94	O	O
+classical	95,104	O	B-Process
+IBM	105,108	O	I-Process
+kernels	109,116	O	I-Process
+due	117,120	O	O
+to	121,123	O	O
+their	124,129	O	O
+lack	130,134	O	O
+of	135,137	O	O
+regularity	138,148	O	O
+(	149,150	O	O
+with	150,154	O	O
+discontinuous	155,168	O	O
+second	169,175	O	O
+derivatives	176,187	O	O
+)	187,188	O	O
+.	188,189	O	O
+
+Furthermore	190,201	O	O
+,	201,202	O	O
+it	203,205	O	O
+is	206,208	O	O
+important	209,218	O	O
+to	219,221	O	O
+remark	222,228	O	O
+that	229,233	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+immersed	238,246	O	O
+structure	247,256	O	O
+stresses	257,265	O	O
+are	266,269	O	O
+captured	270,278	O	O
+in	279,281	O	O
+the	282,285	O	O
+Lagrangian	286,296	O	B-Process
+description	297,308	O	I-Process
+and	309,312	O	O
+hence	313,318	O	O
+,	318,319	O	O
+in	320,322	O	O
+order	323,328	O	O
+to	329,331	O	O
+compute	332,339	O	O
+them	340,344	O	O
+accurately	345,355	O	O
+,	355,356	O	O
+it	357,359	O	O
+is	360,362	O	O
+important	363,372	O	O
+to	373,375	O	O
+ensure	376,382	O	O
+that	383,387	O	O
+these	388,393	O	O
+spurious	394,402	O	O
+oscillations	403,415	O	B-Material
+are	416,419	O	O
+not	420,423	O	O
+introduced	424,434	O	O
+via	435,438	O	O
+the	439,442	O	O
+kernel	443,449	O	B-Process
+interpolation	450,463	O	I-Process
+functions	464,473	O	I-Process
+.	473,474	O	O
+
+In	475,477	O	O
+this	478,482	O	O
+paper	483,488	O	O
+,	488,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+authors	494,501	O	O
+have	502,506	O	O
+specifically	507,519	O	O
+designed	520,528	O	O
+a	529,530	O	O
+new	531,534	O	B-Task
+family	535,541	O	I-Task
+of	542,544	O	I-Task
+kernel	545,551	O	I-Task
+functions	552,561	O	I-Task
+which	562,567	O	O
+do	568,570	O	B-Task
+not	571,574	O	I-Task
+introduce	575,584	O	I-Task
+these	585,590	O	I-Task
+spurious	591,599	O	I-Task
+oscillations	600,612	O	I-Task
+.	612,613	O	O
+
+The	614,617	O	O
+kernel	618,624	O	B-Process
+functions	625,634	O	I-Process
+are	635,638	O	O
+obtained	639,647	O	O
+by	648,650	O	O
+taking	651,657	O	O
+into	658,662	O	O
+account	663,670	O	O
+discrete	671,679	O	O
+reproducibility	680,695	O	O
+conditions	696,706	O	O
+as	707,709	O	O
+originally	710,720	O	O
+introduced	721,731	O	O
+by	732,734	O	O
+Peskin	735,741	O	O
+[	742,743	O	O
+14	743,745	O	O
+]	745,746	O	O
+(	747,748	O	O
+in	748,750	O	O
+our	751,754	O	O
+case	755,759	O	O
+,	759,760	O	O
+tailor	761,767	O	O
+-	767,768	O	O
+made	768,772	O	O
+for	773,776	O	O
+Cartesian	777,786	O	B-Process
+staggered	787,796	O	I-Process
+grids	797,802	O	I-Process
+)	802,803	O	O
+and	804,807	O	O
+regularity	808,818	O	O
+requirements	819,831	O	O
+to	832,834	O	O
+prevent	835,842	O	O
+the	843,846	O	O
+appearance	847,857	O	O
+of	858,860	O	O
+spurious	861,869	O	O
+oscillations	870,882	O	B-Material
+when	883,887	O	O
+computing	888,897	O	O
+derivatives	898,909	O	O
+.	909,910	O	O
+
+A	911,912	O	O
+Maple	913,918	O	B-Material
+computer	919,927	O	I-Material
+program	928,935	O	I-Material
+has	936,939	O	O
+been	940,944	O	O
+developed	945,954	O	O
+to	955,957	O	O
+obtain	958,964	O	B-Task
+explicit	965,973	O	I-Task
+expressions	974,985	O	I-Task
+for	986,989	O	I-Task
+the	990,993	O	I-Task
+new	994,997	O	I-Task
+kernels	998,1005	O	I-Task
+.	1005,1006	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005603)
+
+After	0,5	O	O
+all	6,9	O	O
+micro	10,15	O	O
+elements	16,24	O	O
+reach	25,30	O	O
+a	31,32	O	O
+relaxed	33,40	O	O
+steady	41,47	O	O
+-	47,48	O	O
+state	48,53	O	O
+,	53,54	O	O
+measurements	55,67	O	O
+are	68,71	O	O
+obtained	72,80	O	O
+using	81,86	O	O
+a	87,88	O	O
+cumulative	89,99	O	B-Process
+averaging	100,109	O	I-Process
+technique	110,119	O	I-Process
+to	120,122	O	O
+reduce	123,129	O	B-Task
+noise	130,135	O	I-Task
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+Each	137,141	O	O
+micro	142,147	O	B-Material
+element	148,155	O	I-Material
+is	156,158	O	O
+divided	159,166	O	O
+into	167,171	O	O
+spatially	172,181	O	B-Material
+-	181,182	O	I-Material
+oriented	182,190	O	I-Material
+bins	191,195	O	I-Material
+in	196,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+y	203,204	O	O
+-	204,205	O	O
+direction	205,214	O	O
+in	215,217	O	O
+order	218,223	O	O
+to	224,226	O	O
+resolve	227,234	O	B-Task
+the	235,238	O	I-Task
+velocity	239,247	O	I-Task
+and	248,251	O	I-Task
+shear	252,257	O	I-Task
+-	257,258	O	I-Task
+stress	258,264	O	I-Task
+profiles	265,273	O	I-Task
+.	273,274	O	O
+
+Velocity	275,283	O	O
+in	284,286	O	O
+each	287,291	O	O
+bin	292,295	O	B-Material
+is	296,298	O	O
+measured	299,307	O	O
+using	308,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	O
+Cumulative	318,328	O	B-Process
+Averaging	329,338	O	I-Process
+Method	339,345	O	I-Process
+(	346,347	O	O
+CAM	347,350	O	B-Process
+)	350,351	O	O
+[	352,353	O	O
+24	353,355	O	O
+]	355,356	O	O
+,	356,357	O	O
+while	358,363	O	O
+the	364,367	O	O
+stress	368,374	O	B-Process
+tensor	375,381	O	I-Process
+field	382,387	O	I-Process
+is	388,390	O	O
+measured	391,399	O	O
+using	400,405	O	O
+the	406,409	O	O
+Irving	410,416	O	O
+–	416,417	O	O
+
+Kirkwood	417,425	O	O
+relationship	426,438	O	O
+[	439,440	O	O
+25	440,442	O	O
+]	442,443	O	O
+.	443,444	O	O
+
+A	445,446	O	O
+least	447,452	O	B-Process
+-	452,453	O	I-Process
+squares	453,460	O	I-Process
+polynomial	461,471	O	I-Process
+fit	472,475	O	I-Process
+to	476,478	O	O
+the	479,482	O	O
+data	483,487	O	O
+is	488,490	O	O
+performed	491,500	O	O
+,	500,501	O	O
+which	502,507	O	O
+helps	508,513	O	O
+reduce	514,520	O	B-Process
+noise	521,526	O	I-Process
+further	527,534	O	O
+.	534,535	O	O
+
+The	536,539	O	O
+fit	540,543	O	O
+produces	544,552	O	O
+a	553,554	O	O
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+function	566,574	O	I-Process
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+arising	604,611	O	O
+from	612,616	O	O
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+highly	627,633	O	B-Material
+fluctuating	634,645	O	I-Material
+data	646,650	O	I-Material
+to	651,653	O	O
+the	654,657	O	O
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+.	670,671	O	O
+
+A	672,673	O	O
+least	674,679	O	B-Process
+-	679,680	O	I-Process
+squares	680,687	O	I-Process
+fit	688,691	O	I-Process
+is	692,694	O	O
+applied	695,702	O	O
+to	703,705	O	O
+an	706,708	O	O
+Nth	709,712	O	B-Material
+order	713,718	O	I-Material
+polynomial	719,729	O	I-Material
+for	730,733	O	O
+the	734,737	O	O
+velocity	738,746	O	O
+profile	747,754	O	O
+in	755,757	O	O
+the	758,761	O	O
+core	762,766	O	B-Material
+region	767,773	O	I-Material
+,	773,774	O	O
+and	775,778	O	O
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+for	803,806	O	O
+the	807,810	O	O
+velocity	811,819	O	O
+profile	820,827	O	O
+in	828,830	O	O
+the	831,834	O	O
+constrained	835,846	O	O
+region:(16)〈ui	847,861	O	O
+,	861,862	O	O
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+,	875,876	O	O
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+0⩽yi′⩽hcore	890,901	O	O
+,	901,902	O	O
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+,	913,914	O	O
+cs〉=∑k=1Mck	914,925	O	O
+,	925,926	O	O
+
+iyi″(M−k),for	926,939	O	O
+
+0⩽yi″⩽hcs	940,949	O	O
+,	949,950	O	O
+where	951,956	O	O
+bk	957,959	O	O
+,	959,960	O	O
+i	960,961	O	O
+and	962,965	O	O
+ck	966,968	O	O
+,	968,969	O	O
+i	969,970	O	O
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+the	975,978	O	O
+coefficients	979,991	O	B-Material
+of	992,994	O	O
+the	995,998	O	O
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+in	1016,1018	O	O
+the	1019,1022	O	O
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+region	1034,1040	O	I-Material
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+respectively	1064,1076	O	O
+.	1076,1077	O	O
+
+An	1078,1080	O	O
+estimate	1081,1089	O	O
+of	1090,1092	O	O
+the	1093,1096	O	O
+new	1097,1100	O	O
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+velocity	1106,1114	O	O
+uB	1115,1117	O	O
+for	1118,1121	O	O
+input	1122,1127	O	O
+to	1128,1130	O	O
+the	1131,1134	O	O
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+solution	1141,1149	O	I-Material
+(	1150,1151	O	O
+6	1151,1152	O	O
+)	1152,1153	O	O
+is	1154,1156	O	O
+taken	1157,1162	O	O
+directly	1163,1171	O	O
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+-	1202,1203	O	I-Material
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+(	1220,1221	O	O
+16	1221,1223	O	O
+)	1223,1224	O	O
+,	1224,1225	O	O
+at	1226,1228	O	O
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+.	1234,1235	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005652)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+is	3,5	O	O
+interesting	6,17	O	O
+to	18,20	O	O
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+the	30,33	O	O
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+of	42,44	O	O
+the	45,48	O	O
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+number	57,63	O	O
+and	64,67	O	O
+the	68,71	O	O
+chemical	72,80	O	B-Process
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+on	95,97	O	O
+the	98,101	O	O
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+-	106,107	O	I-Process
+mean	107,111	O	I-Process
+concentration	112,125	O	I-Process
+of	126,128	O	O
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+in	131,133	O	O
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+.	139,140	O	O
+
+The	141,144	O	O
+data	145,149	O	O
+could	150,155	O	O
+present	156,163	O	O
+important	164,173	O	O
+information	174,185	O	O
+on	186,188	O	O
+evaluating	189,199	O	O
+the	200,203	O	O
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+impacts	218,225	O	O
+of	226,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+degradation	233,244	O	B-Process
+product	245,252	O	O
+of	253,255	O	O
+B	256,257	O	B-Material
+,	257,258	O	O
+as	259,261	O	O
+well	262,266	O	O
+as	267,269	O	O
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+of	284,286	O	O
+water	287,292	O	B-Material
+by	293,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+chemical	300,308	O	B-Process
+reaction	309,317	O	I-Process
+.	317,318	O	O
+
+Here	319,323	O	O
+,	323,324	O	O
+the	325,328	O	O
+bulk	329,333	O	B-Material
+-	333,334	O	I-Material
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+of	353,355	O	O
+B	356,357	O	B-Material
+is	358,360	O	O
+defined	361,368	O	O
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+Fig	396,399	O	O
+.	399,400	O	O
+
+15	401,403	O	O
+depicts	404,411	O	O
+the	412,415	O	O
+effect	416,422	O	O
+of	423,425	O	O
+the	426,429	O	O
+Schmidt	430,437	O	O
+and	438,441	O	O
+the	442,445	O	O
+chemical	446,454	O	B-Process
+reaction	455,463	O	I-Process
+rate	464,468	O	O
+on	469,471	O	O
+the	472,475	O	O
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+-	480,481	O	I-Material
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+
+It	506,508	O	O
+is	509,511	O	O
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+to	518,520	O	O
+mention	521,528	O	O
+here	529,533	O	O
+that	534,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+bulk	543,547	O	B-Process
+-	547,548	O	I-Process
+mean	548,552	O	I-Process
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+of	567,569	O	O
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+0.6	594,597	O	O
+as	598,600	O	O
+the	601,604	O	O
+chemical	605,613	O	B-Process
+reaction	614,622	O	I-Process
+rate	623,627	O	O
+and	628,631	O	O
+the	632,635	O	O
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+to	660,662	O	O
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+,	671,672	O	O
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+the	677,680	O	O
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+is	695,697	O	O
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+than	706,710	O	O
+the	711,714	O	O
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+concentration	727,740	O	O
+of	741,743	O	O
+A	744,745	O	B-Material
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+the	749,752	O	O
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+.	762,763	O	O
+
+This	764,768	O	O
+figure	769,775	O	O
+indicates	776,785	O	O
+that	786,790	O	O
+progress	791,799	O	O
+of	800,802	O	O
+the	803,806	O	O
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+reaction	816,824	O	I-Process
+is	825,827	O	O
+somewhat	828,836	O	O
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+by	848,850	O	O
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+mixing	861,867	O	I-Process
+in	868,870	O	O
+water	871,876	O	B-Material
+,	876,877	O	O
+and	878,881	O	O
+the	882,885	O	O
+efficiency	886,896	O	O
+of	897,899	O	O
+the	900,903	O	O
+chemical	904,912	O	B-Process
+reaction	913,921	O	I-Process
+is	922,924	O	O
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+60	945,947	O	O
+%	947,948	O	O
+.	948,949	O	O
+
+The	950,953	O	O
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+of	965,967	O	O
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+in	990,992	O	O
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+a	1007,1008	O	O
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+number	1034,1040	O	O
+of	1041,1043	O	O
+the	1044,1047	O	O
+water	1048,1053	O	B-Process
+flow	1054,1058	O	I-Process
+,	1058,1059	O	O
+and	1060,1063	O	O
+the	1064,1067	O	O
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+as	1094,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
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+number	1110,1116	O	O
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+.	1126,1127	O	O
+
+We	1128,1130	O	O
+need	1131,1135	O	O
+an	1136,1138	O	O
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+on	1163,1165	O	I-Task
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+the	1184,1187	O	I-Task
+aquarium	1188,1196	O	I-Task
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+reaction	1206,1214	O	I-Task
+in	1215,1217	O	O
+the	1218,1221	O	O
+near	1222,1226	O	O
+future	1227,1233	O	O
+to	1234,1236	O	O
+extend	1237,1243	O	O
+the	1244,1247	O	O
+results	1248,1255	O	O
+of	1256,1258	O	O
+this	1259,1263	O	O
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+further	1270,1277	O	O
+to	1278,1280	O	O
+establish	1281,1290	O	B-Task
+practical	1291,1300	O	I-Task
+modelling	1301,1310	O	I-Task
+for	1311,1314	O	I-Task
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+.	1353,1354	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113005718)
+
+Numerical	0,9	O	B-Process
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+-	53,54	O	O
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+internal	62,70	O	O
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+is	82,84	O	O
+,	84,85	O	O
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+,	93,94	O	O
+extremely	95,104	O	O
+challenging	105,116	O	O
+.	116,117	O	O
+
+This	118,122	O	O
+is	123,125	O	O
+because	126,133	O	O
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+,	171,172	O	O
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+a	200,201	O	O
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+to	215,217	O	O
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+,	254,255	O	O
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+(	339,340	O	O
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+,	422,423	O	O
+λ	424,425	O	O
+[	426,427	O	O
+1	427,428	O	O
+]	428,429	O	O
+.	429,430	O	O
+
+An	431,433	O	O
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+and	443,446	O	O
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+for	478,481	O	O
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+is	494,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
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+2	546,547	O	O
+]	547,548	O	O
+.	548,549	O	O
+
+However	550,557	O	O
+,	557,558	O	O
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+-	607,608	O	I-Task
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+,	625,626	O	O
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+-	666,667	O	O
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+(	680,681	O	O
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+,	704,705	O	O
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+-	729,730	O	O
+section	730,737	O	O
+)	737,738	O	O
+.	738,739	O	O
+
+The	740,743	O	O
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+-	748,749	O	I-Process
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+:	801,802	O	O
+processes	803,812	O	O
+need	813,817	O	O
+to	818,820	O	O
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+resolved	824,832	O	O
+occurring	833,842	O	O
+over	843,847	O	O
+the	848,851	O	O
+smallest	852,860	O	O
+characteristic	861,875	O	O
+scale	876,881	O	O
+of	882,884	O	O
+the	885,888	O	O
+geometry	889,897	O	O
+(	898,899	O	O
+e.g.	899,903	O	O
+a	904,905	O	O
+channelʼs	906,915	O	O
+height	916,922	O	O
+)	922,923	O	O
+,	923,924	O	O
+as	925,927	O	O
+well	928,932	O	O
+as	933,935	O	O
+over	936,940	O	O
+the	941,944	O	O
+largest	945,952	O	O
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+scale	968,973	O	O
+of	974,976	O	O
+the	977,980	O	O
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+(	990,991	O	O
+e.g.	991,995	O	O
+the	996,999	O	O
+length	1000,1006	O	O
+of	1007,1009	O	O
+a	1010,1011	O	O
+long	1012,1016	O	O
+channel	1017,1024	O	O
+network	1025,1032	O	O
+)	1032,1033	O	O
+,	1033,1034	O	O
+simultaneously	1035,1049	O	O
+.	1049,1050	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999113006955)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+test	4,8	O	O
+cases	9,14	O	O
+confirm	15,22	O	O
+that	23,27	O	O
+the	28,31	O	O
+high	32,36	O	B-Process
+-	36,37	O	I-Process
+order	37,42	O	I-Process
+discretisation	43,57	O	I-Process
+retains	58,65	O	O
+exponential	66,77	O	O
+convergence	78,89	O	O
+properties	90,100	O	O
+with	101,105	O	O
+increasing	106,116	O	O
+geometric	117,126	O	O
+and	127,130	O	O
+expansion	131,140	O	O
+polynomial	141,151	O	O
+order	152,157	O	O
+if	158,160	O	O
+both	161,165	O	O
+the	166,169	O	O
+solution	170,178	O	B-Material
+and	179,182	O	O
+true	183,187	O	B-Material
+surface	188,195	O	I-Material
+are	196,199	O	O
+smooth	200,206	O	O
+.	206,207	O	O
+
+Errors	208,214	O	O
+are	215,218	O	O
+found	219,224	O	O
+to	225,227	O	O
+saturate	228,236	O	O
+when	237,241	O	O
+the	242,245	O	O
+geometric	246,255	O	O
+errors	256,262	O	O
+,	262,263	O	O
+due	264,267	O	O
+to	268,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+parametrisation	275,290	O	B-Process
+of	291,293	O	I-Process
+the	294,297	O	I-Process
+surface	298,305	O	I-Process
+elements	306,314	O	I-Process
+,	314,315	O	O
+begin	316,321	O	O
+to	322,324	O	O
+dominate	325,333	O	O
+the	334,337	O	O
+temporal	338,346	O	O
+and	347,350	O	O
+spatial	351,358	O	O
+discretisation	359,373	O	O
+errors	374,380	O	O
+.	380,381	O	O
+
+For	382,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+smooth	390,396	O	O
+solutions	397,406	O	O
+considered	407,417	O	O
+as	418,420	O	O
+test	421,425	O	O
+cases	426,431	O	O
+,	431,432	O	O
+the	433,436	O	O
+results	437,444	O	O
+show	445,449	O	O
+that	450,454	O	O
+this	455,459	O	O
+dominance	460,469	O	O
+of	470,472	O	O
+geometric	473,482	O	O
+errors	483,489	O	O
+quickly	490,497	O	O
+limits	498,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+effectiveness	509,522	O	O
+of	523,525	O	O
+further	526,533	O	O
+increases	534,543	O	O
+in	544,546	O	O
+the	547,550	O	O
+number	551,557	O	O
+of	558,560	O	O
+degrees	561,568	O	O
+of	569,571	O	O
+freedom	572,579	O	O
+,	579,580	O	O
+either	581,587	O	O
+through	588,595	O	O
+mesh	596,600	O	B-Process
+refinement	601,611	O	I-Process
+or	612,614	O	O
+higher	615,621	O	B-Task
+solution	622,630	O	I-Task
+polynomial	631,641	O	I-Task
+orders	642,648	O	I-Task
+.	648,649	O	O
+
+Increasing	650,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
+order	665,670	O	O
+of	671,673	O	O
+the	674,677	O	O
+geometry	678,686	O	O
+parametrisation	687,702	O	O
+reduces	703,710	O	B-Task
+the	711,714	O	I-Task
+geometric	715,724	O	I-Task
+error	725,730	O	I-Task
+.	730,731	O	O
+
+The	732,735	O	O
+analytic	736,744	O	O
+test	745,749	O	O
+cases	750,755	O	O
+presented	756,765	O	O
+here	766,770	O	O
+use	771,774	O	O
+a	775,776	O	O
+coarse	777,783	O	B-Material
+curvilinear	784,795	O	I-Material
+mesh	796,800	O	I-Material
+;	800,801	O	O
+for	802,805	O	O
+applications	806,818	O	O
+,	818,819	O	O
+meshes	820,826	O	B-Material
+are	827,830	O	O
+typically	831,840	O	O
+more	841,845	O	O
+refined	846,853	O	O
+in	854,856	O	O
+order	857,862	O	O
+to	863,865	O	O
+capture	866,873	O	O
+features	874,882	O	O
+in	883,885	O	O
+the	886,889	O	O
+solution	890,898	O	B-Material
+and	899,902	O	O
+so	903,905	O	O
+will	906,910	O	O
+better	911,917	O	O
+capture	918,925	O	O
+the	926,929	O	O
+geometry	930,938	O	O
+and	939,942	O	O
+consequently	943,955	O	O
+reduce	956,962	O	O
+this	963,967	O	O
+lower	968,973	O	O
+bound	974,979	O	O
+on	980,982	O	O
+the	983,986	O	O
+solution	987,995	O	O
+error	996,1001	O	O
+.	1001,1002	O	O
+
+If	1003,1005	O	O
+the	1006,1009	O	O
+solution	1010,1018	O	B-Material
+is	1019,1021	O	O
+not	1022,1025	O	O
+smooth	1026,1032	O	O
+,	1032,1033	O	O
+we	1034,1036	O	O
+do	1037,1039	O	O
+not	1040,1043	O	O
+expect	1044,1050	O	O
+to	1051,1053	O	O
+see	1054,1057	O	O
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+convergence	1064,1075	O	O
+.	1075,1076	O	O
+
+In	1077,1079	O	O
+the	1080,1083	O	O
+case	1084,1088	O	O
+that	1089,1093	O	O
+the	1094,1097	O	O
+solution	1098,1106	O	O
+is	1107,1109	O	O
+smooth	1110,1116	O	O
+,	1116,1117	O	O
+but	1118,1121	O	O
+the	1122,1125	O	O
+true	1126,1130	O	O
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+is	1139,1141	O	O
+not	1142,1145	O	O
+,	1145,1146	O	O
+then	1147,1151	O	O
+exponential	1152,1163	O	O
+convergence	1164,1175	O	O
+with	1176,1180	O	O
+P	1181,1182	O	B-Material
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+Pg	1187,1189	O	B-Material
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+only	1194,1198	O	O
+be	1199,1201	O	O
+achieved	1202,1210	O	O
+if	1211,1213	O	O
+,	1213,1214	O	O
+and	1215,1218	O	O
+only	1219,1223	O	O
+if	1224,1226	O	O
+,	1226,1227	O	O
+the	1228,1231	O	O
+discontinuities	1232,1247	O	O
+are	1248,1251	O	O
+aligned	1252,1259	O	O
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+element	1265,1272	O	O
+boundaries	1273,1283	O	O
+.	1283,1284	O	O
+
+However	1285,1292	O	O
+,	1292,1293	O	O
+if	1294,1296	O	O
+discontinuities	1297,1312	O	O
+lie	1313,1316	O	O
+within	1317,1323	O	O
+an	1324,1326	O	O
+element	1327,1334	O	O
+,	1334,1335	O	O
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+will	1348,1352	O	O
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+by	1364,1366	O	O
+the	1367,1370	O	O
+geometric	1371,1380	O	B-Process
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+,	1394,1395	O	O
+since	1396,1401	O	O
+the	1402,1405	O	O
+true	1406,1410	O	O
+surface	1411,1418	O	B-Material
+can	1419,1422	O	O
+not	1422,1425	O	O
+be	1426,1428	O	O
+captured	1429,1437	O	O
+.	1437,1438	O	O
+
+In	1439,1441	O	O
+the	1442,1445	O	O
+cardiac	1446,1453	O	B-Task
+problem	1454,1461	O	I-Task
+,	1461,1462	O	O
+we	1463,1465	O	O
+consider	1466,1474	O	O
+both	1475,1479	O	O
+the	1480,1483	O	O
+true	1484,1488	O	B-Material
+surface	1489,1496	O	I-Material
+and	1497,1500	O	O
+solution	1501,1509	O	B-Material
+to	1510,1512	O	O
+be	1513,1515	O	O
+smooth	1516,1522	O	O
+.	1522,1523	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999114002587)
+
+Designers	0,9	O	O
+of	10,12	O	O
+microfluidic	13,25	O	B-Material
+devices	26,33	O	I-Material
+are	34,37	O	O
+in	38,40	O	O
+need	41,45	O	O
+of	46,48	O	O
+computational	49,62	O	O
+tools	63,68	O	O
+that	69,73	O	O
+can	74,77	O	O
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+to	86,88	O	O
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+that	106,110	O	I-Task
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+in	138,140	O	I-Task
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+.	165,166	O	O
+
+Numerical	167,176	O	B-Process
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+of	188,190	O	O
+the	191,194	O	O
+gas	195,198	O	B-Material
+flow	199,203	O	I-Material
+through	204,211	O	O
+such	212,216	O	O
+geometries	217,227	O	O
+is	228,230	O	O
+,	230,231	O	O
+however	232,239	O	O
+,	239,240	O	O
+extremely	241,250	O	O
+challenging	251,262	O	O
+.	262,263	O	O
+
+Conventional	264,276	O	B-Process
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+dynamics	293,301	O	I-Process
+(	302,303	O	O
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+)	306,307	O	O
+becomes	308,315	O	O
+invalid	316,323	O	O
+or	324,326	O	O
+inaccurate	327,337	O	O
+as	338,340	O	O
+the	341,344	O	O
+characteristic	345,359	O	O
+scale	360,365	O	O
+of	366,368	O	O
+the	369,372	O	O
+geometry	373,381	O	O
+(	382,383	O	O
+e.g.	383,387	O	O
+the	388,391	O	O
+channel	392,399	O	O
+height	400,406	O	O
+,	406,407	O	O
+h	408,409	O	O
+)	409,410	O	O
+approaches	411,421	O	O
+the	422,425	O	O
+molecular	426,435	O	O
+mean	436,440	O	O
+free	441,445	O	O
+path	446,450	O	O
+,	450,451	O	O
+λ	452,453	O	O
+[	454,455	O	O
+1,2	455,458	O	O
+]	458,459	O	O
+.	459,460	O	O
+
+When	461,465	O	O
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+,	473,474	O	O
+the	475,478	O	O
+error	479,484	O	O
+in	485,487	O	O
+solutions	488,497	O	O
+obtained	498,506	O	O
+from	507,511	O	O
+CFD	512,515	O	B-Process
+may	516,519	O	O
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+significant	523,534	O	O
+,	534,535	O	O
+and	536,539	O	O
+we	540,542	O	O
+must	543,547	O	O
+consider	548,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
+fluid	561,566	O	O
+for	567,570	O	O
+what	571,575	O	O
+it	576,578	O	O
+is	579,581	O	O
+:	581,582	O	O
+a	583,584	O	O
+collection	585,595	O	B-Material
+of	596,598	O	I-Material
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+particles	611,620	O	I-Material
+.	620,621	O	O
+
+However	622,629	O	O
+,	629,630	O	O
+the	631,634	O	O
+computational	635,648	O	O
+expense	649,656	O	O
+of	657,659	O	O
+simulating	660,670	O	O
+the	671,674	O	O
+flow	675,679	O	B-Material
+of	680,682	O	I-Material
+a	683,684	O	I-Material
+rarefied	685,693	O	I-Material
+gas	694,697	O	I-Material
+in	698,700	O	O
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+-	705,706	O	I-Material
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+-	712,713	O	I-Material
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+(	736,737	O	O
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+,	760,761	O	I-Material
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+)	793,794	O	O
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+a	801,802	O	O
+particle	803,811	O	B-Process
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+,	818,819	O	O
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+)	867,868	O	O
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+,	879,880	O	O
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+.	912,913	O	O
+
+The	914,917	O	O
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+of	942,944	O	O
+the	945,948	O	O
+particle	949,957	O	B-Process
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+is	965,967	O	O
+greater	968,975	O	O
+still	976,981	O	O
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+simulating	987,997	O	O
+low	998,1001	O	O
+-	1001,1002	O	O
+speed	1002,1007	O	O
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+devices	1021,1028	O	I-Material
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+there	1035,1040	O	O
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+,	1083,1084	O	O
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+and	1129,1132	O	I-Material
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+.	1159,1160	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999114007396)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+work	8,12	O	O
+,	12,13	O	O
+we	14,16	O	O
+have	17,21	O	O
+developed	22,31	O	O
+a	32,33	O	O
+simple	34,40	O	O
+numerical	41,50	O	B-Process
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+on	64,66	O	O
+the	67,70	O	O
+Galerkin	71,79	O	B-Process
+finite	80,86	O	I-Process
+element	87,94	O	I-Process
+method	95,101	O	I-Process
+for	102,105	O	O
+a	106,107	O	O
+multi	108,113	O	B-Task
+-	113,114	O	I-Task
+term	114,118	O	I-Task
+time	119,123	O	I-Task
+fractional	124,134	O	I-Task
+diffusion	135,144	O	I-Task
+equation	145,153	O	I-Task
+which	154,159	O	O
+involves	160,168	O	O
+multiple	169,177	O	B-Process
+Caputo	178,184	O	I-Process
+fractional	185,195	O	I-Process
+derivatives	196,207	O	I-Process
+in	208,210	O	I-Process
+time	211,215	O	I-Process
+.	215,216	O	O
+
+A	217,218	O	O
+complete	219,227	O	O
+error	228,233	O	O
+analysis	234,242	O	O
+of	243,245	O	O
+the	246,249	O	O
+space	250,255	O	O
+semidiscrete	256,268	O	O
+Galerkin	269,277	O	B-Process
+scheme	278,284	O	I-Process
+is	285,287	O	O
+provided	288,296	O	O
+.	296,297	O	O
+
+The	298,301	O	O
+theory	302,308	O	O
+covers	309,315	O	O
+the	316,319	O	O
+practically	320,331	O	O
+very	332,336	O	O
+important	337,346	O	O
+case	347,351	O	O
+of	352,354	O	O
+nonsmooth	355,364	O	O
+initial	365,372	O	O
+data	373,377	O	O
+and	378,381	O	O
+right	382,387	O	O
+hand	388,392	O	O
+side	393,397	O	O
+.	397,398	O	O
+
+The	399,402	O	O
+analysis	403,411	O	O
+relies	412,418	O	O
+essentially	419,430	O	O
+on	431,433	O	O
+some	434,438	O	O
+new	439,442	O	B-Material
+regularity	443,453	O	I-Material
+results	454,461	O	I-Material
+of	462,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+multi	469,474	O	O
+-	474,475	O	O
+term	475,479	O	O
+time	480,484	O	O
+fractional	485,495	O	O
+diffusion	496,505	O	O
+equation	506,514	O	O
+.	514,515	O	O
+
+Further	516,523	O	O
+,	523,524	O	O
+we	525,527	O	O
+have	528,532	O	O
+developed	533,542	O	O
+a	543,544	O	O
+fully	545,550	O	B-Process
+discrete	551,559	O	I-Process
+scheme	560,566	O	I-Process
+based	567,572	O	O
+on	573,575	O	O
+a	576,577	O	O
+finite	578,584	O	B-Process
+difference	585,595	O	I-Process
+discretization	596,610	O	I-Process
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+the	614,617	O	I-Process
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+.	647,648	O	O
+
+The	649,652	O	O
+stability	653,662	O	O
+and	663,666	O	O
+error	667,672	O	O
+estimate	673,681	O	O
+of	682,684	O	O
+the	685,688	O	O
+fully	689,694	O	O
+discrete	695,703	O	O
+scheme	704,710	O	O
+were	711,715	O	O
+established	716,727	O	O
+,	727,728	O	O
+provided	729,737	O	O
+that	738,742	O	O
+the	743,746	O	O
+solution	747,755	O	O
+is	756,758	O	O
+smooth	759,765	O	O
+.	765,766	O	O
+
+The	767,770	O	O
+extensive	771,780	O	O
+numerical	781,790	O	B-Process
+experiments	791,802	O	I-Process
+in	803,805	O	O
+one-	806,810	O	B-Process
+and	811,814	O	I-Process
+two	815,818	O	I-Process
+-	818,819	O	I-Process
+dimension	819,828	O	I-Process
+fully	829,834	O	O
+confirmed	835,844	O	O
+our	845,848	O	O
+convergence	849,860	O	O
+analysis	861,869	O	O
+:	869,870	O	O
+the	871,874	O	O
+empirical	875,884	O	B-Material
+convergence	885,896	O	I-Material
+rates	897,902	O	I-Material
+agree	903,908	O	O
+well	909,913	O	O
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+the	919,922	O	O
+theoretical	923,934	O	O
+predictions	935,946	O	O
+for	947,950	O	O
+both	951,955	O	O
+smooth	956,962	O	O
+and	963,966	O	O
+nonsmooth	967,976	O	O
+data	977,981	O	O
+.	981,982	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999114007876)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+work	8,12	O	O
+,	12,13	O	O
+light	14,19	O	B-Task
+propagation	20,31	O	I-Task
+in	32,34	O	I-Task
+a	35,36	O	I-Task
+scattering	37,47	O	I-Task
+medium	48,54	O	I-Task
+with	55,59	O	I-Task
+piece	60,65	O	I-Task
+-	65,66	O	I-Task
+wise	66,70	O	I-Task
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+refractive	80,90	O	I-Task
+index	91,96	O	I-Task
+using	97,102	O	O
+the	103,106	O	O
+radiative	107,116	O	B-Process
+transport	117,126	O	I-Process
+equation	127,135	O	I-Process
+was	136,139	O	O
+studied	140,147	O	O
+.	147,148	O	O
+
+Light	149,154	O	O
+propagation	155,166	O	O
+in	167,169	O	O
+each	170,174	O	O
+sub	175,178	O	O
+-	178,179	O	O
+domain	179,185	O	O
+with	186,190	O	O
+a	191,192	O	O
+constant	193,201	O	O
+refractive	202,212	O	O
+index	213,218	O	O
+was	219,222	O	O
+modeled	223,230	O	O
+using	231,236	O	O
+the	237,240	O	O
+RTE	241,244	O	B-Process
+and	245,248	O	O
+the	249,252	O	O
+equations	253,262	O	O
+were	263,267	O	O
+coupled	268,275	O	O
+using	276,281	O	O
+boundary	282,290	O	O
+conditions	291,301	O	O
+describing	302,312	O	O
+Fresnel	313,320	O	B-Process
+reflection	321,331	O	I-Process
+and	332,335	O	I-Process
+transmission	336,348	O	I-Process
+phenomenas	349,359	O	I-Process
+on	360,362	O	O
+the	363,366	O	O
+interfaces	367,377	O	O
+between	378,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+sub	390,393	O	O
+-	393,394	O	O
+domains	394,401	O	O
+.	401,402	O	O
+
+The	403,406	O	O
+resulting	407,416	O	O
+coupled	417,424	O	B-Process
+system	425,431	O	I-Process
+of	432,434	O	I-Process
+RTEs	435,439	O	I-Process
+was	440,443	O	O
+numerically	444,455	O	O
+solved	456,462	O	O
+using	463,468	O	O
+the	469,472	O	O
+FEM	473,476	O	B-Process
+.	476,477	O	O
+
+The	478,481	O	O
+proposed	482,490	O	O
+model	491,496	O	O
+was	497,500	O	O
+tested	501,507	O	O
+using	508,513	O	O
+simulations	514,525	O	B-Process
+and	526,529	O	O
+was	530,533	O	O
+compared	534,542	O	O
+with	543,547	O	O
+the	548,551	O	O
+solution	552,560	O	B-Material
+of	561,563	O	I-Material
+the	564,567	O	I-Material
+Monte	568,573	O	I-Material
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+method	580,586	O	I-Material
+.	586,587	O	O
+
+The	588,591	O	O
+results	592,599	O	O
+show	600,604	O	O
+that	605,609	O	O
+the	610,613	O	O
+coupled	614,621	O	O
+RTE	622,625	O	B-Process
+model	626,631	O	O
+describes	632,641	O	O
+light	642,647	O	O
+propagation	648,659	O	O
+accurately	660,670	O	O
+in	671,673	O	O
+comparison	674,684	O	O
+with	685,689	O	O
+the	690,693	O	O
+Monte	694,699	O	B-Material
+Carlo	700,705	O	I-Material
+method	706,712	O	I-Material
+.	712,713	O	O
+
+In	714,716	O	O
+addition	717,725	O	O
+,	725,726	O	O
+results	727,734	O	O
+show	735,739	O	O
+that	740,744	O	O
+neglecting	745,755	O	O
+internal	756,764	O	O
+refractive	765,775	O	O
+index	776,781	O	O
+changes	782,789	O	O
+can	790,793	O	O
+lead	794,798	O	O
+to	799,801	O	O
+erroneous	802,811	O	O
+boundary	812,820	O	O
+measurements	821,833	O	O
+of	834,836	O	O
+scattered	837,846	O	O
+light	847,852	O	O
+.	852,853	O	O
+
+This	854,858	O	O
+indicates	859,868	O	O
+that	869,873	O	O
+the	874,877	O	O
+quality	878,885	O	O
+of	886,888	O	O
+the	889,892	O	O
+DOT	893,896	O	B-Process
+reconstructions	897,912	O	I-Process
+could	913,918	O	O
+possible	919,927	O	O
+be	928,930	O	O
+increased	931,940	O	O
+by	941,943	O	O
+incorporating	944,957	O	O
+a	958,959	O	O
+model	960,965	O	O
+for	966,969	O	O
+internal	970,978	O	O
+refractive	979,989	O	B-Process
+index	990,995	O	I-Process
+changes	996,1003	O	I-Process
+in	1004,1006	O	O
+the	1007,1010	O	O
+image	1011,1016	O	B-Process
+reconstruction	1017,1031	O	I-Process
+procedure	1032,1041	O	I-Process
+.	1041,1042	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999114008432)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+of	13,15	O	I-Task
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+-	20,21	O	I-Task
+classical	21,30	O	I-Task
+boundary	31,39	O	I-Task
+conditions	40,50	O	I-Task
+for	51,54	O	O
+the	55,58	O	O
+WTE	59,62	O	O
+as	63,65	O	O
+introduced	66,76	O	O
+in	77,79	O	O
+[	80,81	O	O
+8	81,82	O	O
+]	82,83	O	O
+is	84,86	O	O
+a	87,88	O	O
+topic	89,94	O	O
+under	95,100	O	O
+vivid	101,106	O	O
+debate	107,113	O	O
+,	113,114	O	O
+especially	115,125	O	O
+after	126,131	O	O
+recent	132,138	O	O
+works	139,144	O	O
+which	145,150	O	O
+address	151,158	O	O
+the	159,162	O	O
+non	163,166	O	B-Process
+-	166,167	O	I-Process
+uniqueness	167,177	O	I-Process
+and	178,181	O	I-Process
+the	182,185	O	I-Process
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+properties	195,205	O	I-Process
+of	206,208	O	I-Process
+the	209,212	O	I-Process
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+function	220,228	O	I-Process
+[	229,230	O	O
+27,28,46	230,238	O	O
+]	238,239	O	O
+.	239,240	O	O
+
+The	241,244	O	O
+numerical	245,254	O	B-Material
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+potentials	302,312	O	I-Material
+for	313,316	O	O
+which	317,322	O	O
+we	323,325	O	O
+can	326,329	O	O
+not	329,332	O	O
+provide	333,340	O	O
+reliable	341,349	O	O
+,	349,350	O	O
+i.e.	351,355	O	O
+well	356,360	O	O
+-	360,361	O	O
+resolved	361,369	O	O
+,	369,370	O	O
+results	371,378	O	O
+due	379,382	O	O
+to	383,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+presence	390,398	O	O
+of	399,401	O	O
+singular	402,410	O	O
+terms	411,416	O	O
+in	417,419	O	O
+the	420,423	O	O
+steady	424,430	O	B-Process
+state	431,436	O	I-Process
+Wigner	437,443	O	I-Process
+functions	444,453	O	I-Process
+,	453,454	O	O
+see	455,458	O	O
+Section	459,466	O	O
+4.3	467,470	O	O
+.	470,471	O	O
+
+Other	472,477	O	B-Material
+recent	478,484	O	I-Material
+studies	485,492	O	I-Material
+demonstrate	493,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+convergence	509,520	O	B-Task
+of	521,523	O	I-Task
+the	524,527	O	I-Task
+WTE	528,531	O	I-Task
+calculations	532,544	O	I-Task
+upon	545,549	O	O
+increasing	550,560	O	B-Process
+the	561,564	O	I-Process
+size	565,569	O	I-Process
+of	570,572	O	I-Process
+the	573,576	O	I-Process
+simulation	577,587	O	I-Process
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+[	595,596	O	O
+44	596,598	O	O
+]	598,599	O	O
+as	600,602	O	O
+well	603,607	O	O
+as	608,610	O	O
+possible	611,619	O	O
+improvements	620,632	O	O
+by	633,635	O	O
+adapting	636,644	O	B-Process
+the	645,648	O	I-Process
+boundary	649,657	O	I-Process
+distribution	658,670	O	I-Process
+to	671,673	O	O
+the	674,677	O	O
+physical	678,686	O	O
+state	687,692	O	O
+of	693,695	O	O
+the	696,699	O	O
+active	700,706	O	O
+device	707,713	O	O
+region	714,720	O	O
+[	721,722	O	O
+47	722,724	O	O
+]	724,725	O	O
+.	725,726	O	O
+
+Despite	727,734	O	O
+their	735,740	O	O
+approximate	741,752	O	O
+nature	753,759	O	O
+we	760,762	O	O
+employ	763,769	O	B-Process
+inflow	770,776	O	I-Process
+/	776,777	O	I-Process
+outflow	777,784	O	I-Process
+boundary	785,793	O	I-Process
+conditions	794,804	O	I-Process
+here	805,809	O	O
+as	810,812	O	O
+well	813,817	O	O
+and	818,821	O	O
+demonstrate	822,833	O	O
+that	834,838	O	O
+accurate	839,847	O	B-Task
+and	848,851	O	I-Task
+physically	852,862	O	I-Task
+valid	863,868	O	I-Task
+results	869,876	O	I-Task
+can	877,880	O	O
+be	881,883	O	O
+achieved	884,892	O	O
+for	893,896	O	O
+sufficiently	897,909	O	O
+large	910,915	O	O
+values	916,922	O	O
+of	923,925	O	O
+Lres	926,930	O	O
+.	930,931	O	O
+
+Due	932,935	O	O
+to	936,938	O	O
+the	939,942	O	O
+problematics	943,955	O	O
+with	956,960	O	O
+singular	961,969	O	O
+terms	970,975	O	O
+we	976,978	O	O
+present	979,986	O	B-Task
+simulations	987,998	O	I-Task
+only	999,1003	O	I-Task
+for	1004,1007	O	I-Task
+non	1008,1011	O	I-Task
+-	1011,1012	O	I-Task
+zero	1012,1016	O	I-Task
+bias	1017,1021	O	I-Task
+voltages	1022,1030	O	I-Task
+VDS≠0	1031,1036	O	O
+V.	1037,1039	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999114008523)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+multi	2,7	O	B-Process
+-	7,8	O	I-Process
+physics	8,15	O	I-Process
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+of	28,30	O	I-Process
+a	31,32	O	I-Process
+multiscale	33,43	O	I-Process
+system	44,50	O	I-Process
+is	51,53	O	O
+often	54,59	O	O
+referred	60,68	O	O
+to	69,71	O	O
+as	72,74	O	O
+a	75,76	O	O
+‘	77,78	O	B-Process
+hybrid’	78,85	O	I-Process
+model	86,91	O	I-Process
+.	91,92	O	O
+
+In	93,95	O	O
+fluid	96,101	O	B-Task
+dynamics	102,110	O	I-Task
+,	110,111	O	O
+a	112,113	O	O
+typical	114,121	O	O
+hybrid	122,128	O	B-Process
+combines	129,137	O	O
+a	138,139	O	O
+molecular	140,149	O	B-Process
+treatment	150,159	O	I-Process
+(	160,161	O	O
+a	161,162	O	O
+‘	163,164	O	B-Process
+micro’	164,170	O	I-Process
+model	171,176	O	I-Process
+)	176,177	O	O
+with	178,182	O	O
+a	183,184	O	O
+continuum	185,194	O	B-Process
+-	194,195	O	I-Process
+fluid	195,200	O	I-Process
+one	201,204	O	I-Process
+(	205,206	O	O
+a	206,207	O	O
+‘	208,209	O	O
+macro’	209,215	O	B-Process
+model	216,221	O	I-Process
+)	221,222	O	O
+,	222,223	O	O
+with	224,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+aim	233,236	O	O
+of	237,239	O	O
+obtaining	240,249	O	B-Task
+the	250,253	O	I-Task
+accuracy	254,262	O	I-Task
+of	263,265	O	I-Task
+the	266,269	O	I-Task
+former	270,276	O	I-Task
+with	277,281	O	I-Task
+the	282,285	O	I-Task
+efficiency	286,296	O	I-Task
+of	297,299	O	I-Task
+the	300,303	O	I-Task
+latter	304,310	O	I-Task
+[	311,312	O	O
+1–4	312,315	O	O
+]	315,316	O	O
+.	316,317	O	O
+
+The	318,321	O	O
+micro	322,327	O	B-Process
+and	328,331	O	I-Process
+macro	332,337	O	I-Process
+models	338,344	O	I-Process
+generally	345,354	O	O
+have	355,359	O	O
+characteristic	360,374	O	O
+timescales	375,385	O	O
+that	386,390	O	O
+are	391,394	O	O
+very	395,399	O	O
+different	400,409	O	O
+,	409,410	O	O
+which	411,416	O	O
+means	417,422	O	O
+that	423,427	O	O
+time	428,432	O	O
+-	432,433	O	O
+accurate	433,441	O	O
+simulations	442,453	O	O
+can	454,457	O	O
+be	458,460	O	O
+extremely	461,470	O	O
+challenging	471,482	O	O
+:	482,483	O	O
+the	484,487	O	O
+size	488,492	O	O
+of	493,495	O	O
+the	496,499	O	O
+timestep	500,508	O	O
+required	509,517	O	O
+to	518,520	O	O
+make	521,525	O	O
+the	526,529	O	O
+micro	530,535	O	O
+model	536,541	O	O
+stable	542,548	O	O
+and	549,552	O	O
+accurate	553,561	O	O
+is	562,564	O	O
+so	565,567	O	O
+small	568,573	O	O
+that	574,578	O	O
+simulations	579,590	O	O
+over	591,595	O	O
+significant	596,607	O	O
+macro	608,613	O	O
+-	613,614	O	O
+scale	614,619	O	O
+time	620,624	O	O
+periods	625,632	O	O
+are	633,636	O	O
+intractable	637,648	O	O
+.	648,649	O	O
+
+If	650,652	O	O
+the	653,656	O	O
+system	657,663	O	O
+is	664,666	O	O
+‘	667,668	O	O
+scale	668,673	O	B-Process
+-	673,674	O	I-Process
+separated’	674,684	O	I-Process
+,	684,685	O	O
+a	686,687	O	O
+physical	688,696	O	B-Process
+(	697,698	O	I-Process
+as	698,700	O	I-Process
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+numerical	715,724	O	I-Process
+)	724,725	O	I-Process
+approximation	726,739	O	I-Process
+can	740,743	O	O
+be	744,746	O	O
+made	747,751	O	O
+that	752,756	O	O
+enables	757,764	O	O
+the	765,768	O	O
+coupled	769,776	O	B-Process
+models	777,783	O	I-Process
+to	784,786	O	O
+advance	787,794	O	O
+at	795,797	O	O
+different	798,807	O	O
+rates	808,813	O	O
+(	814,815	O	O
+asynchronously	815,829	O	O
+)	829,830	O	O
+with	831,835	O	O
+negligible	836,846	O	O
+penalty	847,854	O	O
+on	855,857	O	O
+macro	858,863	O	O
+-	863,864	O	O
+scale	864,869	O	O
+accuracy	870,878	O	O
+.	878,879	O	O
+
+E	880,881	O	O
+et	882,884	O	O
+al	885,887	O	O
+.	887,888	O	O
+
+[	889,890	O	O
+5	890,891	O	O
+]	891,892	O	O
+were	893,897	O	O
+the	898,901	O	O
+first	902,907	O	O
+to	908,910	O	O
+introduce	911,920	O	O
+and	921,924	O	O
+implement	925,934	O	O
+this	935,939	O	O
+concept	940,947	O	O
+in	948,950	O	O
+a	951,952	O	O
+time	953,957	O	B-Process
+-	957,958	O	I-Process
+stepping	958,966	O	I-Process
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+coupled	978,985	O	I-Process
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+,	993,994	O	O
+referred	995,1003	O	O
+to	1004,1006	O	O
+in	1007,1009	O	O
+the	1010,1013	O	O
+classification	1014,1028	O	O
+of	1029,1031	O	O
+Lockerby	1032,1040	O	O
+et	1041,1043	O	O
+al	1044,1046	O	O
+.	1046,1047	O	O
+
+[	1048,1049	O	O
+6	1049,1050	O	O
+]	1050,1051	O	O
+as	1052,1054	O	O
+a	1055,1056	O	O
+continuous	1057,1067	O	B-Process
+asynchronous	1068,1080	O	I-Process
+(	1081,1082	O	O
+CA	1082,1084	O	B-Process
+)	1084,1085	O	O
+scheme	1086,1092	O	O
+(	1093,1094	O	O
+‘	1094,1095	O	O
+continuous’	1095,1106	O	O
+since	1107,1112	O	O
+the	1113,1116	O	O
+micro	1117,1122	O	B-Process
+and	1123,1126	O	I-Process
+macro	1127,1132	O	I-Process
+models	1133,1139	O	I-Process
+advance	1140,1147	O	O
+without	1148,1155	O	O
+interruption	1156,1168	O	O
+[	1169,1170	O	O
+5	1170,1171	O	O
+]	1171,1172	O	O
+)	1172,1173	O	O
+.	1173,1174	O	O
+
+In	1175,1177	O	O
+this	1178,1182	O	O
+paper	1183,1188	O	O
+we	1189,1191	O	O
+extend	1192,1198	O	O
+this	1199,1203	O	O
+idea	1204,1208	O	O
+to	1209,1211	O	O
+multiscale	1212,1222	O	B-Task
+systems	1223,1230	O	I-Task
+comprising	1231,1241	O	I-Task
+an	1242,1244	O	I-Task
+arbitrary	1245,1254	O	I-Task
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+of	1262,1264	O	I-Task
+coupled	1265,1272	O	I-Task
+models	1273,1279	O	I-Task
+.	1279,1280	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115000546)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+particular	4,14	O	O
+phase	15,20	O	B-Task
+field	21,26	O	I-Task
+model	27,32	O	I-Task
+we	33,35	O	O
+employ	36,42	O	O
+is	43,45	O	O
+an	46,48	O	O
+extension	49,58	O	O
+of	59,61	O	O
+[	62,63	O	O
+6	63,64	O	O
+]	64,65	O	O
+,	65,66	O	O
+and	67,70	O	O
+is	71,73	O	O
+based	74,79	O	O
+on	80,82	O	O
+the	83,86	O	O
+three	87,92	O	B-Process
+dimensional	93,104	O	I-Process
+thermal	105,112	O	I-Process
+phase	113,118	O	I-Process
+field	119,124	O	I-Process
+model	125,130	O	I-Process
+of	131,133	O	O
+[	134,135	O	O
+7	135,136	O	O
+]	136,137	O	O
+and	138,141	O	O
+two	142,145	O	B-Process
+dimensional	146,157	O	I-Process
+thermal	158,165	O	I-Process
+-	165,166	O	I-Process
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+of	192,194	O	O
+[	195,196	O	O
+8	196,197	O	O
+]	197,198	O	O
+.	198,199	O	O
+
+One	200,203	O	O
+feature	204,211	O	O
+of	212,214	O	O
+the	215,218	O	O
+physical	219,227	O	O
+problem	228,235	O	O
+is	236,238	O	O
+that	239,243	O	O
+it	244,246	O	O
+is	247,249	O	O
+purely	250,256	O	O
+dissipative	257,268	O	O
+,	268,269	O	O
+or	270,272	O	O
+entropy	273,280	O	O
+increasing	281,291	O	O
+,	291,292	O	O
+as	293,295	O	O
+all	296,299	O	O
+natural	300,307	O	O
+relaxational	308,320	O	O
+phenomena	321,330	O	O
+are	331,334	O	O
+.	334,335	O	O
+
+The	336,339	O	O
+resulting	340,349	O	O
+PDEs	350,354	O	B-Material
+are	355,358	O	O
+of	359,361	O	O
+Allen	362,367	O	O
+–	367,368	O	O
+Cahn	368,372	O	O
+
+[	373,374	O	O
+9	374,375	O	O
+]	375,376	O	O
+and	377,380	O	O
+Carn	381,385	O	O
+–	385,386	O	O
+Hilliard	386,394	O	O
+type	395,399	O	O
+[	400,401	O	O
+10	401,403	O	O
+]	403,404	O	O
+.	404,405	O	O
+
+That	406,410	O	O
+is	411,413	O	O
+to	414,416	O	O
+say	417,420	O	O
+,	420,421	O	O
+the	422,425	O	O
+model	426,431	O	O
+involves	432,440	O	O
+time	441,445	O	B-Process
+derivatives	446,457	O	I-Process
+of	458,460	O	I-Process
+the	461,464	O	I-Process
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+fields	471,477	O	I-Process
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+derivatives	517,528	O	I-Process
+of	529,531	O	O
+some	532,536	O	O
+functional	537,547	O	B-Process
+–	548,549	O	O
+typically	550,559	O	O
+the	560,563	O	O
+free	564,568	O	B-Process
+energy	569,575	O	I-Process
+functional	576,586	O	I-Process
+.	586,587	O	O
+
+As	588,590	O	O
+the	591,594	O	O
+dendrite	595,603	O	B-Material
+grows	604,609	O	O
+the	610,613	O	O
+free	614,618	O	O
+energy	619,625	O	O
+reduces	626,633	O	O
+monotonically	634,647	O	O
+with	648,652	O	O
+time	653,657	O	O
+but	658,661	O	O
+never	662,667	O	O
+achieves	668,676	O	O
+equilibrium	677,688	O	O
+if	689,691	O	O
+the	692,695	O	O
+domain	696,702	O	O
+boundary	703,711	O	O
+is	712,714	O	O
+far	715,718	O	O
+from	719,723	O	O
+the	724,727	O	O
+dendrite	728,736	O	B-Material
+.	736,737	O	O
+
+Although	738,746	O	O
+we	747,749	O	O
+have	750,754	O	O
+listed	755,761	O	O
+some	762,766	O	O
+of	767,769	O	O
+the	770,773	O	O
+difficult	774,783	O	O
+aspects	784,791	O	O
+of	792,794	O	O
+this	795,799	O	O
+model	800,805	O	O
+,	805,806	O	O
+the	807,810	O	O
+relaxational	811,823	O	O
+aspect	824,830	O	O
+is	831,833	O	O
+typically	834,843	O	O
+an	844,846	O	O
+asset	847,852	O	O
+and	853,856	O	O
+results	857,864	O	O
+in	865,867	O	O
+stable	868,874	O	O
+numerical	875,884	O	B-Process
+schemes	885,892	O	I-Process
+:	892,893	O	O
+there	894,899	O	O
+is	900,902	O	O
+no	903,905	O	O
+convection	906,916	O	O
+,	916,917	O	O
+for	918,921	O	O
+example	922,929	O	O
+(	930,931	O	O
+at	931,933	O	O
+least	934,939	O	O
+in	940,942	O	O
+the	943,946	O	O
+absence	947,954	O	O
+of	955,957	O	O
+flow	958,962	O	O
+in	963,965	O	O
+the	966,969	O	O
+melt	970,974	O	B-Material
+)	974,975	O	O
+.	975,976	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115001412)
+
+Inspired	0,8	O	O
+by	9,11	O	O
+energy	12,18	O	O
+-	18,19	O	O
+fueled	19,25	O	O
+phenomena	26,35	O	O
+such	36,40	O	O
+as	41,43	O	O
+cortical	44,52	O	B-Process
+cytoskeleton	53,65	O	I-Process
+flows	66,71	O	I-Process
+[	72,73	O	O
+46,45,32	73,81	O	O
+]	81,82	O	O
+during	83,89	O	O
+biological	90,100	O	B-Process
+morphogenesis	101,114	O	I-Process
+,	114,115	O	O
+the	116,119	O	O
+theory	120,126	O	B-Task
+of	127,129	O	I-Task
+active	130,136	O	I-Task
+polar	137,142	O	I-Task
+viscous	143,150	O	I-Task
+gels	151,155	O	I-Task
+has	156,159	O	O
+been	160,164	O	O
+developed	165,174	O	O
+[	175,176	O	O
+37,33	176,181	O	O
+]	181,182	O	O
+.	182,183	O	O
+
+The	184,187	O	O
+theory	188,194	O	O
+models	195,201	O	B-Process
+the	202,205	O	I-Process
+continuum	206,215	O	I-Process
+,	215,216	O	I-Process
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+mechanics	229,238	O	I-Process
+of	239,241	O	O
+a	242,243	O	O
+collection	244,254	O	O
+of	255,257	O	O
+uniaxial	258,266	O	B-Material
+active	267,273	O	I-Material
+agents	274,280	O	I-Material
+,	280,281	O	O
+embedded	282,290	O	O
+in	291,293	O	O
+a	294,295	O	O
+viscous	296,303	O	B-Material
+bulk	304,308	O	I-Material
+medium	309,315	O	I-Material
+,	315,316	O	O
+in	317,319	O	O
+which	320,325	O	O
+internal	326,334	O	O
+stresses	335,343	O	O
+are	344,347	O	O
+induced	348,355	O	O
+due	356,359	O	O
+to	360,362	O	O
+dissipation	363,374	O	O
+of	375,377	O	O
+energy	378,384	O	O
+[	385,386	O	O
+41,58	386,391	O	O
+]	391,392	O	O
+.	392,393	O	O
+
+The	394,397	O	O
+energy	398,404	O	O
+-	404,405	O	O
+consuming	405,414	O	O
+uniaxial	415,423	O	B-Material
+polar	424,429	O	I-Material
+agents	430,436	O	I-Material
+constituting	437,449	O	O
+the	450,453	O	O
+gel	454,457	O	B-Material
+are	458,461	O	O
+modeled	462,469	O	O
+as	470,472	O	O
+unit	473,477	O	O
+vectors	478,485	O	O
+.	485,486	O	O
+
+The	487,490	O	O
+average	491,498	O	O
+of	499,501	O	O
+unit	502,506	O	O
+vectors	507,514	O	O
+in	515,517	O	O
+a	518,519	O	O
+small	520,525	O	O
+local	526,531	O	O
+volume	532,538	O	O
+at	539,541	O	O
+each	542,546	O	O
+point	547,552	O	O
+defines	553,560	O	O
+the	561,564	O	O
+macroscopic	565,576	O	O
+directionality	577,591	O	O
+of	592,594	O	O
+the	595,598	O	O
+agents	599,605	O	O
+and	606,609	O	O
+is	610,612	O	O
+described	613,622	O	O
+by	623,625	O	O
+a	626,627	O	O
+polarization	628,640	O	B-Process
+field	641,646	O	I-Process
+.	646,647	O	O
+
+The	648,651	O	O
+polarization	652,664	O	B-Process
+field	665,670	O	I-Process
+is	671,673	O	O
+governed	674,682	O	O
+by	683,685	O	O
+an	686,688	O	O
+equation	689,697	O	B-Process
+of	698,700	O	I-Process
+motion	701,707	O	I-Process
+accounting	708,718	O	O
+for	719,722	O	O
+energy	723,729	O	O
+consumption	730,741	O	O
+and	742,745	O	O
+for	746,749	O	O
+the	750,753	O	O
+strain	754,760	O	O
+rate	761,765	O	O
+in	766,768	O	O
+the	769,772	O	O
+fluid	773,778	O	B-Material
+.	778,779	O	O
+
+The	780,783	O	O
+relationship	784,796	O	O
+between	797,804	O	O
+the	805,808	O	O
+strain	809,815	O	O
+rate	816,820	O	O
+and	821,824	O	O
+the	825,828	O	O
+stress	829,835	O	O
+in	836,838	O	O
+the	839,842	O	O
+fluid	843,848	O	O
+is	849,851	O	O
+provided	852,860	O	O
+by	861,863	O	O
+a	864,865	O	O
+constitutive	866,878	O	B-Process
+equation	879,887	O	I-Process
+that	888,892	O	O
+accounts	893,901	O	O
+for	902,905	O	O
+anisotropic	906,917	O	O
+,	917,918	O	O
+polar	919,924	O	O
+agents	925,931	O	O
+and	932,935	O	O
+consumption	936,947	O	O
+of	948,950	O	O
+energy	951,957	O	O
+.	957,958	O	O
+
+These	959,964	O	B-Process
+equations	965,974	O	I-Process
+,	974,975	O	I-Process
+along	976,981	O	I-Process
+with	982,986	O	I-Process
+conservation	987,999	O	I-Process
+of	1000,1002	O	I-Process
+momentum	1003,1011	O	I-Process
+,	1011,1012	O	O
+provide	1013,1020	O	O
+a	1021,1022	O	O
+continuum	1023,1032	O	B-Process
+hydrodynamic	1033,1045	O	I-Process
+description	1046,1057	O	I-Process
+modeling	1058,1066	O	O
+active	1067,1073	O	O
+polar	1074,1079	O	B-Material
+viscous	1080,1087	O	I-Material
+gels	1088,1092	O	I-Material
+as	1093,1095	O	O
+an	1096,1098	O	O
+energy	1099,1105	O	B-Material
+consuming	1106,1115	O	I-Material
+,	1115,1116	O	I-Material
+anisotropic	1117,1128	O	I-Material
+,	1128,1129	O	I-Material
+non	1130,1133	O	I-Material
+-	1133,1134	O	I-Material
+Newtonian	1134,1143	O	I-Material
+fluid	1144,1149	O	I-Material
+[	1150,1151	O	O
+37,33,32,41	1151,1162	O	O
+]	1162,1163	O	O
+.	1163,1164	O	O
+
+The	1165,1168	O	O
+resulting	1169,1178	O	O
+partial	1179,1186	O	O
+differential	1187,1199	O	O
+equations	1200,1209	O	O
+governing	1210,1219	O	O
+the	1220,1223	O	O
+hydrodynamics	1224,1237	O	O
+of	1238,1240	O	O
+active	1241,1247	O	B-Material
+polar	1248,1253	O	I-Material
+viscous	1254,1261	O	I-Material
+gels	1262,1266	O	I-Material
+are	1267,1270	O	O
+,	1270,1271	O	O
+however	1272,1279	O	O
+,	1279,1280	O	O
+in	1281,1283	O	O
+general	1284,1291	O	O
+analytically	1292,1304	O	O
+intractable	1305,1316	O	O
+.	1316,1317	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115003459)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+boundary	4,12	O	B-Process
+element	13,20	O	I-Process
+method	21,27	O	I-Process
+(	28,29	O	O
+BEM	29,32	O	B-Process
+)	32,33	O	O
+has	34,37	O	O
+clear	38,43	O	O
+advantages	44,54	O	O
+when	55,59	O	O
+applied	60,67	O	O
+to	68,70	O	O
+shape	71,76	O	B-Task
+optimisation	77,89	O	I-Task
+of	90,92	O	I-Task
+high	93,97	O	I-Task
+-	97,98	O	I-Task
+voltage	98,105	O	I-Task
+devices	106,113	O	I-Task
+,	113,114	O	O
+see	115,118	O	O
+[	119,120	O	O
+4–8	120,123	O	O
+]	123,124	O	O
+for	125,128	O	O
+an	129,131	O	O
+introduction	132,144	O	O
+to	145,147	O	O
+BEM	148,151	O	B-Process
+.	151,152	O	O
+
+First	153,158	O	O
+of	159,161	O	O
+all	162,165	O	O
+,	165,166	O	O
+BEM	167,170	O	B-Process
+relies	171,177	O	O
+only	178,182	O	O
+on	183,185	O	O
+a	186,187	O	O
+surface	188,195	O	B-Process
+discretisation	196,210	O	I-Process
+so	211,213	O	O
+that	214,218	O	O
+there	219,224	O	O
+is	225,227	O	O
+no	228,230	O	O
+need	231,235	O	O
+to	236,238	O	O
+maintain	239,247	O	O
+an	248,250	O	O
+analysis	251,259	O	O
+-	259,260	O	O
+suitable	260,268	O	O
+volume	269,275	O	O
+discretisation	276,290	O	O
+during	291,297	O	O
+the	298,301	O	O
+shape	302,307	O	B-Process
+optimisation	308,320	O	I-Process
+process	321,328	O	O
+.	328,329	O	O
+
+Moreover	330,338	O	O
+,	338,339	O	O
+BEM	340,343	O	B-Process
+is	344,346	O	O
+ideal	347,352	O	O
+for	353,356	O	O
+solving	357,364	O	B-Task
+problems	365,373	O	I-Task
+in	374,376	O	I-Task
+unbounded	377,386	O	I-Task
+domains	387,394	O	I-Task
+that	395,399	O	O
+occur	400,405	O	O
+in	406,408	O	O
+electrostatic	409,422	O	B-Process
+field	423,428	O	I-Process
+analysis	429,437	O	I-Process
+.	437,438	O	O
+
+In	439,441	O	O
+gradient	442,450	O	B-Task
+-	450,451	O	I-Task
+based	451,456	O	I-Task
+shape	457,462	O	I-Task
+optimisation	463,475	O	I-Task
+the	476,479	O	O
+shape	480,485	O	B-Process
+derivative	486,496	O	I-Process
+of	497,499	O	O
+the	500,503	O	O
+cost	504,508	O	O
+functional	509,519	O	O
+with	520,524	O	O
+respect	525,532	O	O
+to	533,535	O	O
+geometry	536,544	O	O
+perturbations	545,558	O	O
+is	559,561	O	O
+needed	562,568	O	O
+[	569,570	O	O
+9–11	570,574	O	O
+]	574,575	O	O
+.	575,576	O	O
+
+To	577,579	O	O
+this	580,584	O	O
+purpose	585,592	O	O
+,	592,593	O	O
+we	594,596	O	O
+use	597,600	O	O
+the	601,604	O	O
+adjoint	605,612	O	B-Process
+approach	613,621	O	I-Process
+and	622,625	O	O
+solve	626,631	O	O
+the	632,635	O	O
+primary	636,643	O	B-Task
+and	644,647	O	I-Task
+the	648,651	O	I-Task
+adjoint	652,659	O	I-Task
+boundary	660,668	O	I-Task
+value	669,674	O	I-Task
+problems	675,683	O	I-Task
+with	684,688	O	O
+BEM	689,692	O	B-Process
+.	692,693	O	O
+
+The	694,697	O	O
+associated	698,708	O	O
+linear	709,715	O	O
+systems	716,723	O	O
+of	724,726	O	O
+equations	727,736	O	O
+are	737,740	O	O
+dense	741,746	O	O
+and	747,750	O	O
+an	751,753	O	O
+acceleration	754,766	O	O
+technique	767,776	O	O
+,	776,777	O	O
+such	778,782	O	O
+as	783,785	O	O
+the	786,789	O	O
+fast	790,794	O	B-Process
+multipole	795,804	O	I-Process
+method	805,811	O	I-Process
+[	812,813	O	O
+12,13	813,818	O	O
+]	818,819	O	O
+,	819,820	O	O
+is	821,823	O	O
+necessary	824,833	O	O
+for	834,837	O	O
+their	838,843	O	O
+efficient	844,853	O	O
+solution	854,862	O	O
+.	862,863	O	O
+
+For	864,867	O	O
+some	868,872	O	O
+recent	873,879	O	O
+applications	880,892	O	O
+of	893,895	O	O
+fast	896,900	O	B-Task
+BEM	901,904	O	I-Task
+in	905,907	O	I-Task
+shape	908,913	O	I-Task
+optimisation	914,926	O	I-Task
+and	927,930	O	O
+Bernoulli	931,940	O	B-Task
+-	940,941	O	I-Task
+type	941,945	O	I-Task
+free	946,950	O	I-Task
+-	950,951	O	I-Task
+boundary	951,959	O	I-Task
+problems	960,968	O	I-Task
+we	969,971	O	O
+refer	972,977	O	O
+to	978,980	O	O
+[	981,982	O	O
+14–16	982,987	O	O
+]	987,988	O	O
+.	988,989	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115003939)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+extrapolation	4,17	O	B-Task
+of	18,20	O	I-Task
+the	21,24	O	I-Task
+upwind	25,31	O	I-Task
+value	32,37	O	I-Task
+required	38,46	O	O
+for	47,50	O	O
+TVD	51,54	O	B-Process
+differencing	55,67	O	I-Process
+is	68,70	O	O
+a	71,72	O	O
+particular	73,83	O	O
+hurdle	84,90	O	O
+for	91,94	O	O
+the	95,98	O	O
+application	99,110	O	O
+on	111,113	O	O
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+.	133,134	O	O
+
+As	135,137	O	O
+discussed	138,147	O	O
+in	148,150	O	O
+Section	151,158	O	O
+3.2	159,162	O	O
+,	162,163	O	O
+two	164,167	O	O
+methods	168,175	O	O
+to	176,178	O	O
+extrapolate	179,190	O	O
+the	191,194	O	O
+value	195,200	O	O
+at	201,203	O	O
+the	204,207	O	O
+virtual	208,215	O	O
+upwind	216,222	O	O
+node	223,227	O	O
+,	227,228	O	O
+using	229,234	O	O
+data	235,239	O	B-Material
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+,	280,281	O	O
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+.	296,297	O	O
+
+Given	298,303	O	O
+how	304,307	O	O
+the	308,311	O	O
+virtual	312,319	O	B-Process
+upwind	320,326	O	I-Process
+node	327,331	O	I-Process
+is	332,334	O	I-Process
+incorporated	335,347	O	I-Process
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+the	351,354	O	I-Process
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+ratio	364,369	O	I-Process
+rf	370,372	O	I-Process
+,	372,373	O	O
+the	374,377	O	O
+extrapolation	378,391	O	O
+method	392,398	O	O
+of	399,401	O	O
+Darwish	402,409	O	B-Process
+and	410,413	O	I-Process
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+[	424,425	O	O
+13	425,427	O	O
+]	427,428	O	O
+is	429,431	O	O
+referred	432,440	O	O
+to	441,443	O	O
+as	444,446	O	O
+implicit	447,455	O	B-Process
+extrapolation	456,469	O	I-Process
+and	470,473	O	O
+the	474,477	O	O
+method	478,484	O	B-Process
+introduced	485,495	O	I-Process
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+[	515,516	O	O
+12	516,518	O	O
+]	518,519	O	O
+as	520,522	O	O
+explicit	523,531	O	B-Process
+extrapolation	532,545	O	I-Process
+.	545,546	O	O
+
+Both	547,551	O	O
+methods	552,559	O	O
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+reconstruct	570,581	O	O
+the	582,585	O	O
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+value	593,598	O	O
+for	599,602	O	O
+equidistant	603,614	O	B-Material
+,	614,615	O	I-Material
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+fail	639,643	O	O
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+do	647,649	O	O
+so	650,652	O	O
+on	653,655	O	O
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+-	659,660	O	I-Material
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+-	678,679	O	I-Material
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+,	697,698	O	O
+as	699,701	O	O
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+.	726,727	O	O
+
+Using	728,733	O	O
+the	734,737	O	O
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+method	761,767	O	O
+this	768,772	O	O
+issue	773,778	O	O
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+rectified	786,795	O	O
+by	796,798	O	O
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+on	827,829	O	O
+the	830,833	O	O
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+upwind	847,853	O	O
+value	854,859	O	O
+.	859,860	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115004301)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+popular	2,9	O	O
+choice	10,16	O	O
+is	17,19	O	O
+to	20,22	O	O
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+a	30,31	O	I-Process
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+,	134,135	O	O
+leading	136,143	O	O
+to	144,146	O	O
+a	147,148	O	O
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+.	167,168	O	O
+
+There	169,174	O	O
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+of	193,195	O	O
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+the	212,215	O	O
+literature	216,226	O	O
+,	226,227	O	O
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+in	233,235	O	O
+terms	236,241	O	O
+of	242,244	O	O
+the	245,248	O	O
+more	249,253	O	O
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+(	297,298	O	O
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+)	300,301	O	O
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+,	346,347	O	O
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+as	356,358	O	O
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+)	411,412	O	O
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+[	445,446	O	O
+23	446,448	O	O
+]	448,449	O	O
+.	449,450	O	O
+
+In	451,453	O	O
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+methods	466,473	O	I-Process
+,	473,474	O	O
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+in	529,531	O	O
+this	532,536	O	O
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+on	555,557	O	O
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+,	582,583	O	O
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+of	594,596	O	O
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+error	639,644	O	O
+.	644,645	O	O
+
+However	646,653	O	O
+,	653,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
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+efficiencies	673,685	O	O
+that	686,690	O	O
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+be	695,697	O	O
+attained	698,706	O	O
+through	707,714	O	O
+the	715,718	O	O
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+of	723,725	O	O
+a	726,727	O	O
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+,	751,752	O	I-Task
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+,	808,809	O	O
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+.	861,862	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115007238)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
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+of	20,22	O	O
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+-	32,33	O	I-Task
+space	33,38	O	I-Task
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+.	116,117	O	O
+
+This	118,122	O	O
+is	123,125	O	O
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+the	133,136	O	O
+“	137,138	O	O
+Garden	138,144	O	B-Task
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+Effect	155,161	O	I-Task
+”	161,162	O	O
+and	163,166	O	O
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+been	171,175	O	O
+extensively	176,187	O	O
+studied	188,195	O	O
+in	196,198	O	O
+[	199,200	O	O
+48,49,20	200,208	O	O
+]	208,209	O	O
+.	209,210	O	O
+
+(	211,212	O	O
+In	212,214	O	O
+the	215,218	O	O
+Boltzmann	219,228	O	O
+transport	229,238	O	O
+community	239,248	O	O
+this	249,253	O	O
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+as	263,265	O	O
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+ray	270,273	O	B-Task
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+)	281,282	O	O
+
+To	283,285	O	O
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+this	295,299	O	O
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+,	331,332	O	O
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+)	370,371	O	I-Process
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+,	384,385	O	O
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+a	429,430	O	O
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+distance	436,444	O	O
+in	445,447	O	O
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+(	459,460	O	O
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+m	467,468	O	O
+)	468,469	O	O
+.	469,470	O	O
+
+For	471,474	O	O
+the	475,478	O	O
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+a	502,503	O	O
+structured	504,514	O	B-Process
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+,	536,537	O	O
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+element	546,553	O	O
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+of	566,568	O	O
+67	569,571	O	O
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+(	574,575	O	O
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+
+11(a	580,584	O	O
+)	584,585	O	O
+)	585,586	O	O
+.	586,587	O	O
+
+The	588,591	O	O
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+,	610,611	O	O
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+500	620,623	O	O
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+a	659,660	O	O
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+,	691,692	O	O
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+wave	712,716	O	B-Material
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+of	724,726	O	O
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+m	733,734	O	O
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+a	739,740	O	O
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+of	760,762	O	O
+150	763,766	O	O
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+(	769,770	O	O
+Fig	770,773	O	O
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+
+11(b	775,779	O	O
+)	779,780	O	O
+)	780,781	O	O
+.	781,782	O	O
+
+Its	783,786	O	O
+mean	787,791	O	O
+direction	792,801	O	O
+is	802,804	O	O
+30	805,807	O	O
+°	807,808	O	O
+with	809,813	O	O
+an	814,816	O	O
+angular	817,824	O	O
+distribution	825,837	O	O
+of	838,840	O	O
+cos2⁡(θ	841,848	O	O
+)	848,849	O	O
+and	850,853	O	O
+a	854,855	O	O
+frequency	856,865	O	O
+of	866,868	O	O
+0.1Hz	869,874	O	O
+.	874,875	O	O
+
+The	876,879	O	O
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+is	891,893	O	O
+time	894,898	O	O
+-	898,899	O	O
+dependent	899,908	O	O
+and	909,912	O	O
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+5	922,923	O	O
+days	924,928	O	O
+with	929,933	O	O
+a	934,935	O	O
+time	936,940	O	O
+-	940,941	O	O
+step	941,945	O	O
+of	946,948	O	O
+600s	949,953	O	O
+.	953,954	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115008207)
+
+Multi	0,5	O	B-Task
+-	5,6	O	I-Task
+phase	6,11	O	I-Task
+flows	12,17	O	I-Task
+are	18,21	O	O
+common	22,28	O	O
+,	28,29	O	O
+in	30,32	O	O
+fact	33,37	O	O
+quite	38,43	O	O
+general	44,51	O	O
+,	51,52	O	O
+in	53,55	O	O
+environmental	56,69	O	B-Process
+and	70,73	O	I-Process
+industrial	74,84	O	I-Process
+processes	85,94	O	I-Process
+.	94,95	O	O
+
+Broadly	96,103	O	O
+these	104,109	O	O
+may	110,113	O	O
+be	114,116	O	O
+modelled	117,125	O	O
+as	126,128	O	O
+continuous	129,139	O	O
+problems	140,148	O	O
+where	149,154	O	O
+phases	155,161	O	B-Process
+are	162,165	O	I-Process
+mixed	166,171	O	I-Process
+(	172,173	O	O
+e.g.	173,177	O	O
+oil	178,181	O	B-Process
+–	181,182	O	I-Process
+water	182,187	O	I-Process
+homogenisation	188,202	O	I-Process
+[	203,204	O	O
+36	204,206	O	O
+]	206,207	O	O
+,	207,208	O	O
+sediment	209,217	O	B-Process
+transport	218,227	O	I-Process
+[	228,229	O	O
+18	229,231	O	O
+]	231,232	O	O
+)	232,233	O	O
+or	234,236	O	O
+interface	237,246	O	B-Process
+problems	247,255	O	I-Process
+where	256,261	O	O
+phases	262,268	O	O
+are	269,272	O	O
+distinct	273,281	O	O
+and	282,285	O	O
+interact	286,294	O	O
+at	295,297	O	O
+the	298,301	O	O
+interface	302,311	O	O
+(	312,313	O	O
+e.g.	313,317	O	O
+gas	318,321	O	B-Process
+-	321,322	O	I-Process
+assisted	322,330	O	I-Process
+injection	331,340	O	I-Process
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+[	350,351	O	O
+21	351,353	O	O
+]	353,354	O	O
+,	354,355	O	O
+liquid	356,362	O	B-Process
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+[	375,376	O	O
+40	376,378	O	O
+]	378,379	O	O
+)	379,380	O	O
+.	380,381	O	O
+
+In	382,384	O	O
+some	385,389	O	O
+cases	390,395	O	O
+flows	396,401	O	O
+start	402,407	O	O
+as	408,410	O	O
+interface	411,420	O	O
+problems	421,429	O	O
+but	430,433	O	O
+as	434,436	O	O
+mixing	437,443	O	B-Process
+occurs	444,450	O	O
+at	451,453	O	O
+the	454,457	O	O
+interface	458,467	O	O
+they	468,472	O	O
+become	473,479	O	O
+effectively	480,491	O	O
+continuous	492,502	O	O
+,	502,503	O	O
+at	504,506	O	O
+least	507,512	O	O
+locally	513,520	O	O
+.	520,521	O	O
+
+Air	522,525	O	B-Task
+entrainment	526,537	O	I-Task
+,	537,538	O	O
+perhaps	539,546	O	O
+due	547,550	O	O
+to	551,553	O	O
+wave	554,558	O	B-Process
+breaking	559,567	O	I-Process
+,	567,568	O	O
+is	569,571	O	O
+an	572,574	O	O
+obvious	575,582	O	O
+example	583,590	O	O
+.	590,591	O	O
+
+We	592,594	O	O
+consider	595,603	O	O
+here	604,608	O	O
+two	609,612	O	B-Task
+-	612,613	O	I-Task
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+problems	629,637	O	I-Task
+where	638,643	O	O
+the	644,647	O	O
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+and	675,678	O	O
+the	679,682	O	O
+density	683,690	O	O
+difference	691,701	O	O
+is	702,704	O	O
+high	705,709	O	O
+,	709,710	O	O
+e.g.	711,715	O	O
+air	716,719	O	B-Material
+and	720,723	O	O
+water	724,729	O	B-Material
+,	729,730	O	O
+and	731,734	O	O
+where	735,740	O	O
+one	741,744	O	O
+phase	745,750	O	O
+may	751,754	O	O
+be	755,757	O	O
+considered	758,768	O	O
+incompressible	769,783	O	O
+.	783,784	O	O
+
+The	785,788	O	O
+interface	789,798	O	O
+is	799,801	O	O
+transient	802,811	O	O
+and	812,815	O	O
+may	816,819	O	O
+become	820,826	O	O
+highly	827,833	O	O
+distorted	834,843	O	B-Process
+and	844,847	O	I-Process
+interconnected	848,862	O	I-Process
+.	862,863	O	O
+
+Such	864,868	O	O
+problems	869,877	O	O
+have	878,882	O	O
+been	883,887	O	O
+tackled	888,895	O	O
+with	896,900	O	O
+mesh	901,905	O	B-Process
+-	905,906	O	I-Process
+based	906,911	O	I-Process
+methods	912,919	O	I-Process
+using	920,925	O	O
+periodic	926,934	O	O
+(	935,936	O	O
+or	936,938	O	O
+adaptive	939,947	O	O
+)	947,948	O	O
+re	949,951	O	B-Process
+-	951,952	O	I-Process
+meshing	952,959	O	I-Process
+or	960,962	O	O
+additional	963,973	O	O
+phase	974,979	O	B-Process
+tracking	980,988	O	I-Process
+functions	989,998	O	I-Process
+[	999,1000	O	O
+40	1000,1002	O	O
+]	1002,1003	O	O
+.	1003,1004	O	O
+
+However	1005,1012	O	O
+,	1012,1013	O	O
+these	1014,1019	O	O
+approaches	1020,1030	O	O
+can	1031,1034	O	O
+be	1035,1037	O	O
+time	1038,1042	O	O
+-	1042,1043	O	O
+consuming	1043,1052	O	O
+to	1053,1055	O	O
+implement	1056,1065	O	O
+and	1066,1069	O	O
+prone	1070,1075	O	O
+to	1076,1078	O	O
+errors	1079,1085	O	O
+in	1086,1088	O	O
+surface	1089,1096	O	O
+representation	1097,1111	O	O
+[	1112,1113	O	O
+50	1113,1115	O	O
+]	1115,1116	O	O
+or	1117,1119	O	O
+mass	1120,1124	O	O
+conservation	1125,1137	O	O
+[	1138,1139	O	O
+34	1139,1141	O	O
+]	1141,1142	O	O
+.	1142,1143	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0021999115008256)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+section	5,12	O	O
+is	13,15	O	O
+devoted	16,23	O	O
+to	24,26	O	O
+the	27,30	O	O
+discretization	31,45	O	B-Task
+of	46,48	O	I-Task
+the	49,52	O	I-Task
+advection	53,62	O	I-Task
+–	62,63	O	I-Task
+diffusion	63,72	O	I-Task
+equation	73,81	O	I-Task
+and	82,85	O	O
+to	86,88	O	O
+the	89,92	O	O
+analysis	93,101	O	O
+of	102,104	O	O
+dispersion	105,115	O	B-Task
+and	116,119	O	I-Task
+diffusion	120,129	O	I-Task
+eigencurves	130,141	O	I-Task
+for	142,145	O	O
+different	146,155	O	O
+polynomial	156,166	O	O
+orders	167,173	O	O
+.	173,174	O	O
+
+The	175,178	O	O
+spectral	179,187	O	O
+/	187,188	O	O
+hp	188,190	O	O
+continuous	191,201	O	O
+Galerkin	202,210	O	B-Process
+method	211,217	O	I-Process
+considered	218,228	O	O
+closely	229,236	O	O
+resembles	237,246	O	O
+the	247,250	O	O
+formulation	251,262	O	O
+presented	263,272	O	O
+in	273,275	O	O
+[	276,277	O	O
+7	277,278	O	O
+]	278,279	O	O
+.	279,280	O	O
+
+Sec	281,284	O	O
+.	284,285	O	O
+
+2.1	286,289	O	O
+describes	290,299	O	O
+in	300,302	O	O
+detail	303,309	O	O
+the	310,313	O	O
+derivation	314,324	O	B-Process
+of	325,327	O	I-Process
+the	328,331	O	I-Process
+semi	332,336	O	I-Process
+-	336,337	O	I-Process
+discrete	337,345	O	I-Process
+advection	346,355	O	I-Process
+–	355,356	O	I-Process
+diffusion	356,365	O	I-Process
+problem	366,373	O	I-Process
+as	374,376	O	O
+applied	377,384	O	O
+to	385,387	O	O
+wave	388,392	O	B-Material
+-	392,393	O	I-Material
+like	393,397	O	I-Material
+solutions	398,407	O	I-Material
+,	407,408	O	O
+from	409,413	O	O
+which	414,419	O	O
+the	420,423	O	O
+relevant	424,432	O	O
+eigencurves	433,444	O	O
+can	445,448	O	O
+be	449,451	O	O
+obtained	452,460	O	O
+.	460,461	O	O
+
+The	462,465	O	O
+inviscid	466,474	O	B-Material
+case	475,479	O	I-Material
+(	480,481	O	O
+linear	481,487	O	B-Material
+advection	488,497	O	I-Material
+)	497,498	O	O
+is	499,501	O	O
+then	502,506	O	O
+addressed	507,516	O	O
+in	517,519	O	O
+Sec	520,523	O	O
+.	523,524	O	O
+
+2.2	525,528	O	O
+,	528,529	O	O
+where	530,535	O	O
+the	536,539	O	O
+role	540,544	O	O
+of	545,547	O	O
+primary	548,555	O	O
+and	556,559	O	O
+secondary	560,569	O	O
+eigencurves	570,581	O	O
+is	582,584	O	O
+discussed	585,594	O	O
+from	595,599	O	O
+the	600,603	O	O
+perspective	604,615	O	O
+introduced	616,626	O	O
+in	627,629	O	O
+[	630,631	O	O
+9	631,632	O	O
+]	632,633	O	O
+.	633,634	O	O
+
+The	635,638	O	O
+viscous	639,646	O	B-Material
+case	647,651	O	I-Material
+is	652,654	O	O
+subsequently	655,667	O	O
+considered	668,678	O	O
+in	679,681	O	O
+Sec	682,685	O	O
+.	685,686	O	O
+
+2.3	687,690	O	O
+,	690,691	O	O
+where	692,697	O	O
+eigencurves	698,709	O	O
+are	710,713	O	O
+shown	714,719	O	O
+to	720,722	O	O
+feature	723,730	O	O
+irregular	731,740	O	O
+oscillations	741,753	O	O
+for	754,757	O	O
+problems	758,766	O	O
+strongly	767,775	O	O
+dominated	776,785	O	O
+by	786,788	O	O
+either	789,795	O	O
+convection	796,806	O	O
+or	807,809	O	O
+diffusion	810,819	O	O
+.	819,820	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311511010014)
+
+Discovering	0,11	O	O
+that	12,16	O	O
+both	17,21	O	O
+the	22,25	O	O
+vacancy	26,33	O	O
+and	34,37	O	O
+interstitial	38,50	O	O
+defect	51,57	O	B-Task
+migration	58,67	O	I-Task
+pathways	68,76	O	I-Task
+are	77,80	O	O
+confined	81,89	O	O
+to	90,92	O	O
+Ga	93,95	O	B-Material
+-	95,96	O	O
+free	96,100	O	O
+regions	101,108	O	O
+suggests	109,117	O	O
+changes	118,125	O	O
+in	126,128	O	O
+recombination	129,142	O	O
+rates	143,148	O	O
+of	149,151	O	O
+isolated	152,160	O	O
+vacancy	161,168	O	O
+-	168,169	O	O
+interstitial	169,181	O	O
+pairs	182,187	O	O
+in	188,190	O	O
+comparison	191,201	O	O
+to	202,204	O	O
+pure	205,209	O	O
+Pu	210,212	O	O
+.	212,213	O	O
+
+The	214,217	O	O
+degree	218,224	O	O
+to	225,227	O	O
+which	228,233	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+rates	238,243	O	O
+are	244,247	O	O
+effected	248,256	O	O
+depends	257,264	O	O
+on	265,267	O	O
+the	268,271	O	O
+distribution	272,284	O	O
+of	285,287	O	O
+residual	288,296	O	O
+defects	297,304	O	O
+post	305,309	O	O
+a	310,311	O	O
+cascade	312,319	O	B-Process
+event	320,325	O	I-Process
+,	325,326	O	O
+in	327,329	O	O
+addition	330,338	O	O
+to	339,341	O	O
+the	342,345	O	O
+concentration	346,359	O	O
+and	360,363	O	O
+ordering	364,372	O	O
+of	373,375	O	O
+the	376,379	O	O
+Ga	380,382	O	B-Material
+atoms	383,388	O	I-Material
+.	388,389	O	O
+
+If	390,392	O	O
+vacancies	393,402	O	O
+and	403,406	O	O
+interstitials	407,420	O	O
+become	421,427	O	O
+greatly	428,435	O	O
+separated	436,445	O	O
+after	446,451	O	O
+the	452,455	O	O
+collision	456,465	O	B-Process
+cascade	466,473	O	I-Process
+,	473,474	O	O
+then	475,479	O	O
+pathways	480,488	O	O
+to	489,491	O	O
+recombination	492,505	O	O
+are	506,509	O	O
+likely	510,516	O	O
+to	517,519	O	O
+become	520,526	O	O
+restricted	527,537	O	O
+and	538,541	O	O
+recovery	542,550	O	O
+times	551,556	O	O
+will	557,561	O	O
+be	562,564	O	O
+extended	565,573	O	O
+.	573,574	O	O
+
+This	575,579	O	O
+is	580,582	O	O
+viable	583,589	O	O
+for	590,593	O	O
+cascades	594,602	O	O
+that	603,607	O	O
+created	608,615	O	O
+a	616,617	O	O
+vacancy	618,625	O	O
+rich	626,630	O	O
+core	631,635	O	O
+surrounded	636,646	O	O
+by	647,649	O	O
+dispersed	650,659	O	O
+interstitials	660,673	O	O
+,	673,674	O	O
+as	675,677	O	O
+found	678,683	O	O
+for	684,687	O	O
+the	688,691	O	O
+low	692,695	O	B-Material
+energy	696,702	O	I-Material
+cascades	703,711	O	I-Material
+in	712,714	O	I-Material
+Pu	715,717	O	I-Material
+and	718,721	O	I-Material
+PuGa	722,726	O	I-Material
+[	727,728	O	O
+11,12	728,733	O	O
+]	733,734	O	O
+.	734,735	O	O
+
+This	736,740	O	O
+may	741,744	O	O
+also	745,749	O	O
+be	750,752	O	O
+the	753,756	O	O
+case	757,761	O	O
+for	762,765	O	O
+channelling	766,777	O	B-Material
+events	778,784	O	I-Material
+,	784,785	O	O
+where	786,791	O	O
+energetic	792,801	O	B-Material
+atoms	802,807	O	I-Material
+travel	808,814	O	I-Material
+deep	815,819	O	I-Material
+into	820,824	O	I-Material
+the	825,828	O	I-Material
+lattice	829,836	O	I-Material
+through	837,844	O	I-Material
+channels	845,853	O	I-Material
+of	854,856	O	I-Material
+low	857,860	O	I-Material
+atomic	861,867	O	I-Material
+density	868,875	O	I-Material
+.	875,876	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311513001165)
+
+Our	0,3	O	O
+simulations	4,15	O	B-Material
+confirm	16,23	O	O
+experimental	24,36	O	O
+observations	37,49	O	O
+that	50,54	O	O
+W	55,56	O	B-Task
+net	57,60	O	I-Task
+erosion	61,68	O	I-Task
+represents	69,79	O	O
+only	80,84	O	O
+tiny	85,89	O	O
+fraction	90,98	O	O
+(	99,100	O	O
+in	100,102	O	O
+our	103,106	O	O
+simulation	107,117	O	O
+∼1	118,120	O	O
+%	120,121	O	O
+)	121,122	O	O
+of	123,125	O	O
+the	126,129	O	O
+W	130,131	O	B-Task
+gross	132,137	O	I-Task
+erosion	138,145	O	I-Task
+.	145,146	O	O
+
+The	147,150	O	O
+estimated	151,160	O	B-Process
+upstream	161,169	O	I-Process
+W	170,171	O	I-Process
+fluxes	172,178	O	I-Process
+,	178,179	O	O
+FWupstrem	180,189	O	B-Process
+,	189,190	O	O
+are	191,194	O	O
+in	195,197	O	O
+good	198,202	O	O
+agreement	203,212	O	O
+with	213,217	O	O
+the	218,221	O	O
+experimentally	222,236	O	B-Material
+observed	237,245	O	I-Material
+values	246,252	O	I-Material
+⩽1019m-2s-1	253,264	O	O
+
+[	265,266	O	O
+16	266,268	O	O
+]	268,269	O	O
+.	269,270	O	O
+
+Moreover	271,279	O	O
+,	279,280	O	O
+this	281,285	O	O
+value	286,291	O	O
+is	292,294	O	O
+not	295,298	O	O
+very	299,303	O	O
+sensitive	304,313	O	O
+to	314,316	O	O
+the	317,320	O	O
+divertor	321,329	O	B-Material
+plasma	330,336	O	O
+temperature	337,348	O	O
+.	348,349	O	O
+
+For	350,353	O	O
+low	354,357	O	O
+temperatures	358,370	O	O
+the	371,374	O	O
+energy	375,381	O	O
+of	382,384	O	O
+D	385,386	O	B-Material
+and	387,390	O	I-Material
+C	391,392	O	I-Material
+ions	393,397	O	I-Material
+hitting	398,405	O	B-Process
+to	406,408	O	I-Process
+the	409,412	O	I-Process
+divertor	413,421	O	I-Process
+plates	422,428	O	I-Process
+is	429,431	O	O
+too	432,435	O	O
+low	436,439	O	O
+to	440,442	O	O
+sputter	443,450	O	O
+sufficient	451,461	O	O
+amount	462,468	O	O
+of	469,471	O	O
+W.	472,474	O	B-Material
+With	475,479	O	O
+increasing	480,490	O	B-Process
+energy	491,497	O	I-Process
+the	498,501	O	O
+W	502,503	O	B-Process
+sputtering	504,514	O	I-Process
+increases	515,524	O	O
+,	524,525	O	O
+but	526,529	O	O
+the	530,533	O	O
+potential	534,543	O	O
+drop	544,548	O	O
+in	549,551	O	O
+the	552,555	O	O
+divertor	556,564	O	B-Material
+plasma	565,571	O	I-Material
+increases	572,581	O	O
+too	582,585	O	O
+.	585,586	O	O
+
+As	587,589	O	O
+a	590,591	O	O
+result	592,598	O	O
+,	598,599	O	O
+most	600,604	O	O
+of	605,607	O	O
+the	608,611	O	O
+W	612,613	O	B-Material
+atoms	614,619	O	I-Material
+are	620,623	O	O
+ionized	624,631	O	B-Process
+in	632,634	O	O
+the	635,638	O	O
+vicinity	639,647	O	O
+of	648,650	O	O
+the	651,654	O	O
+divertor	655,663	O	B-Material
+and	664,667	O	O
+return	668,674	O	B-Process
+back	675,679	O	O
+to	680,682	O	O
+the	683,686	O	O
+plates	687,693	O	B-Material
+.	693,694	O	O
+
+There	695,700	O	O
+are	701,704	O	O
+two	705,708	O	O
+effects	709,716	O	O
+leading	717,724	O	O
+to	725,727	O	O
+the	728,731	O	O
+observed	732,740	O	B-Task
+prompt	741,747	O	I-Task
+redeposition	748,760	O	I-Task
+of	761,763	O	O
+W	764,765	O	B-Material
+ions	766,770	O	I-Material
+:	770,771	O	O
+first	772,777	O	O
+is	778,780	O	O
+the	781,784	O	O
+“	785,786	O	O
+near	786,790	O	B-Process
+-	790,791	O	I-Process
+divertor	791,799	O	I-Process
+”	799,800	O	I-Process
+ionization	801,811	O	I-Process
+of	812,814	O	O
+W	815,816	O	B-Material
+due	817,820	O	O
+to	821,823	O	O
+low	824,827	O	O
+ionization	828,838	O	B-Process
+potential	839,848	O	O
+−7.86eV	849,856	O	O
+(	857,858	O	O
+for	858,861	O	O
+comparison	862,872	O	O
+the	873,876	O	O
+ionization	877,887	O	B-Process
+potentials	888,898	O	O
+for	899,902	O	O
+D	903,904	O	B-Material
+and	905,908	O	O
+C	909,910	O	B-Material
+are	911,914	O	O
+13,6	915,919	O	O
+and	920,923	O	O
+10.6eV	924,930	O	O
+)	930,931	O	O
+,	931,932	O	O
+second	933,939	O	O
+,	939,940	O	O
+W+n	941,944	O	B-Material
+ions	945,949	O	I-Material
+have	950,954	O	O
+large	955,960	O	B-Process
+Larmor	961,967	O	I-Process
+radius	968,974	O	I-Process
+∼2/nmm	975,981	O	O
+,	981,982	O	O
+so	983,985	O	O
+that	986,990	O	O
+they	991,995	O	O
+are	996,999	O	O
+redeposited	1000,1011	O	O
+within	1012,1018	O	O
+the	1019,1022	O	O
+distance	1023,1031	O	O
+of	1032,1034	O	O
+a	1035,1036	O	O
+Larmor	1037,1043	O	O
+radius	1044,1050	O	O
+.	1050,1051	O	O
+
+Important	1052,1061	O	O
+to	1062,1064	O	O
+note	1065,1069	O	O
+that	1070,1074	O	O
+a	1075,1076	O	O
+significant	1077,1088	O	O
+fraction	1089,1097	O	O
+of	1098,1100	O	O
+W	1101,1102	O	B-Material
+ions	1103,1107	O	I-Material
+escaping	1108,1116	O	O
+this	1117,1121	O	O
+prompt	1122,1128	O	O
+redeposition	1129,1141	O	O
+are	1142,1145	O	O
+returned	1146,1154	O	O
+back	1155,1159	O	O
+due	1160,1163	O	O
+to	1164,1166	O	O
+the	1167,1170	O	O
+friction	1171,1179	O	B-Process
+with	1180,1184	O	I-Process
+the	1185,1188	O	I-Process
+main	1189,1193	O	I-Process
+ions	1194,1198	O	I-Process
+.	1198,1199	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311513011951)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+displacement	4,16	O	B-Task
+cascade	17,24	O	I-Task
+is	25,27	O	O
+a	28,29	O	O
+rapid	30,35	O	O
+process	36,43	O	O
+(	44,45	O	O
+of	45,47	O	O
+order	48,53	O	O
+picoseconds	54,65	O	O
+)	65,66	O	O
+.	66,67	O	O
+
+Further	68,75	O	O
+migration	76,85	O	B-Process
+of	86,88	O	I-Process
+vacancies	89,98	O	I-Process
+and	99,102	O	I-Process
+SIAs	103,107	O	I-Process
+,	107,108	O	O
+mainly	109,115	O	O
+by	116,118	O	O
+diffusion	119,128	O	B-Process
+,	128,129	O	O
+happens	130,137	O	O
+over	138,142	O	O
+a	143,144	O	O
+timescale	145,154	O	O
+of	155,157	O	O
+order	158,163	O	O
+nanoseconds	164,175	O	O
+[	176,177	O	O
+17	177,179	O	O
+]	179,180	O	O
+.	180,181	O	O
+
+This	182,186	O	O
+is	187,189	O	O
+still	190,195	O	O
+short	196,201	O	O
+compared	202,210	O	O
+to	211,213	O	O
+operating	214,223	O	O
+times	224,229	O	O
+,	229,230	O	O
+so	231,233	O	O
+is	234,236	O	O
+important	237,246	O	O
+to	247,249	O	O
+consider	250,258	O	O
+the	259,262	O	O
+equilibrium	263,274	O	O
+result	275,281	O	O
+of	282,284	O	O
+such	285,289	O	O
+processes	290,299	O	O
+:	299,300	O	O
+If	301,303	O	O
+the	304,307	O	O
+vacancies	308,317	O	O
+and	318,321	O	O
+SIAs	322,326	O	O
+were	327,331	O	O
+likely	332,338	O	O
+to	339,341	O	O
+find	342,346	O	O
+their	347,352	O	O
+Frenkel	353,360	O	O
+partner	361,368	O	O
+,	368,369	O	O
+recombine	370,379	O	O
+,	379,380	O	O
+and	381,384	O	O
+annihilate	385,395	O	O
+,	395,396	O	O
+then	397,401	O	O
+the	402,405	O	O
+metal	406,411	O	O
+should	412,418	O	O
+essentially	419,430	O	O
+return	431,437	O	O
+to	438,440	O	O
+its	441,444	O	O
+original	445,453	O	O
+structure	454,463	O	B-Material
+;	463,464	O	O
+however	465,472	O	O
+,	472,473	O	O
+if	474,476	O	O
+defects	477,484	O	B-Material
+instead	485,492	O	O
+formed	493,499	O	O
+large	500,505	O	O
+clusters	506,514	O	O
+of	515,517	O	O
+a	518,519	O	O
+single	520,526	O	O
+type	527,531	O	O
+this	532,536	O	O
+could	537,542	O	O
+result	543,549	O	O
+in	550,552	O	O
+formation	553,562	O	O
+of	563,565	O	O
+voids	566,571	O	B-Material
+,	571,572	O	O
+dislocation	573,584	O	B-Material
+loops	585,590	O	I-Material
+or	591,593	O	O
+swelling	594,602	O	B-Material
+,	602,603	O	O
+possibly	604,612	O	O
+weakening	613,622	O	O
+the	623,626	O	O
+material	627,635	O	O
+in	636,638	O	O
+the	639,642	O	O
+process	643,650	O	O
+.	650,651	O	O
+
+Defects	652,659	O	O
+can	660,663	O	O
+be	664,666	O	O
+trapped	667,674	O	O
+at	675,677	O	O
+grain	678,683	O	B-Material
+boundaries	684,694	O	O
+or	695,697	O	O
+surface	698,705	O	O
+,	705,706	O	O
+so	707,709	O	O
+for	710,713	O	O
+an	714,716	O	O
+ODS	717,720	O	B-Material
+particle	721,729	O	I-Material
+to	730,732	O	O
+effect	733,739	O	O
+the	740,743	O	O
+diffusion	744,753	O	O
+,	753,754	O	O
+there	755,760	O	O
+concentration	761,774	O	O
+must	775,779	O	O
+be	780,782	O	O
+such	783,787	O	O
+that	788,792	O	O
+there	793,798	O	O
+are	799,802	O	O
+many	803,807	O	O
+such	808,812	O	O
+particles	813,822	O	O
+in	823,825	O	O
+each	826,830	O	O
+grain	831,836	O	B-Material
+.	836,837	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514000919)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+dashed	4,10	O	O
+curve	11,16	O	O
+represents	17,27	O	O
+the	28,31	O	O
+PuO2	32,36	O	B-Material
+molar	37,42	O	O
+fraction	43,51	O	O
+on	52,54	O	O
+the	55,58	O	O
+sample	59,65	O	O
+surface	66,73	O	O
+.	73,74	O	O
+
+It	75,77	O	O
+shows	78,83	O	O
+that	84,88	O	O
+,	88,89	O	O
+following	90,99	O	O
+the	100,103	O	O
+UO2–PuO2	104,112	O	B-Task
+phase	113,118	O	I-Task
+boundaries	119,129	O	I-Task
+,	129,130	O	O
+rather	131,137	O	O
+well	138,142	O	O
+established	143,154	O	O
+in	155,157	O	O
+this	158,162	O	O
+compositional	163,176	O	O
+range	177,182	O	O
+(	183,184	O	O
+see	184,187	O	O
+Section	188,195	O	O
+4.3	196,199	O	O
+below	200,205	O	O
+)	205,206	O	O
+,	206,207	O	O
+the	208,211	O	O
+newly	212,217	O	O
+formed	218,224	O	O
+liquid	225,231	O	B-Material
+surface	232,239	O	I-Material
+is	240,242	O	O
+initially	243,252	O	O
+enriched	253,261	O	B-Process
+in	262,264	O	I-Process
+plutonium	265,274	O	I-Process
+dioxide	275,282	O	I-Process
+.	282,283	O	O
+
+Subsequently	284,296	O	O
+,	296,297	O	O
+due	298,301	O	O
+to	302,304	O	O
+fast	305,309	O	O
+diffusion	310,319	O	O
+in	320,322	O	O
+the	323,326	O	O
+liquid	327,333	O	B-Material
+phase	334,339	O	O
+,	339,340	O	O
+the	341,344	O	O
+initial	345,352	O	O
+sample	353,359	O	O
+composition	360,371	O	O
+(	372,373	O	O
+x(PuO2)=0.25	373,385	O	B-Material
+)	385,386	O	O
+tends	387,392	O	O
+to	393,395	O	O
+be	396,398	O	O
+rapidly	399,406	O	O
+restored	407,415	O	O
+.	415,416	O	O
+
+It	417,419	O	O
+is	420,422	O	O
+however	423,430	O	O
+clear	431,436	O	O
+,	436,437	O	O
+from	438,442	O	O
+the	443,446	O	O
+simulation	447,457	O	B-Process
+,	457,458	O	O
+that	459,463	O	O
+the	464,467	O	O
+fast	468,472	O	O
+cooling	473,480	O	B-Process
+occurring	481,490	O	O
+after	491,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+end	501,504	O	O
+of	505,507	O	O
+the	508,511	O	O
+laser	512,517	O	B-Process
+pulse	518,523	O	I-Process
+leads	524,529	O	O
+to	530,532	O	O
+onset	533,538	O	O
+of	539,541	O	O
+solidification	542,556	O	B-Process
+before	557,563	O	O
+the	564,567	O	O
+initial	568,575	O	O
+composition	576,587	O	O
+is	588,590	O	O
+fully	591,596	O	O
+recovered	597,606	O	O
+in	607,609	O	O
+the	610,613	O	O
+liquid	614,620	O	B-Material
+.	620,621	O	O
+
+A	622,623	O	O
+surface	624,631	O	B-Material
+solid	632,637	O	I-Material
+crust	638,643	O	I-Material
+forms	644,649	O	O
+then	650,654	O	O
+upon	655,659	O	O
+freezing	660,668	O	B-Process
+before	669,675	O	O
+the	676,679	O	O
+total	680,685	O	O
+liquid	686,692	O	B-Material
+mass	693,697	O	O
+has	698,701	O	O
+crystallised	702,714	O	O
+(	715,716	O	O
+see	716,719	O	O
+insets	720,726	O	O
+in	727,729	O	O
+Fig	730,733	O	O
+.	733,734	O	O
+
+4	735,736	O	O
+)	736,737	O	O
+.	737,738	O	O
+
+The	739,742	O	O
+double	743,749	O	O
+inflection	750,760	O	O
+during	761,767	O	O
+cooling	768,775	O	B-Process
+in	776,778	O	O
+this	779,783	O	O
+case	784,788	O	O
+corresponds	789,800	O	O
+to	801,803	O	O
+the	804,807	O	O
+solidification	808,822	O	B-Process
+onset	823,828	O	O
+on	829,831	O	O
+the	832,835	O	O
+sample	836,842	O	B-Material
+surface	843,850	O	I-Material
+(	851,852	O	O
+first	852,857	O	O
+inflection	858,868	O	O
+)	868,869	O	O
+and	870,873	O	O
+to	874,876	O	O
+the	877,880	O	O
+disappearance	881,894	O	O
+of	895,897	O	O
+the	898,901	O	O
+last	902,906	O	O
+liquid	907,913	O	B-Material
+inside	914,920	O	O
+the	921,924	O	O
+material	925,933	O	O
+(	934,935	O	O
+second	935,941	O	O
+inflection	942,952	O	O
+)	952,953	O	O
+.	953,954	O	O
+
+The	955,958	O	O
+highest	959,966	O	O
+recalescence	967,979	O	O
+temperature	980,991	O	O
+represents	992,1002	O	O
+the	1003,1006	O	O
+solidification	1007,1021	O	B-Process
+point	1022,1027	O	O
+of	1028,1030	O	O
+a	1031,1032	O	O
+composition	1033,1044	O	O
+very	1045,1049	O	O
+close	1050,1055	O	O
+to	1056,1058	O	O
+the	1059,1062	O	O
+initial	1063,1070	O	O
+one	1071,1074	O	O
+(	1075,1076	O	O
+approximately	1076,1089	O	O
+±0.01	1090,1095	O	O
+on	1096,1098	O	O
+x(PuO2	1099,1105	O	O
+)	1105,1106	O	O
+in	1107,1109	O	O
+the	1110,1113	O	O
+current	1114,1121	O	O
+example	1122,1129	O	O
+)	1129,1130	O	O
+,	1130,1131	O	O
+except	1132,1138	O	O
+for	1139,1142	O	O
+small	1143,1148	O	B-Task
+segregation	1149,1160	O	I-Task
+effects	1161,1168	O	I-Task
+.	1168,1169	O	O
+
+These	1170,1175	O	O
+latter	1176,1182	O	O
+have	1183,1187	O	O
+been	1188,1192	O	O
+studied	1193,1200	O	O
+also	1201,1205	O	O
+experimentally	1206,1220	O	O
+in	1221,1223	O	O
+the	1224,1227	O	O
+present	1228,1235	O	O
+research	1236,1244	O	O
+,	1244,1245	O	O
+by	1246,1248	O	O
+post	1249,1253	O	B-Process
+-	1253,1254	O	I-Process
+melting	1254,1261	O	I-Process
+material	1262,1270	O	I-Process
+characterisation	1271,1287	O	I-Process
+.	1287,1288	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514001640)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+vapour	4,10	O	B-Material
+phase	11,16	O	I-Material
+consists	17,25	O	O
+of	26,28	O	O
+a	29,30	O	O
+number	31,37	O	B-Material
+of	38,40	O	I-Material
+different	41,50	O	I-Material
+gases	51,56	O	I-Material
+with	57,61	O	O
+silicon	62,69	O	B-Material
+exhibiting	70,80	O	O
+a	81,82	O	O
+far	83,86	O	O
+higher	87,93	O	O
+partial	94,101	O	O
+pressure	102,110	O	O
+than	111,115	O	O
+all	116,119	O	O
+carbon	120,126	O	B-Material
+containing	127,137	O	O
+species	138,145	O	O
+over	146,150	O	O
+the	151,154	O	O
+full	155,159	O	O
+temperature	160,171	O	O
+range	172,177	O	O
+.	177,178	O	O
+
+As	179,181	O	O
+an	182,184	O	O
+immediate	185,194	O	O
+result	195,201	O	O
+the	202,205	O	O
+vapour	206,212	O	B-Material
+contains	213,221	O	O
+a	222,223	O	O
+higher	224,230	O	O
+amount	231,237	O	O
+of	238,240	O	O
+silicon	241,248	O	B-Material
+leaving	249,256	O	O
+the	257,260	O	O
+solid	261,266	O	B-Process
+phase	267,272	O	I-Process
+with	273,277	O	O
+excess	278,284	O	O
+carbon	285,291	O	B-Material
+.	291,292	O	O
+
+This	293,297	O	O
+carbon	298,304	O	B-Material
+is	305,307	O	O
+likely	308,314	O	O
+to	315,317	O	O
+precipitate	318,329	O	B-Process
+on	330,332	O	I-Process
+the	333,336	O	I-Process
+surface	337,344	O	I-Process
+of	345,347	O	I-Process
+the	348,351	O	I-Process
+SiC	352,355	O	I-Process
+grains	356,362	O	I-Process
+,	362,363	O	O
+a	364,365	O	O
+process	366,373	O	O
+that	374,378	O	O
+becomes	379,386	O	O
+very	387,391	O	O
+rapid	392,397	O	O
+as	398,400	O	O
+the	401,404	O	O
+temperature	405,416	O	O
+approaches	417,427	O	O
+2100	428,432	O	O
+K	432,433	O	O
+[	434,435	O	O
+24	435,437	O	O
+]	437,438	O	O
+.	438,439	O	O
+
+Within	440,446	O	O
+the	447,450	O	O
+TRISO	451,456	O	B-Material
+particle	457,465	O	I-Material
+the	466,469	O	O
+SiC	470,473	O	B-Material
+layer	474,479	O	O
+is	480,482	O	O
+sandwiched	483,493	O	O
+between	494,501	O	O
+two	502,505	O	O
+coatings	506,514	O	O
+of	515,517	O	O
+dense	518,523	O	O
+carbon	524,530	O	B-Material
+.	530,531	O	O
+
+The	532,535	O	O
+partial	536,543	O	B-Material
+pressure	544,552	O	I-Material
+in	553,555	O	O
+thermodynamic	556,569	O	O
+equilibrium	570,581	O	O
+of	582,584	O	O
+gaseous	585,592	O	B-Material
+carbon	593,599	O	I-Material
+forming	600,607	O	O
+above	608,613	O	O
+graphite	614,622	O	B-Material
+was	623,626	O	O
+calculated	627,637	O	O
+using	638,643	O	O
+data	644,648	O	B-Material
+taken	649,654	O	I-Material
+from	655,659	O	I-Material
+JANAF	660,665	O	I-Material
+tables	666,672	O	I-Material
+and	673,676	O	O
+added	677,682	O	O
+to	683,685	O	O
+Fig	686,689	O	O
+.	689,690	O	O
+
+1	691,692	O	O
+[	693,694	O	O
+25	694,696	O	O
+]	696,697	O	O
+,	697,698	O	O
+which	699,704	O	O
+showed	705,711	O	O
+that	712,716	O	O
+in	717,719	O	O
+the	720,723	O	O
+whole	724,729	O	O
+temperature	730,741	O	O
+range	742,747	O	O
+relevant	748,756	O	O
+for	757,760	O	O
+this	761,765	O	O
+study	766,771	O	O
+the	772,775	O	O
+vapour	776,782	O	B-Task
+pressure	783,791	O	I-Task
+of	792,794	O	I-Task
+carbon	795,801	O	I-Task
+is	802,804	O	O
+several	805,812	O	O
+magnitudes	813,823	O	O
+smaller	824,831	O	O
+than	832,836	O	O
+that	837,841	O	O
+of	842,844	O	O
+the	845,848	O	O
+dominant	849,857	O	O
+gas	858,861	O	B-Material
+phases	862,868	O	O
+above	869,874	O	O
+SiC.	875,879	O	B-Material
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514005480)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+second	4,10	O	B-Task
+stress	11,17	O	I-Task
+state	18,23	O	I-Task
+is	24,26	O	O
+a	27,28	O	O
+tri	29,32	O	B-Task
+-	32,33	O	I-Task
+axial	33,38	O	I-Task
+tensile	39,46	O	I-Task
+stress	47,53	O	I-Task
+designed	54,62	O	O
+to	63,65	O	O
+represent	66,75	O	O
+the	76,79	O	O
+zone	80,84	O	O
+ahead	85,90	O	O
+of	91,93	O	O
+an	94,96	O	O
+advancing	97,106	O	B-Material
+crack	107,112	O	I-Material
+tip	113,116	O	I-Material
+.	116,117	O	O
+
+Micro	118,123	O	O
+-	123,124	O	O
+scale	124,129	O	O
+lateral	130,137	O	O
+cracks	138,144	O	O
+have	145,149	O	O
+been	150,154	O	O
+observed	155,163	O	O
+in	164,166	O	O
+the	167,170	O	O
+oxide	171,176	O	B-Material
+layer	177,182	O	I-Material
+,	182,183	O	O
+and	184,187	O	O
+appear	188,194	O	O
+to	195,197	O	O
+form	198,202	O	O
+very	203,207	O	O
+close	208,213	O	O
+to	214,216	O	O
+or	217,219	O	O
+at	220,222	O	O
+the	223,226	O	O
+metal	227,232	O	B-Material
+–	232,233	O	I-Material
+oxide	233,238	O	I-Material
+interface	239,248	O	I-Material
+(	249,250	O	O
+Fig	250,253	O	O
+.	253,254	O	O
+
+1	255,256	O	O
+)	256,257	O	O
+.	257,258	O	O
+
+Finite	259,265	O	B-Process
+element	266,273	O	I-Process
+analysis	274,282	O	I-Process
+by	283,285	O	O
+Parise	286,292	O	O
+et	293,295	O	O
+al	296,298	O	O
+.	298,299	O	O
+indicated	300,309	O	O
+that	310,314	O	O
+these	315,320	O	O
+cracks	321,327	O	B-Material
+form	328,332	O	O
+as	333,335	O	O
+a	336,337	O	O
+result	338,344	O	O
+of	345,347	O	O
+localised	348,357	O	B-Material
+tensile	358,365	O	I-Material
+stresses	366,374	O	I-Material
+above	375,380	O	O
+peaks	381,386	O	O
+in	387,389	O	O
+the	390,393	O	O
+metal	394,399	O	B-Material
+–	399,400	O	I-Material
+oxide	400,405	O	I-Material
+interface	406,415	O	I-Material
+roughness	416,425	O	O
+[	426,427	O	O
+31	427,429	O	O
+]	429,430	O	O
+.	430,431	O	O
+
+These	432,437	O	O
+cracks	438,444	O	O
+are	445,448	O	O
+considered	449,459	O	O
+separate	460,468	O	O
+to	469,471	O	O
+any	472,475	O	O
+nano	476,480	O	O
+-	480,481	O	O
+scale	481,486	O	O
+cracks	487,493	O	O
+that	494,498	O	O
+might	499,504	O	O
+result	505,511	O	O
+from	512,516	O	O
+the	517,520	O	O
+tetragonal	521,531	O	B-Process
+to	532,534	O	I-Process
+monoclinic	535,545	O	I-Process
+phase	546,551	O	I-Process
+transformation	552,566	O	I-Process
+.	566,567	O	O
+
+An	568,570	O	O
+assumption	571,581	O	O
+is	582,584	O	O
+made	585,589	O	O
+here	590,594	O	O
+that	595,599	O	O
+whether	600,607	O	O
+the	608,611	O	O
+micro	612,617	O	O
+-	617,618	O	O
+scale	618,623	O	O
+lateral	624,631	O	O
+cracks	632,638	O	O
+form	639,643	O	O
+via	644,647	O	O
+fracture	648,656	O	O
+of	657,659	O	O
+the	660,663	O	O
+oxide	664,669	O	B-Material
+or	670,672	O	O
+by	673,675	O	O
+de	676,678	O	B-Process
+-	678,679	O	I-Process
+bonding	679,686	O	I-Process
+at	687,689	O	O
+the	690,693	O	O
+interface	694,703	O	O
+a	704,705	O	O
+triaxial	706,714	O	B-Process
+tensile	715,722	O	I-Process
+stress	723,729	O	I-Process
+state	730,735	O	O
+will	736,740	O	O
+still	741,746	O	O
+be	747,749	O	O
+present	750,757	O	O
+.	757,758	O	O
+
+In	759,761	O	O
+manufactured	762,774	O	B-Material
+partially	775,784	O	I-Material
+stabilised	785,795	O	I-Material
+zirconia	796,804	O	I-Material
+cracks	805,811	O	O
+would	812,817	O	O
+be	818,820	O	O
+expected	821,829	O	O
+to	830,832	O	O
+destabilise	833,844	O	O
+the	845,848	O	O
+tetragonal	849,859	O	B-Process
+phase	860,865	O	I-Process
+.	865,866	O	O
+
+This	867,871	O	O
+is	872,874	O	O
+simulated	875,884	O	B-Task
+by	885,887	O	I-Task
+applying	888,896	O	I-Task
+tensile	897,904	O	I-Task
+stress	905,911	O	I-Task
+in	912,914	O	I-Task
+direction	915,924	O	I-Task
+1	925,926	O	I-Task
+,	926,927	O	I-Task
+2	928,929	O	I-Task
+and	930,933	O	I-Task
+3	934,935	O	I-Task
+.	935,936	O	O
+
+As	937,939	O	O
+this	940,944	O	O
+the	945,948	O	O
+maximum	949,956	O	B-Process
+stress	957,963	O	I-Process
+at	964,966	O	O
+the	967,970	O	O
+crack	971,976	O	O
+tip	977,980	O	O
+is	981,983	O	O
+not	984,987	O	O
+known	988,993	O	O
+,	993,994	O	O
+the	995,998	O	O
+applied	999,1006	O	B-Process
+tensile	1007,1014	O	I-Process
+stresses	1015,1023	O	I-Process
+cover	1024,1029	O	O
+a	1030,1031	O	O
+range	1032,1037	O	O
+from	1038,1042	O	O
+0.1GPa	1043,1049	O	O
+up	1050,1052	O	O
+to	1053,1055	O	O
+a	1056,1057	O	O
+maximum	1058,1065	O	O
+stress	1066,1072	O	O
+value	1073,1078	O	O
+of	1079,1081	O	O
+2.2GPa	1082,1088	O	O
+as	1089,1091	O	O
+it	1092,1094	O	O
+is	1095,1097	O	O
+approximately	1098,1111	O	O
+equal	1112,1117	O	O
+
+to	1118,1120	O	O
+three	1121,1126	O	O
+times	1127,1132	O	O
+the	1133,1136	O	O
+fracture	1137,1145	O	B-Process
+strength	1146,1154	O	O
+of	1155,1157	O	O
+bulk	1158,1162	O	O
+fracture	1163,1171	O	O
+strength	1172,1180	O	O
+for	1181,1184	O	O
+manufactured	1185,1197	O	B-Material
+stabilized	1198,1208	O	I-Material
+zirconia	1209,1217	O	I-Material
+[	1218,1219	O	O
+34	1219,1221	O	O
+]	1221,1222	O	O
+.	1222,1223	O	O
+
+For	1224,1227	O	O
+the	1228,1231	O	O
+biaxial	1232,1239	O	B-Task
+compressive	1240,1251	O	I-Task
+and	1252,1255	O	I-Task
+triaxial	1256,1264	O	I-Task
+tensile	1265,1272	O	I-Task
+stress	1273,1279	O	I-Task
+states	1280,1286	O	I-Task
+it	1287,1289	O	O
+is	1290,1292	O	O
+the	1293,1296	O	O
+trends	1297,1303	O	O
+in	1304,1306	O	O
+behaviour	1307,1316	O	O
+rather	1317,1323	O	O
+than	1324,1328	O	O
+the	1329,1332	O	O
+absolute	1333,1341	O	O
+values	1342,1348	O	O
+that	1349,1353	O	O
+are	1354,1357	O	O
+considered	1358,1368	O	O
+of	1369,1371	O	O
+greatest	1372,1380	O	O
+importance	1381,1391	O	O
+for	1392,1395	O	O
+this	1396,1400	O	O
+work	1401,1405	O	O
+.	1405,1406	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514006849)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+early	4,9	O	O
+theoretical	10,21	O	O
+work	22,26	O	O
+of	27,29	O	O
+Catlow	30,36	O	O
+assessed	37,45	O	O
+a	46,47	O	O
+number	48,54	O	O
+of	55,57	O	O
+Willis	58,64	O	B-Material
+type	65,69	O	I-Material
+clusters	70,78	O	I-Material
+and	79,82	O	O
+found	83,88	O	O
+them	89,93	O	O
+all	94,97	O	O
+to	98,100	O	O
+be	101,103	O	O
+stable	104,110	O	O
+using	111,116	O	O
+potential	117,126	O	B-Process
+-	126,127	O	I-Process
+based	127,132	O	I-Process
+methods	133,140	O	I-Process
+[	141,142	O	O
+6	142,143	O	O
+]	143,144	O	O
+.	144,145	O	O
+
+More	146,150	O	O
+recently	151,159	O	O
+“	160,161	O	O
+split	161,166	O	B-Task
+interstitial	167,179	O	I-Task
+”	179,180	O	I-Task
+type	181,185	O	I-Task
+clusters	186,194	O	I-Task
+(	195,196	O	O
+Fig	196,199	O	O
+.	199,200	O	O
+
+1	201,202	O	O
+)	202,203	O	O
+have	204,208	O	O
+emerged	209,216	O	O
+from	217,221	O	O
+computational	222,235	O	O
+studies	236,243	O	O
+as	244,246	O	O
+stable	247,253	O	O
+species	254,261	O	O
+following	262,271	O	O
+the	272,275	O	O
+potential	276,285	O	B-Process
+based	286,291	O	I-Process
+investigation	292,305	O	I-Process
+of	306,308	O	O
+Govers	309,315	O	O
+et	316,318	O	O
+al	319,321	O	O
+.	321,322	O	O
+
+which	323,328	O	O
+found	329,334	O	O
+the	335,338	O	O
+2:2:2	339,344	O	O
+cluster	345,352	O	O
+in	353,355	O	O
+a	356,357	O	O
+UO2	358,361	O	B-Material
+supercell	362,371	O	I-Material
+relaxed	372,379	O	O
+to	380,382	O	O
+a	383,384	O	O
+split	385,390	O	O
+di	391,393	O	B-Material
+-	393,394	O	I-Material
+interstitial	394,406	O	I-Material
+[	407,408	O	O
+13	408,410	O	O
+]	410,411	O	O
+(	412,413	O	O
+Fig	413,416	O	O
+.	416,417	O	O
+
+1(b	418,421	O	O
+)	421,422	O	O
+)	422,423	O	O
+;	423,424	O	O
+a	425,426	O	B-Material
+single	427,433	O	I-Material
+VO	434,436	O	I-Material
+with	437,441	O	I-Material
+three	442,447	O	I-Material
+Oi	448,450	O	I-Material
+displaced	451,460	O	O
+approximately	461,474	O	O
+1.6Å	475,479	O	O
+in	480,482	O	O
+〈	483,484	O	O
+111	484,487	O	O
+〉	487,488	O	O
+directions	489,499	O	O
+from	500,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+VO	509,511	O	B-Material
+.	511,512	O	O
+
+This	513,517	O	O
+result	518,524	O	O
+was	525,528	O	O
+later	529,534	O	O
+confirmed	535,544	O	O
+by	545,547	O	O
+the	548,551	O	O
+LSDA+U	552,558	O	B-Process
+calculations	559,571	O	O
+of	572,574	O	O
+Geng	575,579	O	O
+et	580,582	O	O
+al	583,585	O	O
+.	585,586	O	O
+
+[	587,588	O	O
+7	588,589	O	O
+]	589,590	O	O
+.	590,591	O	O
+
+The	592,595	O	O
+family	596,602	O	O
+of	603,605	O	O
+split	606,611	O	B-Material
+interstitial	612,624	O	I-Material
+clusters	625,633	O	I-Material
+was	634,637	O	O
+extended	638,646	O	O
+to	647,649	O	O
+include	650,657	O	O
+tri	658,661	O	B-Material
+-	661,662	O	I-Material
+interstitials	662,675	O	I-Material
+[	676,677	O	O
+8	677,678	O	O
+]	678,679	O	O
+(	680,681	O	O
+a	681,682	O	O
+di	683,685	O	B-Material
+-	685,686	O	I-Material
+interstitial	686,698	O	I-Material
+with	699,703	O	I-Material
+the	704,707	O	I-Material
+fourth	708,714	O	I-Material
+Oi	715,717	O	I-Material
+site	718,722	O	I-Material
+occupied	723,731	O	I-Material
+)	731,732	O	O
+and	733,736	O	O
+quad	737,741	O	B-Material
+-	741,742	O	I-Material
+interstitials	742,755	O	I-Material
+[	756,757	O	O
+9	757,758	O	O
+]	758,759	O	O
+(	760,761	O	O
+two	761,764	O	B-Material
+di	765,767	O	I-Material
+-	767,768	O	I-Material
+interstitials	768,781	O	I-Material
+on	782,784	O	I-Material
+adjacent	785,793	O	I-Material
+sites	794,799	O	I-Material
+,	799,800	O	O
+giving	801,807	O	O
+a	808,809	O	O
+total	810,815	O	O
+of	816,818	O	O
+two	819,822	O	O
+VO	823,825	O	B-Material
+and	826,829	O	O
+six	830,833	O	O
+Oi	834,836	O	B-Material
+)	836,837	O	O
+
+(	838,839	O	O
+Fig	839,842	O	O
+.	842,843	O	O
+
+1(d	844,847	O	O
+)	847,848	O	O
+)	848,849	O	O
+.	849,850	O	O
+
+Following	851,860	O	O
+this	861,865	O	O
+Andersson	866,875	O	O
+et	876,878	O	O
+al	879,881	O	O
+.	881,882	O	O
+postulated	883,893	O	O
+a	894,895	O	O
+model	896,901	O	B-Material
+for	902,905	O	I-Material
+U4O9	906,910	O	I-Material
+based	911,916	O	O
+on	917,919	O	O
+a	920,921	O	O
+UO2	922,925	O	B-Material
+supercell	926,935	O	I-Material
+containing	936,946	O	O
+multiple	947,955	O	B-Material
+split	956,961	O	I-Material
+quad	962,966	O	I-Material
+-	966,967	O	I-Material
+interstitial	967,979	O	I-Material
+clusters	980,988	O	I-Material
+;	988,989	O	O
+following	990,999	O	O
+the	1000,1003	O	O
+prediction	1004,1014	O	O
+of	1015,1017	O	O
+their	1018,1023	O	O
+LSDA+U	1024,1030	O	B-Process
+calculations	1031,1043	O	O
+that	1044,1048	O	O
+the	1049,1052	O	O
+quad	1053,1057	O	B-Material
+-	1057,1058	O	I-Material
+interstitial	1058,1070	O	I-Material
+is	1071,1073	O	O
+more	1074,1078	O	O
+stable	1079,1085	O	O
+than	1086,1090	O	O
+its	1091,1094	O	O
+cuboctahedral	1095,1108	O	B-Material
+counterpart	1109,1120	O	O
+[	1121,1122	O	O
+12	1122,1124	O	O
+]	1124,1125	O	O
+.	1125,1126	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514007119)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+calculations	7,19	O	O
+for	20,23	O	O
+the	24,27	O	O
+formation	28,37	O	B-Task
+energy	38,44	O	I-Task
+,	44,45	O	O
+the	46,49	O	O
+box	50,53	O	B-Material
+size	54,58	O	O
+is	59,61	O	O
+set	62,65	O	O
+to	66,68	O	O
+30a0×30a0×30a0	69,83	O	O
+,	83,84	O	O
+where	85,90	O	O
+a0	91,93	O	O
+is	94,96	O	O
+the	97,100	O	O
+bcc	101,104	O	O
+Fe	105,107	O	B-Material
+lattice	108,115	O	I-Material
+parameter	116,125	O	O
+.	125,126	O	O
+
+For	127,130	O	O
+all	131,134	O	O
+calculations	135,147	O	O
+periodic	148,156	O	O
+boundary	157,165	O	O
+conditions	166,176	O	O
+and	177,180	O	O
+constant	181,189	O	O
+volume	190,196	O	O
+are	197,200	O	O
+used	201,205	O	O
+.	205,206	O	O
+
+The	207,210	O	O
+Monte	211,216	O	B-Process
+Carlo	217,222	O	I-Process
+algorithm	223,232	O	I-Process
+used	233,237	O	O
+to	238,240	O	O
+determine	241,250	O	B-Process
+the	251,254	O	I-Process
+lowest	255,261	O	I-Process
+energy	262,268	O	I-Process
+configuration	269,282	O	I-Process
+of	283,285	O	O
+the	286,289	O	O
+cluster	290,297	O	O
+[	298,299	O	O
+28	299,301	O	O
+]	301,302	O	O
+is	303,305	O	O
+organised	306,315	O	O
+as	316,318	O	O
+follows	319,326	O	O
+.	326,327	O	O
+
+First	328,333	O	O
+,	333,334	O	O
+the	335,338	O	O
+energetics	339,349	O	O
+of	350,352	O	O
+voids	353,358	O	B-Material
+without	359,366	O	I-Material
+helium	367,373	O	I-Material
+are	374,377	O	O
+investigated	378,390	O	O
+.	390,391	O	O
+
+A	392,393	O	O
+vacancy	394,401	O	O
+is	402,404	O	O
+introduced	405,415	O	O
+into	416,420	O	O
+the	421,424	O	O
+simulation	425,435	O	B-Material
+cell	436,440	O	I-Material
+and	441,444	O	O
+the	445,448	O	O
+system	449,455	O	O
+is	456,458	O	O
+minimised	459,468	O	O
+using	469,474	O	O
+a	475,476	O	O
+conjugate	477,486	O	B-Process
+gradient	487,495	O	I-Process
+algorithm	496,505	O	I-Process
+,	505,506	O	O
+yielding	507,515	O	O
+a	516,517	O	O
+single	518,524	O	B-Material
+vacancy	525,532	O	I-Material
+formation	533,542	O	I-Material
+energy	543,549	O	I-Material
+Evac	550,554	O	B-Material
+of	555,557	O	O
+1.72eV.	558,565	O	O
+Next	566,570	O	O
+,	570,571	O	O
+the	572,575	O	O
+atom	576,580	O	O
+with	581,585	O	O
+the	586,589	O	O
+highest	590,597	O	O
+potential	598,607	O	O
+energy	608,614	O	O
+is	615,617	O	O
+removed	618,625	O	O
+from	626,630	O	O
+the	631,634	O	O
+system	635,641	O	O
+and	642,645	O	O
+again	646,651	O	O
+the	652,655	O	O
+system	656,662	O	O
+is	663,665	O	O
+minimised	666,675	O	B-Process
+.	675,676	O	O
+
+This	677,681	O	O
+scheme	682,688	O	O
+is	689,691	O	O
+iteratively	692,703	O	O
+continued	704,713	O	O
+to	714,716	O	O
+create	717,723	O	O
+voids	724,729	O	O
+up	730,732	O	O
+to	733,735	O	O
+the	736,739	O	O
+number	740,746	O	O
+of	747,749	O	O
+target	750,756	O	O
+vacancies	757,766	O	O
+and	767,770	O	O
+the	771,774	O	O
+formation	775,784	O	O
+energy	785,791	O	O
+of	792,794	O	O
+each	795,799	O	O
+is	800,802	O	O
+calculated	803,813	O	O
+.	813,814	O	O
+
+Next	815,819	O	O
+,	819,820	O	O
+helium	821,827	O	B-Material
+atoms	828,833	O	I-Material
+are	834,837	O	O
+introduced	838,848	O	O
+to	849,851	O	O
+the	852,855	O	O
+vacancies	856,865	O	O
+.	865,866	O	O
+
+The	867,870	O	O
+total	871,876	O	B-Material
+system	877,883	O	I-Material
+energy	884,890	O	I-Material
+is	891,893	O	O
+measured	894,902	O	O
+and	903,906	O	O
+recorded	907,915	O	O
+.	915,916	O	O
+
+At	917,919	O	O
+this	920,924	O	O
+point	925,930	O	O
+,	930,931	O	O
+a	932,933	O	O
+Metropolis	934,944	O	B-Process
+MC	945,947	O	I-Process
+scheme	948,954	O	I-Process
+[	955,956	O	O
+29	956,958	O	O
+]	958,959	O	O
+is	960,962	O	O
+used	963,967	O	O
+to	968,970	O	O
+find	971,975	O	O
+the	976,979	O	O
+low	980,983	O	B-Material
+energy	984,990	O	I-Material
+configurations	991,1005	O	I-Material
+.	1005,1006	O	O
+
+Every	1007,1012	O	O
+helium	1013,1019	O	B-Material
+in	1020,1022	O	O
+the	1023,1026	O	O
+system	1027,1033	O	O
+is	1034,1036	O	O
+randomly	1037,1045	O	O
+displaced	1046,1055	O	O
+from	1056,1060	O	O
+its	1061,1064	O	O
+site	1065,1069	O	O
+up	1070,1072	O	O
+to	1073,1075	O	O
+a	1076,1077	O	O
+maximum	1078,1085	O	O
+of	1086,1088	O	O
+rmax	1089,1093	O	O
+(	1094,1095	O	O
+4.5Å	1095,1099	O	O
+,	1099,1100	O	O
+the	1101,1104	O	O
+cut	1105,1108	O	O
+off	1109,1112	O	O
+distance	1113,1121	O	O
+for	1122,1125	O	O
+He	1126,1128	O	B-Process
+–	1128,1129	O	I-Process
+He	1129,1131	O	I-Process
+interactions	1132,1144	O	I-Process
+)	1144,1145	O	O
+in	1146,1148	O	O
+each	1149,1153	O	O
+of	1154,1156	O	O
+the	1157,1160	O	O
+x	1161,1162	O	O
+,	1162,1163	O	O
+y	1164,1165	O	O
+and	1166,1169	O	O
+z	1170,1171	O	O
+directions	1172,1182	O	O
+and	1183,1186	O	O
+then	1187,1191	O	O
+minimised	1192,1201	O	B-Process
+using	1202,1207	O	O
+the	1208,1211	O	O
+conjugate	1212,1221	O	B-Process
+gradient	1222,1230	O	I-Process
+algorithm	1231,1240	O	I-Process
+.	1240,1241	O	O
+
+Each	1242,1246	O	O
+bubble	1247,1253	O	O
+is	1254,1256	O	O
+continued	1257,1266	O	O
+for	1267,1270	O	O
+a	1271,1272	O	O
+minimum	1273,1280	O	O
+of	1281,1283	O	O
+10,000	1284,1290	O	O
+steps	1291,1296	O	O
+.	1296,1297	O	O
+
+After	1298,1303	O	O
+that	1304,1308	O	O
+,	1308,1309	O	O
+the	1310,1313	O	O
+searches	1314,1322	O	O
+will	1323,1327	O	O
+be	1328,1330	O	O
+terminated	1331,1341	O	O
+if	1342,1344	O	O
+the	1345,1348	O	O
+system	1349,1355	O	O
+energy	1356,1362	O	O
+does	1363,1367	O	O
+not	1368,1371	O	O
+drop	1372,1376	O	O
+within	1377,1383	O	O
+a	1384,1385	O	O
+further	1386,1393	O	O
+10	1394,1396	O	O
+steps	1397,1402	O	O
+.	1402,1403	O	O
+
+A	1404,1405	O	O
+schematic	1406,1415	O	O
+of	1416,1418	O	O
+this	1419,1423	O	O
+iterative	1424,1433	O	B-Process
+process	1434,1441	O	I-Process
+is	1442,1444	O	O
+shown	1445,1450	O	O
+in	1451,1453	O	O
+Fig	1454,1457	O	O
+.	1457,1458	O	O
+
+1	1459,1460	O	O
+.	1460,1461	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311514008691)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+class	4,9	O	B-Material
+of	10,12	O	I-Material
+steels	13,19	O	I-Material
+known	20,25	O	O
+as	26,28	O	O
+oxide	29,34	O	B-Material
+dispersion	35,45	O	I-Material
+strengthened	46,58	O	I-Material
+(	59,60	O	O
+ODS	60,63	O	B-Material
+)	63,64	O	O
+ferritic	65,73	O	B-Material
+alloys	74,80	O	I-Material
+(	81,82	O	O
+also	82,86	O	O
+known	87,92	O	O
+as	93,95	O	O
+nanostructured	96,110	O	B-Material
+ferritic	111,119	O	B-Material
+alloys	120,126	O	I-Material
+)	126,127	O	O
+consist	128,135	O	O
+of	136,138	O	O
+a	139,140	O	O
+dispersion	141,151	O	B-Material
+of	152,154	O	I-Material
+ultra	155,160	O	I-Material
+-	160,161	O	I-Material
+fine	161,165	O	I-Material
+oxide	166,171	O	I-Material
+particles	172,181	O	I-Material
+throughout	182,192	O	I-Material
+the	193,196	O	I-Material
+matrix	197,203	O	I-Material
+.	203,204	O	O
+
+These	205,210	O	O
+oxide	211,216	O	B-Material
+particles	217,226	O	I-Material
+serve	227,232	O	O
+to	233,235	O	O
+improve	236,243	O	B-Task
+the	244,247	O	I-Task
+mechanical	248,258	O	I-Task
+properties	259,269	O	I-Task
+of	270,272	O	I-Task
+the	273,276	O	I-Task
+system	277,283	O	I-Task
+,	283,284	O	O
+particularly	285,297	O	O
+at	298,300	O	O
+high	301,305	O	O
+temperatures	306,318	O	O
+,	318,319	O	O
+of	320,322	O	O
+the	323,326	O	O
+system	327,333	O	O
+through	334,341	O	O
+inhibiting	342,352	O	O
+dislocation	353,364	O	O
+motion	365,371	O	O
+and	372,375	O	O
+grain	376,381	O	O
+boundary	382,390	O	O
+sliding	391,398	O	O
+.	398,399	O	O
+
+In	400,402	O	O
+nuclear	403,410	O	O
+applications	411,423	O	O
+the	424,427	O	O
+oxide	428,433	O	B-Material
+particles	434,443	O	I-Material
+have	444,448	O	O
+been	449,453	O	O
+suggested	454,463	O	O
+to	464,466	O	O
+act	467,470	O	O
+as	471,473	O	O
+point	474,479	O	O
+defect	480,486	O	O
+sinks	487,492	O	O
+[	493,494	O	O
+10,11	494,499	O	O
+]	499,500	O	O
+to	501,503	O	O
+improve	504,511	O	B-Task
+radiation	512,521	O	I-Task
+tolerance	522,531	O	I-Task
+,	531,532	O	O
+and	533,536	O	O
+as	537,539	O	O
+preferential	540,552	O	O
+sites	553,558	O	O
+for	559,562	O	O
+the	563,566	O	O
+formation	567,576	O	O
+of	577,579	O	O
+nano	580,584	O	O
+-	584,585	O	O
+scale	585,590	O	O
+
+He	591,593	O	O
+bubbles	594,601	O	O
+therefore	602,611	O	O
+reducing	612,620	O	B-Task
+swelling	621,629	O	I-Task
+compared	630,638	O	O
+to	639,641	O	O
+non	642,645	O	B-Material
+-	645,646	O	I-Material
+ODS	646,649	O	I-Material
+steels	650,656	O	I-Material
+[	657,658	O	O
+12–15	658,663	O	O
+]	663,664	O	O
+.	664,665	O	O
+
+The	666,669	O	O
+ability	670,677	O	O
+of	678,680	O	O
+the	681,684	O	O
+oxide	685,690	O	B-Material
+particles	691,700	O	I-Material
+to	701,703	O	O
+improve	704,711	O	O
+these	712,717	O	O
+properties	718,728	O	O
+depends	729,736	O	O
+on	737,739	O	O
+the	740,743	O	O
+structure	744,753	O	B-Material
+and	754,757	O	I-Material
+composition	758,769	O	I-Material
+of	770,772	O	I-Material
+the	773,776	O	I-Material
+particles	777,786	O	I-Material
+
+[	787,788	O	O
+10,11,16,17	788,799	O	O
+]	799,800	O	O
+and	801,804	O	O
+their	805,810	O	O
+stability	811,820	O	O
+under	821,826	O	O
+irradiation	827,838	O	B-Process
+.	838,839	O	O
+
+Typical	840,847	O	O
+compositions	848,860	O	O
+of	861,863	O	O
+ODS	864,867	O	B-Material
+steels	868,874	O	I-Material
+include	875,882	O	O
+between	883,890	O	O
+9	891,892	O	B-Material
+and	893,896	O	I-Material
+14at.%	897,903	O	I-Material
+Cr	904,906	O	I-Material
+for	907,910	O	O
+oxidation	911,920	O	B-Process
+resistance	921,931	O	O
+(	932,933	O	O
+most	933,937	O	O
+commonly	938,946	O	O
+14at.%	947,953	O	O
+)	953,954	O	O
+;	954,955	O	O
+W	956,957	O	B-Material
+for	958,961	O	O
+solid	962,967	O	O
+solution	968,976	O	O
+hardening	977,986	O	O
+;	986,987	O	O
+Y2O3	988,992	O	B-Material
+that	993,997	O	O
+is	998,1000	O	O
+put	1001,1004	O	O
+into	1005,1009	O	O
+solid	1010,1015	O	B-Material
+solution	1016,1024	O	I-Material
+during	1025,1031	O	O
+the	1032,1035	O	O
+initial	1036,1043	O	O
+,	1043,1044	O	O
+mechanical	1045,1055	O	B-Process
+alloying	1056,1064	O	I-Process
+,	1064,1065	O	O
+process	1066,1073	O	O
+but	1074,1077	O	O
+then	1078,1082	O	O
+during	1083,1089	O	O
+consolidation	1090,1103	O	B-Process
+at	1104,1106	O	O
+high	1107,1111	O	O
+temperatures	1112,1124	O	O
+forms	1125,1130	O	O
+precipitates	1131,1143	O	B-Material
+;	1143,1144	O	O
+and	1145,1148	O	O
+Ti	1149,1151	O	B-Material
+to	1152,1154	O	O
+inhibit	1155,1162	O	O
+significant	1163,1174	O	O
+growth	1175,1181	O	O
+of	1182,1184	O	O
+the	1185,1188	O	O
+oxide	1189,1194	O	B-Material
+particles	1195,1204	O	I-Material
+;	1204,1205	O	O
+the	1206,1209	O	O
+balance	1210,1217	O	B-Material
+being	1218,1223	O	O
+made	1224,1228	O	O
+up	1229,1231	O	O
+of	1232,1234	O	O
+Fe	1235,1237	O	B-Material
+and	1238,1241	O	I-Material
+impurities	1242,1252	O	I-Material
+
+[	1253,1254	O	O
+18	1254,1256	O	O
+]	1256,1257	O	O
+.	1257,1258	O	O
+
+For	1259,1262	O	O
+this	1263,1267	O	O
+reason	1268,1274	O	O
+these	1275,1280	O	O
+steels	1281,1287	O	B-Material
+are	1288,1291	O	O
+often	1292,1297	O	O
+referred	1298,1306	O	O
+to	1307,1309	O	O
+as	1310,1312	O	O
+14YWT	1313,1318	O	B-Material
+,	1318,1319	O	O
+reflecting	1320,1330	O	O
+the	1331,1334	O	O
+constituent	1335,1346	O	B-Material
+elements	1347,1355	O	I-Material
+.	1355,1356	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S002231151500032X)
+
+Zirconium	0,9	O	B-Material
+alloys	10,16	O	I-Material
+are	17,20	O	O
+used	21,25	O	O
+as	26,28	O	O
+cladding	29,37	O	B-Material
+to	38,40	O	O
+encapsulate	41,52	O	O
+fuel	53,57	O	B-Material
+pellets	58,65	O	I-Material
+in	66,68	O	O
+pressurised	69,80	O	O
+and	81,84	O	O
+boiling	85,92	O	O
+water	93,98	O	B-Material
+nuclear	99,106	O	I-Material
+reactors	107,115	O	I-Material
+.	115,116	O	O
+
+Research	117,125	O	O
+into	126,130	O	O
+oxidation	131,140	O	B-Task
+of	141,143	O	I-Task
+these	144,149	O	I-Task
+alloys	150,156	O	I-Task
+has	157,160	O	O
+been	161,165	O	O
+significant	166,177	O	O
+since	178,183	O	O
+the	184,187	O	O
+introduction	188,200	O	O
+of	201,203	O	O
+the	204,207	O	O
+material	208,216	O	O
+.	216,217	O	O
+
+However	218,225	O	O
+,	225,226	O	O
+the	227,230	O	O
+microstructure	231,245	O	B-Process
+and	246,249	O	I-Process
+electro	250,257	O	I-Process
+-	257,258	O	I-Process
+chemical	258,266	O	I-Process
+processes	267,276	O	I-Process
+during	277,283	O	O
+oxidation	284,293	O	B-Process
+are	294,297	O	O
+complex	298,305	O	O
+and	306,309	O	O
+many	310,314	O	O
+questions	315,324	O	O
+still	325,330	O	O
+remain	331,337	O	O
+unanswered	338,348	O	O
+.	348,349	O	O
+
+One	350,353	O	O
+such	354,358	O	O
+issue	359,364	O	O
+is	365,367	O	O
+the	368,371	O	O
+formation	372,381	O	O
+of	382,384	O	O
+lateral	385,392	O	O
+cracks	393,399	O	O
+near	400,404	O	O
+the	405,408	O	O
+metal	409,414	O	B-Material
+-	414,415	O	I-Material
+oxide	415,420	O	I-Material
+interface	421,430	O	I-Material
+.	430,431	O	O
+
+Small	432,437	O	O
+cracks	438,444	O	O
+have	445,449	O	O
+been	450,454	O	O
+seen	455,459	O	O
+to	460,462	O	O
+form	463,467	O	O
+continuously	468,480	O	O
+during	481,487	O	O
+oxidation	488,497	O	B-Process
+,	497,498	O	O
+with	499,503	O	O
+large	504,509	O	O
+scale	510,515	O	O
+networks	516,524	O	O
+of	525,527	O	O
+lateral	528,535	O	O
+cracks	536,542	O	O
+forming	543,550	O	O
+cyclically	551,561	O	O
+every	562,567	O	O
+∼2μm	568,572	O	O
+of	573,575	O	O
+oxide	576,581	O	O
+growth	582,588	O	O
+.	588,589	O	O
+
+These	590,595	O	O
+networks	596,604	O	O
+of	605,607	O	O
+cracks	608,614	O	O
+can	615,618	O	O
+be	619,621	O	O
+correlated	622,632	O	O
+with	633,637	O	O
+acceleration	638,650	O	O
+in	651,653	O	O
+the	654,657	O	O
+corrosion	658,667	O	B-Material
+kinetics	668,676	O	I-Material
+
+[	677,678	O	O
+1–7	678,681	O	O
+]	681,682	O	O
+.	682,683	O	O
+
+These	684,689	O	O
+lateral	690,697	O	O
+cracks	698,704	O	O
+might	705,710	O	O
+enable	711,717	O	O
+the	718,721	O	O
+link	722,726	O	B-Material
+up	727,729	O	I-Material
+of	730,732	O	I-Material
+nano	733,737	O	I-Material
+pores	738,743	O	I-Material
+along	744,749	O	O
+grain	750,755	O	B-Material
+boundaries	756,766	O	O
+perpendicular	767,780	O	O
+to	781,783	O	O
+the	784,787	O	O
+metal	788,793	O	B-Material
+/	793,794	O	I-Material
+oxide	794,799	O	I-Material
+interface	800,809	O	I-Material
+as	810,812	O	O
+reported	813,821	O	O
+in	822,824	O	O
+[	825,826	O	O
+8,9	826,829	O	O
+]	829,830	O	O
+.	830,831	O	O
+
+Experiments	832,843	O	O
+using	844,849	O	O
+Synchrotron	850,861	O	B-Process
+X	862,863	O	I-Process
+-	863,864	O	I-Process
+Ray	864,867	O	I-Process
+Diffraction	868,879	O	I-Process
+(	880,881	O	O
+S	881,882	O	B-Process
+-	882,883	O	I-Process
+XRD	883,886	O	I-Process
+)	886,887	O	O
+by	888,890	O	O
+both	891,895	O	O
+Polatidis	896,905	O	O
+et	906,908	O	O
+al	909,911	O	O
+.	911,912	O	O
+and	913,916	O	O
+Petigny	917,924	O	O
+et	925,927	O	O
+al	928,930	O	O
+.	930,931	O	O
+,	931,932	O	O
+have	933,937	O	O
+separately	938,948	O	O
+shown	949,954	O	O
+that	955,959	O	O
+oxides	960,966	O	B-Material
+formed	967,973	O	O
+on	974,976	O	O
+Zircaloy-4	977,987	O	B-Material
+are	988,991	O	O
+composed	992,1000	O	O
+of	1001,1003	O	O
+monoclinic	1004,1014	O	B-Material
+and	1015,1018	O	I-Material
+stabilised	1019,1029	O	I-Material
+tetragonal	1030,1040	O	I-Material
+phases	1041,1047	O	I-Material
+,	1047,1048	O	O
+with	1049,1053	O	O
+an	1054,1056	O	O
+∼7	1057,1059	O	B-Material
+%	1059,1060	O	I-Material
+reduction	1061,1070	O	I-Material
+in	1071,1073	O	I-Material
+the	1074,1077	O	I-Material
+tetragonal	1078,1088	O	I-Material
+phase	1089,1094	O	I-Material
+fraction	1095,1103	O	O
+from	1104,1108	O	O
+1	1109,1110	O	O
+to	1111,1113	O	O
+3μm	1114,1117	O	O
+oxide	1118,1123	O	O
+growth	1124,1130	O	O
+[	1131,1132	O	O
+4,10	1132,1136	O	O
+]	1136,1137	O	O
+.	1137,1138	O	O
+
+One	1139,1142	O	O
+theory	1143,1149	O	O
+is	1150,1152	O	O
+that	1153,1157	O	O
+the	1158,1161	O	O
+lateral	1162,1169	O	O
+cracks	1170,1176	O	O
+may	1177,1180	O	O
+destabilise	1181,1192	O	O
+the	1193,1196	O	O
+tetragonal	1197,1207	O	B-Process
+phase	1208,1213	O	I-Process
+close	1214,1219	O	O
+to	1220,1222	O	O
+the	1223,1226	O	O
+metal	1227,1232	O	B-Material
+-	1232,1233	O	I-Material
+oxide	1233,1238	O	I-Material
+interface	1239,1248	O	I-Material
+.	1248,1249	O	O
+
+The	1250,1253	O	O
+phase	1254,1259	O	B-Process
+transformation	1260,1274	O	I-Process
+has	1275,1278	O	O
+an	1279,1281	O	O
+∼6	1282,1284	O	O
+%	1284,1285	O	O
+expansion	1286,1295	O	O
+associated	1296,1306	O	O
+with	1307,1311	O	O
+it	1312,1314	O	O
+,	1314,1315	O	O
+which	1316,1321	O	O
+could	1322,1327	O	O
+lead	1328,1332	O	O
+to	1333,1335	O	O
+fracture	1336,1344	O	B-Process
+perpendicular	1345,1358	O	O
+to	1359,1361	O	O
+the	1362,1365	O	O
+metal	1366,1371	O	B-Material
+-	1371,1372	O	I-Material
+oxide	1372,1377	O	I-Material
+interface	1378,1387	O	I-Material
+,	1387,1388	O	O
+thereby	1389,1396	O	O
+generating	1397,1407	O	O
+fast	1408,1412	O	O
+ingress	1413,1420	O	B-Process
+routes	1421,1427	O	O
+for	1428,1431	O	O
+oxygen	1432,1438	O	B-Material
+containing	1439,1449	O	I-Material
+species	1450,1457	O	I-Material
+[	1458,1459	O	O
+11,12	1459,1464	O	O
+]	1464,1465	O	O
+.	1465,1466	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515002391)
+
+Spark	0,5	O	B-Process
+plasma	6,12	O	I-Process
+sintering	13,22	O	I-Process
+(	23,24	O	O
+SPS	24,27	O	B-Process
+)	27,28	O	O
+is	29,31	O	O
+a	32,33	O	O
+relatively	34,44	O	O
+new	45,48	O	O
+sintering	49,58	O	B-Process
+-	58,59	O	I-Process
+based	59,64	O	I-Process
+technique	65,74	O	I-Process
+[	75,76	O	O
+17	76,78	O	O
+]	78,79	O	O
+in	80,82	O	O
+which	83,88	O	O
+the	89,92	O	O
+powder	93,99	O	B-Material
+to	100,102	O	O
+be	103,105	O	O
+consolidated	106,118	O	O
+is	119,121	O	O
+loaded	122,128	O	O
+into	129,133	O	O
+an	134,136	O	O
+electrically	137,149	O	O
+and	150,153	O	O
+thermally	154,163	O	O
+conductive	164,174	O	O
+graphite	175,183	O	O
+mould	184,189	O	O
+and	190,193	O	O
+
+a	194,195	O	O
+large	196,201	O	O
+DC	202,204	O	O
+pulsed	205,211	O	O
+current	212,219	O	O
+(	220,221	O	O
+1000–5000A	221,231	O	O
+)	231,232	O	O
+is	233,235	O	O
+applied	236,243	O	O
+under	244,249	O	O
+a	250,251	O	O
+uniaxial	252,260	O	O
+pressure	261,269	O	O
+.	269,270	O	O
+
+When	271,275	O	O
+current	276,283	O	O
+passes	284,290	O	O
+through	291,298	O	O
+the	299,302	O	O
+graphite	303,311	O	B-Material
+mould	312,317	O	I-Material
+(	318,319	O	O
+and	319,322	O	O
+the	323,326	O	O
+powder	327,333	O	B-Material
+if	334,336	O	O
+it	337,339	O	O
+is	340,342	O	O
+electrically	343,355	O	O
+conductive	356,366	O	O
+)	366,367	O	O
+,	367,368	O	O
+the	369,372	O	O
+powder	373,379	O	B-Material
+is	380,382	O	O
+heated	383,389	O	O
+both	390,394	O	O
+from	395,399	O	O
+the	400,403	O	O
+outside	404,411	O	O
+(	412,413	O	O
+the	413,416	O	O
+mould	417,422	O	B-Material
+acts	423,427	O	O
+as	428,430	O	O
+a	431,432	O	O
+heating	433,440	O	B-Material
+element	441,448	O	I-Material
+)	448,449	O	O
+and	450,453	O	O
+inside	454,460	O	O
+(	461,462	O	O
+due	462,465	O	O
+to	466,468	O	O
+Joule	469,474	O	O
+heating	475,482	O	O
+from	483,487	O	O
+the	488,491	O	O
+intrinsic	492,501	O	O
+electrical	502,512	O	O
+resistance	513,523	O	O
+of	524,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+powder	531,537	O	B-Material
+material	538,546	O	I-Material
+)	546,547	O	O
+.	547,548	O	O
+
+SPS	549,552	O	B-Process
+is	553,555	O	O
+characterised	556,569	O	O
+by	570,572	O	O
+very	573,577	O	O
+fast	578,582	O	O
+heating	583,590	O	O
+(	591,592	O	O
+up	592,594	O	O
+to	595,597	O	O
+2000	598,602	O	O
+°	602,603	O	O
+C	603,604	O	O
+/	604,605	O	O
+min	605,608	O	O
+)	608,609	O	O
+and	610,613	O	O
+cooling	614,621	O	O
+rates	622,627	O	O
+and	628,631	O	O
+short	632,637	O	O
+holding	638,645	O	O
+times	646,651	O	O
+(	652,653	O	O
+minutes	653,660	O	O
+)	660,661	O	O
+to	662,664	O	O
+achieve	665,672	O	O
+near	673,677	O	O
+theoretical	678,689	O	O
+density	690,697	O	O
+[	698,699	O	O
+17	699,701	O	O
+]	701,702	O	O
+.	702,703	O	O
+
+Thus	704,708	O	O
+SPS	709,712	O	B-Process
+occupies	713,721	O	O
+a	722,723	O	O
+very	724,728	O	O
+different	729,738	O	O
+time	739,743	O	O
+–	743,744	O	O
+temperature	744,755	O	O
+
+–	755,756	O	O
+density	756,763	O	O
+space	764,769	O	O
+in	770,772	O	O
+powder	773,779	O	B-Process
+consolidation	780,793	O	I-Process
+maps	794,798	O	I-Process
+when	799,803	O	O
+compared	804,812	O	O
+with	813,817	O	O
+conventional	818,830	O	B-Process
+methods	831,838	O	I-Process
+,	838,839	O	O
+such	840,844	O	O
+as	845,847	O	O
+hot	848,851	O	B-Process
+pressing	852,860	O	I-Process
+sintering	861,870	O	I-Process
+and	871,874	O	O
+HIP	875,878	O	B-Process
+with	879,883	O	O
+ramp	884,888	O	O
+rate	889,893	O	O
+of	894,896	O	O
+50–80	897,902	O	O
+°	902,903	O	O
+C	903,904	O	O
+/	904,905	O	O
+min	905,908	O	O
+and	909,912	O	O
+a	913,914	O	O
+few	915,918	O	O
+hours	919,924	O	O
+holding	925,932	O	O
+time	933,937	O	O
+.	937,938	O	O
+
+Although	939,947	O	O
+SPS	948,951	O	B-Process
+has	952,955	O	O
+been	956,960	O	O
+studied	961,968	O	O
+for	969,972	O	O
+a	973,974	O	O
+rapidly	975,982	O	O
+growing	983,990	O	O
+number	991,997	O	O
+of	998,1000	O	O
+materials	1001,1010	O	O
+[	1011,1012	O	O
+17	1012,1014	O	O
+]	1014,1015	O	O
+,	1015,1016	O	O
+there	1017,1022	O	O
+are	1023,1026	O	O
+only	1027,1031	O	O
+a	1032,1033	O	O
+small	1034,1039	O	O
+number	1040,1046	O	O
+of	1047,1049	O	O
+studies	1050,1057	O	O
+on	1058,1060	O	O
+the	1061,1064	O	O
+fabrication	1065,1076	O	B-Task
+and	1077,1080	O	I-Task
+microstructural	1081,1096	O	I-Task
+characterisation	1097,1113	O	I-Task
+of	1114,1116	O	I-Task
+ODS	1117,1120	O	I-Task
+steels	1121,1127	O	I-Task
+processed	1128,1137	O	I-Task
+by	1138,1140	O	I-Task
+SPS	1141,1144	O	I-Task
+,	1144,1145	O	O
+briefly	1146,1153	O	O
+reviewed	1154,1162	O	O
+below	1163,1168	O	O
+.	1168,1169	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515002470)
+
+To	0,2	O	O
+conclude	3,11	O	O
+,	11,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+electrochemical	17,32	O	B-Task
+reduction	33,42	O	I-Task
+of	43,45	O	I-Task
+uranium	46,53	O	I-Task
+dioxide	54,61	O	I-Task
+to	62,64	O	O
+uranium	65,72	O	B-Material
+metal	73,78	O	I-Material
+has	79,82	O	O
+been	83,87	O	O
+studied	88,95	O	O
+in	96,98	O	O
+a	99,100	O	O
+lithium	101,108	O	B-Material
+chloride	109,117	O	I-Material
+–	117,118	O	I-Material
+potassium	118,127	O	I-Material
+chloride	128,136	O	I-Material
+eutectic	137,145	O	I-Material
+molten	146,152	O	I-Material
+salt	153,157	O	I-Material
+at	158,160	O	O
+450	161,164	O	O
+°	164,165	O	O
+C	165,166	O	O
+.	166,167	O	O
+
+Both	168,172	O	O
+electrochemical	173,188	O	B-Process
+and	189,192	O	O
+synchrotron	193,204	O	B-Process
+X	205,206	O	I-Process
+-	206,207	O	I-Process
+ray	207,210	O	I-Process
+techniques	211,221	O	O
+have	222,226	O	O
+been	227,231	O	O
+utilised	232,240	O	O
+to	241,243	O	O
+deduce	244,250	O	B-Task
+the	251,254	O	I-Task
+electrochemical	255,270	O	I-Task
+reduction	271,280	O	I-Task
+potential	281,290	O	I-Task
+,	290,291	O	I-Task
+mechanism	292,301	O	I-Task
+and	302,305	O	I-Task
+reduction	306,315	O	I-Task
+pathway	316,323	O	I-Task
+.	323,324	O	O
+
+The	325,328	O	O
+electrochemical	329,344	O	O
+reduction	345,354	O	O
+potential	355,364	O	O
+of	365,367	O	O
+the	368,371	O	O
+UO2|U	372,377	O	B-Material
+couple	378,384	O	I-Material
+is	385,387	O	O
+dependent	388,397	O	O
+on	398,400	O	O
+the	401,404	O	O
+activity	405,413	O	O
+of	414,416	O	O
+oxide	417,422	O	B-Material
+ions	423,427	O	I-Material
+existing	428,436	O	O
+within	437,443	O	O
+the	444,447	O	O
+melt	448,452	O	B-Material
+.	452,453	O	O
+
+The	454,457	O	O
+electrochemical	458,473	O	B-Process
+reduction	474,483	O	I-Process
+of	484,486	O	O
+uranium	487,494	O	B-Material
+dioxide	495,502	O	I-Material
+to	503,505	O	O
+uranium	506,513	O	B-Material
+metal	514,519	O	I-Material
+seems	520,525	O	O
+to	526,528	O	O
+occur	529,534	O	O
+in	535,537	O	O
+a	538,539	O	O
+single	540,546	O	O
+,	546,547	O	O
+4-electron	548,558	O	B-Process
+-	558,559	O	I-Process
+step	559,563	O	I-Process
+,	563,564	O	O
+process	565,572	O	O
+;	572,573	O	O
+indicated	574,583	O	O
+by	584,586	O	O
+a	587,588	O	O
+single	589,595	O	O
+reduction	596,605	O	O
+peak	606,610	O	O
+(	611,612	O	O
+C1	612,614	O	O
+)	614,615	O	O
+in	616,618	O	O
+the	619,622	O	O
+cyclic	623,629	O	B-Process
+voltammograms	630,643	O	I-Process
+and	644,647	O	O
+also	648,652	O	O
+by	653,655	O	O
+the	656,659	O	O
+exclusion	660,669	O	O
+of	670,672	O	O
+any	673,676	O	O
+other	677,682	O	O
+phases	683,689	O	O
+in	690,692	O	O
+the	693,696	O	O
+EDXD	697,701	O	B-Process
+data	702,706	O	I-Process
+.	706,707	O	O
+
+The	708,711	O	O
+electrochemical	712,727	O	B-Process
+reduction	728,737	O	I-Process
+may	738,741	O	O
+be	742,744	O	O
+impeded	745,752	O	O
+by	753,755	O	O
+an	756,758	O	O
+increase	759,767	O	O
+in	768,770	O	O
+oxo	771,774	O	O
+-	774,775	O	O
+acidity	775,782	O	O
+of	783,785	O	O
+the	786,789	O	O
+molten	790,796	O	B-Material
+salt	797,801	O	I-Material
+.	801,802	O	O
+
+That	803,807	O	O
+is	808,810	O	O
+,	810,811	O	O
+O2−	812,815	O	B-Material
+ions	816,820	O	I-Material
+that	821,825	O	O
+are	826,829	O	O
+liberated	830,839	O	O
+by	840,842	O	O
+the	843,846	O	O
+electroreduction	847,863	O	B-Process
+may	864,867	O	O
+not	868,871	O	O
+react	872,877	O	O
+at	878,880	O	O
+the	881,884	O	O
+counter	885,892	O	B-Material
+electrode	893,902	O	I-Material
+and	903,906	O	O
+,	906,907	O	O
+thus	908,912	O	O
+,	912,913	O	O
+not	914,917	O	O
+be	918,920	O	O
+removed	921,928	O	O
+from	929,933	O	O
+the	934,937	O	O
+molten	938,944	O	B-Material
+salt	945,949	O	I-Material
+.	949,950	O	O
+
+This	951,955	O	O
+could	956,961	O	O
+be	962,964	O	O
+due	965,968	O	O
+to	969,971	O	O
+the	972,975	O	O
+electrode	976,985	O	B-Material
+geometry	986,994	O	O
+and/or	995,1001	O	O
+the	1002,1005	O	O
+inherent	1006,1014	O	O
+microstructure	1015,1029	O	O
+of	1030,1032	O	O
+the	1033,1036	O	O
+working	1037,1044	O	O
+electrode	1045,1054	O	B-Material
+:	1054,1055	O	O
+a	1056,1057	O	O
+high	1058,1062	O	O
+tortuosity	1063,1073	O	O
+,	1073,1074	O	O
+for	1075,1078	O	O
+example	1079,1086	O	O
+,	1086,1087	O	O
+would	1088,1093	O	O
+impede	1094,1100	O	O
+the	1101,1104	O	O
+diffusion	1105,1114	O	O
+of	1115,1117	O	O
+O2−	1118,1121	O	B-Material
+ions	1122,1126	O	I-Material
+out	1127,1130	O	O
+of	1131,1133	O	O
+the	1134,1137	O	O
+working	1138,1145	O	O
+electrode	1146,1155	O	B-Material
+.	1155,1156	O	O
+
+This	1157,1161	O	O
+could	1162,1167	O	O
+then	1168,1172	O	O
+cause	1173,1178	O	O
+an	1179,1181	O	O
+increase	1182,1190	O	O
+in	1191,1193	O	O
+the	1194,1197	O	O
+activity	1198,1206	O	O
+of	1207,1209	O	O
+oxide	1210,1215	O	B-Material
+ions	1216,1220	O	I-Material
+existing	1221,1229	O	O
+within	1230,1236	O	O
+the	1237,1240	O	O
+melt	1241,1245	O	B-Material
+and	1246,1249	O	O
+hence	1250,1255	O	O
+inhibit	1256,1263	O	O
+the	1264,1267	O	O
+electrochemical	1268,1283	O	B-Process
+reduction	1284,1293	O	I-Process
+–	1294,1295	O	O
+exploration	1296,1307	O	B-Task
+of	1308,1310	O	I-Task
+the	1311,1314	O	I-Task
+microstructure	1315,1329	O	I-Task
+of	1330,1332	O	I-Task
+working	1333,1340	O	I-Task
+electrodes	1341,1351	O	I-Task
+will	1352,1356	O	O
+be	1357,1359	O	O
+the	1360,1363	O	O
+focus	1364,1369	O	O
+of	1370,1372	O	O
+future	1373,1379	O	O
+work	1380,1384	O	O
+.	1384,1385	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515002664)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+primary	4,11	O	O
+benefit	12,19	O	O
+of	20,22	O	O
+using	23,28	O	O
+a	29,30	O	O
+3D	31,33	O	B-Process
+model	34,39	O	I-Process
+is	40,42	O	O
+that	43,47	O	O
+it	48,50	O	O
+allows	51,57	O	O
+the	58,61	O	O
+application	62,73	O	O
+of	74,76	O	O
+anisotropic	77,88	O	B-Task
+material	89,97	O	I-Task
+properties	98,108	O	I-Task
+.	108,109	O	O
+
+As	110,112	O	O
+a	113,114	O	O
+hexagonal	115,124	O	O
+close	125,130	O	O
+packed	131,137	O	O
+lattice	138,145	O	O
+structure	146,155	O	O
+,	155,156	O	O
+a	157,158	O	O
+single	159,165	O	O
+zirconium	166,175	O	B-Material
+grain	176,181	O	I-Material
+is	182,184	O	O
+plastically	185,196	O	O
+anisotropic	197,208	O	O
+due	209,212	O	O
+to	213,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+difficulty	220,230	O	O
+of	231,233	O	O
+activating	234,244	O	O
+slip	245,249	O	O
+with	250,254	O	O
+a	255,256	O	O
+〈	257,258	O	O
+c	258,259	O	O
+〉	259,260	O	O
+component	261,270	O	O
+[	271,272	O	O
+23–26	272,277	O	O
+]	277,278	O	O
+.	278,279	O	O
+
+Abaqus	280,286	O	B-Process
+allows	287,293	O	O
+this	294,298	O	O
+to	299,301	O	O
+be	302,304	O	O
+represented	305,316	O	O
+by	317,319	O	O
+setting	320,327	O	O
+plasticity	328,338	O	B-Process
+potential	339,348	O	I-Process
+ratios	349,355	O	I-Process
+.	355,356	O	O
+
+The	357,360	O	O
+anisotropic	361,372	O	B-Material
+elastic	373,380	O	I-Material
+and	381,384	O	I-Material
+plastic	385,392	O	I-Material
+constants	393,402	O	I-Material
+are	403,406	O	O
+shown	407,412	O	O
+in	413,415	O	O
+Table	416,421	O	O
+1	422,423	O	O
+.	423,424	O	O
+
+Zirconium	425,434	O	B-Material
+alloys	435,441	O	O
+can	442,445	O	O
+often	446,451	O	O
+have	452,456	O	O
+a	457,458	O	O
+bimodal	459,466	O	B-Process
+basal	467,472	O	I-Process
+pole	473,477	O	I-Process
+distribution	478,490	O	I-Process
+,	490,491	O	O
+with	492,496	O	O
+a	497,498	O	O
+tilt	499,503	O	O
+on	504,506	O	O
+the	507,510	O	O
+basal	511,516	O	O
+normal	517,523	O	O
+or	524,526	O	O
+c	527,528	O	O
+direction	529,538	O	O
+of	539,541	O	O
+±30	542,545	O	O
+°	545,546	O	O
+in	547,549	O	O
+the	550,553	O	O
+normal	554,560	O	O
+direction	561,570	O	O
+being	571,576	O	O
+quoted	577,583	O	O
+for	584,587	O	O
+recrystallized	588,602	O	B-Material
+Zircaloy-4	603,613	O	I-Material
+[	614,615	O	O
+27,28	615,620	O	O
+]	620,621	O	O
+.	621,622	O	O
+
+However	623,630	O	O
+,	630,631	O	O
+for	632,635	O	O
+simplicity	636,646	O	O
+the	647,650	O	O
+basal	651,656	O	O
+normal	657,663	O	O
+or	664,666	O	O
+c	667,668	O	O
+direction	669,678	O	O
+has	679,682	O	O
+been	683,687	O	O
+taken	688,693	O	O
+as	694,696	O	O
+being	697,702	O	O
+parallel	703,711	O	O
+to	712,714	O	O
+the	715,718	O	O
+normal	719,725	O	O
+direction	726,735	O	O
+.	735,736	O	O
+
+As	737,739	O	O
+such	740,744	O	O
+the	745,748	O	O
+1	749,750	O	O
+,	750,751	O	O
+2	752,753	O	O
+and	754,757	O	O
+3	758,759	O	O
+directions	760,770	O	O
+in	771,773	O	O
+Table	774,779	O	O
+1	780,781	O	O
+correlate	782,791	O	O
+with	792,796	O	O
+the	797,800	O	O
+X	801,802	O	O
+,	802,803	O	O
+Y	804,805	O	O
+and	806,809	O	O
+Z	810,811	O	O
+global	812,818	O	O
+coordinate	819,829	O	O
+system	830,836	O	O
+for	837,840	O	O
+the	841,844	O	O
+3D	845,847	O	B-Process
+simulations	848,859	O	I-Process
+,	859,860	O	O
+with	861,865	O	O
+the	866,869	O	O
+3	870,871	O	O
+direction	872,881	O	O
+correlating	882,893	O	O
+to	894,896	O	O
+the	897,900	O	O
+c	901,902	O	O
+direction	903,912	O	O
+of	913,915	O	O
+a	916,917	O	O
+zirconium	918,927	O	B-Material
+unit	928,932	O	I-Material
+lattice	933,940	O	I-Material
+.	940,941	O	O
+
+Table	942,947	O	O
+1	948,949	O	O
+also	950,954	O	O
+shows	955,960	O	O
+the	961,964	O	O
+elastic	965,972	O	O
+properties	973,983	O	O
+incorporated	984,996	O	O
+into	997,1001	O	O
+the	1002,1005	O	O
+simulations	1006,1017	O	B-Process
+.	1017,1018	O	O
+
+The	1019,1022	O	O
+oxide	1023,1028	O	B-Material
+layer	1029,1034	O	I-Material
+has	1035,1038	O	O
+been	1039,1043	O	O
+simulated	1044,1053	O	O
+as	1054,1056	O	O
+a	1057,1058	O	O
+purely	1059,1065	O	B-Material
+elastic	1066,1073	O	I-Material
+material	1074,1082	O	I-Material
+.	1082,1083	O	O
+
+Although	1084,1092	O	O
+it	1093,1095	O	O
+is	1096,1098	O	O
+known	1099,1104	O	O
+that	1105,1109	O	O
+the	1110,1113	O	O
+oxide	1114,1119	O	B-Material
+is	1120,1122	O	O
+strongly	1123,1131	O	O
+textured	1132,1140	O	O
+[	1141,1142	O	O
+29	1142,1144	O	O
+]	1144,1145	O	O
+,	1145,1146	O	O
+it	1147,1149	O	O
+is	1150,1152	O	O
+still	1153,1158	O	O
+simulated	1159,1168	O	O
+as	1169,1171	O	O
+a	1172,1173	O	O
+homogenous	1174,1184	O	O
+solid	1185,1190	O	O
+therefore	1191,1200	O	O
+isotropic	1201,1210	O	B-Task
+material	1211,1219	O	I-Task
+properties	1220,1230	O	I-Task
+have	1231,1235	O	O
+been	1236,1240	O	O
+used	1241,1245	O	O
+for	1246,1249	O	O
+the	1250,1253	O	O
+oxide	1254,1259	O	B-Material
+in	1260,1262	O	O
+all	1263,1266	O	O
+simulations	1267,1278	O	B-Process
+.	1278,1279	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515300295)
+
+Zirconium	0,9	O	B-Material
+alloys	10,16	O	I-Material
+are	17,20	O	O
+commonly	21,29	O	O
+used	30,34	O	O
+as	35,37	O	O
+the	38,41	O	O
+fuel	42,46	O	B-Material
+cladding	47,55	O	I-Material
+for	56,59	O	O
+water	60,65	O	B-Material
+cooled	66,72	O	I-Material
+nuclear	73,80	O	I-Material
+fission	81,88	O	I-Material
+reactors	89,97	O	I-Material
+,	97,98	O	O
+mainly	99,105	O	O
+due	106,109	O	O
+to	110,112	O	O
+their	113,118	O	O
+low	119,122	O	O
+neutron	123,130	O	O
+cross	131,136	O	O
+-	136,137	O	O
+section	137,144	O	O
+,	144,145	O	O
+good	146,150	O	O
+corrosion	151,160	O	O
+resistance	161,171	O	O
+during	172,178	O	O
+normal	179,185	O	O
+operating	186,195	O	O
+conditions	196,206	O	O
+and	207,210	O	O
+sufficient	211,221	O	O
+mechanical	222,232	O	O
+strength	233,241	O	O
+[	242,243	O	O
+1	243,244	O	O
+]	244,245	O	O
+.	245,246	O	O
+
+Despite	247,254	O	O
+high	255,259	O	O
+corrosion	260,269	O	O
+resistance	270,280	O	O
+at	281,283	O	O
+normal	284,290	O	O
+operating	291,300	O	O
+temperatures	301,313	O	O
+(	314,315	O	O
+around	315,321	O	O
+300	322,325	O	O
+°	326,327	O	O
+C	327,328	O	O
+)	328,329	O	O
+
+[	330,331	O	O
+2	331,332	O	O
+]	332,333	O	O
+,	333,334	O	O
+Zr	335,337	O	B-Material
+alloys	338,344	O	I-Material
+oxidise	345,352	O	B-Process
+very	353,357	O	O
+rapidly	358,365	O	O
+when	366,370	O	O
+exposed	371,378	O	O
+to	379,381	O	O
+temperatures	382,394	O	O
+a	395,396	O	O
+few	397,400	O	O
+hundred	401,408	O	O
+degrees	409,416	O	O
+higher	417,423	O	O
+.	423,424	O	O
+
+This	425,429	O	O
+is	430,432	O	O
+an	433,435	O	O
+exothermic	436,446	O	B-Process
+reaction	447,455	O	I-Process
+,	455,456	O	O
+which	457,462	O	O
+can	463,466	O	O
+further	467,474	O	O
+accelerate	475,485	O	O
+oxidation	486,495	O	B-Process
+and	496,499	O	O
+,	499,500	O	O
+at	501,503	O	O
+temperatures	504,516	O	O
+beyond	517,523	O	O
+1000	524,528	O	O
+°	529,530	O	O
+C	530,531	O	O
+,	531,532	O	O
+potentially	533,544	O	O
+lead	545,549	O	O
+to	550,552	O	O
+disintegration	553,567	O	B-Process
+of	568,570	O	I-Process
+the	571,574	O	I-Process
+fuel	575,579	O	I-Process
+rods	580,584	O	I-Process
+,	584,585	O	O
+as	586,588	O	O
+highlighted	589,600	O	O
+during	601,607	O	O
+the	608,611	O	O
+Fukushima	612,621	O	O
+Daiichi	622,629	O	O
+nuclear	630,637	O	O
+accident	638,646	O	O
+.	646,647	O	O
+
+For	648,651	O	O
+this	652,656	O	O
+reason	657,663	O	O
+new	664,667	O	O
+research	668,676	O	O
+activities	677,687	O	O
+have	688,692	O	O
+been	693,697	O	O
+initiated	698,707	O	O
+worldwide	708,717	O	O
+to	718,720	O	O
+develop	721,728	O	B-Task
+accident	729,737	O	I-Task
+tolerant	738,746	O	I-Task
+fuels	747,752	O	I-Task
+(	753,754	O	O
+ATF	754,757	O	B-Material
+)	757,758	O	O
+.	758,759	O	O
+
+Additionally	760,772	O	O
+,	772,773	O	O
+ATFs	774,778	O	B-Material
+could	779,784	O	O
+also	785,789	O	O
+provide	790,797	O	O
+further	798,805	O	O
+enhancements	806,818	O	B-Task
+in	819,821	O	I-Task
+corrosion	822,831	O	I-Task
+performance	832,843	O	I-Task
+during	844,850	O	O
+normal	851,857	O	O
+operating	858,867	O	O
+conditions	868,878	O	O
+enabling	879,887	O	O
+the	888,891	O	O
+development	892,903	O	B-Task
+of	904,906	O	I-Task
+fuel	907,911	O	I-Task
+assemblies	912,922	O	I-Task
+for	923,926	O	O
+very	927,931	O	O
+high	932,936	O	O
+burn	937,941	O	O
+-	941,942	O	O
+up	942,944	O	O
+.	944,945	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515300477)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+all	3,6	O	O
+these	7,12	O	O
+studies	13,20	O	O
+,	20,21	O	O
+the	22,25	O	O
+association	26,37	O	O
+between	38,45	O	O
+the	46,49	O	O
+transition	50,60	O	O
+and	61,64	O	O
+lateral	65,72	O	O
+cracking	73,81	O	O
+in	82,84	O	O
+the	85,88	O	O
+oxide	89,94	O	B-Material
+layer	95,100	O	I-Material
+depicts	101,108	O	O
+some	109,113	O	O
+interaction	114,125	O	O
+between	126,133	O	O
+the	134,137	O	O
+mechanical	138,148	O	O
+behaviour	149,158	O	O
+of	159,161	O	O
+the	162,165	O	O
+system	166,172	O	O
+,	172,173	O	O
+and	174,177	O	O
+its	178,181	O	O
+corrosion	182,191	O	O
+kinetics	192,200	O	O
+,	200,201	O	O
+but	202,205	O	O
+does	206,210	O	O
+not	211,214	O	O
+provide	215,222	O	O
+a	223,224	O	O
+clear	225,230	O	O
+understanding	231,244	O	B-Task
+of	245,247	O	I-Task
+the	248,251	O	I-Task
+morphology	252,262	O	I-Task
+of	263,265	O	I-Task
+the	266,269	O	I-Task
+metal	270,275	O	I-Task
+:	275,276	O	I-Task
+oxide	276,281	O	I-Task
+interface	282,291	O	I-Task
+during	292,298	O	O
+the	299,302	O	O
+corrosion	303,312	O	B-Process
+process	313,320	O	I-Process
+,	320,321	O	O
+at	322,324	O	O
+the	325,328	O	O
+nanometre	329,338	O	O
+level	339,344	O	O
+.	344,345	O	O
+
+Understanding	346,359	O	B-Task
+why	360,363	O	I-Task
+this	364,368	O	I-Task
+transition	369,379	O	I-Task
+behaviour	380,389	O	I-Task
+happens	390,397	O	I-Task
+is	398,400	O	O
+critical	401,409	O	O
+when	410,414	O	O
+modelling	415,424	O	B-Task
+the	425,428	O	I-Task
+rate	429,433	O	I-Task
+of	434,436	O	I-Task
+growth	437,443	O	I-Task
+of	444,446	O	I-Task
+oxide	447,452	O	I-Task
+,	452,453	O	O
+and	454,457	O	O
+therefore	458,467	O	O
+to	468,470	O	O
+the	471,474	O	O
+lifetime	475,483	O	O
+prediction	484,494	O	O
+of	495,497	O	O
+Zr	498,500	O	B-Material
+clads	501,506	O	I-Material
+,	506,507	O	O
+and	508,511	O	O
+ultimately	512,522	O	O
+to	523,525	O	O
+the	526,529	O	O
+safety	530,536	O	O
+of	537,539	O	O
+nuclear	540,547	O	B-Material
+power	548,553	O	I-Material
+reactors	554,562	O	I-Material
+.	562,563	O	O
+
+No	564,566	O	O
+model	567,572	O	O
+will	573,577	O	O
+be	578,580	O	O
+complete	581,589	O	O
+without	590,597	O	O
+a	598,599	O	O
+nanoscale	600,609	O	O
+understanding	610,623	O	B-Task
+of	624,626	O	I-Task
+what	627,631	O	I-Task
+is	632,634	O	I-Task
+going	635,640	O	I-Task
+on	641,643	O	I-Task
+during	644,650	O	I-Task
+oxidation	651,660	O	I-Task
+.	660,661	O	O
+
+Thus	662,666	O	O
+,	666,667	O	O
+it	668,670	O	O
+is	671,673	O	O
+essential	674,683	O	O
+that	684,688	O	O
+the	689,692	O	O
+oxide	693,698	O	B-Material
+scale	699,704	O	I-Material
+and	705,708	O	O
+the	709,712	O	O
+top	713,716	O	B-Material
+layers	717,723	O	I-Material
+of	724,726	O	I-Material
+the	727,730	O	I-Material
+metal	731,736	O	I-Material
+are	737,740	O	O
+studied	741,748	O	O
+at	749,751	O	O
+nanometre	752,761	O	O
+resolution	762,772	O	O
+to	773,775	O	O
+reveal	776,782	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+detailed	787,795	O	O
+structural	796,806	O	B-Process
+and	807,810	O	I-Process
+chemical	811,819	O	I-Process
+changes	820,827	O	I-Process
+associated	828,838	O	O
+with	839,843	O	O
+diffusion	844,853	O	B-Process
+of	854,856	O	I-Process
+oxygen	857,863	O	I-Process
+and	864,867	O	O
+the	868,871	O	O
+resulting	872,881	O	O
+oxidation	882,891	O	B-Process
+of	892,894	O	I-Process
+the	895,898	O	I-Process
+metal	899,904	O	I-Process
+.	904,905	O	O
+
+Whilst	906,912	O	O
+a	913,914	O	O
+number	915,921	O	O
+of	922,924	O	O
+techniques	925,935	O	O
+have	936,940	O	O
+been	941,945	O	O
+employed	946,954	O	O
+for	955,958	O	O
+this	959,963	O	O
+purpose	964,971	O	O
+,	971,972	O	O
+it	973,975	O	O
+is	976,978	O	O
+clear	979,984	O	O
+that	985,989	O	O
+various	990,997	O	O
+techniques	998,1008	O	O
+within	1009,1015	O	O
+transmission	1016,1028	O	B-Process
+electron	1029,1037	O	I-Process
+microscopy	1038,1048	O	I-Process
+(	1049,1050	O	O
+TEM	1050,1053	O	B-Process
+)	1053,1054	O	O
+will	1055,1059	O	O
+be	1060,1062	O	O
+among	1063,1068	O	O
+the	1069,1072	O	O
+most	1073,1077	O	O
+versatile	1078,1087	O	O
+and	1088,1091	O	O
+informative	1092,1103	O	O
+for	1104,1107	O	O
+this	1108,1112	O	O
+purpose	1113,1120	O	O
+,	1120,1121	O	O
+although	1122,1130	O	O
+additional	1131,1141	O	O
+information	1142,1153	O	O
+can	1154,1157	O	O
+be	1158,1160	O	O
+added	1161,1166	O	O
+by	1167,1169	O	O
+techniques	1170,1180	O	O
+such	1181,1185	O	O
+as	1186,1188	O	O
+atom	1189,1193	O	B-Process
+probe	1194,1199	O	I-Process
+tomography	1200,1210	O	I-Process
+.	1210,1211	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515300830)
+
+Solid	0,5	O	B-Material
+pieces	6,12	O	I-Material
+of	13,15	O	O
+23–114	16,22	O	O
+mg	23,25	O	O
+were	26,30	O	O
+further	31,38	O	O
+used	39,43	O	O
+to	44,46	O	O
+measure	47,54	O	B-Process
+the	55,58	O	I-Process
+enthalpy	59,67	O	I-Process
+increments	68,78	O	I-Process
+using	79,84	O	O
+a	85,86	O	O
+Setaram	87,94	O	B-Process
+Multi	95,100	O	I-Process
+-	100,101	O	I-Process
+detector	101,109	O	I-Process
+High	110,114	O	I-Process
+Temperature	115,126	O	I-Process
+Calorimeter	127,138	O	I-Process
+(	139,140	O	O
+MDHTC-96	140,148	O	B-Process
+)	148,149	O	O
+using	150,155	O	O
+a	156,157	O	O
+drop	158,162	O	B-Process
+detector	163,171	O	I-Process
+.	171,172	O	O
+
+For	173,176	O	O
+more	177,181	O	O
+details	182,189	O	O
+about	190,195	O	O
+the	196,199	O	O
+technique	200,209	O	O
+we	210,212	O	O
+refer	213,218	O	O
+to	219,221	O	O
+our	222,225	O	O
+previous	226,234	O	O
+studies	235,242	O	O
+[	243,244	O	O
+9,10	244,248	O	O
+]	248,249	O	O
+.	249,250	O	O
+
+The	251,254	O	O
+measurements	255,267	O	O
+were	268,272	O	O
+carried	273,280	O	O
+out	281,284	O	O
+under	285,290	O	O
+an	291,293	O	O
+argon	294,299	O	B-Material
+atmosphere	300,310	O	O
+(	311,312	O	O
+with	312,316	O	O
+an	317,319	O	O
+oxygen	320,326	O	B-Material
+content	327,334	O	O
+of	335,337	O	O
+7	338,339	O	O
+ppm	340,343	O	O
+)	343,344	O	O
+,	344,345	O	O
+using	346,351	O	O
+pure	352,356	O	O
+platinum	357,365	O	B-Material
+ingots	366,372	O	I-Material
+(	373,374	O	O
+64–144	374,380	O	O
+mg	381,383	O	O
+)	383,384	O	O
+of	385,387	O	O
+99.95	388,393	O	O
+at	394,396	O	O
+%	397,398	O	O
+purity	399,405	O	O
+as	406,408	O	O
+a	409,410	O	O
+reference	411,420	O	B-Material
+material	421,429	O	I-Material
+.	429,430	O	O
+
+The	431,434	O	O
+temperature	435,446	O	O
+range	447,452	O	O
+of	453,455	O	O
+the	456,459	O	O
+experiment	460,470	O	O
+was	471,474	O	O
+from	475,479	O	O
+430.3	480,485	O	O
+K	486,487	O	O
+to	488,490	O	O
+1088.8	491,497	O	O
+K	498,499	O	O
+using	500,505	O	O
+steps	506,511	O	O
+of	512,514	O	O
+50	515,517	O	O
+
+K.	518,520	O	O
+Each	521,525	O	O
+isothermal	526,536	O	B-Process
+run	537,540	O	I-Process
+consisted	541,550	O	O
+of	551,553	O	O
+2–4	554,557	O	B-Material
+drops	558,563	O	I-Material
+of	564,566	O	I-Material
+Bi2UO6	567,573	O	I-Material
+samples	574,581	O	I-Material
+,	581,582	O	O
+each	583,587	O	O
+surrounded	588,598	O	O
+by	599,601	O	O
+two	602,605	O	O
+drops	606,611	O	O
+of	612,614	O	O
+platinum	615,623	O	B-Material
+from	624,628	O	O
+which	629,634	O	O
+the	635,638	O	O
+sensitivity	639,650	O	O
+of	651,653	O	O
+the	654,657	O	O
+device	658,664	O	O
+was	665,668	O	O
+determined	669,679	O	O
+.	679,680	O	O
+
+The	681,684	O	O
+drops	685,690	O	O
+were	691,695	O	O
+separated	696,705	O	O
+by	706,708	O	O
+time	709,713	O	O
+intervals	714,723	O	O
+of	724,726	O	O
+20	727,729	O	O
+min	730,733	O	O
+,	733,734	O	O
+long	735,739	O	O
+enough	740,746	O	O
+to	747,749	O	O
+re	750,752	O	O
+-	752,753	O	O
+stabilize	753,762	O	O
+the	763,766	O	O
+monitored	767,776	O	O
+heat	777,781	O	B-Process
+flow	782,786	O	I-Process
+signal	787,793	O	O
+.	793,794	O	O
+
+Background	795,805	O	B-Process
+subtraction	806,817	O	I-Process
+and	818,821	O	I-Process
+peak	822,826	O	I-Process
+integration	827,838	O	I-Process
+were	839,843	O	O
+performed	844,853	O	O
+using	854,859	O	O
+commercially	860,872	O	B-Material
+available	873,882	O	I-Material
+software	883,891	O	I-Material
+for	892,895	O	I-Material
+data	896,900	O	I-Material
+processing	901,911	O	I-Material
+.	911,912	O	O
+
+The	913,916	O	O
+reported	917,925	O	O
+temperatures	926,938	O	O
+were	939,943	O	O
+corrected	944,953	O	B-Process
+in	954,956	O	O
+accordance	957,967	O	O
+with	968,972	O	O
+the	973,976	O	O
+calibration	977,988	O	O
+curve	989,994	O	O
+obtained	995,1003	O	O
+prior	1004,1009	O	O
+to	1010,1012	O	O
+measurement	1013,1024	O	O
+using	1025,1030	O	O
+several	1031,1038	O	O
+high	1039,1043	O	B-Material
+purity	1044,1050	O	I-Material
+standard	1051,1059	O	I-Material
+metals	1060,1066	O	I-Material
+(	1067,1068	O	O
+Sn	1068,1070	O	B-Material
+,	1070,1071	O	O
+Pb	1072,1074	O	B-Material
+,	1074,1075	O	O
+Zn	1076,1078	O	B-Material
+,	1078,1079	O	O
+Al	1080,1082	O	B-Material
+,	1082,1083	O	O
+Ag	1084,1086	O	B-Material
+,	1086,1087	O	O
+Ni	1088,1090	O	B-Material
+)	1090,1091	O	O
+with	1092,1096	O	O
+various	1097,1104	O	O
+melting	1105,1112	O	O
+temperatures	1113,1125	O	O
+in	1126,1128	O	O
+order	1129,1134	O	O
+to	1135,1137	O	O
+cover	1138,1143	O	O
+the	1144,1147	O	O
+whole	1148,1153	O	O
+temperature	1154,1165	O	O
+range	1166,1171	O	O
+of	1172,1174	O	O
+the	1175,1178	O	O
+measurement	1179,1190	O	O
+.	1190,1191	O	O
+
+After	1192,1197	O	O
+drop	1198,1202	O	O
+calorimetric	1203,1215	O	B-Process
+measurements	1216,1228	O	I-Process
+at	1229,1231	O	O
+the	1232,1235	O	O
+maximum	1236,1243	O	O
+considered	1244,1254	O	O
+temperature	1255,1266	O	O
+,	1266,1267	O	O
+the	1268,1271	O	O
+material	1272,1280	O	O
+was	1281,1284	O	O
+subjected	1285,1294	O	O
+to	1295,1297	O	O
+a	1298,1299	O	O
+new	1300,1303	O	O
+XRD	1304,1307	O	B-Process
+measurement	1308,1319	O	O
+,	1319,1320	O	O
+confirming	1321,1331	O	O
+the	1332,1335	O	O
+stability	1336,1345	O	O
+of	1346,1348	O	O
+the	1349,1352	O	O
+compound	1353,1361	O	B-Material
+under	1362,1367	O	O
+the	1368,1371	O	O
+experimental	1372,1384	O	O
+conditions	1385,1395	O	O
+.	1395,1396	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515301069)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+fluence	4,11	O	B-Task
+of	12,14	O	I-Task
+each	15,19	O	I-Task
+capsule	20,27	O	I-Task
+was	28,31	O	O
+determined	32,42	O	O
+by	43,45	O	O
+using	46,51	O	O
+activation	52,62	O	B-Material
+monitor	63,70	O	I-Material
+sets	71,75	O	I-Material
+.	75,76	O	I-Material
+
+These	77,82	O	O
+monitor	83,90	O	B-Material
+sets	91,95	O	I-Material
+consist	96,103	O	O
+of	104,106	O	O
+different	107,116	O	O
+metal	117,122	O	B-Material
+wire	123,127	O	I-Material
+pieces	128,134	O	I-Material
+that	135,139	O	O
+have	140,144	O	O
+an	145,147	O	O
+activation	148,158	O	O
+reaction	159,167	O	O
+at	168,170	O	O
+a	171,172	O	O
+specific	173,181	O	O
+energy	182,188	O	O
+range	189,194	O	O
+.	194,195	O	O
+
+The	196,199	O	O
+different	200,209	O	O
+activation	210,220	O	O
+energies	221,229	O	O
+are	230,233	O	O
+chosen	234,240	O	O
+in	241,243	O	O
+such	244,248	O	O
+a	249,250	O	O
+way	251,254	O	O
+that	255,259	O	O
+the	260,263	O	O
+spectrum	264,272	O	O
+can	273,276	O	O
+be	277,279	O	O
+reconstructed	280,293	O	O
+.	293,294	O	O
+
+In	295,297	O	O
+BODEX	298,303	O	O
+,	303,304	O	O
+each	305,309	O	O
+capsule	310,317	O	B-Material
+contained	318,327	O	O
+a	328,329	O	O
+flux	330,334	O	B-Material
+monitor	335,342	O	I-Material
+set	343,346	O	I-Material
+on	347,349	O	O
+the	350,353	O	O
+‘	354,355	O	O
+back	355,359	O	O
+side’	360,365	O	O
+(	366,367	O	O
+as	367,369	O	O
+seen	370,374	O	O
+from	375,379	O	O
+the	380,383	O	O
+core	384,388	O	O
+)	388,389	O	O
+and	390,393	O	O
+one	394,397	O	O
+on	398,400	O	O
+the	401,404	O	O
+front	405,410	O	O
+side	411,415	O	O
+,	415,416	O	O
+positioned	417,427	O	O
+at	428,430	O	O
+the	431,434	O	O
+central	435,442	O	O
+height	443,449	O	O
+of	450,452	O	O
+the	453,456	O	O
+capsules	457,465	O	B-Material
+.	465,466	O	O
+
+Additionally	467,479	O	O
+,	479,480	O	O
+one	481,484	O	O
+detector	485,493	O	B-Material
+was	494,497	O	O
+placed	498,504	O	O
+at	505,507	O	O
+the	508,511	O	O
+top	512,515	O	O
+and	516,519	O	O
+one	520,523	O	O
+at	524,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+bottom	531,537	O	O
+,	537,538	O	O
+resulting	539,548	O	O
+in	549,551	O	O
+a	552,553	O	O
+total	554,559	O	O
+of	560,562	O	O
+6	563,564	O	O
+monitor	565,572	O	B-Material
+sets	573,577	O	O
+per	578,581	O	O
+leg	582,585	O	O
+.	585,586	O	O
+
+The	587,590	O	O
+fluence	591,598	O	O
+in	599,601	O	O
+each	602,606	O	O
+capsule	607,614	O	B-Material
+was	615,618	O	O
+determined	619,629	O	O
+as	630,632	O	O
+the	633,636	O	O
+average	637,644	O	O
+between	645,652	O	O
+the	653,656	O	O
+two	657,660	O	O
+flux	661,665	O	B-Material
+monitor	666,673	O	I-Material
+located	674,681	O	O
+in	682,684	O	O
+each	685,689	O	O
+capsule	690,697	O	B-Material
+.	697,698	O	O
+
+The	699,702	O	O
+sets	703,707	O	O
+have	708,712	O	O
+been	713,717	O	O
+analysed	718,726	O	O
+by	727,729	O	O
+determining	730,741	O	B-Task
+the	742,745	O	I-Task
+activation	746,756	O	I-Task
+of	757,759	O	I-Task
+each	760,764	O	I-Task
+wire	765,769	O	I-Task
+piece	770,775	O	I-Task
+,	775,776	O	O
+which	777,782	O	O
+indicates	783,792	O	O
+the	793,796	O	O
+fluence	797,804	O	B-Process
+of	805,807	O	O
+a	808,809	O	O
+specific	810,818	O	O
+energy	819,825	O	O
+range	826,831	O	O
+.	831,832	O	O
+
+Table	833,838	O	O
+3	839,840	O	O
+show	841,845	O	O
+the	846,849	O	O
+values	850,856	O	O
+of	857,859	O	O
+the	860,863	O	O
+fluences	864,872	O	B-Process
+for	873,876	O	O
+the	877,880	O	O
+two	881,884	O	O
+capsules	885,893	O	B-Material
+containing	894,904	O	O
+molybdenum	905,915	O	B-Material
+.	915,916	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515301963)
+
+Following	0,9	O	O
+fission	10,17	O	B-Process
+,	17,18	O	O
+noble	19,24	O	B-Material
+gas	25,28	O	I-Material
+atoms	29,34	O	I-Material
+will	35,39	O	O
+be	40,42	O	O
+distributed	43,54	O	O
+in	55,57	O	O
+the	58,61	O	O
+fuel	62,66	O	B-Process
+matrix	67,73	O	I-Process
+initially	74,83	O	O
+accommodated	84,96	O	O
+at	97,99	O	O
+point	100,105	O	B-Process
+defects	106,113	O	I-Process
+trap	114,118	O	I-Process
+sites	119,124	O	I-Process
+,	124,125	O	O
+generally	126,135	O	O
+thought	136,143	O	O
+to	144,146	O	O
+be	147,149	O	O
+Schottky	150,158	O	B-Process
+trivacancy	159,169	O	I-Process
+defects	170,177	O	I-Process
+
+[	178,179	O	O
+4,5,31	179,185	O	O
+]	185,186	O	O
+.	186,187	O	O
+
+Diffusion	188,197	O	B-Process
+to	198,200	O	O
+either	201,207	O	O
+bubbles	208,215	O	B-Material
+or	216,218	O	O
+grain	219,224	O	B-Material
+boundaries	225,235	O	I-Material
+is	236,238	O	O
+then	239,243	O	O
+facilitated	244,255	O	O
+by	256,258	O	O
+associating	259,270	O	O
+a	271,272	O	O
+further	273,280	O	O
+uranium	281,288	O	B-Material
+vacancy	289,296	O	O
+defect	297,303	O	O
+for	304,307	O	O
+the	308,311	O	O
+gas	312,315	O	B-Material
+atom	316,320	O	I-Material
+to	321,323	O	O
+‘	324,325	O	B-Process
+hop’	325,329	O	I-Process
+into	330,334	O	I-Process
+,	334,335	O	O
+with	336,340	O	O
+the	341,344	O	O
+original	345,353	O	O
+vacancy	354,361	O	O
+then	362,366	O	O
+able	367,371	O	O
+to	372,374	O	O
+loop	375,379	O	B-Process
+around	380,386	O	I-Process
+to	387,389	O	O
+ensure	390,396	O	O
+continued	397,406	O	O
+diffusion	407,416	O	B-Process
+.	416,417	O	O
+
+The	418,421	O	O
+rate	422,426	O	O
+determining	427,438	O	O
+step	439,443	O	O
+in	444,446	O	O
+the	447,450	O	O
+process	451,458	O	O
+is	459,461	O	O
+not	462,465	O	O
+the	466,469	O	O
+migration	470,479	O	B-Process
+of	480,482	O	O
+the	483,486	O	O
+Xe	487,489	O	B-Material
+itself	490,496	O	O
+but	497,500	O	O
+rather	501,507	O	O
+the	508,511	O	O
+rearrangement	512,525	O	B-Process
+of	526,528	O	O
+the	529,532	O	O
+VU	533,535	O	B-Process
+defect	536,542	O	I-Process
+to	543,545	O	O
+facilitate	546,556	O	O
+net	557,560	O	O
+Xe	561,563	O	B-Process
+diffusion	564,573	O	I-Process
+[	574,575	O	O
+6–8	575,578	O	O
+]	578,579	O	O
+.	579,580	O	O
+
+Activation	581,591	O	B-Process
+energies	592,600	O	O
+for	601,604	O	O
+the	605,608	O	O
+overall	609,616	O	O
+process	617,624	O	O
+depend	625,631	O	O
+on	632,634	O	O
+the	635,638	O	O
+availability	639,651	O	O
+of	652,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+defect	659,665	O	B-Process
+trap	666,670	O	I-Process
+sites	671,676	O	I-Process
+,	676,677	O	O
+which	678,683	O	O
+in	684,686	O	O
+turn	687,691	O	O
+depends	692,699	O	O
+on	700,702	O	O
+the	703,706	O	O
+crystal	707,714	O	B-Process
+stoichiometry	715,728	O	I-Process
+.	728,729	O	O
+
+For	730,733	O	O
+Xe	734,736	O	B-Process
+diffusion	737,746	O	I-Process
+in	747,749	O	O
+UO2−x	750,755	O	B-Material
+,	755,756	O	O
+UO2	757,760	O	B-Material
+and	761,764	O	O
+UO2+x	765,770	O	B-Material
+the	771,774	O	O
+activation	775,785	O	O
+energies	786,794	O	O
+calculated	795,805	O	O
+using	806,811	O	O
+DFT	812,815	O	B-Process
+are	816,819	O	O
+7.04–12.92	820,830	O	O
+eV	831,833	O	O
+,	833,834	O	O
+4.15–7.88	835,844	O	O
+eV	845,847	O	O
+and	848,851	O	O
+1.38–4.07	852,861	O	O
+eV	862,864	O	O
+with	865,869	O	O
+the	870,873	O	O
+ranges	874,880	O	O
+reflecting	881,891	O	O
+the	892,895	O	O
+way	896,899	O	O
+the	900,903	O	O
+calculations	904,916	O	O
+were	917,921	O	O
+performed	922,931	O	O
+depending	932,941	O	O
+on	942,944	O	O
+the	945,948	O	O
+charge	949,955	O	B-Process
+states	956,962	O	O
+of	963,965	O	O
+the	966,969	O	O
+defects	970,977	O	O
+involved	978,986	O	O
+and	987,990	O	O
+the	991,994	O	O
+presence	995,1003	O	O
+of	1004,1006	O	O
+a	1007,1008	O	O
+Jahn	1009,1013	O	O
+–	1013,1014	O	O
+
+Teller	1014,1020	O	O
+distortion	1021,1031	O	O
+[	1032,1033	O	O
+7	1033,1034	O	O
+]	1034,1035	O	O
+.	1035,1036	O	O
+
+Activation	1037,1047	O	O
+energies	1048,1056	O	O
+calculated	1057,1067	O	O
+using	1068,1073	O	O
+empirical	1074,1083	O	B-Process
+pair	1084,1088	O	I-Process
+potentials	1089,1099	O	I-Process
+can	1100,1103	O	O
+vary	1104,1108	O	O
+strongly	1109,1117	O	O
+depending	1118,1127	O	O
+on	1128,1130	O	O
+the	1131,1134	O	O
+choice	1135,1141	O	O
+of	1142,1144	O	O
+potential	1145,1154	O	B-Process
+.	1154,1155	O	O
+
+Govers	1156,1162	O	O
+et	1163,1165	O	O
+al	1166,1168	O	O
+.	1168,1169	O	O
+
+examined	1170,1178	O	O
+three	1179,1184	O	O
+different	1185,1194	O	O
+potentials	1195,1205	O	B-Process
+for	1206,1209	O	O
+UO2	1210,1213	O	B-Material
+(	1214,1215	O	O
+those	1215,1220	O	O
+of	1221,1223	O	O
+Basak	1224,1229	O	O
+[	1230,1231	O	O
+9	1231,1232	O	O
+]	1232,1233	O	O
+,	1233,1234	O	O
+Jackson	1235,1242	O	O
+[	1243,1244	O	O
+10	1244,1246	O	O
+]	1246,1247	O	O
+and	1248,1251	O	O
+Morelon	1252,1259	O	O
+[	1260,1261	O	O
+11	1261,1263	O	O
+]	1263,1264	O	O
+)	1264,1265	O	O
+coupled	1266,1273	O	O
+with	1274,1278	O	O
+different	1279,1288	O	O
+parameterisations	1289,1306	O	O
+for	1307,1310	O	O
+the	1311,1314	O	O
+U	1315,1316	O	O
+
+–	1316,1317	O	O
+
+Xe	1317,1319	O	O
+and	1320,1323	O	O
+O	1324,1325	O	O
+–	1325,1326	O	O
+
+Xe	1326,1328	O	O
+interactions	1329,1341	O	O
+from	1342,1346	O	O
+Geng	1347,1351	O	O
+[	1352,1353	O	O
+12	1353,1355	O	O
+]	1355,1356	O	O
+and	1357,1360	O	O
+Nicoll	1361,1367	O	O
+[	1368,1369	O	O
+13	1369,1371	O	O
+]	1371,1372	O	O
+and	1373,1376	O	O
+recommend	1377,1386	O	O
+values	1387,1393	O	O
+of	1394,1396	O	O
+6.5	1397,1400	O	O
+eV	1401,1403	O	O
+,	1403,1404	O	O
+4.5	1405,1408	O	O
+eV	1409,1411	O	O
+and	1412,1415	O	O
+2.4	1416,1419	O	O
+eV	1420,1422	O	O
+[	1423,1424	O	O
+6	1424,1425	O	O
+]	1425,1426	O	O
+for	1427,1430	O	O
+the	1431,1434	O	O
+different	1435,1444	O	O
+stoichiometric	1445,1459	O	O
+regimes	1460,1467	O	O
+in	1468,1470	O	O
+very	1471,1475	O	O
+good	1476,1480	O	O
+agreement	1481,1490	O	O
+with	1491,1495	O	O
+the	1496,1499	O	O
+experimental	1500,1512	O	O
+values	1513,1519	O	O
+of	1520,1522	O	O
+6.0	1523,1526	O	O
+eV	1527,1529	O	O
+,	1529,1530	O	O
+3.9	1531,1534	O	O
+eV	1535,1537	O	O
+and	1538,1541	O	O
+1.7	1542,1545	O	O
+eV	1546,1548	O	O
+respectively	1549,1561	O	O
+[	1562,1563	O	O
+14	1563,1565	O	O
+]	1565,1566	O	O
+.	1566,1567	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0022311515303640)
+
+Ferritic	0,8	O	B-Material
+and	9,12	O	I-Material
+martensitic	13,24	O	I-Material
+steels	25,31	O	I-Material
+are	32,35	O	O
+candidate	36,45	O	O
+materials	46,55	O	O
+for	56,59	O	O
+use	60,63	O	O
+in	64,66	O	O
+nuclear	67,74	O	B-Material
+reactors	75,83	O	I-Material
+[	84,85	O	O
+1,2	85,88	O	O
+]	88,89	O	O
+.	89,90	O	O
+
+The	91,94	O	O
+transmutation	95,108	O	B-Material
+-	108,109	O	I-Material
+created	109,116	O	I-Material
+inert	117,122	O	I-Material
+gas	123,126	O	I-Material
+,	126,127	O	O
+especially	128,138	O	O
+He	139,141	O	B-Material
+,	141,142	O	O
+plays	143,148	O	O
+an	149,151	O	O
+important	152,161	O	O
+role	162,166	O	O
+in	167,169	O	O
+the	170,173	O	O
+microstructural	174,189	O	B-Task
+evolution	190,199	O	I-Task
+of	200,202	O	I-Task
+these	203,208	O	I-Task
+steels	209,215	O	I-Task
+under	216,221	O	I-Task
+neutron	222,229	O	I-Task
+irradiation	230,241	O	I-Task
+.	241,242	O	O
+
+In	243,245	O	O
+a	246,247	O	O
+previous	248,256	O	O
+paper	257,262	O	O
+[	263,264	O	O
+3	264,265	O	O
+]	265,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+mechanisms	271,281	O	B-Task
+by	282,284	O	I-Task
+which	285,290	O	I-Task
+He	291,293	O	I-Task
+in	294,296	O	I-Task
+a	297,298	O	I-Task
+perfect	299,306	O	I-Task
+body	307,311	O	I-Task
+-	311,312	O	I-Task
+centred	312,319	O	I-Task
+-	319,320	O	I-Task
+cubic	320,325	O	I-Task
+(	326,327	O	I-Task
+bcc	327,330	O	I-Task
+)	330,331	O	I-Task
+Fe	332,334	O	I-Task
+lattice	335,342	O	I-Task
+,	342,343	O	I-Task
+can	344,347	O	I-Task
+agglomerate	348,359	O	I-Task
+into	360,364	O	I-Task
+bubbles	365,372	O	I-Task
+was	373,376	O	O
+discussed	377,386	O	O
+.	386,387	O	O
+
+It	388,390	O	O
+was	391,394	O	O
+shown	395,400	O	O
+that	401,405	O	O
+small	406,411	O	O
+He	412,414	O	B-Material
+interstitial	415,427	O	I-Material
+clusters	428,436	O	I-Material
+are	437,440	O	O
+highly	441,447	O	O
+mobile	448,454	O	O
+but	455,458	O	O
+become	459,465	O	O
+effectively	466,477	O	O
+pinned	478,484	O	O
+with	485,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+emission	494,502	O	O
+of	503,505	O	O
+Fe	506,508	O	B-Material
+interstitials	509,522	O	I-Material
+when	523,527	O	O
+the	528,531	O	O
+clusters	532,540	O	O
+contain	541,548	O	O
+5	549,550	O	O
+or	551,553	O	O
+more	554,558	O	O
+He	559,561	O	B-Material
+atoms	562,567	O	I-Material
+.	567,568	O	O
+
+Small	569,574	O	O
+bubbles	575,582	O	B-Material
+up	583,585	O	O
+to	586,588	O	O
+around	589,595	O	O
+1.5	596,599	O	O
+nm	600,602	O	O
+in	603,605	O	O
+diameter	606,614	O	O
+can	615,618	O	O
+easily	619,625	O	O
+form	626,630	O	O
+at	631,633	O	O
+room	634,638	O	O
+temperature	639,650	O	O
+from	651,655	O	O
+such	656,660	O	O
+seed	661,665	O	O
+points	666,672	O	O
+but	673,676	O	O
+larger	677,683	O	O
+bubbles	684,691	O	B-Material
+are	692,695	O	O
+more	696,700	O	O
+difficult	701,710	O	O
+to	711,713	O	O
+form	714,718	O	O
+by	719,721	O	O
+diffusion	722,731	O	B-Process
+alone	732,737	O	O
+due	738,741	O	O
+to	742,744	O	O
+the	745,748	O	O
+induced	749,756	O	B-Process
+strain	757,763	O	I-Process
+in	764,766	O	O
+the	767,770	O	O
+bcc	771,774	O	B-Material
+lattice	775,782	O	I-Material
+which	783,788	O	O
+increases	789,798	O	O
+the	799,802	O	O
+energy	803,809	O	O
+barriers	810,818	O	O
+for	819,822	O	O
+diffusion	823,832	O	B-Material
+towards	833,840	O	O
+the	841,844	O	O
+bubbles	845,852	O	B-Material
+whilst	853,859	O	O
+reducing	860,868	O	O
+them	869,873	O	O
+in	874,876	O	O
+a	877,878	O	O
+direction	879,888	O	O
+away	889,893	O	O
+from	894,898	O	O
+the	899,902	O	O
+bubbles	903,910	O	B-Material
+.	910,911	O	O
+
+Subsequent	912,922	O	O
+bubble	923,929	O	B-Process
+enlargement	930,941	O	I-Process
+can	942,945	O	O
+then	946,950	O	O
+only	951,955	O	O
+occur	956,961	O	O
+either	962,968	O	O
+through	969,976	O	O
+increased	977,986	O	O
+temperature	987,998	O	O
+or	999,1001	O	O
+by	1002,1004	O	O
+radiation	1005,1014	O	B-Process
+induced	1015,1022	O	I-Process
+mechanisms	1023,1033	O	I-Process
+which	1034,1039	O	O
+increase	1040,1048	O	O
+the	1049,1052	O	O
+number	1053,1059	O	O
+of	1060,1062	O	O
+vacancies	1063,1072	O	O
+in	1073,1075	O	O
+the	1076,1079	O	O
+bubble	1080,1086	O	B-Material
+and	1087,1090	O	O
+reduce	1091,1097	O	B-Task
+the	1098,1101	O	I-Task
+lattice	1102,1109	O	I-Task
+strain	1110,1116	O	I-Task
+.	1116,1117	O	O
+
+Emission	1118,1126	O	B-Process
+of	1127,1129	O	I-Process
+interracial	1130,1141	O	I-Process
+loops	1142,1147	O	I-Process
+from	1148,1152	O	O
+such	1153,1157	O	O
+a	1158,1159	O	O
+bubble	1160,1166	O	B-Material
+was	1167,1170	O	O
+not	1171,1174	O	O
+observed	1175,1183	O	O
+in	1184,1186	O	O
+molecular	1187,1196	O	B-Process
+dynamics	1197,1205	O	I-Process
+simulations	1206,1217	O	I-Process
+.	1217,1218	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0029549314001551)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
+increase	3,11	O	O
+of	12,14	O	O
+neutron	15,22	O	B-Process
+leakage	23,30	O	I-Process
+from	31,35	O	O
+the	36,39	O	O
+core	40,44	O	B-Material
+region	45,51	O	I-Material
+can	52,55	O	O
+be	56,58	O	O
+achieved	59,67	O	O
+through	68,75	O	O
+modifications	76,89	O	B-Process
+in	90,92	O	I-Process
+the	93,96	O	I-Process
+core	97,101	O	I-Process
+geometry	102,110	O	I-Process
+(	111,112	O	O
+usually	112,119	O	O
+by	120,122	O	O
+adopting	123,131	O	O
+a	132,133	O	O
+pan	134,137	O	B-Process
+-	137,138	O	I-Process
+cake	138,142	O	I-Process
+geometry	143,151	O	I-Process
+of	152,154	O	I-Process
+the	155,158	O	I-Process
+active	159,165	O	I-Process
+core	166,170	O	I-Process
+region	171,177	O	I-Process
+at	178,180	O	O
+the	181,184	O	O
+expense	185,192	O	O
+of	193,195	O	O
+the	196,199	O	O
+general	200,207	O	O
+neutron	208,215	O	B-Material
+economy	216,223	O	O
+)	223,224	O	O
+.	224,225	O	O
+
+Extensive	226,235	O	O
+studies	236,243	O	O
+determined	244,254	O	O
+a	255,256	O	O
+set	257,260	O	O
+of	261,263	O	O
+core	264,268	O	B-Task
+design	269,275	O	I-Task
+modifications	276,289	O	I-Task
+that	290,294	O	I-Task
+optimised	295,304	O	I-Task
+the	305,308	O	I-Task
+total	309,314	O	I-Task
+sodium	315,321	O	I-Task
+void	322,326	O	I-Task
+reactivity	327,337	O	I-Task
+(	338,339	O	O
+becoming	339,347	O	O
+less	348,352	O	O
+positive	353,361	O	O
+)	361,362	O	O
+.	362,363	O	O
+
+Among	364,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+most	374,378	O	O
+efficient	379,388	O	O
+design	389,395	O	B-Process
+solutions	396,405	O	I-Process
+identified	406,416	O	O
+is	417,419	O	O
+an	420,422	O	O
+enlarged	423,431	O	B-Process
+sodium	432,438	O	I-Process
+plenum	439,445	O	I-Process
+above	446,451	O	O
+the	452,455	O	O
+active	456,462	O	O
+core	463,467	O	B-Material
+region	468,474	O	O
+in	475,477	O	O
+combination	478,489	O	O
+with	490,494	O	O
+an	495,497	O	O
+absorber	498,506	O	B-Process
+layer	507,512	O	I-Process
+above	513,518	O	O
+the	519,522	O	O
+sodium	523,529	O	B-Material
+plenum	530,536	O	I-Material
+(	537,538	O	O
+to	538,540	O	O
+reduce	541,547	O	B-Task
+neutron	548,555	O	I-Task
+backscattering	556,570	O	I-Task
+from	571,575	O	I-Task
+the	576,579	O	I-Task
+reflector	580,589	O	I-Task
+region	590,596	O	I-Task
+above	597,602	O	I-Task
+the	603,606	O	I-Task
+plenum	607,613	O	I-Task
+)	613,614	O	O
+.	614,615	O	O
+
+Fig	616,619	O	O
+.	619,620	O	O
+
+19	621,623	O	O
+shows	624,629	O	O
+the	630,633	O	O
+combined	634,642	O	O
+effect	643,649	O	O
+of	650,652	O	O
+different	653,662	O	O
+upper	663,668	O	B-Material
+plenum	669,675	O	I-Material
+thicknesses	676,687	O	O
+of	688,690	O	O
+the	691,694	O	O
+absorber	695,703	O	B-Material
+and	704,707	O	I-Material
+boron	708,713	O	I-Material
+layers	714,720	O	I-Material
+.	720,721	O	O
+
+It	722,724	O	O
+can	725,728	O	O
+be	729,731	O	O
+observed	732,740	O	O
+that	741,745	O	O
+the	746,749	O	O
+sequential	750,760	O	O
+increase	761,769	O	B-Process
+of	770,772	O	I-Process
+the	773,776	O	I-Process
+layer	777,782	O	I-Process
+'s	782,784	O	I-Process
+thickness	785,794	O	I-Process
+converge	795,803	O	O
+to	804,806	O	O
+an	807,809	O	O
+asymptotic	810,820	O	O
+value	821,826	O	O
+of	827,829	O	O
+reactivity	830,840	O	B-Process
+reduction	841,850	O	I-Process
+slightly	851,859	O	O
+over	860,864	O	O
+800pcm	865,871	O	O
+.	871,872	O	O
+
+The	873,876	O	O
+pair	877,881	O	O
+of	882,884	O	O
+values	885,891	O	O
+selected	892,900	O	O
+was	901,904	O	O
+60	905,907	O	O
+cm	907,909	O	O
+for	910,913	O	O
+the	914,917	O	O
+sodium	918,924	O	B-Material
+plenum	925,931	O	I-Material
+and	932,935	O	O
+30	936,938	O	O
+cm	938,940	O	O
+for	941,944	O	O
+the	945,948	O	O
+boron	949,954	O	B-Material
+layer	955,960	O	I-Material
+.	960,961	O	O
+
+These	962,967	O	O
+modifications	968,981	O	O
+implied	982,989	O	O
+a	990,991	O	O
+considerable	992,1004	O	O
+increase	1005,1013	O	B-Process
+in	1014,1016	O	I-Process
+the	1017,1020	O	I-Process
+sub	1021,1024	O	I-Process
+-	1024,1025	O	I-Process
+assembly	1025,1033	O	I-Process
+length	1034,1040	O	I-Process
+that	1041,1045	O	O
+was	1046,1049	O	O
+compensated	1050,1061	O	O
+by	1062,1064	O	O
+reducing	1065,1073	O	B-Task
+the	1074,1077	O	I-Task
+upper	1078,1083	O	I-Task
+axial	1084,1089	O	I-Task
+reflector	1090,1099	O	I-Task
+width	1100,1105	O	I-Task
+(	1106,1107	O	O
+Sun	1107,1110	O	O
+et	1111,1113	O	O
+al	1114,1116	O	O
+.	1116,1117	O	O
+,	1117,1118	O	O
+2013	1119,1123	O	O
+)	1123,1124	O	O
+.	1124,1125	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0029549314002970)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+design	4,10	O	O
+,	10,11	O	O
+and	12,15	O	O
+the	16,19	O	O
+temperature	20,31	O	O
+reached	32,39	O	O
+in	40,42	O	O
+the	43,46	O	O
+sample	47,53	O	B-Material
+holders	54,61	O	I-Material
+,	61,62	O	O
+guarantees	63,73	O	O
+that	74,78	O	O
+the	79,82	O	O
+Na	83,85	O	B-Material
+remains	86,93	O	O
+liquid	94,100	O	O
+during	101,107	O	O
+operation	108,117	O	O
+to	118,120	O	O
+improve	121,128	O	B-Task
+the	129,132	O	I-Task
+heating	133,140	O	I-Task
+transfer	141,149	O	I-Task
+and	150,153	O	O
+avoiding	154,162	O	O
+solid	163,168	O	B-Process
+formation	169,178	O	I-Process
+(	179,180	O	O
+too	180,183	O	O
+cold	184,188	O	O
+working	189,196	O	O
+temperature	197,208	O	O
+)	208,209	O	O
+or	210,212	O	O
+sodium	213,219	O	B-Process
+boiling	220,227	O	I-Process
+(	228,229	O	O
+too	229,232	O	O
+hot	233,236	O	O
+working	237,244	O	O
+temperature	245,256	O	O
+)	256,257	O	O
+.	257,258	O	O
+
+The	259,262	O	O
+temperature	263,274	O	O
+above	275,280	O	O
+and	281,284	O	O
+just	285,289	O	O
+below	290,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+Na	300,302	O	B-Material
+surface	303,310	O	I-Material
+will	311,315	O	O
+be	316,318	O	O
+monitored	319,328	O	B-Process
+by	329,331	O	I-Process
+six	332,335	O	I-Process
+dedicated	336,345	O	I-Process
+thermocouples	346,359	O	I-Process
+.	359,360	O	O
+
+In	361,363	O	O
+order	364,369	O	O
+to	370,372	O	O
+prevent	373,380	O	O
+oxidation	381,390	O	B-Process
+of	391,393	O	O
+the	394,397	O	O
+Na	398,400	O	B-Material
+,	400,401	O	O
+the	402,405	O	O
+plenum	406,412	O	O
+of	413,415	O	O
+the	416,419	O	O
+1st	420,423	O	O
+containment	424,435	O	O
+is	436,438	O	O
+filled	439,445	O	O
+with	446,450	O	O
+high	451,455	O	B-Material
+-	455,456	O	I-Material
+purity	456,462	O	I-Material
+He	463,465	O	I-Material
+at	466,468	O	O
+0.1MPa	469,475	O	O
+,	475,476	O	O
+sealed	477,483	O	O
+after	484,489	O	O
+final	490,495	O	O
+assembly	496,504	O	O
+and	505,508	O	O
+kept	509,513	O	O
+closed	514,520	O	O
+during	521,527	O	O
+in	528,530	O	O
+-	530,531	O	O
+pile	531,535	O	O
+operation	536,545	O	O
+(	546,547	O	O
+no	547,549	O	O
+gas	550,553	O	B-Process
+circulation	554,565	O	I-Process
+in	566,568	O	O
+the	569,572	O	O
+1st	573,576	O	O
+containment	577,588	O	O
+)	588,589	O	O
+.	589,590	O	O
+
+The	591,594	O	O
+heat	595,599	O	O
+generated	600,609	O	O
+by	610,612	O	O
+fission	613,620	O	B-Process
+and	621,624	O	I-Process
+gamma	625,630	O	I-Process
+absorption	631,641	O	I-Process
+in	642,644	O	O
+the	645,648	O	O
+materials	649,658	O	O
+will	659,663	O	O
+be	664,666	O	O
+radially	667,675	O	O
+dissipated	676,686	O	O
+through	687,694	O	O
+the	695,698	O	O
+Na	699,701	O	B-Material
+bath	702,706	O	I-Material
+,	706,707	O	O
+the	708,711	O	O
+structural	712,722	O	O
+materials	723,732	O	O
+and	733,736	O	O
+the	737,740	O	O
+gas	741,744	O	B-Material
+gaps	745,749	O	O
+by	750,752	O	O
+conduction	753,763	O	O
+and	764,767	O	O
+radiation	768,777	O	O
+to	778,780	O	O
+the	781,784	O	O
+downstream	785,795	O	O
+primary	796,803	O	O
+coolant	804,811	O	O
+of	812,814	O	O
+the	815,818	O	O
+TRIO	819,823	O	B-Material
+wet	824,827	O	I-Material
+channel	828,835	O	I-Material
+.	835,836	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0031920113000708)
+
+Geomagnetic	0,11	O	B-Process
+jerks	12,17	O	I-Process
+are	18,21	O	O
+conspicuous	22,33	O	O
+yet	34,37	O	O
+poorly	38,44	O	O
+understood	45,55	O	O
+phenomena	56,65	O	O
+of	66,68	O	O
+Earth	69,74	O	B-Material
+’s	74,76	O	I-Material
+magnetic	77,85	O	I-Material
+field	86,91	O	I-Material
+,	91,92	O	O
+motivating	93,103	O	O
+investigations	104,118	O	O
+of	119,121	O	O
+their	122,127	O	O
+morphology	128,138	O	O
+and	139,142	O	O
+the	143,146	O	O
+theory	147,153	O	O
+behind	154,160	O	O
+their	161,166	O	O
+origins	167,174	O	O
+.	174,175	O	O
+
+Jerks	176,181	O	B-Process
+are	182,185	O	O
+most	186,190	O	O
+commonly	191,199	O	O
+defined	200,207	O	O
+by	208,210	O	O
+their	211,216	O	O
+observed	217,225	O	O
+form	226,230	O	O
+at	231,233	O	O
+a	234,235	O	O
+single	236,242	O	O
+observatory	243,254	O	O
+as	255,257	O	O
+‘	258,259	O	O
+V’	259,261	O	O
+shapes	262,268	O	O
+in	269,271	O	O
+a	272,273	O	O
+single	274,280	O	O
+component	281,290	O	O
+of	291,293	O	O
+the	294,297	O	O
+geomagnetic	298,309	O	B-Process
+secular	310,317	O	I-Process
+variation	318,327	O	I-Process
+(	328,329	O	O
+SV	329,331	O	B-Process
+)	331,332	O	O
+,	332,333	O	O
+the	334,337	O	O
+first	338,343	O	O
+time	344,348	O	O
+derivative	349,359	O	O
+of	360,362	O	O
+the	363,366	O	O
+main	367,371	O	B-Material
+magnetic	372,380	O	I-Material
+field	381,386	O	I-Material
+(	387,388	O	O
+MF	388,390	O	B-Material
+)	390,391	O	O
+.	391,392	O	O
+
+The	393,396	O	O
+times	397,402	O	O
+of	403,405	O	O
+the	406,409	O	O
+gradient	410,418	O	B-Process
+changes	419,426	O	I-Process
+,	426,427	O	O
+which	428,433	O	O
+separate	434,442	O	O
+linear	443,449	O	O
+trends	450,456	O	O
+of	457,459	O	O
+several	460,467	O	O
+years	468,473	O	O
+,	473,474	O	O
+have	475,479	O	O
+associated	480,490	O	O
+step	491,495	O	O
+changes	496,503	O	O
+in	504,506	O	O
+the	507,510	O	O
+second	511,517	O	O
+time	518,522	O	O
+derivative	523,533	O	O
+of	534,536	O	O
+the	537,540	O	O
+MF	541,543	O	B-Material
+(	544,545	O	O
+secular	545,552	O	B-Process
+acceleration	553,565	O	I-Process
+(	566,567	O	O
+SA	567,569	O	B-Process
+)	569,570	O	O
+)	570,571	O	O
+and	572,575	O	O
+impulses	576,584	O	O
+in	585,587	O	O
+the	588,591	O	O
+third	592,597	O	O
+time	598,602	O	O
+derivative	603,613	O	O
+.	613,614	O	O
+
+The	615,618	O	O
+‘	619,620	O	O
+V’	620,622	O	O
+shape	623,628	O	O
+SV	629,631	O	O
+definition	632,642	O	O
+of	643,645	O	O
+jerks	646,651	O	B-Process
+includes	652,660	O	O
+an	661,663	O	O
+implicit	664,672	O	O
+expectation	673,684	O	O
+of	685,687	O	O
+a	688,689	O	O
+‘	690,691	O	B-Process
+large’	691,697	O	I-Process
+magnitude	698,707	O	I-Process
+step	708,712	O	I-Process
+change	713,719	O	I-Process
+in	720,722	O	O
+the	723,726	O	O
+gradient	727,735	O	O
+without	736,743	O	O
+definition	744,754	O	O
+of	755,757	O	O
+this	758,762	O	O
+scale	763,768	O	O
+or	769,771	O	O
+its	772,775	O	O
+threshold	776,785	O	O
+value	786,791	O	O
+other	792,797	O	O
+than	798,802	O	O
+the	803,806	O	O
+basic	807,812	O	O
+need	813,817	O	O
+for	818,821	O	O
+it	822,824	O	O
+to	825,827	O	O
+be	828,830	O	O
+observable	831,841	O	O
+in	842,844	O	O
+the	845,848	O	O
+data	849,853	O	O
+above	854,859	O	O
+the	860,863	O	O
+highly	864,870	O	O
+variable	871,879	O	O
+background	880,890	O	O
+noise	891,896	O	O
+.	896,897	O	O
+
+Jerks	898,903	O	B-Process
+can	904,907	O	O
+be	908,910	O	O
+described	911,920	O	O
+by	921,923	O	O
+their	924,929	O	O
+amplitude	930,939	O	O
+,	939,940	O	O
+that	941,945	O	O
+is	946,948	O	O
+,	948,949	O	O
+the	950,953	O	O
+difference	954,964	O	O
+in	965,967	O	O
+the	968,971	O	O
+gradients	972,981	O	O
+of	982,984	O	O
+the	985,988	O	O
+two	989,992	O	O
+linear	993,999	O	O
+SV	1000,1002	O	B-Process
+segments	1003,1011	O	I-Process
+about	1012,1017	O	O
+a	1018,1019	O	O
+jerk	1020,1024	O	B-Process
+,	1024,1025	O	O
+A	1026,1027	O	O
+=	1027,1028	O	O
+a2-a1	1028,1033	O	O
+,	1033,1034	O	O
+where	1035,1040	O	O
+a2	1041,1043	O	O
+is	1044,1046	O	O
+the	1047,1050	O	O
+gradient	1051,1059	O	O
+after	1060,1065	O	O
+the	1066,1069	O	O
+jerk	1070,1074	O	B-Process
+and	1075,1078	O	O
+a1	1079,1081	O	O
+is	1082,1084	O	O
+the	1085,1088	O	O
+gradient	1089,1097	O	O
+before	1098,1104	O	O
+the	1105,1108	O	O
+jerk	1109,1113	O	B-Process
+.	1113,1114	O	O
+
+This	1115,1119	O	O
+measure	1120,1127	O	O
+is	1128,1130	O	O
+essentially	1131,1142	O	O
+the	1143,1146	O	O
+best	1147,1151	O	O
+fit	1152,1155	O	O
+SA	1156,1158	O	B-Process
+change	1159,1165	O	I-Process
+across	1166,1172	O	O
+a	1173,1174	O	O
+jerk	1175,1179	O	B-Process
+.	1179,1180	O	O
+
+Jerk	1181,1185	O	B-Process
+amplitude	1186,1195	O	I-Process
+is	1196,1198	O	O
+thus	1199,1203	O	O
+positive	1204,1212	O	O
+for	1213,1216	O	O
+a	1217,1218	O	O
+positive	1219,1227	O	O
+step	1228,1232	O	O
+in	1233,1235	O	O
+SA	1236,1238	O	B-Process
+and	1239,1242	O	O
+negative	1243,1251	O	O
+for	1252,1255	O	O
+a	1256,1257	O	O
+negative	1258,1266	O	O
+step	1267,1271	O	O
+.	1271,1272	O	O
+
+Here	1273,1277	O	O
+we	1278,1280	O	O
+do	1281,1283	O	O
+not	1284,1287	O	O
+consider	1288,1296	O	O
+spatial	1297,1304	O	O
+extent	1305,1311	O	O
+in	1312,1314	O	O
+our	1315,1318	O	O
+definition	1319,1329	O	O
+and	1330,1333	O	O
+refer	1334,1339	O	O
+to	1340,1342	O	O
+individual	1343,1353	O	O
+features	1354,1362	O	O
+in	1363,1365	O	O
+one	1366,1369	O	O
+field	1370,1375	O	O
+component	1376,1385	O	O
+of	1386,1388	O	O
+a	1389,1390	O	O
+given	1391,1396	O	O
+observatory	1397,1408	O	O
+time	1409,1413	O	O
+series	1414,1420	O	O
+as	1421,1423	O	O
+a	1424,1425	O	O
+single	1426,1432	O	O
+jerk	1433,1437	O	B-Process
+.	1437,1438	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0031920113001222)
+
+Seismic	0,7	O	B-Process
+tomography	8,18	O	I-Process
+is	19,21	O	O
+a	22,23	O	O
+powerful	24,32	O	O
+tool	33,37	O	O
+to	38,40	O	O
+investigate	41,52	O	B-Task
+the	53,56	O	I-Task
+deep	57,61	O	I-Task
+structure	62,71	O	I-Task
+under	72,77	O	I-Task
+the	78,81	O	I-Task
+volcanoes	82,91	O	I-Task
+.	91,92	O	O
+
+With	93,97	O	O
+the	98,101	O	O
+recently	102,110	O	O
+rapid	111,116	O	O
+development	117,128	O	O
+of	129,131	O	O
+Chinese	132,139	O	O
+provincial	140,150	O	B-Process
+seismic	151,158	O	I-Process
+networks	159,167	O	I-Process
+(	168,169	O	O
+Zheng	169,174	O	O
+et	175,177	O	O
+al	178,180	O	O
+.	180,181	O	O
+,	181,182	O	O
+2009	183,187	O	O
+,	187,188	O	O
+2010	189,193	O	O
+)	193,194	O	O
+and	195,198	O	O
+some	199,203	O	O
+portable	204,212	O	B-Process
+seismic	213,220	O	I-Process
+arrays	221,227	O	I-Process
+(	228,229	O	O
+Hetland	229,236	O	O
+et	237,239	O	O
+al	240,242	O	O
+.	242,243	O	O
+,	243,244	O	O
+2004	245,249	O	O
+;	249,250	O	O
+Duan	251,255	O	O
+et	256,258	O	O
+al	259,261	O	O
+.	261,262	O	O
+,	262,263	O	O
+2009	264,268	O	O
+;	268,269	O	O
+Lei	270,273	O	O
+et	274,276	O	O
+al	277,279	O	O
+.	279,280	O	O
+,	280,281	O	O
+2012b	282,287	O	O
+)	287,288	O	O
+around	289,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+volcanoes	300,309	O	O
+,	309,310	O	O
+it	311,313	O	O
+has	314,317	O	O
+become	318,324	O	O
+possible	325,333	O	O
+to	334,336	O	O
+image	337,342	O	B-Process
+the	343,346	O	I-Process
+detailed	347,355	O	I-Process
+3-D	356,359	O	I-Process
+velocity	360,368	O	I-Process
+structure	369,378	O	I-Process
+under	379,384	O	O
+some	385,389	O	O
+of	390,392	O	O
+these	393,398	O	O
+volcanoes	399,408	O	O
+,	408,409	O	O
+where	410,415	O	O
+seismic	416,423	O	B-Material
+stations	424,432	O	I-Material
+are	433,436	O	O
+densely	437,444	O	O
+spaced	445,451	O	O
+.	451,452	O	O
+
+In	453,455	O	O
+this	456,460	O	O
+overview	461,469	O	O
+,	469,470	O	O
+we	471,473	O	O
+synthesize	474,484	O	B-Task
+the	485,488	O	I-Task
+results	489,496	O	I-Task
+from	497,501	O	I-Task
+the	502,505	O	I-Task
+deep	506,510	O	I-Task
+seismic	511,518	O	I-Task
+images	519,525	O	I-Task
+of	526,528	O	I-Task
+the	529,532	O	I-Task
+upper	533,538	O	I-Task
+mantle	539,545	O	I-Task
+under	546,551	O	O
+the	552,555	O	O
+Changbaishan	556,568	O	B-Material
+,	568,569	O	I-Material
+Tengchong	570,579	O	I-Material
+,	579,580	O	I-Material
+Hainan	581,587	O	I-Material
+volcanoes	588,597	O	I-Material
+as	598,600	O	I-Material
+well	601,605	O	I-Material
+as	606,608	O	I-Material
+the	609,612	O	I-Material
+Datong	613,619	O	I-Material
+volcano	620,627	O	O
+(	628,629	O	O
+Fig	629,632	O	O
+.	632,633	O	O
+
+1	634,635	O	O
+)	635,636	O	O
+.	636,637	O	O
+
+We	638,640	O	O
+also	641,645	O	O
+evaluate	646,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+advantages	659,669	O	B-Task
+of	670,672	O	I-Task
+recently	673,681	O	I-Task
+updated	682,689	O	I-Task
+seismic	690,697	O	I-Task
+tomographic	698,709	O	I-Task
+techniques	710,720	O	I-Task
+for	721,724	O	O
+deriving	725,733	O	O
+potential	734,743	O	O
+information	744,755	O	O
+.	755,756	O	O
+
+This	757,761	O	O
+work	762,766	O	O
+updates	767,774	O	O
+a	775,776	O	O
+previous	777,785	O	O
+review	786,792	O	O
+of	793,795	O	O
+Zhao	796,800	O	O
+and	801,804	O	O
+Liu	805,808	O	O
+(	809,810	O	O
+2010	810,814	O	O
+)	814,815	O	O
+on	816,818	O	O
+this	819,823	O	O
+topic	824,829	O	O
+,	829,830	O	O
+with	831,835	O	O
+more	836,840	O	O
+detailed	841,849	O	O
+synthesis	850,859	O	O
+of	860,862	O	O
+all	863,866	O	O
+the	867,870	O	O
+available	871,880	O	O
+information	881,892	O	O
+.	892,893	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386108010392)
+
+Microhardness	0,13	O	B-Task
+can	14,17	O	O
+be	18,20	O	O
+related	21,28	O	O
+to	29,31	O	O
+other	32,37	O	O
+macroscopic	38,49	O	O
+mechanical	50,60	O	O
+properties	61,71	O	O
+such	72,76	O	O
+as	77,79	O	O
+yield	80,85	O	O
+stress	86,92	O	O
+,	92,93	O	O
+σ	94,95	O	O
+,	95,96	O	O
+and	97,100	O	O
+elastic	101,108	O	O
+modulus	109,116	O	O
+,	116,117	O	O
+E	118,119	O	O
+,	119,120	O	O
+both	121,125	O	O
+derived	126,133	O	O
+from	134,138	O	O
+compression	139,150	O	B-Process
+testing	151,158	O	I-Process
+.	158,159	O	O
+
+For	160,163	O	O
+work	164,168	O	B-Material
+-	168,169	O	I-Material
+hardened	169,177	O	I-Material
+metals	178,184	O	I-Material
+,	184,185	O	O
+Tabor	186,191	O	O
+derived	192,199	O	B-Process
+a	200,201	O	I-Process
+direct	202,208	O	I-Process
+proportionality	209,224	O	I-Process
+between	225,232	O	O
+hardness	233,241	O	O
+and	242,245	O	O
+compressive	246,257	O	O
+yield	258,263	O	O
+stress	264,270	O	O
+:	270,271	O	O
+H≈3σ	272,276	O	O
+[	277,278	O	O
+20	278,280	O	O
+]	280,281	O	O
+.	281,282	O	O
+
+However	283,290	O	O
+,	290,291	O	O
+it	292,294	O	O
+was	295,298	O	O
+soon	299,303	O	O
+realized	304,312	O	O
+that	313,317	O	O
+Tabor	318,323	O	O
+'s	323,325	O	O
+relationship	326,338	O	O
+only	339,343	O	O
+applies	344,351	O	O
+to	352,354	O	O
+materials	355,364	O	B-Material
+that	365,369	O	I-Material
+exhibit	370,377	O	I-Material
+full	378,382	O	I-Material
+plasticity	383,393	O	I-Material
+[	394,395	O	O
+9,10	395,399	O	O
+]	399,400	O	O
+.	400,401	O	O
+
+Deviations	402,412	O	B-Task
+from	413,417	O	I-Task
+this	418,422	O	I-Task
+relationship	423,435	O	I-Task
+have	436,440	O	O
+been	441,445	O	O
+reported	446,454	O	O
+for	455,458	O	O
+a	459,460	O	O
+number	461,467	O	O
+of	468,470	O	O
+metals	471,477	O	O
+,	477,478	O	O
+glasses	479,486	O	B-Material
+and	487,490	O	O
+polymers	491,499	O	B-Material
+where	500,505	O	I-Material
+the	506,509	O	I-Material
+elastic	510,517	O	I-Material
+strains	518,525	O	I-Material
+are	526,529	O	O
+non	530,533	O	O
+-	533,534	O	O
+negligible	534,544	O	O
+[	545,546	O	O
+9	546,547	O	O
+]	547,548	O	O
+.	548,549	O	O
+
+Hence	550,555	O	O
+,	555,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	B-Task
+different	561,570	O	I-Task
+expressions	571,582	O	I-Task
+describing	583,593	O	I-Task
+the	594,597	O	I-Task
+correlation	598,609	O	I-Task
+of	610,612	O	I-Task
+hardness	613,621	O	I-Task
+with	622,626	O	I-Task
+conventional	627,639	O	I-Task
+macroscopic	640,651	O	I-Task
+mechanical	652,662	O	I-Task
+properties	663,673	O	I-Task
+rely	674,678	O	O
+on	679,681	O	O
+the	682,685	O	O
+validity	686,694	O	O
+of	695,697	O	O
+the	698,701	O	O
+above	702,707	O	O
+-	707,708	O	O
+mentioned	708,717	O	O
+elasto	718,724	O	O
+-	724,725	O	O
+plastic	725,732	O	O
+models	733,739	O	O
+.	739,740	O	O
+
+In	741,743	O	O
+this	744,748	O	O
+way	749,752	O	O
+,	752,753	O	O
+hardness	754,762	O	O
+and	763,766	O	O
+yield	767,772	O	O
+stress	773,779	O	O
+no	780,782	O	O
+longer	783,789	O	O
+hold	790,794	O	B-Process
+direct	795,801	O	I-Process
+proportionality	802,817	O	I-Process
+but	818,821	O	I-Process
+their	822,827	O	I-Process
+relationship	828,840	O	I-Process
+depends	841,848	O	O
+on	849,851	O	O
+the	852,855	O	O
+specific	856,864	O	B-Task
+material	865,873	O	I-Task
+properties	874,884	O	I-Task
+,	884,885	O	I-Task
+such	886,890	O	O
+as	891,893	O	O
+Poisson	894,901	O	O
+'s	901,903	O	O
+ratio	904,909	O	O
+and	910,913	O	O
+elastic	914,921	O	O
+modulus	922,929	O	O
+[	930,931	O	O
+9,11–13	931,938	O	O
+]	938,939	O	O
+.	939,940	O	O
+
+It	941,943	O	O
+has	944,947	O	O
+been	948,952	O	O
+shown	953,958	O	O
+that	959,963	O	O
+these	964,969	O	O
+elasto	970,976	O	O
+-	976,977	O	O
+plastic	977,984	O	O
+models	985,991	O	O
+not	992,995	O	O
+only	996,1000	O	O
+satisfactorily	1001,1015	O	O
+explain	1016,1023	O	O
+an	1024,1026	O	O
+H/σ	1027,1030	O	O
+ratio	1031,1036	O	O
+of	1037,1039	O	O
+≈2	1040,1042	O	O
+for	1043,1046	O	O
+a	1047,1048	O	O
+number	1049,1055	O	O
+of	1056,1058	O	O
+polyethylene	1059,1071	O	B-Material
+materials	1072,1081	O	I-Material
+of	1082,1084	O	O
+different	1085,1094	O	O
+nature	1095,1101	O	O
+,	1101,1102	O	O
+but	1103,1106	O	O
+also	1107,1111	O	O
+theoretically	1112,1125	O	O
+account	1126,1133	O	O
+for	1134,1137	O	O
+the	1138,1141	O	O
+range	1142,1147	O	O
+of	1148,1150	O	O
+H	1151,1152	O	O
+/	1152,1153	O	O
+E	1153,1154	O	O
+ratios	1155,1161	O	O
+experimentally	1162,1176	O	O
+determined	1177,1187	O	O
+[	1188,1189	O	O
+21	1189,1191	O	O
+]	1191,1192	O	O
+.	1192,1193	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S003238610801080X)
+
+Up	0,2	O	O
+to	3,5	O	O
+now	6,9	O	O
+,	9,10	O	O
+morphological	11,24	O	B-Task
+studies	25,32	O	I-Task
+of	33,35	O	O
+the	36,39	O	O
+multi	40,45	O	B-Material
+-	45,46	O	I-Material
+component	46,55	O	I-Material
+polymeric	56,65	O	I-Material
+materials	66,75	O	I-Material
+have	76,80	O	O
+been	81,85	O	O
+carried	86,93	O	O
+out	94,97	O	O
+by	98,100	O	O
+various	101,108	O	O
+microscopic	109,120	O	B-Process
+and	121,124	O	I-Process
+scattering	125,135	O	I-Process
+methods	136,143	O	I-Process
+.	143,144	O	O
+
+Optical	145,152	O	B-Material
+microscopes	153,164	O	I-Material
+,	164,165	O	O
+transmission	166,178	O	B-Material
+electron	179,187	O	I-Material
+microscopes	188,199	O	I-Material
+(	200,201	O	O
+TEMs	201,205	O	B-Material
+)	205,206	O	O
+,	206,207	O	O
+scanning	208,216	O	B-Material
+electron	217,225	O	I-Material
+microscopes	226,237	O	I-Material
+(	238,239	O	O
+SEMs	239,243	O	B-Material
+)	243,244	O	O
+and	245,248	O	O
+atomic	249,255	O	B-Material
+force	256,261	O	I-Material
+microscopes	262,273	O	I-Material
+(	274,275	O	O
+AFMs	275,279	O	B-Material
+)	279,280	O	O
+are	281,284	O	O
+commercially	285,297	O	O
+available	298,307	O	O
+and	308,311	O	O
+widely	312,318	O	O
+used	319,323	O	O
+.	323,324	O	O
+
+The	325,328	O	O
+biggest	329,336	O	O
+advantage	337,346	O	O
+of	347,349	O	O
+microscopy	350,360	O	B-Task
+is	361,363	O	O
+that	364,368	O	O
+they	369,373	O	O
+provide	374,381	O	O
+intuitive	382,391	O	O
+real	392,396	O	O
+-	396,397	O	O
+space	397,402	O	O
+representations	403,418	O	O
+of	419,421	O	O
+the	422,425	O	O
+various	426,433	O	O
+morphologies	434,446	O	O
+.	446,447	O	O
+
+However	448,455	O	O
+,	455,456	O	O
+when	457,461	O	O
+it	462,464	O	O
+comes	465,470	O	O
+to	471,473	O	O
+“	474,475	O	O
+measurements	475,487	O	O
+”	487,488	O	O
+,	488,489	O	O
+especially	490,500	O	O
+in	501,503	O	O
+a	504,505	O	O
+quantitative	506,518	O	O
+way	519,522	O	O
+,	522,523	O	O
+microscopy	524,534	O	B-Task
+sometimes	535,544	O	O
+lacks	545,550	O	O
+a	551,552	O	O
+statistical	553,564	O	O
+accuracy	565,573	O	O
+due	574,577	O	O
+to	578,580	O	O
+the	581,584	O	O
+small	585,590	O	O
+field	591,596	O	O
+of	597,599	O	O
+view	600,604	O	O
+.	604,605	O	O
+
+In	606,608	O	O
+contrast	609,617	O	O
+,	617,618	O	O
+the	619,622	O	O
+scattering	623,633	O	B-Process
+methods	634,641	O	I-Process
+provide	642,649	O	O
+much	650,654	O	O
+a	655,656	O	O
+superior	657,665	O	O
+statistical	666,677	O	O
+accuracy	678,686	O	O
+than	687,691	O	O
+that	692,696	O	O
+of	697,699	O	O
+microscopy	700,710	O	B-Task
+simply	711,717	O	O
+because	718,725	O	O
+the	726,729	O	O
+observation	730,741	O	O
+volume	742,748	O	O
+is	749,751	O	O
+larger	752,758	O	O
+than	759,763	O	O
+that	764,768	O	O
+of	769,771	O	O
+the	772,775	O	O
+microscopes	776,787	O	B-Material
+.	787,788	O	O
+
+One	789,792	O	O
+must	793,797	O	O
+remember	798,806	O	O
+,	806,807	O	O
+however	808,815	O	O
+,	815,816	O	O
+that	817,821	O	O
+the	822,825	O	O
+scattering	826,836	O	B-Process
+methods	837,844	O	I-Process
+normally	845,853	O	O
+require	854,861	O	O
+“	862,863	O	B-Process
+(	863,864	O	I-Process
+hypothesized	864,876	O	I-Process
+)	876,877	O	I-Process
+models	878,884	O	I-Process
+”	884,885	O	I-Process
+for	886,889	O	O
+data	890,894	O	B-Task
+analysis	895,903	O	I-Task
+in	904,906	O	O
+advance	907,914	O	O
+:	914,915	O	O
+They	916,920	O	O
+do	921,923	O	O
+not	924,927	O	O
+provide	928,935	O	O
+an	936,938	O	O
+intuitive	939,948	O	O
+insight	949,956	O	O
+into	957,961	O	O
+the	962,965	O	O
+morphologies	966,978	O	O
+as	979,981	O	O
+does	982,986	O	O
+microscopy	987,997	O	B-Task
+.	997,998	O	O
+
+After	999,1004	O	O
+all	1005,1008	O	O
+,	1008,1009	O	O
+for	1010,1013	O	O
+the	1014,1017	O	O
+complete	1018,1026	O	O
+characterization	1027,1043	O	O
+of	1044,1046	O	O
+a	1047,1048	O	O
+specific	1049,1057	O	O
+morphology	1058,1068	O	O
+,	1068,1069	O	O
+one	1070,1073	O	O
+may	1074,1077	O	O
+need	1078,1082	O	O
+to	1083,1085	O	O
+first	1086,1091	O	O
+know	1092,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+morphologies	1101,1113	O	O
+from	1114,1118	O	O
+the	1119,1122	O	O
+microscopy	1123,1133	O	B-Task
+and	1134,1137	O	O
+subsequently	1138,1150	O	O
+to	1151,1153	O	O
+evaluate	1154,1162	O	O
+the	1163,1166	O	O
+structural	1167,1177	O	O
+parameters	1178,1188	O	O
+by	1189,1191	O	O
+scattering	1192,1202	O	O
+on	1203,1205	O	O
+the	1206,1209	O	O
+basis	1210,1215	O	O
+of	1216,1218	O	O
+the	1219,1222	O	O
+morphology	1223,1233	O	O
+;	1233,1234	O	O
+the	1235,1238	O	O
+two	1239,1242	O	O
+methods	1243,1250	O	O
+are	1251,1254	O	O
+complementary	1255,1268	O	O
+.	1268,1269	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S003238610900086X)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+deal	3,7	O	O
+with	8,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+intensity	17,26	O	O
+scattered	27,36	O	O
+by	37,39	O	O
+a	40,41	O	O
+random	42,48	O	O
+mixture	49,56	O	O
+of	57,59	O	O
+deuterated	60,70	O	B-Process
+/	70,71	O	O
+hydrogenated	71,83	O	B-Process
+PE	84,86	O	B-Material
+chains	87,93	O	I-Material
+.	93,94	O	O
+
+The	95,98	O	O
+algorithm	99,108	O	O
+used	109,113	O	O
+by	114,116	O	O
+us	117,119	O	O
+to	120,122	O	O
+evaluate	123,131	O	O
+the	132,135	O	O
+Kratky	136,142	O	B-Material
+plots	143,148	O	I-Material
+by	149,151	O	O
+sets	152,156	O	O
+of	157,159	O	O
+parallel	160,168	O	B-Material
+polymer	169,176	O	I-Material
+stems	177,182	O	I-Material
+is	183,185	O	O
+very	186,190	O	O
+simplified	191,201	O	O
+.	201,202	O	O
+
+We	203,205	O	O
+checked	206,213	O	O
+it	214,216	O	O
+to	217,219	O	O
+be	220,222	O	O
+adequate	223,231	O	O
+in	232,234	O	O
+the	235,238	O	O
+reciprocal	239,249	O	O
+coordinate	250,260	O	O
+range	261,266	O	O
+under	267,272	O	O
+investigation	273,286	O	O
+[	287,288	O	O
+0<q(=4πsinθ/λ)≤0.25Å−1	288,310	O	O
+]	310,311	O	O
+comparing	312,321	O	O
+the	322,325	O	O
+results	326,333	O	O
+with	334,338	O	O
+more	339,343	O	O
+precise	344,351	O	O
+calculations	352,364	O	B-Task
+.	364,365	O	O
+
+The	366,369	O	O
+scattering	370,380	O	B-Material
+centres	381,388	O	I-Material
+are	389,392	O	O
+identified	393,403	O	O
+with	404,408	O	O
+pseudo	409,415	O	B-Material
+-	415,416	O	I-Material
+atoms	416,421	O	I-Material
+repeating	422,431	O	O
+after	432,437	O	O
+a	438,439	O	O
+constant	440,448	O	O
+distance	449,457	O	O
+of	458,460	O	O
+1.27Å	461,466	O	O
+along	467,472	O	O
+straight	473,481	O	O
+lines	482,487	O	O
+coinciding	488,498	O	O
+with	499,503	O	O
+the	504,507	O	O
+stem	508,512	O	B-Material
+axes	513,517	O	I-Material
+,	517,518	O	O
+100	519,522	O	O
+scattering	523,533	O	O
+centres	534,541	O	O
+being	542,547	O	O
+placed	548,554	O	O
+on	555,557	O	O
+each	558,562	O	O
+stem	563,567	O	B-Material
+;	567,568	O	O
+the	569,572	O	O
+scattering	573,583	O	B-Process
+by	584,586	O	O
+atoms	587,592	O	B-Material
+belonging	593,602	O	O
+to	603,605	O	O
+chain	606,611	O	B-Material
+folds	612,617	O	I-Material
+is	618,620	O	O
+neglected	621,630	O	O
+.	630,631	O	O
+
+The	632,635	O	O
+parallel	636,644	O	B-Material
+stem	645,649	O	I-Material
+axes	650,654	O	I-Material
+are	655,658	O	O
+disposed	659,667	O	O
+according	668,677	O	O
+to	678,680	O	O
+a	681,682	O	O
+hexagonal	683,692	O	O
+setting	693,700	O	O
+–	701,702	O	O
+a	703,704	O	O
+rough	705,710	O	O
+approximation	711,724	O	O
+to	725,727	O	O
+the	728,731	O	O
+monoclinic	732,742	O	O
+,	742,743	O	O
+pseudo	744,750	O	O
+-	750,751	O	O
+hexagonal	751,760	O	O
+structure	761,770	O	O
+of	771,773	O	O
+PE	774,776	O	B-Material
+–	777,778	O	O
+and	779,782	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+scattering	787,797	O	O
+centres	798,805	O	O
+have	806,810	O	O
+the	811,814	O	O
+same	815,819	O	O
+axial	820,825	O	O
+coordinates	826,837	O	O
+in	838,840	O	O
+all	841,844	O	O
+the	845,848	O	O
+stems	849,854	O	B-Material
+.	854,855	O	O
+
+Defining	856,864	O	O
+an	865,867	O	O
+integer	868,875	O	O
+i	876,877	O	O
+going	878,883	O	O
+from	884,888	O	O
+1	889,890	O	O
+to	891,893	O	O
+the	894,897	O	O
+total	898,903	O	O
+number	904,910	O	O
+ns·100	911,917	O	O
+of	918,920	O	O
+scattering	921,931	O	B-Material
+centres	932,939	O	I-Material
+,	939,940	O	O
+we	941,943	O	O
+have	944,948	O	O
+(	949,950	O	O
+q<1	950,953	O	O
+)	953,954	O	O
+
+[	955,956	O	O
+9](1A)q2·I(q)=C·(bH−bD)2∑i=1ns·100∑j=1ns·1004πqsin(q·dij)dij;dij2=Δij2+(zj−zi)2;q=2πsinθλwhere	956,1050	O	O
+bH	1051,1053	O	O
+,	1053,1054	O	O
+bD	1055,1057	O	O
+respectively	1058,1070	O	O
+are	1071,1074	O	O
+the	1075,1078	O	O
+scattering	1079,1089	O	O
+lengths	1090,1097	O	O
+of	1098,1100	O	O
+hydrogen	1101,1109	O	B-Material
+and	1110,1113	O	O
+deuterium	1114,1123	O	B-Material
+,	1123,1124	O	O
+dij	1125,1128	O	O
+is	1129,1131	O	O
+the	1132,1135	O	O
+distance	1136,1144	O	O
+between	1145,1152	O	O
+C	1153,1154	O	B-Material
+atoms	1155,1160	O	I-Material
+,	1160,1161	O	O
+2θ	1162,1164	O	O
+is	1165,1167	O	O
+the	1168,1171	O	O
+diffraction	1172,1183	O	O
+angle	1184,1189	O	O
+and	1190,1193	O	O
+λ	1194,1195	O	O
+the	1196,1199	O	O
+wavelength	1200,1210	O	O
+.	1210,1211	O	O
+
+The	1212,1215	O	O
+i	1216,1217	O	O
+-	1217,1218	O	O
+th	1218,1220	O	O
+C	1221,1222	O	O
+atom	1223,1227	O	O
+coordinate	1228,1238	O	O
+along	1239,1244	O	O
+the	1245,1248	O	O
+stem	1249,1253	O	O
+axis	1254,1258	O	O
+is	1259,1261	O	O
+zi	1262,1264	O	O
+
+and	1265,1268	O	O
+Δij	1269,1272	O	O
+is	1273,1275	O	O
+the	1276,1279	O	O
+distance	1280,1288	O	O
+between	1289,1296	O	O
+the	1297,1300	O	O
+stem	1301,1305	O	O
+axes	1306,1310	O	O
+where	1311,1316	O	O
+the	1317,1320	O	O
+atoms	1321,1326	O	O
+i	1327,1328	O	O
+and	1329,1332	O	O
+j	1333,1334	O	O
+belong	1335,1341	O	O
+.	1341,1342	O	O
+
+For	1343,1346	O	O
+all	1347,1350	O	O
+the	1351,1354	O	O
+stems	1355,1360	O	O
+we	1361,1363	O	O
+have	1364,1368	O	O
+the	1369,1372	O	O
+same	1373,1377	O	O
+set	1378,1381	O	O
+of	1382,1384	O	O
+zi	1385,1387	O	O
+coordinates	1388,1399	O	O
+.	1399,1400	O	O
+
+The	1401,1404	O	O
+sum	1405,1408	O	O
+in	1409,1411	O	O
+Eq	1412,1414	O	O
+.	1414,1415	O	O
+
+(	1416,1417	O	O
+1A	1417,1419	O	O
+)	1419,1420	O	O
+is	1421,1423	O	O
+extended	1424,1432	O	O
+to	1433,1435	O	O
+all	1436,1439	O	O
+the	1440,1443	O	O
+stems	1444,1449	O	B-Material
+of	1450,1452	O	O
+the	1453,1456	O	O
+crystalline	1457,1468	O	B-Material
+domain	1469,1475	O	O
+,	1475,1476	O	O
+see	1477,1480	O	O
+Figs	1481,1485	O	O
+.	1485,1486	O	O
+
+2	1487,1488	O	O
+and	1489,1492	O	O
+10	1493,1495	O	O
+for	1496,1499	O	O
+examples	1500,1508	O	O
+.	1508,1509	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109001712)
+
+With	0,4	O	O
+ever	5,9	O	O
+increasing	10,20	O	O
+computer	21,29	O	O
+performance	30,41	O	O
+,	41,42	O	O
+simulations	43,54	O	B-Process
+in	55,57	O	O
+much	58,62	O	O
+larger	63,69	O	O
+systems	70,77	O	O
+have	78,82	O	O
+become	83,89	O	O
+feasible	90,98	O	O
+.	98,99	O	O
+
+However	100,107	O	O
+,	107,108	O	O
+full	109,113	O	B-Process
+-	113,114	O	I-Process
+atomistic	114,123	O	I-Process
+approaches	124,134	O	I-Process
+to	135,137	O	O
+polymer	138,145	O	B-Task
+crystallization	146,161	O	I-Task
+need	162,166	O	O
+extremely	167,176	O	O
+large	177,182	O	O
+computer	183,191	O	O
+power	192,197	O	O
+even	198,202	O	O
+in	203,205	O	O
+the	206,209	O	O
+case	210,214	O	O
+of	215,217	O	O
+simple	218,224	O	B-Material
+polymers	225,233	O	I-Material
+,	233,234	O	O
+and	235,238	O	O
+appropriate	239,250	O	B-Process
+modeling	251,259	O	I-Process
+or	260,262	O	O
+coarse	263,269	O	B-Process
+-	269,270	O	I-Process
+graining	270,278	O	I-Process
+of	279,281	O	I-Process
+the	282,285	O	I-Process
+system	286,292	O	I-Process
+is	293,295	O	O
+imperative	296,306	O	O
+.	306,307	O	O
+
+From	308,312	O	O
+a	313,314	O	O
+series	315,321	O	O
+of	322,324	O	O
+work	325,329	O	O
+on	330,332	O	O
+the	333,336	O	O
+development	337,348	O	O
+of	349,351	O	O
+coarse	352,358	O	B-Process
+-	358,359	O	I-Process
+grained	359,366	O	I-Process
+models	367,373	O	I-Process
+for	374,377	O	O
+polymers	378,386	O	B-Material
+,	386,387	O	O
+Mayer	388,393	O	O
+and	394,397	O	O
+Muller	398,404	O	O
+-	404,405	O	O
+Plathe	405,411	O	O
+have	412,416	O	O
+build	417,422	O	O
+up	423,425	O	O
+a	426,427	O	O
+model	428,433	O	O
+of	434,436	O	O
+poly(vinyl	437,447	O	B-Material
+alcohol	448,455	O	I-Material
+)	455,456	O	I-Material
+
+(	457,458	O	O
+PVA	458,461	O	B-Material
+)	461,462	O	O
+for	463,466	O	O
+studying	467,475	O	O
+early	476,481	O	O
+stage	482,487	O	O
+of	488,490	O	O
+crystallization	491,506	O	B-Process
+.	506,507	O	O
+
+They	508,512	O	O
+investigated	513,525	O	O
+the	526,529	O	O
+emergence	530,539	O	O
+of	540,542	O	O
+crystalline	543,554	O	B-Material
+order	555,560	O	O
+from	561,565	O	O
+the	566,569	O	O
+isotropic	570,579	O	B-Material
+melt	580,584	O	I-Material
+by	585,587	O	O
+rapid	588,593	O	B-Process
+quenching	594,603	O	I-Process
+[	604,605	O	O
+51,52	605,610	O	O
+]	610,611	O	O
+.	611,612	O	O
+
+They	613,617	O	O
+could	618,623	O	O
+reproduce	624,633	O	O
+many	634,638	O	O
+elementary	639,649	O	O
+processes	650,659	O	O
+of	660,662	O	O
+homogenous	663,673	O	B-Process
+nucleation	674,684	O	I-Process
+that	685,689	O	O
+showed	690,696	O	O
+good	697,701	O	O
+correspondence	702,716	O	O
+with	717,721	O	O
+experiments	722,733	O	O
+and	734,737	O	O
+other	738,743	O	O
+simulations	744,755	O	B-Process
+,	755,756	O	O
+in	757,759	O	O
+temperature	760,771	O	O
+dependence	772,782	O	O
+of	783,785	O	O
+lamella	786,793	O	B-Material
+thickness	794,803	O	O
+,	803,804	O	O
+structure	805,814	O	O
+of	815,817	O	O
+fold	818,822	O	B-Material
+surface	823,830	O	I-Material
+,	830,831	O	O
+etc	832,835	O	O
+.	835,836	O	O
+
+In	837,839	O	O
+their	840,845	O	O
+work	846,850	O	O
+,	850,851	O	O
+they	852,856	O	O
+neglected	857,866	O	O
+long	867,871	O	O
+-	871,872	O	O
+range	872,877	O	O
+force	878,883	O	O
+(	884,885	O	O
+van	885,888	O	O
+der	889,892	O	O
+Waals	893,898	O	O
+attraction	899,909	O	O
+)	909,910	O	O
+to	911,913	O	O
+accelerate	914,924	O	O
+computation	925,936	O	O
+.	936,937	O	O
+
+Their	938,943	O	O
+model	944,949	O	O
+has	950,953	O	O
+the	954,957	O	O
+energy	958,964	O	O
+contribution	965,977	O	O
+due	978,981	O	O
+to	982,984	O	O
+intrachain	985,995	O	B-Process
+interactions	996,1008	O	I-Process
+only	1009,1013	O	O
+and	1014,1017	O	O
+the	1018,1021	O	O
+dominant	1022,1030	O	O
+driving	1031,1038	O	O
+force	1039,1044	O	O
+for	1045,1048	O	O
+crystallization	1049,1064	O	B-Process
+is	1065,1067	O	O
+entropic	1068,1076	O	O
+,	1076,1077	O	O
+which	1078,1083	O	O
+seems	1084,1089	O	O
+to	1090,1092	O	O
+ignore	1093,1099	O	O
+dominant	1100,1108	O	O
+driving	1109,1116	O	O
+force	1117,1122	O	O
+for	1123,1126	O	O
+polymer	1127,1134	O	B-Process
+crystallization	1135,1150	O	I-Process
+in	1151,1153	O	O
+conventional	1154,1166	O	O
+sense	1167,1172	O	O
+.	1172,1173	O	O
+
+However	1174,1181	O	O
+,	1181,1182	O	O
+their	1183,1188	O	O
+work	1189,1193	O	O
+is	1194,1196	O	O
+reminiscent	1197,1208	O	O
+of	1209,1211	O	O
+the	1212,1215	O	O
+classical	1216,1225	O	B-Process
+solid	1226,1231	O	I-Process
+–	1231,1232	O	I-Process
+liquid	1232,1238	O	I-Process
+transition	1239,1249	O	I-Process
+in	1250,1252	O	O
+systems	1253,1260	O	O
+of	1261,1263	O	O
+repulsive	1264,1273	O	B-Material
+spherical	1274,1283	O	I-Material
+atoms	1284,1289	O	I-Material
+[	1290,1291	O	O
+53	1291,1293	O	O
+]	1293,1294	O	O
+and	1295,1298	O	O
+poses	1299,1304	O	O
+an	1305,1307	O	O
+intriguing	1308,1318	O	O
+problem	1319,1326	O	O
+as	1327,1329	O	O
+to	1330,1332	O	O
+the	1333,1336	O	O
+intrinsic	1337,1346	O	O
+driving	1347,1354	O	O
+force	1355,1360	O	O
+for	1361,1364	O	O
+polymer	1365,1372	O	B-Process
+crystallization	1373,1388	O	I-Process
+.	1388,1389	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109004996)
+
+SPM	0,3	O	B-Process
+,	3,4	O	O
+and	5,8	O	O
+AFM	9,12	O	B-Process
+in	13,15	O	O
+particular	16,26	O	O
+,	26,27	O	O
+has	28,31	O	O
+been	32,36	O	O
+widely	37,43	O	O
+applied	44,51	O	O
+to	52,54	O	O
+questions	55,64	O	B-Task
+in	65,67	O	I-Task
+polymer	68,75	O	I-Task
+crystallization	76,91	O	I-Task
+.	91,92	O	O
+
+The	93,96	O	O
+technique	97,106	O	O
+has	107,110	O	O
+several	111,118	O	O
+strengths	119,128	O	O
+that	129,133	O	O
+make	134,138	O	O
+it	139,141	O	O
+ideally	142,149	O	O
+suited	150,156	O	O
+for	157,160	O	O
+such	161,165	O	O
+studies	166,173	O	O
+.	173,174	O	O
+
+It	175,177	O	O
+is	178,180	O	O
+a	181,182	O	O
+high	183,187	O	B-Process
+resolution	188,198	O	I-Process
+technology	199,209	O	I-Process
+,	209,210	O	O
+routinely	211,220	O	O
+resolving	221,230	O	B-Process
+sub	231,234	O	I-Process
+10	235,237	O	I-Process
+nm	237,239	O	I-Process
+features	240,248	O	I-Process
+[	249,250	O	O
+13,14	250,255	O	O
+]	255,256	O	O
+,	256,257	O	O
+and	258,261	O	O
+hence	262,267	O	O
+allowing	268,276	O	O
+the	277,280	O	O
+fundamental	281,292	O	O
+length	293,299	O	O
+scale	300,305	O	O
+of	306,308	O	O
+the	309,312	O	O
+polymer	313,320	O	B-Material
+lamellar	321,329	O	I-Material
+crystal	330,337	O	I-Material
+,	337,338	O	O
+its	339,342	O	O
+thickness	343,352	O	O
+,	352,353	O	O
+to	354,356	O	O
+be	357,359	O	O
+observed	360,368	O	O
+.	368,369	O	O
+
+AFM	370,373	O	B-Process
+requires	374,382	O	O
+no	383,385	O	O
+staining	386,394	O	B-Process
+or	395,397	O	O
+metal	398,403	O	B-Process
+coating	404,411	O	I-Process
+of	412,414	O	O
+the	415,418	O	O
+sample	419,425	O	O
+,	425,426	O	O
+so	427,429	O	O
+sample	430,436	O	B-Process
+preparation	437,448	O	I-Process
+is	449,451	O	O
+relatively	452,462	O	O
+straightforward	463,478	O	O
+.	478,479	O	O
+
+Also	480,484	O	O
+,	484,485	O	O
+it	486,488	O	O
+is	489,491	O	O
+non	492,495	O	O
+-	495,496	O	O
+destructive	496,507	O	O
+under	508,513	O	O
+many	514,518	O	O
+circumstances	519,532	O	O
+.	532,533	O	O
+
+This	534,538	O	O
+allows	539,545	O	O
+images	546,552	O	O
+to	553,555	O	O
+be	556,558	O	O
+obtained	559,567	O	O
+while	568,573	O	O
+a	574,575	O	O
+process	576,583	O	O
+such	584,588	O	O
+as	589,591	O	O
+crystal	592,599	O	B-Process
+growth	600,606	O	I-Process
+or	607,609	O	O
+melting	610,617	O	B-Process
+is	618,620	O	O
+occurring	621,630	O	O
+,	630,631	O	O
+giving	632,638	O	O
+time	639,643	O	B-Material
+-	643,644	O	I-Material
+resolved	644,652	O	I-Material
+data	653,657	O	I-Material
+at	658,660	O	O
+lamellar	661,669	O	O
+or	670,672	O	O
+sub	673,676	O	O
+-	676,677	O	O
+lamellar	677,685	O	O
+resolution	686,696	O	O
+[	697,698	O	O
+15–18	698,703	O	O
+]	703,704	O	O
+.	704,705	O	O
+
+It	706,708	O	O
+is	709,711	O	O
+this	712,716	O	O
+final	717,722	O	O
+feature	723,730	O	O
+that	731,735	O	O
+provides	736,744	O	O
+many	745,749	O	O
+of	750,752	O	O
+the	753,756	O	O
+most	757,761	O	O
+exciting	762,770	O	O
+possibilities	771,784	O	O
+of	785,787	O	O
+AFM	788,791	O	B-Process
+for	792,795	O	O
+studying	796,804	O	B-Task
+polymer	805,812	O	I-Task
+crystallization	813,828	O	I-Task
+,	828,829	O	O
+as	830,832	O	O
+it	833,835	O	O
+is	836,838	O	O
+now	839,842	O	O
+possible	843,851	O	O
+to	852,854	O	O
+watch	855,860	O	O
+crystal	861,868	O	B-Process
+growth	869,875	O	I-Process
+,	875,876	O	O
+crystal	877,884	O	B-Process
+melting	885,892	O	I-Process
+,	892,893	O	O
+and	894,897	O	O
+re	898,900	O	B-Process
+-	900,901	O	I-Process
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+within	915,921	O	I-Process
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+the	934,937	O	I-Process
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+scale	947,952	O	I-Process
+,	952,953	O	O
+seeing	954,960	O	O
+how	961,964	O	O
+structure	965,974	O	O
+evolves	975,982	O	O
+and	983,986	O	O
+local	987,992	O	O
+conditions	993,1003	O	O
+influence	1004,1013	O	O
+kinetics	1014,1022	O	O
+.	1022,1023	O	O
+
+AFM	1024,1027	O	B-Material
+has	1028,1031	O	O
+a	1032,1033	O	O
+wide	1034,1038	O	O
+range	1039,1044	O	O
+of	1045,1047	O	O
+different	1048,1057	O	O
+measuring	1058,1067	O	O
+modes	1068,1073	O	O
+,	1073,1074	O	O
+and	1075,1078	O	O
+,	1078,1079	O	O
+with	1080,1084	O	O
+the	1085,1088	O	O
+ever	1089,1093	O	O
+increasing	1094,1104	O	O
+number	1105,1111	O	O
+of	1112,1114	O	O
+functional	1115,1125	O	O
+semicrystalline	1126,1141	O	B-Material
+polymers	1142,1150	O	I-Material
+available	1151,1160	O	O
+(	1161,1162	O	O
+e.g.	1162,1166	O	O
+[	1167,1168	O	O
+19	1168,1170	O	O
+]	1170,1171	O	O
+)	1171,1172	O	O
+,	1172,1173	O	O
+the	1174,1177	O	O
+breadth	1178,1185	O	O
+of	1186,1188	O	O
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+that	1201,1205	O	O
+can	1206,1209	O	O
+be	1210,1212	O	O
+carried	1213,1220	O	O
+out	1221,1224	O	O
+with	1225,1229	O	O
+a	1230,1231	O	O
+single	1232,1238	O	O
+machine	1239,1246	O	O
+is	1247,1249	O	O
+also	1250,1254	O	O
+one	1255,1258	O	O
+of	1259,1261	O	O
+the	1262,1265	O	O
+techniques	1266,1276	O	O
+attractions	1277,1288	O	O
+.	1288,1289	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109005485)
+
+Inverse	0,7	O	B-Process
+miniemulsion	8,20	O	I-Process
+polymerization	21,35	O	I-Process
+is	36,38	O	O
+a	39,40	O	O
+water	41,46	O	B-Process
+-	46,47	O	I-Process
+in	47,49	O	I-Process
+-	49,50	O	I-Process
+oil	50,53	O	I-Process
+(	54,55	O	O
+W	55,56	O	B-Process
+/	56,57	O	I-Process
+O	57,58	O	I-Process
+)	58,59	O	O
+heterogeneous	60,73	O	B-Process
+polymerization	74,88	O	I-Process
+process	89,96	O	I-Process
+that	97,101	O	O
+forms	102,107	O	O
+kinetically	108,119	O	B-Material
+stable	120,126	O	I-Material
+macroemulsions	127,141	O	I-Material
+at	142,144	O	O
+,	144,145	O	O
+below	146,151	O	O
+,	151,152	O	O
+or	153,155	O	O
+around	156,162	O	O
+the	163,166	O	O
+critical	167,175	O	B-Material
+micellar	176,184	O	I-Material
+concentration	185,198	O	I-Material
+(	199,200	O	O
+CMC	200,203	O	B-Material
+)	203,204	O	O
+.	204,205	O	O
+
+This	206,210	O	O
+process	211,218	O	O
+contains	219,227	O	O
+aqueous	228,235	O	B-Material
+droplets	236,244	O	I-Material
+(	245,246	O	O
+including	246,255	O	O
+water	256,261	O	B-Material
+-	261,262	O	I-Material
+soluble	262,269	O	I-Material
+monomers	270,278	O	I-Material
+)	278,279	O	O
+stably	280,286	O	O
+dispersed	287,296	O	O
+,	296,297	O	O
+with	298,302	O	O
+the	303,306	O	O
+aid	307,310	O	O
+of	311,313	O	O
+oil	314,317	O	B-Material
+-	317,318	O	I-Material
+soluble	318,325	O	I-Material
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+,	337,338	O	O
+in	339,341	O	O
+a	342,343	O	O
+continuous	344,354	O	O
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+.	369,370	O	O
+
+Stable	371,377	O	B-Material
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+miniemulsions	386,399	O	I-Material
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+formed	404,410	O	O
+under	411,416	O	O
+high	417,421	O	O
+shear	422,427	O	O
+by	428,430	O	O
+either	431,437	O	O
+a	438,439	O	O
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+or	452,454	O	O
+a	455,456	O	O
+high	457,461	O	B-Material
+speed	462,467	O	I-Material
+mechanical	468,478	O	I-Material
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+.	486,487	O	O
+
+Oil	488,491	O	B-Material
+-	491,492	O	I-Material
+soluble	492,499	O	I-Material
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+surfactants	509,520	O	I-Material
+with	521,525	O	O
+hydrophilic	526,537	O	O
+-	537,538	O	O
+lipophilic	538,548	O	O
+balance	549,556	O	O
+(	557,558	O	O
+HLB	558,561	O	O
+)	561,562	O	O
+value	563,568	O	O
+around	569,575	O	O
+4	576,577	O	O
+are	578,581	O	O
+used	582,586	O	O
+to	587,589	O	O
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+of	620,622	O	I-Task
+the	623,626	O	I-Task
+resulting	627,636	O	I-Task
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+emulsion	645,653	O	I-Task
+.	653,654	O	O
+
+Upon	655,659	O	O
+addition	660,668	O	O
+of	669,671	O	O
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+initiators	680,690	O	I-Material
+,	690,691	O	O
+polymerization	692,706	O	B-Process
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+within	714,720	O	O
+the	721,724	O	O
+aqueous	725,732	O	B-Material
+droplets	733,741	O	I-Material
+producing	742,751	O	O
+colloidal	752,761	O	B-Material
+particles	762,771	O	I-Material
+(	772,773	O	O
+Fig	773,776	O	O
+.	776,777	O	O
+
+2	778,779	O	O
+)	779,780	O	O
+
+[	781,782	O	O
+83	782,784	O	O
+]	784,785	O	O
+.	785,786	O	O
+
+Several	787,794	O	O
+reports	795,802	O	O
+have	803,807	O	O
+demonstrated	808,820	O	O
+the	821,824	O	O
+preparation	825,836	O	O
+of	837,839	O	O
+stable	840,846	O	B-Material
+particles	847,856	O	I-Material
+of	857,859	O	I-Material
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+-	881,882	O	I-Material
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+86–89	900,905	O	O
+]	905,906	O	O
+,	906,907	O	O
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+[	934,935	O	O
+90	935,937	O	O
+]	937,938	O	O
+,	938,939	O	O
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+91–93	980,985	O	O
+]	985,986	O	O
+.	986,987	O	O
+
+This	988,992	O	O
+method	993,999	O	O
+also	1000,1004	O	O
+allows	1005,1011	O	O
+for	1012,1015	O	O
+the	1016,1019	O	O
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+of	1032,1034	O	I-Process
+crosslinked	1035,1046	O	I-Process
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+in	1057,1059	O	I-Process
+the	1060,1063	O	I-Process
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+crosslinkers	1089,1101	O	I-Process
+[	1102,1103	O	O
+27,94–100	1103,1112	O	O
+]	1112,1113	O	O
+.	1113,1114	O	O
+
+In	1115,1117	O	O
+addition	1118,1126	O	O
+,	1126,1127	O	O
+CRP	1128,1131	O	B-Process
+techniques	1132,1142	O	I-Process
+including	1143,1152	O	O
+ATRP	1153,1157	O	B-Process
+[	1158,1159	O	O
+78,79,82,101,102	1159,1175	O	O
+]	1175,1176	O	O
+and	1177,1180	O	O
+RAFT	1181,1185	O	B-Process
+[	1186,1187	O	O
+103	1187,1190	O	O
+]	1190,1191	O	O
+in	1192,1194	O	O
+inverse	1195,1202	O	B-Material
+miniemulsion	1203,1215	O	I-Material
+have	1216,1220	O	O
+been	1221,1225	O	O
+explored	1226,1234	O	O
+to	1235,1237	O	O
+prepare	1238,1245	O	O
+well	1246,1250	O	O
+-	1250,1251	O	O
+defined	1251,1258	O	O
+nanoparticles	1259,1272	O	B-Material
+and	1273,1276	O	O
+nanogels	1277,1285	O	B-Material
+.	1285,1286	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109006612)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+contrast	3,11	O	O
+with	12,16	O	O
+polymers	17,25	O	B-Material
+,	25,26	O	O
+which	27,32	O	O
+are	33,36	O	O
+typically	37,46	O	O
+synthesized	47,58	O	B-Process
+in	59,61	O	I-Process
+the	62,65	O	I-Process
+liquid	66,72	O	I-Process
+phase	73,78	O	I-Process
+,	78,79	O	O
+SWNTs	80,85	O	B-Material
+are	86,89	O	O
+produced	90,98	O	B-Process
+through	99,106	O	I-Process
+a	107,108	O	I-Process
+variety	109,116	O	I-Process
+of	117,119	O	I-Process
+synthesis	120,129	O	I-Process
+techniques	130,140	O	I-Process
+that	141,145	O	O
+typically	146,155	O	O
+involve	156,163	O	O
+the	164,167	O	B-Process
+reaction	168,176	O	I-Process
+of	177,179	O	I-Process
+a	180,181	O	I-Process
+gaseous	182,189	O	I-Process
+carbon	190,196	O	I-Process
+feedstock	197,206	O	I-Process
+to	207,209	O	I-Process
+form	210,214	O	I-Process
+the	215,218	O	I-Process
+nanotubes	219,228	O	I-Process
+on	229,231	O	I-Process
+catalyst	232,240	O	I-Process
+particles	241,250	O	I-Process
+.	250,251	O	O
+
+MWNTs	252,257	O	B-Task
+were	258,262	O	O
+first	263,268	O	O
+observed	269,277	O	B-Process
+in	278,280	O	I-Process
+arc	281,284	O	I-Process
+discharge	285,294	O	I-Process
+fullerene	295,304	O	I-Process
+reactors	305,313	O	I-Process
+[	314,315	O	O
+1,26	315,319	O	O
+]	319,320	O	O
+;	320,321	O	O
+this	322,326	O	B-Task
+technique	327,336	O	I-Task
+was	337,340	O	O
+later	341,346	O	O
+adapted	347,354	O	O
+to	355,357	O	O
+produce	358,365	O	O
+SWNTs	366,371	O	B-Material
+[	372,373	O	O
+3	373,374	O	O
+]	374,375	O	O
+.	375,376	O	O
+
+Similarly	377,386	O	O
+,	386,387	O	O
+the	388,391	O	B-Process
+fullerene	392,401	O	I-Process
+production	402,412	O	I-Process
+method	413,419	O	I-Process
+of	420,422	O	I-Process
+laser	423,428	O	I-Process
+ablation	429,437	O	I-Process
+[	438,439	O	O
+27	439,441	O	O
+]	441,442	O	O
+was	443,446	O	O
+adapted	447,454	O	O
+to	455,457	O	O
+produce	458,465	O	O
+SWNTs	466,471	O	B-Material
+(	472,473	O	O
+∼1.4	473,477	O	O
+nm	477,479	O	O
+diameter	480,488	O	O
+)	488,489	O	O
+in	490,492	O	O
+larger	493,499	O	O
+quantities	500,510	O	O
+on	511,513	O	O
+metal	514,519	O	B-Material
+catalyst	520,528	O	I-Material
+particles	529,538	O	I-Material
+[	539,540	O	O
+28–30	540,545	O	O
+]	545,546	O	O
+.	546,547	O	O
+
+A	548,549	O	O
+number	550,556	O	O
+of	557,559	O	O
+chemical	560,568	O	B-Process
+vapor	569,574	O	I-Process
+deposition	575,585	O	I-Process
+(	586,587	O	O
+CVD	587,590	O	B-Process
+)	590,591	O	O
+processes	592,601	O	O
+have	602,606	O	O
+been	607,611	O	O
+developed	612,621	O	O
+to	622,624	O	O
+grow	625,629	O	O
+SWNTs	630,635	O	B-Material
+and	636,639	O	O
+MWNTs	640,645	O	B-Material
+,	645,646	O	O
+all	647,650	O	O
+involving	651,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	B-Process
+reaction	665,673	O	I-Process
+of	674,676	O	I-Process
+a	677,678	O	I-Process
+gaseous	679,686	O	I-Process
+carbon	687,693	O	I-Process
+compound	694,702	O	I-Process
+as	703,705	O	I-Process
+feedstock	706,715	O	I-Process
+.	715,716	O	O
+
+These	717,722	O	O
+processes	723,732	O	O
+include	733,740	O	O
+fluidized	741,750	O	B-Process
+bed	751,754	O	I-Process
+[	755,756	O	O
+31	756,758	O	O
+]	758,759	O	O
+,	759,760	O	O
+“	761,762	O	B-Process
+carpet	762,768	O	I-Process
+”	768,769	O	I-Process
+growth	770,776	O	I-Process
+of	777,779	O	I-Process
+carbon	780,786	O	I-Process
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+(	797,798	O	I-Process
+CNTs	798,802	O	I-Process
+)	802,803	O	I-Process
+from	804,808	O	I-Process
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+particles	818,827	O	I-Process
+embedded	828,836	O	I-Process
+in	837,839	O	I-Process
+a	840,841	O	I-Process
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+[	852,853	O	O
+32–35	853,858	O	O
+]	858,859	O	O
+as	860,862	O	O
+shown	863,868	O	O
+in	869,871	O	O
+Fig	872,875	O	O
+.	875,876	O	O
+
+3	877,878	O	O
+,	878,879	O	O
+and	880,883	O	O
+“	884,885	O	O
+catalytic	885,894	O	O
+gas	895,898	O	O
+flow	899,903	O	O
+CVD	904,907	O	O
+
+”	907,908	O	O
+
+[	909,910	O	O
+36,37	910,915	O	O
+]	915,916	O	O
+.	916,917	O	O
+
+One	918,921	O	O
+of	922,924	O	O
+the	925,928	O	B-Task
+most	929,933	O	I-Task
+effective	934,943	O	I-Task
+,	943,944	O	I-Task
+cheap	945,950	O	I-Task
+,	950,951	O	I-Task
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+is	980,982	O	O
+the	983,986	O	O
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+(	993,994	O	I-Process
+high	994,998	O	I-Process
+-	998,999	O	I-Process
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+)	1010,1011	O	I-Process
+process	1012,1019	O	I-Process
+,	1019,1020	O	O
+which	1021,1026	O	O
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+use	1036,1039	O	I-Process
+pre	1040,1043	O	I-Process
+-	1043,1044	O	I-Process
+formed	1044,1050	O	I-Process
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+particles	1060,1069	O	I-Process
+unlike	1070,1076	O	O
+most	1077,1081	O	O
+other	1082,1087	O	O
+CVD	1088,1091	O	B-Process
+techniques	1092,1102	O	I-Process
+[	1103,1104	O	O
+38	1104,1106	O	O
+]	1106,1107	O	O
+.	1107,1108	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109007290)
+
+ELRs	0,4	O	B-Material
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+for	33,36	O	O
+the	37,40	O	O
+synthesis	41,50	O	B-Process
+of	51,53	O	I-Process
+block	54,59	O	I-Process
+copolymers	60,70	O	I-Process
+that	71,75	O	O
+self	76,80	O	O
+-	80,81	O	O
+assemble	81,89	O	O
+into	90,94	O	O
+polymer	95,102	O	B-Material
+nanostructures	103,117	O	I-Material
+such	118,122	O	O
+as	123,125	O	O
+micelles	126,134	O	B-Material
+.	134,135	O	O
+
+The	136,139	O	O
+first	140,145	O	O
+work	146,150	O	O
+in	151,153	O	O
+this	154,158	O	O
+area	159,163	O	O
+involved	164,172	O	O
+an	173,175	O	O
+elastin	176,183	O	B-Material
+-	183,184	O	I-Material
+mimetic	184,191	O	I-Material
+di	192,194	O	I-Material
+-	194,195	O	I-Material
+block	195,200	O	I-Material
+copolymer	201,210	O	I-Material
+containing	211,221	O	O
+VPGEG–(IPGAG)4	222,236	O	B-Material
+and	237,240	O	O
+VPGFG–(IPGVG)4	241,255	O	B-Material
+as	256,258	O	O
+the	259,262	O	O
+hydrophilic	263,274	O	B-Material
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+hydrophobic	279,290	O	I-Material
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+,	297,298	O	O
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+[	312,313	O	O
+49	313,315	O	O
+]	315,316	O	O
+.	316,317	O	O
+
+The	318,321	O	O
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+(	382,383	O	O
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+)	386,387	O	O
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+to	405,407	O	O
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+the	416,419	O	O
+enthalpy	420,428	O	O
+of	429,431	O	O
+self	432,436	O	B-Process
+-	436,437	O	I-Process
+assembly	437,445	O	I-Process
+.	445,446	O	O
+
+A	447,448	O	O
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+-	452,453	O	I-Material
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+the	502,505	O	O
+TEM	506,509	O	B-Material
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+of	517,519	O	O
+this	520,524	O	O
+polymer	525,532	O	B-Material
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+that	540,544	O	O
+it	545,547	O	O
+formed	548,554	O	O
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+[	576,577	O	O
+50	577,579	O	O
+]	579,580	O	O
+.	580,581	O	O
+
+Other	582,587	O	O
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+have	619,623	O	O
+been	624,628	O	O
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+-	657,658	O	I-Material
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+di	666,668	O	I-Material
+-	668,669	O	I-Material
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+in	686,688	O	O
+the	689,692	O	O
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+37–42	711,716	O	O
+°	716,717	O	O
+C	717,718	O	O
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+the	724,727	O	O
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+[	758,759	O	O
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+.	762,763	O	O
+
+Bidwell	764,771	O	O
+et	772,774	O	O
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+.	900,901	O	O
+
+Attachment	902,912	O	O
+of	913,915	O	O
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+to	928,930	O	O
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+-	934,935	O	I-Material
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+in	977,979	O	O
+uterine	980,987	O	B-Material
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+cells	996,1001	O	I-Material
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+[	1049,1050	O	O
+52	1050,1052	O	O
+]	1052,1053	O	O
+.	1053,1054	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109007423)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+general	3,10	O	O
+,	10,11	O	O
+the	12,15	O	O
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+(	38,39	O	O
+IEC	39,42	O	B-Process
+)	42,43	O	O
+is	44,46	O	O
+closely	47,54	O	O
+related	55,62	O	O
+to	63,65	O	O
+the	66,69	O	O
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+of	90,92	O	O
+PEMs	93,97	O	B-Material
+because	98,105	O	O
+the	106,109	O	O
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+functionalities	115,130	O	O
+,	130,131	O	O
+such	132,136	O	O
+as	137,139	O	O
+sulfonic	140,148	O	B-Material
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+,	160,161	O	O
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+to	173,175	O	O
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+
+Beyond	213,219	O	O
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+,	248,249	O	O
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+in	305,307	O	O
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+,	313,314	O	O
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+]	394,395	O	O
+.	395,396	O	O
+
+Therefore	397,406	O	O
+,	406,407	O	O
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+[	544,545	O	O
+19–23	545,550	O	O
+]	550,551	O	O
+.	551,552	O	O
+
+To	553,555	O	O
+achieve	556,563	O	O
+high	564,568	O	B-Process
+proton	569,575	O	I-Process
+conductivity	576,588	O	I-Process
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+values	607,613	O	O
+,	613,614	O	O
+the	615,618	O	O
+formation	619,628	O	B-Process
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+,	654,655	O	O
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+,	696,697	O	O
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+.	714,715	O	O
+
+In	716,718	O	O
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+,	746,747	O	O
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+of	810,812	O	O
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+,	980,981	O	O
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+-	1030,1031	O	I-Process
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+,	1079,1080	O	O
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+.	1159,1160	O	O
+
+An	1161,1163	O	O
+image	1164,1169	O	O
+of	1170,1172	O	O
+the	1173,1176	O	O
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+PEMs	1198,1202	O	B-Material
+is	1203,1205	O	O
+shown	1206,1211	O	O
+in	1212,1214	O	O
+Fig	1215,1218	O	O
+.	1218,1219	O	O
+
+2	1220,1221	O	O
+.	1221,1222	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386109010386)
+
+From	0,4	O	O
+a	5,6	O	O
+general	7,14	O	O
+point	15,20	O	O
+of	21,23	O	O
+view	24,28	O	O
+,	28,29	O	O
+polymerization	30,44	O	B-Process
+techniques	45,55	O	I-Process
+can	56,59	O	O
+be	60,62	O	O
+divided	63,70	O	O
+into	71,75	O	O
+two	76,79	O	O
+types	80,85	O	O
+of	86,88	O	O
+chemical	89,97	O	B-Process
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+:	107,108	O	O
+step	109,113	O	B-Process
+-	113,114	O	I-Process
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+.	167,168	O	O
+
+Step	169,173	O	B-Process
+-	173,174	O	I-Process
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+widely	199,205	O	O
+used	206,210	O	O
+for	211,214	O	O
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+,	238,239	O	O
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+the	268,271	O	O
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+the	307,310	O	O
+use	311,314	O	O
+of	315,317	O	O
+free	318,322	O	B-Process
+radical	323,330	O	I-Process
+polymerization	331,345	O	I-Process
+.	345,346	O	O
+
+These	347,352	O	O
+polymerization	353,367	O	B-Process
+reactions	368,377	O	I-Process
+can	378,381	O	O
+be	382,384	O	O
+performed	385,394	O	O
+either	395,401	O	O
+in	402,404	O	O
+bulk	405,409	O	B-Material
+or	410,412	O	O
+in	413,415	O	O
+solution	416,424	O	B-Material
+or	425,427	O	O
+in	428,430	O	O
+dispersed	431,440	O	B-Material
+media	441,446	O	I-Material
+.	446,447	O	O
+
+Heterophase	448,459	O	B-Process
+polymerizations	460,475	O	I-Process
+(	476,477	O	O
+i.e.	477,481	O	O
+emulsion	482,490	O	B-Process
+,	490,491	O	O
+dispersion	492,502	O	B-Process
+and	503,506	O	O
+miniemulsion	507,519	O	B-Process
+polymerizations	520,535	O	I-Process
+)	535,536	O	O
+present	537,544	O	O
+the	545,548	O	O
+advantage	549,558	O	O
+of	559,561	O	O
+easier	562,568	O	O
+removal	569,576	O	B-Task
+of	577,579	O	I-Task
+the	580,583	O	I-Task
+resulting	584,593	O	I-Task
+product	594,601	O	I-Task
+from	602,606	O	O
+the	607,610	O	O
+reactor	611,618	O	B-Material
+compared	619,627	O	O
+to	628,630	O	O
+bulk	631,635	O	B-Process
+polymerization	636,650	O	I-Process
+thanks	651,657	O	O
+to	658,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
+low	665,668	O	O
+viscosity	669,678	O	O
+of	679,681	O	O
+the	682,685	O	O
+reaction	686,694	O	B-Material
+medium	695,701	O	I-Material
+.	701,702	O	O
+
+Polymerization	703,717	O	B-Process
+in	718,720	O	O
+solution	721,729	O	B-Material
+also	730,734	O	O
+induces	735,742	O	O
+lower	743,748	O	O
+viscosity	749,758	O	O
+but	759,762	O	O
+also	763,767	O	O
+lower	768,773	O	O
+reaction	774,782	O	B-Process
+rates	783,788	O	O
+due	789,792	O	O
+to	793,795	O	O
+dilution	796,804	O	B-Process
+of	805,807	O	O
+the	808,811	O	O
+reactants	812,821	O	B-Material
+and	822,825	O	O
+higher	826,832	O	O
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+and	838,841	O	O
+environmental	842,855	O	O
+impact	856,862	O	O
+due	863,866	O	O
+to	867,869	O	O
+the	870,873	O	O
+use	874,877	O	O
+of	878,880	O	O
+organic	881,888	O	B-Material
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+.	897,898	O	O
+
+These	899,904	O	O
+problems	905,913	O	O
+are	914,917	O	O
+solved	918,924	O	O
+in	925,927	O	O
+the	928,931	O	O
+case	932,936	O	O
+of	937,939	O	O
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+polymerizations	952,967	O	I-Process
+where	968,973	O	O
+the	974,977	O	O
+reactants	978,987	O	B-Material
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+confined	992,1000	O	O
+inside	1001,1007	O	O
+droplets	1008,1016	O	B-Material
+(	1017,1018	O	O
+no	1018,1020	O	O
+dilution	1021,1029	O	B-Process
+effect	1030,1036	O	I-Process
+)	1036,1037	O	O
+and	1038,1041	O	O
+water	1042,1047	O	B-Material
+is	1048,1050	O	O
+used	1051,1055	O	O
+as	1056,1058	O	O
+medium	1059,1065	O	O
+.	1065,1066	O	O
+
+The	1067,1070	O	O
+use	1071,1074	O	O
+of	1075,1077	O	O
+surfactant	1078,1088	O	B-Material
+molecules	1089,1098	O	I-Material
+are	1099,1102	O	O
+usually	1103,1110	O	O
+needed	1111,1117	O	O
+for	1118,1121	O	O
+the	1122,1125	O	O
+stabilization	1126,1139	O	B-Process
+of	1140,1142	O	I-Process
+the	1143,1146	O	I-Process
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+and	1163,1166	O	O
+subsequent	1167,1177	O	O
+polymer	1178,1185	O	B-Material
+particles	1186,1195	O	I-Material
+in	1196,1198	O	O
+the	1199,1202	O	O
+water	1203,1208	O	B-Material
+phase	1209,1214	O	O
+.	1214,1215	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386110001667)
+
+Note	0,4	O	O
+that	5,9	O	O
+the	10,13	O	O
+quantitative	14,26	O	B-Task
+introduction	27,39	O	I-Task
+of	40,42	O	I-Task
+a	43,44	O	I-Task
+reactive	45,53	O	I-Task
+functionality	54,67	O	I-Task
+into	68,72	O	I-Task
+the	73,76	O	I-Task
+polymer	77,84	O	I-Task
+chain	85,90	O	I-Task
+end	91,94	O	I-Task
+can	95,98	O	O
+be	99,101	O	O
+easily	102,108	O	O
+achieved	109,117	O	O
+by	118,120	O	O
+adopting	121,129	O	O
+the	130,133	O	O
+living	134,140	O	B-Process
+ROMP	141,145	O	I-Process
+technique	146,155	O	I-Process
+especially	156,166	O	O
+using	167,172	O	O
+the	173,176	O	O
+Schrock	177,184	O	B-Material
+type	185,189	O	I-Material
+molybdenum	190,200	O	I-Material
+alkylidene	201,211	O	I-Material
+initiator	212,221	O	I-Material
+[	222,223	O	O
+7,12,21,61–65	223,236	O	O
+]	236,237	O	O
+.	237,238	O	O
+
+The	239,242	O	O
+exclusive	243,252	O	O
+preparation	253,264	O	B-Process
+of	265,267	O	I-Process
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+-	271,272	O	I-Process
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+ring	287,291	O	I-Process
+-	291,292	O	I-Process
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+polymers	299,307	O	I-Process
+(	308,309	O	O
+realized	309,317	O	O
+by	318,320	O	O
+a	321,322	O	O
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+quantitative	350,362	O	I-Process
+initiation	363,373	O	I-Process
+)	373,374	O	O
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+applied	382,389	O	O
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+to	399,401	O	O
+prepare	402,409	O	O
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+(	427,428	O	O
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+)	432,433	O	O
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+with	442,446	O	O
+another	447,454	O	O
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+[	488,489	O	O
+66	489,491	O	O
+]	491,492	O	O
+,	492,493	O	O
+but	494,497	O	O
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+for	503,506	O	O
+preparation	507,518	O	B-Process
+of	519,521	O	I-Process
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+,	535,536	O	O
+as	537,539	O	O
+described	540,549	O	O
+below	550,555	O	O
+.	555,556	O	O
+
+In	557,559	O	O
+contrast	560,568	O	O
+,	568,569	O	O
+the	570,573	O	O
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+efficiency	585,595	O	O
+is	596,598	O	O
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+always	603,609	O	O
+perfect	610,617	O	O
+as	618,620	O	O
+seen	621,625	O	O
+in	626,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
+molybdenum	633,643	O	B-Material
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+initiators	655,665	O	I-Material
+,	665,666	O	O
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+(	698,699	O	O
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+.	706,707	O	O
+)	707,708	O	O
+should	709,715	O	O
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+with	785,789	O	O
+the	790,793	O	O
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+catalysts	812,821	O	I-Material
+(	822,823	O	O
+Scheme	823,829	O	O
+2	830,831	O	O
+)	831,832	O	O
+[	833,834	O	O
+67–69	834,839	O	O
+]	839,840	O	O
+.	840,841	O	O
+
+An	842,844	O	O
+equilibrium	845,856	O	O
+between	857,864	O	O
+coordination	865,877	O	B-Process
+and	878,881	O	O
+dissociation	882,894	O	B-Process
+of	895,897	O	O
+PR3	898,901	O	B-Material
+should	902,908	O	O
+be	909,911	O	O
+present	912,919	O	O
+even	920,924	O	O
+in	925,927	O	O
+the	928,931	O	O
+propagation	932,943	O	B-Process
+process	944,951	O	I-Process
+,	951,952	O	O
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+replacement	957,968	O	O
+of	969,971	O	O
+halogen	972,979	O	B-Material
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+the	985,988	O	O
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+anionic	995,1002	O	B-Material
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+(	1010,1011	O	O
+and/or	1011,1017	O	O
+replacement	1018,1029	O	O
+of	1030,1032	O	O
+PR3	1033,1036	O	B-Material
+with	1037,1041	O	O
+the	1042,1045	O	O
+other	1046,1051	O	O
+neutral	1052,1059	O	B-Material
+donor	1060,1065	O	I-Material
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+/	1073,1074	O	I-Material
+substrates	1074,1084	O	I-Material
+)	1084,1085	O	O
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+be	1095,1097	O	O
+considered	1098,1108	O	O
+as	1109,1111	O	O
+the	1112,1115	O	O
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+.	1139,1140	O	O
+
+Importance	1141,1151	O	O
+of	1152,1154	O	O
+using	1155,1160	O	O
+the	1161,1164	O	O
+molybdenum	1165,1175	O	B-Material
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+thus	1196,1200	O	O
+emphasized	1201,1211	O	O
+for	1212,1215	O	O
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+precise	1222,1229	O	O
+preparations	1230,1242	O	O
+,	1242,1243	O	O
+although	1244,1252	O	O
+the	1253,1256	O	O
+initiators	1257,1267	O	O
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+highly	1272,1278	O	O
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+to	1289,1291	O	O
+moisture	1292,1300	O	O
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+monomers	1310,1318	O	B-Material
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+solvent	1323,1330	O	B-Material
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+to	1336,1338	O	O
+be	1339,1341	O	O
+thus	1342,1346	O	O
+strictly	1347,1355	O	O
+purified	1356,1364	O	O
+to	1365,1367	O	O
+avoid	1368,1373	O	O
+the	1374,1377	O	O
+catalyst	1378,1386	O	B-Material
+decomposition	1387,1400	O	B-Process
+(	1401,1402	O	O
+deactivation	1402,1414	O	B-Process
+)	1414,1415	O	O
+.	1415,1416	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386110004039)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
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+of	15,17	O	O
+ROMP	18,22	O	B-Material
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+is	49,51	O	O
+the	52,55	O	O
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+
+ROM	129,132	O	B-Material
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+tested	152,158	O	O
+as	159,161	O	O
+matrix	162,168	O	B-Material
+materials	169,178	O	I-Material
+for	179,182	O	O
+the	183,186	O	O
+oxygen	187,193	O	B-Material
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+phosphorescent	202,216	O	B-Material
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+.	270,271	O	O
+
+A	272,273	O	O
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+between	286,293	O	O
+the	294,297	O	O
+nature	298,304	O	O
+of	305,307	O	O
+the	308,311	O	O
+ROM	312,315	O	B-Material
+polymer	316,323	O	I-Material
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+the	341,344	O	O
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+response	353,361	O	O
+of	362,364	O	O
+the	365,368	O	O
+sensor	369,375	O	B-Material
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+been	390,394	O	O
+established	395,406	O	O
+[	407,408	O	O
+34	408,410	O	O
+]	410,411	O	O
+.	411,412	O	O
+
+Several	413,420	O	O
+works	421,426	O	O
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+to	441,443	O	O
+the	444,447	O	O
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+-	465,466	O	I-Task
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+[	524,525	O	O
+35,36	525,530	O	O
+]	530,531	O	O
+,	531,532	O	O
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+37	553,555	O	O
+]	555,556	O	O
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+[	574,575	O	O
+38	575,577	O	O
+]	577,578	O	O
+,	578,579	O	O
+their	580,585	O	O
+random	586,592	O	O
+copolymerization	593,609	O	B-Process
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+the	614,617	O	O
+evaluation	618,628	O	B-Task
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+.	672,673	O	O
+
+Another	674,681	O	O
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+which	792,797	O	O
+were	798,802	O	O
+tested	803,809	O	O
+as	810,812	O	O
+macroinitiators	813,828	O	B-Material
+for	829,832	O	O
+the	833,836	O	O
+photopolymerization	837,856	O	O
+of	857,859	O	O
+acrylates	860,869	O	B-Material
+aiming	870,876	O	O
+at	877,879	O	O
+an	880,882	O	O
+initiator	883,892	O	B-Material
+/	892,893	O	I-Material
+coinitiator	893,904	O	I-Material
+system	905,911	O	I-Material
+which	912,917	O	O
+combines	918,926	O	O
+good	927,931	O	O
+polymerization	932,946	O	B-Process
+activity	947,955	O	O
+with	956,960	O	O
+improved	961,969	O	O
+migration	970,979	O	O
+stability	980,989	O	O
+[	990,991	O	O
+39	991,993	O	O
+]	993,994	O	O
+.	994,995	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0032386114008428)
+
+Another	0,7	O	B-Process
+choice	8,14	O	I-Process
+was	15,18	O	O
+to	19,21	O	O
+graft	22,27	O	B-Process
+the	28,31	O	I-Process
+fluorinated	32,43	O	I-Process
+groups	44,50	O	I-Process
+on	51,53	O	I-Process
+the	54,57	O	I-Process
+copolymers	58,68	O	I-Process
+with	69,73	O	I-Process
+functional	74,84	O	I-Process
+groups	85,91	O	I-Process
+.	91,92	O	O
+
+Casazza	93,100	O	O
+et	101,103	O	O
+al	104,106	O	O
+.	106,107	O	O
+
+[	108,109	O	O
+52	109,111	O	O
+]	111,112	O	O
+synthesized	113,124	O	O
+an	125,127	O	B-Task
+acrylic	128,135	O	I-Task
+terpolymer	136,146	O	I-Task
+with	147,151	O	I-Task
+pendent	152,159	O	I-Task
+perfluoroether	160,174	O	I-Task
+segments	175,183	O	I-Task
+via	184,187	O	O
+grafting	188,196	O	B-Process
+fluorinated	197,208	O	I-Process
+groups	209,215	O	I-Process
+into	216,220	O	O
+a	221,222	O	O
+poly(butyl	223,233	O	B-Material
+methacrylate	234,246	O	I-Material
+-	246,247	O	I-Material
+co	247,249	O	I-Material
+-	249,250	O	I-Material
+hydroxyehtyl	250,262	O	I-Material
+acrylate	263,271	O	I-Material
+-	271,272	O	I-Material
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+-	274,275	O	I-Material
+ethyl	275,280	O	I-Material
+acrylate	281,289	O	I-Material
+)	289,290	O	O
+
+random	291,297	O	O
+copolymer	298,307	O	B-Material
+through	308,315	O	O
+hexamethylene	316,329	O	B-Process
+diisocyanate	330,342	O	I-Process
+functionality	343,356	O	I-Process
+.	356,357	O	O
+
+Malshe	358,364	O	O
+et	365,367	O	O
+al	368,370	O	O
+.	370,371	O	O
+
+[	372,373	O	O
+53,54	373,378	O	O
+]	378,379	O	O
+studied	380,387	O	O
+the	388,391	O	B-Task
+coating	392,399	O	I-Task
+properties	400,410	O	I-Task
+of	411,413	O	I-Task
+fluorinated	414,425	O	I-Task
+acrylic	426,433	O	I-Task
+copolymers	434,444	O	I-Task
+based	445,450	O	O
+on	451,453	O	O
+MMA	454,457	O	B-Material
+,	457,458	O	O
+BA	459,461	O	B-Material
+,	461,462	O	O
+and	463,466	O	O
+2-hydroxyethyl	467,481	O	B-Material
+methacrylate	482,494	O	I-Material
+(	495,496	O	O
+HEMA	496,500	O	B-Material
+)	500,501	O	O
+.	501,502	O	O
+
+They	503,507	O	O
+partially	508,517	O	O
+esterified	518,528	O	O
+hydroxyl	529,537	O	B-Task
+functionality	538,551	O	I-Task
+of	552,554	O	I-Task
+HEMA	555,559	O	I-Task
+with	560,564	O	I-Task
+tetrafluoro	565,576	O	I-Task
+propanoic	577,586	O	I-Task
+acid	587,591	O	I-Task
+and	592,595	O	O
+cured	596,601	O	O
+the	602,605	O	B-Material
+polymer	606,613	O	I-Material
+with	614,618	O	I-Material
+butylated	619,628	O	I-Material
+melamine	629,637	O	I-Material
+formaldehyde	638,650	O	I-Material
+resin	651,656	O	I-Material
+.	656,657	O	O
+
+Such	658,662	O	O
+methods	663,670	O	O
+were	671,675	O	O
+suited	676,682	O	O
+for	683,686	O	O
+the	687,690	O	O
+synthesis	691,700	O	O
+of	701,703	O	O
+copolymers	704,714	O	B-Material
+containing	715,725	O	I-Material
+complicated	726,737	O	I-Material
+fluorinated	738,749	O	I-Material
+groups	750,756	O	I-Material
+or	757,759	O	O
+difficult	760,769	O	O
+to	770,772	O	O
+be	773,775	O	O
+provided	776,784	O	O
+directly	785,793	O	O
+by	794,796	O	O
+living	797,803	O	B-Process
+polymerization	804,818	O	I-Process
+.	818,819	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0038092X11004129)
+
+Assuming	0,8	O	O
+a	9,10	O	O
+constant	11,19	O	O
+cell	20,24	O	B-Process
+electrical	25,35	O	I-Process
+conversion	36,46	O	I-Process
+efficiency	47,57	O	O
+of	58,60	O	O
+15	61,63	O	O
+%	63,64	O	O
+,	64,65	O	O
+a	66,67	O	O
+constant	68,76	O	O
+fraction	77,85	O	O
+of	86,88	O	O
+the	89,92	O	O
+incident	93,101	O	O
+solar	102,107	O	B-Process
+radiation	108,117	O	I-Process
+would	118,123	O	O
+be	124,126	O	O
+dissipated	127,137	O	O
+by	138,140	O	O
+the	141,144	O	O
+solar	145,150	O	O
+cell	151,155	O	O
+for	156,159	O	O
+each	160,164	O	O
+solar	165,170	O	B-Process
+radiation	171,180	O	I-Process
+intensity	181,190	O	O
+level	191,196	O	O
+.	196,197	O	O
+
+From	198,202	O	O
+Table	203,208	O	O
+2	209,210	O	O
+,	210,211	O	O
+it	212,214	O	O
+can	215,218	O	O
+be	219,221	O	O
+seen	222,226	O	O
+that	227,231	O	O
+for	232,235	O	O
+the	236,239	O	O
+worst	240,245	O	O
+scenario	246,254	O	O
+when	255,259	O	O
+the	260,263	O	O
+ambient	264,271	O	O
+temperature	272,283	O	O
+was	284,287	O	O
+50	288,290	O	O
+°	290,291	O	O
+C	291,292	O	O
+with	293,297	O	O
+natural	298,305	O	B-Process
+convection	306,316	O	I-Process
+only	317,321	O	O
+,	321,322	O	O
+the	323,326	O	O
+predicted	327,336	O	B-Task
+cell	337,341	O	I-Task
+electrical	342,352	O	I-Task
+conversion	353,363	O	I-Task
+efficiency	364,374	O	I-Task
+would	375,380	O	O
+have	381,385	O	O
+reduced	386,393	O	O
+to	394,396	O	O
+approximately	397,410	O	O
+8	411,412	O	O
+%	412,413	O	O
+rather	414,420	O	O
+than	421,425	O	O
+the	426,429	O	O
+15	430,432	O	O
+%	432,433	O	O
+assumed	434,441	O	O
+.	441,442	O	O
+
+The	443,446	O	O
+energy	447,453	O	O
+dissipated	454,464	O	O
+as	465,467	O	O
+heat	468,472	O	O
+from	473,477	O	O
+the	478,481	O	O
+cell	482,486	O	O
+would	487,492	O	O
+thus	493,497	O	O
+be	498,500	O	O
+7	501,502	O	O
+%	502,503	O	O
+higher	504,510	O	O
+.	510,511	O	O
+
+To	512,514	O	O
+correct	515,522	O	O
+for	523,526	O	O
+this	527,531	O	O
+effect	532,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+apparent	543,551	O	B-Process
+insolation	552,562	O	I-Process
+level	563,568	O	I-Process
+should	569,575	O	O
+be	576,578	O	O
+modified	579,587	O	O
+using	588,593	O	O
+the	594,597	O	O
+following	598,607	O	O
+formula:(3)Iact	608,623	O	O
+
+=	623,624	O	O
+I×0.850.85+dηwhere	624,642	O	O
+
+Iact	643,647	O	O
+is	648,650	O	O
+the	651,654	O	O
+actual	655,661	O	O
+incident	662,670	O	O
+solar	671,676	O	B-Process
+radiation	677,686	O	I-Process
+intensity	687,696	O	O
+,	696,697	O	O
+dη	698,700	O	O
+is	701,703	O	O
+solar	704,709	O	O
+cell	710,714	O	O
+efficiency	715,725	O	O
+difference	726,736	O	O
+between	737,744	O	O
+the	745,748	O	O
+initially	749,758	O	O
+assumed	759,766	O	O
+15	767,769	O	O
+%	769,770	O	O
+and	771,774	O	O
+final	775,780	O	O
+calculated	781,791	O	O
+cell	792,796	O	O
+efficiency	797,807	O	O
+based	808,813	O	O
+on	814,816	O	O
+measured	817,825	O	O
+cell	826,830	O	O
+temperature	831,842	O	O
+.	842,843	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0038092X14000942)
+
+Thermal	0,7	O	B-Task
+performance	8,19	O	I-Task
+of	20,22	O	I-Task
+the	23,26	O	I-Task
+smart	27,32	O	I-Task
+window	33,39	O	I-Task
+has	40,43	O	O
+been	44,48	O	O
+predicted	49,58	O	O
+under	59,64	O	O
+different	65,74	O	O
+simulated	75,84	O	B-Process
+parameters	85,95	O	I-Process
+namely	96,102	O	O
+,	102,103	O	O
+direct	104,110	O	B-Process
+solar	111,116	O	I-Process
+radiation	117,126	O	I-Process
+intensity	127,136	O	I-Process
+,	136,137	O	O
+ambient	138,145	O	B-Process
+temperature	146,157	O	I-Process
+,	157,158	O	O
+water	159,164	O	B-Process
+inlet	165,170	O	I-Process
+temperature	171,182	O	I-Process
+,	182,183	O	O
+and	184,187	O	O
+water	188,193	O	B-Process
+flow	194,198	O	I-Process
+rate	199,203	O	I-Process
+.	203,204	O	O
+
+Fig	205,208	O	O
+.	208,209	O	O
+
+11	210,212	O	O
+shows	213,218	O	O
+a	219,220	O	O
+sample	221,227	O	O
+of	228,230	O	O
+temperature	231,242	O	O
+distribution	243,255	O	O
+of	256,258	O	O
+all	259,262	O	O
+window	263,269	O	B-Material
+components	270,280	O	I-Material
+at	281,283	O	O
+a	284,285	O	O
+plane	286,291	O	O
+passing	292,299	O	O
+through	300,307	O	O
+the	308,311	O	O
+horizontal	312,322	O	O
+window	323,329	O	O
+segment	330,337	O	O
+based	338,343	O	O
+on	344,346	O	O
+simulation	347,357	O	B-Material
+physical	358,366	O	I-Material
+conditions	367,377	O	I-Material
+listed	378,384	O	O
+on	385,387	O	O
+Table	388,393	O	O
+3	394,395	O	O
+.	395,396	O	O
+
+Simulation	397,407	O	B-Material
+data	408,412	O	I-Material
+has	413,416	O	O
+been	417,421	O	O
+collected	422,431	O	O
+from	432,436	O	O
+all	437,440	O	O
+successive	441,451	O	O
+simulations	452,463	O	B-Process
+.	463,464	O	O
+
+The	465,468	O	O
+effect	469,475	O	O
+of	476,478	O	O
+increasing	479,489	O	B-Process
+direct	490,496	O	I-Process
+solar	497,502	O	I-Process
+radiation	503,512	O	I-Process
+on	513,515	O	I-Process
+both	516,520	O	I-Process
+solar	521,526	O	I-Process
+cells	527,532	O	I-Process
+and	533,536	O	I-Process
+water	537,542	O	I-Process
+temperatures	543,555	O	I-Process
+is	556,558	O	O
+shown	559,564	O	O
+in	565,567	O	O
+Fig	568,571	O	O
+.	571,572	O	O
+
+12	573,575	O	O
+.	575,576	O	O
+
+Three	577,582	O	O
+different	583,592	O	O
+simulations	593,604	O	B-Process
+were	605,609	O	O
+performed	610,619	O	O
+assuming	620,628	O	O
+direct	629,635	O	O
+solar	636,641	O	B-Process
+radiation	642,651	O	I-Process
+intensities	652,663	O	O
+of	664,666	O	O
+400	667,670	O	O
+,	670,671	O	O
+600	672,675	O	O
+,	675,676	O	O
+and	677,680	O	O
+800W	681,685	O	O
+/	685,686	O	O
+m2	686,688	O	O
+incident	689,697	O	O
+on	698,700	O	O
+the	701,704	O	O
+window	705,711	O	B-Material
+’s	711,713	O	I-Material
+front	714,719	O	I-Material
+pane	720,724	O	I-Material
+with	725,729	O	O
+set	730,733	O	O
+ambient	734,741	O	O
+temperature	742,753	O	O
+,	753,754	O	O
+water	755,760	O	O
+inlet	761,766	O	O
+temperature	767,778	O	O
+and	779,782	O	O
+water	783,788	O	O
+flow	789,793	O	O
+rate	794,798	O	O
+of	799,801	O	O
+respectively	802,814	O	O
+273	815,818	O	O
+K	818,819	O	O
+,	819,820	O	O
+283	821,824	O	O
+K	824,825	O	O
+and	826,829	O	O
+0.01kg	830,836	O	O
+
+/	836,837	O	O
+s	837,838	O	O
+.	838,839	O	O
+
+Water	840,845	O	O
+temperature	846,857	O	O
+was	858,861	O	O
+found	862,867	O	O
+to	868,870	O	O
+increase	871,879	O	O
+by	880,882	O	O
+5	883,884	O	O
+°	884,885	O	O
+C	885,886	O	O
+as	887,889	O	O
+it	890,892	O	O
+passed	893,899	O	O
+through	900,907	O	O
+the	908,911	O	O
+tube	912,916	O	B-Material
+,	916,917	O	O
+carrying	918,926	O	O
+the	927,930	O	O
+solar	931,936	O	B-Material
+cells	937,942	O	I-Material
+,	942,943	O	O
+from	944,948	O	O
+left	949,953	O	O
+to	954,956	O	O
+right	957,962	O	O
+for	963,966	O	O
+the	967,970	O	O
+bottom	971,977	O	O
+most	978,982	O	O
+units	983,988	O	O
+at	989,991	O	O
+800W	992,996	O	O
+/	996,997	O	O
+m2	997,999	O	O
+of	1000,1002	O	O
+direct	1003,1009	O	O
+incident	1010,1018	O	O
+solar	1019,1024	O	B-Process
+radiation	1025,1034	O	I-Process
+.	1034,1035	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0038092X14004770)
+
+Shading	0,7	O	B-Process
+can	8,11	O	O
+be	12,14	O	O
+the	15,18	O	O
+most	19,23	O	O
+detrimental	24,35	O	O
+factor	36,42	O	O
+on	43,45	O	O
+performance	46,57	O	O
+for	58,61	O	O
+a	62,63	O	O
+domestic	64,72	O	B-Material
+system	73,79	O	I-Material
+.	79,80	O	O
+
+The	81,84	O	O
+impact	85,91	O	O
+of	92,94	O	O
+shading	95,102	O	B-Process
+on	103,105	O	O
+performance	106,117	O	O
+varies	118,124	O	O
+depending	125,134	O	O
+on	135,137	O	O
+the	138,141	O	O
+electrical	142,152	O	O
+series	153,159	O	O
+and	160,163	O	O
+parallel	164,172	O	O
+arrangement	173,184	O	O
+of	185,187	O	O
+cells	188,193	O	B-Material
+within	194,200	O	O
+a	201,202	O	O
+module	203,209	O	B-Material
+and	210,213	O	O
+modules	214,221	O	B-Material
+within	222,228	O	O
+an	229,231	O	O
+installed	232,241	O	B-Material
+array	242,247	O	I-Material
+.	247,248	O	O
+
+Whilst	249,255	O	O
+many	256,260	O	O
+approaches	261,271	O	O
+to	272,274	O	O
+shading	275,282	O	B-Process
+analysis	283,291	O	I-Process
+have	292,296	O	O
+been	297,301	O	O
+proposed	302,310	O	O
+,	310,311	O	O
+computational	312,325	O	O
+efficiency	326,336	O	O
+is	337,339	O	O
+not	340,343	O	O
+reported	344,352	O	O
+despite	353,360	O	O
+being	361,366	O	O
+of	367,369	O	O
+high	370,374	O	O
+importance	375,385	O	O
+when	386,390	O	O
+incorporating	391,404	O	O
+shading	405,412	O	B-Process
+algorithms	413,423	O	I-Process
+into	424,428	O	O
+an	429,431	O	O
+overall	432,439	O	O
+energy	440,446	O	B-Process
+yield	447,452	O	I-Process
+model	453,458	O	I-Process
+.	458,459	O	O
+
+The	460,463	O	O
+lack	464,468	O	O
+of	469,471	O	O
+consideration	472,485	O	O
+of	486,488	O	O
+the	489,492	O	O
+non	493,496	O	O
+-	496,497	O	O
+linear	497,503	O	O
+impacts	504,511	O	O
+of	512,514	O	O
+shading	515,522	O	B-Process
+on	523,525	O	O
+smaller	526,533	O	O
+systems	534,541	O	O
+for	542,545	O	O
+example	546,553	O	O
+means	554,559	O	O
+that	560,564	O	O
+the	565,568	O	O
+shading	569,576	O	B-Process
+loss	577,581	O	O
+is	582,584	O	O
+significantly	585,598	O	O
+underestimated	599,613	O	O
+,	613,614	O	O
+especially	615,625	O	O
+from	626,630	O	O
+supposedly	631,641	O	O
+small	642,647	O	O
+obstacles	648,657	O	O
+such	658,662	O	O
+as	663,665	O	O
+antennas	666,674	O	B-Material
+or	675,677	O	O
+chimneys	678,686	O	B-Material
+.	686,687	O	O
+
+As	688,690	O	O
+an	691,693	O	O
+example	694,701	O	O
+,	701,702	O	O
+the	703,706	O	O
+system	707,713	O	O
+shown	714,719	O	O
+in	720,722	O	O
+Fig	723,726	O	O
+.	726,727	O	O
+
+1	728,729	O	O
+illustrates	730,741	O	O
+the	742,745	O	O
+case	746,750	O	O
+where	751,756	O	O
+the	757,760	O	O
+installer	761,770	O	O
+may	771,774	O	O
+have	775,779	O	O
+attested	780,788	O	O
+a	789,790	O	O
+shade	791,796	O	B-Process
+loss	797,801	O	I-Process
+factor	802,808	O	O
+close	809,814	O	O
+to	815,817	O	O
+unity	818,823	O	O
+under	824,829	O	O
+UK	830,832	O	O
+microgeneration	833,848	O	O
+guidelines	849,859	O	O
+(	860,861	O	O
+Microgeneration	861,876	O	O
+Certification	877,890	O	O
+Scheme	891,897	O	O
+,	897,898	O	O
+2013	899,903	O	O
+)	903,904	O	O
+,	904,905	O	O
+i.e.	906,910	O	O
+negligible	911,921	O	O
+,	921,922	O	O
+but	923,926	O	O
+the	927,930	O	O
+performance	931,942	O	O
+of	943,945	O	O
+the	946,949	O	O
+system	950,956	O	B-Material
+is	957,959	O	O
+severely	960,968	O	O
+compromised	969,980	O	O
+due	981,984	O	O
+to	985,987	O	O
+the	988,991	O	O
+non	992,995	O	B-Process
+-	995,996	O	I-Process
+linear	996,1002	O	I-Process
+cell	1003,1007	O	I-Process
+mismatch	1008,1016	O	I-Process
+effects	1017,1024	O	I-Process
+.	1024,1025	O	O
+
+An	1026,1028	O	O
+effective	1029,1038	O	B-Process
+shading	1039,1046	O	I-Process
+sub	1047,1050	O	I-Process
+-	1050,1051	O	I-Process
+model	1051,1056	O	I-Process
+therefore	1057,1066	O	O
+needs	1067,1072	O	O
+to	1073,1075	O	O
+give	1076,1080	O	B-Task
+feedback	1081,1089	O	I-Task
+to	1090,1092	O	I-Task
+inform	1093,1099	O	I-Task
+decisions	1100,1109	O	I-Task
+of	1110,1112	O	I-Task
+array	1113,1118	O	I-Task
+layout	1119,1125	O	I-Task
+in	1126,1128	O	O
+the	1129,1132	O	O
+proximity	1133,1142	O	O
+of	1143,1145	O	O
+obstructions	1146,1158	O	O
+but	1159,1162	O	O
+must	1163,1167	O	O
+not	1168,1171	O	O
+rely	1172,1176	O	O
+on	1177,1179	O	O
+high	1180,1184	O	B-Process
+power	1185,1190	O	I-Process
+computing	1191,1200	O	I-Process
+.	1200,1201	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0038092X15000559)
+
+Progressive	0,11	O	B-Process
+photon	12,18	O	I-Process
+mapping	19,26	O	I-Process
+was	27,30	O	O
+first	31,36	O	O
+proposed	37,45	O	O
+by	46,48	O	O
+Hachisuka	49,58	O	O
+et	59,61	O	O
+al	62,64	O	O
+.	64,65	O	O
+
+(	66,67	O	O
+2008	67,71	O	O
+)	71,72	O	O
+as	73,75	O	O
+an	76,78	O	O
+iterative	79,88	O	B-Process
+extension	89,98	O	I-Process
+of	99,101	O	I-Process
+the	102,105	O	I-Process
+standard	106,114	O	I-Process
+static	115,121	O	I-Process
+photon	122,128	O	I-Process
+mapping	129,136	O	I-Process
+approach	137,145	O	O
+as	146,148	O	O
+implemented	149,160	O	O
+in	161,163	O	O
+the	164,167	O	O
+Radiance	168,176	O	B-Process
+extension	177,186	O	I-Process
+.	186,187	O	O
+
+It	188,190	O	O
+combines	191,199	O	O
+multiple	200,208	O	O
+smaller	209,216	O	O
+photon	217,223	O	B-Material
+maps	224,228	O	I-Material
+to	229,231	O	O
+approximate	232,243	O	O
+a	244,245	O	O
+much	246,250	O	O
+larger	251,257	O	O
+one	258,261	O	O
+which	262,267	O	O
+may	268,271	O	O
+not	272,275	O	O
+fit	276,279	O	O
+into	280,284	O	O
+memory	285,291	O	O
+using	292,297	O	O
+the	298,301	O	O
+traditional	302,313	O	B-Process
+approach	314,322	O	I-Process
+.	322,323	O	O
+
+Through	324,331	O	O
+iteration	332,341	O	O
+,	341,342	O	O
+the	343,346	O	O
+process	347,354	O	O
+mitigates	355,364	O	B-Process
+the	365,368	O	I-Process
+noise	369,374	O	I-Process
+inherent	375,383	O	O
+in	384,386	O	O
+Monte	387,392	O	B-Process
+Carlo	393,398	O	I-Process
+raytracing	399,409	O	I-Process
+by	410,412	O	O
+combining	413,422	O	B-Process
+successive	423,433	O	I-Process
+results	434,441	O	I-Process
+and	442,445	O	I-Process
+averaging	446,455	O	I-Process
+them	456,460	O	O
+.	460,461	O	O
+
+At	462,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+same	469,473	O	O
+time	474,478	O	O
+,	478,479	O	O
+the	480,483	O	O
+density	484,491	O	B-Process
+estimate	492,500	O	I-Process
+bandwidth1Bandwidth	501,520	O	I-Process
+describes	521,530	O	O
+the	531,534	O	O
+support	535,542	O	B-Process
+,	542,543	O	I-Process
+or	544,546	O	I-Process
+area	547,551	O	I-Process
+of	552,554	O	I-Process
+influence	555,564	O	I-Process
+,	564,565	O	I-Process
+of	566,568	O	I-Process
+a	569,570	O	I-Process
+filter	571,577	O	I-Process
+used	578,582	O	O
+to	583,585	O	O
+weight	586,592	O	B-Process
+the	593,596	O	I-Process
+photons	597,604	O	I-Process
+retrieved	605,614	O	O
+from	615,619	O	O
+the	620,623	O	O
+photon	624,630	O	B-Material
+map	631,634	O	I-Material
+during	635,641	O	O
+a	642,643	O	O
+nearest	644,651	O	B-Process
+neighbour	652,661	O	I-Process
+lookup	662,668	O	I-Process
+on	669,671	O	O
+a	672,673	O	O
+surface	674,681	O	B-Material
+(	682,683	O	O
+Jensen	683,689	O	O
+,	689,690	O	O
+2001	691,695	O	O
+)	695,696	O	O
+.	696,697	O	O
+
+The	698,701	O	O
+resulting	702,711	O	O
+irradiance	712,722	O	B-Material
+is	723,725	O	O
+proportional	726,738	O	O
+to	739,741	O	O
+the	742,745	O	O
+photon	746,752	O	B-Material
+density	753,760	O	O
+,	760,761	O	O
+and	762,765	O	O
+the	766,769	O	O
+bandwidth	770,779	O	O
+is	780,782	O	O
+defined	783,790	O	O
+by	791,793	O	O
+the	794,797	O	O
+distance	798,806	O	O
+(	807,808	O	O
+radius	808,814	O	O
+)	814,815	O	O
+to	816,818	O	O
+the	819,822	O	O
+furthest	823,831	O	O
+photon	832,838	O	B-Material
+found	839,844	O	O
+.	844,845	O	O
+
+In	846,848	O	O
+this	849,853	O	O
+paper	854,859	O	O
+,	859,860	O	O
+we	861,863	O	O
+generalise	864,874	O	O
+the	875,878	O	O
+term	879,883	O	O
+to	884,886	O	O
+describe	887,895	O	B-Task
+either	896,902	O	I-Task
+the	903,906	O	I-Task
+radius	907,913	O	I-Task
+or	914,916	O	I-Task
+the	917,920	O	I-Task
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+of	928,930	O	I-Task
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+neighbours	939,949	O	I-Task
+for	950,953	O	I-Task
+a	954,955	O	I-Task
+density	956,963	O	I-Task
+estimate	964,972	O	I-Task
+,	972,973	O	O
+depending	974,983	O	O
+on	984,986	O	O
+the	987,990	O	O
+implementation.1	991,1007	O	O
+(	1008,1009	O	O
+radius	1009,1015	O	O
+or	1016,1018	O	O
+number	1019,1025	O	O
+of	1026,1028	O	O
+nearest	1029,1036	O	O
+photons	1037,1044	O	B-Material
+)	1044,1045	O	O
+is	1046,1048	O	O
+gradually	1049,1058	O	O
+reduced	1059,1066	O	O
+to	1067,1069	O	O
+mitigate	1070,1078	O	B-Process
+bias	1079,1083	O	I-Process
+.	1083,1084	O	O
+
+As	1085,1087	O	O
+Hachisuka	1088,1097	O	O
+points	1098,1104	O	O
+out	1105,1108	O	O
+,	1108,1109	O	O
+the	1110,1113	O	O
+accumulated	1114,1125	O	O
+density	1126,1133	O	O
+estimates	1134,1143	O	O
+converge	1144,1152	O	O
+to	1153,1155	O	O
+an	1156,1158	O	O
+unbiased	1159,1167	O	O
+solution	1168,1176	O	O
+in	1177,1179	O	O
+the	1180,1183	O	O
+limit	1184,1189	O	O
+.	1189,1190	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0038092X15001681)
+
+For	0,3	O	O
+the	4,7	O	O
+reverse	8,15	O	B-Process
+current	16,23	O	I-Process
+analysis	24,32	O	I-Process
+,	32,33	O	O
+for	34,37	O	O
+both	38,42	O	O
+scenarios	43,52	O	O
+(	53,54	O	O
+shading	54,61	O	O
+and	62,65	O	O
+short	66,71	O	O
+circuits	72,80	O	O
+)	80,81	O	O
+were	82,86	O	O
+tested	87,93	O	O
+on	94,96	O	O
+two	97,100	O	O
+systems	101,108	O	O
+,	108,109	O	O
+one	110,113	O	O
+system	114,120	O	O
+using	121,126	O	O
+standard	127,135	O	B-Material
+silicon	136,143	O	I-Material
+modules	144,151	O	I-Material
+and	152,155	O	O
+another	156,163	O	O
+system	164,170	O	O
+using	171,176	O	O
+high	177,181	O	B-Material
+efficiency	182,192	O	I-Material
+modules	193,200	O	I-Material
+.	200,201	O	O
+
+For	202,205	O	O
+the	206,209	O	O
+standard	210,218	O	B-Material
+silicon	219,226	O	I-Material
+system	227,233	O	I-Material
+,	233,234	O	O
+a	235,236	O	O
+power	237,242	O	O
+of	243,245	O	O
+50kWp	246,251	O	O
+was	252,255	O	O
+considered	256,266	O	O
+,	266,267	O	O
+with	268,272	O	O
+a	273,274	O	O
+system	275,281	O	B-Material
+composed	282,290	O	O
+by	291,293	O	O
+10	294,296	O	B-Material
+strings	297,304	O	I-Material
+of	305,307	O	I-Material
+24	308,310	O	I-Material
+modules	311,318	O	I-Material
+per	319,322	O	I-Material
+string	323,329	O	I-Material
+and	330,333	O	O
+an	334,336	O	O
+approximate	337,348	O	O
+system	349,355	O	O
+Voc	356,359	O	B-Material
+of	360,362	O	I-Material
+864	363,366	O	I-Material
+[	367,368	O	O
+VDC	368,371	O	B-Material
+]	371,372	O	O
+.	372,373	O	O
+
+For	374,377	O	O
+the	378,381	O	O
+high	382,386	O	B-Material
+efficiency	387,397	O	I-Material
+system	398,404	O	I-Material
+,	404,405	O	O
+a	406,407	O	O
+power	408,413	O	O
+of	414,416	O	O
+40kWp	417,422	O	O
+was	423,426	O	O
+considered	427,437	O	O
+,	437,438	O	O
+with	439,443	O	O
+a	444,445	O	O
+system	446,452	O	B-Material
+composed	453,461	O	O
+by	462,464	O	O
+10	465,467	O	B-Material
+strings	468,475	O	I-Material
+of	476,478	O	I-Material
+18	479,481	O	I-Material
+modules	482,489	O	I-Material
+per	490,493	O	I-Material
+string	494,500	O	I-Material
+and	501,504	O	O
+an	505,507	O	O
+approximate	508,519	O	O
+system	520,526	O	O
+Voc	527,530	O	B-Material
+of	531,533	O	I-Material
+873	534,537	O	I-Material
+
+[	538,539	O	O
+VDC	539,542	O	B-Material
+]	542,543	O	O
+.	543,544	O	O
+
+Fig	545,548	O	O
+.	548,549	O	O
+
+5(a	550,553	O	O
+)	553,554	O	O
+shows	555,560	O	O
+the	561,564	O	O
+reverse	565,572	O	O
+current	573,580	O	O
+present	581,588	O	O
+in	589,591	O	O
+one	592,595	O	O
+string	596,602	O	O
+when	603,607	O	O
+different	608,617	O	O
+numbers	618,625	O	O
+of	626,628	O	O
+modules	629,636	O	O
+in	637,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+string	644,650	O	O
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+shaded	655,661	O	O
+by	662,664	O	O
+90	665,667	O	O
+%	667,668	O	O
+.	668,669	O	O
+
+Fig	670,673	O	O
+.	673,674	O	O
+
+5(b	675,678	O	O
+)	678,679	O	O
+shows	680,685	O	O
+the	686,689	O	O
+reverse	690,697	O	B-Task
+current	698,705	O	I-Task
+present	706,713	O	O
+in	714,716	O	O
+one	717,720	O	O
+string	721,727	O	O
+when	728,732	O	O
+different	733,742	O	B-Process
+numbers	743,750	O	I-Process
+of	751,753	O	I-Process
+modules	754,761	O	I-Process
+of	762,764	O	I-Process
+the	765,768	O	I-Process
+string	769,775	O	I-Process
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+short	780,785	O	I-Process
+-	785,786	O	I-Process
+circuited	786,795	O	I-Process
+.	795,796	O	O
+
+For	797,800	O	O
+both	801,805	O	O
+figures	806,813	O	O
+the	814,817	O	O
+continuous	818,828	O	O
+lines	829,834	O	O
+are	835,838	O	O
+for	839,842	O	O
+the	843,846	O	O
+standard	847,855	O	B-Material
+silicon	856,863	O	I-Material
+system	864,870	O	I-Material
+and	871,874	O	O
+the	875,878	O	O
+dashed	879,885	O	O
+lines	886,891	O	O
+are	892,895	O	O
+for	896,899	O	O
+the	900,903	O	O
+high	904,908	O	B-Material
+efficiency	909,919	O	I-Material
+system	920,926	O	I-Material
+.	926,927	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0039602899010869)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+final	4,9	O	O
+contribution	10,22	O	O
+to	23,25	O	O
+the	26,29	O	O
+force	30,35	O	O
+is	36,38	O	O
+the	39,42	O	O
+van	43,46	O	B-Process
+der	47,50	O	I-Process
+Waals	51,56	O	I-Process
+interaction	57,68	O	I-Process
+.	68,69	O	O
+
+It	70,72	O	O
+includes	73,81	O	O
+the	82,85	O	O
+following	86,95	O	O
+contributions	96,109	O	O
+:	109,110	O	O
+(	111,112	O	O
+i	112,113	O	O
+)	113,114	O	O
+between	115,122	O	O
+the	123,126	O	O
+macroscopic	127,138	O	B-Material
+Si	139,141	O	I-Material
+tip	142,145	O	I-Material
+of	146,148	O	O
+conical	149,156	O	O
+shape	157,162	O	O
+with	163,167	O	O
+the	168,171	O	O
+sphere	172,178	O	O
+of	179,181	O	O
+radius	182,188	O	O
+R	189,190	O	O
+at	191,193	O	O
+the	194,197	O	O
+end	198,201	O	O
+[	202,203	O	O
+27	203,205	O	O
+]	205,206	O	O
+and	207,210	O	O
+semi	211,215	O	B-Material
+-	215,216	O	I-Material
+infinite	216,224	O	I-Material
+substrate	225,234	O	I-Material
+;	234,235	O	O
+(	236,237	O	O
+ii	237,239	O	O
+)	239,240	O	O
+the	241,244	O	O
+dispersion	245,255	O	B-Process
+forces	256,262	O	I-Process
+between	263,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+atoms	275,280	O	B-Material
+in	281,283	O	O
+the	284,287	O	O
+sample	288,294	O	O
+treated	295,302	O	O
+atomistically	303,316	O	O
+;	316,317	O	O
+and	318,321	O	O
+(	322,323	O	O
+iii	323,326	O	O
+)	326,327	O	O
+the	328,331	O	O
+interaction	332,343	O	O
+between	344,351	O	O
+the	352,355	O	O
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+the	376,379	O	I-Material
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+the	388,391	O	O
+sample	392,398	O	B-Material
+atoms	399,404	O	I-Material
+.	404,405	O	O
+
+The	406,409	O	O
+first	410,415	O	O
+contribution	416,428	O	O
+is	429,431	O	O
+calculated	432,442	O	O
+analytically	443,455	O	O
+[	456,457	O	O
+27	457,459	O	O
+]	459,460	O	O
+.	460,461	O	O
+
+In	462,464	O	O
+fact	465,469	O	O
+,	469,470	O	O
+the	471,474	O	O
+macroscopic	475,486	O	O
+contribution	487,499	O	O
+to	500,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+van	507,510	O	B-Process
+der	511,514	O	I-Process
+Waals	515,520	O	I-Process
+force	521,526	O	I-Process
+is	527,529	O	O
+the	530,533	O	O
+same	534,538	O	O
+in	539,541	O	O
+each	542,546	O	O
+of	547,549	O	O
+the	550,553	O	O
+three	554,559	O	O
+systems	560,567	O	O
+described	568,577	O	O
+below	578,583	O	O
+,	583,584	O	O
+as	585,587	O	O
+it	588,590	O	O
+depends	591,598	O	O
+only	599,603	O	O
+on	604,606	O	O
+the	607,610	O	O
+tip	611,614	O	B-Process
+–	614,615	O	I-Process
+surface	615,622	O	I-Process
+separation	623,633	O	I-Process
+,	633,634	O	O
+macroscopic	635,646	O	O
+sphere	647,653	O	O
+radius	654,660	O	O
+,	660,661	O	O
+cone	662,666	O	O
+-	666,667	O	O
+angle	667,672	O	O
+and	673,676	O	O
+Hamaker	677,684	O	O
+constant	685,693	O	O
+of	694,696	O	O
+the	697,700	O	O
+system	701,707	O	O
+[	708,709	O	O
+27	709,711	O	O
+]	711,712	O	O
+.	712,713	O	O
+
+All	714,717	O	O
+these	718,723	O	O
+quantities	724,734	O	O
+are	735,738	O	O
+identical	739,748	O	O
+in	749,751	O	O
+each	752,756	O	O
+system	757,763	O	O
+
+we	764,766	O	O
+look	767,771	O	O
+at	772,774	O	O
+,	774,775	O	O
+so	776,778	O	O
+that	779,783	O	O
+the	784,787	O	O
+van	788,791	O	B-Process
+der	792,795	O	I-Process
+Waals	796,801	O	I-Process
+force	802,807	O	I-Process
+acts	808,812	O	O
+as	813,815	O	O
+a	816,817	O	O
+background	818,828	O	O
+attractive	829,839	O	O
+force	840,845	O	O
+independent	846,857	O	O
+of	858,860	O	O
+the	861,864	O	O
+microscopic	865,876	O	O
+properties	877,887	O	O
+of	888,890	O	O
+the	891,894	O	O
+system	895,901	O	O
+[	902,903	O	O
+8	903,904	O	O
+]	904,905	O	O
+.	905,906	O	O
+
+The	907,910	O	O
+Hamaker	911,918	O	O
+constant	919,927	O	O
+needed	928,934	O	O
+for	935,938	O	O
+the	939,942	O	O
+calculation	943,954	O	B-Process
+of	955,957	O	O
+the	958,961	O	O
+macroscopic	962,973	O	B-Process
+van	974,977	O	I-Process
+der	978,981	O	I-Process
+Waals	982,987	O	I-Process
+force	988,993	O	I-Process
+is	994,996	O	O
+estimated	997,1006	O	O
+to	1007,1009	O	O
+be	1010,1012	O	O
+0.5eV	1013,1018	O	O
+
+[	1019,1020	O	O
+32	1020,1022	O	O
+]	1022,1023	O	O
+.	1023,1024	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782511003823)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+present	7,14	O	O
+work	15,19	O	O
+we	20,22	O	O
+use	23,26	O	O
+the	27,30	O	O
+mortar	31,37	O	B-Process
+finite	38,44	O	I-Process
+element	45,52	O	I-Process
+method	53,59	O	O
+for	60,63	O	O
+the	64,67	O	O
+coupling	68,76	O	B-Task
+of	77,79	O	I-Task
+nonconforming	80,93	O	I-Task
+discretized	94,105	O	I-Task
+sub	106,109	O	I-Task
+-	109,110	O	I-Task
+domains	110,117	O	I-Task
+in	118,120	O	I-Task
+the	121,124	O	I-Task
+framework	125,134	O	I-Task
+of	135,137	O	I-Task
+nonlinear	138,147	O	I-Task
+elasticity	148,158	O	I-Task
+.	158,159	O	O
+
+The	160,163	O	O
+mortar	164,170	O	B-Process
+method	171,177	O	I-Process
+has	178,181	O	O
+been	182,186	O	O
+shown	187,192	O	O
+to	193,195	O	O
+preserve	196,204	O	O
+optimal	205,212	O	B-Task
+convergence	213,224	O	I-Task
+rates	225,230	O	I-Task
+(	231,232	O	O
+see	232,235	O	O
+Laursen	236,243	O	O
+(	244,245	O	O
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+)	249,250	O	O
+
+[	251,252	O	O
+25	252,254	O	O
+]	254,255	O	O
+for	256,259	O	O
+details	260,267	O	O
+)	267,268	O	O
+and	269,272	O	O
+is	273,275	O	O
+variationally	276,289	O	O
+consistent	290,300	O	O
+.	300,301	O	O
+
+We	302,304	O	O
+show	305,309	O	O
+that	310,314	O	O
+the	315,318	O	O
+method	319,325	O	O
+can	326,329	O	O
+be	330,332	O	O
+applied	333,340	O	O
+to	341,343	O	O
+isogeometric	344,356	O	B-Task
+analysis	357,365	O	I-Task
+with	366,370	O	O
+little	371,377	O	O
+effort	378,384	O	O
+,	384,385	O	O
+once	386,390	O	O
+the	391,394	O	O
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+.	456,457	O	O
+
+Furthermore	458,469	O	O
+,	469,470	O	O
+a	471,472	O	O
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+
+The	622,625	O	O
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+of	648,650	O	O
+the	651,654	O	O
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+well	683,687	O	O
+as	688,690	O	O
+the	691,694	O	O
+energy	695,701	O	B-Task
+–	701,702	O	I-Task
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+.	769,770	O	O
+
+In	770,772	O	O
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+-	879,880	O	I-Task
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+.	928,929	O	O
+
+The	930,933	O	O
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+has	948,951	O	O
+been	952,956	O	O
+shown	957,962	O	O
+to	963,965	O	O
+preserve	966,974	O	O
+optimal	975,982	O	O
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+(	1001,1002	O	O
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+Laursen	1006,1013	O	O
+(	1014,1015	O	O
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+)	1019,1020	O	O
+
+[	1021,1022	O	O
+25	1022,1024	O	O
+]	1024,1025	O	O
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+details	1030,1037	O	O
+)	1037,1038	O	O
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+.	1070,1071	O	O
+
+We	1072,1074	O	O
+show	1075,1079	O	O
+that	1080,1084	O	O
+the	1085,1088	O	O
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+little	1141,1147	O	O
+effort	1148,1154	O	O
+,	1154,1155	O	O
+once	1156,1160	O	O
+the	1161,1164	O	O
+framework	1165,1174	O	B-Material
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+.	1226,1227	O	O
+
+Furthermore	1228,1239	O	O
+,	1239,1240	O	O
+a	1241,1242	O	O
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+the	1293,1296	O	O
+design	1297,1303	O	O
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+–	1316,1317	O	I-Task
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+system	1364,1370	O	I-Process
+under	1371,1376	O	O
+consideration	1377,1390	O	O
+.	1390,1391	O	O
+
+The	1392,1395	O	O
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+of	1418,1420	O	O
+the	1421,1424	O	O
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+as	1450,1452	O	O
+well	1453,1457	O	O
+as	1458,1460	O	O
+the	1461,1464	O	O
+energy	1465,1471	O	B-Task
+–	1471,1472	O	I-Task
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+numerical	1521,1530	O	O
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+.	1539,1540	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782512000266)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
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+,	12,13	O	O
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+designing	39,48	O	O
+an	49,51	O	O
+optimal	52,59	O	B-Task
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+a	87,88	O	I-Task
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+,	98,99	O	O
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+of	138,140	O	I-Process
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+is	153,155	O	O
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+.	165,166	O	O
+
+This	167,171	O	O
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+,	184,185	O	O
+which	186,191	O	O
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+be	196,198	O	O
+regarded	199,207	O	O
+as	208,210	O	O
+an	211,213	O	O
+extension	214,223	O	O
+of	224,226	O	O
+the	227,230	O	O
+methods	231,238	O	O
+developed	239,248	O	O
+in	249,251	O	O
+[	252,253	O	O
+23	253,255	O	O
+]	255,256	O	O
+,	256,257	O	O
+presents	258,266	O	O
+several	267,274	O	O
+novel	275,280	O	O
+aspects	281,288	O	O
+over	289,293	O	O
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+approaches	302,312	O	O
+proposed	313,321	O	O
+in	322,324	O	O
+the	325,328	O	O
+literature	329,339	O	O
+.	339,340	O	O
+
+Firstly	341,348	O	O
+,	348,349	O	O
+the	350,353	O	O
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+of	381,383	O	I-Process
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+by	421,423	O	O
+means	424,429	O	O
+of	430,432	O	O
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+zone	442,446	O	I-Material
+elements	447,455	O	I-Material
+[	456,457	O	O
+24–26	457,462	O	O
+]	462,463	O	O
+.	463,464	O	O
+
+The	465,468	O	O
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+of	481,483	O	O
+this	484,488	O	O
+class	489,494	O	B-Material
+of	495,497	O	I-Material
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+.	586,587	O	O
+
+It	588,590	O	O
+should	591,597	O	O
+be	598,600	O	O
+noted	601,606	O	O
+that	607,611	O	O
+cohesive	612,620	O	B-Material
+zone	621,625	O	I-Material
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+have	635,639	O	O
+already	640,647	O	O
+been	648,652	O	O
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+for	658,661	O	O
+uncertainty	662,673	O	B-Task
+quantification	674,688	O	I-Task
+of	689,691	O	I-Task
+the	692,695	O	I-Task
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+[	725,726	O	O
+27,28	726,731	O	O
+]	731,732	O	O
+.	732,733	O	O
+
+However	734,741	O	O
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+application	746,757	O	O
+within	758,764	O	O
+the	765,768	O	O
+context	769,776	O	O
+of	777,779	O	O
+maintenance	780,791	O	B-Task
+scheduling	792,802	O	I-Task
+constitutes	803,814	O	O
+a	815,816	O	O
+novelty	817,824	O	O
+.	824,825	O	O
+
+The	826,829	O	O
+second	830,836	O	O
+innovative	837,847	O	O
+aspect	848,854	O	O
+of	855,857	O	O
+this	858,862	O	O
+contribution	863,875	O	O
+refers	876,882	O	O
+to	883,885	O	O
+the	886,889	O	O
+assessment	890,900	O	B-Process
+of	901,903	O	I-Process
+the	904,907	O	I-Process
+reliability	908,919	O	I-Process
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+that	962,966	O	I-Process
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+.	1000,1001	O	O
+
+The	1002,1005	O	O
+estimation	1006,1016	O	B-Process
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+this	1020,1024	O	I-Process
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+,	1036,1037	O	O
+which	1038,1043	O	O
+is	1044,1046	O	O
+required	1047,1055	O	O
+in	1056,1058	O	O
+order	1059,1064	O	O
+to	1065,1067	O	O
+determine	1068,1077	O	O
+the	1078,1081	O	O
+optimal	1082,1089	O	B-Task
+maintenance	1090,1101	O	I-Task
+schedule	1102,1110	O	I-Task
+within	1111,1117	O	I-Task
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+,	1140,1141	O	O
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+be	1146,1148	O	O
+quite	1149,1154	O	O
+demanding	1155,1164	O	O
+as	1165,1167	O	O
+the	1168,1171	O	O
+model	1172,1177	O	B-Material
+characterizing	1178,1192	O	I-Material
+repair	1193,1199	O	I-Material
+of	1200,1202	O	I-Material
+a	1203,1204	O	I-Material
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+to	1229,1231	O	O
+a	1232,1233	O	O
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+performance	1248,1259	O	I-Task
+function	1260,1268	O	I-Task
+associated	1269,1279	O	I-Task
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+the	1285,1288	O	I-Task
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+probability	1297,1308	O	I-Task
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+
+A	1310,1311	O	O
+new	1312,1315	O	O
+approach	1316,1324	O	O
+for	1325,1328	O	O
+modeling	1329,1337	O	O
+this	1338,1342	O	O
+function	1343,1351	O	O
+is	1352,1354	O	O
+proposed	1355,1363	O	O
+herein	1364,1370	O	O
+.	1370,1371	O	O
+
+The	1372,1375	O	O
+continuous	1376,1386	O	B-Material
+and	1387,1390	O	I-Material
+discontinuous	1391,1404	O	I-Material
+parts	1405,1410	O	I-Material
+respectively	1411,1423	O	O
+of	1424,1426	O	O
+the	1427,1430	O	O
+function	1431,1439	O	O
+are	1440,1443	O	O
+considered	1444,1454	O	O
+separately	1455,1465	O	O
+to	1466,1468	O	O
+estimate	1469,1477	O	B-Process
+accurately	1478,1488	O	I-Process
+the	1489,1492	O	I-Process
+gradients	1493,1502	O	I-Process
+of	1503,1505	O	I-Process
+the	1506,1509	O	I-Process
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+events	1518,1524	O	I-Process
+.	1524,1525	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782512002599)
+
+Finite	0,6	O	B-Process
+Element	7,14	O	I-Process
+Tearing	15,22	O	I-Process
+and	23,26	O	I-Process
+Interconnecting	27,42	O	I-Process
+(	43,44	O	O
+FETI	44,48	O	B-Process
+)	48,49	O	O
+methods	50,57	O	O
+are	58,61	O	O
+a	62,63	O	O
+powerful	64,72	O	O
+approach	73,81	O	O
+to	82,84	O	O
+designing	85,94	O	O
+solvers	95,102	O	B-Task
+for	103,106	O	I-Task
+large	107,112	O	I-Task
+-	112,113	O	I-Task
+scale	113,118	O	I-Task
+problems	119,127	O	I-Task
+in	128,130	O	I-Task
+computational	131,144	O	I-Task
+mechanics	145,154	O	I-Task
+.	154,155	O	O
+
+The	156,159	O	O
+numerical	160,169	O	B-Material
+simulation	170,180	O	I-Material
+problem	181,188	O	I-Material
+is	189,191	O	O
+subdivided	192,202	O	O
+into	203,207	O	O
+a	208,209	O	O
+number	210,216	O	B-Material
+of	217,219	O	I-Material
+independent	220,231	O	I-Material
+sub	232,235	O	I-Material
+-	235,236	O	I-Material
+problems	236,244	O	I-Material
+,	244,245	O	O
+which	246,251	O	O
+are	252,255	O	O
+then	256,260	O	O
+coupled	261,268	O	O
+in	269,271	O	O
+appropriate	272,283	O	O
+ways	284,288	O	O
+.	288,289	O	O
+
+NURBS-	290,296	O	B-Process
+
+(	297,298	O	O
+Non	298,301	O	B-Process
+-	301,302	O	I-Process
+Uniform	302,309	O	I-Process
+Rational	310,318	O	I-Process
+B	319,320	O	I-Process
+-	320,321	O	I-Process
+spline	321,327	O	I-Process
+)	327,328	O	O
+
+based	329,334	O	O
+isogeometric	335,347	O	B-Process
+analysis	348,356	O	I-Process
+(	357,358	O	O
+IGA	358,361	O	B-Process
+)	361,362	O	O
+applied	363,370	O	O
+to	371,373	O	O
+complex	374,381	O	B-Material
+geometries	382,392	O	I-Material
+requires	393,401	O	O
+to	402,404	O	O
+represent	405,414	O	O
+the	415,418	O	O
+computational	419,432	O	B-Task
+domain	433,439	O	I-Task
+as	440,442	O	I-Task
+a	443,444	O	I-Task
+collection	445,455	O	I-Task
+of	456,458	O	I-Task
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+NURBS	467,472	O	I-Task
+geometries	473,483	O	I-Task
+.	483,484	O	O
+
+Since	485,490	O	O
+there	491,496	O	O
+is	497,499	O	O
+a	500,501	O	O
+natural	502,509	O	O
+decomposition	510,523	O	O
+of	524,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+computational	531,544	O	O
+domain	545,551	O	O
+into	552,556	O	O
+several	557,564	O	B-Material
+subdomains	565,575	O	I-Material
+,	575,576	O	O
+NURBS	577,582	O	B-Process
+-	582,583	O	I-Process
+based	583,588	O	I-Process
+IGA	589,592	O	I-Process
+is	593,595	O	O
+particularly	596,608	O	O
+well	609,613	O	O
+suited	614,620	O	O
+for	621,624	O	O
+using	625,630	O	O
+FETI	631,635	O	B-Process
+methods	636,643	O	I-Process
+.	643,644	O	O
+
+This	644,648	O	O
+paper	649,654	O	O
+proposes	655,663	O	O
+the	664,667	O	O
+new	668,671	O	O
+IsogEometric	672,684	O	B-Process
+Tearing	685,692	O	I-Process
+and	693,696	O	I-Process
+Interconnecting	697,712	O	I-Process
+(	713,714	O	O
+IETI	714,718	O	B-Process
+)	718,719	O	O
+method	720,726	O	O
+,	726,727	O	O
+which	728,733	O	O
+combines	734,742	O	O
+the	743,746	O	O
+advanced	747,755	O	B-Process
+solver	756,762	O	I-Process
+design	763,769	O	I-Process
+of	770,772	O	O
+FETI	773,777	O	B-Process
+with	778,782	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+exact	787,792	O	B-Process
+geometry	793,801	O	I-Process
+representation	802,816	O	I-Process
+of	817,819	O	O
+IGA	820,823	O	B-Process
+.	823,824	O	O
+
+We	825,827	O	O
+describe	828,836	O	O
+the	837,840	O	O
+IETI	841,845	O	B-Process
+framework	846,855	O	I-Process
+for	856,859	O	O
+two	860,863	O	O
+classes	864,871	O	O
+of	872,874	O	O
+simple	875,881	O	B-Process
+model	882,887	O	I-Process
+problems	888,896	O	I-Process
+(	897,898	O	O
+Poisson	898,905	O	B-Process
+and	906,909	O	O
+linearized	910,920	O	B-Process
+elasticity	921,931	O	I-Process
+)	931,932	O	O
+and	933,936	O	O
+discuss	937,944	O	O
+the	945,948	O	O
+coupling	949,957	O	B-Process
+of	958,960	O	I-Process
+the	961,964	O	I-Process
+subdomains	965,975	O	I-Process
+along	976,981	O	I-Process
+interfaces	982,992	O	I-Process
+(	993,994	O	O
+both	994,998	O	O
+for	999,1002	O	O
+matching	1003,1011	O	O
+interfaces	1012,1022	O	O
+and	1023,1026	O	O
+for	1027,1030	O	O
+interfaces	1031,1041	O	B-Material
+with	1042,1046	O	I-Material
+T	1047,1048	O	I-Material
+-	1048,1049	O	I-Material
+joints	1049,1055	O	I-Material
+,	1055,1056	O	O
+i.e.	1057,1061	O	O
+hanging	1062,1069	O	B-Material
+nodes	1070,1075	O	I-Material
+)	1075,1076	O	O
+.	1076,1077	O	O
+
+Special	1078,1085	O	O
+attention	1086,1095	O	O
+is	1096,1098	O	O
+paid	1099,1103	O	O
+to	1104,1106	O	O
+the	1107,1110	O	O
+construction	1111,1123	O	B-Task
+of	1124,1126	O	I-Task
+a	1127,1128	O	I-Task
+suitable	1129,1137	O	I-Task
+preconditioner	1138,1152	O	I-Task
+for	1153,1156	O	I-Task
+the	1157,1160	O	I-Task
+iterative	1161,1170	O	I-Task
+linear	1171,1177	O	I-Task
+solver	1178,1184	O	I-Task
+used	1185,1189	O	O
+for	1190,1193	O	O
+the	1194,1197	O	O
+interface	1198,1207	O	O
+problem	1208,1215	O	O
+.	1215,1216	O	O
+
+We	1217,1219	O	O
+report	1220,1226	O	O
+several	1227,1234	O	O
+computational	1235,1248	O	O
+experiments	1249,1260	O	O
+to	1261,1263	O	O
+demonstrate	1264,1275	O	B-Task
+the	1276,1279	O	I-Task
+performance	1280,1291	O	I-Task
+of	1292,1294	O	I-Task
+the	1295,1298	O	I-Task
+proposed	1299,1307	O	I-Task
+IETI	1308,1312	O	I-Task
+method	1313,1319	O	I-Task
+.	1319,1320	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782512002678)
+
+To	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+best	7,11	O	O
+of	12,14	O	O
+authors’	15,23	O	O
+knowledge	24,33	O	O
+,	33,34	O	O
+so	35,37	O	O
+far	38,41	O	O
+there	42,47	O	O
+are	48,51	O	O
+only	52,56	O	O
+very	57,61	O	O
+few	62,65	O	O
+papers	66,72	O	O
+[	73,74	O	O
+12,13,16,29	74,85	O	O
+]	85,86	O	O
+which	87,92	O	O
+address	93,100	O	O
+the	101,104	O	O
+performance	105,116	O	B-Process
+of	117,119	O	I-Process
+linear	120,126	O	I-Process
+algebra	127,134	O	I-Process
+solvers	135,142	O	I-Process
+.	142,143	O	O
+
+In	144,146	O	O
+Ref	147,150	O	O
+.	150,151	O	O
+
+[	152,153	O	O
+16	153,155	O	O
+]	155,156	O	O
+,	156,157	O	O
+the	158,161	O	O
+authors	162,169	O	O
+study	170,175	O	O
+the	176,179	O	O
+performance	180,191	O	B-Process
+of	192,194	O	I-Process
+direct	195,201	O	I-Process
+solvers	202,209	O	I-Process
+which	210,215	O	O
+are	216,219	O	O
+clearly	220,227	O	O
+not	228,231	O	O
+suitable	232,240	O	O
+for	241,244	O	O
+large	245,250	O	B-Process
+problems	251,259	O	I-Process
+,	259,260	O	O
+specially	261,270	O	O
+in	271,273	O	O
+three	274,279	O	O
+-	279,280	O	O
+dimensions	280,290	O	O
+.	290,291	O	O
+
+In	292,294	O	O
+Ref	295,298	O	O
+.	298,299	O	O
+
+[	300,301	O	O
+29	301,303	O	O
+]	303,304	O	O
+,	304,305	O	O
+the	306,309	O	O
+tearing	310,317	O	B-Process
+and	318,321	O	I-Process
+interconnecting	322,337	O	I-Process
+approach	338,346	O	I-Process
+of	347,349	O	I-Process
+finite	350,356	O	I-Process
+element	357,364	O	I-Process
+methods	365,372	O	I-Process
+is	373,375	O	O
+used	376,380	O	O
+in	381,383	O	O
+the	384,387	O	O
+context	388,395	O	O
+of	396,398	O	O
+isogeometric	399,411	O	B-Task
+analysis	412,420	O	I-Task
+,	420,421	O	O
+and	422,425	O	O
+the	426,429	O	O
+numerical	430,439	O	B-Material
+tests	440,445	O	I-Material
+(	446,447	O	O
+in	447,449	O	O
+absence	450,457	O	O
+of	458,460	O	O
+any	461,464	O	O
+theoretical	465,476	O	B-Task
+study	477,482	O	I-Task
+)	482,483	O	O
+suggest	484,491	O	O
+almost	492,498	O	O
+optimal	499,506	O	O
+(	507,508	O	O
+with	508,512	O	O
+a	513,514	O	O
+logarithmic	515,526	O	O
+factor	527,533	O	O
+)	533,534	O	O
+convergence	535,546	O	O
+rates	547,552	O	O
+of	553,555	O	O
+the	556,559	O	O
+proposed	560,568	O	O
+isogeometric	569,581	O	B-Process
+tearing	582,589	O	I-Process
+and	590,593	O	I-Process
+interconnecting	594,609	O	I-Process
+method	610,616	O	I-Process
+.	616,617	O	O
+
+The	618,621	O	O
+only	622,626	O	O
+paper	627,632	O	O
+which	633,638	O	O
+provides	639,647	O	O
+rigorous	648,656	O	B-Task
+theoretical	657,668	O	I-Task
+study	669,674	O	I-Task
+,	674,675	O	O
+supported	676,685	O	O
+by	686,688	O	O
+extensive	689,698	O	B-Material
+numerical	699,708	O	I-Material
+examples	709,717	O	I-Material
+,	717,718	O	O
+is	719,721	O	O
+by	722,724	O	O
+Beirao	725,731	O	O
+et	732,734	O	O
+al	735,737	O	O
+.	737,738	O	O
+
+[	739,740	O	O
+12	740,742	O	O
+]	742,743	O	O
+where	744,749	O	O
+the	750,753	O	O
+authors	754,761	O	O
+discuss	762,769	O	O
+the	770,773	O	O
+overlapping	774,785	O	O
+Schwarz	786,793	O	B-Process
+methods	794,801	O	I-Process
+.	801,802	O	O
+
+The	803,806	O	O
+same	807,811	O	O
+authors	812,819	O	O
+have	820,824	O	O
+also	825,829	O	O
+proposed	830,838	O	O
+BDDC	839,843	O	B-Material
+preconditioners	844,859	O	I-Material
+for	860,863	O	O
+isogeometric	864,876	O	B-Task
+analysis	877,885	O	I-Task
+in	886,888	O	O
+[	889,890	O	O
+13	890,892	O	O
+]	892,893	O	O
+.	893,894	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782512003234)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
+attempt	3,10	O	O
+of	11,13	O	O
+a	14,15	O	O
+quite	16,21	O	O
+comprehensive	22,35	O	O
+answer	36,42	O	O
+to	43,45	O	O
+this	46,50	O	O
+question	51,59	O	O
+is	60,62	O	O
+made	63,67	O	O
+hereafter	68,77	O	O
+,	77,78	O	O
+within	79,85	O	O
+the	86,89	O	O
+following	90,99	O	O
+structure	100,109	O	O
+of	110,112	O	O
+the	113,116	O	O
+remaining	117,126	O	O
+paper	127,132	O	O
+:	132,133	O	O
+first	134,139	O	O
+,	139,140	O	O
+we	141,143	O	O
+introduce	144,153	O	O
+the	154,157	O	O
+mathematical	158,170	O	B-Material
+systems	171,178	O	I-Material
+biology	179,186	O	I-Material
+of	187,189	O	I-Material
+bone	190,194	O	I-Material
+,	194,195	O	O
+starting	196,204	O	O
+from	205,209	O	O
+the	210,213	O	O
+work	214,218	O	O
+of	219,221	O	O
+Pivonka	222,229	O	O
+et	230,232	O	O
+al	233,235	O	O
+.	235,236	O	O
+
+[	237,238	O	O
+25,26	238,243	O	O
+]	243,244	O	O
+,	244,245	O	O
+and	246,249	O	O
+extending	250,259	O	O
+it	260,262	O	O
+to	263,265	O	O
+mechanoregulatory	266,283	O	B-Process
+feedback	284,292	O	I-Process
+control	293,300	O	I-Process
+(	301,302	O	O
+Section	302,309	O	O
+2	310,311	O	O
+)	311,312	O	O
+.	312,313	O	O
+
+Then	314,318	O	O
+,	318,319	O	O
+we	320,322	O	O
+introduce	323,332	O	O
+a	333,334	O	O
+continuum	335,344	O	B-Material
+micromechanics	345,359	O	I-Material
+representation	360,374	O	I-Material
+adopted	375,382	O	O
+from	383,387	O	O
+Hellmich	388,396	O	O
+et	397,399	O	O
+al	400,402	O	O
+.	402,403	O	O
+
+[	404,405	O	O
+30	405,407	O	O
+]	407,408	O	O
+,	408,409	O	O
+in	410,412	O	O
+order	413,418	O	O
+to	419,421	O	O
+scale	422,427	O	B-Task
+elasticity	428,438	O	I-Task
+and	439,442	O	I-Task
+strains	443,450	O	I-Task
+from	451,455	O	I-Task
+the	456,459	O	I-Task
+level	460,465	O	I-Task
+of	466,468	O	I-Task
+the	469,472	O	I-Task
+extravascular	473,486	O	I-Task
+bone	487,491	O	I-Task
+matrix	492,498	O	I-Task
+to	499,501	O	I-Task
+that	502,506	O	I-Task
+of	507,509	O	I-Task
+cortical	510,518	O	I-Task
+bone1In	519,526	O	I-Task
+this	527,531	O	O
+paper	532,537	O	O
+,	537,538	O	O
+we	539,541	O	O
+restrict	542,550	O	O
+ourselves	551,560	O	O
+to	561,563	O	O
+cortical	564,572	O	B-Material
+bone	573,577	O	I-Material
+,	577,578	O	O
+due	579,582	O	O
+to	583,585	O	O
+its	586,589	O	O
+major	590,595	O	O
+importance	596,606	O	O
+in	607,609	O	O
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+sufficient	620,630	O	I-Process
+load	631,635	O	I-Process
+-	635,636	O	I-Process
+carrying	636,644	O	I-Process
+capacity	645,653	O	I-Process
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+
+However	655,662	O	O
+,	662,663	O	O
+extension	664,673	O	O
+of	674,676	O	O
+the	677,680	O	O
+coupled	681,688	O	B-Process
+approach	689,697	O	I-Process
+proposed	698,706	O	O
+here	707,711	O	O
+to	712,714	O	O
+trabecular	715,725	O	B-Material
+bone	726,730	O	I-Material
+is	731,733	O	O
+straightforward	734,749	O	O
+;	749,750	O	O
+it	751,753	O	O
+merely	754,760	O	O
+requires	761,769	O	O
+recalibration	770,783	O	B-Process
+of	784,786	O	I-Process
+underlying	787,797	O	I-Process
+parameters.1	798,810	O	I-Process
+and	811,814	O	O
+vice	815,819	O	O
+versa	820,825	O	O
+(	826,827	O	O
+Section	827,834	O	O
+3	835,836	O	O
+)	836,837	O	O
+.	837,838	O	O
+
+The	839,842	O	O
+micromechanics	843,857	O	B-Process
+formulation	858,869	O	I-Process
+is	870,872	O	O
+fed	873,876	O	O
+with	877,881	O	O
+composition	882,893	O	B-Material
+quantities	894,904	O	I-Material
+derived	905,912	O	O
+from	913,917	O	O
+the	918,921	O	O
+systems	922,929	O	B-Process
+biology	930,937	O	I-Process
+approach	938,946	O	I-Process
+,	946,947	O	O
+which	948,953	O	O
+,	953,954	O	O
+in	955,957	O	O
+turn	958,962	O	O
+,	962,963	O	O
+is	964,966	O	O
+provided	967,975	O	O
+with	976,980	O	O
+mechanical	981,991	O	B-Material
+stimuli	992,999	O	I-Material
+gained	1000,1006	O	O
+from	1007,1011	O	O
+the	1012,1015	O	O
+micromechanics	1016,1030	O	B-Process
+model	1031,1036	O	I-Process
+.	1036,1037	O	O
+
+We	1038,1040	O	O
+then	1041,1045	O	O
+apply	1046,1051	O	O
+the	1052,1055	O	O
+coupled	1056,1063	O	B-Process
+approach	1064,1072	O	I-Process
+to	1073,1075	O	O
+biochemical	1076,1087	O	B-Material
+and	1088,1091	O	I-Material
+mechanical	1092,1102	O	I-Material
+conditions	1103,1113	O	I-Material
+typical	1114,1121	O	O
+for	1122,1125	O	O
+postmenopausal	1126,1140	O	O
+osteoporosis	1141,1153	O	O
+(	1154,1155	O	O
+Section	1155,1162	O	O
+4	1163,1164	O	O
+)	1164,1165	O	O
+and	1166,1169	O	O
+microgravity	1170,1182	O	O
+exposure	1183,1191	O	O
+(	1192,1193	O	O
+Section	1193,1200	O	O
+5	1201,1202	O	O
+)	1202,1203	O	O
+,	1203,1204	O	O
+and	1205,1208	O	O
+discuss	1209,1216	O	O
+key	1217,1220	O	O
+sensitivity	1221,1232	O	O
+features	1233,1241	O	O
+(	1242,1243	O	O
+Section	1243,1250	O	O
+6	1251,1252	O	O
+)	1252,1253	O	O
+.	1253,1254	O	O
+
+After	1255,1260	O	O
+emphasizing	1261,1272	O	O
+the	1273,1276	O	O
+potentials	1277,1287	O	B-Task
+and	1288,1291	O	I-Task
+limitations	1292,1303	O	I-Task
+of	1304,1306	O	I-Task
+the	1307,1310	O	I-Task
+presented	1311,1320	O	I-Task
+approach	1321,1329	O	I-Task
+(	1330,1331	O	O
+Section	1331,1338	O	O
+7	1339,1340	O	O
+)	1340,1341	O	O
+,	1341,1342	O	O
+we	1343,1345	O	O
+conclude	1346,1354	O	O
+the	1355,1358	O	O
+paper	1359,1364	O	O
+in	1365,1367	O	O
+(	1368,1369	O	O
+Section	1369,1376	O	O
+8)	1377,1379	O	O
+.	1379,1380	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782512003428)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+choice	4,10	O	O
+of	11,13	O	O
+the	14,17	O	O
+interpolation	18,31	O	B-Process
+functions	32,41	O	I-Process
+and	42,45	O	O
+support	46,53	O	B-Material
+point	54,59	O	I-Material
+coordinates	60,71	O	I-Material
+for	72,75	O	I-Material
+the	76,79	O	I-Material
+gradient	80,88	O	I-Material
+field	89,94	O	I-Material
+is	95,97	O	O
+crucial	98,105	O	O
+to	106,108	O	O
+ensure	109,115	O	O
+stability	116,125	O	B-Task
+and	126,129	O	I-Task
+accuracy	130,138	O	I-Task
+of	139,141	O	I-Task
+the	142,145	O	I-Task
+formulation	146,157	O	I-Task
+.	157,158	O	O
+
+For	159,162	O	O
+example	163,170	O	O
+,	170,171	O	O
+nodal	172,177	O	B-Process
+integration	178,189	O	I-Process
+and	190,193	O	I-Process
+NS	194,196	O	I-Process
+-	196,197	O	I-Process
+FEM	197,200	O	I-Process
+are	201,204	O	O
+unstable	205,213	O	O
+involving	214,223	O	O
+the	224,227	O	O
+appearance	228,238	O	O
+of	239,241	O	O
+spurious	242,250	O	O
+low	251,254	O	O
+-	254,255	O	O
+energy	255,261	O	O
+modes	262,267	O	O
+.	267,268	O	O
+
+They	269,273	O	O
+need	274,278	O	O
+non	279,282	O	B-Material
+-	282,283	O	I-Material
+physical	283,291	O	I-Material
+penalty	292,299	O	I-Material
+energy	300,306	O	I-Material
+functions	307,316	O	I-Material
+that	317,321	O	O
+stabilize	322,331	O	B-Task
+them	332,336	O	I-Task
+.	336,337	O	O
+
+The	338,341	O	O
+articles	342,350	O	O
+[	351,352	O	O
+2,28	352,356	O	O
+]	356,357	O	O
+numerically	358,369	O	B-Task
+verify	370,376	O	I-Task
+the	377,380	O	I-Task
+stability	381,390	O	I-Task
+,	390,391	O	I-Task
+convergence	392,403	O	I-Task
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+of	417,419	O	I-Task
+several	420,427	O	I-Task
+W2	428,430	O	I-Task
+variants	431,439	O	I-Task
+including	440,449	O	O
+new	450,453	O	O
+elements	454,462	O	O
+which	463,468	O	O
+can	469,472	O	O
+be	473,475	O	O
+constructed	476,487	O	O
+based	488,493	O	O
+on	494,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+idea	501,505	O	O
+of	506,508	O	O
+assumed	509,516	O	O
+continuous	517,527	O	B-Process
+deformation	528,539	O	I-Process
+gradients	540,549	O	I-Process
+.	549,550	O	O
+
+For	551,554	O	O
+first	555,560	O	B-Material
+order	561,566	O	I-Material
+hexahedral	567,577	O	I-Material
+elements	578,586	O	I-Material
+,	586,587	O	O
+[	588,589	O	O
+2,28	589,593	O	O
+]	593,594	O	O
+found	595,600	O	O
+good	601,605	O	O
+results	606,613	O	O
+for	614,617	O	O
+the	618,621	O	O
+element	622,629	O	B-Material
+types	630,635	O	I-Material
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+and	647,650	O	O
+
+C3D_8N_8I.	651,661	O	B-Material
+
+The	662,665	O	O
+first	666,671	O	O
+is	672,674	O	O
+defined	675,682	O	O
+by	683,685	O	O
+27	686,688	O	O
+support	689,696	O	O
+points	697,703	O	O
+and	704,707	O	O
+a	708,709	O	O
+second	710,716	O	B-Process
+order	717,722	O	I-Process
+tensor	723,729	O	I-Process
+-	729,730	O	I-Process
+product	730,737	O	I-Process
+interpolation	738,751	O	I-Process
+of	752,754	O	O
+the	755,758	O	O
+deformation	759,770	O	O
+gradient	771,779	O	O
+by	780,782	O	O
+Lagrange	783,791	O	O
+polynomials	792,803	O	O
+.	803,804	O	O
+
+The	805,808	O	O
+latter	809,815	O	O
+element	816,823	O	O
+type	824,828	O	O
+is	829,831	O	O
+defined	832,839	O	O
+by	840,842	O	O
+16	843,845	O	O
+support	846,853	O	O
+points	854,860	O	O
+with	861,865	O	O
+8	866,867	O	O
+points	868,874	O	O
+being	875,880	O	O
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+with	892,896	O	O
+the	897,900	O	O
+nodes	901,906	O	O
+and	907,910	O	O
+8	911,912	O	O
+additional	913,923	O	O
+points	924,930	O	O
+in	931,933	O	O
+the	934,937	O	O
+element	938,945	O	O
+interior	946,954	O	O
+.	954,955	O	O
+
+Among	956,961	O	O
+the	962,965	O	O
+tested	966,972	O	O
+first	973,978	O	B-Material
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+tetrahedra	985,995	O	I-Material
+,	995,996	O	O
+the	997,1000	O	O
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+with	1032,1036	O	O
+an	1037,1039	O	O
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+bubble	1051,1057	O	O
+mode	1058,1062	O	O
+in	1063,1065	O	O
+the	1066,1069	O	O
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+was	1080,1083	O	O
+found	1084,1089	O	O
+to	1090,1092	O	O
+be	1093,1095	O	O
+most	1096,1100	O	O
+accurate	1101,1109	O	O
+.	1109,1110	O	O
+
+It	1111,1113	O	O
+turned	1114,1120	O	O
+out	1121,1124	O	O
+to	1125,1127	O	O
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+even	1131,1135	O	O
+the	1136,1139	O	O
+most	1140,1144	O	O
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+with	1155,1159	O	O
+respect	1160,1167	O	O
+to	1168,1170	O	O
+computing	1171,1180	O	B-Task
+time	1181,1185	O	I-Task
+in	1186,1188	O	I-Task
+explicit	1189,1197	O	I-Task
+analysis	1198,1206	O	I-Task
+[	1207,1208	O	O
+28	1208,1210	O	O
+]	1210,1211	O	O
+because	1212,1219	O	O
+the	1220,1223	O	O
+enlarged	1224,1232	O	O
+critical	1233,1241	O	O
+time	1242,1246	O	O
+step	1247,1251	O	O
+compensates	1252,1263	O	O
+the	1264,1267	O	O
+slightly	1268,1276	O	O
+increased	1277,1286	O	O
+numerical	1287,1296	O	O
+cost	1297,1301	O	O
+per	1302,1305	O	O
+restoring	1306,1315	O	O
+force	1316,1321	O	O
+assembly	1322,1330	O	O
+.	1330,1331	O	O
+
+Fig	1332,1335	O	O
+.	1335,1336	O	O
+
+1	1337,1338	O	O
+illustrates	1339,1350	O	O
+the	1351,1354	O	O
+positions	1355,1364	O	O
+of	1365,1367	O	O
+support	1368,1375	O	O
+points	1376,1382	O	O
+for	1383,1386	O	O
+various	1387,1394	O	O
+CAG	1395,1398	O	B-Process
+and	1399,1402	O	I-Process
+SFEM	1403,1407	O	I-Process
+formulations	1408,1420	O	I-Process
+.	1420,1421	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782513000479)
+
+Algorithms	0,10	O	B-Material
+regarding	11,20	O	I-Material
+distance	21,29	O	I-Material
+fields	30,36	O	I-Material
+go	37,39	O	O
+back	40,44	O	O
+to	45,47	O	O
+the	48,51	O	O
+level	52,57	O	B-Process
+set	58,61	O	I-Process
+equation	62,70	O	I-Process
+.	70,71	O	O
+
+The	72,75	O	O
+level	76,81	O	B-Process
+set	82,85	O	I-Process
+method	86,92	O	I-Process
+was	93,96	O	O
+presented	97,106	O	O
+by	107,109	O	O
+Osher	110,115	O	O
+and	116,119	O	O
+Sethian	120,127	O	O
+[	128,129	O	O
+20	129,131	O	O
+]	131,132	O	O
+who	133,136	O	O
+described	137,146	O	O
+the	147,150	O	O
+temporal	151,159	O	B-Process
+propagation	160,171	O	I-Process
+of	172,174	O	O
+moving	175,181	O	O
+interfaces	182,192	O	O
+by	193,195	O	O
+numerical	196,205	O	B-Process
+methods	206,213	O	I-Process
+solving	214,221	O	O
+the	222,225	O	O
+Hamilton	226,234	O	B-Process
+–	234,235	O	I-Process
+Jacobi	235,241	O	I-Process
+equation	242,250	O	I-Process
+.	250,251	O	O
+
+This	252,256	O	O
+is	257,259	O	O
+performed	260,269	O	O
+by	270,272	O	O
+a	273,274	O	O
+finite	275,281	O	B-Process
+difference	282,292	O	I-Process
+scheme	293,299	O	I-Process
+working	300,307	O	O
+on	308,310	O	O
+a	311,312	O	O
+rectangular	313,324	O	B-Material
+grid	325,329	O	I-Material
+in	330,332	O	I-Material
+two	333,336	O	I-Material
+or	337,339	O	I-Material
+three	340,345	O	I-Material
+dimensions	346,356	O	I-Material
+.	356,357	O	O
+
+Information	358,369	O	O
+on	370,372	O	O
+normal	373,379	O	O
+vectors	380,387	O	O
+and	388,391	O	O
+curvature	392,401	O	O
+can	402,405	O	O
+be	406,408	O	O
+obtained	409,417	O	O
+.	417,418	O	O
+
+The	419,422	O	O
+fast	423,427	O	B-Process
+marching	428,436	O	I-Process
+method	437,443	O	I-Process
+[	444,445	O	O
+21	445,447	O	O
+]	447,448	O	O
+provides	449,457	O	O
+an	458,460	O	O
+efficient	461,470	O	O
+numerical	471,480	O	B-Task
+scheme	481,487	O	I-Task
+of	488,490	O	I-Task
+complexity	491,501	O	I-Task
+nlogn	502,507	O	I-Task
+to	508,510	O	I-Task
+compute	511,518	O	I-Task
+the	519,522	O	I-Task
+support	523,530	O	I-Task
+values	531,537	O	I-Task
+on	538,540	O	I-Task
+the	541,544	O	I-Task
+grid	545,549	O	I-Task
+.	549,550	O	O
+
+It	551,553	O	O
+is	554,556	O	O
+a	557,558	O	O
+reinterpretation	559,575	O	O
+of	576,578	O	O
+the	579,582	O	O
+propagation	583,594	O	B-Process
+process	595,602	O	I-Process
+,	602,603	O	O
+i.e.	604,608	O	O
+the	609,612	O	B-Process
+time	613,617	O	I-Process
+where	618,623	O	I-Process
+the	624,627	O	I-Process
+interface	628,637	O	I-Process
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+a	645,646	O	I-Process
+certain	647,654	O	I-Process
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+point	660,665	O	I-Process
+is	666,668	O	I-Process
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+only	680,684	O	I-Process
+by	685,687	O	I-Process
+those	688,693	O	I-Process
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+grid	706,710	O	I-Process
+points	711,717	O	I-Process
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+passed	739,745	O	I-Process
+by	746,748	O	I-Process
+the	749,752	O	I-Process
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+.	762,763	O	O
+
+An	764,766	O	O
+overview	767,775	O	O
+on	776,778	O	O
+the	779,782	O	O
+theory	783,789	O	B-Process
+of	790,792	O	I-Process
+level	793,798	O	I-Process
+set	799,802	O	I-Process
+and	803,806	O	O
+fast	807,811	O	B-Process
+marching	812,820	O	I-Process
+methods	821,828	O	O
+and	829,832	O	O
+their	833,838	O	O
+applications	839,851	O	O
+to	852,854	O	O
+problems	855,863	O	O
+of	864,866	O	O
+various	867,874	O	O
+areas	875,880	O	B-Task
+are	881,884	O	O
+given	885,890	O	O
+in	891,893	O	O
+[	894,895	O	O
+22,23	895,900	O	O
+]	900,901	O	O
+,	901,902	O	O
+for	903,906	O	O
+example	907,914	O	O
+shape	915,920	O	B-Task
+offsetting	921,931	O	I-Task
+,	931,932	O	O
+computing	933,942	O	B-Task
+distances	943,952	O	I-Task
+,	952,953	O	O
+photolithography	954,970	O	B-Task
+development	971,982	O	I-Task
+,	982,983	O	O
+seismic	984,991	O	B-Task
+travel	992,998	O	I-Task
+times	999,1004	O	I-Task
+,	1004,1005	O	O
+etc	1006,1009	O	O
+.	1009,1010	O	O
+
+Distance	1011,1019	O	B-Task
+fields	1020,1026	O	I-Task
+are	1027,1030	O	O
+a	1031,1032	O	O
+special	1033,1040	O	O
+case	1041,1045	O	O
+of	1046,1048	O	O
+the	1049,1052	O	O
+level	1053,1058	O	B-Process
+set	1059,1062	O	I-Process
+equation	1063,1071	O	O
+where	1072,1077	O	O
+the	1078,1081	O	O
+absolute	1082,1090	O	O
+value	1091,1096	O	O
+of	1097,1099	O	O
+the	1100,1103	O	O
+advection	1104,1113	O	O
+velocity	1114,1122	O	O
+is	1123,1125	O	O
+1	1126,1127	O	O
+.	1127,1128	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782513000546)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+article	8,15	O	O
+we	16,18	O	O
+consider	19,27	O	O
+an	28,30	O	O
+extension	31,40	O	B-Task
+to	41,43	O	I-Task
+the	44,47	O	I-Task
+equations	48,57	O	I-Task
+of	58,60	O	I-Task
+poroelasticity	61,75	O	I-Task
+by	76,78	O	O
+modelling	79,88	O	B-Task
+the	89,92	O	I-Task
+flow	93,97	O	I-Task
+of	98,100	O	I-Task
+a	101,102	O	I-Task
+slightly	103,111	O	I-Task
+compressible	112,124	O	I-Task
+single	125,131	O	I-Task
+phase	132,137	O	I-Task
+fluid	138,143	O	I-Task
+in	144,146	O	I-Task
+a	147,148	O	I-Task
+viscoelastic	149,161	O	I-Task
+porous	162,168	O	I-Task
+medium	169,175	O	I-Task
+.	175,176	O	O
+
+The	177,180	O	O
+constitutive	181,193	O	B-Process
+equations	194,203	O	I-Process
+therefore	204,213	O	O
+allow	214,219	O	O
+for	220,223	O	O
+the	224,227	O	O
+presence	228,236	O	O
+of	237,239	O	O
+viscoelastic	240,252	O	B-Process
+relaxation	253,263	O	I-Process
+effects	264,271	O	I-Process
+in	272,274	O	O
+the	275,278	O	O
+porous	279,285	O	B-Material
+media	286,291	O	I-Material
+(	292,293	O	O
+but	293,296	O	O
+not	297,300	O	O
+the	301,304	O	O
+fluid	305,310	O	B-Material
+)	310,311	O	O
+.	311,312	O	O
+
+Fully	313,318	O	B-Process
+discrete	319,327	O	I-Process
+numerical	328,337	O	I-Process
+schemes	338,345	O	I-Process
+are	346,349	O	O
+derived	350,357	O	O
+based	358,363	O	O
+on	364,366	O	O
+a	367,368	O	O
+lagged	369,375	O	B-Process
+and	376,379	O	I-Process
+non	380,383	O	I-Process
+-	383,384	O	I-Process
+lagged	384,390	O	I-Process
+backward	391,399	O	I-Process
+Euler	400,405	O	I-Process
+time	406,410	O	I-Process
+stepping	411,419	O	I-Process
+method	420,426	O	I-Process
+applied	427,434	O	O
+to	435,437	O	O
+a	438,439	O	O
+mixed	440,445	O	B-Material
+and	446,449	O	I-Material
+Galerkin	450,458	O	I-Material
+finite	459,465	O	I-Material
+element	466,473	O	I-Material
+spatial	474,481	O	I-Material
+discretization	482,496	O	I-Material
+.	496,497	O	O
+
+We	498,500	O	O
+show	501,505	O	O
+that	506,510	O	O
+the	511,514	O	O
+lagged	515,521	O	O
+scheme	522,528	O	O
+is	529,531	O	O
+unconditionally	532,547	O	O
+stable	548,554	O	O
+and	555,558	O	O
+give	559,563	O	O
+an	564,566	O	O
+optimal	567,574	O	O
+a	575,576	O	O
+priori	577,583	O	O
+error	584,589	O	O
+bound	590,595	O	O
+for	596,599	O	O
+it	600,602	O	O
+.	602,603	O	O
+
+Furthermore	604,615	O	O
+,	615,616	O	O
+this	617,621	O	O
+scheme	622,628	O	O
+is	629,631	O	O
+practical	632,641	O	O
+and	642,645	O	O
+useful	646,652	O	O
+in	653,655	O	O
+the	656,659	O	O
+sense	660,665	O	O
+that	666,670	O	O
+it	671,673	O	O
+can	674,677	O	O
+be	678,680	O	O
+easily	681,687	O	O
+implemented	688,699	O	O
+in	700,702	O	O
+existing	703,711	O	O
+poroelasticity	712,726	O	O
+software	727,735	O	O
+because	736,743	O	O
+the	744,747	O	O
+coupling	748,756	O	B-Process
+between	757,764	O	O
+the	765,768	O	O
+viscous	769,776	O	O
+stresses	777,785	O	O
+and	786,789	O	O
+pressures	790,799	O	O
+and	800,803	O	O
+the	804,807	O	O
+elasticity	808,818	O	O
+and	819,822	O	O
+flow	823,827	O	B-Process
+equations	828,837	O	I-Process
+is	838,840	O	O
+‘	841,842	O	O
+lagged’	842,849	O	O
+by	850,852	O	O
+one	853,856	O	O
+time	857,861	O	O
+step	862,866	O	O
+.	866,867	O	O
+
+The	868,871	O	O
+required	872,880	O	O
+additional	881,891	O	O
+coding	892,898	O	O
+therefore	899,908	O	O
+takes	909,914	O	O
+the	915,918	O	O
+form	919,923	O	O
+of	924,926	O	O
+extra	927,932	O	O
+‘	933,934	O	O
+right	934,939	O	O
+hand	940,944	O	O
+side	945,949	O	O
+loads’	950,956	O	O
+together	957,965	O	O
+with	966,970	O	O
+some	971,975	O	O
+updating	976,984	O	B-Process
+subroutines	985,996	O	I-Process
+for	997,1000	O	O
+the	1001,1004	O	O
+viscoelastic	1005,1017	O	O
+internal	1018,1026	O	O
+variables	1027,1036	O	O
+,	1036,1037	O	O
+but	1038,1041	O	O
+the	1042,1045	O	O
+solver	1046,1052	O	O
+and	1053,1056	O	O
+assembly	1057,1065	O	B-Material
+engines	1066,1073	O	I-Material
+remain	1074,1080	O	O
+intact	1081,1087	O	O
+.	1087,1088	O	O
+
+This	1089,1093	O	O
+idea	1094,1098	O	O
+of	1099,1101	O	O
+lagging	1102,1109	O	O
+has	1110,1113	O	O
+been	1114,1118	O	O
+used	1119,1123	O	O
+before	1124,1130	O	O
+for	1131,1134	O	O
+nonlinearly	1135,1146	O	B-Task
+viscoelastic	1147,1159	O	I-Task
+diffusion	1160,1169	O	I-Task
+problems	1170,1178	O	I-Task
+in	1179,1181	O	O
+[	1182,1183	O	O
+3,24	1183,1187	O	O
+]	1187,1188	O	O
+but	1189,1192	O	O
+,	1192,1193	O	O
+of	1194,1196	O	O
+course	1197,1203	O	O
+,	1203,1204	O	O
+is	1205,1207	O	O
+not	1208,1211	O	O
+new	1212,1215	O	O
+.	1215,1216	O	O
+
+Lagging	1217,1224	O	O
+in	1225,1227	O	O
+numerical	1228,1237	O	B-Process
+schemes	1238,1245	O	I-Process
+is	1246,1248	O	O
+discussed	1249,1258	O	O
+more	1259,1263	O	O
+widely	1264,1270	O	O
+by	1271,1273	O	O
+Lowrie	1274,1280	O	O
+in	1281,1283	O	O
+[	1284,1285	O	O
+14	1285,1287	O	O
+]	1287,1288	O	O
+.	1288,1289	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782513001448)
+
+Traditionally	0,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+the	15,18	O	O
+simulation	19,29	O	B-Task
+of	30,32	O	I-Task
+incompressible	33,47	O	I-Task
+fluid	48,53	O	I-Task
+flow	54,58	O	I-Task
+by	59,61	O	O
+the	62,65	O	O
+SPH	66,69	O	B-Process
+method	70,76	O	I-Process
+has	77,80	O	O
+been	81,85	O	O
+through	86,93	O	O
+a	94,95	O	O
+weakly	96,102	O	B-Process
+compressible	103,115	O	I-Process
+SPH	116,119	O	I-Process
+formulation	120,131	O	I-Process
+(	132,133	O	O
+WCSPH	133,138	O	B-Process
+)	138,139	O	O
+.	139,140	O	O
+
+In	141,143	O	O
+this	144,148	O	O
+approach	149,157	O	O
+,	157,158	O	O
+the	159,162	O	O
+pressure	163,171	O	O
+is	172,174	O	O
+treated	175,182	O	O
+as	183,185	O	O
+a	186,187	O	O
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+variable	202,210	O	O
+and	211,214	O	O
+is	215,217	O	O
+calculated	218,228	O	O
+using	229,234	O	O
+an	235,237	O	O
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+of	258,260	O	I-Process
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+.	266,267	O	O
+
+The	268,271	O	O
+sound	272,277	O	O
+speed	278,283	O	O
+is	284,286	O	O
+set	287,290	O	O
+to	291,293	O	O
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+high	310,314	O	O
+to	315,317	O	O
+limit	318,323	O	O
+density	324,331	O	O
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+to	343,345	O	O
+within	346,352	O	O
+a	353,354	O	O
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+fraction	361,369	O	O
+of	370,372	O	O
+the	373,376	O	O
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+.	397,398	O	O
+
+In	399,401	O	O
+practice	402,410	O	O
+,	410,411	O	O
+this	412,416	O	O
+high	417,421	O	O
+sound	422,427	O	O
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+places	434,440	O	O
+a	441,442	O	O
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+on	454,456	O	O
+the	457,460	O	O
+maximum	461,468	O	O
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+time	481,485	O	O
+-	485,486	O	O
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+size	491,495	O	O
+through	496,503	O	O
+the	504,507	O	O
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+–	515,516	O	O
+Friedrichs	516,526	O	O
+–	526,527	O	O
+
+Lewy	527,531	O	O
+(	532,533	O	O
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+)	536,537	O	O
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+.	548,549	O	O
+
+A	550,551	O	O
+particular	552,562	O	O
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+to	580,582	O	O
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+in	589,591	O	O
+the	592,595	O	O
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+a	617,618	O	O
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+in	638,640	O	O
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+a	670,671	O	O
+large	672,677	O	O
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+in	688,690	O	O
+the	691,694	O	O
+local	695,700	O	O
+pressure	701,709	O	O
+.	709,710	O	O
+
+This	711,715	O	O
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+make	720,724	O	O
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+for	756,759	O	O
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+force	769,774	O	O
+and	775,778	O	O
+pressure	779,787	O	O
+prediction	788,798	O	O
+,	798,799	O	O
+although	800,808	O	O
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+developments	816,828	O	O
+which	829,834	O	O
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+this	892,896	O	O
+[	897,898	O	O
+1,2	898,901	O	O
+]	901,902	O	O
+.	902,903	O	O
+
+A	904,905	O	O
+review	906,912	O	O
+of	913,915	O	O
+the	916,919	O	O
+SPH	920,923	O	B-Process
+method	924,930	O	I-Process
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+be	935,937	O	O
+found	938,943	O	O
+in	944,946	O	O
+[	947,948	O	O
+3	948,949	O	O
+]	949,950	O	O
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+a	957,958	O	O
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+of	966,968	O	O
+the	969,972	O	O
+classical	973,982	O	O
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+applied	1001,1008	O	O
+to	1009,1011	O	O
+free	1012,1016	O	B-Process
+-	1016,1017	O	I-Process
+surface	1017,1024	O	I-Process
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+found	1038,1043	O	O
+in	1044,1046	O	O
+[	1047,1048	O	O
+4	1048,1049	O	O
+]	1049,1050	O	O
+.	1050,1051	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782513001473)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
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+,	22,23	O	O
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+the	34,37	O	O
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+‘	46,47	O	O
+framed’	47,54	O	B-Process
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+by	69,71	O	O
+Hadjiconstantinou	72,89	O	O
+and	90,93	O	O
+Patera	94,100	O	O
+
+[	101,102	O	O
+16	102,104	O	O
+]	104,105	O	O
+,	105,106	O	O
+where	107,112	O	O
+the	113,116	O	O
+shear	117,122	O	B-Process
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+is	130,132	O	O
+generated	133,142	O	O
+by	143,145	O	O
+constraining	146,158	O	B-Process
+the	159,162	O	I-Process
+velocity	163,171	O	I-Process
+in	172,174	O	O
+a	175,176	O	O
+‘	177,178	O	O
+frame’	178,184	O	O
+rather	185,191	O	O
+than	192,196	O	O
+by	197,199	O	O
+modifying	200,209	O	O
+the	210,213	O	O
+shape	214,219	O	O
+of	220,222	O	O
+the	223,226	O	O
+box	227,230	O	O
+.	230,231	O	O
+
+The	232,235	O	O
+framed	236,242	O	B-Process
+cell	243,247	O	I-Process
+is	248,250	O	O
+periodic	251,259	O	O
+,	259,260	O	O
+but	261,264	O	O
+we	265,267	O	O
+can	268,271	O	O
+not	271,274	O	O
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+calculate	282,291	O	O
+the	292,295	O	O
+average	296,303	O	O
+stress	304,310	O	O
+in	311,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	O
+whole	318,323	O	O
+box	324,327	O	O
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+the	336,339	O	O
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+of	349,351	O	O
+an	352,354	O	O
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+would	371,376	O	O
+produce	377,384	O	O
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+results	394,401	O	O
+.	401,402	O	O
+
+We	403,405	O	O
+need	406,410	O	O
+the	411,414	O	O
+local	415,420	O	O
+stress	421,427	O	O
+in	428,430	O	O
+the	431,434	O	O
+core	435,439	O	O
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+,	446,447	O	O
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+the	469,472	O	O
+Oij	473,476	O	O
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+in	482,484	O	O
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+
+(	489,490	O	O
+3	490,491	O	O
+)	491,492	O	O
+.	492,493	O	O
+
+There	494,499	O	O
+are	500,503	O	O
+other	504,509	O	O
+methods	510,517	O	O
+to	518,520	O	O
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+the	531,534	O	I-Process
+stress	535,541	O	I-Process
+tensor	542,548	O	I-Process
+such	549,553	O	O
+as	554,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
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+of	568,570	O	I-Process
+planes	571,577	O	I-Process
+[	578,579	O	O
+32	579,581	O	O
+]	581,582	O	O
+,	582,583	O	O
+the	584,587	O	O
+volume	588,594	O	B-Process
+-	594,595	O	I-Process
+average	595,602	O	I-Process
+approach	603,611	O	I-Process
+[	612,613	O	O
+26,14	613,618	O	O
+]	618,619	O	O
+,	619,620	O	O
+or	621,623	O	O
+the	624,627	O	O
+method	628,634	O	O
+derived	635,642	O	O
+from	643,647	O	O
+the	648,651	O	O
+Schweitz	652,660	O	B-Process
+virial	661,667	O	I-Process
+relation	668,676	O	I-Process
+[	677,678	O	O
+25	678,680	O	O
+]	680,681	O	O
+,	681,682	O	O
+but	683,686	O	O
+,	686,687	O	O
+in	688,690	O	O
+general	691,698	O	O
+,	698,699	O	O
+we	700,702	O	O
+must	703,707	O	O
+choose	708,714	O	O
+between	715,722	O	O
+a	723,724	O	O
+complicated	725,736	O	B-Process
+computational	737,750	O	I-Process
+cell	751,755	O	I-Process
+(	756,757	O	O
+i.e.	757,761	O	O
+Lees	762,766	O	B-Process
+–	766,767	O	I-Process
+Edwards	767,774	O	I-Process
+cell	775,779	O	I-Process
+)	779,780	O	O
+and	781,784	O	O
+simplifying	785,796	O	O
+the	797,800	O	O
+calculation	801,812	O	O
+of	813,815	O	O
+the	816,819	O	O
+momentum	820,828	O	O
+flux	829,833	O	O
+,	833,834	O	O
+or	835,837	O	O
+a	838,839	O	O
+simple	840,846	O	B-Process
+cell	847,851	O	I-Process
+(	852,853	O	O
+i.e.	853,857	O	O
+framed	858,864	O	B-Process
+cell	865,869	O	I-Process
+)	869,870	O	O
+and	871,874	O	O
+complicating	875,887	O	O
+the	888,891	O	O
+calculation	892,903	O	O
+of	904,906	O	O
+the	907,910	O	O
+momentum	911,919	O	O
+flux	920,924	O	O
+.	924,925	O	O
+
+The	926,929	O	O
+new	930,933	O	O
+method	934,940	O	O
+we	941,943	O	O
+propose	944,951	O	O
+here	952,956	O	O
+does	957,961	O	O
+not	962,965	O	O
+need	966,970	O	O
+the	971,974	O	O
+direct	975,981	O	O
+calculation	982,993	O	O
+of	994,996	O	O
+the	997,1000	O	O
+flux	1001,1005	O	O
+,	1005,1006	O	O
+so	1007,1009	O	O
+it	1010,1012	O	O
+avoids	1013,1019	O	O
+this	1020,1024	O	O
+issue	1025,1030	O	O
+altogether	1031,1041	O	O
+:	1041,1042	O	O
+we	1043,1045	O	O
+can	1046,1049	O	O
+use	1050,1053	O	O
+the	1054,1057	O	O
+framed	1058,1064	O	B-Process
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+and	1070,1073	O	O
+,	1073,1074	O	O
+at	1075,1077	O	O
+the	1078,1081	O	O
+same	1082,1086	O	O
+time	1087,1091	O	O
+,	1091,1092	O	O
+avoid	1093,1098	O	O
+the	1099,1102	O	O
+calculation	1103,1114	O	O
+of	1115,1117	O	O
+the	1118,1121	O	O
+IK	1122,1124	O	B-Process
+equation	1125,1133	O	I-Process
+.	1133,1134	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S004578251300176X)
+
+Powder	0,6	O	B-Process
+metallurgy	7,17	O	I-Process
+is	18,20	O	O
+a	21,22	O	O
+versatile	23,32	O	O
+technology	33,43	O	B-Process
+for	44,47	O	I-Process
+the	48,51	O	I-Process
+manufacturing	52,65	O	I-Process
+of	66,68	O	I-Process
+components	69,79	O	I-Process
+to	80,82	O	I-Process
+(	83,84	O	I-Process
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+)	88,89	O	I-Process
+net	90,93	O	I-Process
+-	93,94	O	I-Process
+shape	94,99	O	I-Process
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+high	105,109	O	O
+product	110,117	O	O
+quality	118,125	O	O
+.	125,126	O	O
+
+For	127,130	O	O
+a	131,132	O	O
+hardmetal	133,142	O	B-Material
+(	143,144	O	O
+such	144,148	O	O
+as	149,151	O	O
+WC	152,154	O	B-Material
+-	154,155	O	I-Material
+Co	155,157	O	I-Material
+)	157,158	O	O
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+of	175,177	O	O
+the	178,181	O	O
+powder	182,188	O	B-Material
+to	189,191	O	O
+a	192,193	O	O
+“	194,195	O	O
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+”	205,206	O	O
+is	207,209	O	O
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+by	219,221	O	O
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+-	228,229	O	I-Process
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+the	250,253	O	O
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+heating	265,272	O	B-Process
+.	272,273	O	O
+
+This	274,278	O	O
+means	279,284	O	O
+that	285,289	O	O
+the	290,293	O	O
+binder	294,300	O	O
+metal	301,306	O	O
+Co	307,309	O	B-Process
+is	310,312	O	I-Process
+heated	313,319	O	I-Process
+to	320,322	O	O
+melt	323,327	O	O
+in	328,330	O	O
+order	331,336	O	O
+to	337,339	O	O
+obtain	340,346	O	B-Task
+sufficient	347,357	O	I-Task
+mobility	358,366	O	I-Task
+via	367,370	O	I-Task
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+,	387,388	O	O
+i.e.	389,393	O	O
+,	393,394	O	O
+via	395,398	O	O
+surface	399,406	O	B-Process
+traction	407,415	O	I-Process
+,	415,416	O	O
+stemming	417,425	O	O
+from	426,430	O	O
+stored	431,437	O	O
+surface	438,445	O	O
+energy	446,452	O	O
+.	452,453	O	O
+
+The	454,457	O	O
+resulting	458,467	O	O
+flow	468,472	O	O
+causes	473,479	O	O
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+filling	488,495	O	I-Process
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+brings	518,524	O	O
+about	525,530	O	O
+a	531,532	O	O
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+shrinkage	545,554	O	I-Process
+of	555,557	O	O
+the	558,561	O	O
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+until	579,584	O	O
+a	585,586	O	O
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+,	621,622	O	O
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+ideally	632,639	O	O
+.	639,640	O	O
+
+To	641,643	O	O
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+a	703,704	O	O
+challenging	705,716	O	O
+task	717,721	O	O
+.	721,722	O	O
+
+The	723,726	O	O
+goal	727,731	O	O
+is	732,734	O	O
+to	735,737	O	O
+(	738,739	O	O
+i	739,740	O	O
+)	740,741	O	O
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+(	779,780	O	O
+i.e.	780,784	O	O
+,	784,785	O	O
+in	786,788	O	O
+terms	789,794	O	O
+of	795,797	O	O
+porosity	798,806	O	B-Task
+)	806,807	O	O
+and	808,811	O	O
+(	812,813	O	O
+ii	813,815	O	O
+)	815,816	O	O
+to	817,819	O	B-Task
+predict	820,827	O	I-Task
+the	828,831	O	I-Task
+final	832,837	O	I-Task
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+of	857,859	O	O
+the	860,863	O	O
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+.	882,883	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782514000607)
+
+As	0,2	O	O
+mentioned	3,12	O	O
+previously	13,23	O	O
+,	23,24	O	O
+the	25,28	O	O
+weakly	29,35	O	B-Process
+penalized	36,45	O	I-Process
+system	46,52	O	O
+can	53,56	O	O
+be	57,59	O	O
+thought	60,67	O	O
+of	68,70	O	O
+as	71,73	O	O
+a	74,75	O	O
+generalized	76,87	O	B-Process
+formulation	88,99	O	I-Process
+which	100,105	O	O
+can	106,109	O	O
+result	110,116	O	O
+in	117,119	O	O
+the	120,123	O	O
+PL	124,126	O	B-Process
+,	126,127	O	I-Process
+penalty	128,135	O	I-Process
+or	136,138	O	I-Process
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+condensed	150,159	O	I-Process
+PL	160,162	O	I-Process
+formulations	163,175	O	I-Process
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+on	186,188	O	O
+the	189,192	O	O
+choice	193,199	O	O
+of	200,202	O	O
+the	203,206	O	O
+projection	207,217	O	O
+operator	218,226	O	O
+.	226,227	O	O
+
+The	228,231	O	O
+equivalence	232,243	O	O
+of	244,246	O	O
+these	247,252	O	O
+methods	253,260	O	O
+under	261,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+weakly	271,277	O	O
+penalized	278,287	O	O
+regime	288,294	O	O
+,	294,295	O	O
+allows	296,302	O	O
+us	303,305	O	O
+to	306,308	O	O
+combine	309,316	O	O
+and	317,320	O	O
+take	321,325	O	O
+advantage	326,335	O	O
+of	336,338	O	O
+the	339,342	O	O
+good	343,347	O	O
+characteristics	348,363	O	O
+of	364,366	O	O
+each	367,371	O	O
+method	372,378	O	O
+.	378,379	O	O
+
+For	380,383	O	O
+instance	384,392	O	O
+,	392,393	O	O
+the	394,397	O	O
+weakly	398,404	O	B-Process
+penalized	405,414	O	I-Process
+formulation	415,426	O	I-Process
+combines	427,435	O	O
+the	436,439	O	O
+simplified	440,450	O	O
+structure	451,460	O	O
+of	461,463	O	O
+the	464,467	O	O
+penalty	468,475	O	B-Process
+method	476,482	O	I-Process
+with	483,487	O	O
+the	488,491	O	O
+convergence	492,503	O	O
+characteristics	504,519	O	O
+of	520,522	O	O
+the	523,526	O	O
+PL	527,529	O	B-Process
+formulation	530,541	O	I-Process
+.	541,542	O	O
+
+However	543,550	O	O
+,	550,551	O	O
+due	552,555	O	O
+to	556,558	O	O
+the	559,562	O	O
+stiffness	563,572	O	O
+of	573,575	O	O
+the	576,579	O	O
+linear	580,586	O	O
+system	587,593	O	O
+at	594,596	O	O
+high	597,601	O	O
+values	602,608	O	O
+of	609,611	O	O
+the	612,615	O	O
+bulk	616,620	O	O
+modulus	621,628	O	O
+,	628,629	O	O
+the	630,633	O	O
+penalized	634,643	O	B-Process
+formulations	644,656	O	I-Process
+(	657,658	O	O
+classic	658,665	O	B-Process
+penalty	666,673	O	I-Process
+/	673,674	O	I-Process
+weakly	674,680	O	I-Process
+penalized	681,690	O	I-Process
+)	690,691	O	O
+exhibit	692,699	O	O
+deteriorated	700,712	O	O
+nonlinear	713,722	O	B-Material
+convergence	723,734	O	I-Material
+.	734,735	O	O
+
+This	736,740	O	O
+stands	741,747	O	O
+in	748,750	O	O
+stark	751,756	O	O
+contrast	757,765	O	O
+to	766,768	O	O
+the	769,772	O	O
+PL	773,775	O	B-Process
+method	776,782	O	O
+which	783,788	O	O
+(	789,790	O	O
+for	790,793	O	O
+inf	794,797	O	B-Process
+–	797,798	O	I-Process
+sup	798,801	O	I-Process
+stable	802,808	O	I-Process
+schemes	809,816	O	I-Process
+)	816,817	O	O
+exhibits	818,826	O	O
+fast	827,831	O	O
+convergence	832,843	O	B-Material
+even	844,848	O	O
+for	849,852	O	O
+high	853,857	O	O
+bulk	858,862	O	O
+modulus	863,870	O	O
+.	870,871	O	O
+
+However	872,879	O	O
+,	879,880	O	O
+we	881,883	O	O
+observe	884,891	O	O
+that	892,896	O	O
+,	896,897	O	O
+when	898,902	O	O
+the	903,906	O	O
+choice	907,913	O	O
+of	914,916	O	O
+πh	917,919	O	O
+provides	920,928	O	O
+equivalence	929,940	O	O
+with	941,945	O	O
+the	946,949	O	O
+discrete	950,958	O	O
+PL	959,961	O	B-Task
+method	962,968	O	O
+,	968,969	O	O
+poor	970,974	O	B-Material
+nonlinear	975,984	O	I-Material
+convergence	985,996	O	I-Material
+is	997,999	O	O
+observed	1000,1008	O	O
+though	1009,1015	O	O
+,	1015,1016	O	O
+in	1017,1019	O	O
+principle	1020,1029	O	O
+,	1029,1030	O	O
+the	1031,1034	O	O
+convergence	1035,1046	O	O
+should	1047,1053	O	O
+be	1054,1056	O	O
+similar	1057,1064	O	O
+.	1064,1065	O	O
+
+Examining	1066,1075	O	O
+the	1076,1079	O	O
+update	1080,1086	O	O
+formulae	1087,1095	O	O
+for	1096,1099	O	O
+both	1100,1104	O	O
+weakly	1105,1111	O	B-Process
+penalized	1112,1121	O	I-Process
+and	1122,1125	O	I-Process
+PL	1126,1128	O	I-Process
+approaches	1129,1139	O	I-Process
+(	1140,1141	O	O
+see	1141,1144	O	O
+Appendix	1145,1153	O	O
+C	1154,1155	O	O
+)	1155,1156	O	O
+,	1156,1157	O	O
+we	1158,1160	O	O
+observe	1161,1168	O	O
+that	1169,1173	O	O
+deteriorated	1174,1186	O	B-Task
+convergence	1187,1198	O	I-Task
+stems	1199,1204	O	O
+from	1205,1209	O	O
+:	1209,1210	O	O
+(	1211,1212	O	O
+1	1212,1213	O	O
+)	1213,1214	O	O
+initial	1215,1222	O	B-Task
+residual	1223,1231	O	I-Task
+amplification	1232,1245	O	I-Task
+,	1245,1246	O	O
+and	1247,1250	O	O
+(	1251,1252	O	O
+2	1252,1253	O	O
+)	1253,1254	O	O
+the	1255,1258	O	O
+amplification	1259,1272	O	B-Task
+of	1273,1275	O	I-Task
+the	1276,1279	O	I-Task
+residual	1280,1288	O	I-Task
+.	1288,1289	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782514001492)
+
+Energy	0,6	O	B-Process
+conservation	7,19	O	I-Process
+is	20,22	O	O
+critical	23,31	O	O
+to	32,34	O	O
+ensure	35,41	O	O
+stability	42,51	O	O
+of	52,54	O	O
+a	55,56	O	O
+numerical	57,66	O	O
+method	67,73	O	O
+,	73,74	O	O
+especially	75,85	O	O
+for	86,89	O	O
+contact	90,97	O	B-Task
+and	98,101	O	I-Task
+collision	102,111	O	I-Task
+problems	112,120	O	I-Task
+
+[	122,123	O	O
+28,43	123,128	O	O
+]	128,129	O	O
+.	129,130	O	O
+
+A	131,132	O	O
+number	133,139	O	O
+of	140,142	O	O
+conserving	143,153	O	O
+schemes	154,161	O	O
+have	162,166	O	O
+been	167,171	O	O
+developed	172,181	O	O
+to	182,184	O	O
+ensure	185,191	O	O
+energy	192,198	O	B-Task
+conservation	199,211	O	I-Task
+.	211,212	O	O
+
+These	213,218	O	O
+schemes	219,226	O	O
+make	227,231	O	O
+use	232,235	O	O
+of	236,238	O	O
+the	239,242	O	O
+penalty	243,250	O	B-Process
+regulation	251,261	O	I-Process
+of	262,264	O	O
+normal	265,271	O	O
+contact	272,279	O	O
+constraint	280,290	O	O
+and	291,294	O	O
+inherit	295,302	O	O
+the	303,306	O	O
+conservation	307,319	O	O
+property	320,328	O	O
+from	329,333	O	O
+continuum	334,343	O	B-Task
+problems	344,352	O	I-Task
+.	352,353	O	O
+
+These	354,359	O	O
+conservation	360,372	O	B-Process
+schemes	373,380	O	I-Process
+can	381,384	O	O
+conveniently	385,397	O	O
+be	398,400	O	O
+combined	401,409	O	O
+with	410,414	O	O
+the	415,418	O	O
+finite	419,425	O	B-Process
+element	426,433	O	I-Process
+method	434,440	O	I-Process
+to	441,443	O	O
+simulate	444,452	O	B-Task
+frictionless	453,465	O	I-Task
+[	467,468	O	I-Task
+44	468,470	O	I-Task
+]	470,471	O	I-Task
+and	472,475	O	I-Task
+frictional	476,486	O	I-Task
+[	488,489	O	I-Task
+43	489,491	O	I-Task
+]	491,492	O	I-Task
+contact	493,500	O	I-Task
+and	501,504	O	I-Task
+collision	505,514	O	I-Task
+.	514,515	O	O
+
+Hesch	516,521	O	O
+and	522,525	O	O
+Betsch	526,532	O	O
+
+[	534,535	O	O
+45	535,537	O	O
+]	537,538	O	O
+formulated	539,549	O	O
+the	550,553	O	O
+node	554,558	O	B-Process
+-	558,559	O	I-Process
+to	559,561	O	I-Process
+-	561,562	O	I-Process
+segment	562,569	O	I-Process
+contact	570,577	O	I-Process
+method	578,584	O	I-Process
+and	585,588	O	O
+solved	589,595	O	O
+large	596,601	O	B-Task
+deformation	602,613	O	I-Task
+contact	614,621	O	I-Task
+problems	622,630	O	I-Task
+with	631,635	O	O
+the	636,639	O	O
+conserving	640,650	O	B-Process
+scheme	651,657	O	I-Process
+.	657,658	O	O
+
+More	659,663	O	O
+recently	664,672	O	O
+,	672,673	O	O
+an	674,676	O	O
+energy	677,683	O	B-Process
+and	684,687	O	I-Process
+momentum	688,696	O	I-Process
+-	696,697	O	I-Process
+conserving	697,707	O	I-Process
+temporal	708,716	O	I-Process
+discretization	717,731	O	I-Process
+scheme	732,738	O	I-Process
+[	740,741	O	O
+46	741,743	O	O
+]	743,744	O	O
+was	745,748	O	O
+developed	749,758	O	O
+for	759,762	O	O
+adhesive	763,771	O	B-Task
+contact	772,779	O	I-Task
+problems	780,788	O	I-Task
+without	789,796	O	O
+considering	797,808	O	O
+friction	809,817	O	B-Process
+and	818,821	O	O
+dissipation	822,833	O	B-Process
+.	833,834	O	O
+
+Even	835,839	O	O
+though	840,846	O	O
+the	847,850	O	O
+conserving	851,861	O	B-Process
+scheme	862,868	O	I-Process
+improves	869,877	O	O
+numerical	878,887	O	O
+stability	888,897	O	O
+,	897,898	O	O
+it	899,901	O	O
+also	902,906	O	O
+inherits	907,915	O	O
+from	916,920	O	O
+the	921,924	O	O
+penalty	925,932	O	O
+method	933,939	O	O
+the	940,943	O	O
+difficulty	944,954	O	O
+of	955,957	O	O
+having	958,964	O	O
+to	965,967	O	O
+determine	968,977	O	O
+penalty	978,985	O	O
+parameters	986,996	O	O
+.	996,997	O	O
+
+In	998,1000	O	O
+order	1001,1006	O	O
+to	1007,1009	O	O
+remove	1010,1016	O	O
+penalty	1017,1024	O	O
+sensitivity	1025,1036	O	O
+,	1036,1037	O	O
+Chawla	1038,1044	O	O
+and	1045,1048	O	O
+Laursen	1049,1056	O	O
+[	1058,1059	O	O
+47	1059,1061	O	O
+]	1061,1062	O	O
+proposed	1063,1071	O	O
+an	1072,1074	O	O
+energy	1075,1081	O	B-Process
+and	1082,1085	O	I-Process
+momentum	1086,1094	O	I-Process
+conserving	1095,1105	O	I-Process
+algorithm	1106,1115	O	I-Process
+,	1115,1116	O	O
+which	1117,1122	O	O
+makes	1123,1128	O	O
+use	1129,1132	O	O
+of	1133,1135	O	O
+Lagrange	1136,1144	O	O
+multipliers	1145,1156	O	O
+instead	1157,1164	O	O
+of	1165,1167	O	O
+penalty	1168,1175	O	O
+parameters	1176,1186	O	O
+.	1186,1187	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S004578251400334X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+article	8,15	O	O
+we	16,18	O	O
+propose	19,26	O	O
+a	27,28	O	O
+method	29,35	O	O
+which	36,41	O	O
+adopts	42,48	O	O
+a	49,50	O	O
+different	51,60	O	O
+approach	61,69	O	O
+to	70,72	O	O
+the	73,76	O	O
+generation	77,87	O	B-Process
+procedure	88,97	O	I-Process
+outlined	98,106	O	O
+above	107,112	O	O
+and	113,116	O	O
+that	117,121	O	O
+helps	122,127	O	O
+to	128,130	O	O
+address	131,138	O	O
+the	139,142	O	O
+problem	143,150	O	O
+of	151,153	O	O
+generating	154,164	O	B-Task
+high	165,169	O	I-Task
+-	169,170	O	I-Task
+order	170,175	O	I-Task
+meshes	176,182	O	I-Task
+for	183,186	O	I-Task
+high	187,191	O	I-Task
+Reynolds	192,200	O	I-Task
+number	201,207	O	I-Task
+flows	208,213	O	I-Task
+.	213,214	O	O
+
+The	215,218	O	O
+method	219,225	O	O
+is	226,228	O	O
+conceptually	229,241	O	O
+simple	242,248	O	O
+,	248,249	O	O
+cheap	250,255	O	O
+to	256,258	O	O
+implement	259,268	O	O
+and	269,272	O	O
+does	273,277	O	O
+not	278,281	O	O
+require	282,289	O	O
+a	290,291	O	O
+dense	292,297	O	B-Material
+linear	298,304	O	I-Material
+boundary	305,313	O	I-Material
+-	313,314	O	I-Material
+layer	314,319	O	I-Material
+mesh	320,324	O	I-Material
+.	324,325	O	O
+
+It	326,328	O	O
+is	329,331	O	O
+based	332,337	O	O
+on	338,340	O	O
+the	341,344	O	O
+use	345,348	O	O
+of	349,351	O	O
+an	352,354	O	O
+isoparametric	355,368	O	B-Process
+[	369,370	O	I-Process
+17	370,372	O	I-Process
+]	372,373	O	I-Process
+or	374,376	O	I-Process
+,	376,377	O	I-Process
+in	378,380	O	I-Process
+general	381,388	O	I-Process
+,	388,389	O	I-Process
+a	390,391	O	I-Process
+transfinite	392,403	O	I-Process
+interpolation	404,417	O	I-Process
+[	418,419	O	O
+18	419,421	O	O
+]	421,422	O	O
+where	423,428	O	O
+a	429,430	O	O
+high	431,435	O	B-Material
+-	435,436	O	I-Material
+order	436,441	O	I-Material
+coarse	442,448	O	I-Material
+boundary	449,457	O	I-Material
+-	457,458	O	I-Material
+layer	458,463	O	I-Material
+prismatic	464,473	O	I-Material
+mesh	474,478	O	I-Material
+is	479,481	O	O
+subdivided	482,492	O	B-Process
+into	493,497	O	I-Process
+either	498,504	O	I-Process
+prisms	505,511	O	I-Process
+or	512,514	O	I-Process
+tetrahedra	515,525	O	I-Process
+using	526,531	O	O
+the	532,535	O	O
+mapping	536,543	O	O
+that	544,548	O	O
+defines	549,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
+coarse	561,567	O	B-Material
+high	568,572	O	I-Material
+-	572,573	O	I-Material
+order	573,578	O	I-Material
+prisms	579,585	O	I-Material
+.	585,586	O	O
+
+The	587,590	O	O
+procedure	591,600	O	O
+is	601,603	O	O
+also	604,608	O	O
+very	609,613	O	O
+versatile	614,623	O	O
+as	624,626	O	O
+it	627,629	O	O
+permits	630,637	O	O
+meshes	638,644	O	B-Material
+with	645,649	O	O
+different	650,659	O	O
+distributions	660,673	O	O
+of	674,676	O	O
+y+	677,679	O	O
+to	680,682	O	O
+be	683,685	O	O
+generated	686,695	O	O
+with	696,700	O	O
+ease	701,705	O	O
+and	706,709	O	O
+furthermore	710,721	O	O
+,	721,722	O	O
+the	723,726	O	O
+validity	727,735	O	O
+of	736,738	O	O
+these	739,744	O	O
+meshes	745,751	O	B-Material
+is	752,754	O	O
+guaranteed	755,765	O	O
+if	766,768	O	O
+the	769,772	O	O
+initial	773,780	O	B-Material
+mesh	781,785	O	I-Material
+is	786,788	O	O
+valid	789,794	O	O
+and	795,798	O	O
+the	799,802	O	O
+polynomial	803,813	O	B-Material
+space	814,819	O	I-Material
+is	820,822	O	O
+chosen	823,829	O	O
+appropriately	830,843	O	O
+.	843,844	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782514004812)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+shall	3,8	O	O
+establish	9,18	O	O
+the	19,22	O	O
+variational	23,34	O	B-Material
+format	35,41	O	I-Material
+in	42,44	O	I-Material
+the	45,48	O	I-Material
+space	49,54	O	I-Material
+–	54,55	O	I-Material
+time	55,59	O	I-Material
+domain	60,66	O	I-Material
+S	67,68	O	B-Material
+=	68,69	O	I-Material
+defΩ×I	69,75	O	I-Material
+,	75,76	O	O
+for	77,80	O	O
+given	81,86	O	O
+spatial	87,94	O	B-Material
+domain	95,101	O	I-Material
+Ω	102,103	O	I-Material
+and	104,107	O	O
+time	108,112	O	B-Material
+domain	113,119	O	I-Material
+I=(0,T	120,126	O	I-Material
+)	126,127	O	I-Material
+,	127,128	O	O
+for	129,132	O	O
+a	133,134	O	O
+quite	135,140	O	O
+broad	141,146	O	O
+class	147,152	O	O
+of	153,155	O	O
+problems	156,164	O	O
+involving	165,174	O	O
+a	175,176	O	O
+first	177,182	O	B-Task
+order	183,188	O	I-Task
+time	189,193	O	I-Task
+-	193,194	O	I-Task
+derivative	194,204	O	I-Task
+.	204,205	O	O
+
+In	206,208	O	O
+particular	209,219	O	O
+,	219,220	O	O
+the	221,224	O	O
+coupled	225,232	O	B-Task
+problem	233,240	O	I-Task
+of	241,243	O	I-Task
+consolidation	244,257	O	I-Task
+of	258,260	O	I-Task
+geomaterials	261,273	O	I-Task
+falls	274,279	O	O
+within	280,286	O	O
+this	287,291	O	O
+class	292,297	O	O
+.	297,298	O	O
+
+Another	299,306	O	O
+interesting	307,318	O	O
+application	319,330	O	O
+is	331,333	O	O
+the	334,337	O	O
+problem	338,345	O	B-Task
+of	346,348	O	I-Task
+dynamics	349,357	O	I-Task
+,	357,358	O	I-Task
+rewritten	359,368	O	I-Task
+in	369,371	O	I-Task
+first	372,377	O	I-Task
+-	377,378	O	I-Task
+order	378,383	O	I-Task
+form	384,388	O	I-Task
+,	388,389	O	O
+i.e.	390,394	O	O
+through	395,402	O	O
+a	403,404	O	O
+Hamiltonian	405,416	O	B-Task
+description	417,428	O	I-Task
+.	428,429	O	O
+
+It	430,432	O	O
+is	433,435	O	O
+of	436,438	O	O
+considerable	439,451	O	O
+interest	452,460	O	O
+to	461,463	O	O
+note	464,468	O	O
+from	469,473	O	O
+the	474,477	O	O
+outset	478,484	O	O
+that	485,489	O	O
+,	489,490	O	O
+due	491,494	O	O
+to	495,497	O	O
+the	498,501	O	O
+forward	502,509	O	O
+transport	510,519	O	O
+of	520,522	O	O
+information	523,534	O	O
+in	535,537	O	O
+time	538,542	O	O
+,	542,543	O	O
+it	544,546	O	O
+is	547,549	O	O
+always	550,556	O	O
+possible	557,565	O	O
+to	566,568	O	O
+consider	569,577	O	O
+a	578,579	O	O
+set	580,583	O	O
+of	584,586	O	O
+finite	587,593	O	O
+time	594,598	O	O
+intervals	599,608	O	O
+,	608,609	O	O
+whereby	610,617	O	O
+the	618,621	O	O
+solution	622,630	O	O
+at	631,633	O	O
+the	634,637	O	O
+end	638,641	O	O
+of	642,644	O	O
+any	645,648	O	O
+such	649,653	O	O
+interval	654,662	O	O
+will	663,667	O	O
+act	668,671	O	O
+as	672,674	O	O
+the	675,678	O	O
+initial	679,686	O	O
+data	687,691	O	O
+for	692,695	O	O
+the	696,699	O	O
+next	700,704	O	O
+one	705,708	O	O
+.	708,709	O	O
+
+To	710,712	O	O
+this	713,717	O	O
+end	718,721	O	O
+,	721,722	O	O
+we	723,725	O	O
+introduce	726,735	O	O
+a	736,737	O	O
+partition	738,747	O	O
+0=t0<t1<⋯<tN	748,760	O	O
+
+=	760,761	O	O
+T	761,762	O	O
+of	763,765	O	O
+the	766,769	O	O
+considered	770,780	O	O
+time	781,785	O	O
+domain	786,792	O	O
+I=(0,T	793,799	O	O
+)	799,800	O	O
+into	801,805	O	O
+time	806,810	O	O
+-	810,811	O	O
+intervals	811,820	O	O
+In=(tn−1,tn	821,832	O	O
+)	832,833	O	O
+of	834,836	O	O
+length	837,843	O	O
+Δtn	844,847	O	O
+
+=	847,848	O	O
+tn−tn−1.11The	848,861	O	O
+abbreviated	862,873	O	O
+notation	874,882	O	O
+Δt=Δtn	883,889	O	O
+will	890,894	O	O
+be	895,897	O	O
+used	898,902	O	O
+henceforth	903,913	O	O
+for	914,917	O	O
+the	918,921	O	O
+current	922,929	O	O
+time	930,934	O	O
+step	935,939	O	O
+associated	940,950	O	O
+with	951,955	O	O
+In	956,958	O	O
+.	958,959	O	O
+
+Hence	960,965	O	O
+,	965,966	O	O
+we	967,969	O	O
+define	970,976	O	O
+
+space	977,982	O	B-Material
+–	982,983	O	I-Material
+time	983,987	O	I-Material
+slabs	988,993	O	I-Material
+Sn	994,996	O	O
+
+=	996,997	O	O
+defΩ×In	997,1004	O	O
+such	1005,1009	O	O
+
+that	1010,1014	O	O
+the	1015,1018	O	O
+space	1019,1024	O	O
+–	1024,1025	O	O
+
+time	1025,1029	O	O
+domain	1030,1036	O	O
+can	1037,1040	O	O
+be	1041,1043	O	O
+given	1044,1049	O	O
+as	1050,1052	O	O
+S	1053,1054	O	B-Material
+=	1054,1055	O	I-Material
+defΩ×I	1055,1061	O	I-Material
+=	1061,1062	O	I-Material
+S1∪S2⋯∪Sn	1062,1071	O	I-Material
+.	1071,1072	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782515001231)
+
+Isogeometric	0,12	O	B-Task
+analysis	13,21	O	I-Task
+.	21,22	O	O
+
+The	23,26	O	O
+central	27,34	O	O
+idea	35,39	O	O
+of	40,42	O	O
+isogeometric	43,55	O	B-Task
+analysis	56,64	O	I-Task
+is	65,67	O	O
+to	68,70	O	O
+use	71,74	O	O
+the	75,78	O	O
+same	79,83	O	O
+ansatz	84,90	O	B-Process
+functions	91,100	O	I-Process
+for	101,104	O	O
+the	105,108	O	O
+discretization	109,123	O	O
+of	124,126	O	O
+the	127,130	O	O
+partial	131,138	O	O
+differential	139,151	O	O
+equation	152,160	O	O
+at	161,163	O	O
+hand	164,168	O	O
+,	168,169	O	O
+as	170,172	O	O
+are	173,176	O	O
+used	177,181	O	O
+for	182,185	O	O
+the	186,189	O	O
+representation	190,204	O	O
+of	205,207	O	O
+the	208,211	O	O
+problem	212,219	O	B-Task
+geometry	220,228	O	I-Task
+.	228,229	O	O
+
+Usually	230,237	O	O
+,	237,238	O	O
+the	239,242	O	O
+problem	243,250	O	B-Process
+geometry	251,259	O	I-Process
+Ω	260,261	O	O
+is	262,264	O	O
+represented	265,276	O	O
+in	277,279	O	O
+computer	280,288	O	B-Process
+aided	289,294	O	I-Process
+design	295,301	O	I-Process
+(	302,303	O	O
+CAD	303,306	O	B-Process
+)	306,307	O	O
+by	308,310	O	O
+means	311,316	O	O
+of	317,319	O	O
+NURBS	320,325	O	B-Material
+or	326,328	O	O
+T	329,330	O	B-Material
+-	330,331	O	I-Material
+splines	331,338	O	I-Material
+.	338,339	O	O
+
+This	340,344	O	O
+concept	345,352	O	O
+,	352,353	O	O
+originally	354,364	O	O
+invented	365,373	O	O
+in	374,376	O	O
+[	378,379	O	O
+1	379,380	O	O
+]	380,381	O	O
+for	382,385	O	O
+finite	386,392	O	B-Process
+element	393,400	O	I-Process
+methods	401,408	O	I-Process
+(	409,410	O	O
+IGAFEM	410,416	O	B-Process
+)	416,417	O	O
+has	418,421	O	O
+proved	422,428	O	O
+very	429,433	O	O
+fruitful	434,442	O	O
+in	443,445	O	O
+applications	446,458	O	O
+[	460,461	O	O
+1,2	461,464	O	O
+]	464,465	O	O
+;	465,466	O	O
+see	467,470	O	O
+also	471,475	O	O
+the	476,479	O	O
+monograph	480,489	O	O
+[	491,492	O	O
+3	492,493	O	O
+]	493,494	O	O
+.	494,495	O	O
+
+Since	496,501	O	O
+CAD	502,505	O	B-Process
+directly	506,514	O	O
+provides	515,523	O	O
+a	524,525	O	O
+parametrization	526,541	O	O
+of	542,544	O	O
+the	545,548	O	O
+boundary	549,557	O	O
+∂Ω	558,560	O	O
+,	560,561	O	O
+this	562,566	O	O
+makes	567,572	O	O
+the	573,576	O	O
+boundary	577,585	O	B-Process
+element	586,593	O	I-Process
+method	594,600	O	I-Process
+(	601,602	O	O
+BEM	602,605	O	B-Process
+)	605,606	O	O
+the	607,610	O	O
+most	611,615	O	O
+attractive	616,626	O	O
+numerical	627,636	O	B-Process
+scheme	637,643	O	I-Process
+,	643,644	O	O
+if	645,647	O	O
+applicable	648,658	O	O
+(	659,660	O	O
+i.e.	660,664	O	O
+,	664,665	O	O
+provided	666,674	O	O
+that	675,679	O	O
+the	680,683	O	O
+fundamental	684,695	O	O
+solution	696,704	O	O
+of	705,707	O	O
+the	708,711	O	O
+differential	712,724	O	O
+operator	725,733	O	O
+is	734,736	O	O
+explicitly	737,747	O	O
+known	748,753	O	O
+)	753,754	O	O
+.	754,755	O	O
+
+Isogeometric	756,768	O	B-Process
+BEM	769,772	O	I-Process
+(	773,774	O	O
+IGABEM	774,780	O	B-Process
+)	780,781	O	O
+has	782,785	O	O
+first	786,791	O	O
+been	792,796	O	O
+considered	797,807	O	O
+for	808,811	O	O
+2D	812,814	O	B-Process
+BEM	815,818	O	I-Process
+in	819,821	O	O
+[	823,824	O	O
+4	824,825	O	O
+]	825,826	O	O
+and	827,830	O	O
+for	831,834	O	O
+3D	835,837	O	B-Process
+BEM	838,841	O	I-Process
+in	842,844	O	O
+[	846,847	O	O
+5	847,848	O	O
+]	848,849	O	O
+.	849,850	O	O
+
+Unlike	851,857	O	O
+standard	858,866	O	B-Process
+BEM	867,870	O	I-Process
+with	871,875	O	O
+piecewise	876,885	O	O
+polynomials	886,897	O	O
+which	898,903	O	O
+is	904,906	O	O
+well	907,911	O	O
+-	911,912	O	O
+studied	912,919	O	O
+in	920,922	O	O
+the	923,926	O	O
+literature	927,937	O	O
+,	937,938	O	O
+cf	939,941	O	O
+.	941,942	O	O
+
+the	943,946	O	O
+monographs	947,957	O	O
+[	959,960	O	O
+6,7	960,963	O	O
+]	963,964	O	O
+and	965,968	O	O
+the	969,972	O	O
+references	973,983	O	O
+therein	984,991	O	O
+,	991,992	O	O
+the	993,996	O	O
+numerical	997,1006	O	B-Task
+analysis	1007,1015	O	I-Task
+of	1016,1018	O	I-Task
+IGABEM	1019,1025	O	I-Task
+is	1026,1028	O	O
+essentially	1029,1040	O	O
+open	1041,1045	O	O
+.	1045,1046	O	O
+
+We	1047,1049	O	O
+only	1050,1054	O	O
+refer	1055,1060	O	O
+to	1061,1063	O	O
+
+[	1065,1066	O	O
+2,8–10	1066,1072	O	O
+]	1072,1073	O	O
+for	1074,1077	O	O
+numerical	1078,1087	O	O
+experiments	1088,1099	O	O
+and	1100,1103	O	O
+to	1104,1106	O	O
+[	1108,1109	O	O
+11	1109,1111	O	O
+]	1111,1112	O	O
+for	1113,1116	O	O
+some	1117,1121	O	O
+quadrature	1122,1132	O	B-Task
+analysis	1133,1141	O	I-Task
+.	1141,1142	O	O
+
+In	1143,1145	O	O
+particular	1146,1156	O	O
+,	1156,1157	O	O
+a	1158,1159	O	B-Process
+posteriori	1160,1170	O	I-Process
+error	1171,1176	O	I-Process
+estimation	1177,1187	O	I-Process
+has	1188,1191	O	O
+been	1192,1196	O	O
+well	1197,1201	O	O
+-	1201,1202	O	O
+studied	1202,1209	O	O
+for	1210,1213	O	O
+standard	1214,1222	O	B-Process
+BEM	1223,1226	O	I-Process
+,	1226,1227	O	O
+e.g.	1228,1232	O	O
+,	1232,1233	O	O
+[	1235,1236	O	O
+12–18	1236,1241	O	O
+]	1241,1242	O	O
+as	1243,1245	O	O
+well	1246,1250	O	O
+as	1251,1253	O	O
+the	1254,1257	O	O
+recent	1258,1264	O	O
+overview	1265,1273	O	O
+article	1274,1281	O	O
+[	1283,1284	O	O
+19	1284,1286	O	O
+]	1286,1287	O	O
+,	1287,1288	O	O
+but	1289,1292	O	O
+has	1293,1296	O	O
+not	1297,1300	O	O
+been	1301,1305	O	O
+treated	1306,1313	O	O
+for	1314,1317	O	O
+IGABEM	1318,1324	O	B-Process
+so	1325,1327	O	O
+far	1328,1331	O	O
+.	1331,1332	O	O
+
+The	1333,1336	O	O
+purpose	1337,1344	O	O
+of	1345,1347	O	O
+the	1348,1351	O	O
+present	1352,1359	O	O
+work	1360,1364	O	O
+is	1365,1367	O	O
+to	1368,1370	O	O
+shed	1371,1375	O	B-Task
+some	1376,1380	O	I-Task
+first	1381,1386	O	I-Task
+light	1387,1392	O	I-Task
+on	1393,1395	O	I-Task
+a	1396,1397	O	I-Task
+posteriori	1398,1408	O	I-Task
+error	1409,1414	O	I-Task
+analysis	1415,1423	O	I-Task
+for	1424,1427	O	I-Task
+IGABEM	1428,1434	O	I-Task
+which	1435,1440	O	O
+provides	1441,1449	O	O
+some	1450,1454	O	O
+mathematical	1455,1467	O	B-Task
+foundation	1468,1478	O	I-Task
+of	1479,1481	O	I-Task
+a	1482,1483	O	I-Task
+corresponding	1484,1497	O	I-Task
+adaptive	1498,1506	O	I-Task
+algorithm	1507,1516	O	I-Task
+.	1516,1517	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782515001899)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+recent	3,9	O	O
+years	10,15	O	O
+,	15,16	O	O
+the	17,20	O	O
+Discontinuous	21,34	O	B-Process
+Galerkin	35,43	O	I-Process
+(	44,45	O	O
+DG	45,47	O	B-Process
+)	47,48	O	O
+method	49,55	O	O
+has	56,59	O	O
+emerged	60,67	O	O
+as	68,70	O	O
+a	71,72	O	O
+more	73,77	O	O
+thorough	78,86	O	O
+alternative	87,98	O	O
+for	99,102	O	O
+locally	103,110	O	O
+solving	111,118	O	B-Task
+conservation	119,131	O	I-Task
+laws	132,136	O	I-Task
+of	137,139	O	I-Task
+the	140,143	O	I-Task
+shallow	144,151	O	I-Task
+water	152,157	O	I-Task
+equations	158,167	O	I-Task
+with	168,172	O	O
+higher	173,179	O	O
+accuracy	180,188	O	O
+
+[	190,191	O	O
+21–27	191,196	O	O
+]	196,197	O	O
+.	197,198	O	O
+
+The	199,202	O	O
+DG	203,205	O	B-Process
+method	206,212	O	I-Process
+further	213,220	O	O
+involves	221,229	O	O
+finite	230,236	O	B-Process
+element	237,244	O	I-Process
+weak	245,249	O	I-Process
+formulation	250,261	O	I-Process
+to	262,264	O	O
+–	264,265	O	O
+inherently	265,275	O	O
+from	276,280	O	O
+conservation	281,293	O	B-Process
+principles	294,304	O	I-Process
+–	304,305	O	O
+shape	305,310	O	B-Task
+a	311,312	O	I-Task
+piecewise	313,322	O	I-Task
+-	322,323	O	I-Task
+polynomial	323,333	O	I-Task
+solution	334,342	O	I-Task
+over	343,347	O	I-Task
+each	348,352	O	I-Task
+local	353,358	O	I-Task
+discrete	359,367	O	I-Task
+cell	368,372	O	I-Task
+,	372,373	O	O
+via	374,377	O	O
+local	378,383	O	B-Process
+basis	384,389	O	I-Process
+functions	390,399	O	I-Process
+.	399,400	O	O
+
+On	401,403	O	O
+this	404,408	O	O
+basis	409,414	O	O
+,	414,415	O	O
+the	416,419	O	O
+DG	420,422	O	B-Process
+polynomial	423,433	O	I-Process
+accuracy	434,442	O	I-Process
+is	443,445	O	O
+spanned	446,453	O	O
+by	454,456	O	O
+a	457,458	O	O
+set	459,462	O	O
+of	463,465	O	O
+coefficients	466,478	O	O
+,	478,479	O	O
+describing	480,490	O	O
+accuracy	491,499	O	O
+information	500,511	O	O
+,	511,512	O	O
+which	513,518	O	O
+are	519,522	O	O
+all	523,526	O	O
+locally	527,534	O	O
+evolved	535,542	O	O
+in	543,545	O	O
+time	546,550	O	O
+from	551,555	O	O
+conservation	556,568	O	B-Process
+principles	569,579	O	I-Process
+at	580,582	O	O
+the	583,586	O	O
+discrete	587,595	O	O
+level	596,601	O	O
+,	601,602	O	O
+with	603,607	O	O
+an	608,610	O	O
+arbitrary	611,620	O	O
+order	621,626	O	O
+of	627,629	O	O
+accuracy	630,638	O	O
+.	638,639	O	O
+
+A	640,641	O	O
+DG	642,644	O	B-Task
+-	644,645	O	I-Task
+based	645,650	O	I-Task
+shallow	651,658	O	I-Task
+water	659,664	O	I-Task
+model	665,670	O	I-Task
+appeals	671,678	O	O
+in	679,681	O	O
+providing	682,691	O	O
+higher	692,698	O	O
+quality	699,706	O	O
+solutions	707,716	O	O
+on	717,719	O	O
+very	720,724	O	B-Material
+coarse	725,731	O	I-Material
+meshes	732,738	O	I-Material
+than	739,743	O	O
+a	744,745	O	O
+traditional	746,757	O	O
+finite	758,764	O	O
+volume	765,771	O	O
+counterpart	772,783	O	O
+,	783,784	O	O
+but	785,788	O	O
+is	789,791	O	O
+comparatively	792,805	O	O
+expensive	806,815	O	O
+to	816,818	O	O
+run	819,822	O	O
+and	823,826	O	O
+imposes	827,834	O	O
+a	835,836	O	O
+more	837,841	O	O
+restrictive	842,853	O	O
+stability	854,863	O	O
+condition	864,873	O	O
+for	874,877	O	O
+the	878,881	O	O
+CFL	882,885	O	B-Process
+number	886,892	O	I-Process
+[	894,895	O	O
+28,29	895,900	O	O
+]	900,901	O	O
+.	901,902	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782515002418)
+
+FR	0,2	O	B-Process
+schemes	3,10	O	I-Process
+are	11,14	O	O
+similar	15,22	O	O
+to	23,25	O	O
+nodal	26,31	O	B-Process
+DG	32,34	O	I-Process
+schemes	35,42	O	I-Process
+,	42,43	O	O
+which	44,49	O	O
+are	50,53	O	O
+arguably	54,62	O	O
+the	63,66	O	O
+most	67,71	O	O
+popular	72,79	O	O
+type	80,84	O	O
+of	85,87	O	O
+unstructured	88,100	O	B-Process
+high	101,105	O	I-Process
+-	105,106	O	I-Process
+order	106,111	O	I-Process
+method	112,118	O	I-Process
+(	119,120	O	O
+at	120,122	O	O
+least	123,128	O	O
+in	129,131	O	O
+the	132,135	O	O
+field	136,141	O	O
+of	142,144	O	O
+computational	145,158	O	B-Task
+aerodynamics	159,171	O	I-Task
+)	171,172	O	O
+.	172,173	O	O
+
+Like	174,178	O	O
+nodal	179,184	O	B-Process
+DG	185,187	O	I-Process
+schemes	188,195	O	I-Process
+,	195,196	O	O
+FR	197,199	O	B-Process
+schemes	200,207	O	I-Process
+utilise	208,215	O	O
+a	216,217	O	O
+high	218,222	O	B-Process
+-	222,223	O	I-Process
+order	223,228	O	I-Process
+(	229,230	O	O
+nodal	230,235	O	B-Process
+)	235,236	O	O
+polynomial	237,247	O	O
+basis	248,253	O	O
+to	254,256	O	O
+approximate	257,268	O	B-Process
+the	269,272	O	I-Process
+solution	273,281	O	I-Process
+within	282,288	O	O
+each	289,293	O	O
+element	294,301	O	O
+of	302,304	O	O
+the	305,308	O	O
+computational	309,322	O	B-Task
+domain	323,329	O	I-Task
+,	329,330	O	O
+and	331,334	O	O
+like	335,339	O	O
+nodal	340,345	O	B-Process
+DG	346,348	O	I-Process
+schemes	349,356	O	I-Process
+,	356,357	O	O
+FR	358,360	O	B-Process
+schemes	361,368	O	I-Process
+do	369,371	O	O
+not	372,375	O	O
+explicitly	376,386	O	O
+enforce	387,394	O	B-Process
+inter	395,400	O	I-Process
+-	400,401	O	I-Process
+element	401,408	O	I-Process
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+.	428,429	O	O
+
+However	430,437	O	O
+,	437,438	O	O
+unlike	439,445	O	O
+nodal	446,451	O	B-Process
+DG	452,454	O	I-Process
+schemes	455,462	O	I-Process
+,	462,463	O	O
+FR	464,466	O	B-Process
+methods	467,474	O	I-Process
+are	475,478	O	O
+based	479,484	O	O
+solely	485,491	O	O
+on	492,494	O	O
+the	495,498	O	O
+governing	499,508	O	O
+system	509,515	O	O
+in	516,518	O	O
+a	519,520	O	O
+differential	521,533	O	O
+form	534,538	O	O
+.	538,539	O	O
+
+A	540,541	O	O
+description	542,553	O	O
+of	554,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
+FR	561,563	O	B-Process
+approach	564,572	O	I-Process
+in	573,575	O	O
+1D	576,578	O	O
+is	579,581	O	O
+presented	582,591	O	O
+below	592,597	O	O
+.	597,598	O	O
+
+For	599,602	O	O
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+information	611,622	O	O
+see	623,626	O	O
+the	627,630	O	O
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+of	646,648	O	O
+Huynh	649,654	O	O
+[	656,657	O	O
+2	657,658	O	O
+]	658,659	O	O
+.	659,660	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782515002686)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+(	29,30	O	O
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+)	33,34	O	O
+,	34,35	O	O
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+[	103,104	O	O
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+]	105,106	O	O
+,	106,107	O	O
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+applied	117,124	O	O
+to	125,127	O	O
+a	128,129	O	O
+wide	130,134	O	O
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+of	141,143	O	O
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+including	153,162	O	O
+arterial	163,171	O	B-Task
+blood	172,177	O	I-Task
+flow	178,182	O	I-Task
+[	184,185	O	O
+4	185,186	O	O
+]	186,187	O	O
+,	187,188	O	O
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+of	199,201	O	I-Task
+the	202,205	O	I-Task
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+[	215,216	O	O
+5	216,217	O	O
+]	217,218	O	O
+,	218,219	O	O
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+of	230,232	O	I-Task
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+cells	243,248	O	I-Task
+in	249,251	O	I-Task
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+flow	263,267	O	I-Task
+
+[	269,270	O	O
+6	270,271	O	O
+]	271,272	O	O
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+[	314,315	O	O
+7	315,316	O	O
+]	316,317	O	O
+.	317,318	O	O
+
+A	319,320	O	O
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+list	335,339	O	O
+of	340,342	O	O
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+can	356,359	O	O
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+found	363,368	O	O
+in	369,371	O	O
+[	373,374	O	O
+8	374,375	O	O
+]	375,376	O	O
+.	376,377	O	O
+
+The	378,381	O	O
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+is	386,388	O	O
+both	389,393	O	O
+a	394,395	O	O
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+and	421,424	O	O
+a	425,426	O	O
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+for	444,447	O	O
+fluid	448,453	O	B-Task
+–	453,454	O	I-Task
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+.	484,485	O	O
+
+As	486,488	O	O
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+,	504,505	O	O
+in	506,508	O	O
+a	509,510	O	O
+classical	511,520	O	O
+fluid	521,526	O	B-Task
+–	526,527	O	I-Task
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+,	556,557	O	O
+the	558,561	O	O
+fluid	562,567	O	B-Material
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+the	572,575	O	O
+structure	576,585	O	B-Material
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+and	612,615	O	O
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+coupled	621,628	O	B-Process
+together	629,637	O	I-Process
+via	638,641	O	O
+some	642,646	O	O
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+jump	656,660	O	O
+conditions	661,671	O	O
+.	671,672	O	O
+
+In	673,675	O	O
+the	676,679	O	O
+IBM	680,683	O	B-Process
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+,	691,692	O	O
+the	693,696	O	O
+structure	697,706	O	O
+–	706,707	O	O
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+is	713,715	O	O
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+in	733,735	O	O
+a	736,737	O	O
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+–	753,754	O	O
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+of	778,780	O	O
+the	781,784	O	O
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+.	802,803	O	O
+
+This	804,808	O	O
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+that	815,819	O	O
+only	820,824	O	O
+a	825,826	O	O
+single	827,833	O	O
+equation	834,842	O	O
+of	843,845	O	O
+motion	846,852	O	B-Process
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+to	859,861	O	O
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+(	872,873	O	O
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+a	878,879	O	O
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+-	883,884	O	O
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+)	901,902	O	O
+.	902,903	O	O
+
+Additionally	904,916	O	O
+,	916,917	O	O
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+the	933,936	O	O
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+over	971,975	O	O
+the	976,979	O	O
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+,	1001,1002	O	O
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+in	1051,1053	O	O
+a	1054,1055	O	O
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+.	1077,1078	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0045782515003680)
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+We	0,2	O	O
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+of	35,37	O	O
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+-	52,53	O	I-Material
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+.	151,152	O	O
+
+As	153,155	O	O
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+in	173,175	O	O
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+analysis	189,197	O	I-Material
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+,	208,209	O	O
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+(	277,278	O	O
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+)	281,282	O	O
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+(	311,312	O	O
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+)	315,316	O	O
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+.	358,359	O	O
+
+This	360,364	O	O
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+in	390,392	O	O
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+of	502,504	O	O
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+
+The	535,538	O	O
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+
+In	685,687	O	O
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+,	823,824	O	O
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+
+Generally	864,873	O	O
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+
+Recently	1234,1242	O	O
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+,	1362,1363	O	O
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+[	1416,1417	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0079642514000887)
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+The	0,3	O	O
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+,	143,144	O	O
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+.	265,266	O	O
+
+To	267,269	O	O
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+,	274,275	O	O
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+,	329,330	O	O
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+microscopes	433,444	O	I-Material
+(	445,446	O	O
+TEM	446,449	O	B-Material
+)	449,450	O	O
+[	451,452	O	O
+62,63	452,457	O	O
+]	457,458	O	O
+.	458,459	O	O
+
+Compared	460,468	O	O
+with	469,473	O	O
+the	474,477	O	O
+first	478,483	O	O
+two	484,487	O	O
+setups	488,494	O	O
+,	494,495	O	O
+which	496,501	O	O
+have	502,506	O	O
+no	507,509	O	O
+direct	510,516	O	O
+access	517,523	O	O
+to	524,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+material	531,539	O	B-Task
+internal	540,548	O	I-Task
+structure	549,558	O	I-Task
+and	559,562	O	O
+atomic	563,569	O	B-Task
+bonding	570,577	O	I-Task
+information	578,589	O	I-Task
+[	590,591	O	O
+64–67	591,596	O	O
+]	596,597	O	O
+,	597,598	O	O
+the	599,602	O	O
+state	603,608	O	O
+-	608,609	O	O
+of	609,611	O	O
+-	611,612	O	O
+the	612,615	O	O
+-	615,616	O	O
+art	616,619	O	O
+in	620,622	O	O
+situ	623,627	O	O
+high	628,632	O	O
+-	632,633	O	O
+resolution	633,643	O	O
+TEM	644,647	O	B-Process
+technique	648,657	O	O
+allows	658,664	O	O
+one	665,668	O	O
+to	669,671	O	O
+not	672,675	O	O
+only	676,680	O	O
+manipulate	681,691	O	B-Process
+with	692,696	O	I-Process
+an	697,699	O	I-Process
+individual	700,710	O	I-Process
+object	711,717	O	I-Process
+at	718,720	O	O
+the	721,724	O	O
+nano	725,729	O	O
+-	729,730	O	O
+scale	730,735	O	O
+precision	736,745	O	O
+but	746,749	O	O
+to	750,752	O	O
+also	753,757	O	O
+get	758,761	O	O
+deep	762,766	O	O
+insights	767,775	O	O
+into	776,780	O	O
+its	781,784	O	O
+physical	785,793	O	O
+,	793,794	O	O
+chemical	795,803	O	O
+,	803,804	O	O
+and	805,808	O	O
+microstructural	809,824	O	O
+statuses	825,833	O	O
+[	834,835	O	O
+68–71	835,840	O	O
+]	840,841	O	O
+.	841,842	O	O
+
+Combining	843,852	O	O
+the	853,856	O	O
+capabilities	857,869	O	O
+of	870,872	O	O
+a	873,874	O	O
+conventional	875,887	O	O
+high	888,892	O	O
+-	892,893	O	O
+resolution	893,903	O	O
+TEM	904,907	O	B-Process
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+STM	919,922	O	B-Process
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+produces	930,938	O	O
+advanced	939,947	O	O
+and	948,951	O	O
+dedicated	952,961	O	O
+TEM	962,965	O	B-Process
+holders	966,973	O	I-Process
+,	973,974	O	O
+which	975,980	O	O
+are	981,984	O	O
+becoming	985,993	O	O
+the	994,997	O	O
+powerful	998,1006	O	O
+tools	1007,1012	O	O
+in	1013,1015	O	O
+nanomaterials	1016,1029	O	B-Task
+manipulation	1030,1042	O	I-Task
+and	1043,1046	O	O
+properties	1047,1057	O	B-Task
+analysis	1058,1066	O	I-Task
+.	1066,1067	O	O
+
+Such	1068,1072	O	O
+holders	1073,1080	O	B-Process
+have	1081,1085	O	O
+been	1086,1090	O	O
+commercialized	1091,1105	O	O
+,	1105,1106	O	O
+for	1107,1110	O	O
+instance	1111,1119	O	O
+,	1119,1120	O	O
+by	1121,1123	O	O
+“	1124,1125	O	O
+Nanofactory	1125,1136	O	O
+Instruments	1137,1148	O	O
+AB	1149,1151	O	O
+’’	1151,1153	O	O
+,	1153,1154	O	O
+Goteborg	1155,1163	O	O
+,	1163,1164	O	O
+Sweden	1165,1171	O	O
+[	1172,1173	O	O
+72	1173,1175	O	O
+]	1175,1176	O	O
+.	1176,1177	O	O
+
+The	1178,1181	O	O
+full	1182,1186	O	O
+usefulness	1187,1197	O	O
+of	1198,1200	O	O
+these	1201,1206	O	O
+advanced	1207,1215	O	O
+in	1216,1218	O	O
+-	1218,1219	O	O
+situ	1219,1223	O	O
+TEM	1224,1227	O	B-Process
+techniques	1228,1238	O	I-Process
+is	1239,1241	O	O
+apparent	1242,1250	O	O
+with	1251,1255	O	O
+respect	1256,1263	O	O
+to	1264,1266	O	O
+mechanical	1267,1277	O	B-Task
+and	1278,1281	O	I-Task
+thermal	1282,1289	O	I-Task
+property	1290,1298	O	I-Task
+analysis	1299,1307	O	I-Task
+of	1308,1310	O	O
+individual	1311,1321	O	O
+nanostructures	1322,1336	O	B-Material
+,	1336,1337	O	O
+e.g.	1338,1342	O	O
+,	1342,1343	O	O
+elasticity	1344,1354	O	O
+,	1354,1355	O	O
+plasticity	1356,1366	O	O
+and	1367,1370	O	O
+strength	1371,1379	O	O
+data	1380,1384	O	O
+while	1385,1390	O	O
+employing	1391,1400	O	O
+direct	1401,1407	O	B-Process
+bent	1408,1412	O	I-Process
+or	1413,1415	O	I-Process
+tensile	1416,1423	O	I-Process
+tests	1424,1429	O	I-Process
+[	1430,1431	O	O
+73–75	1431,1436	O	O
+]	1436,1437	O	O
+,	1437,1438	O	O
+probing	1439,1446	O	B-Process
+electrical	1447,1457	O	I-Process
+characteristics	1458,1473	O	I-Process
+,	1473,1474	O	O
+e.g.	1475,1479	O	O
+,	1479,1480	O	O
+field	1481,1486	O	B-Task
+emission	1487,1495	O	I-Task
+[	1496,1497	O	O
+27,76,77	1497,1505	O	O
+]	1505,1506	O	O
+,	1506,1507	O	O
+electrical	1508,1518	O	B-Task
+transport	1519,1528	O	I-Task
+tracing	1529,1536	O	I-Task
+[	1537,1538	O	O
+78–80	1538,1543	O	O
+]	1543,1544	O	O
+,	1544,1545	O	O
+soldering	1546,1555	O	B-Task
+[	1556,1557	O	O
+81,82	1557,1562	O	O
+]	1562,1563	O	O
+,	1563,1564	O	O
+and	1565,1568	O	O
+doping	1569,1575	O	B-Task
+[	1576,1577	O	O
+83	1577,1579	O	O
+]	1579,1580	O	O
+,	1580,1581	O	O
+etc	1582,1585	O	O
+.	1585,1586	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0098300412001793)
+
+MINERAL	0,7	O	B-Task
+(	8,9	O	I-Task
+MINeral	9,16	O	I-Task
+ERror	17,22	O	I-Task
+AnaLysis	23,31	O	I-Task
+)	31,32	O	I-Task
+is	33,35	O	O
+a	36,37	O	B-Task
+new	38,41	O	I-Task
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+®	48,49	O	I-Task
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+of	150,152	O	I-Process
+the	153,156	O	I-Process
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+uncertainties	168,181	O	I-Process
+.	181,182	O	O
+
+Methods	183,190	O	B-Task
+are	191,194	O	O
+based	195,200	O	O
+on	201,203	O	O
+the	204,207	O	O
+work	208,212	O	O
+of	213,215	O	O
+Giamarita	216,225	O	O
+and	226,229	O	O
+Day	230,233	O	O
+(	234,235	O	O
+1990	235,239	O	O
+)	239,240	O	O
+.	240,241	O	O
+
+However	242,249	O	O
+,	249,250	O	O
+additional	251,261	O	O
+features	262,270	O	O
+have	271,275	O	O
+been	276,280	O	O
+added	281,286	O	O
+to	287,289	O	B-Task
+provide	290,297	O	I-Task
+users	298,303	O	I-Task
+with	304,308	O	I-Task
+greater	309,316	O	I-Task
+flexibility	317,328	O	I-Task
+in	329,331	O	I-Task
+data	332,336	O	I-Task
+reporting	337,346	O	I-Task
+.	346,347	O	O
+
+Many	348,352	O	O
+programs	353,361	O	O
+exist	362,367	O	O
+to	368,370	O	O
+recalculate	371,382	O	O
+wt%	383,386	O	O
+data	387,391	O	O
+into	392,396	O	O
+formula	397,404	O	O
+unit	405,409	O	O
+cations	410,417	O	O
+.	417,418	O	O
+
+Some	419,423	O	B-Task
+generalized	424,435	O	I-Task
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+can	445,448	O	O
+be	449,451	O	O
+used	452,456	O	O
+to	457,459	O	O
+recalculate	460,471	O	B-Process
+the	472,475	O	I-Process
+formula	476,483	O	I-Process
+of	484,486	O	I-Process
+multiple	487,495	O	I-Process
+minerals	496,504	O	I-Process
+e.g.	505,509	O	O
+CALCMIN	510,517	O	B-Material
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+Brandelik	519,528	O	O
+,	528,529	O	O
+2009	530,534	O	O
+)	534,535	O	O
+and	536,539	O	O
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+-	545,546	O	I-Material
+FORM	546,550	O	I-Material
+(	551,552	O	O
+De	552,554	O	O
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+et	561,563	O	O
+al	564,566	O	O
+.	566,567	O	O
+,	567,568	O	O
+1992	569,573	O	O
+)	573,574	O	O
+.	574,575	O	O
+
+Other	576,581	O	O
+programs	582,590	O	O
+are	591,594	O	O
+mineral	595,602	O	O
+specific	603,611	O	O
+e.g.	612,616	O	O
+AMPH	617,621	O	B-Material
+CLASS	622,627	O	I-Material
+(	628,629	O	O
+Esawi	629,634	O	O
+,	634,635	O	O
+2004	636,640	O	O
+)	640,641	O	O
+and	642,645	O	O
+PROBE	646,651	O	B-Material
+AMPH	652,656	O	I-Material
+(	657,658	O	O
+Tindle	658,664	O	O
+and	665,668	O	O
+Webb	669,673	O	O
+,	673,674	O	O
+1994	675,679	O	O
+)	679,680	O	O
+for	681,684	O	O
+the	685,688	O	O
+recalculation	689,702	O	B-Task
+of	703,705	O	I-Task
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+;	724,725	O	O
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+(	732,733	O	O
+Lepage	733,739	O	O
+,	739,740	O	O
+2003	741,745	O	O
+)	745,746	O	O
+for	747,750	O	O
+the	751,754	O	O
+recalculation	755,768	O	B-Task
+of	769,771	O	I-Task
+magnetite	772,781	O	I-Task
+and	782,785	O	I-Task
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+;	794,795	O	O
+and	796,799	O	O
+PX	800,802	O	B-Material
+-	802,803	O	I-Material
+NOM	803,806	O	I-Material
+(	807,808	O	O
+Sturm	808,813	O	O
+,	813,814	O	O
+2002	815,819	O	O
+)	819,820	O	O
+for	821,824	O	O
+the	825,828	O	O
+recalculation	829,842	O	B-Task
+of	843,845	O	I-Task
+pyroxene	846,854	O	I-Task
+analyses	855,863	O	I-Task
+.	863,864	O	O
+
+MINERAL	865,872	O	B-Material
+provides	873,881	O	O
+a	882,883	O	O
+rapid	884,889	O	O
+method	890,896	O	O
+for	897,900	O	O
+the	901,904	O	O
+recalculation	905,918	O	B-Task
+of	919,921	O	I-Task
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+common	931,937	O	I-Task
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+
+However	948,955	O	O
+,	955,956	O	O
+its	957,960	O	O
+strength	961,969	O	O
+lies	970,974	O	O
+in	975,977	O	O
+the	978,981	O	O
+fact	982,986	O	O
+that	987,991	O	O
+is	992,994	O	O
+the	995,998	O	O
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+tool	1005,1009	O	O
+to	1010,1012	O	O
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+
+As	1078,1080	O	O
+these	1081,1086	O	O
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+performed	1091,1100	O	O
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+time	1162,1166	O	O
+is	1167,1169	O	O
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+
+While	1213,1218	O	O
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+,	1290,1291	O	O
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+designed	1303,1311	O	O
+to	1312,1314	O	O
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+with	1327,1331	O	I-Task
+little	1332,1338	O	I-Task
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0098300413002185)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+number	2,8	O	O
+of	9,11	O	O
+model	12,17	O	O
+parameters	18,28	O	O
+can	29,32	O	O
+change	33,39	O	O
+regionally	40,50	O	O
+or	51,53	O	O
+seasonally	54,64	O	O
+,	64,65	O	O
+in	66,68	O	O
+particular	69,79	O	O
+the	80,83	O	O
+inherent	84,92	O	O
+optical	93,100	O	O
+properties	101,111	O	O
+of	112,114	O	O
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+constituents	121,133	O	I-Material
+[	134,135	O	O
+ai⁎(λ	135,140	O	B-Material
+)	140,141	O	O
+,	141,142	O	O
+aY⁎(λ	143,148	O	B-Material
+)	148,149	O	I-Material
+,	149,150	O	O
+aD⁎(λ	151,156	O	B-Material
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+,	157,158	O	O
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+,	164,165	O	O
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+,	168,169	O	I-Material
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+,	171,172	O	O
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+,	175,176	O	O
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+,	239,240	O	I-Material
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+
+The	265,268	O	O
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+WASI	292,296	O	B-Material
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+-	321,322	O	I-Process
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+from	340,344	O	O
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+in	351,353	O	O
+Southern	354,362	O	O
+Germany	363,370	O	O
+
+(	371,372	O	O
+Gege	372,376	O	O
+,	376,377	O	O
+1998	378,382	O	O
+;	382,383	O	O
+Heege	384,389	O	O
+,	389,390	O	O
+2000	391,395	O	O
+;	395,396	O	O
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+,	403,404	O	O
+2007	405,409	O	O
+)	409,410	O	O
+.	410,411	O	O
+
+If	412,414	O	O
+no	415,417	O	O
+site	418,422	O	O
+-	422,423	O	O
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+information	432,443	O	O
+is	444,446	O	O
+available	447,456	O	O
+,	456,457	O	O
+it	458,460	O	O
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+be	465,467	O	O
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+as	473,475	O	O
+a	476,477	O	O
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+as	519,521	O	O
+well	522,526	O	O
+.	526,527	O	O
+
+The	528,531	O	O
+variability	532,543	O	O
+within	544,550	O	O
+an	551,553	O	O
+ecosystem	554,563	O	O
+can	564,567	O	O
+be	568,570	O	O
+as	571,573	O	O
+large	574,579	O	O
+as	580,582	O	O
+between	583,590	O	O
+different	591,600	O	O
+ecosystem	601,610	O	O
+,	610,611	O	O
+i.e.	612,616	O	O
+ecosystem	617,626	O	O
+-	626,627	O	O
+specific	627,635	O	O
+sets	636,640	O	O
+of	641,643	O	O
+optical	644,651	O	O
+properties	652,662	O	O
+do	663,665	O	O
+not	666,669	O	O
+exist	670,675	O	O
+.	675,676	O	O
+
+However	677,684	O	O
+,	684,685	O	O
+region	686,692	O	B-Material
+or	693,695	O	I-Material
+season	696,702	O	I-Material
+specific	703,711	O	I-Material
+information	712,723	O	I-Material
+should	724,730	O	O
+be	731,733	O	O
+used	734,738	O	O
+whenever	739,747	O	O
+available	748,757	O	O
+.	757,758	O	O
+
+Ideally	759,766	O	O
+,	766,767	O	O
+the	768,771	O	O
+optical	772,779	O	B-Material
+properties	780,790	O	I-Material
+should	791,797	O	O
+be	798,800	O	O
+measured	801,809	O	O
+at	810,812	O	O
+the	813,816	O	O
+test	817,821	O	O
+site	822,826	O	O
+close	827,832	O	O
+to	833,835	O	O
+the	836,839	O	O
+airplane	840,848	O	O
+or	849,851	O	O
+satellite	852,861	O	O
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+.	870,871	O	O
+
+This	872,876	O	O
+is	877,879	O	O
+however	880,887	O	O
+not	888,891	O	O
+always	892,898	O	O
+possible	899,907	O	O
+.	907,908	O	O
+
+A	909,910	O	O
+valuable	911,919	O	O
+source	920,926	O	O
+of	927,929	O	O
+information	930,941	O	O
+is	942,944	O	O
+the	945,948	O	O
+IOCCG	949,954	O	B-Material
+webpage	955,962	O	O
+(	963,964	O	O
+IOCCG	964,969	O	O
+,	969,970	O	O
+2013b	971,976	O	O
+)	976,977	O	O
+.	977,978	O	O
+
+It	979,981	O	O
+maintains	982,991	O	O
+a	992,993	O	O
+list	994,998	O	O
+of	999,1001	O	O
+links	1002,1007	O	O
+to	1008,1010	O	O
+publicly	1011,1019	O	O
+available	1020,1029	O	O
+data	1030,1034	O	O
+sets	1035,1039	O	O
+,	1039,1040	O	O
+for	1041,1044	O	O
+example	1045,1052	O	O
+the	1053,1056	O	O
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+(	1063,1064	O	I-Material
+2006	1064,1068	O	I-Material
+)	1068,1069	O	I-Material
+data	1070,1074	O	I-Material
+bank	1075,1079	O	I-Material
+,	1079,1080	O	O
+the	1081,1084	O	O
+NASA	1085,1089	O	B-Material
+bio	1090,1093	O	I-Material
+-	1093,1094	O	I-Material
+Optical	1094,1101	O	I-Material
+Marine	1102,1108	O	I-Material
+Algorithm	1109,1118	O	I-Material
+Data	1119,1123	O	I-Material
+set	1124,1127	O	I-Material
+(	1128,1129	O	O
+NOMAD	1129,1134	O	B-Material
+)	1134,1135	O	O
+and	1136,1139	O	O
+the	1140,1143	O	O
+SeaWiFS	1144,1151	O	B-Material
+Bio	1152,1155	O	I-Material
+-	1155,1156	O	I-Material
+Optical	1156,1163	O	I-Material
+Archive	1164,1171	O	I-Material
+and	1172,1175	O	I-Material
+Storage	1176,1183	O	I-Material
+System	1184,1190	O	I-Material
+(	1191,1192	O	O
+SeaBASS	1192,1199	O	B-Material
+)	1199,1200	O	O
+.	1200,1201	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0098300413002720)
+
+Artificial	0,10	O	B-Task
+Neural	11,17	O	I-Task
+Networks	18,26	O	I-Task
+(	27,28	O	O
+ANN	28,31	O	B-Task
+)	31,32	O	O
+have	33,37	O	O
+been	38,42	O	O
+widely	43,49	O	O
+used	50,54	O	O
+in	55,57	O	O
+science	58,65	O	B-Task
+and	66,69	O	I-Task
+engineering	70,81	O	I-Task
+problems	82,90	O	I-Task
+.	90,91	O	O
+
+They	92,96	O	O
+attempt	97,104	O	O
+to	105,107	O	O
+model	108,113	O	B-Process
+the	114,117	O	I-Process
+ability	118,125	O	I-Process
+of	126,128	O	I-Process
+biological	129,139	O	I-Process
+nervous	140,147	O	I-Process
+systems	148,155	O	I-Process
+to	156,158	O	I-Process
+recognize	159,168	O	I-Process
+patterns	169,177	O	I-Process
+and	178,181	O	I-Process
+objects	182,189	O	I-Process
+.	189,190	O	O
+
+ANN	191,194	O	B-Task
+basic	195,200	O	I-Task
+architecture	201,213	O	I-Task
+consists	214,222	O	O
+of	223,225	O	O
+networks	226,234	O	B-Material
+of	235,237	O	I-Material
+primitive	238,247	O	I-Material
+functions	248,257	O	I-Material
+capable	258,265	O	O
+of	266,268	O	O
+receiving	269,278	O	B-Process
+multiple	279,287	O	I-Process
+weighted	288,296	O	I-Process
+inputs	297,303	O	I-Process
+that	304,308	O	O
+are	309,312	O	O
+evaluated	313,322	O	O
+in	323,325	O	O
+terms	326,331	O	O
+of	332,334	O	O
+their	335,340	O	O
+success	341,348	O	O
+at	349,351	O	O
+discriminating	352,366	O	O
+the	367,370	O	O
+classes	371,378	O	O
+in	379,381	O	O
+Τa	382,384	O	O
+.	384,385	O	O
+
+Different	386,395	O	B-Task
+types	396,401	O	I-Task
+of	402,404	O	I-Task
+primitive	405,414	O	I-Task
+functions	415,424	O	I-Task
+and	425,428	O	I-Task
+network	429,436	O	I-Task
+configurations	437,451	O	I-Task
+result	452,458	O	O
+in	459,461	O	O
+varying	462,469	O	O
+models	470,476	O	O
+(	477,478	O	O
+Hastie	478,484	O	O
+et	485,487	O	O
+al	488,490	O	O
+.	490,491	O	O
+,	491,492	O	O
+2009	493,497	O	O
+;	497,498	O	O
+Rojas	499,504	O	O
+,	504,505	O	O
+1996	506,510	O	O
+)	510,511	O	O
+.	511,512	O	O
+
+During	513,519	O	O
+training	520,528	O	B-Task
+network	529,536	O	I-Task
+connection	537,547	O	I-Task
+weights	548,555	O	B-Material
+are	556,559	O	O
+adjusted	560,568	O	B-Process
+if	569,571	O	I-Process
+the	572,575	O	I-Process
+separation	576,586	O	I-Process
+of	587,589	O	I-Process
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+and	597,600	O	I-Process
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+an	627,629	O	I-Process
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+.	635,636	O	O
+
+Convergence	637,648	O	B-Process
+proceeds	649,657	O	O
+until	658,663	O	O
+the	664,667	O	B-Task
+reduction	668,677	O	I-Task
+in	678,680	O	I-Task
+error	681,686	O	I-Task
+between	687,694	O	I-Task
+iterations	695,705	O	I-Task
+reaches	706,713	O	I-Task
+a	714,715	O	I-Task
+decay	716,721	O	I-Task
+threshold	722,731	O	I-Task
+(	732,733	O	O
+Kotsiantis	733,743	O	O
+,	743,744	O	O
+2007	745,749	O	O
+;	749,750	O	O
+Rojas	751,756	O	O
+,	756,757	O	O
+1996	758,762	O	O
+)	762,763	O	O
+.	763,764	O	O
+
+We	765,767	O	O
+use	768,771	O	O
+feed	772,776	O	B-Process
+-	776,777	O	I-Process
+forward	777,784	O	I-Process
+networks	785,793	O	I-Process
+with	794,798	O	I-Process
+a	799,800	O	I-Process
+single	801,807	O	I-Process
+hidden	808,814	O	I-Process
+layer	815,820	O	I-Process
+of	821,823	O	I-Process
+nodes	824,829	O	I-Process
+,	829,830	O	O
+a	831,832	O	O
+so	833,835	O	O
+called	836,842	O	O
+Multi	843,848	O	B-Process
+-	848,849	O	I-Process
+Layer	849,854	O	I-Process
+Perceptron	855,865	O	I-Process
+(	866,867	O	O
+MLP	867,870	O	B-Process
+)	870,871	O	O
+(	872,873	O	O
+Venables	873,881	O	O
+and	882,885	O	O
+Ripley	886,892	O	O
+,	892,893	O	O
+2002	894,898	O	O
+)	898,899	O	O
+,	899,900	O	O
+and	901,904	O	O
+select	905,911	O	B-Process
+one	912,915	O	I-Process
+of	916,918	O	I-Process
+two	919,922	O	I-Process
+possible	923,931	O	I-Process
+parameters	932,942	O	I-Process
+:	942,943	O	O
+size	944,948	O	O
+,	948,949	O	O
+the	950,953	O	O
+number	954,960	O	O
+nodes	961,966	O	O
+in	967,969	O	O
+the	970,973	O	O
+hidden	974,980	O	O
+layer	981,986	O	O
+.	986,987	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0098300413002951)
+
+Hitherto	0,8	O	O
+,	8,9	O	O
+the	10,13	O	O
+investigation	14,27	O	B-Task
+of	28,30	O	I-Task
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+-	37,38	O	I-Task
+orientation	38,49	O	I-Task
+was	50,53	O	O
+only	54,58	O	O
+used	59,63	O	O
+for	64,67	O	O
+the	68,71	O	O
+topmost	72,79	O	O
+surface	80,87	O	O
+of	88,90	O	O
+fossil	91,97	O	B-Material
+mass	98,102	O	I-Material
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+,	114,115	O	O
+deposited	116,125	O	O
+directly	126,134	O	O
+on	135,137	O	O
+the	138,141	O	O
+sea	142,145	O	O
+floor	146,151	O	O
+.	151,152	O	O
+
+Due	153,156	O	O
+to	157,159	O	O
+the	160,163	O	O
+fast	164,168	O	O
+development	169,180	O	O
+of	181,183	O	O
+virtual	184,191	O	B-Process
+methods	192,199	O	I-Process
+(	200,201	O	O
+e.g.	201,205	O	O
+,	205,206	O	O
+macro	207,212	O	B-Process
+-	212,213	O	I-Process
+CT	213,215	O	I-Process
+,	215,216	O	O
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+,	221,222	O	O
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+-	227,228	O	I-Process
+CT	228,230	O	I-Process
+,	230,231	O	O
+etc	232,235	O	O
+.	235,236	O	O
+)	236,237	O	O
+
+it	238,240	O	O
+became	241,247	O	O
+possible	248,256	O	O
+,	256,257	O	O
+to	258,260	O	O
+investigate	261,272	O	O
+the	273,276	O	O
+interior	277,285	O	O
+orientation	286,297	O	O
+of	298,300	O	O
+such	301,305	O	O
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+in	330,332	O	O
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+-	338,339	O	O
+dimensional	339,350	O	O
+detail	351,357	O	O
+.	357,358	O	O
+
+Although	359,367	O	O
+,	367,368	O	O
+a	369,370	O	O
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+of	378,380	O	O
+paleontological	381,396	O	O
+studies	397,404	O	O
+deal	405,409	O	O
+with	410,414	O	O
+3D	415,417	O	B-Process
+-	417,418	O	I-Process
+visualization	418,431	O	I-Process
+of	432,434	O	O
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+-	441,442	O	I-Material
+elements	442,450	O	I-Material
+,	450,451	O	O
+no	452,454	O	O
+mass	455,459	O	O
+occurrence	460,470	O	O
+has	471,474	O	O
+previously	475,485	O	O
+been	486,490	O	O
+reconstructed	491,504	O	O
+three	505,510	O	O
+dimensionally	511,524	O	O
+for	525,528	O	O
+investigating	529,542	O	B-Task
+their	543,548	O	I-Task
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+.	569,570	O	O
+
+This	571,575	O	O
+study	576,581	O	O
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+an	594,596	O	O
+interdisciplinary	597,614	O	O
+approach	615,623	O	O
+of	624,626	O	O
+virtual	627,634	O	B-Task
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+,	649,650	O	O
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+.	737,738	O	O
+
+The	739,742	O	O
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+and	784,787	O	O
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+–	850,851	O	O
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+,	859,860	O	O
+that	861,865	O	O
+so	866,868	O	O
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+.	944,945	O	O
+
+This	946,950	O	O
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+applied	965,972	O	O
+to	973,975	O	O
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+of	985,987	O	O
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+,	1010,1011	O	O
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+,	1065,1066	O	O
+to	1067,1069	O	O
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+their	1078,1083	O	O
+orientation	1084,1095	O	O
+and	1096,1099	O	O
+depositional	1100,1112	O	O
+conditions	1113,1123	O	O
+to	1124,1126	O	O
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+on	1136,1138	O	O
+their	1139,1144	O	O
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+,	1161,1162	O	O
+particularly	1163,1175	O	O
+on	1176,1178	O	O
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+.	1192,1193	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0142061516308079)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+above	4,9	O	O
+discussion	10,20	O	O
+summarizes	21,31	O	O
+the	32,35	O	O
+state	36,41	O	O
+of	42,44	O	O
+the	45,48	O	O
+art	49,52	O	O
+related	53,60	O	O
+to	61,63	O	O
+impacts	64,71	O	O
+and	72,75	O	O
+interpretations	76,91	O	O
+of	92,94	O	O
+communication	95,108	O	B-Material
+latency	109,116	O	I-Material
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+RT	125,127	O	B-Process
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+.	138,139	O	O
+
+However	140,147	O	O
+,	147,148	O	O
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+is	158,160	O	O
+focused	161,168	O	O
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+on	179,181	O	O
+the	182,185	O	O
+effect	186,192	O	O
+of	193,195	O	O
+the	196,199	O	O
+data	200,204	O	O
+loss	205,209	O	O
+during	210,216	O	O
+the	217,220	O	O
+communication	221,234	O	O
+and	235,238	O	O
+how	239,242	O	O
+to	243,245	O	O
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+it	255,257	O	O
+[	258,259	O	O
+34	259,261	O	O
+]	261,262	O	O
+.	262,263	O	O
+
+In	264,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
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+-	277,278	O	I-Process
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+-	289,290	O	I-Process
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+in	309,311	O	O
+[	312,313	O	O
+35	313,315	O	O
+]	315,316	O	O
+,	316,317	O	O
+the	318,321	O	O
+time	322,326	O	O
+constant	327,335	O	O
+is	336,338	O	O
+larger	339,345	O	O
+in	346,348	O	O
+the	349,352	O	O
+thermal	353,360	O	O
+simulation	361,371	O	O
+than	372,376	O	O
+that	377,381	O	O
+of	382,384	O	O
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+system	391,397	O	O
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+.	408,409	O	O
+
+Thus	410,414	O	O
+the	415,418	O	O
+communication	419,432	O	B-Material
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+will	441,445	O	O
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+the	471,474	O	O
+accuracy	475,483	O	O
+of	484,486	O	O
+co	487,489	O	O
+-	489,490	O	O
+simulation	490,500	O	O
+.	500,501	O	O
+
+In	502,504	O	O
+[	505,506	O	O
+36	506,508	O	O
+]	508,509	O	O
+,	509,510	O	O
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+-	517,518	O	I-Process
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+In	692,694	O	O
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+
+An	883,885	O	O
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+-	888,889	O	O
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+a	1030,1031	O	O
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+gap	1042,1045	O	O
+and	1046,1049	O	O
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+
+
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+Despite	0,7	O	O
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+-	25,26	O	I-Process
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+of	48,50	O	O
+FEs	51,54	O	O
+,	54,55	O	O
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+on	92,94	O	O
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+-	135,136	O	O
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+39	155,157	O	O
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+.	158,159	O	O
+
+The	160,163	O	O
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+-	176,177	O	O
+HE	177,179	O	O
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+is	187,189	O	O
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+)	266,267	O	O
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+in	279,281	O	O
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+2.1	290,293	O	O
+,	293,294	O	O
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+does	303,307	O	O
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+point	331,336	O	O
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+.	357,358	O	O
+
+The	359,362	O	O
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+is	372,374	O	O
+that	375,379	O	O
+the	380,383	O	O
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+can	404,407	O	O
+only	408,412	O	O
+detect	413,419	O	O
+one	420,423	O	O
+source	424,430	O	O
+at	431,433	O	O
+a	434,435	O	O
+time	436,440	O	O
+and	441,444	O	O
+it	445,447	O	O
+is	448,450	O	O
+known	451,456	O	O
+to	457,459	O	O
+be	460,462	O	O
+sensitive	463,472	O	O
+to	473,475	O	O
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+[	496,497	O	O
+5	497,498	O	O
+]	498,499	O	O
+,	499,500	O	O
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+it	509,511	O	O
+is	512,514	O	O
+still	515,520	O	O
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+under	531,536	O	O
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+environments	558,570	O	O
+(	571,572	O	O
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+)	580,581	O	O
+[	582,583	O	O
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+]	585,586	O	O
+.	586,587	O	O
+
+For	588,591	O	O
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+,	605,606	O	O
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+a	639,640	O	O
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+,	692,693	O	O
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+it	697,699	O	O
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+a	717,718	O	O
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+or	751,753	O	O
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+.	765,766	O	O
+
+Speech	767,773	O	B-Material
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+a	789,790	O	O
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+(	815,816	O	O
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+)	819,820	O	O
+
+[	821,822	O	O
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+and	848,851	O	O
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+-	873,874	O	I-Process
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+,	883,884	O	O
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+
+Thus	937,941	O	O
+,	941,942	O	O
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+(	974,975	O	O
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+)	990,991	O	O
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+)	1024,1025	O	O
+}	1025,1026	O	O
+,	1026,1027	O	O
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+is	1052,1054	O	O
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+-	1082,1083	O	I-Process
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+each	1105,1109	O	O
+time	1110,1114	O	O
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+
+Since	1123,1128	O	O
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+,	1173,1174	O	O
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+(	1225,1226	O	O
+EKF	1226,1229	O	B-Process
+)	1229,1230	O	O
+,	1230,1231	O	O
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+]	1241,1242	O	O
+to	1243,1245	O	O
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+.	1278,1279	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0165212511000862)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
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+a	54,55	O	O
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+
+It	96,98	O	O
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+in	189,191	O	O
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+in	254,256	O	O
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+,	317,318	O	O
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+[	334,335	O	O
+25	335,337	O	O
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+.	338,339	O	O
+
+The	340,343	O	O
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+in	420,422	O	O
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+
+More	440,444	O	O
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+,	457,458	O	O
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+,	625,626	O	O
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+[	793,794	O	O
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+)	797,798	O	O
+.	798,799	O	O
+
+No	800,802	O	O
+attempt	803,810	O	O
+is	811,813	O	O
+made	814,818	O	O
+to	819,821	O	O
+model	822,827	O	O
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+of	836,838	O	O
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+the	882,885	O	O
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+Navier	899,905	O	O
+–	905,906	O	O
+
+Stokes	906,912	O	O
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+,	921,922	O	O
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+.	979,980	O	O
+
+
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+in	41,43	O	O
+ducts	44,49	O	B-Material
+of	50,52	O	O
+slowly	53,59	O	O
+-	59,60	O	O
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+,	76,77	O	O
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+,	116,117	O	O
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+a	153,154	O	O
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+
+From	181,185	O	O
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+[	208,209	O	O
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+,	329,330	O	O
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+,	440,441	O	O
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+(	479,480	O	O
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+
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+
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+)	96,97	O	O
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+)	196,197	O	O
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+
+In	199,201	O	O
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+,	259,260	O	O
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+-	289,290	O	I-Process
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+
+This	304,308	O	O
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+,	368,369	O	O
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+
+He	390,392	O	O
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+it	398,400	O	O
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+
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+-	522,523	O	O
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+,	542,543	O	O
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+,	805,806	O	O
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+
+
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+-	3,4	O	I-Process
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+
+In	109,111	O	O
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+
+For	417,420	O	O
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+,	437,438	O	O
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+
+
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+We	0,2	O	O
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+
+It	171,173	O	O
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+,	323,324	O	O
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+
+In	390,392	O	O
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+,	516,517	O	O
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+,	536,537	O	O
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+,	545,546	O	O
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+
+–	562,563	O	O
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+
+–	571,572	O	O
+
+Pullman	572,579	O	O
+,	579,580	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167273811005091)
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+Owing	0,5	O	O
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+,	209,210	O	O
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+-	272,273	O	O
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+
+However	295,302	O	O
+,	302,303	O	O
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+,	341,342	O	O
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+
+[	479,480	O	O
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+The	664,667	O	O
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+-	776,777	O	I-Task
+CT	777,779	O	I-Task
+[	780,781	O	O
+12	781,783	O	O
+]	783,784	O	O
+,	784,785	O	O
+while	786,791	O	O
+this	792,796	O	O
+FIB	797,800	O	B-Process
+sample	801,807	O	I-Process
+preparation	808,819	O	I-Process
+route	820,825	O	I-Process
+will	826,830	O	O
+involve	831,838	O	O
+the	839,842	O	O
+selective	843,852	O	O
+removal	853,860	O	O
+of	861,863	O	O
+portions	864,872	O	O
+of	873,875	O	O
+the	876,879	O	O
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+(	915,916	O	O
+and	916,919	O	O
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+may	930,933	O	O
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+destructive	937,948	O	O
+to	949,951	O	O
+the	952,955	O	O
+working	956,963	O	B-Material
+fuel	964,968	O	I-Material
+cell	969,973	O	I-Material
+)	973,974	O	O
+,	974,975	O	O
+the	976,979	O	O
+non	980,983	O	B-Process
+-	983,984	O	I-Process
+destructive	984,995	O	I-Process
+X	996,997	O	I-Process
+-	997,998	O	I-Process
+ray	998,1001	O	I-Process
+characterization	1002,1018	O	I-Process
+technique	1019,1028	O	I-Process
+allows	1029,1035	O	O
+repeated	1036,1044	O	O
+,	1044,1045	O	O
+non	1046,1049	O	O
+-	1049,1050	O	O
+destructive	1050,1061	O	O
+characterization	1062,1078	O	O
+of	1079,1081	O	O
+the	1082,1085	O	O
+selected	1086,1094	O	B-Material
+sample	1095,1101	O	I-Material
+which	1102,1107	O	O
+facilitates	1108,1119	O	O
+the	1120,1123	O	O
+study	1124,1129	O	O
+of	1130,1132	O	O
+microstructural	1133,1148	O	B-Process
+evolution	1149,1158	O	I-Process
+processes	1159,1168	O	I-Process
+in	1169,1171	O	O
+response	1172,1180	O	O
+to	1181,1183	O	O
+various	1184,1191	O	O
+environmental	1192,1205	O	O
+changes	1206,1213	O	O
+.	1213,1214	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167273812003025)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+conclusion	3,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+a	15,16	O	O
+new	17,20	O	B-Task
+approach	21,29	O	I-Task
+to	30,32	O	I-Task
+the	33,36	O	I-Task
+“	37,38	O	I-Task
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+-	43,44	O	I-Task
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+“	127,128	O	O
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+”	145,146	O	O
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+-	173,174	O	I-Material
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+.	260,261	O	O
+
+The	262,265	O	O
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+a	284,285	O	O
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+-	290,291	O	I-Process
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+)	339,340	O	O
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+a	363,364	O	I-Process
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+in	413,415	O	O
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+a	436,437	O	O
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+of	443,445	O	I-Process
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+.	465,466	O	O
+
+Each	467,471	O	O
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+could	480,485	O	O
+then	486,490	O	O
+be	491,493	O	O
+heat	494,498	O	B-Process
+-	498,499	O	I-Process
+treated	499,506	O	I-Process
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+a	510,511	O	O
+different	512,521	O	O
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+and	534,537	O	O
+an	538,540	O	O
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+screen	560,566	O	I-Process
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+to	576,578	O	O
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+.	616,617	O	O
+
+A	618,619	O	O
+more	620,624	O	O
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+second	634,640	O	O
+synthesis	641,650	O	B-Process
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+-	699,700	O	I-Material
+treated	700,707	O	I-Material
+powders	708,715	O	I-Material
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+to	735,737	O	O
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+the	748,751	O	O
+locations	752,761	O	O
+of	762,764	O	O
+the	765,768	O	O
+phase	769,774	O	O
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+is	853,855	O	O
+significantly	856,869	O	O
+greater	870,877	O	O
+Fe	878,880	O	B-Material
+doping	881,887	O	O
+than	888,892	O	O
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+been	897,901	O	O
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+by	911,913	O	O
+anyone	914,920	O	O
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+(	932,933	O	O
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+)	964,965	O	O
+.	965,966	O	O
+
+EXAFS	967,972	O	B-Material
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++	996,997	O	I-Material
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+in	1024,1026	O	O
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+cases	1031,1036	O	O
+and	1037,1040	O	O
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+exist	1049,1054	O	O
+as	1055,1057	O	O
+a	1058,1059	O	O
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+.	1085,1086	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167273813005298)
+
+At	0,2	O	O
+200	3,6	O	O
+–	7,8	O	O
+300	9,12	O	O
+°	12,13	O	O
+C	13,14	O	O
+:	14,15	O	O
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+localised	38,47	O	O
+in	48,50	O	O
+the	51,54	O	O
+tetrahedral	55,66	O	O
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+roughly	74,81	O	O
+covering	82,90	O	O
+the	91,94	O	O
+8c	95,97	O	O
+and	98,101	O	O
+32f	102,105	O	O
+positions	106,115	O	O
+with	116,120	O	O
+“	121,122	O	B-Material
+bulges	122,128	O	I-Material
+”	128,129	O	I-Material
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+the	167,170	O	O
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+,	183,184	O	O
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+400	194,197	O	O
+and	198,201	O	O
+500	202,205	O	O
+°	205,206	O	O
+C	206,207	O	O
+continuous	208,218	O	O
+nuclear	219,226	O	O
+densities	227,236	O	O
+forming	237,244	O	O
+a	245,246	O	O
+straight	247,255	O	O
+line	256,260	O	O
+along	261,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+<	271,272	O	O
+100	272,275	O	O
+>	275,276	O	O
+direction	277,286	O	O
+are	287,290	O	O
+found	291,296	O	O
+,	296,297	O	O
+indicative	298,308	O	O
+of	309,311	O	O
+oxide	312,317	O	B-Process
+-	317,318	O	I-Process
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+along	340,345	O	O
+that	346,350	O	O
+direction	351,360	O	O
+.	360,361	O	O
+
+In	362,364	O	O
+the	365,368	O	O
+literature	369,379	O	O
+,	379,380	O	O
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+the	403,406	O	O
+<	407,408	O	O
+100	408,411	O	O
+>	411,412	O	O
+direction	413,422	O	O
+passing	423,430	O	O
+through	431,438	O	O
+the	439,442	O	O
+48i	443,446	O	O
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+in	475,477	O	O
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+[	497,498	O	O
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+]	500,501	O	O
+,	501,502	O	O
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+by	581,583	O	O
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+,	623,624	O	O
+the	625,628	O	O
+curved	629,635	O	O
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+the	653,656	O	O
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+to	670,672	O	O
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+a	682,683	O	O
+reasonable	684,694	O	O
+distance	695,703	O	O
+.	703,704	O	O
+
+However	705,712	O	O
+,	712,713	O	O
+a	714,715	O	O
+straight	716,724	O	O
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+is	733,735	O	O
+observed	736,744	O	O
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+Y0.785Ta0.215O1.715	749,768	O	O
+[	769,770	O	O
+23	770,772	O	O
+]	772,773	O	O
+,	773,774	O	O
+as	775,777	O	O
+is	778,780	O	O
+the	781,784	O	O
+case	785,789	O	O
+for	790,793	O	O
+the	794,797	O	O
+present	798,805	O	B-Material
+material	806,814	O	I-Material
+.	814,815	O	O
+
+This	816,820	O	O
+suggests	821,829	O	O
+that	830,834	O	O
+Ta	835,837	O	B-Material
+and	838,841	O	I-Material
+Re	842,844	O	I-Material
+cations	845,852	O	I-Material
+might	853,858	O	O
+play	859,863	O	O
+a	864,865	O	O
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+role	874,878	O	O
+in	879,881	O	O
+these	882,887	O	O
+systems	888,895	O	O
+.	895,896	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167273813006735)
+
+While	0,5	O	O
+impedance	6,15	O	B-Process
+spectroscopy	16,28	O	I-Process
+is	29,31	O	O
+a	32,33	O	O
+quite	34,39	O	O
+common	40,46	O	O
+method	47,53	O	O
+to	54,56	O	O
+investigate	57,68	O	O
+mixed	69,74	O	B-Material
+conducting	75,85	O	I-Material
+thin	86,90	O	I-Material
+film	91,95	O	I-Material
+electrodes	96,106	O	I-Material
+,	106,107	O	O
+[	108,109	O	O
+6,10–12	109,116	O	O
+]	116,117	O	O
+oxygen	118,124	O	B-Process
+tracer	125,131	O	I-Process
+experiments	132,143	O	I-Process
+are	144,147	O	O
+often	148,153	O	O
+performed	154,163	O	O
+on	164,166	O	O
+bulk	167,171	O	B-Material
+samples	172,179	O	I-Material
+[	180,181	O	O
+13–16	181,186	O	O
+]	186,187	O	O
+.	187,188	O	O
+
+Recently	189,197	O	O
+,	197,198	O	O
+several	199,206	O	O
+IEDP	207,211	O	B-Process
+measurements	212,224	O	I-Process
+of	225,227	O	O
+mixed	228,233	O	B-Material
+conducting	234,244	O	I-Material
+cathode	245,252	O	I-Material
+materials	253,262	O	I-Material
+were	263,267	O	O
+published	268,277	O	O
+with	278,282	O	O
+the	283,286	O	O
+oxide	287,292	O	B-Material
+films	293,298	O	I-Material
+being	299,304	O	O
+deposited	305,314	O	O
+on	315,317	O	O
+insulating	318,328	O	B-Material
+substrates	329,339	O	I-Material
+[	340,341	O	O
+17–19	341,346	O	O
+]	346,347	O	O
+.	347,348	O	O
+
+However	349,356	O	O
+,	356,357	O	O
+to	358,360	O	O
+the	361,364	O	O
+best	365,369	O	O
+of	370,372	O	O
+the	373,376	O	O
+authors	377,384	O	O
+'	384,385	O	O
+knowledge	386,395	O	O
+no	396,398	O	O
+study	399,404	O	O
+so	405,407	O	O
+far	408,411	O	O
+reported	412,420	O	O
+experiments	421,432	O	O
+with	433,437	O	O
+both	438,442	O	O
+techniques	443,453	O	O
+being	454,459	O	O
+applied	460,467	O	O
+on	468,470	O	O
+the	471,474	O	O
+same	475,479	O	O
+films	480,485	O	B-Material
+at	486,488	O	O
+the	489,492	O	O
+same	493,497	O	O
+temperature	498,509	O	O
+.	509,510	O	O
+
+This	511,515	O	O
+contribution	516,528	O	O
+reports	529,536	O	O
+the	537,540	O	O
+results	541,548	O	O
+of	549,551	O	O
+a	552,553	O	O
+study	554,559	O	O
+applying	560,568	O	O
+EIS	569,572	O	O
+and	573,576	O	O
+IEDP	577,581	O	O
+to	582,584	O	O
+one	585,588	O	O
+and	589,592	O	O
+the	593,596	O	O
+same	597,601	O	O
+La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ	602,618	O	O
+
+(	619,620	O	O
+LSC	620,623	O	O
+)	623,624	O	O
+
+thin	625,629	O	O
+film	630,634	O	O
+in	635,637	O	O
+order	638,643	O	O
+to	644,646	O	O
+get	647,650	O	O
+complementary	651,664	O	O
+results	665,672	O	O
+on	673,675	O	O
+the	676,679	O	O
+resistive	680,689	O	B-Task
+contributions	690,703	O	I-Task
+of	704,706	O	I-Task
+the	707,710	O	I-Task
+oxygen	711,717	O	I-Task
+reduction	718,727	O	I-Task
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+such	740,744	O	O
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+.	750,751	O	O
+
+As	752,754	O	O
+electrical	755,765	O	B-Process
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+require	779,786	O	O
+an	787,789	O	O
+oxygen	790,796	O	B-Material
+ion	797,800	O	I-Material
+conductor	801,810	O	I-Material
+,	810,811	O	O
+yttria	812,818	O	B-Material
+stabilized	819,829	O	I-Material
+zirconia	830,838	O	I-Material
+(	839,840	O	O
+YSZ	840,843	O	B-Material
+)	843,844	O	O
+was	845,848	O	O
+used	849,853	O	O
+as	854,856	O	O
+substrate	857,866	O	O
+for	867,870	O	O
+LSC	871,874	O	B-Material
+films	875,880	O	I-Material
+with	881,885	O	O
+two	886,889	O	O
+different	890,899	O	O
+grain	900,905	O	B-Material
+sizes	906,911	O	O
+.	911,912	O	O
+
+Quantitative	913,925	O	B-Task
+material	926,934	O	I-Task
+parameters	935,945	O	I-Task
+are	946,949	O	O
+deduced	950,957	O	O
+from	958,962	O	O
+both	963,967	O	O
+types	968,973	O	O
+of	974,976	O	O
+experiments	977,988	O	O
+and	989,992	O	O
+comparison	993,1003	O	B-Process
+of	1004,1006	O	I-Process
+the	1007,1010	O	I-Process
+data	1011,1015	O	I-Process
+allowed	1016,1023	O	O
+testing	1024,1031	O	O
+the	1032,1035	O	O
+appropriateness	1036,1051	O	B-Task
+of	1052,1054	O	I-Task
+analysis	1055,1063	O	I-Task
+models	1064,1070	O	I-Task
+.	1070,1071	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167273814004408)
+
+Thin	0,4	O	B-Material
+MIEC	5,9	O	I-Material
+layers	10,16	O	I-Material
+of	17,19	O	O
+GDC	20,23	O	B-Material
+and	24,27	O	O
+STFO	28,32	O	B-Material
+on	33,35	O	O
+single	36,42	O	B-Material
+-	42,43	O	I-Material
+crystalline	43,54	O	I-Material
+YSZ	55,58	O	I-Material
+substrates	59,69	O	I-Material
+were	70,74	O	O
+exposed	75,82	O	B-Process
+to	83,85	O	I-Process
+H2/H218O	86,94	O	I-Process
+atmosphere	95,105	O	I-Process
+for	106,109	O	O
+thermally	110,119	O	O
+and	120,123	O	O
+electrochemically	124,141	O	O
+driven	142,148	O	O
+tracer	149,155	O	B-Task
+exchange	156,164	O	I-Task
+experiments	165,176	O	I-Task
+.	176,177	O	O
+
+Rectangular	178,189	O	B-Material
+noble	190,195	O	I-Material
+metal	196,201	O	I-Material
+thin	202,206	O	I-Material
+film	207,211	O	I-Material
+current	212,219	O	I-Material
+collectors	220,230	O	I-Material
+were	231,235	O	O
+deposited	236,245	O	B-Process
+on	246,248	O	I-Process
+top	249,252	O	I-Process
+and	253,256	O	I-Process
+beneath	257,264	O	I-Process
+the	265,268	O	I-Process
+MIEC	269,273	O	I-Process
+layer	274,279	O	I-Process
+and	280,283	O	O
+used	284,288	O	O
+for	289,292	O	O
+polarization	293,305	O	B-Process
+.	305,306	O	O
+
+The	307,310	O	O
+lateral	311,318	O	B-Process
+distribution	319,331	O	I-Process
+of	332,334	O	I-Process
+the	335,338	O	I-Process
+tracer	339,345	O	I-Process
+revealed	346,354	O	O
+several	355,362	O	O
+interesting	363,374	O	O
+features	375,383	O	O
+:	383,384	O	O
+(	385,386	O	O
+i	386,387	O	O
+)	387,388	O	O
+
+In	389,391	O	O
+case	392,396	O	O
+of	397,399	O	O
+thermal	400,407	O	B-Process
+tracer	408,414	O	I-Process
+exchange	415,423	O	I-Process
+,	423,424	O	O
+an	425,427	O	O
+enhanced	428,436	O	O
+tracer	437,443	O	B-Process
+fraction	444,452	O	I-Process
+is	453,455	O	O
+found	456,461	O	O
+on	462,464	O	O
+top	465,468	O	O
+of	469,471	O	O
+the	472,475	O	O
+metallic	476,484	O	B-Material
+current	485,492	O	I-Material
+collector	493,502	O	I-Material
+due	503,506	O	O
+to	507,509	O	O
+its	510,513	O	O
+ionically	514,523	O	O
+blocking	524,532	O	O
+nature	533,539	O	O
+.	539,540	O	O
+
+At	541,543	O	O
+the	544,547	O	O
+edges	548,553	O	O
+of	554,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
+current	561,568	O	O
+collector	569,578	O	O
+,	578,579	O	O
+the	580,583	O	O
+concentration	584,597	O	O
+of	598,600	O	O
+18O	601,604	O	B-Material
+decreases	605,614	O	O
+with	615,619	O	O
+a	620,621	O	O
+finite	622,628	O	O
+step	629,633	O	O
+width	634,639	O	O
+that	640,644	O	O
+is	645,647	O	O
+correlated	648,658	O	O
+with	659,663	O	O
+in	664,666	O	B-Process
+-	666,667	O	I-Process
+plane	667,672	O	I-Process
+diffusion	673,682	O	I-Process
+of	683,685	O	I-Process
+oxygen	686,692	O	I-Process
+ions	693,697	O	I-Process
+.	697,698	O	O
+
+(	699,700	O	O
+ii	700,702	O	O
+)	702,703	O	O
+
+Due	704,707	O	O
+to	708,710	O	O
+the	711,714	O	O
+low	715,718	O	B-Process
+electronic	719,729	O	I-Process
+conductivity	730,742	O	I-Process
+of	743,745	O	O
+STFO	746,750	O	B-Material
+and	751,754	O	O
+GDC	755,758	O	B-Material
+,	758,759	O	O
+the	760,763	O	O
+MIEC	764,768	O	O
+area	769,773	O	O
+that	774,778	O	O
+is	779,781	O	O
+influenced	782,792	O	O
+by	793,795	O	O
+an	796,798	O	O
+applied	799,806	O	B-Process
+bias	807,811	O	I-Process
+is	812,814	O	O
+restricted	815,825	O	O
+to	826,828	O	O
+a	829,830	O	O
+region	831,837	O	O
+close	838,843	O	O
+to	844,846	O	O
+the	847,850	O	O
+current	851,858	O	B-Material
+collector	859,868	O	I-Material
+.	868,869	O	O
+
+The	870,873	O	O
+width	874,879	O	B-Task
+of	880,882	O	I-Task
+this	883,887	O	I-Task
+active	888,894	O	I-Task
+region	895,901	O	I-Task
+depends	902,909	O	O
+on	910,912	O	O
+the	913,916	O	O
+bias	917,921	O	O
+.	921,922	O	O
+
+It	923,925	O	O
+amounts	926,933	O	O
+to	934,936	O	O
+only	937,941	O	O
+10–15μm	942,949	O	O
+for	950,953	O	O
+STFO	954,958	O	B-Material
+but	959,962	O	O
+more	963,967	O	O
+than	968,972	O	O
+100μm	973,978	O	O
+for	979,982	O	O
+GDC	983,986	O	B-Material
+at	987,989	O	O
+a	990,991	O	O
+cathodic	992,1000	O	O
+bias	1001,1005	O	O
+of	1006,1008	O	O
+−500mV.	1009,1016	O	O
+(	1017,1018	O	O
+iii	1018,1021	O	O
+)	1021,1022	O	O
+Not	1023,1026	O	O
+only	1027,1031	O	O
+enhanced	1032,1040	O	B-Process
+tracer	1041,1047	O	I-Process
+incorporation	1048,1061	O	I-Process
+due	1062,1065	O	O
+to	1066,1068	O	O
+cathodic	1069,1077	O	O
+bias	1078,1082	O	O
+but	1083,1086	O	O
+also	1087,1091	O	O
+reduced	1092,1099	O	B-Process
+incorporation	1100,1113	O	I-Process
+due	1114,1117	O	O
+to	1118,1120	O	O
+anodic	1121,1127	O	O
+bias	1128,1132	O	O
+could	1133,1138	O	O
+be	1139,1141	O	O
+experimentally	1142,1156	O	O
+resolved	1157,1165	O	O
+in	1166,1168	O	O
+the	1169,1172	O	O
+active	1173,1179	O	O
+region	1180,1186	O	O
+.	1186,1187	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167273814004548)
+
+Two	0,3	O	O
+different	4,13	O	O
+micro	14,19	O	B-Material
+-	19,20	O	I-Material
+contact	20,27	O	I-Material
+set	28,31	O	I-Material
+-	31,32	O	I-Material
+ups	32,35	O	I-Material
+were	36,40	O	O
+used	41,45	O	O
+in	46,48	O	O
+the	49,52	O	O
+experiments	53,64	O	O
+.	64,65	O	O
+
+The	66,69	O	O
+asymmetrically	70,84	O	B-Material
+heated	85,91	O	I-Material
+measurement	92,103	O	I-Material
+set	104,107	O	I-Material
+-	107,108	O	I-Material
+up	108,110	O	I-Material
+(	111,112	O	O
+Fig	112,115	O	O
+.	115,116	O	O
+
+2a	117,119	O	O
+)	119,120	O	O
+allows	121,127	O	O
+to	128,130	O	O
+change	131,137	O	B-Process
+the	138,141	O	I-Process
+contacted	142,151	O	I-Process
+electrode	152,161	O	I-Process
+within	162,168	O	O
+seconds	169,176	O	O
+and	177,180	O	O
+thereby	181,188	O	O
+to	189,191	O	O
+gain	192,196	O	B-Task
+statistical	197,208	O	I-Task
+information	209,220	O	I-Task
+over	221,225	O	O
+a	226,227	O	O
+large	228,233	O	O
+number	234,240	O	O
+of	241,243	O	O
+different	244,253	O	O
+microelectrodes	254,269	O	B-Material
+on	270,272	O	O
+one	273,276	O	O
+and	277,280	O	O
+the	281,284	O	O
+same	285,289	O	O
+sample	290,296	O	O
+in	297,299	O	O
+a	300,301	O	O
+relatively	302,312	O	O
+short	313,318	O	O
+time	319,323	O	O
+.	323,324	O	O
+
+It	325,327	O	O
+also	328,332	O	O
+enables	333,340	O	O
+monitoring	341,351	O	B-Task
+of	352,354	O	I-Task
+optical	355,362	O	I-Task
+changes	363,370	O	I-Task
+during	371,377	O	O
+the	378,381	O	O
+measurement	382,393	O	O
+in	394,396	O	O
+real	397,401	O	O
+time	402,406	O	O
+.	406,407	O	O
+
+However	408,415	O	O
+,	415,416	O	O
+the	417,420	O	O
+asymmetrical	421,433	O	B-Process
+heating	434,441	O	I-Process
+from	442,446	O	O
+the	447,450	O	O
+bottom	451,457	O	O
+side	458,462	O	O
+and	463,466	O	O
+local	467,472	O	B-Process
+cooling	473,480	O	I-Process
+(	481,482	O	O
+e.g.	482,486	O	O
+by	487,489	O	O
+convection	490,500	O	B-Process
+,	500,501	O	O
+radiation	502,511	O	B-Process
+,	511,512	O	O
+and	513,516	O	O
+the	517,520	O	O
+contacting	521,531	O	B-Material
+tip	532,535	O	I-Material
+acting	536,542	O	O
+as	543,545	O	O
+a	546,547	O	O
+heat	548,552	O	B-Material
+sink	553,557	O	I-Material
+)	557,558	O	O
+is	559,561	O	O
+known	562,567	O	O
+to	568,570	O	O
+cause	571,576	O	O
+temperature	577,588	O	B-Process
+gradients	589,598	O	I-Process
+within	599,605	O	O
+the	606,609	O	O
+sample	610,616	O	O
+[	617,618	O	O
+11	618,620	O	O
+]	620,621	O	O
+.	621,622	O	O
+
+Such	623,627	O	O
+temperature	628,639	O	B-Process
+gradients	640,649	O	I-Process
+are	650,653	O	O
+responsible	654,665	O	O
+for	666,669	O	O
+thermo	670,676	O	O
+-	676,677	O	O
+voltages	677,685	O	O
+,	685,686	O	O
+which	687,692	O	O
+can	693,696	O	O
+lead	697,701	O	O
+to	702,704	O	O
+measurement	705,716	O	O
+artifacts	717,726	O	O
+in	727,729	O	O
+electrochemical	730,745	O	B-Process
+experiments	746,757	O	I-Process
+[	758,759	O	O
+24	759,761	O	O
+]	761,762	O	O
+.	762,763	O	O
+
+Moreover	764,772	O	O
+,	772,773	O	O
+in	774,776	O	O
+this	777,781	O	O
+set	782,785	O	O
+-	785,786	O	O
+up	786,788	O	O
+temperature	789,800	O	B-Process
+cycles	801,807	O	I-Process
+can	808,811	O	O
+hardly	812,818	O	O
+be	819,821	O	O
+performed	822,831	O	O
+on	832,834	O	O
+single	835,841	O	O
+microelectrodes	842,857	O	B-Material
+but	858,861	O	O
+require	862,869	O	O
+subsequent	870,880	O	O
+contacting	881,891	O	B-Process
+and	892,895	O	I-Process
+de	896,898	O	I-Process
+-	898,899	O	I-Process
+contacting	899,909	O	I-Process
+of	910,912	O	I-Process
+different	913,922	O	I-Process
+microelectrodes	923,938	O	I-Process
+.	938,939	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167273815004130)
+
+Room	0,4	O	O
+temperature	5,16	O	O
+powder	17,23	O	B-Process
+X	24,25	O	I-Process
+-	25,26	O	I-Process
+ray	26,29	O	I-Process
+diffraction	30,41	O	I-Process
+(	42,43	O	O
+XRD	43,46	O	B-Process
+)	46,47	O	O
+was	48,51	O	O
+performed	52,61	O	O
+on	62,64	O	O
+a	65,66	O	O
+PANalytical	67,78	O	B-Process
+Empyrean	79,87	O	I-Process
+diffractometer	88,102	O	I-Process
+.	102,103	O	O
+
+The	104,107	O	O
+obtained	108,116	O	O
+XRD	117,120	O	B-Material
+patterns	121,129	O	I-Material
+were	130,134	O	O
+analysed	135,143	O	O
+with	144,148	O	O
+STOE	149,153	O	B-Process
+Win	154,157	O	I-Process
+XPOW	158,162	O	I-Process
+software	163,171	O	I-Process
+in	172,174	O	O
+order	175,180	O	O
+to	181,183	O	O
+determine	184,193	O	O
+phase	194,199	O	B-Task
+purity	200,206	O	I-Task
+,	206,207	O	O
+the	208,211	O	O
+crystal	212,219	O	B-Task
+structure	220,229	O	I-Task
+and	230,233	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+cell	238,242	O	B-Task
+parameters	243,253	O	I-Task
+of	254,256	O	O
+the	257,260	O	O
+samples	261,268	O	O
+.	268,269	O	O
+
+Thermogravimetric	270,287	O	B-Process
+analysis	288,296	O	I-Process
+(	297,298	O	O
+TGA	298,301	O	B-Process
+)	301,302	O	O
+was	303,306	O	O
+performed	307,316	O	O
+using	317,322	O	O
+a	323,324	O	O
+Netzsch	325,332	O	B-Process
+STA	333,336	O	I-Process
+449C	337,341	O	I-Process
+instrument	342,352	O	I-Process
+equipped	353,361	O	O
+with	362,366	O	O
+Proteus	367,374	O	B-Process
+thermal	375,382	O	I-Process
+analysis	383,391	O	I-Process
+software	392,400	O	I-Process
+.	400,401	O	O
+
+The	402,405	O	O
+TGA	406,409	O	O
+studies	410,417	O	O
+were	418,422	O	O
+carried	423,430	O	O
+out	431,434	O	O
+under	435,440	O	O
+reducing	441,449	O	B-Process
+conditions	450,460	O	I-Process
+(	461,462	O	O
+5	462,463	O	B-Material
+%	463,464	O	I-Material
+H2/Ar	465,470	O	I-Material
+)	470,471	O	O
+from	472,476	O	O
+room	477,481	O	O
+temperature	482,493	O	O
+to	494,496	O	O
+900	497,500	O	O
+°	500,501	O	O
+C	501,502	O	O
+,	502,503	O	O
+in	504,506	O	O
+order	507,512	O	O
+to	513,515	O	O
+determine	516,525	O	O
+the	526,529	O	O
+weight	530,536	O	B-Task
+change	537,543	O	I-Task
+of	544,546	O	O
+the	547,550	O	O
+perovskite	551,561	O	B-Material
+during	562,568	O	O
+the	569,572	O	O
+reduction	573,582	O	O
+.	582,583	O	O
+
+The	584,587	O	O
+microstructure	588,602	O	O
+of	603,605	O	O
+the	606,609	O	O
+samples	610,617	O	O
+'	617,618	O	O
+surface	619,626	O	O
+was	627,630	O	O
+analysed	631,639	O	O
+using	640,645	O	O
+a	646,647	O	O
+JEOL	648,652	O	O
+JSM-6700	653,661	O	O
+field	662,667	O	B-Process
+emission	668,676	O	I-Process
+74	677,679	O	I-Process
+scanning	680,688	O	I-Process
+electron	689,697	O	I-Process
+microscope	698,708	O	I-Process
+(	709,710	O	O
+FEG	710,713	O	B-Process
+-	713,714	O	I-Process
+SEM	714,717	O	I-Process
+)	717,718	O	O
+.	718,719	O	O
+
+The	720,723	O	O
+total	724,729	O	B-Task
+conductivity	730,742	O	I-Task
+of	743,745	O	O
+the	746,749	O	O
+samples	750,757	O	O
+was	758,761	O	O
+measured	762,770	O	O
+using	771,776	O	O
+a	777,778	O	O
+conventional	779,791	O	O
+four	792,796	O	B-Process
+-	796,797	O	I-Process
+terminal	797,805	O	I-Process
+method	806,812	O	I-Process
+.	812,813	O	O
+
+Bar	814,817	O	O
+samples	818,825	O	O
+were	826,830	O	O
+prepared	831,839	O	O
+by	840,842	O	O
+calcination	843,854	O	B-Task
+at	855,857	O	O
+1300	858,862	O	O
+°	862,863	O	O
+C	863,864	O	O
+for	865,868	O	O
+1h	869,871	O	O
+.	871,872	O	O
+
+Gold	873,877	O	B-Material
+wire	878,882	O	I-Material
+contacts	883,891	O	I-Material
+were	892,896	O	O
+attached	897,905	O	O
+to	906,908	O	O
+the	909,912	O	O
+bars	913,917	O	O
+,	917,918	O	O
+which	919,924	O	O
+then	925,929	O	O
+were	930,934	O	O
+cured	935,940	O	O
+at	941,943	O	O
+850	944,947	O	O
+°	947,948	O	O
+C	948,949	O	O
+for	950,953	O	O
+1h	954,956	O	O
+.	956,957	O	O
+
+The	958,961	O	O
+conductivity	962,974	O	B-Task
+of	975,977	O	O
+the	978,981	O	O
+samples	982,989	O	O
+was	990,993	O	O
+measured	994,1002	O	O
+under	1003,1008	O	O
+a	1009,1010	O	O
+redox	1011,1016	O	B-Task
+cycle	1017,1022	O	I-Task
+at	1023,1025	O	O
+900	1026,1029	O	O
+°	1029,1030	O	O
+C	1030,1031	O	O
+.	1031,1032	O	O
+
+Low	1033,1036	O	B-Process
+oxygen	1037,1043	O	I-Process
+partial	1044,1051	O	I-Process
+pressure	1052,1060	O	I-Process
+was	1061,1064	O	O
+achieved	1065,1073	O	O
+by	1074,1076	O	O
+using	1077,1082	O	O
+a	1083,1084	O	O
+continuous	1085,1095	O	O
+flow	1096,1100	O	B-Process
+of	1101,1103	O	O
+5	1104,1105	O	O
+%	1105,1106	O	O
+H2/Ar	1107,1112	O	B-Material
+.	1112,1113	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931711005120)
+
+A	0,1	O	B-Task
+nanocomposite	2,15	O	I-Task
+system	16,22	O	I-Task
+consisting	23,33	O	O
+of	34,36	O	O
+a	37,38	O	B-Material
+semiconducting	39,53	O	I-Material
+matrix	54,60	O	I-Material
+and	61,64	O	I-Material
+embedded	65,73	O	I-Material
+ferromagnetic	74,87	O	I-Material
+nanostructures	88,102	O	I-Material
+has	103,106	O	O
+been	107,111	O	O
+fabricated	112,122	O	O
+.	122,123	O	O
+
+The	124,127	O	B-Task
+ferromagnetic	128,141	O	I-Task
+characteristics	142,157	O	I-Task
+as	158,160	O	O
+coercivity	161,171	O	B-Task
+,	171,172	O	I-Task
+remanence	173,182	O	I-Task
+and	183,186	O	I-Task
+magnetic	187,195	O	I-Task
+anisotropy	196,206	O	I-Task
+of	207,209	O	I-Task
+the	210,213	O	I-Task
+nanocomposite	214,227	O	I-Task
+can	228,231	O	O
+be	232,234	O	O
+adjusted	235,243	O	O
+by	244,246	O	O
+the	247,250	O	B-Material
+electrochemical	251,266	O	I-Material
+parameters	267,277	O	I-Material
+.	277,278	O	O
+
+Furthermore	279,290	O	O
+the	291,294	O	O
+spatial	295,302	O	O
+distribution	303,315	O	B-Process
+of	316,318	O	O
+the	319,322	O	O
+metal	323,328	O	O
+structures	329,339	O	O
+within	340,346	O	O
+the	347,350	O	O
+pores	351,356	O	O
+can	357,360	O	O
+be	361,363	O	O
+varied	364,370	O	O
+which	371,376	O	O
+means	377,382	O	O
+that	383,387	O	O
+the	388,391	O	O
+magnetic	392,400	O	O
+interactions	401,413	O	O
+between	414,421	O	O
+the	422,425	O	O
+particles	426,435	O	O
+can	436,439	O	O
+be	440,442	O	O
+influenced	443,453	O	O
+.	453,454	O	O
+
+In	455,457	O	O
+the	458,461	O	O
+case	462,466	O	O
+of	467,469	O	O
+densely	470,477	O	B-Task
+packed	478,484	O	I-Task
+particles	485,494	O	I-Task
+within	495,501	O	O
+the	502,505	O	O
+pores	506,511	O	O
+dipolar	512,519	O	O
+coupling	520,528	O	O
+between	529,536	O	O
+them	537,541	O	O
+occurs	542,548	O	O
+and	549,552	O	O
+results	553,560	O	O
+in	561,563	O	O
+quasi	564,569	O	O
+magnetic	570,578	O	O
+chains	579,585	O	O
+which	586,591	O	O
+offer	592,597	O	O
+a	598,599	O	B-Material
+much	600,604	O	I-Material
+larger	605,611	O	I-Material
+magnetic	612,620	O	I-Material
+anisotropy	621,631	O	I-Material
+than	632,636	O	O
+non	637,640	O	B-Material
+-	640,641	O	I-Material
+interacting	641,652	O	I-Material
+particles	653,662	O	I-Material
+.	662,663	O	O
+
+By	664,666	O	O
+modifying	667,676	O	B-Process
+the	677,680	O	I-Process
+current	681,688	O	I-Process
+density	689,696	O	I-Process
+small	697,702	O	B-Material
+Ni	703,705	O	I-Material
+-	705,706	O	I-Material
+particles	706,715	O	I-Material
+(	716,717	O	I-Material
+3–6	717,720	O	I-Material
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+)	722,723	O	I-Material
+can	724,727	O	O
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+deposited	731,740	O	O
+.	740,741	O	O
+
+If	742,744	O	O
+the	745,748	O	O
+packing	749,756	O	O
+density	757,764	O	O
+of	765,767	O	O
+these	768,773	O	B-Material
+particles	774,783	O	I-Material
+is	784,786	O	O
+sufficiently	787,799	O	O
+close	800,805	O	O
+,	805,806	O	O
+Ni	807,809	O	B-Material
+-	809,810	O	I-Material
+tubes	810,815	O	I-Material
+of	816,818	O	O
+a	819,820	O	O
+few	821,824	O	O
+nanometer	825,834	O	O
+in	835,837	O	O
+thickness	838,847	O	O
+are	848,851	O	O
+covering	852,860	O	O
+the	861,864	O	O
+pore	865,869	O	O
+walls	870,875	O	O
+.	875,876	O	O
+
+The	877,880	O	B-Task
+presented	881,890	O	I-Task
+nanocomposite	891,904	O	I-Task
+is	905,907	O	O
+an	908,910	O	O
+interesting	911,922	O	O
+system	923,929	O	O
+for	930,933	O	O
+magnetic	934,942	O	O
+applications	943,955	O	O
+as	956,958	O	O
+magnetic	959,967	O	O
+sensor	968,974	O	O
+technology	975,985	O	O
+.	985,986	O	O
+
+Silicon	987,994	O	B-Material
+as	995,997	O	O
+substrate	998,1007	O	O
+renders	1008,1015	O	O
+this	1016,1020	O	O
+composite	1021,1030	O	O
+a	1031,1032	O	B-Task
+good	1033,1037	O	I-Task
+candidate	1038,1047	O	I-Task
+for	1048,1051	O	I-Task
+the	1052,1055	O	I-Task
+integration	1056,1067	O	I-Task
+in	1068,1070	O	O
+existing	1071,1079	O	O
+process	1080,1087	O	O
+technology	1088,1098	O	O
+.	1098,1099	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931712002699)
+
+As	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+progression	7,18	O	O
+towards	19,26	O	O
+smaller	27,34	O	B-Task
+lithographic	35,47	O	I-Task
+nodes	48,53	O	I-Task
+continues	54,63	O	O
+it	64,66	O	O
+has	67,70	O	O
+become	71,77	O	O
+necessary	78,87	O	O
+to	88,90	O	O
+adopt	91,96	O	O
+thinner	97,104	O	B-Material
+resist	105,111	O	I-Material
+films	112,117	O	I-Material
+to	118,120	O	O
+mitigate	121,129	O	O
+problems	130,138	O	O
+such	139,143	O	O
+as	144,146	O	O
+pattern	147,154	O	B-Process
+collapse	155,163	O	I-Process
+.	163,164	O	O
+
+To	165,167	O	O
+address	168,175	O	O
+the	176,179	O	O
+issue	180,185	O	O
+of	186,188	O	O
+reduced	189,196	O	B-Process
+etch	197,201	O	I-Process
+resistance	202,212	O	I-Process
+of	213,215	O	I-Process
+thin	216,220	O	I-Process
+photoresist	221,232	O	I-Process
+films	233,238	O	I-Process
+the	239,242	O	O
+semiconductor	243,256	O	O
+industry	257,265	O	O
+has	266,269	O	O
+begun	270,275	O	O
+to	276,278	O	O
+develop	279,286	O	O
+multilayer	287,297	O	B-Process
+processes	298,307	O	I-Process
+where	308,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	O
+pattern	318,325	O	O
+is	326,328	O	O
+first	329,334	O	O
+transferred	335,346	O	O
+into	347,351	O	O
+an	352,354	O	O
+intermediate	355,367	O	B-Material
+organic	368,375	O	I-Material
+hardmask	376,384	O	I-Material
+with	385,389	O	O
+higher	390,396	O	O
+etch	397,401	O	O
+selectivity	402,413	O	O
+before	414,420	O	O
+final	421,426	O	O
+silicon	427,434	O	B-Process
+pattern	435,442	O	I-Process
+transfer	443,451	O	I-Process
+[	452,453	O	O
+25–27	453,458	O	O
+]	458,459	O	O
+.	459,460	O	O
+
+In	461,463	O	O
+this	464,468	O	O
+paper	469,474	O	O
+we	475,477	O	O
+demonstrate	478,489	O	O
+how	490,493	O	O
+the	494,497	O	O
+introduction	498,510	O	O
+of	511,513	O	O
+such	514,518	O	O
+a	519,520	O	O
+multilayer	521,531	O	B-Process
+process	532,539	O	I-Process
+can	540,543	O	O
+also	544,548	O	O
+benefit	549,556	O	O
+nanosphere	557,567	O	B-Task
+lithography	568,579	O	I-Task
+by	580,582	O	O
+increasing	583,593	O	O
+achievable	594,604	O	O
+aspect	605,611	O	O
+ratios	612,618	O	O
+of	619,621	O	O
+silicon	622,629	O	B-Material
+nanopillars	630,641	O	I-Material
+without	642,649	O	O
+the	650,653	O	O
+need	654,658	O	O
+for	659,662	O	O
+complex	663,670	O	B-Process
+etch	671,675	O	I-Process
+processes	676,685	O	I-Process
+requiring	686,695	O	O
+specialised	696,707	O	O
+and	708,711	O	O
+expensive	712,721	O	O
+equipment	722,731	O	O
+,	731,732	O	O
+but	733,736	O	O
+instead	737,744	O	O
+needing	745,752	O	O
+only	753,757	O	O
+a	758,759	O	O
+standard	760,768	O	O
+SF6/C4F8	769,777	O	O
+inductively	778,789	O	O
+coupled	790,797	O	B-Material
+plasma	798,804	O	I-Material
+(	805,806	O	O
+ICP	806,809	O	B-Material
+)	809,810	O	O
+mixed	811,816	O	O
+mode	817,821	O	O
+etch	822,826	O	O
+process	827,834	O	O
+at	835,837	O	O
+room	838,842	O	O
+temperature	843,854	O	O
+[	855,856	O	O
+28	856,858	O	O
+]	858,859	O	O
+.	859,860	O	O
+
+As	861,863	O	O
+intermediate	864,876	O	B-Material
+layer	877,882	O	I-Material
+material	883,891	O	I-Material
+we	892,894	O	O
+used	895,899	O	O
+polyimide	900,909	O	B-Material
+,	909,910	O	O
+which	911,916	O	O
+finds	917,922	O	O
+widespread	923,933	O	O
+use	934,937	O	O
+as	938,940	O	O
+encapsulation	941,954	O	B-Material
+material	955,963	O	I-Material
+for	964,967	O	O
+IC	968,970	O	B-Task
+production	971,981	O	I-Task
+.	981,982	O	O
+
+It	983,985	O	O
+is	986,988	O	O
+readily	989,996	O	O
+patterned	997,1006	O	O
+in	1007,1009	O	O
+oxygen	1010,1016	O	B-Material
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+and	1024,1027	O	O
+has	1028,1031	O	O
+a	1032,1033	O	O
+lower	1034,1039	O	O
+etch	1040,1044	O	O
+rate	1045,1049	O	O
+than	1050,1054	O	O
+silicon	1055,1062	O	B-Material
+in	1063,1065	O	O
+SF6	1066,1069	O	B-Material
+gas	1070,1073	O	I-Material
+.	1073,1074	O	O
+
+Its	1075,1078	O	O
+flexibility	1079,1090	O	O
+can	1091,1094	O	O
+also	1095,1099	O	O
+be	1100,1102	O	O
+used	1103,1107	O	O
+for	1108,1111	O	O
+the	1112,1115	O	O
+fabrication	1116,1127	O	B-Task
+of	1128,1130	O	I-Task
+soft	1131,1135	O	I-Task
+polymer	1136,1143	O	I-Task
+pillars	1144,1151	O	I-Task
+by	1152,1154	O	O
+the	1155,1158	O	O
+same	1159,1163	O	O
+process	1164,1171	O	O
+as	1172,1174	O	O
+we	1175,1177	O	O
+will	1178,1182	O	O
+show	1183,1187	O	O
+.	1187,1188	O	O
+
+The	1189,1192	O	O
+multilayer	1193,1203	O	B-Process
+process	1204,1211	O	I-Process
+slightly	1212,1220	O	O
+increases	1221,1230	O	O
+the	1231,1234	O	O
+complexity	1235,1245	O	O
+of	1246,1248	O	O
+sample	1249,1255	O	B-Process
+preparation	1256,1267	O	I-Process
+but	1268,1271	O	O
+allows	1272,1278	O	O
+basic	1279,1284	O	O
+ICP	1285,1288	O	B-Process
+etching	1289,1296	O	I-Process
+to	1297,1299	O	O
+achieve	1300,1307	O	O
+high	1308,1312	O	O
+aspect	1313,1319	O	O
+ratio	1320,1325	O	O
+structures	1326,1336	O	O
+at	1337,1339	O	O
+smaller	1340,1347	O	O
+feature	1348,1355	O	O
+sizes	1356,1361	O	O
+that	1362,1366	O	O
+previously	1367,1377	O	O
+reported	1378,1386	O	O
+without	1387,1394	O	O
+the	1395,1398	O	O
+need	1399,1403	O	O
+for	1404,1407	O	O
+complex	1408,1415	O	O
+etching	1416,1423	O	B-Material
+equipment	1424,1433	O	I-Material
+.	1433,1434	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931712002936)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+3D	2,4	O	O
+finite	5,11	O	O
+element	12,19	O	O
+based	20,25	O	O
+(	26,27	O	O
+FEM	27,30	O	O
+)	30,31	O	O
+
+COMSOL	32,38	O	O
+capacitance	39,50	O	O
+analysis	51,59	O	O
+is	60,62	O	O
+combined	63,71	O	O
+with	72,76	O	O
+Monte	77,82	O	B-Process
+Carlo	83,88	O	I-Process
+single	89,95	O	I-Process
+-	95,96	O	I-Process
+electron	96,104	O	I-Process
+circuit	105,112	O	I-Process
+simulations	113,124	O	I-Process
+to	125,127	O	O
+model	128,133	O	B-Task
+device	134,140	O	I-Task
+operations	141,151	O	I-Task
+during	152,158	O	I-Task
+single	159,165	O	I-Task
+electron	166,174	O	I-Task
+detection	175,184	O	I-Task
+.	184,185	O	O
+
+The	186,189	O	O
+3D	190,192	O	B-Material
+structural	193,203	O	I-Material
+data	204,208	O	I-Material
+(	209,210	O	O
+Fig	210,213	O	O
+.	213,214	O	O
+
+1b	215,217	O	O
+)	217,218	O	O
+of	219,221	O	O
+the	222,225	O	O
+nanoscale	226,235	O	B-Material
+DQD	236,239	O	I-Material
+pair	240,244	O	I-Material
+and	245,248	O	O
+multiple	249,257	O	B-Material
+gate	258,262	O	I-Material
+electrodes	263,273	O	I-Material
+are	274,277	O	O
+precisely	278,287	O	O
+input	288,293	O	O
+into	294,298	O	O
+COMSOL	299,305	O	B-Material
+’s	305,307	O	I-Material
+FEM	308,311	O	I-Material
+-	311,312	O	I-Material
+based	312,317	O	I-Material
+electrostatics	318,332	O	I-Material
+simulator	333,342	O	I-Material
+.	342,343	O	O
+
+Capacitances	344,356	O	O
+between	357,364	O	O
+different	365,374	O	O
+device	375,381	O	B-Material
+components	382,392	O	I-Material
+are	393,396	O	O
+then	397,401	O	O
+extracted	402,411	O	O
+and	412,415	O	O
+fed	416,419	O	O
+into	420,424	O	O
+the	425,428	O	O
+well	429,433	O	B-Material
+-	433,434	O	I-Material
+tested	434,440	O	I-Material
+single	441,447	O	I-Material
+electron	448,456	O	I-Material
+circuit	457,464	O	I-Material
+simulator	465,474	O	I-Material
+SETSPICE	475,483	O	B-Material
+[	484,485	O	O
+11	485,487	O	O
+]	487,488	O	O
+,	488,489	O	O
+based	490,495	O	O
+on	496,498	O	O
+the	499,502	O	O
+orthodox	503,511	O	B-Task
+theory	512,518	O	I-Task
+of	519,521	O	O
+single	522,528	O	B-Process
+electron	529,537	O	I-Process
+tunnelling	538,548	O	I-Process
+[	549,550	O	O
+12	550,552	O	O
+]	552,553	O	O
+.	553,554	O	O
+
+For	555,558	O	O
+our	559,562	O	O
+target	563,569	O	B-Material
+d1	570,572	O	I-Material
+of	573,575	O	O
+60	576,578	O	O
+nm	578,580	O	O
+,	580,581	O	O
+simulation	582,592	O	B-Process
+results	593,600	O	O
+(	601,602	O	O
+Fig	602,605	O	O
+.	605,606	O	O
+
+1c	607,609	O	O
+)	609,610	O	O
+showed	611,617	O	O
+that	618,622	O	O
+as	623,625	O	O
+we	626,628	O	O
+sweep	629,634	O	O
+the	635,638	O	O
+voltage	639,646	O	O
+applied	647,654	O	O
+on	655,657	O	O
+gate	658,662	O	B-Material
+G1	663,665	O	I-Material
+,	665,666	O	O
+VG1	667,670	O	B-Material
+,	670,671	O	O
+single	672,678	O	B-Process
+electron	679,687	O	I-Process
+tunnelling	688,698	O	I-Process
+into	699,703	O	O
+the	704,707	O	O
+turnstile	708,717	O	B-Material
+’s	717,719	O	I-Material
+two	720,723	O	I-Material
+QDs	724,727	O	I-Material
+should	728,734	O	O
+generate	735,743	O	O
+shifts	744,750	O	B-Process
+in	751,753	O	I-Process
+the	754,757	O	I-Process
+electrometer	758,770	O	I-Process
+current	771,778	O	I-Process
+,	778,779	O	O
+IDS	780,783	O	B-Material
+,	783,784	O	O
+of	785,787	O	O
+tens	788,792	O	O
+of	793,795	O	O
+pA.	796,799	O	O
+
+This	800,804	O	O
+is	805,807	O	O
+well	808,812	O	O
+within	813,819	O	O
+the	820,823	O	O
+charge	824,830	O	O
+sensitivity	831,842	O	O
+of	843,845	O	O
+DQD	846,849	O	B-Material
+electrometer	850,862	O	I-Material
+[	863,864	O	O
+6	864,865	O	O
+]	865,866	O	O
+and	867,870	O	O
+consistent	871,881	O	O
+to	882,884	O	O
+the	885,888	O	O
+same	889,893	O	O
+order	894,899	O	O
+of	900,902	O	O
+magnitude	903,912	O	O
+with	913,917	O	O
+previous	918,926	O	O
+work	927,931	O	O
+in	932,934	O	O
+single	935,941	O	B-Task
+electron	942,950	O	I-Task
+detection	951,960	O	I-Task
+[	961,962	O	O
+13	962,964	O	O
+]	964,965	O	O
+.	965,966	O	O
+
+In	967,969	O	O
+addition	970,978	O	O
+,	978,979	O	O
+the	980,983	O	O
+gate	984,988	O	B-Material
+to	989,991	O	O
+QD	992,994	O	B-Process
+capacitive	995,1005	O	I-Process
+coupling	1006,1014	O	I-Process
+appear	1015,1021	O	O
+to	1022,1024	O	O
+be	1025,1027	O	O
+sufficient	1028,1038	O	O
+for	1039,1042	O	O
+the	1043,1046	O	O
+control	1047,1054	O	B-Process
+of	1055,1057	O	I-Process
+QD	1058,1060	O	I-Process
+occupations	1061,1072	O	I-Process
+down	1073,1077	O	O
+to	1078,1080	O	O
+the	1081,1084	O	O
+single	1085,1091	O	O
+electron	1092,1100	O	O
+limit	1101,1106	O	O
+,	1106,1107	O	O
+allowing	1108,1116	O	O
+for	1117,1120	O	O
+future	1121,1127	O	O
+manipulation	1128,1140	O	B-Task
+of	1141,1143	O	I-Task
+single	1144,1150	O	I-Task
+electron	1151,1159	O	I-Task
+spins	1160,1165	O	I-Task
+in	1166,1168	O	O
+qubit	1169,1174	O	B-Task
+research	1175,1183	O	I-Task
+.	1183,1184	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931712003012)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+evaluated	3,12	O	B-Task
+three	13,18	O	I-Task
+spin	19,23	O	I-Task
+-	23,24	O	I-Task
+on	24,26	O	I-Task
+carbon	27,33	O	I-Task
+hardmasks	34,43	O	I-Task
+from	44,48	O	I-Task
+Irresistible	49,61	O	I-Task
+Materials	62,71	O	I-Task
+[	72,73	O	O
+12	73,75	O	O
+]	75,76	O	O
+.	76,77	O	O
+
+The	78,81	O	O
+spin	82,86	O	B-Material
+-	86,87	O	I-Material
+on	87,89	O	I-Material
+carbon	90,96	O	I-Material
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+were	110,114	O	O
+dissolved	115,124	O	O
+in	125,127	O	O
+a	128,129	O	O
+suitable	130,138	O	O
+solvent	139,146	O	B-Material
+such	147,151	O	O
+as	152,154	O	O
+chloroform	155,165	O	B-Material
+or	166,168	O	O
+anisole	169,176	O	B-Material
+with	177,181	O	O
+a	182,183	O	O
+concentration	184,197	O	O
+in	198,200	O	O
+the	201,204	O	O
+range	205,210	O	O
+5–50g	211,216	O	O
+
+/	216,217	O	O
+l	217,218	O	O
+.	218,219	O	O
+
+In	220,222	O	O
+this	223,227	O	O
+report	228,234	O	O
+,	234,235	O	O
+film	236,240	O	B-Process
+thickness	241,250	O	I-Process
+measurements	251,263	O	I-Process
+were	264,268	O	O
+made	269,273	O	O
+for	274,277	O	O
+IM	278,280	O	B-Material
+-	280,281	O	I-Material
+HM11	281,285	O	I-Material
+-	285,286	O	I-Material
+01	286,288	O	I-Material
+and	289,292	O	O
+IM	293,295	O	B-Material
+-	295,296	O	I-Material
+HM11	296,300	O	I-Material
+-	300,301	O	I-Material
+02	301,303	O	I-Material
+films	304,309	O	I-Material
+,	309,310	O	O
+whilst	311,317	O	O
+IM	318,320	O	B-Material
+-	320,321	O	I-Material
+HM11	321,325	O	I-Material
+-	325,326	O	I-Material
+03	326,328	O	I-Material
+was	329,332	O	O
+used	333,337	O	O
+for	338,341	O	O
+etching	342,349	O	B-Process
+;	349,350	O	O
+further	351,358	O	O
+investigations	359,373	O	O
+to	374,376	O	O
+compare	377,384	O	B-Task
+the	385,388	O	I-Task
+performance	389,400	O	I-Task
+of	401,403	O	I-Task
+the	404,407	O	I-Task
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+tasks	438,443	O	I-Task
+are	444,447	O	O
+underway	448,456	O	O
+.	456,457	O	O
+
+Films	458,463	O	B-Material
+of	464,466	O	I-Material
+the	467,470	O	I-Material
+SoC	471,474	O	I-Material
+were	475,479	O	O
+prepared	480,488	O	O
+by	489,491	O	O
+spin	492,496	O	B-Process
+coating	497,504	O	I-Process
+on	505,507	O	O
+hydrogen	508,516	O	B-Material
+-	516,517	O	I-Material
+terminated	517,527	O	I-Material
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+substrates	536,546	O	I-Material
+with	547,551	O	O
+a	552,553	O	O
+speed	554,559	O	O
+varying	560,567	O	O
+between	568,575	O	O
+800	576,579	O	O
+and	580,583	O	O
+2000	584,588	O	O
+RPM	589,592	O	O
+for	593,596	O	O
+60s	597,600	O	O
+.	600,601	O	O
+
+After	602,607	O	O
+spin	608,612	O	O
+coating	613,620	O	O
+the	621,624	O	O
+film	625,629	O	B-Material
+was	630,633	O	O
+baked	634,639	O	B-Process
+for	640,643	O	I-Process
+2min	644,648	O	I-Process
+at	649,651	O	I-Process
+temperatures	652,664	O	I-Process
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+up	668,670	O	I-Process
+to	671,673	O	I-Process
+330	674,677	O	I-Process
+°	677,678	O	I-Process
+C	678,679	O	I-Process
+.	679,680	O	O
+
+In	681,683	O	O
+order	684,689	O	O
+to	690,692	O	O
+enable	693,699	O	O
+further	700,707	O	O
+processing	708,718	O	O
+,	718,719	O	O
+the	720,723	O	O
+SoC	724,727	O	B-Material
+should	728,734	O	O
+be	735,737	O	O
+rendered	738,746	O	O
+insoluble	747,756	O	O
+in	757,759	O	O
+typical	760,767	O	O
+solvents	768,776	O	O
+for	777,780	O	O
+resist	781,787	O	O
+and	788,791	O	O
+spin	792,796	O	B-Material
+-	796,797	O	I-Material
+on	797,799	O	I-Material
+-	799,800	O	I-Material
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+to	809,811	O	O
+enable	812,818	O	O
+further	819,826	O	O
+processing	827,837	O	O
+.	837,838	O	O
+
+The	839,842	O	O
+elution	843,850	O	B-Task
+behavior	851,859	O	I-Task
+of	860,862	O	O
+films	863,868	O	O
+of	869,871	O	O
+IM	872,874	O	B-Material
+-	874,875	O	I-Material
+HM11	875,879	O	I-Material
+-	879,880	O	I-Material
+01	880,882	O	I-Material
+and	883,886	O	I-Material
+IM	887,889	O	I-Material
+-	889,890	O	I-Material
+HM11	890,894	O	I-Material
+-	894,895	O	I-Material
+02	895,897	O	I-Material
+for	898,901	O	O
+thicknesses	902,913	O	O
+between	914,921	O	O
+30	922,924	O	O
+and	925,928	O	O
+325	929,932	O	O
+nm	932,934	O	O
+was	935,938	O	O
+tested	939,945	O	O
+as	946,948	O	O
+a	949,950	O	O
+function	951,959	O	O
+of	960,962	O	O
+the	963,966	O	O
+baking	967,973	O	O
+temperature	974,985	O	O
+.	985,986	O	O
+
+Fig	987,990	O	O
+.	990,991	O	O
+
+1	992,993	O	O
+shows	994,999	O	O
+the	1000,1003	O	O
+normalized	1004,1014	O	O
+film	1015,1019	O	O
+thickness	1020,1029	O	O
+of	1030,1032	O	O
+two	1033,1036	O	O
+formulations	1037,1049	O	O
+of	1050,1052	O	O
+the	1053,1056	O	O
+SoC	1057,1060	O	B-Material
+(	1061,1062	O	I-Material
+IM	1062,1064	O	B-Material
+-	1064,1065	O	I-Material
+HM11	1065,1069	O	I-Material
+-	1069,1070	O	I-Material
+01	1070,1072	O	I-Material
+and	1073,1076	O	I-Material
+IM	1077,1079	O	I-Material
+-	1079,1080	O	I-Material
+HM11	1080,1084	O	I-Material
+-	1084,1085	O	I-Material
+02	1085,1087	O	I-Material
+)	1087,1088	O	O
+,	1088,1089	O	O
+before	1090,1096	O	B-Process
+and	1097,1100	O	I-Process
+after	1101,1106	O	I-Process
+dipping	1107,1114	O	I-Process
+in	1115,1117	O	O
+monochlorobenzene	1118,1135	O	B-Material
+(	1136,1137	O	O
+MCB):IPA	1137,1145	O	B-Material
+1:1	1146,1149	O	O
+solution	1150,1158	O	O
+.	1158,1159	O	O
+
+Prior	1160,1165	O	O
+to	1166,1168	O	O
+baking	1169,1175	O	B-Process
+the	1176,1179	O	O
+thickness	1180,1189	O	O
+of	1190,1192	O	O
+IM	1193,1195	O	B-Material
+-	1195,1196	O	I-Material
+HM11	1196,1200	O	I-Material
+-	1200,1201	O	I-Material
+01	1201,1203	O	I-Material
+was	1204,1207	O	O
+∼320	1208,1212	O	O
+nm	1212,1214	O	O
+,	1214,1215	O	O
+and	1216,1219	O	O
+the	1220,1223	O	O
+thickness	1224,1233	O	O
+of	1234,1236	O	O
+IM	1237,1239	O	B-Material
+-	1239,1240	O	I-Material
+HM11	1240,1244	O	I-Material
+-	1244,1245	O	I-Material
+02	1245,1247	O	I-Material
+was	1248,1251	O	O
+∼250	1252,1256	O	O
+nm	1256,1258	O	O
+.	1258,1259	O	O
+
+For	1260,1263	O	O
+temperatures	1264,1276	O	O
+above	1277,1282	O	O
+190	1283,1286	O	O
+°	1286,1287	O	O
+C	1287,1288	O	O
+the	1289,1292	O	O
+IM	1293,1295	O	B-Material
+-	1295,1296	O	I-Material
+HM11	1296,1300	O	I-Material
+-	1300,1301	O	I-Material
+02	1301,1303	O	I-Material
+film	1304,1308	O	I-Material
+was	1309,1312	O	O
+rendered	1313,1321	O	O
+insoluble	1322,1331	O	O
+,	1331,1332	O	O
+whilst	1333,1339	O	O
+a	1340,1341	O	O
+temperature	1342,1353	O	O
+of	1354,1356	O	O
+260	1357,1360	O	O
+°	1360,1361	O	O
+C	1361,1362	O	O
+was	1363,1366	O	O
+required	1367,1375	O	O
+to	1376,1378	O	O
+achieve	1379,1386	O	O
+the	1387,1390	O	O
+same	1391,1395	O	O
+for	1396,1399	O	O
+IM	1400,1402	O	B-Material
+-	1402,1403	O	I-Material
+HM11	1403,1407	O	I-Material
+-	1407,1408	O	I-Material
+01	1408,1410	O	I-Material
+.	1410,1411	O	O
+
+Film	1412,1416	O	B-Material
+thickness	1417,1426	O	O
+did	1427,1430	O	O
+not	1431,1434	O	O
+affect	1435,1441	O	O
+the	1442,1445	O	O
+elution	1446,1453	O	O
+results	1454,1461	O	O
+.	1461,1462	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931712003905)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
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+,	10,11	O	O
+we	12,14	O	O
+have	15,19	O	O
+developed	20,29	O	O
+a	30,31	O	O
+technique	32,41	O	O
+for	42,45	O	O
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+-	50,51	O	I-Task
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+FIB	87,90	O	B-Process
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+.	99,100	O	O
+
+Transmission	101,113	O	B-Material
+electron	114,122	O	I-Material
+microscope	123,133	O	I-Material
+images	134,140	O	I-Material
+of	141,143	O	O
+a	144,145	O	O
+thinned	146,153	O	B-Material
+tungsten	154,162	O	I-Material
+composite	163,172	O	I-Material
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+with	182,186	O	O
+width	187,192	O	O
+reduced	193,200	O	O
+from	201,205	O	O
+80	206,208	O	O
+to	209,211	O	O
+20	212,214	O	O
+nm	214,216	O	O
+show	217,221	O	O
+uniform	222,229	O	B-Process
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+along	240,245	O	O
+the	246,249	O	O
+length	250,256	O	O
+of	257,259	O	O
+the	260,263	O	O
+wire	264,268	O	B-Material
+and	269,272	O	O
+high	273,277	O	B-Material
+resolution	278,288	O	I-Material
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+show	296,300	O	O
+no	301,303	O	O
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+changes	312,319	O	O
+of	320,322	O	O
+the	323,326	O	O
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+.	352,353	O	O
+
+The	354,357	O	O
+critical	358,366	O	O
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+density	375,382	O	O
+of	383,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+as	390,392	O	B-Material
+-	392,393	O	I-Material
+deposited	393,402	O	I-Material
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+one	412,415	O	O
+thinned	416,423	O	O
+to	424,426	O	O
+a	427,428	O	O
+width	429,434	O	O
+of	435,437	O	O
+50	438,440	O	O
+nm	440,442	O	O
+is	443,445	O	O
+
+1.7×105	446,453	O	O
+and	454,457	O	O
+1.4×105A	458,466	O	O
+
+/	466,467	O	O
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+at	471,473	O	O
+4.26	474,478	O	O
+K	478,479	O	O
+,	479,480	O	O
+respectively	481,493	O	O
+,	493,494	O	O
+suggesting	495,505	O	O
+insignificant	506,519	O	O
+modulation	520,530	O	B-Process
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+the	534,537	O	I-Process
+electrical	538,548	O	I-Process
+properties	549,559	O	I-Process
+during	560,566	O	O
+thinning	567,575	O	B-Process
+.	575,576	O	O
+
+These	577,582	O	O
+results	583,590	O	O
+suggest	591,598	O	O
+that	599,603	O	O
+FIB	604,607	O	B-Process
+-	607,608	O	I-Process
+milling	608,615	O	I-Process
+is	616,618	O	O
+a	619,620	O	O
+potential	621,630	O	O
+approach	631,639	O	O
+for	640,643	O	O
+controllable	644,656	O	B-Task
+size	657,661	O	I-Task
+reduction	662,671	O	I-Task
+with	672,676	O	I-Task
+high	677,681	O	I-Task
+resolution	682,692	O	I-Task
+towards	693,700	O	I-Task
+the	701,704	O	I-Task
+observation	705,716	O	I-Task
+of	717,719	O	I-Task
+size-	720,725	O	I-Task
+and	726,729	O	I-Task
+quantum	730,737	O	I-Task
+effects	738,745	O	I-Task
+,	745,746	O	O
+as	747,749	O	O
+well	750,754	O	O
+as	755,757	O	O
+for	758,761	O	O
+construction	762,774	O	B-Task
+of	775,777	O	I-Task
+3D	778,780	O	I-Task
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+.	808,809	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931713002438)
+
+There	0,5	O	O
+have	6,10	O	O
+been	11,15	O	O
+suggestions	16,27	O	O
+that	28,32	O	O
+electrons	33,42	O	B-Material
+can	43,46	O	O
+be	47,49	O	O
+trapped	50,57	O	B-Process
+in	58,60	O	I-Process
+the	61,64	O	I-Process
+bulk	65,69	O	I-Process
+and	70,73	O	I-Process
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+of	86,88	O	I-Process
+silica	89,95	O	I-Process
+[	96,97	O	O
+15	97,99	O	O
+]	99,100	O	O
+but	101,104	O	O
+new	105,108	O	O
+models	109,115	O	O
+of	116,118	O	O
+electron	119,127	O	B-Material
+trapping	128,136	O	I-Material
+centres	137,144	O	I-Material
+started	145,152	O	O
+to	153,155	O	O
+appear	156,162	O	O
+only	163,167	O	O
+recently	168,176	O	O
+.	176,177	O	O
+
+It	178,180	O	O
+has	181,184	O	O
+been	185,189	O	O
+suggested	190,199	O	O
+by	200,202	O	O
+Bersuker	203,211	O	O
+et	212,214	O	O
+al	215,217	O	O
+.	217,218	O	O
+
+,	218,219	O	O
+who	220,223	O	O
+used	224,228	O	O
+molecular	229,238	O	B-Process
+models	239,245	O	I-Process
+,	245,246	O	O
+that	247,251	O	O
+electrons	252,261	O	B-Material
+can	262,265	O	O
+be	266,268	O	O
+trapped	269,276	O	B-Process
+by	277,279	O	O
+Si	280,282	O	B-Material
+–	282,283	O	I-Material
+O	283,284	O	I-Material
+bonds	285,290	O	I-Material
+in	291,293	O	O
+a	294,295	O	B-Material
+-	295,296	O	I-Material
+SiO2	296,300	O	I-Material
+leading	301,308	O	I-Material
+to	309,311	O	O
+their	312,317	O	O
+weakening	318,327	O	B-Process
+and	328,331	O	O
+thus	332,336	O	O
+facilitating	337,349	O	O
+Si	350,352	O	O
+
+–	352,353	O	O
+
+O	353,354	O	O
+bond	355,359	O	O
+dissociation	360,372	O	O
+[	373,374	O	O
+16	374,376	O	O
+]	376,377	O	O
+.	377,378	O	O
+
+Further	379,386	O	O
+calculations	387,399	O	O
+by	400,402	O	O
+Camellone	403,412	O	O
+et	413,415	O	O
+al	416,418	O	O
+.	418,419	O	O
+have	420,424	O	O
+shown	425,430	O	O
+that	431,435	O	O
+electrons	436,445	O	B-Material
+can	446,449	O	O
+spontaneously	450,463	O	B-Process
+trap	464,468	O	I-Process
+in	469,471	O	O
+non	472,475	O	B-Process
+-	475,476	O	I-Process
+defective	476,485	O	I-Process
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+network	503,510	O	I-Process
+model	511,516	O	I-Process
+of	517,519	O	O
+a	520,521	O	B-Material
+-	521,522	O	I-Material
+SiO2	522,526	O	I-Material
+
+[	527,528	O	O
+17	528,530	O	O
+]	530,531	O	O
+.	531,532	O	O
+
+Recent	533,539	O	O
+calculations	540,552	O	O
+have	553,557	O	O
+also	558,562	O	O
+demonstrated	563,575	O	O
+that	576,580	O	O
+the	581,584	O	O
+two	585,588	O	O
+dominant	589,597	O	O
+neutral	598,605	O	B-Process
+paramagnetic	606,618	O	I-Process
+defects	619,626	O	I-Process
+at	627,629	O	O
+surfaces	630,638	O	B-Material
+of	639,641	O	I-Material
+a	642,643	O	I-Material
+-	643,644	O	I-Material
+SiO2	644,648	O	I-Material
+,	648,649	O	O
+the	650,653	O	O
+non	654,657	O	B-Material
+-	657,658	O	I-Material
+bridging	658,666	O	I-Material
+oxygen	667,673	O	I-Material
+centre	674,680	O	I-Material
+and	681,684	O	O
+the	685,688	O	O
+silicon	689,696	O	B-Material
+dangling	697,705	O	I-Material
+bond	706,710	O	I-Material
+,	710,711	O	O
+are	712,715	O	O
+deep	716,720	O	B-Material
+electron	721,729	O	I-Material
+traps	730,735	O	I-Material
+and	736,739	O	O
+can	740,743	O	O
+form	744,748	O	O
+the	749,752	O	O
+corresponding	753,766	O	O
+negatively	767,777	O	B-Material
+charged	778,785	O	I-Material
+defects	786,793	O	I-Material
+[	794,795	O	O
+18	795,797	O	O
+]	797,798	O	O
+.	798,799	O	O
+
+However	800,807	O	O
+,	807,808	O	O
+these	809,814	O	O
+theoretical	815,826	O	O
+predictions	827,838	O	O
+have	839,843	O	O
+not	844,847	O	O
+yet	848,851	O	O
+been	852,856	O	O
+confirmed	857,866	O	O
+experimentally	867,881	O	O
+,	881,882	O	O
+emphasising	883,894	O	O
+the	895,898	O	O
+challenges	899,909	O	O
+for	910,913	O	O
+identifying	914,925	O	B-Task
+defect	926,932	O	I-Task
+centres	933,940	O	I-Task
+.	940,941	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S016793171300244X)
+
+Ever	0,4	O	O
+since	5,10	O	O
+the	11,14	O	O
+identification	15,29	O	B-Process
+of	30,32	O	I-Process
+the	33,36	O	I-Process
+paramagnetic	37,49	O	I-Process
+E′	50,52	O	I-Process
+centre	53,59	O	I-Process
+in	60,62	O	I-Process
+SiO2	63,67	O	I-Process
+as	68,70	O	O
+an	71,73	O	O
+unpaired	74,82	O	B-Material
+electron	83,91	O	I-Material
+localised	92,101	O	O
+in	102,104	O	O
+an	105,107	O	O
+sp3	108,111	O	B-Material
+hybrid	112,118	O	I-Material
+orbital	119,126	O	I-Material
+of	127,129	O	O
+an	130,132	O	O
+Si	133,135	O	B-Material
+atom	136,140	O	I-Material
+backbonded	141,151	O	O
+to	152,154	O	O
+three	155,160	O	O
+oxygen	161,167	O	B-Material
+atoms	168,173	O	I-Material
+,	173,174	O	O
+a	175,176	O	O
+number	177,183	O	O
+of	184,186	O	O
+attempts	187,195	O	O
+has	196,199	O	O
+been	200,204	O	O
+made	205,209	O	O
+at	210,212	O	O
+explaining	213,223	O	B-Task
+the	224,227	O	I-Task
+optical	228,235	O	I-Task
+and	236,239	O	I-Task
+electronic	240,250	O	I-Task
+properties	251,261	O	I-Task
+of	262,264	O	I-Task
+SiO2	265,269	O	I-Task
+in	270,272	O	I-Task
+the	273,276	O	I-Task
+presence	277,285	O	I-Task
+of	286,288	O	I-Task
+E′	289,291	O	I-Task
+centres	292,299	O	I-Task
+.	299,300	O	O
+
+The	301,304	O	O
+irradiation	305,316	O	B-Process
+or	317,319	O	O
+hole	320,324	O	B-Process
+injection	325,334	O	I-Process
+induces	335,342	O	O
+trapping	343,351	O	B-Process
+of	352,354	O	I-Process
+positive	355,363	O	I-Process
+charge	364,370	O	I-Process
+in	371,373	O	I-Process
+thin	374,378	O	I-Process
+layers	379,385	O	I-Process
+of	386,388	O	I-Process
+a	389,390	O	I-Process
+-	390,391	O	I-Process
+SiO2	391,395	O	I-Process
+grown	396,401	O	I-Process
+on	402,404	O	I-Process
+silicon	405,412	O	I-Process
+surfaces	413,421	O	I-Process
+by	422,424	O	O
+thermal	425,432	O	B-Process
+oxidation	433,442	O	I-Process
+.	442,443	O	O
+
+This	444,448	O	O
+effect	449,455	O	O
+has	456,459	O	O
+been	460,464	O	O
+correlated	465,475	O	O
+with	476,480	O	O
+paramagnetic	481,493	O	B-Material
+E′	494,496	O	I-Material
+centre	497,503	O	I-Material
+signals	504,511	O	I-Material
+and	512,515	O	O
+led	516,519	O	O
+to	520,522	O	O
+the	523,526	O	O
+initial	527,534	O	O
+assignment	535,545	O	O
+of	546,548	O	O
+the	549,552	O	O
+neutral	553,560	O	B-Material
+oxygen	561,567	O	I-Material
+vacancy	568,575	O	I-Material
+as	576,578	O	O
+the	579,582	O	O
+major	583,588	O	B-Material
+hole	589,593	O	I-Material
+trap	594,598	O	I-Material
+in	599,601	O	O
+a	602,603	O	B-Material
+-	603,604	O	I-Material
+SiO2	604,608	O	I-Material
+
+[	609,610	O	O
+1–3	610,613	O	O
+]	613,614	O	O
+.	614,615	O	O
+
+In	616,618	O	O
+this	619,623	O	O
+model	624,629	O	O
+,	629,630	O	O
+originally	631,641	O	O
+proposed	642,650	O	O
+for	651,654	O	O
+E′	655,657	O	B-Material
+centres	658,665	O	I-Material
+in	666,668	O	I-Material
+α-quartz	669,677	O	I-Material
+,	677,678	O	O
+upon	679,683	O	O
+trapping	684,692	O	O
+a	693,694	O	O
+hole	695,699	O	O
+,	699,700	O	O
+one	701,704	O	O
+Si	705,707	O	B-Material
+atom	708,712	O	I-Material
+from	713,717	O	O
+the	718,721	O	O
+two	722,725	O	O
+Si	726,728	O	B-Material
+atoms	729,734	O	I-Material
+constituting	735,747	O	O
+the	748,751	O	O
+vacancy	752,759	O	O
+remains	760,767	O	O
+neutral	768,775	O	O
+and	776,779	O	O
+hosts	780,785	O	O
+the	786,789	O	O
+localised	790,799	O	B-Material
+unpaired	800,808	O	I-Material
+electron	809,817	O	I-Material
+while	818,823	O	O
+its	824,827	O	O
+counterpart	828,839	O	O
+becomes	840,847	O	O
+positively	848,858	O	O
+charged	859,866	O	O
+.	866,867	O	O
+
+Although	868,876	O	O
+this	877,881	O	O
+model	882,887	O	O
+has	888,891	O	O
+initially	892,901	O	O
+been	902,906	O	O
+accepted	907,915	O	O
+widely	916,922	O	O
+for	923,926	O	O
+its	927,930	O	O
+simplicity	931,941	O	O
+,	941,942	O	O
+it	943,945	O	O
+fails	946,951	O	O
+to	952,954	O	O
+account	955,962	O	O
+for	963,966	O	O
+a	967,968	O	O
+number	969,975	O	O
+of	976,978	O	O
+observations	979,991	O	O
+,	991,992	O	O
+such	993,997	O	O
+as	998,1000	O	O
+the	1001,1004	O	O
+positive	1005,1013	O	B-Process
+charge	1014,1020	O	I-Process
+trapping	1021,1029	O	I-Process
+without	1030,1037	O	O
+generation	1038,1048	O	O
+of	1049,1051	O	O
+E′	1052,1054	O	B-Material
+centres	1055,1062	O	I-Material
+[	1063,1064	O	O
+4	1064,1065	O	O
+]	1065,1066	O	O
+,	1066,1067	O	O
+the	1068,1071	O	O
+formation	1072,1081	O	O
+of	1082,1084	O	O
+high	1085,1089	O	B-Material
+density	1090,1097	O	I-Material
+of	1098,1100	O	I-Material
+E′	1101,1103	O	I-Material
+centres	1104,1111	O	I-Material
+without	1112,1119	O	O
+the	1120,1123	O	O
+corresponding	1124,1137	O	O
+density	1138,1145	O	O
+of	1146,1148	O	O
+positive	1149,1157	O	B-Process
+charge	1158,1164	O	I-Process
+[	1165,1166	O	O
+5	1166,1167	O	O
+]	1167,1168	O	O
+,	1168,1169	O	O
+and	1170,1173	O	O
+the	1174,1177	O	O
+absence	1178,1185	O	O
+of	1186,1188	O	O
+correlation	1189,1200	O	O
+between	1201,1208	O	O
+the	1209,1212	O	O
+decrease	1213,1221	O	O
+of	1222,1224	O	O
+the	1225,1228	O	O
+E′	1229,1231	O	B-Material
+centre	1232,1238	O	I-Material
+density	1239,1246	O	O
+and	1247,1250	O	O
+the	1251,1254	O	O
+density	1255,1262	O	O
+of	1263,1265	O	O
+positive	1266,1274	O	O
+charge	1275,1281	O	O
+upon	1282,1286	O	O
+post	1287,1291	O	B-Process
+-	1291,1292	O	I-Process
+irradiation	1292,1303	O	I-Process
+electron	1304,1312	O	I-Process
+injection	1313,1322	O	I-Process
+in	1323,1325	O	O
+SiO2	1326,1330	O	B-Material
+[	1331,1332	O	O
+6	1332,1333	O	O
+]	1333,1334	O	O
+.	1334,1335	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931713002487)
+
+Ge	0,2	O	B-Material
+(	3,4	O	I-Material
+100	4,7	O	I-Material
+)	7,8	O	I-Material
+wafers	9,15	O	I-Material
+(	16,17	O	O
+n-	17,19	O	B-Material
+and	20,23	O	I-Material
+p	24,25	O	I-Material
+-	25,26	O	I-Material
+type	26,30	O	I-Material
+)	30,31	O	O
+were	32,36	O	O
+cleaned	37,44	O	B-Process
+in	45,47	O	I-Process
+ultra	48,53	O	I-Process
+high	54,58	O	I-Process
+vacuum	59,65	O	I-Process
+(	66,67	O	O
+<	67,68	O	O
+10−6	68,72	O	O
+mbar	72,76	O	O
+)	76,77	O	O
+at	78,80	O	O
+500	81,84	O	O
+°	84,85	O	O
+C	85,86	O	O
+and	87,90	O	O
+600	91,94	O	O
+°	94,95	O	O
+C	95,96	O	O
+for	97,100	O	O
+10min	101,106	O	O
+to	107,109	O	O
+evaporate	110,119	O	B-Process
+any	120,123	O	I-Process
+native	124,130	O	I-Process
+oxide	131,136	O	I-Process
+and	137,140	O	O
+so	141,143	O	O
+achieve	144,151	O	O
+an	152,154	O	O
+oxide	155,160	O	B-Material
+free	161,165	O	I-Material
+surface	166,173	O	I-Material
+.	173,174	O	O
+
+Subsequently	175,187	O	O
+,	187,188	O	O
+wafers	189,195	O	B-Material
+were	196,200	O	O
+exposed	201,208	O	O
+to	209,211	O	O
+an	212,214	O	O
+Al	215,217	O	B-Process
+flux	218,222	O	I-Process
+for	223,226	O	O
+a	227,228	O	O
+range	229,234	O	O
+of	235,237	O	O
+times	238,243	O	O
+to	244,246	O	O
+deposit	247,254	O	O
+ultrathin	255,264	O	B-Material
+Al	265,267	O	I-Material
+layers	268,274	O	I-Material
+.	274,275	O	O
+
+The	276,279	O	O
+samples	280,287	O	B-Material
+were	288,292	O	O
+then	293,297	O	O
+oxidized	298,306	O	B-Process
+at	307,309	O	O
+ambient	310,317	O	O
+temperatures	318,330	O	O
+in	331,333	O	O
+the	334,337	O	O
+MBE	338,341	O	B-Material
+load	342,346	O	I-Material
+lock	347,351	O	I-Material
+to	352,354	O	O
+produce	355,362	O	B-Task
+Al2O3	363,368	O	I-Task
+layers	369,375	O	I-Task
+.	375,376	O	O
+
+The	377,380	O	O
+samples	381,388	O	B-Material
+were	389,393	O	O
+transferred	394,405	O	O
+within	406,412	O	O
+1min	413,417	O	O
+to	418,420	O	O
+an	421,423	O	O
+Oxford	424,430	O	B-Material
+Instruments	431,442	O	I-Material
+OpAL	443,447	O	I-Material
+reactor	448,455	O	I-Material
+and	456,459	O	O
+thin	460,464	O	B-Material
+films	465,470	O	I-Material
+of	471,473	O	I-Material
+HfO2	474,478	O	I-Material
+were	479,483	O	O
+deposited	484,493	O	O
+on	494,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+Al2O3	501,506	O	B-Material
+using	507,512	O	O
+atomic	513,519	O	B-Process
+layer	520,525	O	I-Process
+deposition	526,536	O	I-Process
+(	537,538	O	O
+ALD	538,541	O	B-Process
+)	541,542	O	O
+.	542,543	O	O
+
+The	544,547	O	O
+HfO2	548,552	O	B-Process
+depositions	553,564	O	I-Process
+used	565,569	O	O
+a	570,571	O	O
+[	572,573	O	B-Material
+(	573,574	O	I-Material
+CpMe)2HfOMeMe	574,587	O	I-Material
+]	587,588	O	I-Material
+precursor	589,598	O	I-Material
+coupled	599,606	O	O
+with	607,611	O	O
+an	612,614	O	O
+O2	615,617	O	B-Material
+plasma	618,624	O	I-Material
+as	625,627	O	O
+the	628,631	O	O
+oxidizing	632,641	O	B-Material
+species	642,649	O	I-Material
+.	649,650	O	O
+
+Between	651,658	O	O
+30	659,661	O	O
+and	662,665	O	O
+130	666,669	O	O
+ALD	670,673	O	O
+cycles	674,680	O	O
+were	681,685	O	O
+used	686,690	O	O
+to	691,693	O	O
+grow	694,698	O	B-Process
+HfO2	699,703	O	I-Process
+thicknesses	704,715	O	I-Process
+from	716,720	O	O
+1.6	721,724	O	O
+to	725,727	O	O
+7	728,729	O	O
+nm	729,731	O	O
+at	732,734	O	O
+250	735,738	O	O
+°	738,739	O	O
+C	739,740	O	O
+.	740,741	O	O
+
+For	742,745	O	O
+electrical	746,756	O	B-Task
+measurements	757,769	O	I-Task
+,	769,770	O	O
+circular	771,779	O	B-Material
+gold	780,784	O	I-Material
+contacts	785,793	O	I-Material
+of	794,796	O	O
+area	797,801	O	O
+1.96×10−3cm2	802,814	O	O
+were	815,819	O	O
+deposited	820,829	O	O
+onto	830,834	O	O
+the	835,838	O	O
+films	839,844	O	B-Material
+to	845,847	O	O
+form	848,852	O	O
+MOS	853,856	O	B-Material
+gate	857,861	O	I-Material
+electrodes	862,872	O	I-Material
+and	873,876	O	O
+Al	877,879	O	B-Material
+was	880,883	O	O
+deposited	884,893	O	O
+on	894,896	O	O
+the	897,900	O	O
+back	901,905	O	O
+of	906,908	O	O
+the	909,912	O	O
+Ge	913,915	O	B-Material
+wafers	916,922	O	I-Material
+to	923,925	O	O
+provide	926,933	O	O
+an	934,936	O	O
+ohmic	937,942	O	B-Material
+contact	943,950	O	I-Material
+.	950,951	O	O
+
+After	952,957	O	O
+preliminary	958,969	O	O
+measurements	970,982	O	O
+,	982,983	O	O
+the	984,987	O	O
+samples	988,995	O	B-Material
+were	996,1000	O	O
+annealed	1001,1009	O	B-Process
+in	1010,1012	O	I-Process
+forming	1013,1020	O	I-Process
+gas	1021,1024	O	I-Process
+(	1025,1026	O	O
+FGA	1026,1029	O	B-Material
+)	1029,1030	O	O
+at	1031,1033	O	O
+350	1034,1037	O	O
+°	1037,1038	O	O
+C	1038,1039	O	O
+for	1040,1043	O	O
+30min	1044,1049	O	O
+.	1049,1050	O	O
+
+The	1051,1054	O	O
+oxide	1055,1060	O	B-Material
+leakage	1061,1068	O	I-Material
+current	1069,1076	O	I-Material
+was	1077,1080	O	O
+measured	1081,1089	O	B-Process
+using	1090,1095	O	O
+a	1096,1097	O	O
+Keithley	1098,1106	O	B-Material
+230B	1107,1111	O	I-Material
+voltage	1112,1119	O	I-Material
+source	1120,1126	O	I-Material
+and	1127,1130	O	O
+Keithley	1131,1139	O	B-Material
+617B	1140,1144	O	I-Material
+electrometer	1145,1157	O	I-Material
+.	1157,1158	O	O
+
+The	1159,1162	O	O
+HP	1163,1165	O	B-Material
+4192A	1166,1171	O	I-Material
+low	1172,1175	O	I-Material
+frequency	1176,1185	O	I-Material
+(	1186,1187	O	I-Material
+LF	1187,1189	O	I-Material
+)	1189,1190	O	I-Material
+impedance	1191,1200	O	I-Material
+analyzer	1201,1209	O	I-Material
+at	1210,1212	O	O
+small	1213,1218	O	O
+signal	1219,1225	O	O
+frequencies	1226,1237	O	O
+between	1238,1245	O	O
+100Hz	1246,1251	O	O
+to	1252,1254	O	O
+1MHz	1255,1259	O	O
+was	1260,1263	O	O
+used	1264,1268	O	O
+to	1269,1271	O	B-Task
+perform	1272,1279	O	I-Task
+high	1280,1284	O	I-Task
+frequency	1285,1294	O	I-Task
+capacitance	1295,1306	O	I-Task
+–	1306,1307	O	I-Task
+voltage	1307,1314	O	I-Task
+(	1315,1316	O	I-Task
+HF	1316,1318	O	I-Task
+CV	1319,1321	O	I-Task
+)	1321,1322	O	I-Task
+measurements	1323,1335	O	I-Task
+.	1335,1336	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931713004061)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+have	3,7	O	O
+demonstrated	8,20	O	O
+a	21,22	O	O
+new	23,26	O	O
+approach	27,35	O	O
+to	36,38	O	O
+the	39,42	O	O
+manufacture	43,54	O	B-Task
+of	55,57	O	I-Task
+self	58,62	O	I-Task
+-	62,63	O	I-Task
+folding	63,70	O	I-Task
+hydrogel	71,79	O	I-Task
+scaffolds	80,89	O	I-Task
+by	90,92	O	O
+the	93,96	O	O
+use	97,100	O	O
+of	101,103	O	O
+readily	104,111	O	B-Process
+available	112,121	O	I-Process
+and	122,125	O	I-Process
+fast	126,130	O	I-Process
+throughput	131,141	O	I-Process
+methods	142,149	O	I-Process
+.	149,150	O	O
+
+The	151,154	O	O
+process	155,162	O	O
+shows	163,168	O	O
+effective	169,178	O	B-Process
+pattern	179,186	O	I-Process
+transfer	187,195	O	I-Process
+by	196,198	O	O
+first	199,204	O	O
+embossing	205,214	O	B-Process
+a	215,216	O	I-Process
+sacrificial	217,228	O	I-Process
+layer	229,234	O	I-Process
+and	235,238	O	O
+using	239,244	O	B-Process
+it	245,247	O	I-Process
+as	248,250	O	I-Process
+a	251,252	O	I-Process
+soluble	253,260	O	I-Process
+mould	261,266	O	I-Process
+in	267,269	O	I-Process
+the	270,273	O	I-Process
+fabrication	274,285	O	I-Process
+process	286,293	O	I-Process
+.	293,294	O	O
+
+The	295,298	O	O
+use	299,302	O	O
+of	303,305	O	O
+a	306,307	O	O
+sacrificial	308,319	O	B-Material
+layer	320,325	O	I-Material
+of	326,328	O	I-Material
+PAA	329,332	O	I-Material
+imparts	333,340	O	O
+environmental	341,354	O	O
+sensitivity	355,366	O	O
+to	367,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+hydrogel	374,382	O	B-Material
+film	383,387	O	I-Material
+on	388,390	O	O
+only	391,395	O	O
+one	396,399	O	O
+surface	400,407	O	B-Material
+.	407,408	O	O
+
+The	409,412	O	O
+subsequent	413,423	O	O
+swelling	424,432	O	B-Process
+of	433,435	O	I-Process
+the	436,439	O	I-Process
+PAA	440,443	O	I-Process
+inter	444,449	O	I-Process
+-	449,450	O	I-Process
+penetrating	450,461	O	I-Process
+network	462,469	O	I-Process
+(	470,471	O	O
+IPN	471,474	O	B-Process
+)	474,475	O	O
+in	476,478	O	O
+elevated	479,487	O	B-Material
+pH	488,490	O	I-Material
+causes	491,497	O	O
+a	498,499	O	O
+swelling	500,508	O	B-Process
+differential	509,521	O	I-Process
+across	522,528	O	O
+the	529,532	O	O
+film	533,537	O	B-Material
+,	537,538	O	O
+causing	539,546	O	O
+it	547,549	O	O
+to	550,552	O	O
+roll	553,557	O	B-Process
+to	558,560	O	O
+accommodate	561,572	O	B-Task
+the	573,576	O	I-Task
+difference	577,587	O	I-Task
+in	588,590	O	I-Task
+surface	591,598	O	I-Task
+area	599,603	O	I-Task
+between	604,611	O	I-Task
+the	612,615	O	I-Task
+two	616,619	O	I-Task
+surfaces	620,628	O	I-Task
+.	628,629	O	O
+
+The	630,633	O	O
+surface	634,641	O	O
+functionalization	642,659	O	O
+and	660,663	O	O
+patterning	664,674	O	O
+stages	675,681	O	O
+are	682,685	O	O
+thus	686,690	O	O
+combined	691,699	O	O
+into	700,704	O	O
+one	705,708	O	O
+photolithographic	709,726	O	B-Process
+operation	727,736	O	I-Process
+.	736,737	O	O
+
+The	738,741	O	O
+net	742,745	O	O
+result	746,752	O	O
+is	753,755	O	O
+a	756,757	O	O
+method	758,764	O	O
+of	765,767	O	O
+producing	768,777	O	B-Process
+environmentally	778,793	O	I-Process
+triggered	794,803	O	I-Process
+self	804,808	O	I-Process
+-	808,809	O	I-Process
+folding	809,816	O	I-Process
+all	817,820	O	I-Process
+hydrogel	821,829	O	I-Process
+scaffolds	830,839	O	I-Process
+by	840,842	O	O
+a	843,844	O	O
+,	844,845	O	O
+to	846,848	O	O
+the	849,852	O	O
+authors’	853,861	O	O
+knowledge	862,871	O	O
+,	871,872	O	O
+novel	873,878	O	B-Task
+use	879,882	O	I-Task
+of	883,885	O	I-Task
+sacrificial	886,897	O	I-Task
+layer	898,903	O	I-Task
+embossing	904,913	O	I-Task
+.	913,914	O	O
+
+The	915,918	O	O
+patterned	919,928	O	B-Material
+hydrogel	929,937	O	I-Material
+films	938,943	O	I-Material
+can	944,947	O	O
+be	948,950	O	O
+triggered	951,960	O	B-Process
+consecutively	961,974	O	I-Process
+allowing	975,983	O	O
+for	984,987	O	O
+successive	988,998	O	O
+rolling	999,1006	O	B-Process
+and	1007,1010	O	O
+unrolling	1011,1020	O	B-Process
+depending	1021,1030	O	O
+on	1031,1033	O	O
+the	1034,1037	O	O
+aqueous	1038,1045	O	B-Material
+pH.	1046,1049	O	I-Material
+The	1050,1053	O	O
+choice	1054,1060	O	O
+of	1061,1063	O	O
+PEGDMA	1064,1070	O	B-Material
+hydrogel	1071,1079	O	I-Material
+provides	1080,1088	O	O
+a	1089,1090	O	O
+versatile	1091,1100	O	B-Material
+platform	1101,1109	O	I-Material
+for	1110,1113	O	I-Material
+creating	1114,1122	O	I-Material
+a	1123,1124	O	I-Material
+variety	1125,1132	O	I-Material
+of	1133,1135	O	I-Material
+hydrogel	1136,1144	O	I-Material
+scaffolds	1145,1154	O	I-Material
+,	1154,1155	O	O
+and	1156,1159	O	O
+while	1160,1165	O	O
+being	1166,1171	O	O
+non	1172,1175	O	O
+-	1175,1176	O	O
+fouling	1176,1183	O	O
+and	1184,1187	O	O
+nontoxic	1188,1196	O	O
+it	1197,1199	O	O
+is	1200,1202	O	O
+permeable	1203,1212	O	O
+to	1213,1215	O	O
+proteins	1216,1224	O	B-Material
+.	1224,1225	O	O
+
+Furthermore	1226,1237	O	O
+PEGDMA	1238,1244	O	B-Material
+can	1245,1248	O	O
+be	1249,1251	O	O
+modified	1252,1260	O	O
+to	1261,1263	O	O
+produce	1264,1271	O	B-Task
+biodegradable	1272,1285	O	I-Task
+and	1286,1289	O	I-Task
+cell	1290,1294	O	I-Task
+adhesive	1295,1303	O	I-Task
+hydrogels	1304,1313	O	I-Task
+for	1314,1317	O	O
+a	1318,1319	O	O
+variety	1320,1327	O	O
+of	1328,1330	O	O
+biomedical	1331,1341	O	B-Task
+applications	1342,1354	O	I-Task
+.	1354,1355	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931713004991)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+number	4,10	O	O
+of	11,13	O	O
+experiments	14,25	O	O
+conducted	26,35	O	O
+was	36,39	O	O
+reduced	40,47	O	O
+by	48,50	O	O
+selecting	51,60	O	O
+the	61,64	O	O
+four	65,69	O	O
+most	70,74	O	O
+important	75,84	O	O
+parameters	85,95	O	O
+for	96,99	O	O
+variation	100,109	O	O
+,	109,110	O	O
+Table	111,116	O	O
+1	117,118	O	O
+while	119,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	O
+remaining	129,138	O	O
+parameters	139,149	O	O
+were	150,154	O	O
+kept	155,159	O	O
+constant	160,168	O	O
+.	168,169	O	O
+
+The	170,173	O	O
+O2	174,176	O	O
+flow	177,181	O	O
+rate	182,186	O	O
+(	187,188	O	O
+QO2	188,191	O	O
+)	191,192	O	O
+was	193,196	O	O
+keep	197,201	O	O
+constant	202,210	O	O
+at	211,213	O	O
+99sccm	214,220	O	O
+,	220,221	O	O
+while	222,227	O	O
+the	228,231	O	O
+SF6	232,235	O	O
+flow	236,240	O	O
+rate	241,245	O	O
+(	246,247	O	O
+QSF6	247,251	O	O
+)	251,252	O	O
+was	253,256	O	O
+varied	257,263	O	O
+between	264,271	O	O
+0	272,273	O	O
+and	274,277	O	O
+20sccm	278,284	O	O
+.	284,285	O	O
+
+The	286,289	O	O
+pressure	290,298	O	B-Process
+in	299,301	O	I-Process
+the	302,305	O	I-Process
+etch	306,310	O	I-Process
+chamber	311,318	O	I-Process
+was	319,322	O	O
+controlled	323,333	O	O
+to	334,336	O	O
+keep	337,341	O	B-Task
+the	342,345	O	I-Task
+gas	346,349	O	I-Task
+density	350,357	O	I-Task
+stable	358,364	O	I-Task
+.	364,365	O	O
+
+Since	366,371	O	O
+the	372,375	O	O
+pressure	376,384	O	O
+has	385,388	O	O
+a	389,390	O	O
+pronounced	391,401	O	O
+effect	402,408	O	O
+on	409,411	O	O
+etch	412,416	O	O
+characteristics	417,432	O	O
+,	432,433	O	O
+the	434,437	O	O
+pressure	438,446	O	O
+(	447,448	O	O
+p	448,449	O	O
+)	449,450	O	O
+was	451,454	O	O
+varied	455,461	O	O
+between	462,469	O	O
+20	470,472	O	O
+and	473,476	O	O
+40mTorr	477,484	O	O
+.	484,485	O	O
+
+It	486,488	O	O
+should	489,495	O	O
+be	496,498	O	O
+noted	499,504	O	O
+that	505,509	O	O
+the	510,513	O	O
+system	514,520	O	O
+was	521,524	O	O
+run	525,528	O	O
+in	529,531	O	O
+automatic	532,541	O	B-Process
+pressure	542,550	O	I-Process
+control	551,558	O	I-Process
+mode	559,563	O	O
+,	563,564	O	O
+which	565,570	O	O
+continuously	571,583	O	O
+adjusts	584,591	O	B-Process
+the	592,595	O	I-Process
+throttle	596,604	O	I-Process
+valve	605,610	O	I-Process
+to	611,613	O	O
+keep	614,618	O	O
+a	619,620	O	O
+constant	621,629	O	O
+pressure	630,638	O	O
+during	639,645	O	O
+etch	646,650	O	O
+.	650,651	O	O
+
+The	652,655	O	O
+coil	656,660	O	O
+power	661,666	O	O
+(	667,668	O	O
+PC	668,670	O	O
+)	670,671	O	O
+was	672,675	O	O
+fixed	676,681	O	O
+at	682,684	O	O
+1000W	685,690	O	O
+,	690,691	O	O
+while	692,697	O	O
+the	698,701	O	O
+bias	702,706	O	O
+power	707,712	O	O
+(	713,714	O	O
+PB	714,716	O	O
+)	716,717	O	O
+was	718,721	O	O
+varied	722,728	O	O
+between	729,736	O	O
+0	737,738	O	O
+and	739,742	O	O
+30W.	743,747	O	O
+Finally	748,755	O	O
+,	755,756	O	O
+the	757,760	O	O
+substrate	761,770	O	O
+chuck	771,776	O	O
+temperature	777,788	O	O
+(	789,790	O	O
+T	790,791	O	O
+)	791,792	O	O
+was	793,796	O	O
+controlled	797,807	O	O
+between	808,815	O	O
+10	816,818	O	O
+and	819,822	O	O
+50	823,825	O	O
+°	825,826	O	O
+C	826,827	O	O
+.	827,828	O	O
+
+This	829,833	O	O
+design	834,840	O	O
+resulted	841,849	O	O
+in	850,852	O	O
+a	853,854	O	O
+full	855,859	O	O
+factorial	860,869	O	B-Process
+screening	870,879	O	I-Process
+in	880,882	O	O
+four	883,887	O	O
+parameters	888,898	O	O
+,	898,899	O	O
+where	900,905	O	O
+three	906,911	O	O
+center	912,918	O	O
+points	919,925	O	O
+were	926,930	O	O
+used	931,935	O	O
+to	936,938	O	O
+check	939,944	O	B-Process
+for	945,948	O	I-Process
+quadratic	949,958	O	I-Process
+curvature	959,968	O	I-Process
+,	968,969	O	O
+where	970,975	O	O
+the	976,979	O	O
+quadratic	980,989	O	O
+term	990,994	O	O
+of	995,997	O	O
+a	998,999	O	O
+parameter	1000,1009	O	O
+is	1010,1012	O	O
+needed	1013,1019	O	O
+to	1020,1022	O	O
+generate	1023,1031	O	O
+a	1032,1033	O	O
+valid	1034,1039	O	O
+model	1040,1045	O	O
+.	1045,1046	O	O
+
+The	1047,1050	O	O
+total	1051,1056	O	O
+number	1057,1063	O	O
+of	1064,1066	O	O
+experiments	1067,1078	O	O
+in	1079,1081	O	O
+this	1082,1086	O	O
+setup	1087,1092	O	O
+is	1093,1095	O	O
+19	1096,1098	O	O
+,	1098,1099	O	O
+which	1100,1105	O	O
+were	1106,1110	O	O
+processed	1111,1120	O	O
+for	1121,1124	O	O
+20min	1125,1130	O	O
+each	1131,1135	O	O
+.	1135,1136	O	O
+
+The	1137,1140	O	O
+experiments	1141,1152	O	O
+in	1153,1155	O	O
+the	1156,1159	O	O
+design	1160,1166	O	O
+were	1167,1171	O	O
+carried	1172,1179	O	O
+out	1180,1183	O	O
+in	1184,1186	O	O
+random	1187,1193	O	O
+order	1194,1199	O	O
+.	1199,1200	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931713005042)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+used	3,7	O	O
+2μm	8,11	O	O
+of	12,14	O	O
+ultra	15,20	O	B-Material
+-	20,21	O	I-Material
+nanocrystalline	21,36	O	I-Material
+diamond	37,44	O	I-Material
+(	45,46	O	O
+UNCD	46,50	O	B-Material
+)	50,51	O	O
+grown	52,57	O	O
+by	58,60	O	O
+chemical	61,69	O	B-Process
+vapour	70,76	O	I-Process
+deposition	77,87	O	I-Process
+(	88,89	O	O
+CVD	89,92	O	B-Process
+)	92,93	O	O
+on	94,96	O	O
+a	97,98	O	O
+∼520μm	99,105	O	O
+silicon	106,113	O	O
+carrier	114,121	O	O
+wafer	122,127	O	O
+from	128,132	O	O
+Advanced	133,141	O	O
+Diamond	142,149	O	O
+Technologies	150,162	O	O
+Ltd.	163,167	O	O
+Detailed	168,176	O	O
+information	177,188	O	O
+about	189,194	O	O
+the	195,198	O	O
+material	199,207	O	O
+and	208,211	O	O
+the	212,215	O	O
+stamp	216,221	O	O
+fabrication	222,233	O	O
+can	234,237	O	O
+be	238,240	O	O
+found	241,246	O	O
+in	247,249	O	O
+our	250,253	O	O
+earlier	254,261	O	O
+paper	262,267	O	O
+[	268,269	O	O
+16	269,271	O	O
+]	271,272	O	O
+.	272,273	O	O
+
+The	274,277	O	O
+UNCD	278,282	O	B-Material
+wafer	283,288	O	I-Material
+was	289,292	O	O
+scribed	293,300	O	O
+into	301,305	O	O
+1×1cm2	306,312	O	O
+samples	313,320	O	O
+and	321,324	O	O
+subjected	325,334	O	O
+to	335,337	O	O
+RCA	338,341	O	B-Process
+cleaning	342,350	O	I-Process
+(	351,352	O	O
+SC-1	352,356	O	O
+)	356,357	O	O
+,	357,358	O	O
+followed	359,367	O	O
+by	368,370	O	O
+ultrasonic	371,381	O	B-Process
+solvent	382,389	O	I-Process
+cleaning	390,398	O	I-Process
+.	398,399	O	O
+
+Nanofeature	400,411	O	O
+stamps	412,418	O	O
+were	419,423	O	O
+then	424,428	O	O
+created	429,436	O	O
+from	437,441	O	O
+the	442,445	O	O
+samples	446,453	O	O
+using	454,459	O	O
+conventional	460,472	O	B-Process
+electron	473,481	O	I-Process
+beam	482,486	O	I-Process
+lithography	487,498	O	I-Process
+(	499,500	O	O
+EBL	500,503	O	B-Process
+)	503,504	O	O
+with	505,509	O	O
+negative	510,518	O	B-Material
+tone	519,523	O	I-Material
+electron	524,532	O	I-Material
+sensitive	533,542	O	I-Material
+resist	543,549	O	I-Material
+,	549,550	O	O
+hydrogen	551,559	O	B-Material
+silsesquioxane	560,574	O	I-Material
+(	575,576	O	O
+HSQ	576,579	O	B-Material
+)	579,580	O	O
+.	580,581	O	O
+
+An	582,584	O	O
+Al	585,587	O	B-Material
+discharge	588,597	O	I-Material
+layer	598,603	O	I-Material
+was	604,607	O	O
+required	608,616	O	O
+above	617,622	O	O
+the	623,626	O	O
+resist	627,633	O	O
+to	634,636	O	O
+prevent	637,644	O	B-Task
+e	645,646	O	I-Task
+-	646,647	O	I-Task
+beam	647,651	O	I-Task
+deflection	652,662	O	I-Task
+due	663,666	O	I-Task
+to	667,669	O	I-Task
+charge	670,676	O	I-Task
+build	677,682	O	I-Task
+-	682,683	O	I-Task
+up	683,685	O	I-Task
+on	686,688	O	I-Task
+the	689,692	O	I-Task
+surface	693,700	O	I-Task
+[	701,702	O	O
+17	702,704	O	O
+]	704,705	O	O
+.	705,706	O	O
+
+Several	707,714	O	B-Task
+stamps	715,721	O	I-Task
+were	722,726	O	I-Task
+produced	727,735	O	I-Task
+with	736,740	O	O
+this	741,745	O	O
+process	746,753	O	O
+and	754,757	O	O
+the	758,761	O	O
+pattern	762,769	O	O
+written	770,777	O	O
+varied	778,784	O	O
+in	785,787	O	O
+design	788,794	O	O
+but	795,798	O	O
+consisted	799,808	O	O
+of	809,811	O	O
+arrays	812,818	O	O
+of	819,821	O	O
+circular	822,830	O	B-Material
+pillars	831,838	O	I-Material
+.	838,839	O	O
+
+After	840,845	O	O
+EBL	846,849	O	B-Task
+and	850,853	O	I-Task
+HSQ	854,857	O	I-Task
+development	858,869	O	I-Task
+,	869,870	O	I-Task
+the	871,874	O	I-Task
+HSQ	875,878	O	B-Material
+was	879,882	O	O
+used	883,887	O	O
+as	888,890	O	O
+an	891,893	O	O
+etch	894,898	O	B-Material
+mask	899,903	O	I-Material
+for	904,907	O	O
+RIE	908,911	O	B-Material
+with	912,916	O	O
+a	917,918	O	O
+mixture	919,926	O	O
+of	927,929	O	O
+oxygen	930,936	O	B-Material
+and	937,940	O	O
+argon	941,946	O	B-Material
+gas	947,950	O	I-Material
+.	950,951	O	O
+
+The	952,955	O	O
+etched	956,962	O	B-Material
+diamond	963,970	O	I-Material
+nanopillars	971,982	O	I-Material
+were	983,987	O	O
+typically	988,997	O	O
+225	998,1001	O	O
+nm	1001,1003	O	O
+high	1004,1008	O	O
+.	1008,1009	O	O
+
+Fig	1010,1013	O	O
+.	1013,1014	O	O
+
+1	1015,1016	O	O
+displays	1017,1025	O	O
+a	1026,1027	O	O
+scanning	1028,1036	O	B-Material
+electron	1037,1045	O	I-Material
+micrograph	1046,1056	O	I-Material
+of	1057,1059	O	O
+some	1060,1064	O	O
+typical	1065,1072	O	O
+stamp	1073,1078	O	O
+features	1079,1087	O	O
+.	1087,1088	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931713006904)
+
+Copper	0,6	O	B-Task
+electro	7,14	O	I-Task
+-	14,15	O	I-Task
+chemical	15,23	O	I-Task
+deposition	24,34	O	I-Task
+(	35,36	O	I-Task
+ECD	36,39	O	I-Task
+)	39,40	O	I-Task
+of	41,43	O	I-Task
+through	44,51	O	I-Task
+silicon	52,59	O	I-Task
+via	60,63	O	I-Task
+(	64,65	O	I-Task
+TSV	65,68	O	I-Task
+)	68,69	O	I-Task
+is	70,72	O	O
+a	73,74	O	O
+key	75,78	O	O
+challenge	79,88	O	O
+of	89,91	O	O
+3D	92,94	O	B-Task
+integration	95,106	O	I-Task
+.	106,107	O	O
+
+This	108,112	O	O
+paper	113,118	O	O
+presents	119,127	O	O
+a	128,129	O	O
+numerical	130,139	O	B-Process
+modeling	140,148	O	I-Process
+of	149,151	O	I-Process
+TSV	152,155	O	I-Process
+filling	156,163	O	I-Process
+concerning	164,174	O	O
+the	175,178	O	O
+influence	179,188	O	O
+of	189,191	O	O
+the	192,195	O	O
+accelerator	196,207	O	B-Material
+and	208,211	O	I-Material
+the	212,215	O	I-Material
+suppressor	216,226	O	I-Material
+.	226,227	O	I-Material
+
+The	228,231	O	O
+diffusion	232,241	O	B-Process
+–	241,242	O	I-Process
+adsorption	242,252	O	I-Process
+model	253,258	O	I-Process
+was	259,262	O	O
+used	263,267	O	O
+in	268,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+simulation	275,285	O	B-Process
+and	286,289	O	I-Process
+effects	290,297	O	I-Process
+of	298,300	O	I-Process
+the	301,304	O	I-Process
+additives	305,314	O	I-Process
+were	315,319	O	O
+incorporated	320,332	O	O
+in	333,335	O	O
+the	336,339	O	O
+model	340,345	O	O
+.	345,346	O	O
+
+The	347,350	O	O
+boundary	351,359	O	O
+conditions	360,370	O	O
+were	371,375	O	O
+derived	376,383	O	O
+from	384,388	O	O
+a	389,390	O	O
+set	391,394	O	B-Material
+of	395,397	O	I-Material
+experimental	398,410	O	I-Material
+Tafel	411,416	O	I-Material
+curves	417,423	O	I-Material
+with	424,428	O	O
+different	429,438	O	O
+concentrations	439,453	O	O
+of	454,456	O	O
+additives	457,466	O	B-Material
+,	466,467	O	O
+which	468,473	O	O
+provided	474,482	O	O
+a	483,484	O	O
+quick	485,490	O	O
+and	491,494	O	O
+accurate	495,503	O	O
+way	504,507	O	O
+for	508,511	O	O
+copper	512,518	O	B-Process
+ECD	519,522	O	I-Process
+process	523,530	O	I-Process
+prediction	531,541	O	I-Process
+without	542,549	O	O
+complicated	550,561	O	O
+surface	562,569	O	O
+kinetic	570,577	O	O
+parameters	578,588	O	O
+fitting	589,596	O	O
+.	596,597	O	O
+
+The	598,601	O	O
+level	602,607	O	B-Process
+set	608,611	O	I-Process
+method	612,618	O	I-Process
+(	619,620	O	O
+LSM	620,623	O	B-Process
+)	623,624	O	O
+was	625,628	O	O
+employed	629,637	O	O
+to	638,640	O	O
+track	641,646	O	B-Task
+the	647,650	O	I-Task
+copper	651,657	O	I-Task
+and	658,661	O	I-Task
+electrolyte	662,673	O	I-Task
+interface	674,683	O	I-Task
+.	683,684	O	O
+
+The	685,688	O	O
+simulation	689,699	O	B-Process
+results	700,707	O	O
+were	708,712	O	O
+in	713,715	O	O
+good	716,720	O	O
+agreement	721,730	O	O
+with	731,735	O	O
+the	736,739	O	O
+experiments	740,751	O	O
+.	751,752	O	O
+
+For	753,756	O	O
+a	757,758	O	O
+given	759,764	O	O
+feature	765,772	O	O
+size	773,777	O	O
+,	777,778	O	O
+the	779,782	O	O
+current	783,790	O	O
+density	791,798	O	O
+for	799,802	O	O
+superfilling	803,815	O	B-Material
+could	816,821	O	O
+be	822,824	O	O
+predicted	825,834	O	O
+,	834,835	O	O
+which	836,841	O	O
+provided	842,850	O	O
+a	851,852	O	O
+guideline	853,862	O	O
+for	863,866	O	O
+ECD	867,870	O	B-Process
+process	871,878	O	I-Process
+optimization	879,891	O	I-Process
+.	891,892	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931714000203)
+
+To	0,2	O	O
+restrict	3,11	O	B-Task
+pollen	12,18	O	I-Task
+tube	19,23	O	I-Task
+growth	24,30	O	I-Task
+to	31,33	O	I-Task
+a	34,35	O	I-Task
+single	36,42	O	I-Task
+focal	43,48	O	I-Task
+plane	49,54	O	I-Task
+is	55,57	O	O
+an	58,60	O	O
+important	61,70	O	O
+subject	71,78	O	O
+to	79,81	O	O
+enable	82,88	O	O
+their	89,94	O	O
+accurate	95,103	O	O
+growth	104,110	O	B-Process
+analysis	111,119	O	I-Process
+under	120,125	O	I-Process
+microscopic	126,137	O	I-Process
+observation	138,149	O	I-Process
+.	149,150	O	O
+
+In	151,153	O	O
+the	154,157	O	O
+conventional	158,170	O	O
+method	171,177	O	O
+to	178,180	O	O
+assay	181,186	O	B-Process
+pollen	187,193	O	I-Process
+tube	194,198	O	I-Process
+growth	199,205	O	I-Process
+,	205,206	O	I-Process
+the	207,210	O	O
+pollen	211,217	O	B-Process
+tubes	218,223	O	I-Process
+grow	224,228	O	I-Process
+in	229,231	O	O
+a	232,233	O	O
+disorderly	234,244	O	O
+manner	245,251	O	O
+on	252,254	O	O
+solid	255,260	O	O
+medium	261,267	O	O
+,	267,268	O	O
+rendering	269,278	O	O
+it	279,281	O	O
+impossible	282,292	O	O
+to	293,295	O	O
+observe	296,303	O	B-Process
+their	304,309	O	I-Process
+growth	310,316	O	I-Process
+in	317,319	O	I-Process
+detail	320,326	O	I-Process
+.	326,327	O	I-Process
+
+Here	328,332	O	O
+,	332,333	O	O
+we	334,336	O	O
+present	337,344	O	O
+a	345,346	O	O
+new	347,350	O	B-Task
+method	351,357	O	I-Task
+to	358,360	O	I-Task
+assay	361,366	O	I-Task
+pollen	367,373	O	I-Task
+tube	374,378	O	I-Task
+growth	379,385	O	I-Task
+using	386,391	O	O
+poly	392,396	O	B-Material
+-	396,397	O	I-Material
+dimethylsiloxane	397,413	O	I-Material
+microchannel	414,426	O	I-Material
+device	427,433	O	I-Material
+to	434,436	O	O
+isolate	437,444	O	B-Process
+individual	445,455	O	I-Process
+pollen	456,462	O	I-Process
+tubes	463,468	O	I-Process
+.	468,469	O	O
+
+The	470,473	O	O
+growth	474,480	O	O
+of	481,483	O	O
+the	484,487	O	O
+pollen	488,494	O	B-Material
+tube	495,499	O	I-Material
+is	500,502	O	O
+confined	503,511	O	O
+to	512,514	O	O
+the	515,518	O	O
+microchannel	519,531	O	O
+and	532,535	O	O
+to	536,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+same	543,547	O	O
+focal	548,553	O	O
+plane	554,559	O	O
+,	559,560	O	O
+allowing	561,569	O	O
+accurate	570,578	O	B-Task
+microscopic	579,590	O	I-Task
+observations	591,603	O	I-Task
+.	603,604	O	O
+
+This	605,609	O	O
+methodology	610,621	O	O
+has	622,625	O	O
+the	626,629	O	O
+potential	630,639	O	O
+for	640,643	O	O
+analyses	644,652	O	B-Task
+of	653,655	O	I-Task
+pollen	656,662	O	I-Task
+tube	663,667	O	I-Task
+growth	668,674	O	I-Task
+in	675,677	O	O
+microfluidic	678,690	O	O
+environments	691,703	O	O
+in	704,706	O	O
+response	707,715	O	O
+to	716,718	O	O
+chemical	719,727	O	B-Material
+products	728,736	O	I-Material
+and	737,740	O	O
+signaling	741,750	O	B-Material
+molecules	751,760	O	I-Material
+,	760,761	O	O
+which	762,767	O	O
+paves	768,773	O	O
+the	774,777	O	O
+way	778,781	O	O
+for	782,785	O	O
+various	786,793	O	O
+experiments	794,805	O	B-Task
+on	806,808	O	I-Task
+plant	809,814	O	I-Task
+reproduction	815,827	O	I-Task
+.	827,828	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931714003347)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+order	3,8	O	O
+to	9,11	O	O
+study	12,17	O	B-Task
+the	18,21	O	I-Task
+mechanical	22,32	O	I-Task
+behavior	33,41	O	I-Task
+of	42,44	O	O
+metal	45,50	O	B-Material
+films	51,56	O	I-Material
+on	57,59	O	O
+compliant	60,69	O	O
+polymer	70,77	O	B-Material
+substrates	78,88	O	I-Material
+,	88,89	O	O
+fragmentation	90,103	O	B-Process
+testing	104,111	O	I-Process
+is	112,114	O	O
+often	115,120	O	O
+employed	121,129	O	O
+[	130,131	O	O
+8–12	131,135	O	O
+]	135,136	O	O
+.	136,137	O	O
+
+During	138,144	O	O
+fragmentation	145,158	O	B-Process
+testing	159,166	O	I-Process
+,	166,167	O	O
+the	168,171	O	O
+film	172,176	O	B-Material
+-	176,177	O	I-Material
+substrate	177,186	O	I-Material
+couple	187,193	O	I-Material
+is	194,196	O	O
+strained	197,205	O	B-Process
+under	206,211	O	I-Process
+uni	212,215	O	I-Process
+-	215,216	O	I-Process
+axial	216,221	O	I-Process
+tension	222,229	O	I-Process
+and	230,233	O	O
+observed	234,242	O	O
+with	243,247	O	O
+light	248,253	O	B-Process
+microscopy	254,264	O	I-Process
+(	265,266	O	O
+LM	266,268	O	B-Process
+)	268,269	O	O
+or	270,272	O	O
+scanning	273,281	O	B-Process
+electron	282,290	O	I-Process
+microscopy	291,301	O	I-Process
+(	302,303	O	O
+SEM	303,306	O	B-Process
+)	306,307	O	O
+.	307,308	O	O
+
+Brittle	309,316	O	B-Material
+metals	317,323	O	I-Material
+or	324,326	O	O
+ceramic	327,334	O	B-Material
+films	335,340	O	I-Material
+fracture	341,349	O	B-Process
+,	349,350	O	O
+forming	351,358	O	O
+through	359,366	O	O
+thickness	367,376	O	O
+cracks	377,383	O	O
+(	384,385	O	O
+channel	385,392	O	O
+cracks	393,399	O	O
+)	399,400	O	O
+at	401,403	O	O
+low	404,407	O	O
+strain	408,414	O	O
+perpendicular	415,428	O	O
+to	429,431	O	O
+the	432,435	O	O
+straining	436,445	O	O
+direction	446,455	O	O
+.	455,456	O	O
+
+On	457,459	O	O
+the	460,463	O	O
+other	464,469	O	O
+hand	470,474	O	O
+,	474,475	O	O
+ductile	476,483	O	O
+metal	484,489	O	B-Material
+films	490,495	O	I-Material
+will	496,500	O	O
+first	501,506	O	O
+deform	507,513	O	B-Process
+locally	514,521	O	I-Process
+in	522,524	O	O
+the	525,528	O	O
+form	529,533	O	O
+of	534,536	O	O
+necks	537,542	O	O
+at	543,545	O	O
+low	546,549	O	O
+strains	550,557	O	O
+(	558,559	O	O
+Fig	559,562	O	O
+.	562,563	O	O
+
+1a	564,566	O	O
+)	566,567	O	O
+and	568,571	O	O
+with	572,576	O	O
+increased	577,586	O	O
+strain	587,593	O	B-Process
+through	594,601	O	O
+thickness	602,611	O	O
+cracks	612,618	O	O
+(	619,620	O	O
+TTC	620,623	O	O
+)	623,624	O	O
+can	625,628	O	O
+evolve	629,635	O	O
+(	636,637	O	O
+Fig	637,640	O	O
+.	640,641	O	O
+
+1b	642,644	O	O
+)	644,645	O	O
+.	645,646	O	O
+
+Fragmentation	647,660	O	B-Process
+testing	661,668	O	I-Process
+is	669,671	O	O
+best	672,676	O	O
+performed	677,686	O	B-Task
+in	687,689	O	I-Task
+-	689,690	O	I-Task
+situ	690,694	O	I-Task
+with	695,699	O	I-Task
+LM	700,702	O	I-Task
+or	703,705	O	I-Task
+SEM	706,709	O	I-Task
+so	710,712	O	O
+that	713,717	O	O
+the	718,721	O	O
+strain	722,728	O	O
+when	729,733	O	O
+the	734,737	O	O
+first	738,743	O	O
+crack	744,749	O	O
+forms	750,755	O	O
+can	756,759	O	O
+be	760,762	O	O
+observed	763,771	O	O
+.	771,772	O	O
+
+The	773,776	O	O
+initial	777,784	O	O
+fracture	785,793	O	B-Process
+strain	794,800	O	I-Process
+of	801,803	O	O
+the	804,807	O	O
+film	808,812	O	B-Material
+,	812,813	O	O
+also	814,818	O	O
+known	819,824	O	O
+as	825,827	O	O
+the	828,831	O	O
+crack	832,837	O	O
+onset	838,843	O	O
+strain	844,850	O	O
+,	850,851	O	O
+can	852,855	O	O
+then	856,860	O	O
+be	861,863	O	O
+used	864,868	O	O
+to	869,871	O	O
+determine	872,881	O	O
+the	882,885	O	O
+interfacial	886,897	O	O
+fracture	898,906	O	O
+shear	907,912	O	B-Process
+stress	913,919	O	I-Process
+with	920,924	O	O
+knowledge	925,934	O	O
+of	935,937	O	O
+the	938,941	O	O
+crack	942,947	O	O
+spacing	948,955	O	O
+at	956,958	O	O
+saturation	959,969	O	O
+,	969,970	O	O
+λ	971,972	O	O
+,	972,973	O	O
+film	974,978	O	B-Material
+thickness	979,988	O	O
+,	988,989	O	O
+h	990,991	O	O
+,	991,992	O	O
+and	993,996	O	O
+the	997,1000	O	O
+fracture	1001,1009	O	O
+stress	1010,1016	O	O
+,	1016,1017	O	O
+σf	1018,1020	O	B-Process
+=	1020,1021	O	I-Process
+Efilmεf	1021,1028	O	I-Process
+,	1028,1029	O	O
+where	1030,1035	O	O
+εf	1036,1038	O	O
+is	1039,1041	O	O
+the	1042,1045	O	O
+fracture	1046,1054	O	B-Process
+strain	1055,1061	O	I-Process
+,	1061,1062	O	O
+using	1063,1068	O	O
+the	1069,1072	O	O
+shear	1073,1078	O	B-Process
+lag	1079,1082	O	I-Process
+model	1083,1088	O	I-Process
+[	1089,1090	O	O
+8,13,14	1090,1097	O	O
+]	1097,1098	O	O
+.	1098,1099	O	O
+
+In	1100,1102	O	O
+-	1102,1103	O	O
+situ	1103,1107	O	O
+fragmentation	1108,1121	O	O
+testing	1122,1129	O	O
+with	1130,1134	O	O
+LM	1135,1137	O	B-Process
+or	1138,1140	O	O
+SEM	1141,1144	O	B-Process
+allows	1145,1151	O	O
+for	1152,1155	O	O
+the	1156,1159	O	O
+crack	1160,1165	O	B-Process
+spacing	1166,1173	O	I-Process
+evolution	1174,1183	O	I-Process
+to	1184,1186	O	O
+be	1187,1189	O	O
+observed	1190,1198	O	O
+as	1199,1201	O	O
+a	1202,1203	O	O
+function	1204,1212	O	B-Process
+of	1213,1215	O	I-Process
+applied	1216,1223	O	I-Process
+strain	1224,1230	O	I-Process
+(	1231,1232	O	O
+Fig	1232,1235	O	O
+.	1235,1236	O	O
+
+1c	1237,1239	O	O
+)	1239,1240	O	O
+.	1240,1241	O	O
+
+Under	1242,1247	O	O
+tensile	1248,1255	O	B-Process
+straining	1256,1265	O	I-Process
+conditions	1266,1276	O	O
+,	1276,1277	O	O
+a	1278,1279	O	O
+brittle	1280,1287	O	B-Material
+film	1288,1292	O	I-Material
+will	1293,1297	O	O
+initially	1298,1307	O	O
+fracture	1308,1316	O	B-Process
+at	1317,1319	O	O
+very	1320,1324	O	O
+low	1325,1328	O	O
+strains	1329,1336	O	O
+(	1337,1338	O	O
+<	1338,1339	O	O
+1	1339,1340	O	O
+%	1340,1341	O	O
+)	1341,1342	O	O
+and	1343,1346	O	O
+then	1347,1351	O	O
+with	1352,1356	O	O
+further	1357,1364	O	O
+strain	1365,1371	O	O
+continue	1372,1380	O	O
+to	1381,1383	O	O
+form	1384,1388	O	B-Process
+cracks	1389,1395	O	I-Process
+until	1396,1401	O	O
+the	1402,1405	O	O
+saturation	1406,1416	O	O
+crack	1417,1422	O	O
+spacing	1423,1430	O	O
+is	1431,1433	O	O
+reached	1434,1441	O	O
+.	1441,1442	O	O
+
+After	1443,1448	O	O
+the	1449,1452	O	O
+saturation	1453,1463	O	O
+spacing	1464,1471	O	O
+has	1472,1475	O	O
+been	1476,1480	O	O
+reached	1481,1488	O	O
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+.	1591,1592	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0167931714004456)
+
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+(	5,6	O	O
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+)	26,27	O	O
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+the	46,49	O	O
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+,	137,138	O	O
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+,	229,230	O	O
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+,	239,240	O	O
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+,	262,263	O	O
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+.	363,364	O	O
+
+Various	365,372	O	O
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+have	384,388	O	O
+been	389,393	O	O
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+to	402,404	O	O
+fabricate	405,414	O	B-Task
+microfluidic	415,427	O	I-Task
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+in	439,441	O	O
+PDMS	442,446	O	B-Material
+,	446,447	O	O
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+[	478,479	O	O
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+]	484,485	O	O
+,	485,486	O	O
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+of	516,518	O	O
+a	519,520	O	O
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+
+PDMS	536,540	O	B-Material
+[	541,542	O	O
+23	542,544	O	O
+]	544,545	O	O
+,	545,546	O	O
+and	547,550	O	O
+laser	551,556	O	B-Process
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+[	566,567	O	O
+24	567,569	O	O
+]	569,570	O	O
+.	570,571	O	O
+
+But	572,575	O	O
+,	575,576	O	O
+it	577,579	O	O
+was	580,583	O	O
+the	584,587	O	O
+“	588,589	O	B-Process
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+-	593,594	O	I-Process
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+”	605,606	O	I-Process
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+[	618,619	O	O
+25	619,621	O	O
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+et	648,650	O	O
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+.	653,654	O	O
+
+that	655,659	O	O
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+the	668,671	O	O
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+of	687,689	O	O
+PDMS	690,694	O	B-Material
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+opened	699,705	O	O
+up	706,708	O	O
+the	709,712	O	O
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+of	717,719	O	O
+PDMS	720,724	O	B-Process
+-	724,725	O	I-Process
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+in	745,747	O	O
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+.	762,763	O	O
+
+Replica	764,771	O	B-Process
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+,	779,780	O	O
+which	781,786	O	O
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+,	879,880	O	O
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+fabrication	903,914	O	B-Process
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+in	935,937	O	O
+almost	938,944	O	O
+every	945,950	O	O
+research	951,959	O	O
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+.	970,971	O	O
+
+Detailed	972,980	O	O
+overviews	981,990	O	O
+of	991,993	O	O
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+-	998,999	O	I-Process
+lithography	999,1010	O	I-Process
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+their	1026,1031	O	O
+applications	1032,1044	O	O
+can	1045,1048	O	O
+be	1049,1051	O	O
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+the	1063,1066	O	O
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+by	1075,1077	O	O
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+et	1087,1089	O	O
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+.	1092,1093	O	O
+
+[	1094,1095	O	O
+26	1095,1097	O	O
+]	1097,1098	O	O
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+.	1112,1113	O	O
+
+[	1114,1115	O	O
+27	1115,1117	O	O
+]	1117,1118	O	O
+.	1118,1119	O	O
+
+Nowadays	1120,1128	O	O
+,	1128,1129	O	O
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+a	1206,1207	O	O
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+(	1221,1222	O	O
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+)	1266,1267	O	O
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+)	1272,1273	O	O
+.	1273,1274	O	O
+
+Moreover	1275,1283	O	O
+,	1283,1284	O	O
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+,	1294,1295	O	O
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+(	1312,1313	O	O
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+)	1319,1320	O	O
+[	1321,1322	O	O
+29	1322,1324	O	O
+]	1324,1325	O	O
+,	1325,1326	O	O
+Microfluidic	1327,1339	O	O
+Innovations	1340,1351	O	O
+(	1352,1353	O	O
+USA	1353,1356	O	O
+)	1356,1357	O	O
+[	1358,1359	O	O
+30	1359,1361	O	O
+]	1361,1362	O	O
+,	1362,1363	O	O
+and	1364,1367	O	O
+Scientific	1368,1378	O	O
+Device	1379,1385	O	O
+Laboratory	1386,1396	O	O
+(	1397,1398	O	O
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+)	1401,1402	O	O
+[	1403,1404	O	O
+31	1404,1406	O	O
+]	1406,1407	O	O
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+-	1450,1451	O	I-Material
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+LOC	1457,1460	O	I-Material
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+.	1468,1469	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168365912006207)
+
+Unlike	0,6	O	O
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+in	35,37	O	O
+nerve	38,43	O	O
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+,	62,63	O	O
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+directly	75,83	O	O
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+in	93,95	O	I-Process
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+-	135,136	O	I-Process
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+.	181,182	O	O
+
+Furthermore	183,194	O	O
+,	194,195	O	O
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+-	260,261	O	I-Material
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+
+Conventional	279,291	O	O
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+often	302,307	O	O
+rely	308,312	O	O
+on	313,315	O	O
+electrospinning	316,331	O	B-Process
+as	332,334	O	O
+a	335,336	O	B-Process
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+-	374,375	O	I-Task
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+
+The	431,434	O	O
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+-	439,440	O	O
+assembly	440,448	O	O
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+of	456,458	O	O
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+them	470,474	O	O
+to	475,477	O	O
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+.	517,518	O	O
+
+However	519,526	O	O
+,	526,527	O	O
+in	528,530	O	O
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+to	540,542	O	O
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+like	578,582	O	O
+electrospinning	583,598	O	B-Process
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+-	622,623	O	O
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+-	625,626	O	O
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+,	669,670	O	O
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+relying	678,685	O	O
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+-	693,694	O	I-Process
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+a	706,707	O	O
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+
+Perhaps	786,793	O	O
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+would	808,813	O	O
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+to	817,819	O	O
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+-	873,874	O	I-Task
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+Given	914,919	O	O
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+in	950,952	O	O
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+factors	970,977	O	O
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+its	997,1000	O	O
+structural	1001,1011	O	O
+assembly	1012,1020	O	O
+,	1020,1021	O	O
+parameters	1022,1032	O	O
+must	1033,1037	O	O
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+tuned	1048,1053	O	B-Process
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+to	1095,1097	O	O
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+93	1156,1158	O	O
+]	1158,1159	O	O
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+
+
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+Mice	0,4	O	B-Task
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+day	61,64	O	O
+21	65,67	O	O
+after	68,73	O	O
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+cell	77,81	O	O
+implant	82,89	O	O
+;	89,90	O	O
+mice	91,95	O	B-Task
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+-	111,112	O	I-Task
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+treatment	148,157	O	O
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+after	161,166	O	O
+NB	167,169	O	O
+cell	170,174	O	O
+injection	175,184	O	O
+.	184,185	O	O
+
+These	186,191	O	B-Task
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+and	302,305	O	O
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+-	312,313	O	O
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+NB	352,354	O	O
+,	354,355	O	O
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+16,19	370,375	O	O
+]	375,376	O	O
+.	376,377	O	O
+
+Animals	378,385	O	B-Task
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+.	402,403	O	O
+
+once	404,408	O	O
+a	409,410	O	O
+week	411,415	O	O
+for	416,419	O	O
+3	420,421	O	O
+weeks	422,427	O	O
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+(	444,445	O	O
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+)	452,453	O	O
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+-	464,465	O	I-Material
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+/	486,487	O	O
+kg	487,489	O	O
+)	489,490	O	O
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+
+Scrambled	492,501	O	B-Task
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+were	535,539	O	O
+used	540,544	O	O
+as	545,547	O	O
+a	548,549	O	O
+control	550,557	O	O
+,	557,558	O	O
+and	559,562	O	O
+in	563,565	O	O
+every	566,571	O	O
+experiment	572,582	O	O
+a	583,584	O	O
+group	585,590	O	O
+of	591,593	O	O
+control	594,601	O	O
+mice	602,606	O	O
+received	607,615	O	O
+HEPES	616,621	O	B-Material
+-	621,622	O	I-Material
+buffered	622,630	O	I-Material
+saline	631,637	O	I-Material
+.	637,638	O	O
+
+Survival	639,647	O	B-Material
+times	648,653	O	I-Material
+were	654,658	O	O
+used	659,663	O	O
+as	664,666	O	O
+the	667,670	O	O
+main	671,675	O	O
+criterion	676,685	O	O
+for	686,689	O	O
+determining	690,701	O	B-Task
+treatment	702,711	O	I-Task
+efficacy	712,720	O	I-Task
+.	720,721	O	O
+
+In	722,724	O	O
+the	725,728	O	O
+orthotopic	729,739	O	B-Task
+model	740,745	O	I-Task
+,	745,746	O	O
+time	747,751	O	B-Material
+-	751,752	O	I-Material
+dependent	752,761	O	I-Material
+anti	762,766	O	I-Material
+-	766,767	O	I-Material
+tumor	767,772	O	I-Material
+activity	773,781	O	I-Material
+was	782,785	O	O
+also	786,790	O	O
+evaluated	791,800	O	O
+by	801,803	O	O
+bioluminescence	804,819	O	O
+imaging	820,827	O	O
+(	828,829	O	O
+BLI	829,832	O	O
+)	832,833	O	O
+and	834,837	O	O
+X	838,839	O	O
+-	839,840	O	O
+ray	840,843	O	O
+analyses	844,852	O	O
+.	852,853	O	O
+
+For	854,857	O	O
+this	858,862	O	O
+purpose	863,870	O	O
+,	870,871	O	O
+the	872,875	O	B-Task
+GI	876,878	O	I-Task
+-	878,879	O	I-Task
+LI	879,881	O	I-Task
+-	881,882	O	I-Task
+N	882,883	O	I-Task
+cell	884,888	O	I-Task
+line	889,893	O	I-Task
+was	894,897	O	O
+infected	898,906	O	B-Process
+with	907,911	O	O
+a	912,913	O	O
+retrovirus	914,924	O	O
+expressing	925,935	O	O
+the	936,939	O	O
+firefly	940,947	O	O
+luciferase	948,958	O	O
+gene	959,963	O	O
+,	963,964	O	O
+as	965,967	O	O
+previously	968,978	O	O
+reported	979,987	O	O
+[	988,989	O	O
+17	989,991	O	O
+]	991,992	O	O
+;	992,993	O	O
+luciferase	994,1004	O	B-Task
+activity	1005,1013	O	I-Task
+of	1014,1016	O	O
+retrovirally	1017,1029	O	B-Material
+-	1029,1030	O	I-Material
+transduced	1030,1040	O	I-Material
+cells	1041,1046	O	I-Material
+was	1047,1050	O	O
+visualized	1051,1061	O	B-Process
+in	1062,1064	O	O
+vivo	1065,1069	O	O
+by	1070,1072	O	O
+BLI	1073,1076	O	O
+(	1077,1078	O	O
+IVIS	1078,1082	O	O
+Caliper	1083,1090	O	O
+Life	1091,1095	O	O
+Sciences	1096,1104	O	O
+,	1104,1105	O	O
+Hopkinton	1106,1115	O	O
+,	1115,1116	O	O
+MA	1117,1119	O	O
+)	1119,1120	O	O
+after	1121,1126	O	O
+a	1127,1128	O	O
+10min	1129,1134	O	O
+incubation	1135,1145	O	O
+with	1146,1150	O	O
+150μg	1151,1156	O	O
+/	1156,1157	O	O
+mL	1157,1159	O	O
+of	1160,1162	O	O
+d	1163,1164	O	B-Material
+-	1164,1165	O	I-Material
+luciferin	1165,1174	O	I-Material
+(	1175,1176	O	O
+Caliper	1176,1183	O	O
+Life	1184,1188	O	O
+Sciences	1189,1197	O	O
+)	1197,1198	O	O
+,	1198,1199	O	O
+as	1200,1202	O	O
+described	1203,1212	O	O
+[	1213,1214	O	O
+17	1214,1216	O	O
+]	1216,1217	O	O
+.	1217,1218	O	O
+
+X	1219,1220	O	O
+-	1220,1221	O	O
+ray	1221,1224	O	O
+analysis	1225,1233	O	O
+was	1234,1237	O	O
+superimposed	1238,1250	O	O
+to	1251,1253	O	O
+the	1254,1257	O	O
+luminescence	1258,1270	O	O
+for	1271,1274	O	O
+a	1275,1276	O	O
+better	1277,1283	O	O
+visualization	1284,1297	O	O
+of	1298,1300	O	O
+the	1301,1304	O	O
+tumors	1305,1311	O	O
+.	1311,1312	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168365913003295)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+limitation	2,12	O	O
+of	13,15	O	O
+the	16,19	O	O
+pharmacyte	20,30	O	B-Process
+approach	31,39	O	I-Process
+is	40,42	O	O
+the	43,46	O	O
+one	47,50	O	O
+-	50,51	O	O
+time	51,55	O	O
+nature	56,62	O	O
+of	63,65	O	O
+the	66,69	O	O
+intervention	70,82	O	O
+:	82,83	O	O
+ACT	84,87	O	B-Material
+T	88,89	O	I-Material
+-	89,90	O	I-Material
+cells	90,95	O	I-Material
+can	96,99	O	O
+only	100,104	O	O
+be	105,107	O	O
+loaded	108,114	O	O
+once	115,119	O	O
+with	120,124	O	O
+a	125,126	O	O
+cargo	127,132	O	O
+of	133,135	O	O
+adjuvant	136,144	O	B-Material
+drug	145,149	O	I-Material
+prior	150,155	O	O
+to	156,158	O	O
+transfer	159,167	O	O
+,	167,168	O	O
+and	169,172	O	O
+the	173,176	O	O
+duration	177,185	O	O
+of	186,188	O	O
+stimulation	189,200	O	B-Process
+is	201,203	O	O
+inherently	204,214	O	O
+limited	215,222	O	O
+by	223,225	O	O
+expansion	226,235	O	B-Process
+of	236,238	O	I-Process
+the	239,242	O	I-Process
+cell	243,247	O	I-Process
+population	248,258	O	I-Process
+in	259,261	O	I-Process
+vivo	262,266	O	I-Process
+,	266,267	O	O
+since	268,273	O	O
+cell	274,278	O	B-Material
+-	278,279	O	I-Material
+bound	279,284	O	I-Material
+particles	285,294	O	I-Material
+are	295,298	O	O
+diluted	299,306	O	O
+with	307,311	O	O
+each	312,316	O	O
+cell	317,321	O	B-Process
+division	322,330	O	I-Process
+.	330,331	O	O
+
+We	332,334	O	O
+hypothesized	335,347	O	O
+that	348,352	O	O
+a	353,354	O	O
+strategy	355,363	O	O
+to	364,366	O	O
+target	367,373	O	O
+supporting	374,384	O	B-Material
+drugs	385,390	O	I-Material
+to	391,393	O	O
+T	394,395	O	B-Material
+-	395,396	O	I-Material
+cells	396,401	O	I-Material
+with	402,406	O	O
+nanoparticle	407,419	O	B-Material
+drug	420,424	O	I-Material
+carriers	425,433	O	I-Material
+directly	434,442	O	O
+in	443,445	O	O
+vivo	446,450	O	O
+would	451,456	O	O
+enable	457,463	O	O
+transferred	464,475	O	B-Material
+lymphocytes	476,487	O	I-Material
+to	488,490	O	O
+be	491,493	O	O
+repeatedly	494,504	O	O
+stimulated	505,515	O	O
+with	516,520	O	O
+supporting	521,531	O	B-Material
+adjuvant	532,540	O	I-Material
+drugs	541,546	O	I-Material
+,	546,547	O	O
+and	548,551	O	O
+thereby	552,559	O	O
+provide	560,567	O	O
+continuous	568,578	O	O
+supporting	579,589	O	O
+signals	590,597	O	O
+over	598,602	O	O
+the	603,606	O	O
+prolonged	607,616	O	O
+durations	617,626	O	O
+that	627,631	O	O
+might	632,637	O	O
+be	638,640	O	O
+necessary	641,650	O	O
+for	651,654	O	O
+elimination	655,666	O	B-Task
+of	667,669	O	I-Task
+large	670,675	O	I-Task
+tumor	676,681	O	I-Task
+burdens	682,689	O	I-Task
+.	689,690	O	O
+
+Such	691,695	O	O
+“	696,697	O	B-Process
+re	697,699	O	I-Process
+-	699,700	O	I-Process
+arming	700,706	O	I-Process
+”	706,707	O	I-Process
+of	708,710	O	I-Process
+T	711,712	O	I-Process
+-	712,713	O	I-Process
+cells	713,718	O	I-Process
+with	719,723	O	I-Process
+supporting	724,734	O	I-Process
+drugs	735,740	O	I-Process
+could	741,746	O	O
+be	747,749	O	O
+achieved	750,758	O	O
+by	759,761	O	O
+repeated	762,770	O	O
+administration	771,785	O	B-Process
+of	786,788	O	I-Process
+targeted	789,797	O	I-Process
+particles	798,807	O	I-Process
+,	807,808	O	O
+allowing	809,817	O	O
+adoptively	818,828	O	B-Material
+-	828,829	O	I-Material
+transferred	829,840	O	I-Material
+T	841,842	O	I-Material
+-	842,843	O	I-Material
+cells	843,848	O	I-Material
+to	849,851	O	O
+be	852,854	O	O
+restimulated	855,867	O	O
+multiple	868,876	O	O
+times	877,882	O	O
+directly	883,891	O	O
+in	892,894	O	O
+vivo	895,899	O	O
+,	899,900	O	O
+while	901,906	O	O
+the	907,910	O	O
+use	911,914	O	O
+of	915,917	O	O
+internalizing	918,931	O	B-Material
+targeting	932,941	O	I-Material
+ligands	942,949	O	I-Material
+would	950,955	O	O
+minimize	956,964	O	O
+the	965,968	O	O
+likelihood	969,979	O	O
+of	980,982	O	O
+immune	983,989	O	O
+responses	990,999	O	O
+against	1000,1007	O	O
+the	1008,1011	O	O
+nanoparticle	1012,1024	O	B-Material
+carrier	1025,1032	O	I-Material
+.	1032,1033	O	O
+
+To	1034,1036	O	O
+our	1037,1040	O	O
+knowledge	1041,1050	O	O
+,	1050,1051	O	O
+only	1052,1056	O	O
+two	1057,1060	O	O
+prior	1061,1066	O	O
+studies	1067,1074	O	O
+have	1075,1079	O	O
+attempted	1080,1089	O	O
+to	1090,1092	O	O
+target	1093,1099	O	O
+nanoparticles	1100,1113	O	B-Material
+to	1114,1116	O	O
+T	1117,1118	O	B-Material
+-	1118,1119	O	I-Material
+cells	1119,1124	O	I-Material
+in	1125,1127	O	O
+vivo	1128,1132	O	O
+[	1133,1134	O	O
+17,18	1134,1139	O	O
+]	1139,1140	O	O
+.	1140,1141	O	O
+
+In	1142,1144	O	O
+both	1145,1149	O	O
+of	1150,1152	O	O
+these	1153,1158	O	O
+studies	1159,1166	O	O
+,	1166,1167	O	O
+particles	1168,1177	O	O
+were	1178,1182	O	O
+targeted	1183,1191	O	O
+to	1192,1194	O	O
+T	1195,1196	O	B-Material
+-	1196,1197	O	I-Material
+cells	1197,1202	O	I-Material
+via	1203,1206	O	O
+peptide	1207,1214	O	B-Material
+-	1214,1215	O	I-Material
+MHC	1215,1218	O	I-Material
+ligands	1219,1226	O	I-Material
+that	1227,1231	O	O
+bind	1232,1236	O	O
+to	1237,1239	O	O
+specific	1240,1248	O	O
+T	1249,1250	O	B-Material
+-	1250,1251	O	I-Material
+cell	1251,1255	O	I-Material
+receptors	1256,1265	O	I-Material
+.	1265,1266	O	O
+
+However	1267,1274	O	O
+,	1274,1275	O	O
+peptide	1276,1283	O	B-Material
+-	1283,1284	O	I-Material
+MHC	1284,1287	O	I-Material
+-	1287,1288	O	I-Material
+functionalized	1288,1302	O	I-Material
+nanoparticles	1303,1316	O	I-Material
+have	1317,1321	O	O
+recently	1322,1330	O	O
+been	1331,1335	O	O
+shown	1336,1341	O	O
+to	1342,1344	O	O
+deliver	1345,1352	O	O
+an	1353,1355	O	O
+anergizing	1356,1366	O	O
+/	1366,1367	O	O
+tolerizing	1367,1377	O	O
+signal	1378,1384	O	O
+to	1385,1387	O	O
+T	1388,1389	O	B-Material
+-	1389,1390	O	I-Material
+cells	1390,1395	O	I-Material
+[	1396,1397	O	O
+18,19	1397,1402	O	O
+]	1402,1403	O	O
+—	1404,1405	O	O
+which	1406,1411	O	O
+is	1412,1414	O	O
+ideal	1415,1420	O	O
+for	1421,1424	O	O
+treating	1425,1433	O	B-Task
+graft	1434,1439	O	I-Task
+rejection	1440,1449	O	I-Task
+or	1450,1452	O	I-Task
+autoimmunity	1453,1465	O	I-Task
+,	1465,1466	O	O
+but	1467,1470	O	O
+runs	1471,1475	O	O
+counter	1476,1483	O	O
+to	1484,1486	O	O
+the	1487,1490	O	O
+goals	1491,1496	O	O
+of	1497,1499	O	O
+cancer	1500,1506	O	B-Task
+immunotherapy	1507,1520	O	I-Task
+.	1520,1521	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168365913004975)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+α-ω-aminohexylcarbamate	4,27	O	B-Material
+derivative	28,38	O	I-Material
+of	39,41	O	I-Material
+cyanocobalamin	42,56	O	I-Material
+was	57,60	O	O
+prepared	61,69	O	O
+using	70,75	O	O
+a	76,77	O	O
+method	78,84	O	O
+described	85,94	O	O
+previously	95,105	O	O
+[	106,107	O	O
+18	107,109	O	O
+]	109,110	O	O
+.	110,111	O	O
+
+Briefly	112,119	O	O
+,	119,120	O	O
+solid	121,126	O	B-Material
+CDI	127,130	O	I-Material
+(	131,132	O	O
+260	132,135	O	O
+mg	135,137	O	O
+,	137,138	O	O
+0.32mmol	139,147	O	O
+)	147,148	O	O
+was	149,152	O	O
+added	153,158	O	O
+to	159,161	O	O
+cyanocobalamin	162,176	O	B-Material
+(	177,178	O	O
+1.0	178,181	O	O
+g	181,182	O	O
+,	182,183	O	O
+0.148mmol	184,193	O	O
+)	193,194	O	O
+previously	195,205	O	O
+dissolved	206,215	O	O
+in	216,218	O	O
+anhydrous	219,228	O	B-Material
+dimethyl	229,237	O	I-Material
+sulfoxide	238,247	O	I-Material
+.	247,248	O	O
+
+The	249,252	O	O
+mixture	253,260	O	O
+was	261,264	O	O
+stirred	265,272	O	O
+for	273,276	O	O
+up	277,279	O	O
+to	280,282	O	O
+2h	283,285	O	O
+at	286,288	O	O
+30	289,291	O	O
+°	291,292	O	O
+C	292,293	O	O
+,	293,294	O	O
+followed	295,303	O	O
+by	304,306	O	O
+the	307,310	O	O
+addition	311,319	O	O
+of	320,322	O	O
+dry	323,326	O	B-Material
+1,6-hexanediamine	327,344	O	I-Material
+(	345,346	O	O
+314	346,349	O	O
+mg	349,351	O	O
+,	351,352	O	O
+0.54mmol	353,361	O	O
+)	361,362	O	O
+and	363,366	O	O
+stirring	367,375	O	O
+of	376,378	O	O
+the	379,382	O	O
+mixture	383,390	O	O
+at	391,393	O	O
+room	394,398	O	O
+temperature	399,410	O	O
+over	411,415	O	O
+24h	416,419	O	O
+.	419,420	O	O
+
+The	421,424	O	O
+mixture	425,432	O	O
+was	433,436	O	O
+poured	437,443	O	O
+into	444,448	O	O
+ethyl	449,454	O	B-Material
+acetate	455,462	O	I-Material
+(	463,464	O	O
+30ml	464,468	O	O
+)	468,469	O	O
+and	470,473	O	O
+left	474,478	O	O
+to	479,481	O	O
+stand	482,487	O	O
+.	487,488	O	O
+
+Following	489,498	O	O
+centrifugation	499,513	O	B-Process
+and	514,517	O	O
+decanting	518,527	O	B-Process
+of	528,530	O	O
+the	531,534	O	O
+supernatant	535,546	O	B-Material
+,	546,547	O	O
+the	548,551	O	O
+residue	552,559	O	B-Material
+was	560,563	O	O
+sonicated	564,573	O	O
+for	574,577	O	O
+5min	578,582	O	O
+in	583,585	O	O
+acetone	586,593	O	B-Material
+(	594,595	O	O
+50ml	595,599	O	O
+)	599,600	O	O
+.	600,601	O	O
+
+The	602,605	O	O
+resulting	606,615	O	O
+precipitate	616,627	O	B-Material
+was	628,631	O	O
+filtered	632,640	O	O
+and	641,644	O	O
+the	645,648	O	O
+solid	649,654	O	B-Material
+washed	655,661	O	O
+in	662,664	O	O
+acetone	665,672	O	B-Material
+.	672,673	O	O
+
+The	674,677	O	O
+crude	678,683	O	B-Material
+product	684,691	O	I-Material
+was	692,695	O	O
+purified	696,704	O	O
+by	705,707	O	O
+silica	708,714	O	B-Process
+column	715,721	O	I-Process
+chromatography	722,736	O	I-Process
+(	737,738	O	O
+45	738,740	O	O
+%	740,741	O	O
+v	742,743	O	O
+/	743,744	O	O
+v	744,745	O	O
+2-propanol	746,756	O	B-Material
+,	756,757	O	O
+30	758,760	O	O
+%	760,761	O	O
+v	762,763	O	O
+/	763,764	O	O
+v	764,765	O	O
+n	766,767	O	O
+-	767,768	O	O
+butanol	768,775	O	B-Material
+,	775,776	O	O
+2	777,778	O	O
+%	778,779	O	O
+v	780,781	O	O
+/	781,782	O	O
+v	782,783	O	O
+ammonia	784,791	O	B-Material
+and	792,795	O	O
+25	796,798	O	O
+%	798,799	O	O
+v	800,801	O	O
+/	801,802	O	O
+v	802,803	O	O
+water	804,809	O	B-Material
+)	809,810	O	O
+followed	811,819	O	O
+by	820,822	O	O
+lyophilisation	823,837	O	B-Process
+.	837,838	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168365913008766)
+
+Immunopotentiators	0,18	O	B-Material
+activate	19,27	O	B-Process
+innate	28,34	O	I-Process
+immunity	35,43	O	I-Process
+directly	44,52	O	O
+(	53,54	O	O
+for	54,57	O	O
+example	58,65	O	O
+,	65,66	O	O
+cytokines	67,76	O	O
+)	76,77	O	O
+or	78,80	O	O
+through	81,88	O	O
+pattern	89,96	O	B-Process
+-	96,97	O	I-Process
+recognition	97,108	O	I-Process
+receptors	109,118	O	I-Process
+(	119,120	O	O
+PRRs	120,124	O	B-Process
+,	124,125	O	O
+such	126,130	O	O
+as	131,133	O	O
+those	134,139	O	O
+for	140,143	O	O
+bacterial	144,153	O	O
+components	154,164	O	O
+)	164,165	O	O
+.	165,166	O	O
+
+The	167,170	O	O
+Toll	171,175	O	B-Process
+-	175,176	O	I-Process
+like	176,180	O	I-Process
+receptors	181,190	O	I-Process
+(	191,192	O	O
+TLRs	192,196	O	B-Process
+)	196,197	O	O
+are	198,201	O	O
+a	202,203	O	O
+family	204,210	O	O
+of	211,213	O	O
+PRRs	214,218	O	B-Process
+that	219,223	O	O
+are	224,227	O	O
+an	228,230	O	O
+important	231,240	O	O
+link	241,245	O	O
+between	246,253	O	O
+innate	254,260	O	O
+and	261,264	O	O
+adaptive	265,273	O	O
+immunity	274,282	O	O
+.	282,283	O	O
+
+Some	284,288	O	O
+studies	289,296	O	O
+have	297,301	O	O
+shown	302,307	O	O
+that	308,312	O	O
+TLR	313,316	O	B-Material
+ligands	317,324	O	I-Material
+have	325,329	O	O
+adjuvant	330,338	O	O
+activity	339,347	O	O
+and	348,351	O	O
+enhance	352,359	O	O
+antigen	360,367	O	O
+-	367,368	O	O
+specific	368,376	O	O
+antibody	377,385	O	O
+and	386,389	O	O
+cell	390,394	O	O
+-	394,395	O	O
+mediated	395,403	O	O
+immune	404,410	O	O
+responses	411,420	O	O
+,	420,421	O	O
+especially	422,432	O	O
+when	433,437	O	O
+they	438,442	O	O
+are	443,446	O	O
+combined	447,455	O	O
+with	456,460	O	O
+delivery	461,469	O	O
+systems	470,477	O	O
+that	478,482	O	O
+promote	483,490	O	O
+their	491,496	O	O
+uptake	497,503	O	O
+and	504,507	O	O
+delivery	508,516	O	O
+into	517,521	O	O
+antigen	522,529	O	B-Material
+-	529,530	O	I-Material
+presenting	530,540	O	I-Material
+cells	541,546	O	I-Material
+[	547,548	O	O
+22–24	548,553	O	O
+]	553,554	O	O
+.	554,555	O	O
+
+For	556,559	O	O
+clinical	560,568	O	B-Task
+studies	569,576	O	I-Task
+,	576,577	O	O
+TLR9	578,582	O	B-Material
+is	583,585	O	O
+generally	586,595	O	O
+stimulated	596,606	O	B-Process
+with	607,611	O	O
+synthetic	612,621	O	B-Material
+oligodeoxynucleotides	622,643	O	I-Material
+containing	644,654	O	O
+one	655,658	O	O
+or	659,661	O	O
+more	662,666	O	O
+unmethylated	667,679	O	B-Material
+CpG	680,683	O	I-Material
+dinucleotides	684,697	O	I-Material
+.	697,698	O	O
+
+In	699,701	O	O
+humans	702,708	O	O
+,	708,709	O	O
+CpG	710,713	O	B-Material
+has	714,717	O	O
+been	718,722	O	O
+used	723,727	O	O
+as	728,730	O	O
+an	731,733	O	O
+adjuvant	734,742	O	B-Material
+for	743,746	O	O
+infectious	747,757	O	B-Task
+disease	758,765	O	I-Task
+vaccination	766,777	O	I-Task
+[	778,779	O	O
+25,26	779,784	O	O
+]	784,785	O	O
+and	786,789	O	O
+in	790,792	O	O
+the	793,796	O	B-Task
+development	797,808	O	I-Task
+of	809,811	O	I-Task
+cancer	812,818	O	I-Task
+therapy	819,826	O	I-Task
+[	827,828	O	O
+27	828,830	O	O
+]	830,831	O	O
+.	831,832	O	O
+
+In	833,835	O	O
+a	836,837	O	O
+mouse	838,843	O	B-Process
+model	844,849	O	I-Process
+,	849,850	O	O
+CpG	851,854	O	B-Material
+has	855,858	O	O
+also	859,863	O	O
+been	864,868	O	O
+shown	869,874	O	O
+to	875,877	O	O
+induce	878,884	O	B-Process
+T	885,886	O	I-Process
+helper	887,893	O	I-Process
+1	894,895	O	I-Process
+(	896,897	O	O
+Th1	897,900	O	O
+)	900,901	O	O
+immune	902,908	O	O
+responses	909,918	O	O
+,	918,919	O	O
+which	920,925	O	O
+are	926,929	O	O
+characterized	930,943	O	O
+by	944,946	O	O
+the	947,950	O	O
+production	951,961	O	B-Process
+of	962,964	O	I-Process
+IFN-γ	965,970	O	I-Process
+and	971,974	O	I-Process
+the	975,978	O	I-Process
+generation	979,989	O	I-Process
+of	990,992	O	I-Process
+IgG2a	993,998	O	I-Process
+[	999,1000	O	O
+28,29	1000,1005	O	O
+]	1005,1006	O	O
+.	1006,1007	O	O
+
+Moreover	1008,1016	O	O
+,	1016,1017	O	O
+a	1018,1019	O	O
+previous	1020,1028	O	O
+study	1029,1034	O	O
+had	1035,1038	O	O
+demonstrated	1039,1051	O	O
+that	1052,1056	O	O
+different	1057,1066	O	O
+liposomes	1067,1076	O	B-Material
+with	1077,1081	O	O
+CpG	1082,1085	O	O
+ODN	1086,1089	O	O
+significantly	1090,1103	O	O
+increased	1104,1113	O	O
+Th1-biased	1114,1124	O	B-Material
+cytokines	1125,1134	O	I-Material
+and	1135,1138	O	O
+augmented	1139,1148	O	B-Process
+cell	1149,1153	O	I-Process
+mediated	1154,1162	O	I-Process
+immune	1163,1169	O	I-Process
+response	1170,1178	O	I-Process
+[	1179,1180	O	O
+30	1180,1182	O	O
+]	1182,1183	O	O
+.	1183,1184	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168365913009036)
+
+Two	0,3	O	O
+methods	4,11	O	O
+of	12,14	O	O
+formulating	15,26	O	B-Task
+anionic	27,34	O	I-Task
+nanocomplexes	35,48	O	I-Task
+were	49,53	O	O
+evaluated	54,63	O	O
+.	63,64	O	O
+
+In	65,67	O	O
+both	68,72	O	O
+,	72,73	O	O
+nanocomplexes	74,87	O	B-Material
+were	88,92	O	O
+prepared	93,101	O	B-Process
+in	102,104	O	O
+water	105,110	O	O
+at	111,113	O	O
+a	114,115	O	O
+range	116,121	O	O
+of	122,124	O	O
+molar	125,130	O	O
+charge	131,137	O	O
+ratios	138,144	O	O
+of	145,147	O	O
+L	148,149	O	O
+to	150,152	O	O
+D	153,154	O	O
+while	155,160	O	O
+the	161,164	O	O
+peptide	165,172	O	O
+P	173,174	O	O
+to	175,177	O	O
+D	178,179	O	O
+molar	180,185	O	O
+charge	186,192	O	O
+ratio	193,198	O	O
+was	199,202	O	O
+maintained	203,213	O	O
+constant	214,222	O	O
+at	223,225	O	O
+3:1	226,229	O	O
+.	229,230	O	O
+
+Method	231,237	O	O
+1	238,239	O	O
+(	240,241	O	O
+L	241,242	O	O
+:	242,243	O	O
+D	243,244	O	O
+:	244,245	O	O
+P	245,246	O	O
+)	246,247	O	O
+
+:	247,248	O	O
+DNA	249,252	O	B-Material
+was	253,256	O	O
+first	257,262	O	O
+added	263,268	O	B-Process
+to	269,271	O	O
+an	272,274	O	B-Material
+anionic	275,282	O	I-Material
+liposome	283,291	O	I-Material
+(	292,293	O	O
+LA	293,295	O	B-Material
+,	295,296	O	I-Material
+LAP1	297,301	O	I-Material
+or	302,304	O	I-Material
+LAP2	305,309	O	I-Material
+)	309,310	O	O
+and	311,314	O	O
+incubated	315,324	O	B-Process
+for	325,328	O	O
+15min	329,334	O	O
+at	335,337	O	O
+room	338,342	O	O
+temperature	343,354	O	O
+and	355,358	O	O
+then	359,363	O	O
+the	364,367	O	O
+peptide	368,375	O	O
+was	376,379	O	O
+added	380,385	O	B-Process
+with	386,390	O	O
+rapid	391,396	O	O
+mixing	397,403	O	O
+and	404,407	O	O
+incubated	408,417	O	B-Process
+at	418,420	O	O
+room	421,425	O	O
+temperature	426,437	O	O
+for	438,441	O	O
+a	442,443	O	O
+further	444,451	O	O
+20min	452,457	O	O
+;	457,458	O	O
+Method	459,465	O	O
+2	466,467	O	O
+(	468,469	O	O
+P	469,470	O	O
+:	470,471	O	O
+D	471,472	O	O
+:	472,473	O	O
+L	473,474	O	O
+)	474,475	O	O
+:	475,476	O	O
+the	477,480	O	O
+peptide	481,488	O	B-Material
+was	489,492	O	O
+added	493,498	O	B-Process
+to	499,501	O	O
+the	502,505	O	O
+DNA	506,509	O	O
+and	510,513	O	O
+incubated	514,523	O	B-Process
+for	524,527	O	O
+15min	528,533	O	O
+at	534,536	O	O
+room	537,541	O	O
+temperature	542,553	O	O
+and	554,557	O	O
+then	558,562	O	O
+liposome	563,571	O	B-Material
+was	572,575	O	O
+added	576,581	O	B-Process
+with	582,586	O	O
+rapid	587,592	O	O
+mixing	593,599	O	O
+and	600,603	O	O
+incubated	604,613	O	B-Process
+at	614,616	O	O
+room	617,621	O	O
+temperature	622,633	O	O
+for	634,637	O	O
+a	638,639	O	O
+further	640,647	O	O
+20min	648,653	O	O
+.	653,654	O	O
+
+Irrespective	655,667	O	O
+of	668,670	O	O
+the	671,674	O	O
+method	675,681	O	O
+of	682,684	O	O
+order	685,690	O	O
+of	691,693	O	O
+mixing	694,700	O	O
+,	700,701	O	O
+all	702,705	O	O
+molar	706,711	O	O
+charge	712,718	O	O
+ratios	719,725	O	O
+in	726,728	O	O
+this	729,733	O	O
+study	734,739	O	O
+refer	740,745	O	O
+to	746,748	O	O
+L	749,750	O	O
+:	750,751	O	O
+P	751,752	O	O
+:	752,753	O	O
+D.	753,755	O	O
+Cationic	756,764	O	O
+formulations	765,777	O	O
+LPD	778,781	O	B-Material
+and	782,785	O	O
+LCPRGPD	786,793	O	B-Material
+were	794,798	O	O
+prepared	799,807	O	O
+in	808,810	O	O
+the	811,814	O	O
+order	815,820	O	O
+L	821,822	O	O
+:	822,823	O	O
+P	823,824	O	O
+:	824,825	O	O
+D	825,826	O	O
+as	827,829	O	O
+described	830,839	O	O
+previously	840,850	O	O
+;	850,851	O	O
+first	852,857	O	O
+,	857,858	O	O
+the	859,862	O	O
+peptide	863,870	O	O
+was	871,874	O	O
+added	875,880	O	B-Process
+to	881,883	O	O
+the	884,887	O	O
+liposome	888,896	O	O
+DOTMA	897,902	O	B-Material
+/	902,903	O	O
+
+DOPE	903,907	O	B-Material
+or	908,910	O	O
+LCPRG	911,916	O	B-Material
+followed	917,925	O	O
+by	926,928	O	O
+addition	929,937	O	O
+of	938,940	O	O
+the	941,944	O	O
+DNA	945,948	O	B-Material
+with	949,953	O	O
+rapid	954,959	O	B-Process
+mixing	960,966	O	I-Process
+and	967,970	O	I-Process
+incubated	971,980	O	I-Process
+for	981,984	O	O
+30min	985,990	O	O
+at	991,993	O	O
+room	994,998	O	O
+temperature	999,1010	O	O
+to	1011,1013	O	O
+allow	1014,1019	O	O
+for	1020,1023	O	O
+complex	1024,1031	O	O
+formation	1032,1041	O	O
+[	1042,1043	O	O
+30	1043,1045	O	O
+]	1045,1046	O	O
+.	1046,1047	O	O
+
+The	1048,1051	O	O
+nanocomplexes	1052,1065	O	O
+prepared	1066,1074	O	O
+were	1075,1079	O	O
+termed	1080,1086	O	O
+LPD	1087,1090	O	B-Material
+(	1091,1092	O	O
+liposome	1092,1100	O	B-Material
+DOTMA	1101,1106	O	I-Material
+/	1106,1107	O	I-Material
+DOPE	1107,1111	O	I-Material
+)	1111,1112	O	O
+,	1112,1113	O	O
+LADP	1114,1118	O	B-Material
+and	1119,1122	O	O
+PDLA	1123,1127	O	B-Material
+(	1128,1129	O	O
+liposome	1129,1137	O	B-Material
+LA	1138,1140	O	I-Material
+)	1140,1141	O	O
+,	1141,1142	O	O
+
+PDLAP1	1143,1149	O	B-Material
+(	1150,1151	O	O
+liposome	1151,1159	O	B-Material
+LAP1	1160,1164	O	I-Material
+)	1164,1165	O	O
+,	1165,1166	O	O
+PDLAP2	1167,1173	O	B-Material
+
+(	1174,1175	O	O
+liposome	1175,1183	O	B-Material
+LAP2	1184,1188	O	I-Material
+)	1188,1189	O	O
+,	1189,1190	O	O
+PDLAPRG	1191,1198	O	B-Material
+(	1199,1200	O	O
+liposome	1200,1208	O	B-Material
+LAPRG	1209,1214	O	I-Material
+)	1214,1215	O	O
+and	1216,1219	O	O
+LCPRGPD	1220,1227	O	B-Material
+(	1228,1229	O	O
+liposome	1229,1237	O	B-Material
+LCPRG	1238,1243	O	I-Material
+)	1243,1244	O	O
+.	1244,1245	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0168874X1630049X)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+crack	4,9	O	B-Process
+band	10,14	O	I-Process
+approach	15,23	O	I-Process
+for	24,27	O	O
+producing	28,37	O	O
+mesh	38,42	O	O
+independent	43,54	O	O
+load	55,59	O	O
+–	59,60	O	O
+displacement	60,72	O	O
+curves	73,79	O	O
+for	80,83	O	O
+fracture	84,92	O	O
+in	93,95	O	O
+plain	96,101	O	O
+concrete	102,110	O	O
+is	111,113	O	O
+based	114,119	O	O
+on	120,122	O	O
+the	123,126	O	O
+idea	127,131	O	O
+that	132,136	O	O
+the	137,140	O	O
+crack	141,146	O	O
+opening	147,154	O	O
+is	155,157	O	O
+transformed	158,169	O	O
+into	170,174	O	O
+inelastic	175,184	O	O
+strain	185,191	O	O
+by	192,194	O	O
+distributing	195,207	O	O
+it	208,210	O	O
+over	211,215	O	O
+an	216,218	O	O
+element	219,226	O	O
+length	227,233	O	O
+dependent	234,243	O	O
+zone	244,248	O	O
+[	249,250	O	O
+5	250,251	O	O
+]	251,252	O	O
+.	252,253	O	O
+
+This	254,258	O	O
+approach	259,267	O	O
+will	268,272	O	O
+only	273,277	O	O
+produce	278,285	O	O
+mesh	286,290	O	O
+independent	291,302	O	O
+load	303,307	O	O
+–	307,308	O	O
+displacement	308,320	O	O
+curves	321,327	O	O
+,	327,328	O	O
+if	329,331	O	O
+the	332,335	O	O
+inelastic	336,345	O	O
+strain	346,352	O	O
+profiles	353,361	O	O
+in	362,364	O	O
+the	365,368	O	O
+finite	369,375	O	O
+element	376,383	O	O
+analysis	384,392	O	O
+are	393,396	O	O
+mesh	397,401	O	O
+size	402,406	O	O
+dependent	407,416	O	O
+.	416,417	O	O
+
+This	418,422	O	O
+requirement	423,434	O	O
+is	435,437	O	O
+an	438,440	O	O
+important	441,450	O	O
+difference	451,461	O	O
+to	462,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+nonlocal	469,477	O	O
+model	478,483	O	O
+which	484,489	O	O
+is	490,492	O	O
+designed	493,501	O	O
+to	502,504	O	O
+produce	505,512	O	O
+both	513,517	O	O
+mesh	518,522	O	O
+size	523,527	O	O
+independent	528,539	O	O
+load	540,544	O	O
+–	544,545	O	O
+displacement	545,557	O	O
+curves	558,564	O	O
+and	565,568	O	O
+strain	569,575	O	O
+profiles	576,584	O	O
+.	584,585	O	O
+
+In	586,588	O	O
+CDPM2	589,594	O	O
+,	594,595	O	O
+the	596,599	O	O
+crack	600,605	O	B-Process
+band	606,610	O	I-Process
+approach	611,619	O	I-Process
+is	620,622	O	O
+applied	623,630	O	O
+only	631,635	O	O
+to	636,638	O	O
+the	639,642	O	O
+tensile	643,650	O	B-Material
+part	651,655	O	I-Material
+of	656,658	O	O
+the	659,662	O	O
+damage	663,669	O	O
+algorithm	670,679	O	O
+by	680,682	O	O
+replacing	683,692	O	O
+the	693,696	O	O
+stress	697,703	O	B-Process
+–	703,704	O	I-Process
+inelastic	704,713	O	I-Process
+strain	714,720	O	I-Process
+law	721,724	O	I-Process
+shown	725,730	O	O
+in	731,733	O	O
+Fig	734,737	O	O
+.	737,738	O	O
+
+2(b	739,742	O	O
+)	742,743	O	O
+by	744,746	O	O
+a	747,748	O	O
+stress	749,755	O	B-Process
+–	755,756	O	I-Process
+inelastic	756,765	O	I-Process
+displacement	766,778	O	I-Process
+law	779,782	O	I-Process
+of	783,785	O	O
+the	786,789	O	O
+form(13)σ=ftexp(−ϵinhwft)if(ϵin>0)Here	790,828	O	B-Process
+
+,	828,829	O	O
+wft	830,833	O	O
+is	834,836	O	O
+a	837,838	O	O
+crack	839,844	O	O
+opening	845,852	O	O
+threshold	853,862	O	O
+used	863,867	O	O
+to	868,870	O	O
+control	871,878	O	O
+the	879,882	O	O
+slope	883,888	O	O
+of	889,891	O	O
+the	892,895	O	O
+softening	896,905	O	O
+curve	906,911	O	O
+and	912,915	O	O
+h	916,917	O	O
+is	918,920	O	O
+the	921,924	O	O
+width	925,930	O	O
+of	931,933	O	O
+the	934,937	O	O
+crack	938,943	O	O
+-	943,944	O	O
+band	944,948	O	O
+,	948,949	O	O
+which	950,955	O	O
+in	956,958	O	O
+the	959,962	O	O
+present	963,970	O	O
+study	971,976	O	O
+is	977,979	O	O
+equal	980,985	O	O
+to	986,988	O	O
+the	989,992	O	O
+maximum	993,1000	O	O
+dimension	1001,1010	O	O
+of	1011,1013	O	O
+the	1014,1017	O	O
+element	1018,1025	O	O
+along	1026,1031	O	O
+the	1032,1035	O	O
+principal	1036,1045	O	O
+direction	1046,1055	O	O
+of	1056,1058	O	O
+the	1059,1062	O	O
+strain	1063,1069	O	O
+tensor	1070,1076	O	O
+corresponding	1077,1090	O	O
+to	1091,1093	O	O
+the	1094,1097	O	O
+maximum	1098,1105	O	O
+tensile	1106,1113	O	O
+principal	1114,1123	O	O
+strain	1124,1130	O	O
+at	1131,1133	O	O
+the	1134,1137	O	O
+onset	1138,1143	O	O
+of	1144,1146	O	O
+damage	1147,1153	O	O
+.	1153,1154	O	O
+
+For	1155,1158	O	O
+the	1159,1162	O	O
+compressive	1163,1174	O	O
+part	1175,1179	O	O
+,	1179,1180	O	O
+a	1181,1182	O	O
+stress	1183,1189	O	B-Process
+–	1189,1190	O	I-Process
+inelastic	1190,1199	O	I-Process
+strain	1200,1206	O	I-Process
+law	1207,1210	O	I-Process
+was	1211,1214	O	O
+used	1215,1219	O	O
+to	1220,1222	O	O
+determine	1223,1232	O	O
+the	1233,1236	O	O
+compressive	1237,1248	O	O
+damage	1249,1255	O	O
+parameter	1256,1265	O	O
+,	1265,1266	O	O
+since	1267,1272	O	O
+it	1273,1275	O	O
+was	1276,1279	O	O
+reported	1280,1288	O	O
+in	1289,1291	O	O
+[	1292,1293	O	O
+14	1293,1295	O	O
+]	1295,1296	O	O
+for	1297,1300	O	O
+columns	1301,1308	O	O
+subjected	1309,1318	O	O
+to	1319,1321	O	O
+eccentric	1322,1331	O	O
+compression	1332,1343	O	O
+that	1344,1348	O	O
+inelastic	1349,1358	O	B-Material
+strain	1359,1365	O	I-Material
+profiles	1366,1374	O	I-Material
+in	1375,1377	O	O
+compression	1378,1389	O	O
+do	1390,1392	O	O
+not	1393,1396	O	O
+exhibit	1397,1404	O	O
+a	1405,1406	O	O
+mesh	1407,1411	O	O
+dependence	1412,1422	O	O
+which	1423,1428	O	O
+would	1429,1434	O	O
+satisfy	1435,1442	O	O
+the	1443,1446	O	O
+assumptions	1447,1458	O	O
+of	1459,1461	O	O
+the	1462,1465	O	O
+crack	1466,1471	O	O
+-	1471,1472	O	O
+band	1472,1476	O	O
+approach	1477,1485	O	O
+.	1485,1486	O	O
+
+This	1487,1491	O	O
+approach	1492,1500	O	O
+of	1501,1503	O	O
+applying	1504,1512	O	O
+the	1513,1516	O	O
+crack	1517,1522	O	B-Process
+-	1522,1523	O	I-Process
+band	1523,1527	O	I-Process
+approach	1528,1536	O	I-Process
+only	1537,1541	O	O
+to	1542,1544	O	O
+the	1545,1548	O	O
+tensile	1549,1556	O	B-Material
+part	1557,1561	O	I-Material
+has	1562,1565	O	O
+already	1566,1573	O	O
+been	1574,1578	O	O
+successfully	1579,1591	O	O
+used	1592,1596	O	O
+in	1597,1599	O	O
+Grassl	1600,1606	O	O
+et	1607,1609	O	O
+al	1610,1612	O	O
+.	1612,1613	O	O
+
+[	1614,1615	O	O
+16	1615,1617	O	O
+]	1617,1618	O	O
+.	1618,1619	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0254058414000662)
+
+HOMO	0,4	O	B-Material
+–	4,5	O	I-Material
+LUMO	5,9	O	I-Material
+energy	10,16	O	O
+band	17,21	O	O
+gaps	22,26	O	O
+between	27,34	O	O
+ylides	35,41	O	B-Material
+and	42,45	O	O
+their	46,51	O	O
+pyrene	52,58	O	B-Material
+adducts	59,66	O	I-Material
+
+propose	67,74	O	O
+that	75,79	O	O
+the	80,83	O	O
+1,3-DC	84,90	O	B-Material
+of	91,93	O	O
+second	94,100	O	B-Material
+pyridinium	101,111	O	I-Material
+ylides	112,118	O	I-Material
+to	119,121	O	O
+ylidepyrene	122,133	O	B-Material
+adducts	134,141	O	I-Material
+are	142,145	O	O
+HOMOylide	146,155	O	O
+–	155,156	O	O
+
+LUMOylide	156,165	O	O
+–	165,166	O	O
+pyrene	166,172	O	O
+controlled	173,183	O	O
+since	184,189	O	O
+the	190,193	O	O
+energy	194,200	O	O
+band	201,205	O	O
+gap	206,209	O	O
+is	210,212	O	O
+smaller	213,220	O	O
+than	221,225	O	O
+HOMOylide	226,235	O	B-Material
+–	235,236	O	I-Material
+pyrene	236,242	O	I-Material
+–	242,243	O	I-Material
+LUMOylide	243,252	O	I-Material
+.	252,253	O	O
+
+Regioselectivity	254,270	O	B-Task
+of	271,273	O	I-Task
+second	274,280	O	I-Task
+cycloaddition	281,294	O	I-Task
+was	295,298	O	O
+predicted	299,308	O	O
+using	309,314	O	O
+the	315,318	O	O
+atomic	319,325	O	B-Process
+orbital	326,333	O	I-Process
+coefficients	334,346	O	I-Process
+corresponding	347,360	O	O
+to	361,363	O	O
+HOMOylide	364,373	O	O
+–	373,374	O	O
+
+LUMOylide	374,383	O	O
+–	383,384	O	O
+pyrene	384,390	O	O
+.	390,391	O	O
+
+According	392,401	O	O
+to	402,404	O	O
+Fukui	405,410	O	O
+[	411,412	O	O
+33	412,414	O	O
+]	414,415	O	O
+,	415,416	O	O
+reactions	417,426	O	O
+can	427,430	O	O
+be	431,433	O	O
+favorable	434,443	O	O
+in	444,446	O	O
+the	447,450	O	O
+direction	451,460	O	O
+of	461,463	O	O
+maximal	464,471	O	O
+HOMO	472,476	O	O
+–	476,477	O	O
+
+LUMO	477,481	O	O
+overlapping	482,493	O	O
+of	494,496	O	O
+larger	497,503	O	O
+coefficients	504,516	O	O
+at	517,519	O	O
+the	520,523	O	O
+reactive	524,532	O	O
+sites	533,538	O	O
+.	538,539	O	O
+
+The	540,543	O	O
+most	544,548	O	O
+favorable	549,558	O	O
+interactions	559,571	O	O
+between	572,579	O	O
+corresponding	580,593	O	O
+ylides	594,600	O	B-Material
+and	601,604	O	I-Material
+ylidepyrene	605,616	O	I-Material
+adducts	617,624	O	I-Material
+to	625,627	O	O
+form	628,632	O	O
+the	633,636	O	O
+most	637,641	O	B-Process
+favorable	642,651	O	I-Process
+regioisomer	652,663	O	I-Process
+conformation	664,676	O	I-Process
+are	677,680	O	O
+given	681,686	O	O
+in	687,689	O	O
+Fig	690,693	O	O
+.	693,694	O	O
+
+3	695,696	O	O
+.	696,697	O	O
+
+Second	698,704	O	O
+ylide	705,710	O	B-Material
+addition	711,719	O	O
+to	720,722	O	O
+ylidepyrene	723,734	O	B-Material
+structure	735,744	O	O
+is	745,747	O	O
+therefore	748,757	O	O
+anticipated	758,769	O	O
+to	770,772	O	O
+proceed	773,780	O	O
+via	781,784	O	O
+ylideC2/C6–ylidepyrene	785,807	O	B-Material
+-	807,808	O	I-Material
+C3	808,810	O	I-Material
+and	811,814	O	O
+ylideC7–ylidepyrene	815,834	O	B-Material
+/	834,835	O	I-Material
+C2	835,837	O	I-Material
+interactions	838,850	O	O
+to	851,853	O	O
+produce	854,861	O	O
+the	862,865	O	O
+same	866,870	O	O
+regioisomer	871,882	O	B-Task
+conformations	883,896	O	I-Task
+.	896,897	O	O
+
+Considering	898,909	O	O
+the	910,913	O	O
+theoretical	914,925	O	B-Process
+calculations	926,938	O	I-Process
+performed	939,948	O	O
+for	949,952	O	O
+pyrrolidine	953,964	O	B-Material
+attached	965,973	O	I-Material
+pyrene	974,980	O	I-Material
+structure	981,990	O	O
+,	990,991	O	O
+it	992,994	O	O
+is	995,997	O	O
+also	998,1002	O	O
+expected	1003,1011	O	O
+that	1012,1016	O	O
+formation	1017,1026	O	B-Process
+of	1027,1029	O	I-Process
+the	1030,1033	O	I-Process
+same	1034,1038	O	I-Process
+type	1039,1043	O	I-Process
+of	1044,1046	O	I-Process
+regioisomers	1047,1059	O	I-Process
+are	1060,1063	O	O
+favorable	1064,1073	O	O
+for	1074,1077	O	O
+SWNTs	1078,1083	O	B-Process
+after	1084,1089	O	O
+the	1090,1093	O	O
+1,3-DC	1094,1100	O	B-Material
+of	1101,1103	O	I-Material
+pyridinium	1104,1114	O	I-Material
+ylides	1115,1121	O	I-Material
+,	1121,1122	O	O
+Fig	1123,1126	O	O
+.	1126,1127	O	O
+
+3	1128,1129	O	O
+.	1129,1130	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0254058415001212)
+
+Gamma	0,5	O	B-Material
+titanium	6,14	O	I-Material
+aluminides	15,25	O	I-Material
+are	26,29	O	O
+a	30,31	O	O
+family	32,38	O	O
+of	39,41	O	O
+low	42,45	O	O
+density	46,53	O	O
+,	53,54	O	O
+high	55,59	O	O
+performance	60,71	O	O
+alloys	72,78	O	B-Material
+with	79,83	O	O
+the	84,87	O	O
+potential	88,97	O	O
+to	98,100	O	O
+replace	101,108	O	O
+current	109,116	O	O
+Ni	117,119	O	B-Material
+-	119,120	O	I-Material
+base	120,124	O	I-Material
+superalloys	125,136	O	I-Material
+used	137,141	O	O
+in	142,144	O	O
+the	145,148	O	O
+production	149,159	O	B-Task
+of	160,162	O	I-Task
+aero	163,167	O	I-Task
+-	167,168	O	I-Task
+engine	168,174	O	I-Task
+components	175,185	O	I-Task
+.	185,186	O	O
+
+Investment	187,197	O	B-Process
+casting	198,205	O	I-Process
+is	206,208	O	O
+one	209,212	O	O
+of	213,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+most	220,224	O	O
+economical	225,235	O	O
+methods	236,243	O	O
+to	244,246	O	O
+produce	247,254	O	B-Task
+titanium	255,263	O	I-Task
+and	264,267	O	I-Task
+titanium	268,276	O	I-Task
+aluminide	277,286	O	I-Task
+alloy	287,292	O	I-Task
+products	293,301	O	I-Task
+,	301,302	O	O
+increasing	303,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	B-Material
+components	318,328	O	I-Material
+'	328,329	O	O
+integrity	330,339	O	O
+and	340,343	O	O
+mechanical	344,354	O	O
+properties	355,365	O	O
+,	365,366	O	O
+whilst	367,373	O	O
+reducing	374,382	O	O
+material	383,391	O	O
+waste	392,397	O	O
+and	398,401	O	O
+machining	402,411	O	O
+cost	412,416	O	O
+[	417,418	O	O
+1	418,419	O	O
+]	419,420	O	O
+.	420,421	O	O
+
+Titanium	422,430	O	B-Material
+aluminides	431,441	O	I-Material
+are	442,445	O	O
+difficult	446,455	O	O
+to	456,458	O	O
+process	459,466	O	O
+mainly	467,473	O	O
+due	474,477	O	O
+to	478,480	O	O
+the	481,484	O	O
+low	485,488	O	O
+fluidity	489,497	O	O
+of	498,500	O	O
+the	501,504	O	O
+TiAl	505,509	O	B-Material
+alloy	510,515	O	I-Material
+around	516,522	O	O
+its	523,526	O	O
+melting	527,534	O	O
+temperature	535,546	O	O
+[	547,548	O	O
+2	548,549	O	O
+]	549,550	O	O
+.	550,551	O	O
+
+Due	552,555	O	O
+to	556,558	O	O
+the	559,562	O	O
+high	563,567	O	O
+affinity	568,576	O	O
+of	577,579	O	O
+elements	580,588	O	B-Material
+such	589,593	O	O
+as	594,596	O	O
+oxygen	597,603	O	B-Material
+,	603,604	O	O
+nitrogen	605,613	O	B-Material
+etc	614,617	O	O
+.	617,618	O	O
+,	618,619	O	O
+titanium	620,628	O	B-Material
+and	629,632	O	O
+its	633,636	O	O
+alloys	637,643	O	B-Material
+can	644,647	O	O
+easily	648,654	O	O
+interact	655,663	O	O
+with	664,668	O	O
+mould	669,674	O	B-Material
+materials	675,684	O	I-Material
+during	685,691	O	O
+the	692,695	O	O
+investment	696,706	O	O
+casting	707,714	O	B-Process
+process	715,722	O	I-Process
+,	722,723	O	O
+resulting	724,733	O	O
+in	734,736	O	O
+an	737,739	O	O
+interaction	740,751	O	B-Material
+hardened	752,760	O	I-Material
+layer	761,766	O	I-Material
+being	767,772	O	O
+generated	773,782	O	O
+at	783,785	O	O
+the	786,789	O	O
+metal	790,795	O	B-Material
+surface	796,803	O	I-Material
+[	804,805	O	O
+3,4	805,808	O	O
+]	808,809	O	O
+.	809,810	O	O
+
+This	811,815	O	O
+hardened	816,824	O	B-Material
+layer	825,830	O	I-Material
+contains	831,839	O	O
+a	840,841	O	O
+large	842,847	O	O
+amount	848,854	O	O
+of	855,857	O	O
+dissolved	858,867	O	B-Material
+oxygen	868,874	O	I-Material
+,	874,875	O	O
+and	876,879	O	O
+it	880,882	O	O
+is	883,885	O	O
+very	886,890	O	O
+brittle	891,898	O	O
+and	899,902	O	O
+susceptible	903,914	O	O
+to	915,917	O	O
+crack	918,923	O	B-Process
+generation	924,934	O	I-Process
+and	935,938	O	I-Process
+propagation	939,950	O	I-Process
+[	951,952	O	O
+5	952,953	O	O
+]	953,954	O	O
+.	954,955	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S025405841530136X)
+
+From	0,4	O	O
+this	5,9	O	O
+study	10,15	O	O
+where	16,21	O	O
+a	22,23	O	O
+commercial	24,34	O	O
+Al–12Si	35,42	O	B-Material
+alloy	43,48	O	I-Material
+was	49,52	O	O
+inoculated	53,63	O	B-Process
+with	64,68	O	I-Process
+different	69,78	O	I-Process
+level	79,84	O	I-Process
+of	85,87	O	I-Process
+Nb+B	88,92	O	I-Process
+addition	93,101	O	O
+to	102,104	O	O
+assess	105,111	O	O
+the	112,115	O	O
+grain	116,121	O	B-Task
+refining	122,130	O	I-Task
+potency	131,138	O	I-Task
+of	139,141	O	I-Task
+Nb+B	142,146	O	I-Task
+inoculation	147,158	O	I-Task
+it	159,161	O	O
+can	162,165	O	O
+be	166,168	O	O
+concluded	169,178	O	O
+that	179,183	O	O
+in	184,186	O	O
+-	186,187	O	O
+situ	187,191	O	O
+formed	192,198	O	O
+Nb	199,201	O	B-Material
+-	201,202	O	I-Material
+based	202,207	O	I-Material
+intermetallics	208,222	O	I-Material
+compounds	223,232	O	I-Material
+are	233,236	O	O
+potent	237,243	O	O
+heterogeneous	244,257	O	B-Material
+nucleation	258,268	O	I-Material
+substrates	269,279	O	I-Material
+with	280,284	O	O
+high	285,289	O	O
+potency	290,297	O	O
+for	298,301	O	O
+the	302,305	O	O
+refinement	306,316	O	O
+of	317,319	O	O
+Al	320,322	O	O
+–	322,323	O	O
+
+Si	323,325	O	O
+cast	326,330	O	O
+alloys	331,337	O	O
+.	337,338	O	O
+
+The	339,342	O	O
+primary	343,350	O	O
+α-Al	351,355	O	B-Material
+dendritic	356,365	O	I-Material
+grain	366,371	O	I-Material
+size	372,376	O	O
+varies	377,383	O	O
+with	384,388	O	O
+the	389,392	O	O
+addition	393,401	O	O
+level	402,407	O	O
+of	408,410	O	O
+Nb	411,413	O	B-Material
+and	414,417	O	O
+B.	418,420	O	B-Material
+
+Moreover	421,429	O	O
+,	429,430	O	O
+significant	431,442	O	O
+grain	443,448	O	B-Task
+refinement	449,459	O	I-Task
+over	460,464	O	O
+a	465,466	O	O
+wide	467,471	O	B-Process
+range	472,477	O	I-Process
+of	478,480	O	I-Process
+cooling	481,488	O	I-Process
+rates	489,494	O	I-Process
+is	495,497	O	O
+obtained	498,506	O	O
+via	507,510	O	O
+enhanced	511,519	O	B-Task
+heterogeneous	520,533	O	I-Task
+nucleation	534,544	O	I-Task
+making	545,551	O	O
+the	552,555	O	O
+grain	556,561	O	B-Material
+size	562,566	O	O
+of	567,569	O	O
+the	570,573	O	O
+material	574,582	O	O
+less	583,587	O	O
+sensitive	588,597	O	O
+to	598,600	O	O
+the	601,604	O	O
+cooling	605,612	O	O
+rate	613,617	O	O
+.	617,618	O	O
+
+Nb+B	619,623	O	B-Material
+inoculants	624,634	O	I-Material
+are	635,638	O	O
+characterised	639,652	O	O
+by	653,655	O	O
+some	656,660	O	O
+fading	661,667	O	B-Process
+which	668,673	O	O
+is	674,676	O	O
+still	677,682	O	O
+acceptable	683,693	O	O
+after	694,699	O	O
+4	700,701	O	O
+h	702,703	O	O
+of	704,706	O	O
+contact	707,714	O	O
+time	715,719	O	O
+.	719,720	O	O
+
+Moreover	721,729	O	O
+,	729,730	O	O
+alloys	731,737	O	B-Material
+refined	738,745	O	O
+by	746,748	O	O
+means	749,754	O	O
+of	755,757	O	O
+Nb+B	758,762	O	B-Material
+inoculants	763,773	O	I-Material
+can	774,777	O	O
+be	778,780	O	O
+recycled	781,789	O	O
+obtaining	790,799	O	O
+a	800,801	O	O
+fine	802,806	O	B-Material
+grain	807,812	O	I-Material
+structure	813,822	O	I-Material
+with	823,827	O	O
+small	828,833	O	O
+addition	834,842	O	O
+or	843,845	O	O
+no	846,848	O	O
+further	849,856	O	O
+addition	857,865	O	O
+of	866,868	O	O
+inoculants	869,879	O	B-Material
+after	880,885	O	O
+the	886,889	O	O
+first	890,895	O	O
+initial	896,903	O	O
+addition	904,912	O	O
+.	912,913	O	O
+
+Concluding	914,924	O	O
+,	924,925	O	O
+Nb+B	926,930	O	B-Process
+inoculation	931,942	O	I-Process
+is	943,945	O	O
+a	946,947	O	O
+promising	948,957	O	O
+candidate	958,967	O	O
+for	968,971	O	O
+the	972,975	O	O
+refinement	976,986	O	B-Task
+of	987,989	O	I-Task
+cast	990,994	O	I-Task
+Al	995,997	O	I-Task
+alloy	998,1003	O	I-Task
+which	1004,1009	O	O
+could	1010,1015	O	O
+lead	1016,1020	O	O
+to	1021,1023	O	O
+their	1024,1029	O	O
+wider	1030,1035	O	O
+employment	1036,1046	O	O
+in	1047,1049	O	O
+the	1050,1053	O	O
+automotive	1054,1064	O	O
+industry	1065,1073	O	O
+with	1074,1078	O	O
+the	1079,1082	O	O
+resultant	1083,1092	O	O
+intrinsic	1093,1102	O	O
+advantages	1103,1113	O	O
+of	1114,1116	O	O
+lighter	1117,1124	O	B-Task
+structural	1125,1135	O	I-Task
+component	1136,1145	O	I-Task
+from	1146,1150	O	O
+an	1151,1153	O	O
+environmental	1154,1167	O	O
+point	1168,1173	O	O
+of	1174,1176	O	O
+view	1177,1181	O	O
+.	1181,1182	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0254058415304235)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+observed	4,12	O	B-Task
+conductivity	13,25	O	I-Task
+of	26,28	O	O
+A2FeMoO6–δ	29,39	O	B-Material
+(	40,41	O	O
+A	41,42	O	O
+=	43,44	O	O
+Ca	45,47	O	B-Material
+,	47,48	O	O
+Sr	49,51	O	B-Material
+,	51,52	O	O
+Ba	53,55	O	B-Material
+)	55,56	O	O
+[	57,58	O	O
+7	58,59	O	O
+]	59,60	O	O
+was	61,64	O	O
+linked	65,71	O	O
+to	72,74	O	O
+a	75,76	O	O
+potential	77,86	O	O
+double	87,93	O	B-Process
+exchange	94,102	O	I-Process
+mechanism	103,112	O	I-Process
+,	112,113	O	O
+with	114,118	O	O
+conduction	119,129	O	O
+between	130,137	O	O
+Fe3	138,141	O	O
++	141,142	O	O
+-O	142,144	O	O
+-	144,145	O	O
+Mo	145,147	O	O
+-	147,148	O	O
+O	148,149	O	O
+-	149,150	O	O
+Fe2	150,153	O	O
+
++	153,154	O	O
+.	154,155	O	O
+
+Double	156,162	O	B-Process
+-	162,163	O	I-Process
+exchange	163,171	O	I-Process
+mechanisms	172,182	O	I-Process
+,	182,183	O	O
+as	184,186	O	O
+proposed	187,195	O	O
+by	196,198	O	O
+Zener	199,204	O	O
+[	205,206	O	O
+23	206,208	O	O
+]	208,209	O	O
+,	209,210	O	O
+posit	211,216	O	O
+that	217,221	O	O
+electron	222,230	O	B-Process
+transfer	231,239	O	I-Process
+between	240,247	O	O
+ions	248,252	O	B-Material
+in	253,255	O	O
+different	256,265	O	O
+oxidation	266,275	O	B-Process
+states	276,282	O	O
+may	283,286	O	O
+be	287,289	O	O
+facilitated	290,301	O	O
+if	302,304	O	O
+the	305,308	O	O
+electron	309,317	O	B-Material
+does	318,322	O	O
+not	323,326	O	O
+have	327,331	O	O
+to	332,334	O	O
+alter	335,340	O	O
+its	341,344	O	O
+spin	345,349	O	O
+state	350,355	O	O
+.	355,356	O	O
+
+Replacement	357,368	O	B-Process
+of	369,371	O	O
+Mo	372,374	O	B-Material
+with	375,379	O	O
+Fe	380,382	O	B-Material
+in	383,385	O	O
+this	386,390	O	O
+mechanism	391,400	O	O
+would	401,406	O	O
+be	407,409	O	O
+expected	410,418	O	O
+to	419,421	O	O
+result	422,428	O	O
+in	429,431	O	O
+a	432,433	O	O
+reduction	434,443	O	B-Process
+of	444,446	O	I-Process
+the	447,450	O	I-Process
+conductivity	451,463	O	I-Process
+through	464,471	O	O
+reduction	472,481	O	B-Process
+of	482,484	O	I-Process
+the	485,488	O	I-Process
+available	489,498	O	I-Process
+percolation	499,510	O	I-Process
+pathways	511,519	O	I-Process
+,	519,520	O	O
+unless	521,527	O	O
+delocalisation	528,542	O	B-Process
+of	543,545	O	I-Process
+Fe	546,548	O	I-Process
+electrons	549,558	O	I-Process
+through	559,566	O	O
+Fe2	567,570	O	O
++	570,571	O	O
+-O	571,573	O	O
+-	573,574	O	O
+Fe3	574,577	O	O
+
++	577,578	O	O
+exchange	579,587	O	O
+could	588,593	O	O
+also	594,598	O	O
+occur	599,604	O	O
+.	604,605	O	O
+
+Double	606,612	O	B-Process
+exchange	613,621	O	I-Process
+mechanisms	622,632	O	I-Process
+have	633,637	O	O
+been	638,642	O	O
+observed	643,651	O	O
+previously	652,662	O	O
+for	663,666	O	O
+mixed	667,672	O	O
+valent	673,679	O	O
+iron	680,684	O	B-Material
+in	685,687	O	I-Material
+iron	688,692	O	I-Material
+oxides	693,699	O	I-Material
+[	700,701	O	O
+24	701,703	O	O
+]	703,704	O	O
+,	704,705	O	O
+and	706,709	O	O
+,	709,710	O	O
+as	711,713	O	O
+iron	714,718	O	B-Material
+is	719,721	O	O
+known	722,727	O	O
+to	728,730	O	O
+exist	731,736	O	O
+in	737,739	O	O
+a	740,741	O	O
+mixed	742,747	O	O
+valent	748,754	O	O
+state	755,760	O	O
+for	761,764	O	O
+Ca2–xSrxFeMoO6–δ	765,781	O	B-Material
+
+[	782,783	O	O
+25	783,785	O	O
+]	785,786	O	O
+,	786,787	O	O
+this	788,792	O	O
+provides	793,801	O	O
+a	802,803	O	O
+plausible	804,813	O	O
+explanation	814,825	O	O
+for	826,829	O	O
+the	830,833	O	O
+observed	834,842	O	O
+metallic	843,851	O	B-Task
+conductivity	852,864	O	I-Task
+.	864,865	O	O
+
+Band	866,870	O	B-Process
+structure	871,880	O	I-Process
+calculations	881,893	O	I-Process
+and	894,897	O	O
+Mossbauer	898,907	O	B-Process
+spectroscopy	908,920	O	I-Process
+could	921,926	O	O
+be	927,929	O	O
+utilised	930,938	O	O
+to	939,941	O	O
+further	942,949	O	O
+elucidate	950,959	O	O
+the	960,963	O	O
+conduction	964,974	O	B-Task
+mechanism	975,984	O	I-Task
+for	985,988	O	O
+these	989,994	O	O
+compounds	995,1004	O	B-Material
+,	1004,1005	O	O
+however	1006,1013	O	O
+this	1014,1018	O	O
+is	1019,1021	O	O
+outside	1022,1029	O	O
+the	1030,1033	O	O
+scope	1034,1039	O	O
+of	1040,1042	O	O
+this	1043,1047	O	O
+enquiry	1048,1055	O	O
+.	1055,1056	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0266352X16301550)
+
+To	0,2	O	O
+address	3,10	O	O
+the	11,14	O	O
+vertical	15,23	O	B-Task
+displacement	24,36	O	I-Task
+estimation	37,47	O	I-Task
+of	48,50	O	I-Task
+conventional	51,63	O	I-Task
+pile	64,68	O	I-Task
+groups	69,75	O	I-Task
+subjected	76,85	O	I-Task
+to	86,88	O	I-Task
+mechanical	89,99	O	I-Task
+loads	100,105	O	I-Task
+,	105,106	O	O
+various	107,114	O	O
+numerical	115,124	O	B-Process
+and	125,128	O	I-Process
+analytical	129,139	O	I-Process
+methods	140,147	O	I-Process
+have	148,152	O	O
+been	153,157	O	O
+proposed	158,166	O	O
+.	166,167	O	O
+
+These	168,173	O	O
+methods	174,181	O	O
+include	182,189	O	O
+the	190,193	O	O
+finite	194,200	O	B-Process
+element	201,208	O	I-Process
+method	209,215	O	I-Process
+[	216,217	O	O
+e.g.	217,221	O	O
+,	221,222	O	O
+2,3	223,226	O	O
+]	226,227	O	O
+,	227,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+boundary	233,241	O	B-Process
+element	242,249	O	I-Process
+method	250,256	O	I-Process
+[	257,258	O	O
+e.g.	258,262	O	O
+,	262,263	O	O
+4,5	264,267	O	O
+]	267,268	O	O
+,	268,269	O	O
+the	270,273	O	O
+finite	274,280	O	B-Process
+difference	281,291	O	I-Process
+method	292,298	O	I-Process
+[	299,300	O	O
+e.g.	300,304	O	O
+,	304,305	O	O
+6	306,307	O	O
+]	307,308	O	O
+,	308,309	O	O
+the	310,313	O	O
+interaction	314,325	O	B-Process
+factor	326,332	O	I-Process
+method	333,339	O	I-Process
+[	340,341	O	O
+e.g.	341,345	O	O
+,	345,346	O	O
+7,8–11	347,353	O	O
+]	353,354	O	O
+,	354,355	O	O
+the	356,359	O	O
+equivalent	360,370	O	B-Process
+pier	371,375	O	I-Process
+and	376,379	O	I-Process
+raft	380,384	O	I-Process
+methods	385,392	O	I-Process
+[	393,394	O	O
+e.g.	394,398	O	O
+,	398,399	O	O
+12–14	400,405	O	O
+]	405,406	O	O
+,	406,407	O	O
+and	408,411	O	O
+the	412,415	O	O
+settlement	416,426	O	B-Process
+ratio	427,432	O	I-Process
+method	433,439	O	I-Process
+[	440,441	O	O
+e.g.	441,445	O	O
+,	445,446	O	O
+15	447,449	O	O
+]	449,450	O	O
+.	450,451	O	O
+
+The	452,455	O	O
+finite	456,462	O	B-Process
+element	463,470	O	I-Process
+method	471,477	O	I-Process
+,	477,478	O	O
+while	479,484	O	O
+providing	485,494	O	O
+the	495,498	O	O
+most	499,503	O	O
+rigorous	504,512	O	O
+and	513,516	O	O
+exhaustive	517,527	O	O
+representation	528,542	O	O
+of	543,545	O	O
+the	546,549	O	O
+pile	550,554	O	B-Task
+group	555,560	O	I-Task
+-	560,561	O	I-Task
+related	561,568	O	I-Task
+problem	569,576	O	I-Task
+,	576,577	O	O
+is	578,580	O	O
+generally	581,590	O	O
+computationally	591,606	O	O
+expensive	607,616	O	O
+and	617,620	O	O
+considered	621,631	O	O
+mainly	632,638	O	O
+a	639,640	O	O
+research	641,649	O	B-Material
+tool	650,654	O	I-Material
+rather	655,661	O	O
+than	662,666	O	O
+a	667,668	O	O
+design	669,675	O	B-Material
+tool	676,680	O	I-Material
+.	680,681	O	O
+
+Conversely	682,692	O	O
+,	692,693	O	O
+the	694,697	O	O
+versatility	698,709	O	B-Process
+of	710,712	O	I-Process
+simplified	713,723	O	I-Process
+(	724,725	O	I-Process
+approximate	725,736	O	I-Process
+)	736,737	O	I-Process
+methods	738,745	O	I-Process
+,	745,746	O	O
+such	747,751	O	O
+as	752,754	O	O
+the	755,758	O	O
+interaction	759,770	O	B-Process
+factor	771,777	O	I-Process
+approach	778,786	O	I-Process
+that	787,791	O	O
+allows	792,798	O	O
+capturing	799,808	O	B-Process
+the	809,812	O	I-Process
+(	813,814	O	I-Process
+e.g.	814,818	O	I-Process
+,	818,819	O	I-Process
+vertical	820,828	O	I-Process
+)	828,829	O	I-Process
+displacements	830,843	O	I-Process
+of	844,846	O	I-Process
+any	847,850	O	I-Process
+general	851,858	O	I-Process
+pile	859,863	O	I-Process
+group	864,869	O	I-Process
+by	870,872	O	O
+the	873,876	O	O
+analysis	877,885	O	B-Process
+of	886,888	O	I-Process
+the	889,892	O	I-Process
+displacement	893,905	O	I-Process
+interaction	906,917	O	I-Process
+between	918,925	O	I-Process
+two	926,929	O	I-Process
+identical	930,939	O	I-Process
+piles	940,945	O	I-Process
+and	946,949	O	O
+by	950,952	O	O
+the	953,956	O	O
+use	957,960	O	O
+of	961,963	O	O
+the	964,967	O	O
+elastic	968,975	O	B-Process
+principle	976,985	O	I-Process
+of	986,988	O	I-Process
+superposition	989,1002	O	I-Process
+of	1003,1005	O	I-Process
+effects	1006,1013	O	I-Process
+,	1013,1014	O	O
+makes	1015,1020	O	O
+them	1021,1025	O	O
+attractive	1026,1036	O	O
+as	1037,1039	O	O
+design	1040,1046	O	B-Material
+tools	1047,1052	O	I-Material
+because	1053,1060	O	O
+they	1061,1065	O	O
+allow	1066,1071	O	O
+for	1072,1075	O	O
+the	1076,1079	O	O
+use	1080,1083	O	O
+of	1084,1086	O	O
+expedient	1087,1096	O	B-Task
+parametric	1097,1107	O	I-Task
+studies	1108,1115	O	I-Task
+under	1116,1121	O	O
+various	1122,1129	O	O
+design	1130,1136	O	O
+conditions	1137,1147	O	O
+.	1147,1148	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301010414003115)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+optimised	4,13	O	B-Task
+structure	14,23	O	I-Task
+at	24,26	O	O
+the	27,30	O	O
+B3LYP	31,36	O	B-Process
+/	36,37	O	I-Process
+aug	37,40	O	I-Process
+-	40,41	O	I-Process
+cc	41,43	O	I-Process
+-	43,44	O	I-Process
+pVTZ	44,48	O	I-Process
+level	49,54	O	O
+was	55,58	O	O
+then	59,63	O	O
+used	64,68	O	O
+to	69,71	O	O
+perform	72,79	O	O
+calculations	80,92	O	O
+of	93,95	O	O
+the	96,99	O	O
+lowest	100,106	O	B-Process
+electronic	107,117	O	I-Process
+singlet	118,125	O	I-Process
+excited	126,133	O	O
+states	134,140	O	O
+with	141,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+coupled	150,157	O	O
+cluster	158,165	O	O
+linear	166,172	O	B-Process
+response	173,181	O	I-Process
+(	182,183	O	O
+LR	183,185	O	B-Process
+)	185,186	O	O
+coupled	187,194	O	B-Process
+cluster	195,202	O	I-Process
+hierarchy	203,212	O	I-Process
+CCS	213,216	O	B-Process
+,	216,217	O	O
+CC2	218,221	O	B-Process
+,	221,222	O	O
+CCSD	223,227	O	B-Process
+and	228,231	O	O
+CC3	232,235	O	B-Process
+,	235,236	O	O
+along	237,242	O	O
+with	243,247	O	O
+perturbative	248,260	O	B-Process
+corrected	261,270	O	I-Process
+methods	271,278	O	I-Process
+CIS(D	279,284	O	B-Process
+)	284,285	O	I-Process
+and	286,289	O	O
+CCSDR(3	290,297	O	B-Process
+)	297,298	O	I-Process
+.	298,299	O	O
+
+The	300,303	O	O
+correlated	304,314	O	B-Process
+response	315,323	O	I-Process
+methods	324,331	O	I-Process
+were	332,336	O	O
+performed	337,346	O	O
+with	347,351	O	O
+an	352,354	O	O
+all	355,358	O	O
+-	358,359	O	O
+electron	359,367	O	O
+atomic	368,374	O	B-Process
+natural	375,382	O	I-Process
+orbital	383,390	O	I-Process
+(	391,392	O	O
+ANO	392,395	O	B-Process
+)	395,396	O	O
+basis	397,402	O	O
+set	403,406	O	O
+contracted	407,417	O	O
+to	418,420	O	O
+6s5p4d3f1	421,430	O	B-Process
+g	430,431	O	I-Process
+on	432,434	O	O
+manganese	435,444	O	B-Material
+,	444,445	O	O
+[	446,447	O	O
+47	447,449	O	O
+]	449,450	O	O
+together	451,459	O	O
+with	460,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+cc	469,471	O	B-Process
+-	471,472	O	I-Process
+pVTZ	472,476	O	I-Process
+basis	477,482	O	O
+set	483,486	O	O
+on	487,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+oxygen	494,500	O	B-Material
+atoms	501,506	O	O
+.	506,507	O	O
+
+The	508,511	O	O
+all	512,515	O	B-Process
+-	515,516	O	I-Process
+electron	516,524	O	I-Process
+correlated	525,535	O	I-Process
+calculations	536,548	O	I-Process
+invoked	549,556	O	O
+a	557,558	O	O
+13	559,561	O	O
+orbital	562,569	O	O
+frozen	570,576	O	O
+core	577,581	O	O
+(	582,583	O	O
+O	583,584	O	B-Material
+1s	585,587	O	O
+,	587,588	O	O
+Mn	589,591	O	B-Material
+1s2s2p3s3p	592,602	O	O
+)	602,603	O	O
+.	603,604	O	O
+
+Trial	605,610	O	O
+calculations	611,623	O	O
+correlating	624,635	O	O
+these	636,641	O	O
+orbitals	642,650	O	O
+only	651,655	O	O
+had	656,659	O	O
+a	660,661	O	O
+minor	662,667	O	O
+effect	668,674	O	O
+on	675,677	O	O
+excitation	678,688	O	B-Task
+energies	689,697	O	I-Task
+.	697,698	O	O
+
+For	699,702	O	O
+comparison	703,713	O	O
+the	714,717	O	O
+EOM	718,721	O	B-Process
+-	721,722	O	I-Process
+CCSD	722,726	O	I-Process
+method	727,733	O	I-Process
+with	734,738	O	O
+the	739,742	O	O
+cc	743,745	O	B-Process
+-	745,746	O	I-Process
+pVTZ	746,750	O	I-Process
+basis	751,756	O	O
+on	757,759	O	O
+all	760,763	O	O
+atoms	764,769	O	O
+was	770,773	O	O
+tested	774,780	O	O
+to	781,783	O	O
+compare	784,791	O	O
+with	792,796	O	O
+LR	797,799	O	B-Process
+-	799,800	O	I-Process
+CCSD	800,804	O	I-Process
+.	804,805	O	O
+
+These	806,811	O	O
+formally	812,820	O	O
+give	821,825	O	O
+exactly	826,833	O	O
+the	834,837	O	O
+same	838,842	O	O
+excitation	843,853	O	B-Task
+energies	854,862	O	I-Task
+,	862,863	O	O
+although	864,872	O	O
+the	873,876	O	O
+transition	877,887	O	B-Task
+moments	888,895	O	I-Task
+are	896,899	O	O
+more	900,904	O	O
+accurate	905,913	O	O
+for	914,917	O	O
+LR	918,920	O	B-Process
+-	920,921	O	I-Process
+CCSD	921,925	O	I-Process
+.	925,926	O	O
+
+Abelian	927,934	O	B-Process
+symmetry	935,943	O	I-Process
+(	944,945	O	O
+D2	945,947	O	B-Process
+)	947,948	O	O
+was	949,952	O	O
+used	953,957	O	O
+in	958,960	O	O
+all	961,964	O	O
+correlated	965,975	O	O
+excited	976,983	O	B-Process
+state	984,989	O	I-Process
+calculations	990,1002	O	I-Process
+.	1002,1003	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301010414003516)
+
+Arrays	0,6	O	O
+of	7,9	O	O
+TFTs	10,14	O	B-Material
+and	15,18	O	O
+circuits	19,27	O	B-Material
+were	28,32	O	O
+fabricated	33,43	O	O
+on	44,46	O	O
+precleaned	47,57	O	O
+,	57,58	O	O
+5cm×5	59,64	O	O
+cm	64,66	O	O
+,	66,67	O	O
+125μm	68,73	O	O
+thick	74,79	O	O
+polyethylene	80,92	O	B-Material
+naphthalate	93,104	O	I-Material
+(	105,106	O	I-Material
+PEN	106,109	O	I-Material
+)	109,110	O	I-Material
+substrates	111,121	O	I-Material
+(	122,123	O	O
+Dupont	123,129	O	O
+-	129,130	O	O
+Teijin	130,136	O	O
+)	136,137	O	O
+.	137,138	O	O
+
+Full	139,143	O	O
+details	144,151	O	O
+of	152,154	O	O
+our	155,158	O	O
+vacuum	159,165	O	B-Process
+-	165,166	O	I-Process
+fabrication	166,177	O	I-Process
+procedures	178,188	O	I-Process
+have	189,193	O	O
+been	194,198	O	O
+given	199,204	O	O
+in	205,207	O	O
+previous	208,216	O	O
+publications	217,229	O	O
+[	230,231	O	O
+17–19,23	231,239	O	O
+]	239,240	O	O
+.	240,241	O	O
+
+Briefly	242,249	O	O
+,	249,250	O	O
+aluminium	251,260	O	B-Material
+gate	261,265	O	I-Material
+electrodes	266,276	O	I-Material
+and	277,280	O	O
+associated	281,291	O	O
+tracks	292,298	O	B-Material
+were	299,303	O	O
+vacuum	304,310	O	B-Process
+evaporated	311,321	O	I-Process
+onto	322,326	O	O
+the	327,330	O	O
+substrates	331,341	O	B-Material
+through	342,349	O	O
+shadow	350,356	O	B-Material
+masks	357,362	O	I-Material
+.	362,363	O	O
+
+Subsequently	364,376	O	O
+,	376,377	O	O
+the	378,381	O	O
+substrates	382,392	O	B-Material
+were	393,397	O	O
+attached	398,406	O	O
+to	407,409	O	O
+a	410,411	O	O
+cooled	412,418	O	O
+web	419,422	O	B-Material
+-	422,423	O	I-Material
+coater	423,429	O	I-Material
+drum	430,434	O	I-Material
+(	435,436	O	O
+Aerre	436,441	O	O
+Machines	442,450	O	O
+)	450,451	O	O
+.	451,452	O	O
+
+With	453,457	O	O
+the	458,461	O	O
+drum	462,466	O	B-Material
+rotating	467,475	O	O
+at	476,478	O	O
+a	479,480	O	O
+linear	481,487	O	O
+speed	488,493	O	O
+of	494,496	O	O
+25m	497,500	O	O
+/	500,501	O	O
+min	501,504	O	O
+under	505,510	O	O
+vacuum	511,517	O	O
+,	517,518	O	O
+flash	519,524	O	B-Material
+-	524,525	O	I-Material
+evaporated	525,535	O	I-Material
+TPGDA	536,541	O	I-Material
+monomer	542,549	O	I-Material
+vapour	550,556	O	I-Material
+which	557,562	O	O
+condensed	563,572	O	O
+onto	573,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
+substrates	582,592	O	B-Material
+was	593,596	O	O
+cross	597,602	O	B-Process
+-	602,603	O	I-Process
+linked	603,609	O	I-Process
+by	610,612	O	O
+exposure	613,621	O	B-Process
+,	621,622	O	O
+in	623,625	O	O
+situ	626,630	O	O
+,	630,631	O	O
+to	632,634	O	O
+a	635,636	O	O
+plasma	637,643	O	B-Material
+.	643,644	O	O
+
+The	645,648	O	O
+resulting	649,658	O	O
+smooth	659,665	O	O
+,	665,666	O	O
+pinhole	667,674	O	O
+-	674,675	O	O
+free	675,679	O	O
+films	680,685	O	B-Material
+were	686,690	O	O
+typically	691,700	O	O
+500	701,704	O	O
+nm	704,706	O	O
+to	707,709	O	O
+1μm	710,713	O	O
+thick	714,719	O	O
+with	720,724	O	O
+a	725,726	O	O
+measured	727,735	O	O
+dielectric	736,746	O	O
+constant	747,755	O	O
+varying	756,763	O	O
+in	764,766	O	O
+the	767,770	O	O
+range	771,776	O	O
+4–5	777,780	O	O
+.	780,781	O	O
+
+For	782,785	O	O
+circuit	786,793	O	B-Task
+fabrication	794,805	O	I-Task
+,	805,806	O	O
+the	807,810	O	O
+insulator	811,820	O	B-Material
+was	821,824	O	O
+patterned	825,834	O	O
+using	835,840	O	O
+shadow	841,847	O	B-Material
+masks	848,853	O	I-Material
+to	854,856	O	O
+define	857,863	O	O
+rectangular	864,875	O	O
+areas	876,881	O	O
+separated	882,891	O	O
+by	892,894	O	O
+1	895,896	O	O
+mm	896,898	O	O
+gaps	899,903	O	O
+to	904,906	O	O
+act	907,910	O	O
+as	911,913	O	O
+vias	914,918	O	O
+for	919,922	O	O
+inter	923,928	O	B-Process
+-	928,929	O	I-Process
+layer	929,934	O	I-Process
+metallic	935,943	O	I-Process
+connections	944,955	O	I-Process
+.	955,956	O	O
+
+The	957,960	O	O
+substrates	961,971	O	B-Material
+were	972,976	O	O
+then	977,981	O	O
+transferred	982,993	O	O
+into	994,998	O	O
+an	999,1001	O	O
+evaporator	1002,1012	O	B-Material
+(	1013,1014	O	O
+Minispectros	1014,1026	O	O
+,	1026,1027	O	O
+Kurt	1028,1032	O	O
+Lesker	1033,1039	O	O
+)	1039,1040	O	O
+integrated	1041,1051	O	O
+into	1052,1056	O	O
+a	1057,1058	O	O
+nitrogen	1059,1067	O	B-Material
+glovebox	1068,1076	O	I-Material
+for	1077,1080	O	O
+the	1081,1084	O	O
+vacuum	1085,1091	O	B-Process
+-	1091,1092	O	I-Process
+deposition	1092,1102	O	I-Process
+(	1103,1104	O	O
+2.4nm	1104,1109	O	O
+/	1109,1110	O	O
+min	1110,1113	O	O
+)	1113,1114	O	O
+of	1115,1117	O	O
+DNTT	1118,1122	O	O
+onto	1123,1127	O	O
+the	1128,1131	O	O
+insulator	1132,1141	O	B-Material
+.	1141,1142	O	O
+
+Without	1143,1150	O	O
+exposing	1151,1159	O	O
+the	1160,1163	O	O
+substrates	1164,1174	O	B-Material
+to	1175,1177	O	O
+ambient	1178,1185	O	B-Material
+air	1186,1189	O	I-Material
+,	1189,1190	O	O
+the	1191,1194	O	O
+gold	1195,1199	O	B-Material
+source	1200,1206	O	I-Material
+/	1206,1207	O	I-Material
+drain	1207,1212	O	I-Material
+metallisation	1213,1226	O	I-Material
+layer	1227,1232	O	I-Material
+was	1233,1236	O	O
+deposited	1237,1246	O	O
+through	1247,1254	O	O
+a	1255,1256	O	O
+shadow	1257,1263	O	B-Material
+mask	1264,1268	O	I-Material
+in	1269,1271	O	O
+the	1272,1275	O	O
+same	1276,1280	O	O
+evaporator	1281,1291	O	B-Material
+.	1291,1292	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301010415002256)
+
+For	0,3	O	O
+decades	4,11	O	O
+,	11,12	O	O
+vibronic	13,21	O	B-Process
+coupling	22,30	O	I-Process
+models	31,37	O	I-Process
+[	38,39	O	O
+1–4	39,42	O	O
+]	42,43	O	O
+have	44,48	O	O
+served	49,55	O	O
+as	56,58	O	O
+bridges	59,66	O	O
+connecting	67,77	O	O
+nuclear	78,85	O	B-Task
+dynamics	86,94	O	I-Task
+studies	95,102	O	I-Task
+with	103,107	O	O
+the	108,111	O	O
+static	112,118	O	O
+studies	119,126	O	O
+of	127,129	O	O
+electronic	130,140	O	B-Task
+structure	141,150	O	I-Task
+calculations	151,163	O	I-Task
+[	164,165	O	O
+5	165,166	O	O
+]	166,167	O	O
+.	167,168	O	O
+
+The	169,172	O	O
+vibronic	173,181	O	B-Process
+coupling	182,190	O	I-Process
+model	191,196	O	I-Process
+is	197,199	O	O
+a	200,201	O	O
+simple	202,208	O	O
+polynomial	209,219	O	B-Task
+expansion	220,229	O	I-Task
+of	230,232	O	O
+diabatic	233,241	O	B-Task
+potential	242,251	O	I-Task
+energy	252,258	O	I-Task
+surfaces	259,267	O	I-Task
+and	268,271	O	I-Task
+couplings	272,281	O	I-Task
+.	281,282	O	O
+
+The	283,286	O	O
+expansion	287,296	O	B-Process
+coefficients	297,309	O	I-Process
+are	310,313	O	O
+chosen	314,320	O	O
+so	321,323	O	O
+that	324,328	O	O
+the	329,332	O	O
+eigenvalues	333,344	O	O
+of	345,347	O	O
+the	348,351	O	O
+potential	352,361	O	O
+operator	362,370	O	O
+map	371,374	O	O
+on	375,377	O	O
+to	378,380	O	O
+the	381,384	O	O
+adiabatic	385,394	O	O
+potential	395,404	O	O
+surfaces	405,413	O	O
+.	413,414	O	O
+
+This	415,419	O	O
+diabatisation	420,433	O	B-Process
+by	434,436	O	O
+ansatz	437,443	O	O
+circumvents	444,455	O	O
+many	456,460	O	O
+of	461,463	O	O
+the	464,467	O	O
+problems	468,476	O	O
+of	477,479	O	O
+describing	480,490	O	O
+non	491,494	O	B-Task
+-	494,495	O	I-Task
+adiabatic	495,504	O	I-Task
+systems	505,512	O	I-Task
+.	512,513	O	O
+
+It	514,516	O	O
+is	517,519	O	O
+also	520,524	O	O
+the	525,528	O	O
+inspiration	529,540	O	O
+for	541,544	O	O
+a	545,546	O	O
+diabatisation	547,560	O	B-Process
+scheme	561,567	O	I-Process
+that	568,572	O	O
+is	573,575	O	O
+used	576,580	O	O
+in	581,583	O	O
+modern	584,590	O	O
+,	590,591	O	O
+direct	592,598	O	B-Process
+-	598,599	O	I-Process
+dynamic	599,606	O	I-Process
+methods	607,614	O	I-Process
+that	615,619	O	O
+include	620,627	O	O
+non	628,631	O	O
+-	631,632	O	O
+adiabatic	632,641	O	O
+effects	642,649	O	O
+[	650,651	O	O
+6	651,652	O	O
+]	652,653	O	O
+.	653,654	O	O
+
+For	655,658	O	O
+a	659,660	O	O
+model	661,666	O	B-Process
+Hamiltonian	667,678	O	I-Process
+to	679,681	O	O
+correctly	682,691	O	O
+approximate	692,703	O	O
+the	704,707	O	O
+eigenvectors	708,720	O	O
+of	721,723	O	O
+the	724,727	O	O
+true	728,732	O	B-Process
+Hamiltonian	733,744	O	I-Process
+it	745,747	O	O
+has	748,751	O	O
+to	752,754	O	O
+span	755,759	O	O
+the	760,763	O	O
+totally	764,771	O	O
+symmetric	772,781	O	O
+irreducible	782,793	O	B-Process
+representation	794,808	O	I-Process
+(	809,810	O	O
+IrRep	810,815	O	B-Process
+)	815,816	O	O
+of	817,819	O	O
+the	820,823	O	O
+point	824,829	O	O
+groups	830,836	O	O
+the	837,840	O	O
+molecule	841,849	O	O
+belongs	850,857	O	O
+to	858,860	O	O
+,	860,861	O	O
+at	862,864	O	O
+the	865,868	O	O
+appropriate	869,880	O	O
+symmetric	881,890	O	B-Process
+geometries	891,901	O	I-Process
+[	902,903	O	O
+7	903,904	O	O
+]	904,905	O	O
+.	905,906	O	O
+
+In	907,909	O	O
+recent	910,916	O	O
+times	917,922	O	O
+,	922,923	O	O
+many	924,928	O	O
+articles	929,937	O	O
+have	938,942	O	O
+demonstrated	943,955	O	O
+the	956,959	O	O
+advantages	960,970	O	O
+of	971,973	O	O
+using	974,979	O	O
+symmetry	980,988	O	O
+when	989,993	O	O
+constructing	994,1006	O	O
+analytic	1007,1015	O	B-Process
+model	1016,1021	O	I-Process
+potentials	1022,1032	O	I-Process
+[	1033,1034	O	O
+8–12	1034,1038	O	O
+]	1038,1039	O	O
+,	1039,1040	O	O
+most	1041,1045	O	O
+often	1046,1051	O	O
+in	1052,1054	O	O
+the	1055,1058	O	O
+context	1059,1066	O	O
+of	1067,1069	O	O
+permutation	1070,1081	O	B-Process
+-	1081,1082	O	I-Process
+inversion	1082,1091	O	I-Process
+groups	1092,1098	O	I-Process
+[	1099,1100	O	O
+13	1100,1102	O	O
+]	1102,1103	O	O
+.	1103,1104	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S030193221400144X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+present	7,14	O	O
+work	15,19	O	O
+,	19,20	O	O
+a	21,22	O	O
+LIF	23,26	O	B-Process
+technique	27,36	O	I-Process
+is	37,39	O	O
+applied	40,47	O	O
+for	48,51	O	O
+investigation	52,65	O	O
+of	66,68	O	O
+gas	69,72	O	B-Task
+-	72,73	O	I-Task
+sheared	73,80	O	I-Task
+film	81,85	O	I-Task
+flow	86,90	O	I-Task
+in	91,93	O	O
+horizontal	94,104	O	O
+rectangular	105,116	O	O
+duct	117,121	O	B-Material
+.	121,122	O	O
+
+The	123,126	O	O
+technique	127,136	O	O
+makes	137,142	O	O
+it	143,145	O	O
+possible	146,154	O	O
+to	155,157	O	O
+perform	158,165	O	O
+field	166,171	O	B-Process
+measurements	172,184	O	I-Process
+of	185,187	O	I-Process
+local	188,193	O	I-Process
+film	194,198	O	I-Process
+thickness	199,208	O	I-Process
+,	208,209	O	O
+resolved	210,218	O	O
+in	219,221	O	O
+both	222,226	O	O
+space	227,232	O	O
+and	233,236	O	O
+time	237,241	O	O
+,	241,242	O	O
+similar	243,250	O	O
+to	251,253	O	O
+the	254,257	O	O
+work	258,262	O	O
+of	263,265	O	O
+Alekseenko	266,276	O	O
+et	277,279	O	O
+al	280,282	O	O
+.	282,283	O	O
+
+(	284,285	O	O
+2009	285,289	O	O
+)	289,290	O	O
+.	290,291	O	O
+
+The	292,295	O	O
+flat	296,300	O	O
+shape	301,306	O	O
+and	307,310	O	O
+large	311,316	O	O
+transverse	317,327	O	O
+size	328,332	O	O
+of	333,335	O	O
+the	336,339	O	O
+duct	340,344	O	B-Material
+allow	345,350	O	O
+us	351,353	O	O
+to	354,356	O	O
+resolve	357,364	O	B-Process
+the	365,368	O	I-Process
+film	369,373	O	I-Process
+thickness	374,383	O	I-Process
+in	384,386	O	O
+transverse	387,397	O	O
+coordinate	398,408	O	O
+as	409,411	O	O
+well	412,416	O	O
+.	416,417	O	O
+
+Alekseenko	418,428	O	O
+et	429,431	O	O
+al	432,434	O	O
+.	434,435	O	O
+
+(	436,437	O	O
+2012	437,441	O	O
+)	441,442	O	O
+attempted	443,452	O	O
+to	453,455	O	O
+do	456,458	O	O
+this	459,463	O	O
+in	464,466	O	O
+annular	467,474	O	B-Process
+downward	475,483	O	I-Process
+flow	484,488	O	I-Process
+,	488,489	O	O
+but	490,493	O	O
+,	493,494	O	O
+for	495,498	O	O
+technical	499,508	O	O
+reasons	509,516	O	O
+,	516,517	O	O
+the	518,521	O	O
+sampling	522,530	O	B-Process
+frequency	531,540	O	I-Process
+was	541,544	O	O
+not	545,548	O	O
+high	549,553	O	O
+enough	554,560	O	O
+in	561,563	O	O
+their	564,569	O	O
+experiments	570,581	O	O
+.	581,582	O	O
+
+More	583,587	O	O
+recently	588,596	O	O
+Alekseenko	597,607	O	O
+et	608,610	O	O
+al	611,613	O	O
+.	613,614	O	O
+
+(	615,616	O	O
+2014a	616,621	O	O
+)	621,622	O	O
+showed	623,629	O	O
+that	630,634	O	O
+the	635,638	O	O
+LIF	639,642	O	B-Process
+technique	643,652	O	I-Process
+can	653,656	O	O
+also	657,661	O	O
+detect	662,668	O	B-Task
+entrained	669,678	O	I-Task
+droplets	679,687	O	I-Task
+.	687,688	O	O
+
+The	689,692	O	O
+technique	693,702	O	O
+allows	703,709	O	O
+the	710,713	O	O
+simultaneous	714,726	O	O
+study	727,732	O	O
+of	733,735	O	O
+three	736,741	O	B-Material
+-	741,742	O	I-Material
+dimensional	742,753	O	I-Material
+wavy	754,758	O	I-Material
+structures	759,769	O	I-Material
+and	770,773	O	O
+liquid	774,780	O	B-Task
+entrainment	781,792	O	I-Task
+,	792,793	O	O
+and	794,797	O	O
+can	798,801	O	O
+improve	802,809	O	B-Task
+understanding	810,823	O	I-Task
+of	824,826	O	I-Task
+the	827,830	O	I-Task
+entrainment	831,842	O	I-Task
+phenomenon	843,853	O	I-Task
+.	853,854	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301932214001499)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+general	3,10	O	O
+,	10,11	O	O
+liquid	12,18	O	B-Process
+film	19,23	O	I-Process
+flows	24,29	O	I-Process
+of	30,32	O	O
+practical	33,42	O	O
+relevance	43,52	O	O
+are	53,56	O	O
+turbulent	57,66	O	O
+and	67,70	O	O
+,	70,71	O	O
+hence	72,77	O	O
+,	77,78	O	O
+are	79,82	O	O
+associated	83,93	O	O
+with	94,98	O	O
+the	99,102	O	O
+presence	103,111	O	O
+of	112,114	O	O
+broadband	115,124	O	B-Material
+interfacial	125,136	O	I-Material
+waves	137,142	O	I-Material
+on	143,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+film	150,154	O	B-Material
+surface	155,162	O	I-Material
+.	162,163	O	O
+
+A	164,165	O	O
+thorough	166,174	O	O
+understanding	175,188	O	B-Task
+of	189,191	O	I-Task
+the	192,195	O	I-Task
+characteristic	196,210	O	I-Task
+profiles	211,219	O	I-Task
+,	219,220	O	I-Task
+scales	221,227	O	I-Task
+and	228,231	O	I-Task
+dynamics	232,240	O	I-Task
+of	241,243	O	I-Task
+these	244,249	O	I-Task
+interfacial	250,261	O	I-Task
+waves	262,267	O	I-Task
+is	268,270	O	O
+of	271,273	O	O
+essential	274,283	O	O
+importance	284,294	O	O
+in	295,297	O	O
+making	298,304	O	O
+accurate	305,313	O	O
+and	314,317	O	O
+reliable	318,326	O	O
+predictions	327,338	O	O
+of	339,341	O	O
+heat	342,346	O	O
+and	347,350	O	O
+mass	351,355	O	O
+transfer	356,364	O	O
+rates	365,370	O	O
+(	371,372	O	O
+Mathie	372,378	O	O
+and	379,382	O	O
+Markides	383,391	O	O
+,	391,392	O	O
+2013a	393,398	O	O
+;	398,399	O	O
+Mathie	400,406	O	O
+et	407,409	O	O
+al	410,412	O	O
+.	412,413	O	O
+,	413,414	O	O
+2013	415,419	O	O
+)	419,420	O	O
+.	420,421	O	O
+
+Previous	422,430	O	O
+efforts	431,438	O	O
+in	439,441	O	O
+downwards	442,451	O	B-Process
+annular	452,459	O	I-Process
+flow	460,464	O	I-Process
+have	465,469	O	O
+focused	470,477	O	O
+on	478,480	O	O
+the	481,484	O	O
+spatio	485,491	O	B-Process
+/	491,492	O	I-Process
+temporal	492,500	O	I-Process
+measurement	501,512	O	I-Process
+of	513,515	O	O
+liquid	516,522	O	B-Process
+film	523,527	O	I-Process
+thickness	528,537	O	I-Process
+,	537,538	O	O
+followed	539,547	O	O
+by	548,550	O	O
+in	551,553	O	O
+-	553,554	O	O
+depth	554,559	O	O
+statistical	560,571	O	B-Task
+analyses	572,580	O	I-Task
+of	581,583	O	I-Task
+this	584,588	O	I-Task
+film	589,593	O	I-Task
+thickness	594,603	O	I-Task
+(	604,605	O	O
+Webb	605,609	O	O
+and	610,613	O	O
+Hewitt	614,620	O	O
+,	620,621	O	O
+1975	622,626	O	O
+;	626,627	O	O
+Belt	628,632	O	O
+et	633,635	O	O
+al	636,638	O	O
+.	638,639	O	O
+,	639,640	O	O
+2010	641,645	O	O
+;	645,646	O	O
+Alekseenko	647,657	O	O
+et	658,660	O	O
+al	661,663	O	O
+.	663,664	O	O
+
+,	664,665	O	O
+2012	666,670	O	O
+;	670,671	O	O
+Zhao	672,676	O	O
+et	677,679	O	O
+al	680,682	O	O
+.	682,683	O	O
+,	683,684	O	O
+2013	685,689	O	O
+)	689,690	O	O
+.	690,691	O	O
+
+These	692,697	O	O
+efforts	698,705	O	O
+have	706,710	O	O
+contributed	711,722	O	O
+to	723,725	O	O
+a	726,727	O	O
+much	728,732	O	O
+improved	733,741	O	O
+understanding	742,755	O	O
+of	756,758	O	O
+the	759,762	O	O
+interfacial	763,774	O	B-Task
+topology	775,783	O	I-Task
+observed	784,792	O	O
+in	793,795	O	O
+downwards	796,805	O	B-Process
+annular	806,813	O	I-Process
+flows	814,819	O	I-Process
+and	820,823	O	O
+also	824,828	O	O
+to	829,831	O	O
+the	832,835	O	O
+subsequent	836,846	O	O
+proposal	847,855	O	O
+of	856,858	O	O
+a	859,860	O	O
+series	861,867	O	O
+of	868,870	O	O
+correlations	871,883	O	O
+for	884,887	O	O
+the	888,891	O	O
+quantification	892,906	O	B-Task
+of	907,909	O	I-Task
+the	910,913	O	I-Task
+mean	914,918	O	I-Task
+film	919,923	O	I-Task
+thickness	924,933	O	I-Task
+,	933,934	O	I-Task
+wave	935,939	O	I-Task
+amplitudes	940,950	O	I-Task
+and	951,954	O	I-Task
+liquid	955,961	O	I-Task
+entrainment	962,973	O	I-Task
+rates	974,979	O	I-Task
+into	980,984	O	O
+the	985,988	O	O
+gas	989,992	O	B-Process
+phase	993,998	O	I-Process
+(	999,1000	O	O
+Ambrosini	1000,1009	O	O
+et	1010,1012	O	O
+al	1013,1015	O	O
+.	1015,1016	O	O
+
+,	1016,1017	O	O
+1991	1018,1022	O	O
+;	1022,1023	O	O
+Karapantsios	1024,1036	O	O
+and	1037,1040	O	O
+Karabelas	1041,1050	O	O
+,	1050,1051	O	O
+1995	1052,1056	O	O
+;	1056,1057	O	O
+Azzopardi	1058,1067	O	O
+,	1067,1068	O	O
+1997	1069,1073	O	O
+)	1073,1074	O	O
+.	1074,1075	O	O
+
+On	1076,1078	O	O
+the	1079,1082	O	O
+other	1083,1088	O	O
+hand	1089,1093	O	O
+,	1093,1094	O	O
+less	1095,1099	O	O
+has	1100,1103	O	O
+been	1104,1108	O	O
+published	1109,1118	O	O
+on	1119,1121	O	O
+the	1122,1125	O	O
+velocity	1126,1134	O	B-Process
+distribution	1135,1147	O	I-Process
+and	1148,1151	O	O
+the	1152,1155	O	O
+flow	1156,1160	O	B-Process
+structure	1161,1170	O	I-Process
+within	1171,1177	O	I-Process
+the	1178,1181	O	I-Process
+liquid	1182,1188	O	I-Process
+films	1189,1194	O	I-Process
+,	1194,1195	O	O
+underneath	1196,1206	O	O
+the	1207,1210	O	O
+film	1211,1215	O	B-Material
+surface	1216,1223	O	I-Material
+.	1223,1224	O	O
+
+This	1225,1229	O	O
+can	1230,1233	O	O
+be	1234,1236	O	O
+related	1237,1244	O	O
+to	1245,1247	O	O
+the	1248,1251	O	O
+relative	1252,1260	O	O
+difficulty	1261,1271	O	O
+of	1272,1274	O	O
+these	1275,1280	O	O
+measurements	1281,1293	O	O
+caused	1294,1300	O	O
+by	1301,1303	O	O
+:	1303,1304	O	O
+(	1305,1306	O	O
+i	1306,1307	O	O
+)	1307,1308	O	O
+the	1309,1312	O	O
+extremely	1313,1322	O	O
+restricted	1323,1333	O	O
+measurement	1334,1345	O	O
+space	1346,1351	O	O
+,	1351,1352	O	O
+due	1353,1356	O	O
+to	1357,1359	O	O
+the	1360,1363	O	O
+small	1364,1369	O	O
+thickness	1370,1379	O	B-Task
+of	1380,1382	O	I-Task
+the	1383,1386	O	I-Task
+liquid	1387,1393	O	I-Task
+films	1394,1399	O	I-Task
+(	1400,1401	O	O
+in	1401,1403	O	O
+the	1404,1407	O	O
+order	1408,1413	O	O
+of	1414,1416	O	O
+and	1417,1420	O	O
+often	1421,1426	O	O
+sub	1427,1430	O	O
+-	1430,1431	O	O
+mm	1431,1433	O	O
+)	1433,1434	O	O
+,	1434,1435	O	O
+(	1436,1437	O	O
+ii	1437,1439	O	O
+)	1439,1440	O	O
+the	1441,1444	O	O
+highly	1445,1451	O	O
+disturbed	1452,1461	O	O
+and	1462,1465	O	O
+intermittent	1466,1478	O	O
+nature	1479,1485	O	O
+of	1486,1488	O	O
+the	1489,1492	O	O
+gas	1493,1496	O	B-Process
+–	1496,1497	O	I-Process
+liquid	1497,1503	O	I-Process
+interface	1504,1513	O	I-Process
+,	1513,1514	O	O
+
+(	1515,1516	O	O
+iii	1516,1519	O	O
+)	1519,1520	O	O
+the	1521,1524	O	O
+entrainment	1525,1536	O	B-Process
+of	1537,1539	O	I-Process
+gas	1540,1543	O	I-Process
+inside	1544,1550	O	O
+the	1551,1554	O	O
+liquid	1555,1561	O	B-Material
+film	1562,1566	O	I-Material
+and	1567,1570	O	O
+of	1571,1573	O	O
+liquid	1574,1580	O	B-Material
+into	1581,1585	O	O
+the	1586,1589	O	O
+gas	1590,1593	O	B-Material
+core	1594,1598	O	I-Material
+,	1598,1599	O	O
+and	1600,1603	O	O
+(	1604,1605	O	O
+iv	1605,1607	O	O
+)	1607,1608	O	O
+the	1609,1612	O	O
+relatively	1613,1623	O	O
+high	1624,1628	O	B-Task
+velocities	1629,1639	O	I-Task
+of	1640,1642	O	O
+both	1643,1647	O	O
+the	1648,1651	O	O
+gas	1652,1655	O	B-Material
+and	1656,1659	O	O
+liquid	1660,1666	O	B-Material
+phases	1667,1673	O	O
+.	1673,1674	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0301932215002037)
+
+There	0,5	O	O
+is	6,8	O	O
+also	9,13	O	O
+a	14,15	O	O
+lack	16,20	O	O
+of	21,23	O	O
+agreement	24,33	O	O
+as	34,36	O	O
+to	37,39	O	O
+what	40,44	O	O
+constitutes	45,56	O	O
+churn	57,62	O	B-Process
+flow	63,67	O	I-Process
+.	67,68	O	O
+
+It	69,71	O	O
+is	72,74	O	O
+fairly	75,81	O	O
+certainly	82,91	O	O
+a	92,93	O	O
+gas	94,97	O	B-Process
+continuous	98,108	O	I-Process
+flow	109,113	O	I-Process
+.	113,114	O	O
+
+There	115,120	O	O
+is	121,123	O	O
+growing	124,131	O	O
+agreement	132,141	O	O
+that	142,146	O	O
+there	147,152	O	O
+are	153,156	O	O
+huge	157,161	O	B-Material
+waves	162,167	O	I-Material
+present	168,175	O	O
+and	176,179	O	O
+some	180,184	O	O
+of	185,187	O	O
+the	188,191	O	O
+liquid	192,198	O	B-Material
+is	199,201	O	O
+carried	202,209	O	O
+as	210,212	O	O
+drops	213,218	O	O
+.	218,219	O	O
+
+Sekoguchi	220,229	O	O
+and	230,233	O	O
+Mori	234,238	O	O
+(	239,240	O	O
+1997	240,244	O	O
+)	244,245	O	O
+and	246,249	O	O
+Sawai	250,255	O	O
+et	256,258	O	O
+al	259,261	O	O
+.	261,262	O	O
+
+(	263,264	O	O
+2004	264,268	O	O
+)	268,269	O	O
+using	270,275	O	O
+measurements	276,288	O	O
+from	289,293	O	O
+their	294,299	O	O
+multiple	300,308	O	O
+probes	309,315	O	B-Material
+(	316,317	O	O
+92	317,319	O	O
+over	320,324	O	O
+an	325,327	O	O
+axial	328,333	O	O
+length	334,340	O	O
+of	341,343	O	O
+2.325	344,349	O	O
+m	350,351	O	O
+)	351,352	O	O
+obtained	353,361	O	O
+time	362,366	O	B-Process
+/	366,367	O	I-Process
+axial	367,372	O	I-Process
+position	373,381	O	I-Process
+/	381,382	O	I-Process
+void	382,386	O	I-Process
+fraction	387,395	O	I-Process
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+.	407,408	O	O
+
+From	409,413	O	O
+this	414,418	O	O
+they	419,423	O	O
+were	424,428	O	O
+able	429,433	O	O
+to	434,436	O	O
+identify	437,445	O	B-Process
+huge	446,450	O	I-Process
+wave	451,455	O	I-Process
+from	456,460	O	O
+amongst	461,468	O	O
+disturbance	469,480	O	B-Material
+waves	481,486	O	I-Material
+and	487,490	O	O
+slugs	491,496	O	B-Material
+.	496,497	O	O
+
+They	498,502	O	O
+classified	503,513	O	O
+individual	514,524	O	O
+structures	525,535	O	O
+as	536,538	O	O
+huge	539,543	O	B-Material
+waves	544,549	O	I-Material
+from	550,554	O	O
+their	555,560	O	O
+size	561,565	O	O
+together	566,574	O	O
+with	575,579	O	O
+the	580,583	O	O
+fact	584,588	O	O
+that	589,593	O	O
+their	594,599	O	O
+velocities	600,610	O	O
+depended	611,619	O	O
+significantly	620,633	O	O
+on	634,636	O	O
+the	637,640	O	O
+corresponding	641,654	O	O
+axial	655,660	O	O
+length	661,667	O	O
+.	667,668	O	O
+
+This	669,673	O	O
+was	674,677	O	O
+in	678,680	O	O
+contrast	681,689	O	O
+to	690,692	O	O
+disturbance	693,704	O	B-Material
+waves	705,710	O	I-Material
+where	711,716	O	O
+the	717,720	O	O
+velocity	721,729	O	B-Process
+of	730,732	O	I-Process
+individual	733,743	O	I-Process
+waves	744,749	O	I-Process
+only	750,754	O	O
+increased	755,764	O	O
+slightly	765,773	O	O
+with	774,778	O	O
+the	779,782	O	O
+axial	783,788	O	O
+extent	789,795	O	O
+of	796,798	O	O
+these	799,804	O	O
+waves	805,810	O	B-Material
+.	810,811	O	O
+
+They	812,816	O	O
+also	817,821	O	O
+found	822,827	O	O
+that	828,832	O	O
+the	833,836	O	O
+frequency	837,846	O	B-Process
+of	847,849	O	I-Process
+huge	850,854	O	I-Process
+waves	855,860	O	I-Process
+first	861,866	O	O
+increased	867,876	O	O
+and	877,880	O	O
+then	881,885	O	O
+decrease	886,894	O	O
+with	895,899	O	O
+increasing	900,910	O	O
+gas	911,914	O	B-Process
+superficial	915,926	O	I-Process
+velocity	927,935	O	I-Process
+.	935,936	O	O
+
+Similarly	937,946	O	O
+,	946,947	O	O
+their	948,953	O	O
+velocities	954,964	O	O
+were	965,969	O	O
+found	970,975	O	O
+to	976,978	O	O
+deviate	979,986	O	O
+from	987,991	O	O
+the	992,995	O	O
+line	996,1000	O	O
+for	1001,1004	O	O
+slug	1005,1009	O	B-Process
+flow	1010,1014	O	I-Process
+velocities	1015,1025	O	I-Process
+and	1026,1029	O	O
+pass	1030,1034	O	O
+through	1035,1042	O	O
+a	1043,1044	O	O
+maximum	1045,1052	O	O
+and	1053,1056	O	O
+then	1057,1061	O	O
+a	1062,1063	O	O
+minimum	1064,1071	O	O
+.	1071,1072	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0305054816300867)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+scheduling	4,14	O	B-Process
+process	15,22	O	I-Process
+we	23,25	O	O
+adopt	26,31	O	O
+matches	32,39	O	O
+a	40,41	O	O
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+programming	68,79	O	I-Process
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+.	88,89	O	O
+
+Standard	90,98	O	O
+two	99,102	O	B-Process
+-	102,103	O	I-Process
+stage	103,108	O	I-Process
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+programs	120,128	O	I-Process
+with	129,133	O	O
+linear	134,140	O	B-Process
+or	141,143	O	I-Process
+convex	144,150	O	I-Process
+functions	151,160	O	I-Process
+are	161,164	O	O
+often	165,170	O	O
+solved	171,177	O	O
+using	178,183	O	O
+the	184,187	O	O
+L	188,189	O	B-Process
+-	189,190	O	I-Process
+shaped	190,196	O	I-Process
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+[	230,231	O	O
+44,6,7	231,237	O	O
+]	237,238	O	O
+.	238,239	O	O
+
+However	240,247	O	O
+,	247,248	O	O
+our	249,252	O	O
+recourse	253,261	O	B-Process
+decision	262,270	O	I-Process
+(	271,272	O	O
+scheduled	272,281	O	B-Process
+cancellations	282,295	O	I-Process
+)	295,296	O	O
+is	297,299	O	O
+still	300,305	O	O
+anticipative	306,318	O	O
+to	319,321	O	O
+further	322,329	O	O
+uncertainty	330,341	O	O
+,	341,342	O	O
+namely	343,349	O	O
+the	350,353	O	O
+second	354,360	O	O
+shift	361,366	O	O
+surgery	367,374	O	O
+durations	375,384	O	O
+,	384,385	O	O
+unavailability	386,400	O	O
+and	401,404	O	O
+cancellations	405,418	O	O
+.	418,419	O	O
+
+As	420,422	O	O
+such	423,427	O	O
+,	427,428	O	O
+the	429,432	O	O
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+be	454,456	O	O
+viewed	457,463	O	O
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+a	467,468	O	O
+three	469,474	O	B-Process
+-	474,475	O	I-Process
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+[	496,497	O	O
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+.	501,502	O	O
+
+Solving	503,510	O	O
+the	511,514	O	O
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+further	537,544	O	O
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+the	565,568	O	O
+recourse	569,577	O	B-Process
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+.	597,598	O	O
+
+Laporte	599,606	O	O
+and	607,610	O	O
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+
+[	620,621	O	O
+26	621,623	O	O
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+L	642,643	O	I-Process
+-	643,644	O	I-Process
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+cuts	687,691	O	O
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+two	696,699	O	B-Process
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+
+Angulo	748,754	O	O
+et	755,757	O	O
+al	758,760	O	O
+.	760,761	O	O
+
+[	762,763	O	O
+1	763,764	O	O
+]	764,765	O	O
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+generate	778,786	O	B-Process
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+cuts	795,799	O	I-Process
+of	800,802	O	I-Process
+the	803,806	O	I-Process
+linear	807,813	O	I-Process
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+-	817,818	O	I-Process
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+the	830,833	O	I-Process
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+sub	842,845	O	I-Process
+-	845,846	O	I-Process
+problem	846,853	O	I-Process
+,	853,854	O	O
+which	855,860	O	O
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+the	870,873	O	O
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+(	896,897	O	O
+see	897,900	O	O
+also	901,905	O	O
+[	906,907	O	O
+15,8	907,911	O	O
+]	911,912	O	O
+)	912,913	O	O
+.	913,914	O	O
+
+We	915,917	O	O
+follow	918,924	O	O
+a	925,926	O	O
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+
+Moreover	998,1006	O	O
+,	1006,1007	O	O
+we	1008,1010	O	O
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+and	1017,1020	O	O
+exploit	1021,1028	O	O
+a	1029,1030	O	O
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+relationship	1040,1052	O	O
+between	1053,1060	O	O
+the	1061,1064	O	O
+first	1065,1070	O	B-Process
+-	1070,1071	O	I-Process
+stage	1071,1076	O	I-Process
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+and	1089,1092	O	O
+the	1093,1096	O	O
+optimal	1097,1104	O	O
+number	1105,1111	O	O
+of	1112,1114	O	O
+scheduled	1115,1124	O	O
+cancellations	1125,1138	O	O
+to	1139,1141	O	O
+speed	1142,1147	O	O
+up	1148,1150	O	O
+the	1151,1154	O	O
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+of	1167,1169	O	O
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+cuts	1178,1182	O	I-Process
+.	1182,1183	O	O
+
+We	1184,1186	O	O
+use	1187,1190	O	O
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+'s	1197,1199	O	I-Process
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+[	1211,1212	O	O
+17	1212,1214	O	O
+]	1214,1215	O	O
+to	1216,1218	O	O
+upper	1219,1224	O	B-Task
+bound	1225,1230	O	I-Task
+the	1231,1234	O	I-Task
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+a	1272,1273	O	O
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+that	1284,1288	O	O
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+Batun	1305,1310	O	O
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+al	1314,1316	O	O
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+
+[	1318,1319	O	O
+3	1319,1320	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0306437913000768)
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+Modeling	0,8	O	B-Task
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+a	36,37	O	O
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+task	50,54	O	O
+.	54,55	O	O
+
+Existing	56,64	O	O
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+are	85,88	O	O
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+capable	93,100	O	O
+of	101,103	O	O
+expressing	104,114	O	O
+the	115,118	O	O
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+,	132,133	O	O
+non	134,137	O	O
+-	137,138	O	O
+routine	138,145	O	O
+nature	146,152	O	O
+of	153,155	O	O
+human	156,161	O	B-Process
+collaboration	162,175	O	I-Process
+,	175,176	O	O
+which	177,182	O	O
+is	183,185	O	O
+influenced	186,196	O	O
+by	197,199	O	O
+the	200,203	O	O
+social	204,210	O	O
+context	211,218	O	O
+of	219,221	O	O
+involved	222,230	O	O
+collaborators	231,244	O	O
+.	244,245	O	O
+
+We	246,248	O	O
+propose	249,256	O	O
+a	257,258	O	O
+modeling	259,267	O	B-Process
+approach	268,276	O	I-Process
+which	277,282	O	O
+considers	283,292	O	O
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+processes	307,316	O	I-Process
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+the	320,323	O	O
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+a	385,386	O	I-Process
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+network	394,401	O	I-Process
+of	402,404	O	I-Process
+collaborators	405,418	O	I-Process
+.	418,419	O	O
+
+Our	420,423	O	O
+modeling	424,432	O	B-Process
+approach	433,441	O	I-Process
+,	441,442	O	O
+accompanied	443,454	O	O
+by	455,457	O	O
+a	458,459	O	O
+graphical	460,469	O	B-Process
+notation	470,478	O	I-Process
+and	479,482	O	I-Process
+formalization	483,496	O	I-Process
+,	496,497	O	O
+allows	498,504	O	O
+to	505,507	O	O
+capture	508,515	O	O
+the	516,519	O	O
+influence	520,529	O	B-Process
+of	530,532	O	I-Process
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+social	541,547	O	I-Process
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+formed	559,565	O	O
+by	566,568	O	O
+collaborators	569,582	O	O
+,	582,583	O	O
+and	584,587	O	O
+therefore	588,597	O	O
+facilitates	598,609	O	O
+such	610,614	O	O
+activities	615,625	O	O
+as	626,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
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+of	643,645	O	I-Task
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+,	669,670	O	O
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+,	682,683	O	O
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+unbiased	687,695	O	O
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+.	703,704	O	O
+
+We	705,707	O	O
+demonstrate	708,719	O	O
+the	720,723	O	O
+applicability	724,737	O	O
+and	738,741	O	O
+expressiveness	742,756	O	O
+of	757,759	O	O
+our	760,763	O	O
+approach	764,772	O	O
+and	773,776	O	O
+notation	777,785	O	O
+,	785,786	O	O
+and	787,790	O	O
+discuss	791,798	O	O
+their	799,804	O	O
+strengths	805,814	O	O
+and	815,818	O	O
+weaknesses	819,829	O	O
+.	829,830	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370157309002877)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+start	3,8	O	O
+by	9,11	O	O
+outlining	12,21	O	O
+the	22,25	O	O
+motivation	26,36	O	O
+,	36,37	O	O
+structure	38,47	O	O
+and	48,51	O	O
+content	52,59	O	O
+of	60,62	O	O
+the	63,66	O	O
+review	67,73	O	O
+.	73,74	O	O
+
+It	75,77	O	O
+has	78,81	O	O
+long	82,86	O	O
+been	87,91	O	O
+known	92,97	O	O
+that	98,102	O	O
+cardiovascular	103,117	O	B-Process
+signals	118,125	O	I-Process
+contain	126,133	O	O
+a	134,135	O	O
+number	136,142	O	O
+of	143,145	O	O
+oscillatory	146,157	O	B-Process
+components	158,168	O	I-Process
+that	169,173	O	O
+are	174,177	O	O
+not	178,181	O	O
+exactly	182,189	O	O
+periodic	190,198	O	O
+.	198,199	O	O
+
+To	200,202	O	O
+put	203,206	O	O
+it	207,209	O	O
+differently	210,221	O	O
+,	221,222	O	O
+their	223,228	O	O
+periods	229,236	O	B-Process
+(	237,238	O	O
+frequencies	238,249	O	B-Process
+)	249,250	O	O
+fluctuate	251,260	O	O
+with	261,265	O	O
+time	266,270	O	O
+.	270,271	O	O
+
+For	272,275	O	O
+example	276,283	O	O
+,	283,284	O	O
+heart	285,290	O	B-Process
+rate	291,295	O	I-Process
+variability	296,307	O	I-Process
+(	308,309	O	O
+HRV	309,312	O	B-Process
+)	312,313	O	O
+has	314,317	O	O
+in	318,320	O	O
+itself	321,327	O	O
+provided	328,336	O	O
+a	337,338	O	O
+major	339,344	O	O
+topic	345,350	O	O
+of	351,353	O	O
+discussion	354,364	O	O
+.	364,365	O	O
+
+We	366,368	O	O
+introduce	369,378	O	B-Task
+one	379,382	O	I-Task
+of	383,385	O	I-Task
+the	386,389	O	I-Task
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+to	413,415	O	I-Task
+HRV	416,419	O	I-Task
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+Section	423,430	O	O
+3	431,432	O	O
+.	432,433	O	O
+
+However	434,441	O	O
+,	441,442	O	O
+in	443,445	O	O
+order	446,451	O	O
+to	452,454	O	O
+understand	455,465	O	B-Task
+the	466,469	O	I-Task
+variability	470,481	O	I-Task
+of	482,484	O	I-Task
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+a	526,527	O	O
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+source	535,541	O	O
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+the	566,569	O	O
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+different	612,621	O	O
+physiological	622,635	O	B-Material
+components	636,646	O	I-Material
+(	647,648	O	O
+subsystems	648,658	O	B-Material
+)	658,659	O	O
+and	660,663	O	O
+it	664,666	O	O
+is	667,669	O	O
+the	670,673	O	O
+effects	674,681	O	O
+of	682,684	O	O
+their	685,690	O	O
+mutual	691,697	O	O
+interaction	698,709	O	O
+that	710,714	O	O
+combine	715,722	O	O
+to	723,725	O	O
+produce	726,733	O	O
+HRV	734,737	O	B-Task
+.	737,738	O	O
+
+This	739,743	O	O
+is	744,746	O	O
+demonstrated	747,759	O	O
+in	760,762	O	O
+Section	763,770	O	O
+4	771,772	O	O
+,	772,773	O	O
+revealed	774,782	O	O
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+results	786,793	O	O
+obtained	794,802	O	O
+using	803,808	O	O
+the	809,812	O	O
+wavelet	813,820	O	B-Process
+transform	821,830	O	I-Process
+.	830,831	O	O
+
+In	832,834	O	O
+Section	835,842	O	O
+5	843,844	O	O
+,	844,845	O	O
+we	846,848	O	O
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+terms	895,900	O	O
+of	901,903	O	O
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+.	925,926	O	O
+
+To	927,929	O	O
+set	930,933	O	O
+the	934,937	O	O
+scene	938,943	O	O
+for	944,947	O	O
+these	948,953	O	O
+later	954,959	O	O
+discussions	960,971	O	O
+,	971,972	O	O
+we	973,975	O	O
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+principles	996,1006	O	I-Task
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+2	1036,1037	O	O
+.	1037,1038	O	O
+
+For	1039,1042	O	O
+readers	1043,1050	O	O
+who	1051,1054	O	O
+are	1055,1058	O	O
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+with	1070,1074	O	O
+the	1075,1078	O	O
+physiological	1079,1092	O	O
+aspects	1093,1100	O	O
+of	1101,1103	O	O
+the	1104,1107	O	O
+research	1108,1116	O	O
+,	1116,1117	O	O
+we	1118,1120	O	O
+provide	1121,1128	O	O
+Appendices	1129,1139	O	O
+A	1140,1141	O	O
+on	1142,1144	O	O
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+system	1164,1170	O	I-Material
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+B	1175,1176	O	O
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+how	1180,1183	O	O
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+of	1197,1199	O	I-Process
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+
+Appendix	1238,1246	O	O
+C	1247,1248	O	O
+provides	1249,1257	O	O
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+of	1266,1268	O	O
+the	1269,1272	O	O
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+methods	1285,1292	O	I-Process
+used	1293,1297	O	O
+in	1298,1300	O	O
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+group	1305,1310	O	B-Task
+data	1311,1315	O	I-Task
+analyses	1316,1324	O	I-Task
+.	1324,1325	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370157312000105)
+
+By	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+early	7,12	O	O
+1970s	13,18	O	O
+,	18,19	O	O
+and	20,23	O	O
+following	24,33	O	O
+the	34,37	O	O
+‘	38,39	O	O
+golden	39,45	O	O
+age’	46,50	O	O
+of	51,53	O	O
+general	54,61	O	B-Task
+relativity	62,72	O	I-Task
+that	73,77	O	O
+took	78,82	O	O
+place	83,88	O	O
+in	89,91	O	O
+the	92,95	O	O
+1960s	96,101	O	O
+,	101,102	O	O
+there	103,108	O	O
+was	109,112	O	O
+a	113,114	O	O
+wide	115,119	O	O
+array	120,125	O	O
+of	126,128	O	O
+candidate	129,138	O	O
+theories	139,147	O	B-Task
+of	148,150	O	I-Task
+gravity	151,158	O	I-Task
+in	159,161	O	O
+existence	162,171	O	O
+that	172,176	O	O
+could	177,182	O	O
+rival	183,188	O	O
+Einstein	189,197	O	O
+’s	197,199	O	O
+.	199,200	O	O
+
+A	201,202	O	O
+formalism	203,212	O	O
+was	213,216	O	O
+needed	217,223	O	O
+to	224,226	O	O
+deal	227,231	O	O
+with	232,236	O	O
+this	237,241	O	O
+great	242,247	O	O
+abundance	248,257	O	O
+of	258,260	O	O
+possibilities	261,274	O	O
+,	274,275	O	O
+and	276,279	O	O
+this	280,284	O	O
+was	285,288	O	O
+provided	289,297	O	O
+in	298,300	O	O
+the	301,304	O	O
+form	305,309	O	O
+of	310,312	O	O
+the	313,316	O	O
+Parameterised	317,330	O	B-Process
+Post	331,335	O	I-Process
+-	335,336	O	I-Process
+Newtonian	336,345	O	I-Process
+(	346,347	O	O
+PPN	347,350	O	B-Process
+)	350,351	O	O
+formalism	352,361	O	O
+by	362,364	O	O
+Kenneth	365,372	O	O
+Nordtvedt	373,382	O	O
+,	382,383	O	O
+Kip	384,387	O	O
+Thorne	388,394	O	O
+and	395,398	O	O
+Clifford	399,407	O	O
+Will	408,412	O	O
+.	412,413	O	O
+
+The	414,417	O	O
+PPN	418,421	O	B-Process
+formalism	422,431	O	I-Process
+was	432,435	O	O
+built	436,441	O	O
+on	442,444	O	O
+the	445,448	O	O
+earlier	449,456	O	O
+work	457,461	O	O
+of	462,464	O	O
+Eddington	465,474	O	O
+and	475,478	O	O
+Dicke	479,484	O	O
+,	484,485	O	O
+and	486,489	O	O
+allowed	490,497	O	O
+for	498,501	O	O
+the	502,505	O	O
+numerous	506,514	O	O
+theories	515,523	O	O
+available	524,533	O	O
+at	534,536	O	O
+the	537,540	O	O
+time	541,545	O	O
+to	546,548	O	O
+be	549,551	O	O
+compared	552,560	O	O
+to	561,563	O	O
+cutting	564,571	O	B-Task
+edge	572,576	O	I-Task
+astrophysical	577,590	O	I-Task
+observations	591,603	O	I-Task
+such	604,608	O	O
+as	609,611	O	O
+lunar	612,617	O	B-Task
+laser	618,623	O	I-Task
+ranging	624,631	O	I-Task
+,	631,632	O	O
+radio	633,638	O	B-Task
+echo	639,643	O	I-Task
+,	643,644	O	O
+and	645,648	O	O
+,	648,649	O	O
+in	650,652	O	O
+1974	653,657	O	O
+,	657,658	O	O
+the	659,662	O	O
+Hulse	663,668	O	B-Task
+–	668,669	O	I-Task
+Taylor	669,675	O	I-Task
+binary	676,682	O	I-Task
+pulsar	683,689	O	I-Task
+.	689,690	O	O
+
+The	691,694	O	O
+PPN	695,698	O	B-Process
+formalism	699,708	O	I-Process
+provided	709,717	O	O
+a	718,719	O	O
+clear	720,725	O	O
+structure	726,735	O	O
+within	736,742	O	O
+which	743,748	O	O
+one	749,752	O	O
+could	753,758	O	O
+compare	759,766	O	B-Process
+and	767,770	O	I-Process
+assess	771,777	O	I-Process
+various	778,785	O	O
+theories	786,794	O	O
+,	794,795	O	O
+and	796,799	O	O
+has	800,803	O	O
+been	804,808	O	O
+the	809,812	O	O
+benchmark	813,822	O	B-Process
+for	823,826	O	I-Process
+how	827,830	O	I-Process
+theories	831,839	O	I-Process
+of	840,842	O	I-Process
+gravity	843,850	O	I-Process
+should	851,857	O	I-Process
+be	858,860	O	I-Process
+evaluated	861,870	O	I-Process
+ever	871,875	O	O
+since	876,881	O	O
+.	881,882	O	O
+
+We	883,885	O	O
+will	886,890	O	O
+give	891,895	O	O
+an	896,898	O	O
+outline	899,906	O	O
+of	907,909	O	O
+the	910,913	O	O
+PPN	914,917	O	B-Process
+formalism	918,927	O	I-Process
+,	927,928	O	O
+and	929,932	O	O
+the	933,936	O	O
+constraints	937,948	O	O
+available	949,958	O	O
+within	959,965	O	O
+it	966,968	O	O
+today	969,974	O	O
+,	974,975	O	O
+in	976,978	O	O
+Section	979,986	O	O
+2	987,988	O	O
+.	988,989	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370157314001318)
+
+Despite	0,7	O	O
+the	8,11	O	O
+ubiquity	12,20	O	O
+of	21,23	O	O
+time	24,28	O	B-Task
+-	28,29	O	I-Task
+dependent	29,38	O	I-Task
+dynamical	39,48	O	I-Task
+systems	49,56	O	I-Task
+in	57,59	O	O
+nature	60,66	O	O
+,	66,67	O	O
+there	68,73	O	O
+has	74,77	O	O
+been	78,82	O	O
+relatively	83,93	O	O
+little	94,100	O	O
+work	101,105	O	O
+done	106,110	O	O
+on	111,113	O	O
+the	114,117	O	O
+analysis	118,126	O	B-Task
+of	127,129	O	I-Task
+time	130,134	O	I-Task
+series	135,141	O	I-Task
+from	142,146	O	O
+such	147,151	O	O
+systems	152,159	O	O
+.	159,160	O	O
+
+Mathematically	161,175	O	O
+they	176,180	O	O
+are	181,184	O	O
+known	185,190	O	O
+as	191,193	O	O
+non	194,197	O	B-Task
+-	197,198	O	I-Task
+autonomous	198,208	O	I-Task
+systems	209,216	O	I-Task
+,	216,217	O	O
+which	218,223	O	O
+are	224,227	O	O
+named	228,233	O	O
+as	234,236	O	O
+such	237,241	O	O
+because	242,249	O	O
+,	249,250	O	O
+unlike	251,257	O	O
+autonomous	258,268	O	B-Task
+systems	269,276	O	I-Task
+,	276,277	O	O
+in	278,280	O	O
+addition	281,289	O	O
+to	290,292	O	O
+the	293,296	O	O
+points	297,303	O	O
+in	304,306	O	O
+space	307,312	O	O
+over	313,317	O	O
+which	318,323	O	O
+they	324,328	O	O
+are	329,332	O	O
+observed	333,341	O	O
+they	342,346	O	O
+are	347,350	O	O
+also	351,355	O	O
+influenced	356,366	O	O
+by	367,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+points	374,380	O	O
+in	381,383	O	O
+time	384,388	O	O
+.	388,389	O	O
+
+Recently	390,398	O	O
+there	399,404	O	O
+has	405,408	O	O
+been	409,413	O	O
+much	414,418	O	O
+work	419,423	O	O
+on	424,426	O	O
+the	427,430	O	O
+direct	431,437	O	O
+‘	438,439	O	B-Process
+bottom	439,445	O	I-Process
+-	445,446	O	I-Process
+up’	446,449	O	I-Process
+approach	450,458	O	I-Process
+to	459,461	O	O
+these	462,467	O	O
+systems	468,475	O	O
+,	475,476	O	O
+which	477,482	O	O
+includes	483,491	O	O
+the	492,495	O	O
+introduction	496,508	O	O
+of	509,511	O	O
+a	512,513	O	O
+subclass	514,522	O	O
+known	523,528	O	O
+as	529,531	O	O
+chronotaxic	532,543	O	B-Task
+systems	544,551	O	I-Task
+that	552,556	O	O
+are	557,560	O	O
+able	561,565	O	O
+to	566,568	O	O
+model	569,574	O	B-Process
+the	575,578	O	I-Process
+stable	579,585	O	I-Process
+but	586,589	O	I-Process
+time	590,594	O	I-Process
+-	594,595	O	I-Process
+varying	595,602	O	I-Process
+frequencies	603,614	O	I-Process
+of	615,617	O	O
+oscillations	618,630	O	O
+in	631,633	O	O
+living	634,640	O	B-Task
+systems	641,648	O	I-Task
+[	650,651	O	O
+8,9	651,654	O	O
+]	654,655	O	O
+.	655,656	O	O
+
+In	657,659	O	O
+contrast	660,668	O	O
+,	668,669	O	O
+the	670,673	O	O
+time	674,678	O	B-Process
+series	679,685	O	I-Process
+analysis	686,694	O	I-Process
+of	695,697	O	O
+these	698,703	O	O
+systems	704,711	O	O
+,	711,712	O	O
+referred	713,721	O	O
+to	722,724	O	O
+as	725,727	O	O
+the	728,731	O	O
+inverse	732,739	O	B-Process
+or	740,742	O	O
+‘	743,744	O	B-Process
+top	744,747	O	I-Process
+-	747,748	O	I-Process
+down’	748,753	O	I-Process
+approach	754,762	O	O
+,	762,763	O	O
+has	764,767	O	O
+not	768,771	O	O
+been	772,776	O	O
+studied	777,784	O	O
+in	785,787	O	O
+detail	788,794	O	O
+before	795,801	O	O
+.	801,802	O	O
+
+This	803,807	O	O
+is	808,810	O	O
+partly	811,817	O	O
+because	818,825	O	O
+non	826,829	O	B-Task
+-	829,830	O	I-Task
+autonomous	830,840	O	I-Task
+systems	841,848	O	I-Task
+can	849,852	O	O
+still	853,858	O	O
+be	859,861	O	O
+analysed	862,870	O	O
+in	871,873	O	O
+the	874,877	O	O
+same	878,882	O	O
+way	883,886	O	O
+as	887,889	O	O
+other	890,895	O	O
+types	896,901	O	O
+of	902,904	O	O
+systems	905,912	O	O
+in	913,915	O	O
+both	916,920	O	O
+the	921,924	O	O
+deterministic	925,938	O	B-Process
+[	940,941	O	O
+10	941,943	O	O
+]	943,944	O	O
+and	945,948	O	O
+the	949,952	O	O
+stochastic	953,963	O	B-Process
+[	965,966	O	O
+11	966,968	O	O
+]	968,969	O	O
+regime	970,976	O	O
+.	976,977	O	O
+
+However	978,985	O	O
+,	985,986	O	O
+it	987,989	O	O
+is	990,992	O	O
+now	993,996	O	O
+argued	997,1003	O	O
+that	1004,1008	O	O
+this	1009,1013	O	O
+type	1014,1018	O	O
+of	1019,1021	O	O
+analysis	1022,1030	O	O
+is	1031,1033	O	O
+insufficient	1034,1046	O	O
+and	1047,1050	O	O
+that	1051,1055	O	O
+an	1056,1058	O	O
+entirely	1059,1067	O	O
+new	1068,1071	O	O
+analytical	1072,1082	O	B-Task
+framework	1083,1092	O	I-Task
+is	1093,1095	O	O
+required	1096,1104	O	O
+to	1105,1107	O	O
+provide	1108,1115	O	O
+a	1116,1117	O	O
+more	1118,1122	O	O
+useful	1123,1129	O	O
+picture	1130,1137	O	O
+of	1138,1140	O	O
+such	1141,1145	O	O
+systems	1146,1153	O	O
+.	1153,1154	O	O
+
+In	1155,1157	O	O
+the	1158,1161	O	O
+case	1162,1166	O	O
+of	1167,1169	O	O
+chronotaxic	1170,1181	O	B-Task
+systems	1182,1189	O	I-Task
+some	1190,1194	O	O
+methods	1195,1202	O	O
+have	1203,1207	O	O
+already	1208,1215	O	O
+been	1216,1220	O	O
+developed	1221,1230	O	O
+for	1231,1234	O	O
+the	1235,1238	O	O
+inverse	1239,1246	O	B-Process
+approach	1247,1255	O	I-Process
+and	1256,1259	O	O
+they	1260,1264	O	O
+have	1265,1269	O	O
+shown	1270,1275	O	O
+to	1276,1278	O	O
+be	1279,1281	O	O
+useful	1282,1288	O	O
+in	1289,1291	O	O
+analysing	1292,1301	O	O
+heart	1302,1307	O	B-Task
+rate	1308,1312	O	I-Task
+variability	1313,1324	O	I-Task
+[	1326,1327	O	O
+12	1327,1329	O	O
+]	1329,1330	O	O
+.	1330,1331	O	O
+
+A	1332,1333	O	O
+general	1334,1341	O	O
+and	1342,1345	O	O
+dedicated	1346,1355	O	O
+procedure	1356,1365	O	O
+for	1366,1369	O	O
+analysing	1370,1379	O	O
+non	1380,1383	O	B-Task
+-	1383,1384	O	I-Task
+autonomous	1384,1394	O	I-Task
+systems	1395,1402	O	I-Task
+has	1403,1406	O	O
+still	1407,1412	O	O
+not	1413,1416	O	O
+been	1417,1421	O	O
+tackled	1422,1429	O	O
+though	1430,1436	O	O
+.	1436,1437	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006070)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+purpose	4,11	O	O
+of	12,14	O	O
+this	15,19	O	O
+Letter	20,26	O	O
+is	27,29	O	O
+to	30,32	O	O
+answer	33,39	O	O
+the	40,43	O	O
+above	44,49	O	O
+question	50,58	O	O
+and	59,62	O	O
+to	63,65	O	O
+confront	66,74	O	B-Task
+those	75,80	O	I-Task
+six	81,84	O	I-Task
+-	84,85	O	I-Task
+zero	85,89	O	I-Task
+textures	90,98	O	I-Task
+of	99,101	O	I-Task
+lepton	102,108	O	I-Task
+mass	109,113	O	I-Task
+matrices	114,122	O	I-Task
+with	123,127	O	O
+the	128,131	O	O
+latest	132,138	O	O
+experimental	139,151	O	B-Material
+data	152,156	O	I-Material
+.	156,157	O	O
+
+First	158,163	O	O
+,	163,164	O	O
+we	165,167	O	O
+shall	168,173	O	O
+present	174,181	O	O
+a	182,183	O	O
+concise	184,191	O	O
+analysis	192,200	O	O
+of	201,203	O	O
+the	204,207	O	O
+lepton	208,214	O	B-Material
+mass	215,219	O	I-Material
+matrices	220,228	O	I-Material
+in	229,231	O	O
+Table	232,237	O	O
+1	238,239	O	O
+and	240,243	O	O
+reveal	244,250	O	B-Task
+their	251,256	O	I-Task
+isomeric	257,265	O	I-Task
+features	266,274	O	I-Task
+,	274,275	O	O
+namely	276,282	O	O
+,	282,283	O	O
+they	284,288	O	O
+have	289,293	O	O
+the	294,297	O	O
+same	298,302	O	O
+phenomenological	303,319	O	O
+consequences	320,332	O	O
+,	332,333	O	O
+although	334,342	O	O
+their	343,348	O	O
+structures	349,359	O	O
+are	360,363	O	O
+apparently	364,374	O	O
+different	375,384	O	O
+.	384,385	O	O
+
+Second	386,392	O	O
+,	392,393	O	O
+we	394,396	O	O
+shall	397,402	O	O
+examine	403,410	O	B-Task
+the	411,414	O	I-Task
+predictions	415,426	O	I-Task
+of	427,429	O	I-Task
+these	430,435	O	I-Task
+lepton	436,442	O	I-Task
+mass	443,447	O	I-Task
+matrices	448,456	O	I-Task
+by	457,459	O	O
+comparing	460,469	O	O
+them	470,474	O	O
+with	475,479	O	O
+the	480,483	O	O
+2σ	484,486	O	O
+and	487,490	O	O
+3σ	491,493	O	O
+intervals	494,503	O	O
+of	504,506	O	O
+two	507,510	O	O
+neutrino	511,519	O	B-Process
+mass	520,524	O	I-Process
+-	524,525	O	I-Process
+squared	525,532	O	I-Process
+differences	533,544	O	I-Process
+and	545,548	O	O
+three	549,554	O	O
+lepton	555,561	O	O
+flavor	562,568	O	O
+mixing	569,575	O	O
+
+angles,22To	576,587	O	O
+be	588,590	O	O
+specific	591,599	O	O
+,	599,600	O	O
+we	601,603	O	O
+make	604,608	O	O
+use	609,612	O	O
+of	613,615	O	O
+the	616,619	O	O
+2σ	620,622	O	O
+and	623,626	O	O
+3σ	627,629	O	O
+intervals	630,639	O	O
+of	640,642	O	O
+two	643,646	O	O
+neutrino	647,655	O	B-Process
+mass	656,660	O	I-Process
+-	660,661	O	I-Process
+squared	661,668	O	I-Process
+differences	669,680	O	I-Process
+and	681,684	O	O
+three	685,690	O	O
+lepton	691,697	O	B-Process
+flavor	698,704	O	I-Process
+mixing	705,711	O	I-Process
+angles	712,718	O	I-Process
+given	719,724	O	O
+by	725,727	O	O
+M.	728,730	O	O
+Maltoni	731,738	O	O
+et	739,741	O	O
+al	742,744	O	O
+.	744,745	O	O
+
+in	746,748	O	O
+Ref	749,752	O	O
+.	752,753	O	O
+
+[	754,755	O	O
+5	755,756	O	O
+]	756,757	O	O
+.	757,758	O	O
+
+which	759,764	O	O
+are	765,768	O	O
+obtained	769,777	O	O
+from	778,782	O	O
+a	783,784	O	O
+global	785,791	O	B-Task
+analysis	792,800	O	I-Task
+of	801,803	O	O
+the	804,807	O	O
+latest	808,814	O	O
+solar	815,820	O	B-Material
+,	820,821	O	I-Material
+atmospheric	822,833	O	I-Material
+,	833,834	O	I-Material
+reactor	835,842	O	I-Material
+(	843,844	O	I-Material
+KamLAND	844,851	O	I-Material
+and	852,855	O	I-Material
+CHOOZ	856,861	O	I-Material
+[	862,863	O	I-Material
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+)	866,867	O	I-Material
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+(	884,885	O	I-Material
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+K	887,888	O	I-Material
+)	888,889	O	I-Material
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+.	903,904	O	O
+
+We	905,907	O	O
+find	908,912	O	O
+no	913,915	O	O
+parameter	916,925	O	O
+space	926,931	O	O
+allowed	932,939	O	O
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+the	981,984	O	O
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+.	993,994	O	O
+
+At	995,997	O	O
+the	998,1001	O	O
+3σ	1002,1004	O	O
+level	1005,1010	O	O
+,	1010,1011	O	O
+however	1012,1019	O	O
+,	1019,1020	O	O
+their	1021,1026	O	O
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+lepton	1059,1065	O	B-Process
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+angles	1080,1086	O	I-Process
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+be	1091,1093	O	O
+compatible	1094,1104	O	O
+with	1105,1109	O	O
+current	1110,1117	O	B-Material
+data	1118,1122	O	I-Material
+.	1122,1123	O	O
+
+Third	1124,1129	O	O
+,	1129,1130	O	O
+we	1131,1133	O	O
+incorporate	1134,1145	O	O
+the	1146,1149	O	O
+seesaw	1150,1156	O	B-Process
+mechanism	1157,1166	O	I-Process
+and	1167,1170	O	O
+the	1171,1174	O	O
+Fukugita	1175,1183	O	O
+–	1183,1184	O	O
+
+Tanimoto	1184,1192	O	O
+–	1192,1193	O	O
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+[	1213,1214	O	O
+9	1214,1215	O	O
+]	1215,1216	O	O
+in	1217,1219	O	O
+the	1220,1223	O	O
+charged	1224,1231	O	B-Material
+lepton	1232,1238	O	I-Material
+and	1239,1242	O	O
+Dirac	1243,1248	O	B-Material
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+six	1277,1280	O	O
+texture	1281,1288	O	O
+zeros	1289,1294	O	O
+.	1294,1295	O	O
+
+It	1296,1298	O	O
+turns	1299,1304	O	O
+out	1305,1308	O	O
+that	1309,1313	O	O
+their	1314,1319	O	O
+predictions	1320,1331	O	O
+,	1331,1332	O	O
+including	1333,1342	O	O
+θ23≈45	1343,1349	O	O
+°	1349,1350	O	O
+,	1350,1351	O	O
+are	1352,1355	O	O
+in	1356,1358	O	O
+good	1359,1363	O	O
+agreement	1364,1373	O	O
+with	1374,1378	O	O
+the	1379,1382	O	O
+present	1383,1390	O	O
+experimental	1391,1403	O	B-Material
+data	1404,1408	O	I-Material
+even	1409,1413	O	O
+at	1414,1416	O	O
+the	1417,1420	O	O
+2σ	1421,1423	O	O
+level	1424,1429	O	O
+.	1429,1430	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006082)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+aim	4,7	O	O
+of	8,10	O	O
+this	11,15	O	O
+note	16,20	O	O
+is	21,23	O	O
+nothing	24,31	O	O
+more	32,36	O	O
+than	37,41	O	O
+to	42,44	O	O
+bring	45,50	O	B-Task
+both	51,55	O	I-Task
+approaches	56,66	O	I-Task
+on	67,69	O	I-Task
+equal	70,75	O	I-Task
+footing	76,83	O	I-Task
+and	84,87	O	O
+to	88,90	O	O
+relax	91,96	O	B-Task
+the	97,100	O	I-Task
+assumptions	101,112	O	I-Task
+under	113,118	O	O
+which	119,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	O
+results	129,136	O	O
+of	137,139	O	O
+[	140,141	O	O
+11,13	141,146	O	O
+]	146,147	O	O
+have	148,152	O	O
+been	153,157	O	O
+derived	158,165	O	O
+using	166,171	O	O
+the	172,175	O	O
+first	176,181	O	O
+approach	182,190	O	O
+.	190,191	O	O
+
+More	192,196	O	O
+concretely	197,207	O	O
+,	207,208	O	O
+we	209,211	O	O
+generalize	212,222	O	B-Process
+the	223,226	O	I-Process
+one	227,230	O	I-Process
+-	230,231	O	I-Process
+loop	231,235	O	I-Process
+partition	236,245	O	I-Process
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+,	255,256	O	I-Process
+as	257,259	O	O
+derived	260,267	O	O
+in	268,270	O	O
+[	271,272	O	O
+11,13	272,277	O	O
+]	277,278	O	O
+for	279,282	O	O
+levels	283,289	O	O
+being	290,295	O	O
+odd	296,299	O	O
+,	299,300	O	O
+to	301,303	O	O
+the	304,307	O	O
+case	308,312	O	O
+of	313,315	O	O
+even	316,320	O	O
+levels	321,327	O	O
+.	327,328	O	O
+
+Moreover	329,337	O	O
+,	337,338	O	O
+on	339,341	O	O
+the	342,345	O	O
+level	346,351	O	O
+of	352,354	O	O
+partition	355,364	O	O
+functions	365,374	O	O
+we	375,377	O	O
+implement	378,387	O	O
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+dressings	399,408	O	I-Process
+of	409,411	O	I-Process
+the	412,415	O	I-Process
+world	416,421	O	I-Process
+-	421,422	O	I-Process
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+and	444,447	O	O
+identify	448,456	O	O
+them	457,461	O	O
+with	462,466	O	O
+the	467,470	O	O
+dressings	471,480	O	B-Process
+introduced	481,491	O	O
+in	492,494	O	O
+[	495,496	O	O
+12	496,498	O	O
+]	498,499	O	O
+in	500,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+crosscap	507,515	O	B-Process
+state	516,521	O	I-Process
+approach	522,530	O	I-Process
+.	530,531	O	O
+
+As	532,534	O	O
+expected	535,543	O	O
+,	543,544	O	O
+all	545,548	O	O
+the	549,552	O	O
+physical	553,561	O	O
+information	562,573	O	O
+can	574,577	O	O
+be	578,580	O	O
+read	581,585	O	O
+off	586,589	O	O
+entirely	590,598	O	O
+from	599,603	O	O
+the	604,607	O	O
+various	608,615	O	O
+amplitudes	616,626	O	O
+.	626,627	O	O
+
+We	628,630	O	O
+will	631,635	O	O
+end	636,639	O	O
+up	640,642	O	O
+with	643,647	O	O
+a	648,649	O	O
+collection	650,660	O	O
+of	661,663	O	O
+very	664,668	O	O
+explicit	669,677	O	O
+and	678,681	O	O
+general	682,689	O	O
+one	690,693	O	B-Process
+-	693,694	O	I-Process
+loop	694,698	O	I-Process
+partition	699,708	O	I-Process
+functions	709,718	O	I-Process
+and	719,722	O	O
+tadpole	723,730	O	B-Process
+cancellation	731,743	O	I-Process
+conditions	744,754	O	I-Process
+covering	755,763	O	O
+simple	764,770	O	O
+current	771,778	O	B-Process
+extensions	779,789	O	I-Process
+of	790,792	O	I-Process
+all	793,796	O	I-Process
+168	797,800	O	I-Process
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+models	808,814	O	I-Process
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+additional	820,830	O	O
+dressings	831,840	O	B-Process
+of	841,843	O	O
+the	844,847	O	O
+parity	848,854	O	B-Process
+symmetry	855,863	O	I-Process
+.	863,864	O	O
+
+In	865,867	O	O
+fact	868,872	O	O
+providing	873,882	O	O
+a	883,884	O	O
+compact	885,892	O	O
+collection	893,903	O	O
+of	904,906	O	O
+the	907,910	O	O
+main	911,915	O	O
+relevant	916,924	O	O
+formulas	925,933	O	O
+for	934,937	O	O
+constructing	938,950	O	B-Task
+supersymmetric	951,965	O	I-Task
+Gepner	966,972	O	I-Task
+model	973,978	O	I-Task
+orientifolds	979,991	O	I-Task
+was	992,995	O	O
+one	996,999	O	O
+of	1000,1002	O	O
+the	1003,1006	O	O
+motivations	1007,1018	O	O
+for	1019,1022	O	O
+writing	1023,1030	O	O
+this	1031,1035	O	O
+Letter	1036,1042	O	O
+.	1042,1043	O	O
+
+We	1044,1046	O	O
+hope	1047,1051	O	O
+that	1052,1056	O	O
+these	1057,1062	O	O
+expressions	1063,1074	O	O
+turn	1075,1079	O	O
+out	1080,1083	O	O
+to	1084,1086	O	O
+be	1087,1089	O	O
+useful	1090,1096	O	O
+for	1097,1100	O	O
+a	1101,1102	O	O
+systematic	1103,1113	O	B-Task
+search	1114,1120	O	I-Task
+for	1121,1124	O	I-Task
+Standard	1125,1133	O	I-Task
+-	1133,1134	O	I-Task
+like	1134,1138	O	I-Task
+models	1139,1145	O	I-Task
+respectively	1146,1158	O	O
+for	1159,1162	O	O
+providing	1163,1172	O	B-Task
+a	1173,1174	O	I-Task
+statistical	1175,1186	O	I-Task
+ensemble	1187,1195	O	I-Task
+in	1196,1198	O	I-Task
+the	1199,1202	O	I-Task
+spirit	1203,1209	O	I-Task
+of	1210,1212	O	I-Task
+[	1213,1214	O	I-Task
+29	1214,1216	O	I-Task
+]	1216,1217	O	I-Task
+.	1217,1218	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006161)
+
+Absorption	0,10	O	B-Task
+events	11,17	O	I-Task
+through	18,25	O	I-Task
+the	26,29	O	I-Task
+charged	30,37	O	I-Task
+current	38,45	O	I-Task
+reactions	46,55	O	I-Task
+(	56,57	O	O
+2)νe+40Ar→e−+40K∗andν̄e+40Ar→e++40Cl∗.	57,95	O	O
+There	96,101	O	O
+is	102,104	O	O
+some	105,109	O	O
+uncertainty	110,121	O	O
+in	122,124	O	O
+predicting	125,135	O	B-Task
+e−(e+	136,141	O	I-Task
+)	141,142	O	I-Task
+event	143,148	O	I-Task
+rates	149,154	O	I-Task
+for	155,158	O	O
+these	159,164	O	O
+processes	165,174	O	O
+which	175,180	O	O
+arise	181,186	O	O
+due	187,190	O	O
+to	191,193	O	O
+the	194,197	O	O
+nuclear	198,205	O	B-Process
+model	206,211	O	I-Process
+dependencies	212,224	O	I-Process
+of	225,227	O	O
+the	228,231	O	O
+absorption	232,242	O	O
+cross	243,248	O	O
+section	249,256	O	O
+and	257,260	O	O
+the	261,264	O	O
+treatment	265,274	O	B-Process
+of	275,277	O	I-Process
+the	278,281	O	I-Process
+Coulomb	282,289	O	I-Process
+distortion	290,300	O	I-Process
+of	301,303	O	O
+electron	304,312	O	B-Material
+(	313,314	O	O
+positron	314,322	O	B-Material
+)	322,323	O	O
+in	324,326	O	O
+the	327,330	O	O
+field	331,336	O	O
+of	337,339	O	O
+the	340,343	O	O
+residual	344,352	O	B-Task
+nucleus	353,360	O	I-Task
+.	360,361	O	O
+
+The	362,365	O	O
+nuclear	366,373	O	B-Task
+absorption	374,384	O	I-Task
+cross	385,390	O	I-Task
+section	391,398	O	I-Task
+for	399,402	O	I-Task
+the	403,406	O	I-Task
+charged	407,414	O	I-Task
+current	415,422	O	I-Task
+neutrino	423,431	O	I-Task
+reactions	432,441	O	I-Task
+in	442,444	O	O
+40Ar	445,449	O	O
+relevant	450,458	O	O
+to	459,461	O	O
+supernova	462,471	O	B-Material
+neutrino	472,480	O	I-Material
+energies	481,489	O	I-Material
+was	490,493	O	O
+first	494,499	O	O
+calculated	500,510	O	O
+by	511,513	O	O
+Raghavan	514,522	O	O
+[	523,524	O	O
+10	524,526	O	O
+]	526,527	O	O
+and	528,531	O	O
+Bahcall	532,539	O	O
+et	540,542	O	O
+al	543,545	O	O
+.	545,546	O	O
+
+[	547,548	O	O
+11	548,550	O	O
+]	550,551	O	O
+for	552,555	O	O
+Fermi	556,561	O	O
+transitions	562,573	O	O
+leading	574,581	O	O
+to	582,584	O	O
+isobaric	585,593	O	B-Process
+analogue	594,602	O	I-Process
+state	603,608	O	I-Process
+(	609,610	O	O
+IAS	610,613	O	B-Process
+)	613,614	O	O
+at	615,617	O	O
+4.38	618,622	O	B-Process
+MeV	623,626	O	I-Process
+in	627,629	O	I-Process
+40K∗.	630,635	O	I-Process
+Later	636,641	O	O
+Ormand	642,648	O	O
+et	649,651	O	O
+al	652,654	O	O
+.	654,655	O	O
+
+[	656,657	O	O
+12	657,659	O	O
+]	659,660	O	O
+used	661,665	O	O
+a	666,667	O	O
+shell	668,673	O	B-Process
+model	674,679	O	I-Process
+to	680,682	O	O
+calculate	683,692	O	O
+the	693,696	O	B-Task
+Fermi	697,702	O	I-Task
+and	703,706	O	I-Task
+Gamow	707,712	O	I-Task
+–	712,713	O	I-Task
+Teller	713,719	O	I-Task
+transitions	720,731	O	I-Task
+.	731,732	O	O
+
+In	733,735	O	O
+these	736,741	O	O
+calculations	742,754	O	O
+Fermi	755,760	O	O
+function	761,769	O	O
+F(Z	770,773	O	O
+,	773,774	O	O
+Ee	774,776	O	O
+)	776,777	O	O
+was	778,781	O	O
+used	782,786	O	O
+to	787,789	O	O
+take	790,794	O	O
+into	795,799	O	O
+account	800,807	O	O
+the	808,811	O	O
+Coulomb	812,819	O	B-Process
+effects	820,827	O	I-Process
+.	827,828	O	O
+
+In	829,831	O	O
+a	832,833	O	O
+recent	834,840	O	O
+paper	841,846	O	O
+Bueno	847,852	O	O
+et	853,855	O	O
+al	856,858	O	O
+.	858,859	O	O
+
+[	860,861	O	O
+13	861,863	O	O
+]	863,864	O	O
+make	865,869	O	O
+use	870,873	O	O
+of	874,876	O	O
+a	877,878	O	O
+calculation	879,890	O	B-Process
+by	891,893	O	I-Process
+Martinez	894,902	O	I-Process
+-	902,903	O	I-Process
+Pinedo	903,909	O	I-Process
+et	910,912	O	I-Process
+al	913,915	O	I-Process
+.	915,916	O	I-Process
+
+[	917,918	O	O
+14	918,920	O	O
+]	920,921	O	O
+who	922,925	O	O
+use	926,929	O	O
+a	930,931	O	O
+shell	932,937	O	B-Process
+model	938,943	O	I-Process
+for	944,947	O	I-Process
+Fermi	948,953	O	I-Process
+and	954,957	O	I-Process
+Gamow	958,963	O	I-Process
+–	963,964	O	I-Process
+Teller	964,970	O	I-Process
+transitions	971,982	O	I-Process
+and	983,986	O	O
+a	987,988	O	O
+continuum	989,998	O	B-Process
+random	999,1005	O	I-Process
+phase	1006,1011	O	I-Process
+approximation	1012,1025	O	I-Process
+(	1026,1027	O	O
+CRPA	1027,1031	O	B-Process
+)	1031,1032	O	O
+for	1033,1036	O	O
+forbidden	1037,1046	O	O
+transitions	1047,1058	O	O
+to	1059,1061	O	O
+calculate	1062,1071	O	O
+the	1072,1075	O	B-Task
+absorption	1076,1086	O	I-Task
+cross	1087,1092	O	I-Task
+sections	1093,1101	O	I-Task
+.	1101,1102	O	O
+
+In	1103,1105	O	O
+this	1106,1110	O	O
+calculation	1111,1122	O	O
+the	1123,1126	O	O
+Coulomb	1127,1134	O	O
+distortion	1135,1145	O	O
+of	1146,1148	O	O
+the	1149,1152	O	O
+produced	1153,1161	O	O
+electron	1162,1170	O	O
+is	1171,1173	O	O
+treated	1174,1181	O	O
+with	1182,1186	O	O
+a	1187,1188	O	O
+hybrid	1189,1195	O	O
+model	1196,1201	O	O
+where	1202,1207	O	O
+a	1208,1209	O	O
+Fermi	1210,1215	O	O
+function	1216,1224	O	O
+is	1225,1227	O	O
+used	1228,1232	O	O
+for	1233,1236	O	O
+lower	1237,1242	O	O
+electron	1243,1251	O	O
+energies	1252,1260	O	O
+and	1261,1264	O	O
+modified	1265,1273	O	B-Process
+effective	1274,1283	O	I-Process
+momentum	1284,1292	O	I-Process
+approximation	1293,1306	O	I-Process
+(	1307,1308	O	O
+MEMA	1308,1312	O	B-Process
+)	1312,1313	O	O
+for	1314,1317	O	O
+higher	1318,1324	O	O
+electron	1325,1333	O	O
+energies	1334,1342	O	O
+[	1343,1344	O	O
+14–17	1344,1349	O	O
+]	1349,1350	O	O
+.	1350,1351	O	O
+
+In	1352,1354	O	O
+a	1355,1356	O	O
+recent	1357,1363	O	O
+work	1364,1368	O	O
+Bhattacharya	1369,1381	O	O
+et	1382,1384	O	O
+al	1385,1387	O	O
+.	1387,1388	O	O
+
+[	1389,1390	O	O
+18	1390,1392	O	O
+]	1392,1393	O	O
+have	1394,1398	O	O
+measured	1399,1407	O	O
+the	1408,1411	O	O
+Fermi	1412,1417	O	B-Process
+and	1418,1421	O	I-Process
+Gamow	1422,1427	O	I-Process
+–	1427,1428	O	I-Process
+Teller	1428,1434	O	I-Process
+transition	1435,1445	O	I-Process
+strengths	1446,1455	O	I-Process
+leading	1456,1463	O	O
+to	1464,1466	O	O
+excited	1467,1474	O	O
+states	1475,1481	O	O
+up	1482,1484	O	O
+to	1485,1487	O	O
+6	1488,1489	O	O
+MeV	1490,1493	O	O
+in	1494,1496	O	O
+40K∗	1497,1501	O	O
+and	1502,1505	O	O
+obtained	1506,1514	O	O
+the	1515,1518	O	O
+neutrino	1519,1527	O	B-Task
+absorption	1528,1538	O	I-Task
+cross	1539,1544	O	I-Task
+section	1545,1552	O	I-Task
+for	1553,1556	O	O
+supernova	1557,1566	O	O
+neutrinos	1567,1576	O	O
+in	1577,1579	O	O
+40Ar	1580,1584	O	O
+.	1584,1585	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006720)
+
+Classical	0,9	O	O
+,	9,10	O	O
+two	11,14	O	O
+-	14,15	O	O
+dimensional	15,26	O	O
+sigma	27,32	O	O
+models	33,39	O	O
+on	40,42	O	O
+compact	43,50	O	O
+symmetric	51,60	O	O
+spaces	61,67	O	O
+
+G	68,69	O	O
+/	69,70	O	O
+H	70,71	O	O
+are	72,75	O	O
+integrable	76,86	O	O
+by	87,89	O	O
+virtue	90,96	O	O
+of	97,99	O	O
+conserved	100,109	O	O
+quantities	110,120	O	O
+which	121,126	O	O
+can	127,130	O	O
+arise	131,136	O	O
+as	137,139	O	O
+integrals	140,149	O	B-Process
+of	150,152	O	I-Process
+local	153,158	O	I-Process
+or	159,161	O	I-Process
+non	162,165	O	I-Process
+-	165,166	O	I-Process
+local	166,171	O	I-Process
+functions	172,181	O	I-Process
+of	182,184	O	O
+the	185,188	O	O
+underlying	189,199	O	O
+fields	200,206	O	O
+(	207,208	O	O
+the	208,211	O	O
+accounts	212,220	O	O
+in	221,223	O	O
+[	224,225	O	O
+1–5	225,228	O	O
+]	228,229	O	O
+contain	230,237	O	O
+references	238,248	O	O
+to	249,251	O	O
+the	252,255	O	O
+extensive	256,265	O	O
+literature	266,276	O	O
+)	276,277	O	O
+.	277,278	O	O
+
+Since	279,284	O	O
+these	285,290	O	O
+models	291,297	O	O
+are	298,301	O	O
+asymptotically	302,316	O	O
+free	317,321	O	O
+and	322,325	O	O
+strongly	326,334	O	O
+coupled	335,342	O	O
+in	343,345	O	O
+the	346,349	O	O
+infrared	350,358	O	O
+,	358,359	O	O
+their	360,365	O	O
+quantum	366,373	O	O
+properties	374,384	O	O
+are	385,388	O	O
+not	389,392	O	O
+straightforward	393,408	O	O
+to	409,411	O	O
+determine	412,421	O	O
+.	421,422	O	O
+
+Nevertheless	423,435	O	O
+,	435,436	O	O
+following	437,446	O	O
+Lüscher	447,454	O	O
+[	455,456	O	O
+6	456,457	O	O
+]	457,458	O	O
+,	458,459	O	O
+Abdalla	460,467	O	O
+,	467,468	O	O
+Forger	469,475	O	O
+and	476,479	O	O
+Gomes	480,485	O	O
+showed	486,492	O	O
+[	493,494	O	O
+7	494,495	O	O
+]	495,496	O	O
+that	497,501	O	O
+,	501,502	O	O
+in	503,505	O	O
+a	506,507	O	O
+G	508,509	O	B-Task
+/	509,510	O	I-Task
+H	510,511	O	I-Task
+sigma	512,517	O	I-Task
+model	518,523	O	I-Task
+with	524,528	O	I-Task
+H	529,530	O	I-Task
+simple,11Here	531,544	O	I-Task
+,	544,545	O	O
+and	546,549	O	O
+throughout	550,560	O	O
+this	561,565	O	O
+Letter	566,572	O	O
+,	572,573	O	O
+we	574,576	O	O
+shall	577,582	O	O
+use	583,586	O	O
+‘	587,588	O	O
+simple’	588,595	O	B-Process
+to	596,598	O	O
+mean	599,603	O	O
+that	604,608	O	O
+the	609,612	O	O
+corresponding	613,626	O	B-Process
+Lie	627,630	O	I-Process
+algebra	631,638	O	I-Process
+has	639,642	O	I-Process
+no	643,645	O	I-Process
+non	646,649	O	I-Process
+-	649,650	O	I-Process
+trivial	650,657	O	I-Process
+ideals	658,664	O	I-Process
+.	664,665	O	O
+
+Hence	666,671	O	O
+U(1	672,675	O	O
+)	675,676	O	O
+is	677,679	O	O
+simple	680,686	O	O
+in	687,689	O	O
+our	690,693	O	O
+terminology	694,705	O	O
+,	705,706	O	O
+in	707,709	O	O
+addition	710,718	O	O
+to	719,721	O	O
+the	722,725	O	O
+usual	726,731	O	O
+non	732,735	O	O
+-	735,736	O	O
+Abelian	736,743	O	O
+simple	744,750	O	O
+groups	751,757	O	O
+of	758,760	O	O
+the	761,764	O	O
+Cartan	765,771	O	O
+–	771,772	O	O
+Killing	772,779	O	O
+classification	780,794	O	O
+[	795,796	O	O
+13	796,798	O	O
+]	798,799	O	O
+.	799,800	O	O
+
+the	801,804	O	O
+first	805,810	O	O
+conserved	811,820	O	O
+non	821,824	O	O
+-	824,825	O	O
+local	825,830	O	O
+charge	831,837	O	O
+survives	838,846	O	O
+quantization	847,859	O	B-Process
+(	860,861	O	O
+after	861,866	O	O
+an	867,869	O	O
+appropriate	870,881	O	O
+renormalization	882,897	O	B-Process
+[	898,899	O	O
+6–8	899,902	O	O
+]	902,903	O	O
+)	903,904	O	O
+,	904,905	O	O
+which	906,911	O	O
+suffices	912,920	O	O
+to	921,923	O	O
+ensure	924,930	O	O
+quantum	931,938	O	B-Task
+integrability	939,952	O	I-Task
+of	953,955	O	O
+the	956,959	O	O
+theory	960,966	O	O
+.	966,967	O	O
+
+By	968,970	O	O
+contrast	971,979	O	O
+,	979,980	O	O
+calculations	981,993	O	B-Process
+using	994,999	O	I-Process
+the	1000,1003	O	I-Process
+1/N	1004,1007	O	I-Process
+expansion	1008,1017	O	I-Process
+reveal	1018,1024	O	O
+anomalies	1025,1034	O	O
+that	1035,1039	O	O
+spoil	1040,1045	O	O
+the	1046,1049	O	O
+conservation	1050,1062	O	B-Task
+of	1063,1065	O	I-Task
+the	1066,1069	O	I-Task
+quantum	1070,1077	O	I-Task
+non	1078,1081	O	I-Task
+-	1081,1082	O	I-Task
+local	1082,1087	O	I-Task
+charges	1088,1095	O	I-Task
+in	1096,1098	O	O
+the	1099,1102	O	O
+CPN−1=SU(N)/SU(N−1)×U(1	1103,1126	O	B-Process
+)	1126,1127	O	I-Process
+models	1128,1134	O	I-Process
+for	1135,1138	O	I-Process
+N>2	1139,1142	O	I-Process
+,	1142,1143	O	O
+and	1144,1147	O	O
+in	1148,1150	O	O
+the	1151,1154	O	O
+wider	1155,1160	O	O
+class	1161,1166	O	O
+of	1167,1169	O	O
+theories	1170,1178	O	O
+based	1179,1184	O	O
+on	1185,1187	O	O
+the	1188,1191	O	O
+complex	1192,1199	O	B-Process
+Grassmannians	1200,1213	O	I-Process
+SU(N)/SU(n)×SU(N−n)×U(1	1214,1237	O	I-Process
+)	1237,1238	O	I-Process
+for	1239,1242	O	I-Process
+N	1243,1244	O	I-Process
+>	1244,1245	O	I-Process
+n>1	1245,1248	O	I-Process
+[	1249,1250	O	O
+9	1250,1251	O	O
+]	1251,1252	O	O
+.	1252,1253	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006756)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+propose	3,10	O	O
+a	11,12	O	O
+method	13,19	O	O
+for	20,23	O	O
+the	24,27	O	O
+lattice	28,35	O	B-Task
+QCD	36,39	O	I-Task
+computation	40,51	O	I-Task
+of	52,54	O	I-Task
+nucleon	55,62	O	I-Task
+–	62,63	O	I-Task
+nucleon	63,70	O	I-Task
+low	71,74	O	I-Task
+-	74,75	O	I-Task
+energy	75,81	O	I-Task
+interactions	82,94	O	I-Task
+.	94,95	O	O
+
+It	96,98	O	O
+consists	99,107	O	O
+in	108,110	O	O
+simulating	111,121	O	B-Process
+QCD	122,125	O	I-Process
+in	126,128	O	O
+the	129,132	O	O
+background	133,143	O	O
+of	144,146	O	O
+a	147,148	O	O
+“	149,150	O	O
+electromagnetic	150,165	O	B-Material
+”	165,166	O	I-Material
+field	167,172	O	I-Material
+whose	173,178	O	O
+potential	179,188	O	O
+is	189,191	O	O
+non	192,195	O	O
+-	195,196	O	O
+vanishing	196,205	O	O
+,	205,206	O	O
+but	207,210	O	O
+whose	211,216	O	O
+field	217,222	O	B-Process
+strength	223,231	O	I-Process
+is	232,234	O	I-Process
+zero	235,239	O	I-Process
+.	239,240	O	O
+
+By	241,243	O	O
+tuning	244,250	O	B-Process
+the	251,254	O	I-Process
+background	255,265	O	I-Process
+field	266,271	O	I-Process
+,	271,272	O	O
+phase	273,278	O	B-Task
+-	278,279	O	I-Task
+shifts	279,285	O	I-Task
+at	286,288	O	I-Task
+any	289,292	O	I-Task
+(	293,294	O	I-Task
+but	294,297	O	I-Task
+small	298,303	O	I-Task
+)	303,304	O	I-Task
+momenta	305,312	O	I-Task
+can	313,316	O	O
+be	317,319	O	O
+determined	320,330	O	O
+by	331,333	O	O
+measuring	334,343	O	B-Process
+the	344,347	O	I-Process
+shift	348,353	O	I-Process
+of	354,356	O	I-Process
+the	357,360	O	I-Process
+ground	361,367	O	I-Process
+state	368,373	O	I-Process
+energy	374,380	O	I-Process
+.	380,381	O	O
+
+Lattice	382,389	O	B-Material
+sizes	390,395	O	I-Material
+as	396,398	O	O
+small	399,404	O	O
+as	405,407	O	O
+5	408,409	O	O
+Fermi	410,415	O	O
+can	416,419	O	O
+be	420,422	O	O
+sufficient	423,433	O	O
+for	434,437	O	O
+the	438,441	O	O
+calculation	442,453	O	B-Task
+of	454,456	O	I-Task
+phase	457,462	O	I-Task
+shifts	463,469	O	I-Task
+up	470,472	O	O
+to	473,475	O	O
+momenta	476,483	O	O
+of	484,486	O	O
+order	487,492	O	O
+of	493,495	O	O
+mπ/2	496,500	O	O
+.	500,501	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304006768)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+our	3,6	O	O
+study	7,12	O	O
+we	13,15	O	O
+illustrate	16,26	O	O
+the	27,30	O	O
+properties	31,41	O	O
+of	42,44	O	O
+gauge	45,50	O	O
+invariant	51,60	O	B-Task
+extensions	61,71	O	I-Task
+of	72,74	O	I-Task
+local	75,80	O	I-Task
+functionals	81,92	O	I-Task
+.	92,93	O	O
+
+We	94,96	O	O
+aim	97,100	O	O
+at	101,103	O	O
+clarifying	104,114	O	O
+,	114,115	O	O
+via	116,119	O	O
+specific	120,128	O	O
+examples	129,137	O	O
+,	137,138	O	O
+the	139,142	O	O
+relation	143,151	O	O
+between	152,159	O	O
+a	160,161	O	O
+functional	162,172	O	B-Task
+which	173,178	O	I-Task
+is	179,181	O	I-Task
+local	182,187	O	I-Task
+in	188,190	O	I-Task
+a	191,192	O	I-Task
+particular	193,203	O	I-Task
+gauge	204,209	O	I-Task
+(	210,211	O	O
+but	211,214	O	O
+not	215,218	O	O
+necessarily	219,230	O	O
+gauge	231,236	O	O
+invariant	237,246	O	O
+)	246,247	O	O
+,	247,248	O	O
+and	249,252	O	O
+its	253,256	O	B-Task
+gauge	257,262	O	I-Task
+invariant	263,272	O	I-Task
+extension	273,282	O	I-Task
+(	283,284	O	O
+which	284,289	O	O
+is	290,292	O	O
+not	293,296	O	O
+necessarily	297,308	O	O
+local	309,314	O	O
+)	314,315	O	O
+.	315,316	O	O
+
+We	317,319	O	O
+show	320,324	O	O
+that	325,329	O	O
+the	330,333	O	O
+non	334,337	O	B-Process
+-	337,338	O	I-Process
+localities	338,348	O	I-Process
+found	349,354	O	I-Process
+are	355,358	O	O
+not	359,362	O	O
+perturbatively	363,377	O	O
+local	378,383	O	O
+because	384,391	O	O
+they	392,396	O	O
+can	397,400	O	O
+not	400,403	O	O
+be	404,406	O	O
+expressed	407,416	O	O
+in	417,419	O	O
+terms	420,425	O	O
+of	426,428	O	O
+an	429,431	O	O
+infinite	432,440	O	B-Process
+derivative	441,451	O	I-Process
+expansion	452,461	O	I-Process
+.	461,462	O	O
+
+We	463,465	O	O
+believe	466,473	O	O
+that	474,478	O	O
+the	479,482	O	O
+implications	483,495	O	O
+of	496,498	O	O
+this	499,503	O	O
+observation	504,515	O	O
+have	516,520	O	O
+not	521,524	O	O
+been	525,529	O	O
+clearly	530,537	O	O
+emphasised	538,548	O	O
+in	549,551	O	O
+the	552,555	O	O
+literature	556,566	O	O
+,	566,567	O	O
+as	568,570	O	O
+attested	571,579	O	O
+by	580,582	O	O
+the	583,586	O	O
+absence	587,594	O	O
+of	595,597	O	O
+any	598,601	O	O
+debate	602,608	O	O
+about	609,614	O	O
+it	615,617	O	O
+in	618,620	O	O
+recent	621,627	O	O
+works	628,633	O	O
+.	633,634	O	O
+
+It	635,637	O	O
+is	638,640	O	O
+precisely	641,650	O	O
+these	651,656	O	O
+dangerous	657,666	O	O
+infrared	667,675	O	B-Task
+modes	676,681	O	I-Task
+that	682,686	O	O
+make	687,691	O	O
+it	692,694	O	O
+hard	695,699	O	O
+to	700,702	O	O
+define	703,709	O	O
+a	710,711	O	O
+gauge	712,717	O	B-Process
+independent	718,729	O	I-Process
+renormalisation	730,745	O	I-Process
+for	746,749	O	O
+the	750,753	O	O
+gauge	754,759	O	B-Task
+invariant	760,769	O	I-Task
+extensions	770,780	O	I-Task
+of	781,783	O	I-Task
+local	784,789	O	I-Task
+functionals	790,801	O	I-Task
+.	801,802	O	O
+
+This	803,807	O	O
+observation	808,819	O	O
+supports	820,828	O	O
+the	829,832	O	O
+remark	833,839	O	O
+in	840,842	O	O
+[	843,844	O	O
+2	844,845	O	O
+]	845,846	O	O
+that	847,851	O	O
+the	852,855	O	O
+expectation	856,867	O	B-Task
+value	868,873	O	I-Task
+receives	874,882	O	O
+important	883,892	O	O
+contributions	893,906	O	O
+from	907,911	O	O
+both	912,916	O	O
+large	917,922	O	O
+and	923,926	O	O
+small	927,932	O	O
+distances	933,942	O	O
+.	942,943	O	O
+
+Our	944,947	O	O
+arguments	948,957	O	O
+on	958,960	O	O
+renormalisability	961,978	O	B-Task
+are	979,982	O	O
+based	983,988	O	O
+on	989,991	O	O
+the	992,995	O	O
+notion	996,1002	O	B-Process
+of	1003,1005	O	I-Process
+renormalisation	1006,1021	O	I-Process
+in	1022,1024	O	O
+the	1025,1028	O	O
+modern	1029,1035	O	O
+sense	1036,1041	O	O
+[	1042,1043	O	O
+8	1043,1044	O	O
+]	1044,1045	O	O
+which	1046,1051	O	O
+relies	1052,1058	O	O
+on	1059,1061	O	O
+BRST	1062,1066	O	B-Process
+cohomology	1067,1077	O	I-Process
+theorems	1078,1086	O	I-Process
+.	1086,1087	O	O
+
+The	1088,1091	O	O
+BRST	1092,1096	O	B-Material
+terminology	1097,1108	O	I-Material
+will	1109,1113	O	O
+therefore	1114,1123	O	O
+be	1124,1126	O	O
+frequently	1127,1137	O	O
+used	1138,1142	O	O
+here	1143,1147	O	O
+,	1147,1148	O	O
+even	1149,1153	O	O
+though	1154,1160	O	O
+it	1161,1163	O	O
+is	1164,1166	O	O
+not	1167,1170	O	O
+always	1171,1177	O	O
+necessary	1178,1187	O	O
+.	1187,1188	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S037026930400680X)
+
+Certainly	0,9	O	O
+therefore	10,19	O	O
+the	20,23	O	O
+see	24,27	O	B-Process
+-	27,28	O	I-Process
+saw	28,31	O	I-Process
+mechanism	32,41	O	I-Process
+is	42,44	O	O
+an	45,47	O	O
+attractive	48,58	O	O
+explanation	59,70	O	O
+of	71,73	O	O
+why	74,77	O	O
+the	78,81	O	O
+light	82,87	O	B-Task
+neutrino	88,96	O	I-Task
+masses	97,103	O	I-Task
+are	104,107	O	O
+so	108,110	O	O
+small	111,116	O	O
+.	116,117	O	O
+
+However	118,125	O	O
+,	125,126	O	O
+it	127,129	O	O
+is	130,132	O	O
+not	133,136	O	O
+without	137,144	O	O
+its	145,148	O	O
+faults	149,155	O	O
+.	155,156	O	O
+
+In	157,159	O	O
+particular	160,170	O	O
+,	170,171	O	O
+there	172,177	O	O
+is	178,180	O	O
+a	181,182	O	O
+tension	183,190	O	O
+between	191,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+strongly	203,211	O	O
+hierarchical	212,224	O	O
+nature	225,231	O	O
+of	232,234	O	O
+the	235,238	O	O
+observed	239,247	O	O
+Yukawa	248,254	O	B-Task
+couplings	255,264	O	I-Task
+in	265,267	O	I-Task
+the	268,271	O	I-Task
+quark	272,277	O	I-Task
+and	278,281	O	I-Task
+charged	282,289	O	I-Task
+lepton	290,296	O	I-Task
+sectors	297,304	O	I-Task
+,	304,305	O	O
+and	306,309	O	O
+the	310,313	O	O
+essentially	314,325	O	O
+hierarchy	326,335	O	B-Task
+-	335,336	O	I-Task
+free	336,340	O	I-Task
+masses	341,347	O	I-Task
+implied	348,355	O	I-Task
+by	356,358	O	I-Task
+the	359,362	O	I-Task
+Δm2	363,366	O	I-Task
+'s	366,368	O	I-Task
+.	368,369	O	O
+
+Moreover	370,378	O	O
+,	378,379	O	O
+both	380,384	O	O
+the	385,388	O	O
+θ12	389,392	O	B-Task
+and	393,396	O	I-Task
+θ23	397,400	O	I-Task
+mixing	401,407	O	I-Task
+angles	408,414	O	I-Task
+are	415,418	O	O
+large	419,424	O	O
+while	425,430	O	O
+the	431,434	O	B-Task
+angle	435,440	O	I-Task
+θ13	441,444	O	I-Task
+is	445,447	O	O
+small	448,453	O	O
+which	454,459	O	O
+is	460,462	O	O
+in	463,465	O	O
+sharp	466,471	O	O
+contrast	472,480	O	O
+with	481,485	O	O
+the	486,489	O	O
+corresponding	490,503	O	O
+mixings	504,511	O	O
+in	512,514	O	O
+the	515,518	O	O
+quark	519,524	O	B-Process
+sector	525,531	O	I-Process
+which	532,537	O	O
+are	538,541	O	O
+all	542,545	O	O
+small	546,551	O	O
+.	551,552	O	O
+
+These	553,558	O	O
+problems	559,567	O	O
+can	568,571	O	O
+be	572,574	O	O
+solved	575,581	O	O
+in	582,584	O	O
+specific	585,593	O	O
+models	594,600	O	O
+,	600,601	O	O
+for	602,605	O	O
+example	606,613	O	O
+,	613,614	O	O
+the	615,618	O	O
+Δm2	619,622	O	B-Process
+values	623,629	O	I-Process
+can	630,633	O	I-Process
+be	634,636	O	I-Process
+fitted	637,643	O	I-Process
+by	644,646	O	I-Process
+taking	647,653	O	I-Process
+the	654,657	O	I-Process
+spectrum	658,666	O	I-Process
+of	667,669	O	I-Process
+rhd	670,673	O	I-Process
+neutrino	674,682	O	I-Process
+masses	683,689	O	I-Process
+to	690,692	O	O
+be	693,695	O	O
+hierarchical	696,708	O	O
+in	709,711	O	O
+such	712,716	O	O
+a	717,718	O	O
+way	719,722	O	O
+as	723,725	O	O
+to	726,728	O	O
+almost	729,735	O	O
+compensate	736,746	O	O
+for	747,750	O	O
+the	751,754	O	O
+hierarchical	755,767	O	B-Process
+neutrino	768,776	O	I-Process
+Yukawa	777,783	O	I-Process
+couplings	784,793	O	I-Process
+.	793,794	O	O
+
+But	795,798	O	O
+this	799,803	O	O
+has	804,807	O	O
+the	808,811	O	O
+price	812,817	O	O
+of	818,820	O	O
+introducing	821,832	O	O
+a	833,834	O	O
+wide	835,839	O	O
+range	840,845	O	O
+of	846,848	O	O
+rhd	849,852	O	B-Material
+neutrino	853,861	O	I-Material
+masses	862,868	O	I-Material
+MR∼1010–1015	869,881	O	B-Material
+which	882,887	O	O
+then	888,892	O	O
+require	893,900	O	O
+explanation	901,912	O	O
+.	912,913	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007129)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+analyze	3,10	O	O
+the	11,14	O	O
+diagonal	15,23	O	B-Task
+and	24,27	O	I-Task
+transition	28,38	O	I-Task
+magnetic	39,47	O	I-Task
+and	48,51	O	I-Task
+electric	52,60	O	I-Task
+dipole	61,67	O	I-Task
+moments	68,75	O	I-Task
+of	76,78	O	I-Task
+charged	79,86	O	I-Task
+leptons	87,94	O	I-Task
+in	95,97	O	O
+extended	98,106	O	B-Process
+technicolor	107,118	O	I-Process
+(	119,120	O	O
+ETC	120,123	O	B-Process
+)	123,124	O	O
+models	125,131	O	O
+,	131,132	O	O
+taking	133,139	O	O
+account	140,147	O	O
+of	148,150	O	O
+the	151,154	O	O
+multiscale	155,165	O	O
+nature	166,172	O	O
+of	173,175	O	O
+the	176,179	O	O
+ETC	180,183	O	B-Process
+gauge	184,189	O	B-Process
+symmetry	190,198	O	I-Process
+breaking	199,207	O	I-Process
+,	207,208	O	O
+conformal	209,218	O	B-Process
+(	219,220	O	I-Process
+walking	220,227	O	I-Process
+)	227,228	O	I-Process
+behavior	229,237	O	I-Process
+of	238,240	O	I-Process
+the	241,244	O	I-Process
+technicolor	245,256	O	I-Process
+theory	257,263	O	I-Process
+,	263,264	O	O
+and	265,268	O	O
+mixing	269,275	O	B-Process
+in	276,278	O	I-Process
+the	279,282	O	I-Process
+charged	283,290	O	I-Process
+-	290,291	O	I-Process
+lepton	291,297	O	I-Process
+mass	298,302	O	I-Process
+matrix	303,309	O	I-Process
+.	309,310	O	O
+
+We	311,313	O	O
+show	314,318	O	O
+that	319,323	O	O
+mixing	324,330	O	B-Task
+effects	331,338	O	I-Task
+dominate	339,347	O	O
+the	348,351	O	O
+ETC	352,355	O	B-Process
+contributions	356,369	O	O
+to	370,372	O	O
+charged	373,380	O	B-Task
+lepton	381,387	O	I-Task
+electric	388,396	O	I-Task
+dipole	397,403	O	I-Task
+moments	404,411	O	I-Task
+and	412,415	O	O
+that	416,420	O	O
+these	421,426	O	O
+can	427,430	O	O
+yield	431,436	O	O
+a	437,438	O	O
+value	439,444	O	B-Process
+of	445,447	O	I-Process
+|de|	448,452	O	I-Process
+comparable	453,463	O	O
+to	464,466	O	O
+the	467,470	O	O
+current	471,478	O	O
+limit	479,484	O	O
+.	484,485	O	O
+
+The	486,489	O	O
+rate	490,494	O	B-Process
+for	495,498	O	I-Process
+μ→eγ	499,503	O	I-Process
+can	504,507	O	O
+also	508,512	O	O
+be	513,515	O	O
+close	516,521	O	O
+to	522,524	O	O
+its	525,528	O	O
+limit	529,534	O	O
+.	534,535	O	O
+
+From	536,540	O	O
+these	541,546	O	O
+and	547,550	O	O
+other	551,556	O	O
+processes	557,566	O	O
+we	567,569	O	O
+derive	570,576	O	O
+constraints	577,588	O	O
+on	589,591	O	O
+the	592,595	O	O
+charged	596,603	O	B-Task
+lepton	604,610	O	I-Task
+mixing	611,617	O	I-Task
+angles	618,624	O	I-Task
+.	624,625	O	O
+
+The	626,629	O	O
+constraints	630,641	O	O
+are	642,645	O	O
+such	646,650	O	O
+that	651,655	O	O
+the	656,659	O	O
+ETC	660,663	O	B-Process
+contribution	664,676	O	O
+to	677,679	O	O
+the	680,683	O	O
+muon	684,688	O	B-Task
+anomalous	689,698	O	I-Task
+magnetic	699,707	O	I-Task
+moment	708,714	O	I-Task
+,	714,715	O	O
+which	716,721	O	O
+includes	722,730	O	O
+a	731,732	O	O
+significant	733,744	O	O
+lepton	745,751	O	B-Process
+mixing	752,758	O	I-Process
+term	759,763	O	I-Process
+,	763,764	O	O
+can	765,768	O	O
+approach	769,777	O	O
+,	777,778	O	O
+but	779,782	O	O
+does	783,787	O	O
+not	788,791	O	O
+exceed	792,798	O	O
+,	798,799	O	O
+the	800,803	O	O
+current	804,811	O	O
+sensitivity	812,823	O	O
+level	824,829	O	O
+.	829,830	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007208)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+is	3,5	O	O
+well	6,10	O	O
+known	11,16	O	O
+that	17,21	O	O
+one	22,25	O	O
+of	26,28	O	O
+the	29,32	O	O
+long	33,37	O	O
+standing	38,46	O	O
+problems	47,55	O	O
+in	56,58	O	O
+physics	59,66	O	O
+is	67,69	O	O
+understanding	70,83	O	B-Task
+the	84,87	O	I-Task
+confinement	88,99	O	I-Task
+physics	100,107	O	I-Task
+from	108,112	O	I-Task
+first	113,118	O	I-Task
+principles	119,129	O	I-Task
+.	129,130	O	O
+
+Hence	131,136	O	O
+the	137,140	O	O
+challenge	141,150	O	O
+is	151,153	O	O
+to	154,156	O	O
+develop	157,164	O	B-Task
+analytical	165,175	O	I-Task
+approaches	176,186	O	I-Task
+which	187,192	O	O
+provide	193,200	O	O
+valuable	201,209	O	O
+insight	210,217	O	O
+and	218,221	O	O
+theoretical	222,233	O	O
+guidance	234,242	O	O
+.	242,243	O	O
+
+According	244,253	O	O
+to	254,256	O	O
+this	257,261	O	O
+viewpoint	262,271	O	O
+,	271,272	O	O
+an	273,275	O	O
+effective	276,285	O	O
+theory	286,292	O	O
+in	293,295	O	O
+which	296,301	O	O
+confining	302,311	O	O
+potentials	312,322	O	O
+are	323,326	O	O
+obtained	327,335	O	O
+as	336,338	O	O
+a	339,340	O	O
+consequence	341,352	O	O
+of	353,355	O	O
+spontaneous	356,367	O	B-Process
+symmetry	368,376	O	I-Process
+breaking	377,385	O	I-Process
+of	386,388	O	I-Process
+scale	389,394	O	I-Process
+invariance	395,405	O	I-Process
+has	406,409	O	O
+been	410,414	O	O
+developed	415,424	O	O
+[	425,426	O	O
+1	426,427	O	O
+]	427,428	O	O
+.	428,429	O	O
+
+In	430,432	O	O
+particular	433,443	O	O
+,	443,444	O	O
+it	445,447	O	O
+was	448,451	O	O
+shown	452,457	O	O
+that	458,462	O	O
+a	463,464	O	O
+such	465,469	O	O
+theory	470,476	O	O
+relies	477,483	O	O
+on	484,486	O	O
+a	487,488	O	O
+scale	489,494	O	B-Process
+-	494,495	O	I-Process
+invariant	495,504	O	I-Process
+Lagrangian	505,515	O	I-Process
+of	516,518	O	O
+the	519,522	O	O
+type	523,527	O	O
+[	528,529	O	O
+2	529,530	O	O
+]	530,531	O	O
+(	532,533	O	O
+1)L=14w2−12w−FμνaFaμν	533,554	O	O
+,	554,555	O	O
+where	556,561	O	O
+Fμνa=∂μAνa−∂νAμa+gfabcAμbAνc	562,590	O	O
+,	590,591	O	O
+and	592,595	O	O
+w	596,597	O	O
+is	598,600	O	O
+not	601,604	O	O
+a	605,606	O	O
+fundamental	607,618	O	O
+field	619,624	O	O
+but	625,628	O	O
+rather	629,635	O	O
+is	636,638	O	O
+a	639,640	O	O
+function	641,649	O	B-Process
+of	650,652	O	I-Process
+4-index	653,660	O	I-Process
+field	661,666	O	I-Process
+strength	667,675	O	I-Process
+,	675,676	O	O
+that	677,681	O	O
+is	682,684	O	O
+,	684,685	O	O
+
+(	686,687	O	B-Process
+2)w=εμναβ∂μAναβ.	687,703	O	I-Process
+
+The	704,707	O	O
+Aναβ	708,712	O	B-Process
+equation	713,721	O	I-Process
+of	722,724	O	I-Process
+motion	725,731	O	I-Process
+leads	732,737	O	I-Process
+to	738,740	O	O
+(	741,742	O	O
+3)εμναβ∂βw−−FγδaFaγδ=0	742,764	O	B-Process
+,	764,765	O	O
+which	766,771	O	O
+is	772,774	O	O
+then	775,779	O	O
+integrated	780,790	O	B-Process
+to	791,793	O	I-Process
+(	794,795	O	I-Process
+4)w=−FμνaFaμν+M.	795,811	O	I-Process
+
+It	812,814	O	O
+is	815,817	O	O
+easy	818,822	O	O
+to	823,825	O	O
+verify	826,832	O	O
+that	833,837	O	O
+the	838,841	O	O
+Aaμ	842,845	O	B-Process
+equation	846,854	O	I-Process
+of	855,857	O	I-Process
+motion	858,864	O	I-Process
+leads	865,870	O	O
+us	871,873	O	O
+to	874,876	O	O
+(	877,878	O	O
+5)∇μFaμν+MFaμν−FαβbFbαβ=0	878,903	O	O
+.	903,904	O	O
+
+It	905,907	O	O
+is	908,910	O	O
+worth	911,916	O	O
+stressing	917,926	O	O
+at	927,929	O	O
+this	930,934	O	O
+stage	935,940	O	O
+that	941,945	O	O
+the	946,949	O	O
+above	950,955	O	O
+equation	956,964	O	O
+can	965,968	O	O
+be	969,971	O	O
+obtained	972,980	O	O
+from	981,985	O	O
+the	986,989	O	B-Process
+effective	990,999	O	I-Process
+Lagrangian	1000,1010	O	I-Process
+(	1011,1012	O	O
+6)Leff=−14FμνaFaμν+M2−FμνaFaμν.	1012,1043	O	B-Process
+Spherically	1044,1055	O	B-Task
+symmetric	1056,1065	O	I-Task
+solutions	1066,1075	O	I-Task
+of	1076,1078	O	O
+Eq	1079,1081	O	O
+.	1081,1082	O	O
+
+(	1083,1084	O	O
+5	1084,1085	O	O
+)	1085,1086	O	O
+display	1087,1094	O	O
+,	1094,1095	O	O
+even	1096,1100	O	O
+in	1101,1103	O	O
+the	1104,1107	O	O
+Abelian	1108,1115	O	O
+case	1116,1120	O	O
+,	1120,1121	O	O
+a	1122,1123	O	O
+Coulomb	1124,1131	O	B-Material
+piece	1132,1137	O	I-Material
+and	1138,1141	O	O
+a	1142,1143	O	O
+confining	1144,1153	O	B-Material
+part	1154,1158	O	I-Material
+.	1158,1159	O	O
+
+Also	1160,1164	O	O
+,	1164,1165	O	O
+the	1166,1169	O	O
+quantum	1170,1177	O	B-Task
+theory	1178,1184	O	I-Task
+calculation	1185,1196	O	I-Task
+of	1197,1199	O	I-Task
+the	1200,1203	O	I-Task
+static	1204,1210	O	I-Task
+energy	1211,1217	O	I-Task
+between	1218,1225	O	I-Task
+two	1226,1229	O	I-Task
+charges	1230,1237	O	I-Task
+displays	1238,1246	O	O
+the	1247,1250	O	O
+same	1251,1255	O	O
+behavior	1256,1264	O	O
+[	1265,1266	O	O
+1	1266,1267	O	O
+]	1267,1268	O	O
+.	1268,1269	O	O
+
+It	1270,1272	O	O
+is	1273,1275	O	O
+well	1276,1280	O	O
+known	1281,1286	O	O
+that	1287,1291	O	O
+the	1292,1295	O	O
+square	1296,1302	O	O
+root	1303,1307	O	O
+part	1308,1312	O	O
+describes	1313,1322	O	O
+string	1323,1329	O	B-Process
+like	1330,1334	O	I-Process
+solutions	1335,1344	O	I-Process
+[	1345,1346	O	O
+3,4	1346,1349	O	O
+]	1349,1350	O	O
+.	1350,1351	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S037026930400721X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+supersymmetric	7,21	O	O
+case	22,26	O	O
+,	26,27	O	O
+such	28,32	O	O
+a	33,34	O	O
+small	35,40	O	B-Task
+coupling	41,49	O	I-Task
+for	50,53	O	I-Task
+quartic	54,61	O	I-Task
+interaction	62,73	O	I-Task
+can	74,77	O	O
+not	77,80	O	O
+be	81,83	O	O
+realized	84,92	O	O
+if	93,95	O	O
+the	96,99	O	O
+potential	100,109	O	O
+is	110,112	O	O
+lifted	113,119	O	O
+by	120,122	O	O
+the	123,126	O	O
+gauge	127,132	O	B-Process
+D	133,134	O	I-Process
+-	134,135	O	I-Process
+term	135,139	O	I-Process
+interactions	140,152	O	I-Process
+,	152,153	O	O
+since	154,159	O	O
+,	159,160	O	O
+if	161,163	O	O
+so	164,166	O	O
+,	166,167	O	O
+the	168,171	O	B-Material
+coupling	172,180	O	I-Material
+constant	181,189	O	I-Material
+λ	190,191	O	I-Material
+becomes	192,199	O	O
+of	200,202	O	O
+the	203,206	O	O
+order	207,212	O	O
+O(g2	213,217	O	O
+)	217,218	O	O
+where	219,224	O	O
+g	225,226	O	O
+is	227,229	O	O
+the	230,233	O	O
+gauge	234,239	O	B-Material
+coupling	240,248	O	I-Material
+constant	249,257	O	I-Material
+in	258,260	O	O
+the	261,264	O	O
+standard	265,273	O	B-Process
+model	274,279	O	I-Process
+.	279,280	O	O
+
+Therefore	281,290	O	O
+,	290,291	O	O
+we	292,294	O	O
+focus	295,300	O	O
+our	301,304	O	O
+attention	305,314	O	O
+on	315,317	O	O
+the	318,321	O	O
+D	322,323	O	B-Task
+-	323,324	O	I-Task
+flat	324,328	O	I-Task
+directions	329,339	O	I-Task
+.	339,340	O	O
+
+For	341,344	O	O
+D	345,346	O	B-Task
+-	346,347	O	I-Task
+flat	347,351	O	I-Task
+directions	352,362	O	I-Task
+,	362,363	O	O
+we	364,366	O	O
+have	367,371	O	O
+to	372,374	O	O
+be	375,377	O	O
+more	378,382	O	O
+careful	383,390	O	O
+since	391,396	O	O
+behaviors	397,406	O	B-Task
+of	407,409	O	I-Task
+the	410,413	O	I-Task
+potential	414,423	O	I-Task
+depend	424,430	O	O
+on	431,433	O	O
+which	434,439	O	O
+flat	440,444	O	O
+direction	445,454	O	O
+we	455,457	O	O
+consider	458,466	O	O
+.	466,467	O	O
+
+In	468,470	O	O
+the	471,474	O	O
+MSSM	475,479	O	O
+,	479,480	O	O
+Yukawa	481,487	O	B-Task
+interactions	488,500	O	I-Task
+exist	501,506	O	O
+in	507,509	O	O
+the	510,513	O	O
+superpotential	514,528	O	O
+to	529,531	O	O
+generate	532,540	O	O
+the	541,544	O	O
+fermion	545,552	O	O
+masses	553,559	O	O
+.	559,560	O	O
+
+Such	561,565	O	O
+Yukawa	566,572	O	O
+interactions	573,585	O	O
+lift	586,590	O	O
+some	591,595	O	O
+of	596,598	O	O
+the	599,602	O	O
+D	603,604	O	B-Task
+-	604,605	O	I-Task
+flat	605,609	O	I-Task
+directions	610,620	O	I-Task
+.	620,621	O	O
+
+In	622,624	O	O
+addition	625,633	O	O
+,	633,634	O	O
+we	635,637	O	O
+can	638,641	O	O
+also	642,646	O	O
+find	647,651	O	O
+several	652,659	O	O
+D	660,661	O	B-Task
+-	661,662	O	I-Task
+flat	662,666	O	I-Task
+directions	667,677	O	I-Task
+which	678,683	O	O
+are	684,687	O	O
+not	688,691	O	O
+affected	692,700	O	O
+by	701,703	O	O
+the	704,707	O	O
+Yukawa	708,714	O	B-Task
+interactions	715,727	O	I-Task
+associated	728,738	O	O
+with	739,743	O	O
+the	744,747	O	O
+fermion	748,755	O	O
+masses	756,762	O	O
+;	762,763	O	O
+without	764,771	O	O
+R	772,773	O	O
+-	773,774	O	O
+parity	774,780	O	O
+violation	781,790	O	O
+,	790,791	O	O
+such	792,796	O	O
+D	797,798	O	B-Task
+-	798,799	O	I-Task
+flat	799,803	O	I-Task
+directions	804,814	O	I-Task
+are	815,818	O	O
+only	819,823	O	O
+lifted	824,830	O	O
+by	831,833	O	O
+the	834,837	O	O
+effects	838,845	O	O
+of	846,848	O	O
+supersymmetry	849,862	O	O
+breaking.33Here	863,878	O	O
+,	878,879	O	O
+we	880,882	O	O
+assume	883,889	O	O
+that	890,894	O	O
+coefficients	895,907	O	B-Task
+of	908,910	O	I-Task
+non	911,914	O	I-Task
+-	914,915	O	I-Task
+renormalizable	915,929	O	I-Task
+terms	930,935	O	I-Task
+are	936,939	O	O
+suppressed	940,950	O	O
+enough	951,957	O	O
+to	958,960	O	O
+be	961,963	O	O
+neglected	964,973	O	O
+.	973,974	O	O
+
+This	975,979	O	O
+may	980,983	O	O
+be	984,986	O	O
+explained	987,996	O	O
+by	997,999	O	O
+the	1000,1003	O	O
+R	1004,1005	O	B-Process
+-	1005,1006	O	I-Process
+symmetry	1006,1014	O	I-Process
+,	1014,1015	O	O
+assigning	1016,1025	O	O
+R	1026,1027	O	B-Process
+-	1027,1028	O	I-Process
+charge	1028,1034	O	I-Process
+23	1035,1037	O	I-Process
+to	1038,1040	O	O
+each	1041,1045	O	O
+MSSM	1046,1050	O	B-Process
+chiral	1051,1057	O	I-Process
+superfields	1058,1069	O	I-Process
+.	1069,1070	O	O
+
+(	1071,1072	O	O
+See	1072,1075	O	O
+Ref	1076,1079	O	O
+.	1079,1080	O	O
+
+[	1081,1082	O	O
+6	1082,1083	O	O
+]	1083,1084	O	O
+for	1085,1088	O	O
+the	1089,1092	O	O
+details	1093,1100	O	O
+.	1100,1101	O	O
+)	1101,1102	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007257)
+
+Some	0,4	O	O
+non	5,8	O	B-Task
+-	8,9	O	I-Task
+standard	9,17	O	I-Task
+couplings	18,27	O	I-Task
+,	27,28	O	O
+which	29,34	O	O
+should	35,41	O	O
+be	42,44	O	O
+determined	45,55	O	O
+here	56,60	O	O
+,	60,61	O	O
+could	62,67	O	O
+also	68,72	O	O
+be	73,75	O	O
+studied	76,83	O	O
+in	84,86	O	O
+the	87,90	O	O
+standard	91,99	O	B-Process
+e+e−	100,104	O	I-Process
+option	105,111	O	I-Process
+of	112,114	O	O
+a	115,116	O	O
+linear	117,123	O	B-Material
+collider	124,132	O	I-Material
+.	132,133	O	O
+
+Therefore	134,143	O	O
+,	143,144	O	O
+it	145,147	O	O
+is	148,150	O	O
+worth	151,156	O	O
+while	157,162	O	O
+to	163,165	O	O
+compare	166,173	O	O
+the	174,177	O	O
+potential	178,187	O	B-Task
+power	188,193	O	I-Task
+of	194,196	O	O
+the	197,200	O	O
+two	201,204	O	O
+options	205,212	O	O
+.	212,213	O	O
+
+As	214,216	O	O
+far	217,220	O	O
+as	221,223	O	O
+the	224,227	O	O
+parameter	228,237	O	B-Task
+αγ1	238,241	O	I-Task
+is	242,244	O	O
+concerned	245,254	O	O
+,	254,255	O	O
+the	256,259	O	O
+γγ	260,262	O	B-Material
+collider	263,271	O	I-Material
+does	272,276	O	O
+not	277,280	O	O
+allow	281,286	O	O
+for	287,290	O	O
+its	291,294	O	O
+determination	295,308	O	O
+,	308,309	O	O
+while	310,315	O	O
+it	316,318	O	O
+could	319,324	O	O
+be	325,327	O	O
+determined	328,338	O	O
+at	339,341	O	O
+e+e−.	342,347	O	B-Process
+The	348,351	O	O
+second	352,358	O	O
+tt̄γ	359,363	O	O
+coupling	364,372	O	B-Task
+αγ2	373,376	O	I-Task
+,	376,377	O	O
+which	378,383	O	O
+is	384,386	O	O
+proportional	387,399	O	O
+to	400,402	O	O
+the	403,406	O	O
+real	407,411	O	O
+part	412,416	O	O
+of	417,419	O	O
+the	420,423	O	O
+top	424,427	O	O
+-	427,428	O	O
+quark	428,433	O	O
+electric	434,442	O	O
+dipole	443,449	O	O
+moment,44See	450,462	O	O
+[	463,464	O	O
+23	464,466	O	O
+]	466,467	O	O
+taking	468,474	O	O
+into	475,479	O	O
+account	480,487	O	O
+that	488,492	O	O
+the	493,496	O	O
+operators	497,506	O	O
+OuB	507,510	O	O
+,	510,511	O	O
+OqB	512,515	O	O
+and	516,519	O	O
+OqW	520,523	O	O
+are	524,527	O	O
+redundant	528,537	O	O
+.	537,538	O	O
+
+can	539,542	O	O
+be	543,545	O	O
+measured	546,554	O	O
+here	555,559	O	O
+.	559,560	O	O
+
+It	561,563	O	O
+should	564,570	O	O
+be	571,573	O	O
+recalled	574,582	O	O
+that	583,587	O	O
+energy	588,594	O	O
+and	595,598	O	O
+polar	599,604	O	B-Task
+-	604,605	O	I-Task
+angle	605,610	O	I-Task
+distributions	611,624	O	I-Task
+of	625,627	O	I-Task
+leptons	628,635	O	I-Task
+and	636,639	O	I-Task
+b	640,641	O	I-Task
+-	641,642	O	I-Task
+quarks	642,648	O	I-Task
+in	649,651	O	O
+e+e−	652,656	O	B-Material
+colliders	657,666	O	I-Material
+are	667,670	O	O
+sensitive	671,680	O	O
+only	681,685	O	O
+to	686,688	O	O
+the	689,692	O	O
+imaginary	693,702	O	B-Process
+part	703,707	O	I-Process
+of	708,710	O	I-Process
+the	711,714	O	I-Process
+electric	715,723	O	I-Process
+dipole	724,730	O	I-Process
+moment,55However	731,747	O	I-Process
+,	747,748	O	O
+it	749,751	O	O
+should	752,758	O	O
+be	759,761	O	O
+emphasized	762,772	O	O
+that	773,777	O	O
+there	778,783	O	O
+exist	784,789	O	O
+observables	790,801	O	O
+sensitive	802,811	O	O
+also	812,816	O	O
+to	817,819	O	O
+the	820,823	O	B-Process
+real	824,828	O	I-Process
+part	829,833	O	I-Process
+of	834,836	O	I-Process
+the	837,840	O	I-Process
+top	841,844	O	I-Process
+-	844,845	O	I-Process
+quark	845,850	O	I-Process
+electric	851,859	O	I-Process
+dipole	860,866	O	I-Process
+moment	867,873	O	I-Process
+,	873,874	O	O
+see	875,878	O	O
+[	879,880	O	O
+24	880,882	O	O
+]	882,883	O	O
+.	883,884	O	O
+
+while	885,890	O	O
+here	891,895	O	O
+the	896,899	O	O
+real	900,904	O	O
+part	905,909	O	O
+could	910,915	O	O
+be	916,918	O	O
+determined	919,929	O	O
+.	929,930	O	O
+
+For	931,934	O	O
+the	935,938	O	O
+measurement	939,950	O	B-Task
+of	951,953	O	I-Task
+γγH	954,957	O	I-Task
+couplings	958,967	O	I-Task
+,	967,968	O	O
+e+e−	969,973	O	B-Material
+colliders	974,983	O	I-Material
+are	984,987	O	O
+,	987,988	O	O
+of	989,991	O	O
+course	992,998	O	O
+,	998,999	O	O
+useless	1000,1007	O	O
+,	1007,1008	O	O
+while	1009,1014	O	O
+here	1015,1019	O	O
+,	1019,1020	O	O
+for	1021,1024	O	O
+the	1025,1028	O	B-Process
+bX	1029,1031	O	I-Process
+final	1032,1037	O	I-Process
+state	1038,1043	O	I-Process
+both	1044,1048	O	O
+αh1	1049,1052	O	B-Task
+and	1053,1056	O	I-Task
+αh2	1057,1060	O	I-Task
+could	1061,1066	O	I-Task
+be	1067,1069	O	I-Task
+measured	1070,1078	O	I-Task
+.	1078,1079	O	O
+
+In	1080,1082	O	O
+the	1083,1086	O	O
+case	1087,1091	O	O
+of	1092,1094	O	O
+the	1095,1098	O	B-Task
+decay	1099,1104	O	I-Task
+form	1105,1109	O	I-Task
+factor	1110,1116	O	I-Task
+αd	1117,1119	O	I-Task
+measurement	1120,1131	O	I-Task
+,	1131,1132	O	O
+the	1133,1136	O	O
+e+e−	1137,1141	O	B-Process
+option	1142,1148	O	I-Process
+seems	1149,1154	O	O
+to	1155,1157	O	O
+be	1158,1160	O	O
+a	1161,1162	O	O
+little	1163,1169	O	O
+more	1170,1174	O	O
+advantageous	1175,1187	O	O
+,	1187,1188	O	O
+especially	1189,1199	O	O
+if	1200,1202	O	O
+e+e−	1203,1207	O	B-Process
+polarization	1208,1220	O	I-Process
+can	1221,1224	O	O
+be	1225,1227	O	O
+tuned	1228,1233	O	O
+appropriately	1234,1247	O	O
+[	1248,1249	O	O
+25	1249,1251	O	O
+]	1251,1252	O	O
+.	1252,1253	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007439)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+contrast	3,11	O	O
+to	12,14	O	O
+the	15,18	O	O
+H	19,20	O	O
+particle	21,29	O	O
+,	29,30	O	O
+the	31,34	O	O
+situation	35,44	O	O
+for	45,48	O	O
+the	49,52	O	O
+Θ+	53,55	O	B-Task
+baryon	56,62	O	I-Task
+is	63,65	O	O
+very	66,70	O	O
+promising	71,80	O	O
+.	80,81	O	O
+
+Thus	82,86	O	O
+,	86,87	O	O
+in	88,90	O	O
+this	91,95	O	O
+Letter	96,102	O	O
+we	103,105	O	O
+explore	106,113	O	O
+the	114,117	O	B-Task
+formation	118,127	O	I-Task
+of	128,130	O	I-Task
+the	131,134	O	I-Task
+Θ+-baryon	135,144	O	I-Task
+within	145,151	O	O
+a	152,153	O	O
+new	154,157	O	O
+approach	158,166	O	O
+called	167,173	O	O
+parton	174,180	O	B-Process
+-	180,181	O	I-Process
+based	181,186	O	I-Process
+Gribov	187,193	O	I-Process
+–	193,194	O	I-Process
+Regge	194,199	O	I-Process
+theory	200,206	O	I-Process
+.	206,207	O	O
+
+It	208,210	O	O
+is	211,213	O	O
+realized	214,222	O	O
+in	223,225	O	O
+the	226,229	O	O
+Monte	230,235	O	B-Material
+Carlo	236,241	O	I-Material
+program	242,249	O	I-Material
+NEXUS	250,255	O	B-Material
+3.97	256,260	O	I-Material
+[	261,262	O	O
+22,23	262,267	O	O
+]	267,268	O	O
+.	268,269	O	O
+
+In	270,272	O	O
+this	273,277	O	O
+model	278,283	O	O
+high	284,288	O	B-Process
+energy	289,295	O	I-Process
+hadronic	296,304	O	I-Process
+and	305,308	O	I-Process
+nuclear	309,316	O	I-Process
+collisions	317,327	O	I-Process
+are	328,331	O	O
+treated	332,339	O	O
+within	340,346	O	O
+a	347,348	O	O
+self	349,353	O	B-Process
+-	353,354	O	I-Process
+consistent	354,364	O	I-Process
+quantum	365,372	O	I-Process
+mechanical	373,383	O	I-Process
+multiple	384,392	O	I-Process
+scattering	393,403	O	I-Process
+formalism	404,413	O	I-Process
+.	413,414	O	O
+
+Elementary	415,425	O	B-Process
+interactions	426,438	O	I-Process
+,	438,439	O	O
+happening	440,449	O	O
+in	450,452	O	O
+parallel	453,461	O	O
+,	461,462	O	O
+correspond	463,473	O	O
+to	474,476	O	O
+underlying	477,487	O	O
+microscopic	488,499	O	B-Process
+(	500,501	O	I-Process
+predominantly	501,514	O	I-Process
+soft	515,519	O	I-Process
+)	519,520	O	I-Process
+parton	521,527	O	I-Process
+cascades	528,536	O	I-Process
+and	537,540	O	O
+are	541,544	O	O
+described	545,554	O	O
+effectively	555,566	O	O
+as	567,569	O	O
+phenomenological	570,586	O	B-Process
+soft	587,591	O	I-Process
+pomeron	592,599	O	I-Process
+exchanges	600,609	O	I-Process
+.	609,610	O	O
+
+A	611,612	O	O
+pomeron	613,620	O	B-Material
+can	621,624	O	O
+be	625,627	O	O
+seen	628,632	O	O
+as	633,635	O	O
+layers	636,642	O	O
+of	643,645	O	O
+a	646,647	O	O
+(	648,649	O	B-Material
+soft	649,653	O	I-Material
+)	653,654	O	I-Material
+parton	655,661	O	I-Material
+ladder	662,668	O	I-Material
+,	668,669	O	O
+which	670,675	O	O
+is	676,678	O	O
+attached	679,687	O	O
+to	688,690	O	O
+projectile	691,701	O	B-Material
+and	702,705	O	I-Material
+target	706,712	O	I-Material
+nucleons	713,721	O	I-Material
+via	722,725	O	O
+leg	726,729	O	B-Material
+partons	730,737	O	I-Material
+.	737,738	O	O
+
+At	739,741	O	O
+high	742,746	O	O
+energies	747,755	O	O
+one	756,759	O	O
+accounts	760,768	O	O
+also	769,773	O	O
+for	774,777	O	O
+the	778,781	O	O
+contribution	782,794	O	O
+of	795,797	O	O
+perturbative	798,810	O	B-Material
+(	811,812	O	I-Material
+high	812,816	O	I-Material
+pt	817,819	O	I-Material
+)	819,820	O	I-Material
+partons	821,828	O	I-Material
+described	829,838	O	O
+by	839,841	O	O
+a	842,843	O	O
+so	844,846	O	O
+-	846,847	O	O
+called	847,853	O	O
+“	854,855	O	B-Material
+semihard	855,863	O	I-Material
+pomeron”—a	864,874	O	I-Material
+piece	875,880	O	B-Material
+of	881,883	O	I-Material
+the	884,887	O	I-Material
+QCD	888,891	O	I-Material
+parton	892,898	O	I-Material
+ladder	899,905	O	I-Material
+sandwiched	906,916	O	I-Material
+between	917,924	O	I-Material
+two	925,928	O	I-Material
+soft	929,933	O	I-Material
+pomerons	934,942	O	I-Material
+which	943,948	O	I-Material
+are	949,952	O	I-Material
+connected	953,962	O	I-Material
+to	963,965	O	I-Material
+the	966,969	O	I-Material
+projectile	970,980	O	I-Material
+and	981,984	O	I-Material
+to	985,987	O	I-Material
+the	988,991	O	I-Material
+target	992,998	O	I-Material
+in	999,1001	O	I-Material
+the	1002,1005	O	I-Material
+usual	1006,1011	O	I-Material
+way	1012,1015	O	I-Material
+.	1015,1016	O	O
+
+The	1017,1020	O	O
+spectator	1021,1030	O	B-Material
+partons	1031,1038	O	I-Material
+of	1039,1041	O	O
+both	1042,1046	O	O
+projectile	1047,1057	O	B-Material
+and	1058,1061	O	I-Material
+target	1062,1068	O	I-Material
+nucleons	1069,1077	O	I-Material
+,	1077,1078	O	O
+left	1079,1083	O	O
+after	1084,1089	O	O
+pomeron	1090,1097	O	B-Process
+emissions	1098,1107	O	I-Process
+,	1107,1108	O	O
+form	1109,1113	O	O
+nucleon	1114,1121	O	B-Material
+remnants	1122,1130	O	I-Material
+.	1130,1131	O	O
+
+The	1132,1135	O	O
+legs	1136,1140	O	O
+of	1141,1143	O	O
+the	1144,1147	O	O
+pomerons	1148,1156	O	B-Material
+form	1157,1161	O	O
+color	1162,1167	O	B-Material
+singlets	1168,1176	O	I-Material
+,	1176,1177	O	O
+such	1178,1182	O	O
+as	1183,1185	O	O
+q	1186,1187	O	B-Material
+–	1187,1188	O	I-Material
+q̄	1188,1190	O	I-Material
+,	1190,1191	O	O
+q	1192,1193	O	B-Material
+–	1193,1194	O	I-Material
+qq	1194,1196	O	I-Material
+or	1197,1199	O	O
+q̄–q̄q̄.	1200,1208	O	B-Material
+
+The	1209,1212	O	O
+probability	1213,1224	O	O
+of	1225,1227	O	O
+q	1228,1229	O	B-Material
+–	1229,1230	O	I-Material
+qq	1230,1232	O	I-Material
+and	1233,1236	O	O
+q̄–q̄q̄	1237,1244	O	B-Material
+is	1245,1247	O	O
+controlled	1248,1258	O	O
+by	1259,1261	O	O
+the	1262,1265	O	O
+parameter	1266,1275	O	O
+Pqq	1276,1279	O	O
+and	1280,1283	O	O
+is	1284,1286	O	O
+fixed	1287,1292	O	B-Process
+by	1293,1295	O	I-Process
+the	1296,1299	O	I-Process
+experimental	1300,1312	O	I-Process
+yields	1313,1319	O	I-Process
+on	1320,1322	O	I-Process
+(	1323,1324	O	I-Process
+multi-)strange	1324,1338	O	I-Process
+baryons	1339,1346	O	I-Process
+[	1347,1348	O	O
+23	1348,1350	O	O
+]	1350,1351	O	O
+.	1351,1352	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007634)
+
+I	0,1	O	O
+also	2,6	O	O
+could	7,12	O	O
+not	13,16	O	O
+resist	17,23	O	O
+mentioning	24,34	O	O
+another	35,42	O	O
+wild	43,47	O	O
+speculation	48,59	O	O
+[	60,61	O	O
+10	61,63	O	O
+]	63,64	O	O
+.	64,65	O	O
+
+Many	66,70	O	O
+years	71,76	O	O
+ago	77,80	O	O
+,	80,81	O	O
+inspired	82,90	O	O
+by	91,93	O	O
+the	94,97	O	O
+almost	98,104	O	O
+exact	105,110	O	O
+correspondence	111,125	O	O
+between	126,133	O	O
+Einstein	134,142	O	B-Process
+'s	142,144	O	I-Process
+post	145,149	O	I-Process
+-	149,150	O	I-Process
+Newtonian	150,159	O	I-Process
+equations	160,169	O	I-Process
+of	170,172	O	I-Process
+gravity	173,180	O	I-Process
+and	181,184	O	O
+Maxwell	185,192	O	B-Process
+'s	192,194	O	I-Process
+equations	195,204	O	I-Process
+of	205,207	O	I-Process
+motion	208,214	O	I-Process
+I	215,216	O	O
+proposed	217,225	O	O
+the	226,229	O	O
+gravitipole	230,241	O	B-Process
+in	242,244	O	O
+analogy	245,252	O	O
+with	253,257	O	O
+Dirac	258,263	O	B-Process
+'s	263,265	O	I-Process
+magnetic	266,274	O	I-Process
+monopole	275,283	O	I-Process
+.	283,284	O	O
+
+After	285,290	O	O
+Dirac	291,296	O	O
+there	297,302	O	O
+was	303,306	O	O
+considerable	307,319	O	O
+debate	320,326	O	O
+on	327,329	O	O
+how	330,333	O	O
+a	334,335	O	O
+field	336,341	O	B-Task
+theory	342,348	O	I-Task
+of	349,351	O	I-Task
+magnetic	352,360	O	I-Task
+monopoles	361,370	O	I-Task
+may	371,374	O	O
+be	375,377	O	O
+formulated	378,388	O	O
+.	388,389	O	O
+
+Eventually	390,400	O	O
+,	400,401	O	O
+'	402,403	O	O
+t	403,404	O	O
+Hooft	405,410	O	O
+and	411,414	O	O
+Polyakov	415,423	O	O
+showed	424,430	O	O
+that	431,435	O	O
+the	436,439	O	O
+magnetic	440,448	O	B-Task
+monopole	449,457	O	I-Task
+exists	458,464	O	O
+as	465,467	O	O
+an	468,470	O	O
+extended	471,479	O	O
+solution	480,488	O	O
+in	489,491	O	O
+certain	492,499	O	O
+non	500,503	O	B-Process
+-	503,504	O	I-Process
+abelian	504,511	O	I-Process
+gauge	512,517	O	I-Process
+theories	518,526	O	I-Process
+.	526,527	O	O
+
+Most	528,532	O	O
+theorists	533,542	O	O
+now	543,546	O	O
+believe	547,554	O	O
+that	555,559	O	O
+electromagnetism	560,576	O	B-Process
+is	577,579	O	O
+merely	580,586	O	O
+a	587,588	O	O
+piece	589,594	O	O
+of	595,597	O	O
+a	598,599	O	O
+grand	600,605	O	O
+unified	606,613	O	O
+theory	614,620	O	O
+and	621,624	O	O
+that	625,629	O	O
+magnetic	630,638	O	B-Process
+monopoles	639,648	O	I-Process
+exist	649,654	O	O
+.	654,655	O	O
+
+Might	656,661	O	O
+it	662,664	O	O
+not	665,668	O	O
+turn	669,673	O	O
+out	674,677	O	O
+that	678,682	O	O
+Einstein	683,691	O	O
+'s	691,693	O	O
+theory	694,700	O	O
+is	701,703	O	O
+but	704,707	O	O
+a	708,709	O	O
+piece	710,715	O	O
+of	716,718	O	O
+a	719,720	O	O
+bigger	721,727	O	O
+theory	728,734	O	O
+and	735,738	O	O
+that	739,743	O	O
+gravitipoles	744,756	O	B-Process
+exist	757,762	O	O
+?	762,763	O	O
+
+In	764,766	O	O
+grand	767,772	O	O
+unified	773,780	O	O
+theory	781,787	O	O
+the	788,791	O	O
+electromagnetic	792,807	O	B-Process
+field	808,813	O	I-Process
+is	814,816	O	O
+a	817,818	O	O
+component	819,828	O	O
+of	829,831	O	O
+a	832,833	O	O
+multiplet	834,843	O	O
+.	843,844	O	O
+
+Could	845,850	O	O
+it	851,853	O	O
+be	854,856	O	O
+that	857,861	O	O
+the	862,865	O	O
+gravitational	866,879	O	B-Process
+field	880,885	O	I-Process
+also	886,890	O	O
+somehow	891,898	O	O
+carries	899,906	O	O
+an	907,909	O	O
+internal	910,918	O	O
+index	919,924	O	O
+and	925,928	O	O
+that	929,933	O	O
+the	934,937	O	O
+field	938,943	O	O
+we	944,946	O	O
+observe	947,954	O	O
+is	955,957	O	O
+just	958,962	O	O
+a	963,964	O	O
+component	965,974	O	O
+of	975,977	O	O
+a	978,979	O	O
+multiplet	980,989	O	O
+?	989,990	O	O
+
+Throwing	991,999	O	O
+caution	1000,1007	O	O
+to	1008,1010	O	O
+the	1011,1014	O	O
+wind	1015,1019	O	O
+,	1019,1020	O	O
+I	1021,1022	O	O
+also	1023,1027	O	O
+asked	1028,1033	O	O
+in	1034,1036	O	O
+[	1037,1038	O	O
+10	1038,1040	O	O
+]	1040,1041	O	O
+if	1042,1044	O	O
+the	1045,1048	O	O
+gravitipole	1049,1060	O	B-Process
+and	1061,1064	O	O
+the	1065,1068	O	O
+graviton	1069,1077	O	B-Process
+might	1078,1083	O	O
+not	1084,1087	O	O
+form	1088,1092	O	O
+a	1093,1094	O	O
+representation	1095,1109	O	O
+under	1110,1115	O	O
+some	1116,1120	O	O
+dual	1121,1125	O	O
+group	1126,1131	O	O
+just	1132,1136	O	O
+as	1137,1139	O	O
+the	1140,1143	O	O
+magnetic	1144,1152	O	B-Process
+monopole	1153,1161	O	I-Process
+and	1162,1165	O	O
+the	1166,1169	O	O
+photon	1170,1176	O	B-Material
+form	1177,1181	O	O
+a	1182,1183	O	O
+triplet	1184,1191	O	O
+under	1192,1197	O	O
+the	1198,1201	O	O
+dual	1202,1206	O	O
+group	1207,1212	O	O
+of	1213,1215	O	O
+Montonen	1216,1224	O	O
+and	1225,1228	O	O
+Olive	1229,1234	O	O
+
+[	1235,1236	O	O
+11	1236,1238	O	O
+]	1238,1239	O	O
+.	1239,1240	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007695)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+summary	3,10	O	O
+,	10,11	O	O
+we	12,14	O	O
+have	15,19	O	O
+shown	20,25	O	O
+that	26,30	O	O
+one	31,34	O	O
+can	35,38	O	O
+describe	39,47	O	B-Task
+the	48,51	O	I-Task
+experimental	52,64	O	I-Task
+data	65,69	O	I-Task
+of	70,72	O	I-Task
+the	73,76	O	I-Task
+HERMES	77,83	O	I-Task
+Collaboration	84,97	O	I-Task
+for	98,101	O	I-Task
+hadron	102,108	O	I-Task
+attenuation	109,120	O	I-Task
+on	121,123	O	I-Task
+nuclei	124,130	O	I-Task
+without	131,138	O	O
+invoking	139,147	O	O
+any	148,151	O	O
+changes	152,159	O	O
+in	160,162	O	O
+the	163,166	O	O
+fragmentation	167,180	O	B-Process
+function	181,189	O	I-Process
+due	190,193	O	O
+to	194,196	O	O
+gluon	197,202	O	B-Process
+radiation	203,212	O	I-Process
+.	212,213	O	O
+
+In	214,216	O	O
+our	217,220	O	O
+dynamical	221,230	O	B-Task
+studies	231,238	O	I-Task
+,	238,239	O	O
+that	240,244	O	O
+include	245,252	O	O
+the	253,256	O	O
+most	257,261	O	O
+relevant	262,270	O	O
+FSI	271,274	O	B-Process
+,	274,275	O	O
+we	276,278	O	O
+employ	279,285	O	O
+only	286,290	O	O
+the	291,294	O	O
+‘	295,296	O	B-Process
+free’	296,301	O	I-Process
+fragmentation	302,315	O	I-Process
+function	316,324	O	I-Process
+on	325,327	O	O
+a	328,329	O	O
+nucleon	330,337	O	B-Material
+and	338,341	O	O
+attribute	342,351	O	O
+the	352,355	O	O
+hadron	356,362	O	B-Process
+attenuation	363,374	O	I-Process
+to	375,377	O	O
+the	378,381	O	O
+deceleration	382,394	O	O
+of	395,397	O	O
+the	398,401	O	O
+produced	402,410	O	B-Material
+(	411,412	O	I-Material
+pre-)hadrons	412,424	O	I-Material
+due	425,428	O	O
+to	429,431	O	O
+FSI	432,435	O	B-Process
+in	436,438	O	O
+the	439,442	O	O
+surrounding	443,454	O	B-Material
+medium	455,461	O	I-Material
+.	461,462	O	O
+
+We	463,465	O	O
+find	466,470	O	O
+that	471,475	O	O
+in	476,478	O	O
+particular	479,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	B-Process
+z	494,495	O	I-Process
+-	495,496	O	I-Process
+dependence	496,506	O	I-Process
+of	507,509	O	I-Process
+RMh	510,513	O	I-Process
+is	514,516	O	O
+very	517,521	O	O
+sensitive	522,531	O	O
+to	532,534	O	O
+the	535,538	O	O
+interaction	539,550	O	O
+cross	551,556	O	O
+section	557,564	O	O
+of	565,567	O	O
+leading	568,575	O	B-Material
+prehadrons	576,586	O	I-Material
+and	587,590	O	O
+can	591,594	O	O
+be	595,597	O	O
+used	598,602	O	O
+to	603,605	O	O
+determine	606,615	O	B-Task
+σlead	616,621	O	I-Task
+.	621,622	O	O
+
+The	623,626	O	O
+interaction	627,638	O	B-Process
+of	639,641	O	I-Process
+the	642,645	O	I-Process
+leading	646,653	O	I-Process
+prehadrons	654,664	O	I-Process
+during	665,671	O	I-Process
+the	672,675	O	I-Process
+formation	676,685	O	I-Process
+time	686,690	O	I-Process
+could	691,696	O	O
+be	697,699	O	O
+interpreted	700,711	O	O
+as	712,714	O	O
+an	715,717	O	O
+in	718,720	O	B-Process
+-	720,721	O	I-Process
+medium	721,727	O	I-Process
+change	728,734	O	I-Process
+of	735,737	O	I-Process
+the	738,741	O	I-Process
+fragmentation	742,755	O	I-Process
+function	756,764	O	I-Process
+,	764,765	O	O
+which	766,771	O	O
+however	772,779	O	O
+could	780,785	O	O
+not	786,789	O	O
+be	790,792	O	O
+given	793,798	O	O
+in	799,801	O	O
+a	802,803	O	O
+closed	804,810	O	O
+form	811,815	O	O
+.	815,816	O	O
+
+The	817,820	O	O
+extracted	821,830	O	O
+average	831,838	O	O
+hadron	839,845	O	B-Process
+formation	846,855	O	I-Process
+times	856,861	O	O
+of	862,864	O	O
+τf≳0.3	865,871	O	O
+fm	872,874	O	O
+/	874,875	O	O
+c	875,876	O	O
+are	877,880	O	O
+compatible	881,891	O	O
+with	892,896	O	O
+the	897,900	O	O
+analysis	901,909	O	B-Task
+of	910,912	O	I-Task
+antiproton	913,923	O	I-Task
+attenuation	924,935	O	I-Task
+in	936,938	O	O
+p+A	939,942	O	B-Process
+reactions	943,952	O	I-Process
+at	953,955	O	O
+AGS	956,959	O	O
+energies	960,968	O	O
+[	969,970	O	O
+17	970,972	O	O
+]	972,973	O	O
+.	973,974	O	O
+
+In	975,977	O	O
+an	978,980	O	O
+upcoming	981,989	O	O
+work	990,994	O	O
+we	995,997	O	O
+will	998,1002	O	O
+investigate	1003,1014	O	O
+in	1015,1017	O	O
+detail	1018,1024	O	B-Task
+the	1025,1028	O	I-Task
+spectra	1029,1036	O	I-Task
+for	1037,1040	O	I-Task
+different	1041,1050	O	I-Task
+particle	1051,1059	O	I-Task
+species	1060,1067	O	I-Task
+(	1068,1069	O	I-Task
+π±,K±,p	1069,1076	O	I-Task
+,	1076,1077	O	I-Task
+p̄	1077,1079	O	I-Task
+)	1079,1080	O	I-Task
+to	1081,1083	O	O
+examine	1084,1091	O	B-Task
+,	1091,1092	O	I-Task
+if	1093,1095	O	I-Task
+the	1096,1099	O	I-Task
+formation	1100,1109	O	I-Task
+times	1110,1115	O	I-Task
+of	1116,1118	O	I-Task
+mesons	1119,1125	O	I-Task
+and	1126,1129	O	I-Task
+antibaryons	1130,1141	O	I-Task
+are	1142,1145	O	I-Task
+about	1146,1151	O	I-Task
+equal	1152,1157	O	I-Task
+.	1157,1158	O	O
+
+In	1159,1161	O	O
+addition	1162,1170	O	O
+we	1171,1173	O	O
+will	1174,1178	O	O
+improve	1179,1186	O	B-Task
+our	1187,1190	O	I-Task
+model	1191,1196	O	I-Task
+to	1197,1199	O	I-Task
+describe	1200,1208	O	I-Task
+the	1209,1212	O	I-Task
+primary	1213,1220	O	I-Task
+photon	1221,1227	O	I-Task
+–	1227,1228	O	I-Task
+nucleon	1228,1235	O	I-Task
+reaction	1236,1244	O	I-Task
+below	1245,1250	O	I-Task
+the	1251,1254	O	I-Task
+PYTHIA	1255,1261	O	I-Task
+threshold	1262,1271	O	I-Task
+of	1272,1274	O	I-Task
+W⩾4	1275,1278	O	I-Task
+GeV.	1279,1283	O	I-Task
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007701)
+
+Solitons	0,8	O	B-Material
+present	9,16	O	O
+the	17,20	O	O
+possibility	21,32	O	O
+of	33,35	O	O
+extended	36,44	O	O
+objects	45,52	O	O
+as	53,55	O	O
+stable	56,62	O	O
+states	63,69	O	O
+within	70,76	O	O
+Quantum	77,84	O	O
+Field	85,90	O	O
+Theory	91,97	O	O
+.	97,98	O	O
+
+Although	99,107	O	O
+these	108,113	O	O
+solutions	114,123	O	O
+are	124,127	O	O
+obtained	128,136	O	O
+from	137,141	O	O
+semi	142,146	O	B-Process
+-	146,147	O	I-Process
+classical	147,156	O	I-Process
+arguments	157,166	O	I-Process
+in	167,169	O	I-Process
+weak	170,174	O	I-Process
+coupling	175,183	O	I-Process
+limit	184,189	O	I-Process
+,	189,190	O	O
+their	191,196	O	O
+validity	197,205	O	O
+as	206,208	O	O
+quantal	209,216	O	B-Task
+states	217,223	O	I-Task
+is	224,226	O	O
+justified	227,236	O	O
+based	237,242	O	O
+on	243,245	O	O
+the	246,249	O	O
+associated	250,260	O	B-Process
+topological	261,272	O	I-Process
+conservation	273,285	O	I-Process
+laws	286,290	O	I-Process
+.	290,291	O	O
+
+A	292,293	O	O
+more	294,298	O	O
+curious	299,306	O	O
+occurrence	307,317	O	O
+is	318,320	O	O
+that	321,325	O	O
+of	326,328	O	O
+fermionic	329,338	O	B-Task
+zero	339,343	O	I-Task
+-	343,344	O	I-Task
+energy	344,350	O	I-Task
+modes	351,356	O	I-Task
+trapped	357,364	O	I-Task
+on	365,367	O	I-Task
+such	368,372	O	I-Task
+solutions	373,382	O	I-Task
+.	382,383	O	O
+
+Their	384,389	O	O
+presence	390,398	O	O
+requires	399,407	O	O
+,	407,408	O	O
+according	409,418	O	O
+to	419,421	O	O
+well	422,426	O	O
+-	426,427	O	O
+known	427,432	O	O
+arguments	433,442	O	O
+[	443,444	O	O
+1,2	444,447	O	O
+]	447,448	O	O
+,	448,449	O	O
+an	450,452	O	O
+assignment	453,463	O	B-Process
+of	464,466	O	I-Process
+half	467,471	O	I-Process
+-	471,472	O	I-Process
+integer	472,479	O	I-Process
+fermion	480,487	O	I-Process
+number	488,494	O	I-Process
+to	495,497	O	I-Process
+the	498,501	O	I-Process
+solitonic	502,511	O	I-Process
+states	512,518	O	I-Process
+.	518,519	O	O
+
+In	520,522	O	O
+the	523,526	O	O
+usual	527,532	O	O
+treatment	533,542	O	O
+,	542,543	O	O
+the	544,547	O	B-Task
+back	548,552	O	I-Task
+reaction	553,561	O	I-Task
+of	562,564	O	I-Task
+the	565,568	O	I-Task
+fermion	569,576	O	I-Task
+zero	577,581	O	I-Task
+-	581,582	O	I-Task
+modes	582,587	O	I-Task
+on	588,590	O	I-Task
+the	591,594	O	I-Task
+soliton	595,602	O	I-Task
+itself	603,609	O	O
+is	610,612	O	O
+ignored	613,620	O	O
+.	620,621	O	O
+
+However	622,629	O	O
+,	629,630	O	O
+the	631,634	O	O
+fractional	635,645	O	B-Task
+values	646,652	O	I-Task
+of	653,655	O	I-Task
+the	656,659	O	I-Task
+fermionic	660,669	O	I-Task
+charge	670,676	O	I-Task
+have	677,681	O	O
+interesting	682,693	O	O
+consequence	694,705	O	O
+for	706,709	O	O
+the	710,713	O	B-Task
+fate	714,718	O	I-Task
+of	719,721	O	I-Task
+the	722,725	O	I-Task
+soliton	726,733	O	I-Task
+if	734,736	O	O
+the	737,740	O	O
+latter	741,747	O	O
+is	748,750	O	O
+not	751,754	O	O
+strictly	755,763	O	O
+stable	764,770	O	O
+.	770,771	O	O
+
+The	772,775	O	O
+reason	776,782	O	O
+for	783,786	O	O
+this	787,791	O	O
+is	792,794	O	O
+that	795,799	O	O
+if	800,802	O	O
+the	803,806	O	O
+configuration	807,820	O	O
+were	821,825	O	O
+to	826,828	O	O
+relax	829,834	O	O
+to	835,837	O	O
+trivial	838,845	O	O
+vacuum	846,852	O	B-Material
+in	853,855	O	O
+isolation	856,865	O	O
+,	865,866	O	O
+there	867,872	O	O
+is	873,875	O	O
+no	876,878	O	O
+particle	879,887	O	O
+-	887,888	O	O
+like	888,892	O	O
+state	893,898	O	O
+available	899,908	O	O
+for	909,912	O	O
+carrying	913,921	O	B-Task
+the	922,925	O	I-Task
+fractional	926,936	O	I-Task
+value	937,942	O	I-Task
+of	943,945	O	I-Task
+the	946,949	O	I-Task
+fermionic	950,959	O	I-Task
+charge	960,966	O	I-Task
+.	966,967	O	O
+
+Dynamical	968,977	O	B-Task
+stability	978,987	O	I-Task
+of	988,990	O	I-Task
+such	991,995	O	I-Task
+objects	996,1003	O	I-Task
+was	1004,1007	O	O
+pointed	1008,1015	O	O
+out	1016,1019	O	O
+in	1020,1022	O	O
+[	1023,1024	O	O
+3	1024,1025	O	O
+]	1025,1026	O	O
+,	1026,1027	O	O
+in	1028,1030	O	O
+cosmological	1031,1043	O	O
+context	1044,1051	O	O
+in	1052,1054	O	O
+[	1055,1056	O	O
+4,5	1056,1059	O	O
+]	1059,1060	O	O
+and	1061,1064	O	O
+more	1065,1069	O	O
+recently	1070,1078	O	O
+in	1079,1081	O	O
+[	1082,1083	O	O
+6–8	1083,1086	O	O
+]	1086,1087	O	O
+.	1087,1088	O	O
+
+Fractional	1089,1099	O	O
+fermion	1100,1107	O	O
+number	1108,1114	O	O
+phenomenon	1115,1125	O	O
+also	1126,1130	O	O
+occurs	1131,1137	O	O
+in	1138,1140	O	O
+condensed	1141,1150	O	B-Material
+matter	1151,1157	O	I-Material
+systems	1158,1165	O	I-Material
+and	1166,1169	O	O
+its	1170,1173	O	O
+wide	1174,1178	O	O
+ranging	1179,1186	O	O
+implications	1187,1199	O	O
+call	1200,1204	O	O
+for	1205,1208	O	O
+a	1209,1210	O	O
+systematic	1211,1221	O	B-Task
+understanding	1222,1235	O	I-Task
+of	1236,1238	O	I-Task
+the	1239,1242	O	I-Task
+phenomenon	1243,1253	O	I-Task
+.	1253,1254	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007749)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+charmonium	4,14	O	B-Process
+production	15,25	O	I-Process
+has	26,29	O	O
+long	30,34	O	O
+been	35,39	O	O
+considered	40,50	O	O
+as	51,53	O	O
+a	54,55	O	O
+good	56,60	O	O
+process	61,68	O	O
+for	69,72	O	O
+investigating	73,86	O	B-Task
+both	87,91	O	I-Task
+perturbative	92,104	O	I-Task
+and	105,108	O	I-Task
+nonperturbative	109,124	O	I-Task
+properties	125,135	O	I-Task
+of	136,138	O	I-Task
+quantum	139,146	O	I-Task
+chromodynamics	147,161	O	I-Task
+(	162,163	O	I-Task
+QCD	163,166	O	I-Task
+)	166,167	O	O
+,	167,168	O	O
+because	169,176	O	O
+of	177,179	O	O
+the	180,183	O	O
+relatively	184,194	O	O
+large	195,200	O	O
+difference	201,211	O	O
+between	212,219	O	O
+the	220,223	O	O
+scale	224,229	O	O
+at	230,232	O	O
+which	233,238	O	O
+the	239,242	O	O
+charm	243,248	O	O
+–	248,249	O	O
+quark	249,254	O	O
+pair	255,259	O	O
+is	260,262	O	O
+produced	263,271	O	O
+at	272,274	O	O
+the	275,278	O	O
+parton	279,285	O	O
+level	286,291	O	O
+and	292,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+scale	300,305	O	O
+at	306,308	O	O
+which	309,314	O	O
+it	315,317	O	O
+evolves	318,325	O	O
+into	326,330	O	O
+a	331,332	O	O
+quarkonium	333,343	O	O
+.	343,344	O	O
+
+In	345,347	O	O
+particular	348,358	O	O
+,	358,359	O	O
+comparing	360,369	O	O
+to	370,372	O	O
+hadron	373,379	O	O
+colliders	380,389	O	O
+,	389,390	O	O
+e+e−	391,395	O	B-Material
+colliders	396,405	O	I-Material
+,	405,406	O	O
+provide	407,414	O	O
+a	415,416	O	O
+cleaner	417,424	O	O
+environment	425,436	O	O
+to	437,439	O	O
+study	440,445	O	B-Task
+the	446,449	O	I-Task
+charmonium	450,460	O	I-Task
+productions	461,472	O	I-Task
+and	473,476	O	I-Task
+decays	477,483	O	I-Task
+.	483,484	O	O
+
+However	485,492	O	O
+,	492,493	O	O
+some	494,498	O	O
+puzzles	499,506	O	O
+arise	507,512	O	O
+from	513,517	O	O
+the	518,521	O	O
+recent	522,528	O	B-Process
+measurements	529,541	O	I-Process
+on	542,544	O	I-Process
+the	545,548	O	I-Process
+prompt	549,555	O	I-Process
+J/ψ	556,559	O	I-Process
+productions	560,571	O	O
+at	572,574	O	O
+BaBar	575,580	O	B-Process
+and	581,584	O	O
+Belle	585,590	O	B-Process
+
+[	591,592	O	O
+1–3	592,595	O	O
+]	595,596	O	O
+.	596,597	O	O
+
+For	598,601	O	O
+the	602,605	O	O
+inclusive	606,615	O	B-Task
+J/ψ	616,619	O	I-Task
+productions	620,631	O	I-Task
+,	631,632	O	O
+the	633,636	O	O
+cross	637,642	O	O
+section	643,650	O	O
+is	651,653	O	O
+much	654,658	O	O
+larger	659,665	O	O
+than	666,670	O	O
+the	671,674	O	O
+predictions	675,686	O	O
+of	687,689	O	O
+nonrelativistic	690,705	O	B-Process
+quantum	706,713	O	I-Process
+chromodynamics	714,728	O	I-Process
+(	729,730	O	O
+NRQCD	730,735	O	B-Process
+)	735,736	O	O
+[	737,738	O	O
+4	738,739	O	O
+]	739,740	O	O
+;	740,741	O	O
+there	742,747	O	O
+is	748,750	O	O
+also	751,755	O	O
+an	756,758	O	O
+over	759,763	O	O
+-	763,764	O	O
+abundance	764,773	O	O
+of	774,776	O	O
+the	777,780	O	O
+four	781,785	O	B-Process
+-	785,786	O	I-Process
+charm	786,791	O	I-Process
+–	791,792	O	I-Process
+quark	792,797	O	I-Process
+processes	798,807	O	I-Process
+including	808,817	O	O
+the	818,821	O	O
+exclusive	822,831	O	B-Process
+J/ψ	832,835	O	I-Process
+and	836,839	O	I-Process
+charmonium	840,850	O	I-Process
+productions	851,862	O	I-Process
+;	862,863	O	O
+there	864,869	O	O
+is	870,872	O	O
+no	873,875	O	O
+apparent	876,884	O	O
+signal	885,891	O	O
+in	892,894	O	O
+the	895,898	O	O
+hard	899,903	O	O
+J/ψ	904,907	O	O
+spectrum	908,916	O	O
+which	917,922	O	O
+has	923,926	O	O
+been	927,931	O	O
+predicted	932,941	O	O
+by	942,944	O	O
+the	945,948	O	O
+J/ψgg	949,954	O	B-Process
+production	955,965	O	I-Process
+mode	966,970	O	I-Process
+as	971,973	O	O
+well	974,978	O	O
+as	979,981	O	O
+the	982,985	O	O
+color	986,991	O	B-Process
+-	991,992	O	I-Process
+octet	992,997	O	I-Process
+mechanism	998,1007	O	I-Process
+in	1008,1010	O	I-Process
+NRQCD	1011,1016	O	I-Process
+.	1016,1017	O	O
+
+To	1018,1020	O	O
+provide	1021,1028	O	O
+plausible	1029,1038	O	O
+solutions	1039,1048	O	O
+and	1049,1052	O	O
+explanations	1053,1065	O	O
+for	1066,1069	O	O
+these	1070,1075	O	O
+conflicts	1076,1085	O	O
+,	1085,1086	O	O
+theorists	1087,1096	O	O
+have	1097,1101	O	O
+studied	1102,1109	O	O
+the	1110,1113	O	O
+possibilities	1114,1127	O	B-Task
+of	1128,1130	O	I-Task
+the	1131,1134	O	I-Task
+contribution	1135,1147	O	I-Task
+from	1148,1152	O	I-Task
+two	1153,1156	O	I-Task
+-	1156,1157	O	I-Task
+virtual	1157,1164	O	I-Task
+-	1164,1165	O	I-Task
+photon	1165,1171	O	I-Task
+mediate	1172,1179	O	I-Task
+processes	1180,1189	O	I-Task
+[	1190,1191	O	O
+5	1191,1192	O	O
+]	1192,1193	O	O
+,	1193,1194	O	O
+large	1195,1200	O	B-Task
+higher	1201,1207	O	I-Task
+-	1207,1208	O	I-Task
+order	1208,1213	O	I-Task
+QCD	1214,1217	O	I-Task
+corrections	1218,1229	O	I-Task
+[	1230,1231	O	O
+6,7	1231,1234	O	O
+]	1234,1235	O	O
+,	1235,1236	O	O
+collinear	1237,1246	O	B-Task
+suppression	1247,1258	O	I-Task
+at	1259,1261	O	I-Task
+the	1262,1265	O	I-Task
+end	1266,1269	O	I-Task
+-	1269,1270	O	I-Task
+point	1270,1275	O	I-Task
+region	1276,1282	O	I-Task
+of	1283,1285	O	I-Task
+the	1286,1289	O	I-Task
+J/ψ	1290,1293	O	I-Task
+momentum	1294,1302	O	I-Task
+[	1303,1304	O	O
+7,8	1304,1307	O	O
+]	1307,1308	O	O
+,	1308,1309	O	O
+contribution	1310,1322	O	B-Task
+from	1323,1327	O	I-Task
+the	1328,1331	O	I-Task
+J/ψ-glueball	1332,1344	O	I-Task
+associated	1345,1355	O	I-Task
+production	1356,1366	O	I-Task
+[	1367,1368	O	O
+9	1368,1369	O	O
+]	1369,1370	O	O
+and	1371,1374	O	O
+contribution	1375,1387	O	B-Task
+from	1388,1392	O	I-Task
+a	1393,1394	O	I-Task
+very	1395,1399	O	I-Task
+light	1400,1405	O	I-Task
+scalar	1406,1412	O	I-Task
+boson	1413,1418	O	I-Task
+[	1419,1420	O	O
+10	1420,1422	O	O
+]	1422,1423	O	O
+.	1423,1424	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304007798)
+
+States	0,6	O	O
+outside	7,14	O	O
+the	15,18	O	O
+constituent	19,30	O	O
+quark	31,36	O	O
+model	37,42	O	O
+have	43,47	O	O
+been	48,52	O	O
+hypothesized	53,65	O	O
+to	66,68	O	O
+exist	69,74	O	O
+almost	75,81	O	O
+since	82,87	O	O
+the	88,91	O	O
+introduction	92,104	O	O
+of	105,107	O	O
+color	108,113	O	O
+[	114,115	O	O
+1–4	115,118	O	O
+]	118,119	O	O
+.	119,120	O	O
+
+Hybrid	121,127	O	B-Material
+mesons	128,134	O	I-Material
+,	134,135	O	O
+qq̄	136,139	O	O
+states	140,146	O	O
+with	147,151	O	O
+an	152,154	O	O
+admixture	155,164	O	O
+of	165,167	O	O
+gluons	168,174	O	B-Material
+,	174,175	O	O
+and	176,179	O	O
+glueballs	180,189	O	B-Material
+,	189,190	O	O
+states	191,197	O	O
+with	198,202	O	O
+no	203,205	O	O
+quark	206,211	O	B-Material
+content	212,219	O	O
+,	219,220	O	O
+rely	221,225	O	O
+on	226,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+self	233,237	O	O
+interaction	238,249	O	O
+property	250,258	O	O
+of	259,261	O	O
+gluons	262,268	O	B-Material
+due	269,272	O	O
+to	273,275	O	O
+their	276,281	O	O
+color	282,287	O	B-Process
+charge	288,294	O	I-Process
+.	294,295	O	O
+
+Looking	296,303	O	B-Process
+for	304,307	O	I-Process
+glueballs	308,317	O	I-Process
+would	318,323	O	O
+be	324,326	O	O
+the	327,330	O	O
+most	331,335	O	O
+obvious	336,343	O	O
+way	344,347	O	O
+to	348,350	O	O
+find	351,355	O	B-Task
+evidence	356,364	O	I-Task
+for	365,368	O	I-Task
+states	369,375	O	I-Task
+with	376,380	O	I-Task
+constituent	381,392	O	I-Task
+gluons	393,399	O	I-Task
+;	399,400	O	O
+however	401,408	O	O
+,	408,409	O	O
+the	410,413	O	O
+search	414,420	O	O
+is	421,423	O	O
+hindered	424,432	O	O
+by	433,435	O	O
+the	436,439	O	O
+fact	440,444	O	O
+that	445,449	O	O
+these	450,455	O	O
+states	456,462	O	O
+may	463,466	O	O
+significantly	467,480	O	O
+mix	481,484	O	O
+with	485,489	O	O
+regular	490,497	O	O
+qq̄-mesons	498,508	O	B-Material
+in	509,511	O	O
+the	512,515	O	O
+region	516,522	O	O
+where	523,528	O	O
+the	529,532	O	O
+lightest	533,541	O	O
+are	542,545	O	O
+predicted	546,555	O	O
+to	556,558	O	O
+occur	559,564	O	O
+.	564,565	O	O
+
+As	566,568	O	O
+such	569,573	O	O
+,	573,574	O	O
+they	575,579	O	O
+may	580,583	O	O
+not	584,587	O	O
+be	588,590	O	O
+observable	591,601	O	O
+as	602,604	O	O
+pure	605,609	O	O
+states	610,616	O	O
+and	617,620	O	O
+disentangling	621,634	O	B-Task
+the	635,638	O	I-Task
+observed	639,647	O	I-Task
+spectra	648,655	O	I-Task
+may	656,659	O	O
+be	660,662	O	O
+a	663,664	O	O
+very	665,669	O	O
+difficult	670,679	O	O
+task	680,684	O	O
+.	684,685	O	O
+
+Instead	686,693	O	O
+,	693,694	O	O
+hybrid	695,701	O	B-Material
+mesons	702,708	O	I-Material
+(	709,710	O	O
+qq̄gn	710,715	O	B-Material
+)	715,716	O	O
+may	717,720	O	O
+be	721,723	O	O
+a	724,725	O	O
+better	726,732	O	O
+place	733,738	O	O
+to	739,741	O	O
+search	742,748	O	O
+for	749,752	O	O
+evidence	753,761	O	O
+of	762,764	O	O
+resonances	765,775	O	B-Task
+outside	776,783	O	I-Task
+the	784,787	O	I-Task
+constituent	788,799	O	I-Task
+quark	800,805	O	I-Task
+model	806,811	O	I-Task
+,	811,812	O	O
+especially	813,823	O	O
+since	824,829	O	O
+the	830,833	O	O
+lightest	834,842	O	O
+of	843,845	O	O
+theses	846,852	O	O
+states	853,859	O	O
+are	860,863	O	O
+predicted	864,873	O	O
+to	874,876	O	O
+have	877,881	O	O
+exotic	882,888	O	O
+quantum	889,896	O	O
+numbers	897,904	O	O
+of	905,907	O	O
+spin	908,912	O	O
+,	912,913	O	O
+parity	914,920	O	O
+,	920,921	O	O
+and	922,925	O	O
+charge	926,932	O	O
+conjugation	933,944	O	O
+,	944,945	O	O
+JPC	946,949	O	B-Process
+,	949,950	O	O
+that	951,955	O	O
+is	956,958	O	O
+,	958,959	O	O
+combinations	960,972	O	O
+that	973,977	O	O
+are	978,981	O	O
+unattainable	982,994	O	O
+by	995,997	O	O
+regular	998,1005	O	O
+qq̄-mesons	1006,1016	O	B-Material
+.	1016,1017	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008305)
+
+Correlation	0,11	O	B-Task
+of	12,14	O	I-Task
+charm	15,20	O	I-Task
+-	20,21	O	I-Task
+quark	21,26	O	I-Task
+–	26,27	O	I-Task
+charm	27,32	O	I-Task
+-	32,33	O	I-Task
+antiquark	33,42	O	I-Task
+in	43,45	O	I-Task
+γp	46,48	O	I-Task
+scattering	49,59	O	I-Task
+are	60,63	O	O
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+in	75,77	O	O
+the	78,81	O	O
+kt	82,84	O	B-Process
+-	84,85	O	I-Process
+factorization	85,98	O	I-Process
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+.	107,108	O	O
+
+We	109,111	O	O
+apply	112,117	O	O
+different	118,127	O	O
+unintegrated	128,140	O	B-Process
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+distributions	147,160	O	I-Process
+(	161,162	O	O
+uGDF	162,166	O	B-Process
+)	166,167	O	O
+used	168,172	O	O
+in	173,175	O	O
+the	176,179	O	O
+literature	180,190	O	O
+.	190,191	O	O
+
+The	192,195	O	O
+results	196,203	O	O
+of	204,206	O	O
+our	207,210	O	O
+calculations	211,223	O	O
+are	224,227	O	O
+compared	228,236	O	O
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+very	242,246	O	O
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+results	267,274	O	O
+from	275,279	O	O
+the	280,283	O	O
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+Collaboration	290,303	O	O
+.	303,304	O	O
+
+The	305,308	O	O
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+et	352,354	O	O
+al	355,357	O	O
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+
+gives	359,364	O	O
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+.	395,396	O	O
+
+New	397,400	O	O
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+
+Predictions	447,458	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008706)
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+;	143,144	O	O
+in	145,147	O	O
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+[	223,224	O	O
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+-	275,276	O	I-Process
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+deuteron	307,315	O	I-Process
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+function	321,329	O	I-Process
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+in	334,336	O	O
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+good	348,352	O	O
+agreement	353,362	O	O
+with	363,367	O	O
+the	368,371	O	O
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+data	385,389	O	O
+on	390,392	O	O
+the	393,396	O	O
+T20	397,400	O	B-Process
+parameter	401,410	O	I-Process
+of	411,413	O	I-Process
+deuteron	414,422	O	I-Process
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+on	431,433	O	I-Process
+H	434,435	O	I-Process
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+C	440,441	O	I-Process
+targets	442,449	O	I-Process
+with	450,454	O	O
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+GeV	517,520	O	I-Process
+/	520,521	O	I-Process
+c	521,522	O	I-Process
+.	522,523	O	O
+
+Furthermore	524,535	O	O
+,	535,536	O	O
+within	537,543	O	O
+the	544,547	O	O
+same	548,552	O	O
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+a	562,563	O	O
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+,	647,648	O	I-Task
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+reaction	652,660	O	I-Task
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+a	664,665	O	O
+deuteron	666,674	O	B-Process
+momentum	675,683	O	I-Process
+of	684,686	O	O
+4.5	687,690	O	O
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+/	694,695	O	O
+c	695,696	O	O
+and	697,700	O	O
+a	701,702	O	O
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+proton	712,718	O	O
+angle	719,724	O	O
+of	725,727	O	O
+80	728,730	O	O
+mr	731,733	O	O
+and	734,737	O	O
+a	738,739	O	O
+rather	740,746	O	O
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+the	767,770	O	O
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+the	784,787	O	O
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+,	793,794	O	I-Process
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+9	810,811	O	O
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+/	815,816	O	O
+
+c	816,817	O	O
+and	818,821	O	O
+85	822,824	O	O
+mr	825,827	O	O
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+16	843,845	O	O
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+
+
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+bi	27,29	O	B-Task
+-	29,30	O	I-Task
+large	30,35	O	I-Task
+lepton	36,42	O	I-Task
+mixing	43,49	O	I-Task
+in	50,52	O	O
+the	53,56	O	O
+framework	57,66	O	O
+of	67,69	O	O
+nearly	70,76	O	O
+threefold	77,86	O	O
+degenerate	87,97	O	B-Material
+Majorana	98,106	O	I-Material
+neutrinos	107,116	O	I-Material
+.	116,117	O	O
+
+In	118,120	O	O
+our	121,124	O	O
+proposal	125,133	O	O
+,	133,134	O	O
+we	135,137	O	O
+impose	138,144	O	O
+Z3	145,147	O	O
+symmetry	148,156	O	O
+in	157,159	O	O
+the	160,163	O	O
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+sector	173,179	O	I-Material
+at	180,182	O	O
+a	183,184	O	O
+high	185,189	O	O
+energy	190,196	O	O
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+to	203,205	O	O
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+for	214,217	O	O
+the	218,221	O	O
+threefold	222,231	O	O
+degenerate	232,242	O	B-Material
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+the	257,260	O	O
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+mixing	269,275	O	O
+between	276,283	O	O
+νμ	284,286	O	O
+and	287,290	O	O
+ντ.	291,294	O	O
+
+In	295,297	O	O
+order	298,303	O	O
+to	304,306	O	O
+obtain	307,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	O
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+keeping	360,367	O	I-Task
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+νμ	395,397	O	I-Task
+and	398,401	O	I-Task
+ντ	402,404	O	I-Task
+,	404,405	O	O
+we	406,408	O	O
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+a	419,420	O	I-Process
+small	421,426	O	I-Process
+perturbation	427,439	O	I-Process
+to	440,442	O	I-Process
+the	443,446	O	I-Process
+neutrino	447,455	O	I-Process
+mass	456,460	O	I-Process
+matrix	461,467	O	I-Process
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+breaking	476,484	O	I-Process
+Z3	485,487	O	I-Process
+symmetry	488,496	O	I-Process
+.	496,497	O	O
+
+On	498,500	O	O
+the	501,504	O	O
+other	505,510	O	O
+hand	511,515	O	O
+,	515,516	O	O
+the	517,520	O	O
+solar	521,526	O	B-Process
+neutrino	527,535	O	I-Process
+mixing	536,542	O	I-Process
+arises	543,549	O	O
+due	550,553	O	O
+to	554,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
+non	561,564	O	B-Material
+-	564,565	O	I-Material
+diagonal	565,573	O	I-Material
+charged	574,581	O	I-Material
+lepton	582,588	O	I-Material
+mass	589,593	O	I-Material
+matrix	594,600	O	I-Material
+,	600,601	O	O
+and	602,605	O	O
+the	606,609	O	O
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+large	620,625	O	B-Task
+mixing	626,632	O	I-Task
+and	633,636	O	I-Task
+mass	637,641	O	I-Task
+splitting	642,651	O	I-Task
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+the	656,659	O	I-Task
+solar	660,665	O	I-Task
+neutrino	666,674	O	I-Task
+oscillation	675,686	O	I-Task
+can	687,690	O	O
+be	691,693	O	O
+obtained	694,702	O	O
+by	703,705	O	O
+radiative	706,715	O	B-Process
+corrections	716,727	O	I-Process
+.	727,728	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008780)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+NJL	7,10	O	B-Task
+model	11,16	O	I-Task
+studied	17,24	O	I-Task
+here	25,29	O	O
+,	29,30	O	O
+we	31,33	O	O
+find	34,38	O	O
+no	39,41	O	O
+stable	42,48	O	B-Material
+stars	49,54	O	I-Material
+with	55,59	O	O
+either	60,66	O	O
+CFL	67,70	O	B-Material
+or	71,73	O	I-Material
+normal	74,80	O	I-Material
+quark	81,86	O	I-Material
+matter	87,93	O	I-Material
+cores	94,99	O	I-Material
+.	99,100	O	O
+
+This	101,105	O	O
+is	106,108	O	O
+the	109,112	O	O
+opposite	113,121	O	O
+of	122,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	O
+prediction	129,139	O	O
+of	140,142	O	O
+Ref	143,146	O	O
+.	146,147	O	O
+
+[	148,149	O	O
+15	149,151	O	O
+]	151,152	O	O
+where	153,158	O	O
+it	159,161	O	O
+was	162,165	O	O
+argued	166,172	O	O
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+there	178,183	O	O
+is	184,186	O	O
+no	187,189	O	O
+2SC	190,193	O	O
+phase	194,199	O	O
+in	200,202	O	O
+compact	203,210	O	B-Material
+stars	211,216	O	I-Material
+.	216,217	O	O
+
+Let	218,221	O	O
+us	222,224	O	O
+be	225,227	O	O
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+precise	233,240	O	O
+:	240,241	O	O
+performing	242,252	O	O
+a	253,254	O	O
+Taylor	255,261	O	B-Process
+expansion	262,271	O	I-Process
+in	272,274	O	O
+the	275,278	O	O
+strange	279,286	O	B-Material
+quark	287,292	O	I-Material
+mass	293,297	O	I-Material
+,	297,298	O	O
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+.	317,318	O	O
+
+[	319,320	O	O
+15	320,322	O	O
+]	322,323	O	O
+found	324,329	O	O
+that	330,334	O	O
+in	335,337	O	O
+beta	338,342	O	B-Material
+-	342,343	O	I-Material
+equilibrated	343,355	O	I-Material
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+quark	387,392	O	I-Material
+matter	393,399	O	I-Material
+the	400,403	O	O
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+is	414,416	O	O
+always	417,423	O	O
+less	424,428	O	O
+favored	429,436	O	O
+than	437,441	O	O
+the	442,445	O	O
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+quark	466,471	O	I-Material
+matter	472,478	O	I-Material
+.	478,479	O	O
+
+From	480,484	O	O
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+observation	490,501	O	O
+they	502,506	O	O
+concluded	507,516	O	O
+that	517,521	O	O
+the	522,525	O	O
+2SC	526,529	O	B-Process
+phase	530,535	O	I-Process
+is	536,538	O	O
+absent	539,545	O	O
+in	546,548	O	O
+compact	549,556	O	B-Material
+stars	557,562	O	I-Material
+.	562,563	O	O
+
+In	564,566	O	O
+contrast	567,575	O	O
+to	576,578	O	O
+this	579,583	O	O
+result	584,590	O	O
+,	590,591	O	O
+it	592,594	O	O
+was	595,598	O	O
+shown	599,604	O	O
+in	605,607	O	O
+Ref	608,611	O	O
+.	611,612	O	O
+
+[	613,614	O	O
+16	614,616	O	O
+]	616,617	O	O
+in	618,620	O	O
+the	621,624	O	O
+framework	625,634	O	O
+of	635,637	O	O
+the	638,641	O	O
+NJL	642,645	O	B-Process
+model	646,651	O	I-Process
+that	652,656	O	O
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+matter	669,675	O	I-Material
+could	676,681	O	O
+be	682,684	O	O
+the	685,688	O	O
+most	689,693	O	O
+favored	694,701	O	O
+quark	702,707	O	B-Process
+phase	708,713	O	I-Process
+in	714,716	O	O
+a	717,718	O	O
+certain	719,726	O	O
+regime	727,733	O	O
+.	733,734	O	O
+
+However	735,742	O	O
+,	742,743	O	O
+the	744,747	O	O
+authors	748,755	O	O
+argued	756,762	O	O
+that	763,767	O	O
+this	768,772	O	O
+interval	773,781	O	O
+might	782,787	O	O
+disappear	788,797	O	O
+if	798,800	O	O
+the	801,804	O	O
+hadronic	805,813	O	B-Process
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+is	820,822	O	O
+included	823,831	O	O
+more	832,836	O	O
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+.	845,846	O	O
+
+This	847,851	O	O
+is	852,854	O	O
+indeed	855,861	O	O
+what	862,866	O	O
+we	867,869	O	O
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+parameter	880,889	O	O
+set	890,893	O	O
+RKH	894,897	O	O
+,	897,898	O	O
+while	899,904	O	O
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+set	919,922	O	O
+HK	923,925	O	O
+the	926,929	O	O
+2SC	930,933	O	O
+phase	934,939	O	O
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+only	949,953	O	O
+in	954,956	O	O
+a	957,958	O	O
+tiny	959,963	O	O
+window	964,970	O	O
+.	970,971	O	O
+
+Nevertheless	972,984	O	O
+,	984,985	O	O
+if	986,988	O	O
+Nature	989,995	O	O
+chooses	996,1003	O	O
+to	1004,1006	O	O
+be	1007,1009	O	O
+similar	1010,1017	O	O
+to	1018,1020	O	O
+this	1021,1025	O	O
+equation	1026,1034	O	O
+of	1035,1037	O	O
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+,	1043,1044	O	O
+it	1045,1047	O	O
+will	1048,1052	O	O
+be	1053,1055	O	O
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+tiny	1061,1065	O	O
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+rise	1085,1089	O	O
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+hybrid	1093,1099	O	B-Material
+stars	1100,1105	O	I-Material
+,	1105,1106	O	O
+whereas	1107,1114	O	O
+the	1115,1118	O	O
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+phase	1123,1128	O	I-Process
+would	1129,1134	O	O
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+never	1138,1143	O	O
+present	1144,1151	O	O
+in	1152,1154	O	O
+compact	1155,1162	O	B-Material
+stars	1163,1168	O	I-Material
+.	1168,1169	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008792)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+investigate	3,14	O	B-Task
+the	15,18	O	I-Task
+density	19,26	O	I-Task
+behavior	27,35	O	I-Task
+of	36,38	O	I-Task
+the	39,42	O	I-Task
+symmetry	43,51	O	I-Task
+energy	52,58	O	I-Task
+with	59,63	O	I-Task
+respect	64,71	O	I-Task
+to	72,74	O	I-Task
+isospin	75,82	O	I-Task
+equilibration	83,96	O	I-Task
+in	97,99	O	O
+the	100,103	O	O
+combined	104,112	O	B-Process
+systems	113,120	O	I-Process
+Ru(Zr)+Zr(Ru	121,133	O	B-Process
+)	133,134	O	I-Process
+at	135,137	O	O
+relativistic	138,150	O	B-Process
+energies	151,159	O	I-Process
+of	160,162	O	O
+0.4	163,166	O	O
+and	167,170	O	O
+1.528A	171,177	O	O
+GeV.	178,182	O	O
+
+The	183,186	O	O
+study	187,192	O	B-Task
+is	193,195	O	O
+performed	196,205	O	O
+within	206,212	O	O
+a	213,214	O	O
+relativistic	215,227	O	B-Process
+framework	228,237	O	I-Process
+and	238,241	O	O
+the	242,245	O	O
+contribution	246,258	O	B-Process
+of	259,261	O	I-Process
+the	262,265	O	I-Process
+iso	266,269	O	I-Process
+-	269,270	O	I-Process
+vector	270,276	O	I-Process
+,	276,277	O	O
+scalar	278,284	O	B-Task
+δ	285,286	O	I-Task
+field	287,292	O	I-Task
+to	293,295	O	I-Task
+the	296,299	O	I-Task
+symmetry	300,308	O	I-Task
+energy	309,315	O	I-Task
+and	316,319	O	I-Task
+the	320,323	O	I-Task
+isospin	324,331	O	I-Task
+dynamics	332,340	O	I-Task
+is	341,343	O	I-Task
+particularly	344,356	O	I-Task
+explored	357,365	O	I-Task
+.	365,366	O	O
+
+We	367,369	O	O
+find	370,374	O	O
+that	375,379	O	O
+the	380,383	O	O
+isospin	384,391	O	B-Task
+mixing	392,398	O	I-Task
+depends	399,406	O	O
+on	407,409	O	O
+the	410,413	O	O
+symmetry	414,422	O	O
+energy	423,429	O	O
+and	430,433	O	O
+a	434,435	O	O
+stiffer	436,443	O	O
+behavior	444,452	O	O
+leads	453,458	O	O
+to	459,461	O	O
+more	462,466	O	O
+transparency	467,479	O	O
+.	479,480	O	O
+
+The	481,484	O	O
+results	485,492	O	O
+are	493,496	O	O
+also	497,501	O	O
+nicely	502,508	O	O
+sensitive	509,518	O	O
+to	519,521	O	O
+the	522,525	O	O
+“	526,527	O	O
+fine	527,531	O	O
+structure	532,541	O	O
+”	541,542	O	O
+of	543,545	O	O
+the	546,549	O	O
+symmetry	550,558	O	O
+energy	559,565	O	O
+,	565,566	O	O
+i.e.	567,571	O	O
+,	571,572	O	O
+to	573,575	O	O
+the	576,579	O	O
+covariant	580,589	O	O
+properties	590,600	O	O
+of	601,603	O	O
+the	604,607	O	O
+isovector	608,617	O	B-Material
+meson	618,623	O	I-Material
+fields	624,630	O	I-Material
+.	630,631	O	O
+
+The	631,634	O	O
+isospin	635,642	O	O
+tracing	643,650	O	O
+appears	651,658	O	O
+much	659,663	O	O
+less	664,668	O	O
+dependent	669,678	O	O
+on	679,681	O	O
+the	682,685	O	O
+in	686,688	O	O
+medium	689,695	O	O
+neutron	696,703	O	O
+–	703,704	O	O
+
+proton	704,710	O	O
+cross	711,716	O	O
+sections	717,725	O	O
+(	726,727	O	O
+σnp	727,730	O	B-Process
+)	730,731	O	O
+and	732,735	O	O
+this	736,740	O	O
+makes	741,746	O	O
+such	747,751	O	O
+observable	752,762	O	O
+very	763,767	O	O
+peculiar	768,776	O	O
+for	777,780	O	O
+the	781,784	O	O
+study	785,790	O	B-Task
+of	791,793	O	I-Task
+the	794,797	O	I-Task
+isovector	798,807	O	I-Task
+part	808,812	O	I-Task
+of	813,815	O	I-Task
+the	816,819	O	I-Task
+nuclear	820,827	O	I-Task
+equation	828,836	O	I-Task
+of	837,839	O	I-Task
+state	840,845	O	I-Task
+.	845,846	O	O
+
+Within	846,852	O	O
+such	853,857	O	O
+a	858,859	O	O
+framework	860,869	O	O
+,	869,870	O	O
+comparisons	871,882	O	B-Process
+with	883,887	O	I-Process
+experiments	888,899	O	I-Process
+support	900,907	O	O
+the	908,911	O	O
+introduction	912,924	O	B-Process
+of	925,927	O	I-Process
+the	928,931	O	I-Process
+δ	932,933	O	I-Process
+meson	934,939	O	I-Process
+in	940,942	O	I-Process
+the	943,946	O	I-Process
+description	947,958	O	I-Process
+of	959,961	O	I-Process
+the	962,965	O	I-Process
+iso	966,969	O	I-Process
+-	969,970	O	I-Process
+vector	970,976	O	I-Process
+equation	977,985	O	I-Process
+of	986,988	O	I-Process
+state	989,994	O	I-Process
+.	994,995	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008809)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+most	4,8	O	O
+ambitious	9,18	O	O
+goal	19,23	O	O
+may	24,27	O	O
+be	28,30	O	O
+stated	31,37	O	O
+as	38,40	O	O
+the	41,44	O	O
+one	45,48	O	O
+of	49,51	O	O
+detecting	52,61	O	B-Task
+the	62,65	O	I-Task
+location	66,74	O	I-Task
+of	75,77	O	I-Task
+,	77,78	O	I-Task
+say	79,82	O	I-Task
+,	82,83	O	I-Task
+one	84,87	O	I-Task
+missing	88,95	O	I-Task
+level	96,101	O	I-Task
+on	102,104	O	I-Task
+an	105,107	O	I-Task
+otherwise	108,117	O	I-Task
+complete	118,126	O	I-Task
+sequence	127,135	O	I-Task
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+Dyson	137,142	O	O
+,	142,143	O	O
+in	144,146	O	O
+a	147,148	O	O
+recent	149,155	O	O
+review	156,162	O	O
+[	163,164	O	O
+7	164,165	O	O
+]	165,166	O	O
+,	166,167	O	O
+uses	168,172	O	O
+information	173,184	O	B-Process
+theory	185,191	O	I-Process
+concepts	192,200	O	I-Process
+and	201,204	O	O
+argues	205,211	O	O
+that	212,216	O	O
+correlations	217,229	O	B-Process
+in	230,232	O	I-Process
+a	233,234	O	I-Process
+sequence	235,243	O	I-Process
+may	244,247	O	O
+provide	248,255	O	O
+the	256,259	O	O
+necessary	260,269	O	O
+redundancy	270,280	O	O
+from	281,285	O	O
+which	286,291	O	O
+error	292,297	O	B-Task
+correcting	298,308	O	I-Task
+codes	309,314	O	I-Task
+can	315,318	O	I-Task
+be	319,321	O	I-Task
+constructed	322,333	O	I-Task
+.	333,334	O	O
+
+At	335,337	O	O
+one	338,341	O	O
+extreme	342,349	O	O
+where	350,355	O	O
+no	356,358	O	B-Process
+correlations	359,371	O	I-Process
+and	372,375	O	I-Process
+therefore	376,385	O	I-Process
+no	386,388	O	I-Process
+redundancy	389,399	O	I-Process
+are	400,403	O	I-Process
+present	404,411	O	I-Process
+(	412,413	O	O
+Poissonian	413,423	O	B-Process
+sequence	424,432	O	I-Process
+)	432,433	O	O
+,	433,434	O	O
+there	435,440	O	O
+is	441,443	O	O
+no	444,446	O	O
+possibility	447,458	O	O
+of	459,461	O	O
+detecting	462,471	O	B-Task
+one	472,475	O	I-Task
+missing	476,483	O	I-Task
+level	484,489	O	I-Task
+.	489,490	O	O
+
+At	491,493	O	O
+the	494,497	O	O
+other	498,503	O	O
+extreme	504,511	O	O
+,	511,512	O	O
+a	513,514	O	O
+sequence	515,523	O	B-Task
+of	524,526	O	I-Task
+equally	527,534	O	I-Task
+spaced	535,541	O	I-Task
+levels	542,548	O	I-Task
+(	549,550	O	O
+picket	550,556	O	B-Task
+fence	557,562	O	I-Task
+)	562,563	O	O
+,	563,564	O	O
+there	565,570	O	O
+is	571,573	O	O
+a	574,575	O	O
+maximum	576,583	O	O
+redundancy	584,594	O	O
+and	595,598	O	O
+a	599,600	O	O
+missed	601,607	O	B-Task
+level	608,613	O	I-Task
+can	614,617	O	I-Task
+be	618,620	O	I-Task
+obviously	621,630	O	I-Task
+detected	631,639	O	I-Task
+as	640,642	O	I-Task
+a	643,644	O	I-Task
+hole	645,649	O	I-Task
+in	650,652	O	I-Task
+the	653,656	O	I-Task
+spectrum	657,665	O	I-Task
+.	665,666	O	O
+
+Eigenvalues	667,678	O	O
+of	679,681	O	O
+random	682,688	O	O
+matrices	689,697	O	O
+,	697,698	O	O
+which	699,704	O	O
+exhibit	705,712	O	O
+characteristic	713,727	O	O
+correlations	728,740	O	O
+,	740,741	O	O
+correspond	742,752	O	O
+to	753,755	O	O
+an	756,758	O	O
+intermediate	759,771	O	O
+situation	772,781	O	O
+between	782,789	O	O
+these	790,795	O	O
+two	796,799	O	O
+extremes	800,808	O	O
+.	808,809	O	O
+
+The	810,813	O	O
+attempts	814,822	O	O
+to	823,825	O	O
+locate	826,832	O	B-Task
+in	833,835	O	I-Task
+the	836,839	O	I-Task
+last	840,844	O	I-Task
+case	845,849	O	I-Task
+a	850,851	O	I-Task
+single	852,858	O	I-Task
+missed	859,865	O	I-Task
+level	866,871	O	I-Task
+have	872,876	O	O
+remained	877,885	O	O
+unsuccessful	886,898	O	O
+so	899,901	O	O
+far	902,905	O	O
+.	905,906	O	O
+
+However	907,914	O	O
+,	914,915	O	O
+it	916,918	O	O
+should	919,925	O	O
+be	926,928	O	O
+mentioned	929,938	O	O
+that	939,943	O	O
+for	944,947	O	O
+two	948,951	O	B-Task
+-	951,952	O	I-Task
+dimensional	952,963	O	I-Task
+chaotic	964,971	O	I-Task
+systems	972,979	O	I-Task
+where	980,985	O	O
+,	985,986	O	O
+besides	987,994	O	O
+correlations	995,1007	O	O
+of	1008,1010	O	O
+the	1011,1014	O	O
+order	1015,1020	O	O
+of	1021,1023	O	O
+one	1024,1027	O	O
+mean	1028,1032	O	O
+spacing	1033,1040	O	O
+as	1041,1043	O	O
+described	1044,1053	O	O
+by	1054,1056	O	O
+random	1057,1063	O	O
+matrices	1064,1072	O	O
+,	1072,1073	O	O
+the	1074,1077	O	O
+presence	1078,1086	O	O
+and	1087,1090	O	O
+the	1091,1094	O	O
+role	1095,1099	O	O
+of	1100,1102	O	O
+long	1103,1107	O	O
+range	1108,1113	O	O
+correlations	1114,1126	O	O
+governed	1127,1135	O	O
+by	1136,1138	O	O
+the	1139,1142	O	O
+shortest	1143,1151	O	O
+periodic	1152,1160	O	O
+orbits	1161,1167	O	O
+and	1168,1171	O	O
+reflected	1172,1181	O	O
+in	1182,1184	O	O
+Weyl	1185,1189	O	B-Process
+'s	1189,1191	O	I-Process
+law	1192,1195	O	I-Process
+describing	1196,1206	O	I-Process
+the	1207,1210	O	I-Process
+average	1211,1218	O	I-Process
+spectral	1219,1227	O	I-Process
+density	1228,1235	O	I-Process
+,	1235,1236	O	O
+is	1237,1239	O	O
+well	1240,1244	O	O
+understood	1245,1255	O	O
+.	1255,1256	O	O
+
+It	1257,1259	O	O
+is	1260,1262	O	O
+then	1263,1267	O	O
+possible	1268,1276	O	O
+to	1277,1279	O	O
+approximately	1280,1293	O	B-Task
+locate	1294,1300	O	I-Task
+,	1300,1301	O	O
+from	1302,1306	O	O
+the	1307,1310	O	O
+study	1311,1316	O	B-Process
+of	1317,1319	O	I-Process
+spectral	1320,1328	O	I-Process
+fluctuations	1329,1341	O	I-Process
+,	1341,1342	O	O
+a	1343,1344	O	B-Task
+single	1345,1351	O	I-Task
+missed	1352,1358	O	I-Task
+level	1359,1364	O	I-Task
+[	1365,1366	O	O
+8	1366,1367	O	O
+]	1367,1368	O	O
+.	1368,1369	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008858)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+reason	4,10	O	O
+to	11,13	O	O
+investigate	14,25	O	B-Task
+the	26,29	O	I-Task
+BFKL	30,34	O	I-Task
+and	35,38	O	I-Task
+DGLAP	39,44	O	I-Task
+equations	45,54	O	I-Task
+in	55,57	O	I-Task
+the	58,61	O	I-Task
+case	62,66	O	I-Task
+of	67,69	O	I-Task
+supersymmetric	70,84	O	I-Task
+theories	85,93	O	I-Task
+is	94,96	O	O
+based	97,102	O	O
+on	103,105	O	O
+a	106,107	O	O
+common	108,114	O	O
+belief	115,121	O	O
+,	121,122	O	O
+that	123,127	O	O
+the	128,131	O	O
+high	132,136	O	B-Task
+symmetry	137,145	O	I-Task
+may	146,149	O	I-Task
+significantly	150,163	O	I-Task
+simplify	164,172	O	I-Task
+the	173,176	O	I-Task
+structure	177,186	O	I-Task
+of	187,189	O	I-Task
+these	190,195	O	I-Task
+equations	196,205	O	I-Task
+.	205,206	O	O
+
+Indeed	207,213	O	O
+,	213,214	O	O
+it	215,217	O	O
+was	218,221	O	O
+found	222,227	O	O
+in	228,230	O	O
+the	231,234	O	O
+leading	235,242	O	B-Process
+logarithmic	243,254	O	I-Process
+approximation	255,268	O	I-Process
+(	269,270	O	O
+LLA	270,273	O	B-Process
+)	273,274	O	O
+[	275,276	O	O
+10	276,278	O	O
+]	278,279	O	O
+,	279,280	O	O
+that	281,285	O	O
+the	286,289	O	O
+so	290,292	O	O
+-	292,293	O	O
+called	293,299	O	O
+quasi	300,305	O	O
+-	305,306	O	O
+partonic	306,314	O	O
+operators	315,324	O	O
+in	325,327	O	O
+N=1	328,331	O	O
+SYM	332,335	O	O
+are	336,339	O	O
+unified	340,347	O	O
+in	348,350	O	O
+supermultiplets	351,366	O	O
+with	367,371	O	O
+anomalous	372,381	O	B-Process
+dimensions	382,392	O	I-Process
+obtained	393,401	O	I-Process
+from	402,406	O	I-Process
+universal	407,416	O	I-Process
+anomalous	417,426	O	I-Process
+dimensions	427,437	O	I-Process
+γuni(j	438,444	O	I-Process
+)	444,445	O	I-Process
+by	446,448	O	I-Process
+shifting	449,457	O	I-Process
+its	458,461	O	I-Process
+arguments	462,471	O	I-Process
+by	472,474	O	I-Process
+an	475,477	O	I-Process
+integer	478,485	O	I-Process
+number	486,492	O	I-Process
+.	492,493	O	O
+
+Further	494,501	O	O
+,	501,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+anomalous	507,516	O	B-Task
+dimension	517,526	O	I-Task
+matrices	527,535	O	I-Task
+for	536,539	O	I-Task
+twist-2	540,547	O	I-Task
+operators	548,557	O	I-Task
+are	558,561	O	O
+fixed	562,567	O	B-Process
+by	568,570	O	I-Process
+the	571,574	O	I-Process
+superconformal	575,589	O	I-Process
+invariance	590,600	O	I-Process
+[	601,602	O	O
+10	602,604	O	O
+]	604,605	O	O
+.	605,606	O	O
+
+Calculations	607,619	O	B-Process
+in	620,622	O	I-Process
+the	623,626	O	I-Process
+maximally	627,636	O	I-Process
+extended	637,645	O	I-Process
+N=4	646,649	O	I-Process
+SYM	650,653	O	I-Process
+,	653,654	O	I-Process
+where	655,660	O	I-Process
+the	661,664	O	I-Process
+coupling	665,673	O	I-Process
+constant	674,682	O	I-Process
+is	683,685	O	I-Process
+not	686,689	O	I-Process
+renormalized	690,702	O	I-Process
+,	702,703	O	O
+give	704,708	O	O
+even	709,713	O	O
+more	714,718	O	O
+remarkable	719,729	O	O
+results	730,737	O	O
+.	737,738	O	O
+
+Namely	739,745	O	O
+,	745,746	O	O
+it	747,749	O	O
+turns	750,755	O	O
+out	756,759	O	O
+,	759,760	O	O
+that	761,765	O	O
+here	766,770	O	O
+all	771,774	O	O
+twist-2	775,782	O	B-Task
+operators	783,792	O	I-Task
+enter	793,798	O	O
+in	799,801	O	O
+the	802,805	O	O
+same	806,810	O	O
+multiplet	811,820	O	O
+,	820,821	O	O
+their	822,827	O	O
+anomalous	828,837	O	B-Task
+dimension	838,847	O	I-Task
+matrix	848,854	O	I-Task
+is	855,857	O	O
+fixed	858,863	O	O
+completely	864,874	O	O
+by	875,877	O	O
+the	878,881	O	O
+super	882,887	O	B-Process
+-	887,888	O	I-Process
+conformal	888,897	O	I-Process
+invariance	898,908	O	I-Process
+and	909,912	O	O
+its	913,916	O	O
+universal	917,926	O	O
+anomalous	927,936	O	O
+dimension	937,946	O	O
+in	947,949	O	O
+LLA	950,953	O	O
+is	954,956	O	O
+proportional	957,969	O	O
+to	970,972	O	O
+Ψ(j−1)−Ψ(1	973,983	O	O
+)	983,984	O	O
+,	984,985	O	O
+which	986,991	O	O
+means	992,997	O	O
+,	997,998	O	O
+that	999,1003	O	O
+the	1004,1007	O	O
+evolution	1008,1017	O	B-Task
+equations	1018,1027	O	I-Task
+for	1028,1031	O	I-Task
+the	1032,1035	O	I-Task
+matrix	1036,1042	O	I-Task
+elements	1043,1051	O	I-Task
+of	1052,1054	O	I-Task
+quasi	1055,1060	O	I-Task
+-	1060,1061	O	I-Task
+partonic	1061,1069	O	I-Task
+operators	1070,1079	O	I-Task
+in	1080,1082	O	I-Task
+the	1083,1086	O	I-Task
+multicolor	1087,1097	O	I-Task
+limit	1098,1103	O	I-Task
+Nc→∞	1104,1108	O	I-Task
+are	1109,1112	O	O
+equivalent	1113,1123	O	O
+to	1124,1126	O	O
+the	1127,1130	O	O
+Schrödinger	1131,1142	O	O
+equation	1143,1151	O	O
+for	1152,1155	O	O
+an	1156,1158	O	O
+integrable	1159,1169	O	O
+Heisenberg	1170,1180	O	O
+spin	1181,1185	O	O
+model	1186,1191	O	O
+[	1192,1193	O	O
+11,12	1193,1198	O	O
+]	1198,1199	O	O
+.	1199,1200	O	O
+
+In	1201,1203	O	O
+QCD	1204,1207	O	O
+the	1208,1211	O	O
+integrability	1212,1225	O	O
+remains	1226,1233	O	O
+only	1234,1238	O	O
+in	1239,1241	O	O
+a	1242,1243	O	O
+small	1244,1249	O	O
+sector	1250,1256	O	O
+of	1257,1259	O	O
+the	1260,1263	O	O
+quasi	1264,1269	O	O
+-	1269,1270	O	O
+partonic	1270,1278	O	O
+operators	1279,1288	O	O
+[	1289,1290	O	O
+13	1290,1292	O	O
+]	1292,1293	O	O
+.	1293,1294	O	O
+
+In	1295,1297	O	O
+the	1298,1301	O	O
+case	1302,1306	O	O
+of	1307,1309	O	O
+N=4	1310,1313	O	B-Task
+SYM	1314,1317	O	I-Task
+the	1318,1321	O	O
+equations	1322,1331	O	O
+for	1332,1335	O	O
+other	1336,1341	O	O
+sets	1342,1346	O	O
+of	1347,1349	O	O
+operators	1350,1359	O	O
+are	1360,1363	O	O
+also	1364,1368	O	O
+integrable	1369,1379	O	O
+[	1380,1381	O	O
+14–16	1381,1386	O	O
+]	1386,1387	O	O
+.	1387,1388	O	O
+
+Evolution	1389,1398	O	B-Task
+equations	1399,1408	O	I-Task
+for	1409,1412	O	I-Task
+quasi	1413,1418	O	I-Task
+-	1418,1419	O	I-Task
+partonic	1419,1427	O	I-Task
+operators	1428,1437	O	I-Task
+are	1438,1441	O	O
+written	1442,1449	O	O
+in	1450,1452	O	O
+an	1453,1455	O	O
+explicitly	1456,1466	O	O
+super	1467,1472	O	O
+-	1472,1473	O	O
+conformal	1473,1482	O	O
+form	1483,1487	O	O
+in	1488,1490	O	O
+Ref	1491,1494	O	O
+.	1494,1495	O	O
+
+[	1496,1497	O	O
+17	1497,1499	O	O
+]	1499,1500	O	O
+.	1500,1501	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008974)
+
+Thus	0,4	O	O
+,	4,5	O	O
+the	6,9	O	O
+extension	10,19	O	B-Process
+to	20,22	O	I-Process
+the	23,26	O	I-Process
+charmed	27,34	O	I-Process
+analogue	35,43	O	I-Process
+Θc(3099	44,51	O	I-Process
+)	51,52	O	I-Process
+provides	53,61	O	O
+an	62,64	O	O
+interesting	65,76	O	O
+test	77,81	O	O
+for	82,85	O	O
+the	86,89	O	O
+SDO	90,93	O	B-Task
+sum	94,97	O	I-Task
+rule	98,102	O	I-Task
+and	103,106	O	I-Task
+lattice	107,114	O	I-Task
+calculations	115,127	O	I-Task
+[	128,129	O	O
+17	129,131	O	O
+]	131,132	O	O
+.	132,133	O	O
+
+Here	134,138	O	O
+,	138,139	O	O
+the	140,143	O	O
+charm	144,149	O	B-Material
+quark	150,155	O	I-Material
+is	156,158	O	O
+quite	159,164	O	O
+heavy	165,170	O	O
+so	171,173	O	O
+that	174,178	O	O
+the	179,182	O	O
+constituent	183,194	O	B-Process
+-	194,195	O	I-Process
+quark	195,200	O	I-Process
+picture	201,208	O	I-Process
+may	209,212	O	O
+fit	213,216	O	O
+well	217,221	O	O
+and	222,225	O	O
+the	226,229	O	O
+JW	230,232	O	B-Process
+prediction	233,243	O	I-Process
+for	244,247	O	O
+the	248,251	O	O
+parity	252,258	O	O
+is	259,261	O	O
+expected	262,270	O	O
+to	271,273	O	O
+be	274,276	O	O
+reproduced	277,287	O	O
+from	288,292	O	O
+QCD	293,296	O	B-Material
+.	296,297	O	O
+
+In	298,300	O	O
+fact	301,305	O	O
+,	305,306	O	O
+quenched	307,315	O	B-Task
+lattice	316,323	O	I-Task
+calculation	324,335	O	I-Task
+finds	336,341	O	O
+the	342,345	O	O
+parity	346,352	O	O
+of	353,355	O	O
+Θc(3099	356,363	O	O
+)	363,364	O	O
+to	365,367	O	O
+be	368,370	O	O
+positive	371,379	O	O
+[	380,381	O	O
+28	381,383	O	O
+]	383,384	O	O
+.	384,385	O	O
+
+In	386,388	O	O
+the	389,392	O	O
+extension	393,402	O	O
+to	403,405	O	O
+the	406,409	O	O
+Θc(3099	410,417	O	O
+)	417,418	O	O
+sum	419,422	O	O
+rules	423,428	O	O
+,	428,429	O	O
+there	430,435	O	O
+are	436,439	O	O
+two	440,443	O	O
+important	444,453	O	O
+aspects	454,461	O	O
+,	461,462	O	O
+which	463,468	O	O
+make	469,473	O	O
+this	474,478	O	O
+sum	479,482	O	B-Task
+rule	483,487	O	I-Task
+different	488,497	O	O
+from	498,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+SDO	507,510	O	B-Process
+sum	511,514	O	I-Process
+rule	515,519	O	I-Process
+.	519,520	O	O
+
+First	521,526	O	O
+of	527,529	O	O
+all	530,533	O	O
+,	533,534	O	O
+since	535,540	O	O
+the	541,544	O	O
+charm	545,550	O	B-Material
+quark	551,556	O	I-Material
+is	557,559	O	O
+too	560,563	O	O
+heavy	564,569	O	O
+to	570,572	O	O
+form	573,577	O	O
+quark	578,583	O	B-Material
+condensate	584,594	O	I-Material
+,	594,595	O	O
+it	596,598	O	O
+gives	599,604	O	O
+non	605,608	O	O
+-	608,609	O	O
+perturbative	609,621	O	O
+effects	622,629	O	O
+only	630,634	O	O
+by	635,637	O	O
+radiating	638,647	O	B-Material
+gluons	648,654	O	I-Material
+.	654,655	O	O
+
+The	656,659	O	O
+quark	660,665	O	B-Material
+–	665,666	O	I-Material
+gluon	666,671	O	I-Material
+mixed	672,677	O	I-Material
+condensate	678,688	O	I-Material
+〈	689,690	O	O
+s̄gsσ·Gs	690,698	O	B-Material
+〉	698,699	O	O
+,	699,700	O	O
+which	701,706	O	O
+was	707,710	O	O
+the	711,714	O	O
+important	715,724	O	O
+contribution	725,737	O	O
+in	738,740	O	O
+the	741,744	O	O
+Θ+	745,747	O	B-Process
+sum	748,751	O	I-Process
+rule	752,756	O	I-Process
+,	756,757	O	O
+is	758,760	O	O
+replaced	761,769	O	B-Process
+by	770,772	O	I-Process
+gluonic	773,780	O	I-Process
+operators	781,790	O	I-Process
+in	791,793	O	I-Process
+the	794,797	O	I-Process
+heavy	798,803	O	I-Process
+quark	804,809	O	I-Process
+expansion	810,819	O	I-Process
+that	820,824	O	O
+are	825,828	O	O
+normally	829,837	O	O
+suppressed	838,848	O	O
+.	848,849	O	O
+
+Secondly	850,858	O	O
+,	858,859	O	O
+the	860,863	O	O
+charm	864,869	O	B-Process
+quark	870,875	O	I-Process
+mass	876,880	O	I-Process
+has	881,884	O	I-Process
+to	885,887	O	I-Process
+be	888,890	O	I-Process
+kept	891,895	O	I-Process
+finite	896,902	O	I-Process
+in	903,905	O	I-Process
+the	906,909	O	I-Process
+OPE	910,913	O	I-Process
+,	913,914	O	O
+which	915,920	O	O
+can	921,924	O	O
+be	925,927	O	O
+done	928,932	O	O
+by	933,935	O	O
+using	936,941	O	O
+the	942,945	O	O
+momentum	946,954	O	B-Process
+space	955,960	O	I-Process
+expression	961,971	O	I-Process
+for	972,975	O	O
+the	976,979	O	O
+charm	980,985	O	B-Material
+-	985,986	O	I-Material
+quark	986,991	O	I-Material
+propagator	992,1002	O	I-Material
+.	1002,1003	O	O
+
+This	1004,1008	O	O
+is	1009,1011	O	O
+different	1012,1021	O	O
+from	1022,1026	O	O
+the	1027,1030	O	B-Process
+light	1031,1036	O	I-Process
+-	1036,1037	O	I-Process
+quark	1037,1042	O	I-Process
+sum	1043,1046	O	I-Process
+rule	1047,1051	O	I-Process
+where	1052,1057	O	O
+the	1058,1061	O	O
+calculation	1062,1073	O	O
+is	1074,1076	O	O
+performed	1077,1086	O	O
+in	1087,1089	O	O
+the	1090,1093	O	O
+coordinate	1094,1104	O	O
+space	1105,1110	O	O
+and	1111,1114	O	O
+all	1115,1118	O	O
+the	1119,1122	O	O
+quark	1123,1128	O	B-Material
+propagators	1129,1140	O	I-Material
+are	1141,1144	O	O
+obtained	1145,1153	O	O
+based	1154,1159	O	O
+on	1160,1162	O	O
+the	1163,1166	O	O
+expansion	1167,1176	O	O
+with	1177,1181	O	O
+the	1182,1185	O	O
+small	1186,1191	O	B-Material
+quark	1192,1197	O	I-Material
+mass	1198,1202	O	O
+.	1202,1203	O	O
+
+Keeping	1204,1211	O	O
+these	1212,1217	O	O
+two	1218,1221	O	O
+aspects	1222,1229	O	O
+in	1230,1232	O	O
+mind	1233,1237	O	O
+,	1237,1238	O	O
+we	1239,1241	O	O
+construct	1242,1251	O	O
+QCD	1252,1255	O	B-Process
+sum	1256,1259	O	I-Process
+rules	1260,1265	O	I-Process
+for	1266,1269	O	O
+Θc(3099	1270,1277	O	O
+)	1277,1278	O	O
+and	1279,1282	O	O
+see	1283,1286	O	B-Task
+how	1287,1290	O	I-Task
+they	1291,1295	O	I-Task
+are	1296,1299	O	I-Task
+different	1300,1309	O	I-Task
+from	1310,1314	O	I-Task
+the	1315,1318	O	I-Task
+Θ+(1540	1319,1326	O	I-Task
+)	1326,1327	O	I-Task
+sum	1328,1331	O	I-Task
+rule	1332,1336	O	I-Task
+.	1336,1337	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304008998)
+
+Including	0,9	O	O
+the	10,13	O	O
+O(αs	14,18	O	O
+)	18,19	O	O
+corrections	20,31	O	O
+,	31,32	O	O
+all	33,36	O	O
+the	37,40	O	O
+operators	41,50	O	B-Task
+listed	51,57	O	I-Task
+in	58,60	O	I-Task
+(	61,62	O	I-Task
+9	62,63	O	I-Task
+)	63,64	O	I-Task
+and	65,68	O	I-Task
+(	69,70	O	I-Task
+10	70,72	O	I-Task
+)	72,73	O	I-Task
+have	74,78	O	I-Task
+to	79,81	O	I-Task
+be	82,84	O	I-Task
+included	85,93	O	I-Task
+.	93,94	O	O
+
+A	95,96	O	O
+convenient	97,107	O	O
+framework	108,117	O	O
+to	118,120	O	O
+carry	121,126	O	O
+out	127,130	O	O
+these	131,136	O	O
+calculations	137,149	O	O
+is	150,152	O	O
+the	153,156	O	O
+QCD	157,160	O	B-Process
+factorization	161,174	O	I-Process
+framework	175,184	O	I-Process
+[	185,186	O	O
+14	186,188	O	O
+]	188,189	O	O
+which	190,195	O	O
+allows	196,202	O	O
+to	203,205	O	O
+express	206,213	O	B-Process
+the	214,217	O	I-Process
+hadronic	218,226	O	I-Process
+matrix	227,233	O	I-Process
+elements	234,242	O	I-Process
+in	243,245	O	I-Process
+the	246,249	O	I-Process
+schematic	250,259	O	I-Process
+form	260,264	O	I-Process
+:	264,265	O	I-Process
+(	266,267	O	O
+11)〈Vγ|Oi|B〉=FB→VTiI+∫dk+2π∫01duφB,+(k+)TiII(k+,u)φV⊥(u	267,322	O	B-Process
+)	322,323	O	I-Process
+,	323,324	O	O
+where	325,330	O	O
+FB→V	331,335	O	B-Process
+are	336,339	O	O
+the	340,343	O	O
+transition	344,354	O	B-Process
+form	355,359	O	I-Process
+factors	360,367	O	I-Process
+defined	368,375	O	I-Process
+through	376,383	O	I-Process
+the	384,387	O	I-Process
+matrix	388,394	O	I-Process
+elements	395,403	O	I-Process
+of	404,406	O	I-Process
+the	407,410	O	I-Process
+operator	411,419	O	I-Process
+O7	420,422	O	I-Process
+,	422,423	O	I-Process
+φB,+(k+	424,431	O	I-Process
+)	431,432	O	I-Process
+is	433,435	O	O
+the	436,439	O	O
+leading	440,447	O	B-Process
+-	447,448	O	I-Process
+twist	448,453	O	I-Process
+B	454,455	O	I-Process
+-	455,456	O	I-Process
+meson	456,461	O	I-Process
+wave	462,466	O	I-Process
+-	466,467	O	I-Process
+function	467,475	O	I-Process
+with	476,480	O	I-Process
+k+	481,483	O	I-Process
+being	484,489	O	I-Process
+a	490,491	O	I-Process
+light	492,497	O	I-Process
+-	497,498	O	I-Process
+cone	498,502	O	I-Process
+component	503,512	O	I-Process
+of	513,515	O	I-Process
+the	516,519	O	I-Process
+spectator	520,529	O	I-Process
+quark	530,535	O	I-Process
+momentum	536,544	O	I-Process
+,	544,545	O	O
+φ⊥V(u	546,551	O	B-Process
+)	551,552	O	O
+is	553,555	O	O
+the	556,559	O	O
+leading	560,567	O	B-Process
+-	567,568	O	I-Process
+twist	568,573	O	I-Process
+light	574,579	O	I-Process
+-	579,580	O	I-Process
+cone	580,584	O	I-Process
+distribution	585,597	O	I-Process
+amplitude	598,607	O	I-Process
+(	608,609	O	O
+LCDA	609,613	O	B-Process
+)	613,614	O	O
+of	615,617	O	O
+the	618,621	O	O
+transversely	622,634	O	O
+-	634,635	O	O
+polarized	635,644	O	O
+vector	645,651	O	O
+meson	652,657	O	O
+V	658,659	O	O
+,	659,660	O	O
+and	661,664	O	O
+u	665,666	O	B-Process
+is	667,669	O	O
+the	670,673	O	O
+fractional	674,684	O	B-Process
+momentum	685,693	O	I-Process
+of	694,696	O	I-Process
+the	697,700	O	I-Process
+vector	701,707	O	I-Process
+meson	708,713	O	I-Process
+carried	714,721	O	I-Process
+by	722,724	O	I-Process
+one	725,728	O	I-Process
+of	729,731	O	I-Process
+the	732,735	O	I-Process
+two	736,739	O	I-Process
+partons	740,747	O	I-Process
+.	747,748	O	O
+
+The	749,752	O	O
+quantities	753,763	O	O
+TiI	764,767	O	O
+and	768,771	O	O
+TiII	772,776	O	O
+are	777,780	O	O
+the	781,784	O	O
+hard	785,789	O	O
+-	789,790	O	O
+perturbative	790,802	O	O
+kernels	803,810	O	O
+calculated	811,821	O	O
+to	822,824	O	O
+order	825,830	O	O
+αs	831,833	O	O
+,	833,834	O	O
+with	835,839	O	O
+the	840,843	O	O
+latter	844,850	O	O
+containing	851,861	O	O
+the	862,865	O	O
+so	866,868	O	O
+-	868,869	O	O
+called	869,875	O	O
+hard	876,880	O	O
+-	880,881	O	O
+spectator	881,890	O	O
+contributions	891,904	O	O
+.	904,905	O	O
+
+The	906,909	O	B-Process
+factorization	910,923	O	I-Process
+formula	924,931	O	I-Process
+(	932,933	O	O
+11	933,935	O	O
+)	935,936	O	O
+holds	937,942	O	O
+in	943,945	O	O
+the	946,949	O	O
+heavy	950,955	O	B-Material
+quark	956,961	O	I-Material
+limit	962,967	O	O
+,	967,968	O	O
+i.e.	969,973	O	O
+,	973,974	O	O
+to	975,977	O	O
+order	978,983	O	O
+ΛQCD	984,988	O	O
+/	988,989	O	O
+MB	989,991	O	O
+.	991,992	O	O
+
+This	993,997	O	B-Process
+factorization	998,1011	O	I-Process
+framework	1012,1021	O	I-Process
+has	1022,1025	O	O
+been	1026,1030	O	O
+used	1031,1035	O	O
+to	1036,1038	O	O
+calculate	1039,1048	O	O
+the	1049,1052	O	O
+branching	1053,1062	O	O
+fractions	1063,1072	O	O
+and	1073,1076	O	O
+related	1077,1084	O	O
+quantities	1085,1095	O	O
+for	1096,1099	O	O
+the	1100,1103	O	O
+decays	1104,1110	O	O
+
+B→K∗γ	1111,1116	O	O
+[	1117,1118	O	O
+15–17	1118,1123	O	O
+]	1123,1124	O	O
+and	1125,1128	O	O
+B→ργ	1129,1133	O	O
+[	1134,1135	O	O
+15,17	1135,1140	O	O
+]	1140,1141	O	O
+.	1141,1142	O	O
+
+The	1143,1146	O	O
+isospin	1147,1154	O	B-Task
+violation	1155,1164	O	I-Task
+in	1165,1167	O	I-Task
+the	1168,1171	O	I-Task
+B→K∗γ	1172,1177	O	I-Task
+decays	1178,1184	O	I-Task
+in	1185,1187	O	O
+this	1188,1192	O	O
+framework	1193,1202	O	O
+have	1203,1207	O	O
+also	1208,1212	O	O
+been	1213,1217	O	O
+studied	1218,1225	O	O
+[	1226,1227	O	O
+18	1227,1229	O	O
+]	1229,1230	O	O
+.	1230,1231	O	O
+
+(	1232,1233	O	O
+For	1233,1236	O	O
+applications	1237,1249	O	O
+to	1250,1252	O	O
+B→K∗γ∗	1253,1259	O	O
+,	1259,1260	O	O
+see	1261,1264	O	O
+Refs	1265,1269	O	O
+.	1269,1270	O	O
+
+[	1271,1272	O	O
+16,19,20	1272,1280	O	O
+]	1280,1281	O	O
+.	1281,1282	O	O
+)	1282,1283	O	O
+
+Very	1284,1288	O	O
+recently	1289,1297	O	O
+,	1297,1298	O	O
+the	1299,1302	O	O
+hard	1303,1307	O	B-Task
+-	1307,1308	O	I-Task
+spectator	1308,1317	O	I-Task
+contribution	1318,1330	O	I-Task
+arising	1331,1338	O	I-Task
+from	1339,1343	O	I-Task
+the	1344,1347	O	I-Task
+chromomagnetic	1348,1362	O	I-Task
+operator	1363,1371	O	I-Task
+O8	1372,1374	O	I-Task
+have	1375,1379	O	O
+also	1380,1384	O	O
+been	1385,1389	O	O
+calculated	1390,1400	O	O
+in	1401,1403	O	O
+next	1404,1408	O	B-Process
+-	1408,1409	O	I-Process
+to	1409,1411	O	I-Process
+-	1411,1412	O	I-Process
+next	1412,1416	O	I-Process
+-	1416,1417	O	I-Process
+to	1417,1419	O	I-Process
+-	1419,1420	O	I-Process
+leading	1420,1427	O	I-Process
+order	1428,1433	O	I-Process
+(	1434,1435	O	O
+NNLO	1435,1439	O	B-Process
+)	1439,1440	O	O
+in	1441,1443	O	O
+αs	1444,1446	O	O
+showing	1447,1454	O	O
+that	1455,1459	O	O
+the	1460,1463	O	O
+spectator	1464,1473	O	B-Task
+interactions	1474,1486	O	I-Task
+factorize	1487,1496	O	O
+in	1497,1499	O	O
+the	1500,1503	O	O
+heavy	1504,1509	O	O
+quark	1510,1515	O	O
+limit	1516,1521	O	O
+[	1522,1523	O	O
+21	1523,1525	O	O
+]	1525,1526	O	O
+.	1526,1527	O	O
+
+However	1528,1535	O	O
+,	1535,1536	O	O
+the	1537,1540	O	O
+numerical	1541,1550	O	O
+effect	1551,1557	O	O
+of	1558,1560	O	O
+the	1561,1564	O	O
+resummed	1565,1573	O	O
+NNLO	1574,1578	O	O
+contributions	1579,1592	O	O
+is	1593,1595	O	O
+marginal	1596,1604	O	O
+and	1605,1608	O	O
+we	1609,1611	O	O
+shall	1612,1617	O	O
+not	1618,1621	O	O
+include	1622,1629	O	O
+this	1630,1634	O	O
+in	1635,1637	O	O
+our	1638,1641	O	O
+update	1642,1648	O	O
+.	1648,1649	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009013)
+
+Several	0,7	O	O
+methods	8,15	O	O
+based	16,21	O	O
+on	22,24	O	O
+dynamical	25,34	O	O
+assumptions	35,46	O	O
+were	47,51	O	O
+suggested	52,61	O	O
+for	62,65	O	O
+determination	66,79	O	B-Task
+of	80,82	O	I-Task
+the	83,86	O	I-Task
+P	87,88	O	I-Task
+-	88,89	O	I-Task
+parity	89,95	O	I-Task
+of	96,98	O	O
+the	99,102	O	O
+Θ+	103,105	O	O
+[	106,107	O	O
+13	107,109	O	O
+]	109,110	O	O
+.	110,111	O	O
+
+According	112,121	O	O
+to	122,124	O	O
+a	125,126	O	O
+general	127,134	O	B-Process
+theorem	135,142	O	I-Process
+[	143,144	O	O
+14	144,146	O	O
+]	146,147	O	O
+,	147,148	O	O
+in	149,151	O	O
+order	152,157	O	O
+to	158,160	O	O
+determine	161,170	O	B-Task
+the	171,174	O	I-Task
+parity	175,181	O	I-Task
+of	182,184	O	O
+one	185,188	O	O
+particle	189,197	O	B-Material
+in	198,200	O	O
+a	201,202	O	O
+binary	203,209	O	B-Process
+reaction	210,218	O	I-Process
+one	219,222	O	O
+has	223,226	O	O
+to	227,229	O	O
+know	230,234	O	O
+polarizations	235,248	O	O
+at	249,251	O	O
+least	252,257	O	O
+of	258,260	O	O
+two	261,264	O	O
+fermions	265,273	O	B-Material
+participating	274,287	O	O
+in	288,290	O	O
+this	291,295	O	B-Process
+reaction	296,304	O	I-Process
+.	304,305	O	O
+
+Model	306,311	O	B-Process
+independent	312,323	O	I-Process
+methods	324,331	O	I-Process
+for	332,335	O	O
+determination	336,349	O	B-Task
+of	350,352	O	I-Task
+the	353,356	O	I-Task
+P	357,358	O	I-Task
+-	358,359	O	I-Task
+parity	359,365	O	I-Task
+of	366,368	O	O
+the	369,372	O	O
+Θ+	373,375	O	O
+were	376,380	O	O
+suggested	381,390	O	O
+recently	391,399	O	O
+in	400,402	O	O
+Refs	403,407	O	O
+.	407,408	O	O
+
+[	409,410	O	O
+15,16	410,415	O	O
+]	415,416	O	O
+for	417,420	O	O
+pp	421,423	O	B-Process
+-	423,424	O	I-Process
+collision	424,433	O	I-Process
+,	433,434	O	O
+and	435,438	O	O
+in	439,441	O	O
+Ref	442,445	O	O
+.	445,446	O	O
+
+[	447,448	O	O
+17	448,450	O	O
+]	450,451	O	O
+for	452,455	O	O
+photoproduction	456,471	O	B-Process
+of	472,474	O	O
+the	475,478	O	O
+Θ+	479,481	O	O
+.	481,482	O	O
+
+The	483,486	O	O
+method	487,493	O	O
+of	494,496	O	O
+Refs	497,501	O	O
+.	501,502	O	O
+
+[	503,504	O	O
+15,16	504,509	O	O
+]	509,510	O	O
+,	510,511	O	O
+based	512,517	O	O
+on	518,520	O	O
+the	521,524	O	O
+assumption	525,535	O	O
+that	536,540	O	O
+the	541,544	O	O
+spin	545,549	O	O
+of	550,552	O	O
+the	553,556	O	O
+Θ+	557,559	O	O
+equals	560,566	O	O
+12	567,569	O	O
+,	569,570	O	O
+suggests	571,579	O	O
+to	580,582	O	O
+measure	583,590	O	B-Process
+the	591,594	O	I-Process
+spin	595,599	O	I-Process
+–	599,600	O	I-Process
+spin	600,604	O	I-Process
+correlation	605,616	O	I-Process
+parameter	617,626	O	I-Process
+in	627,629	O	O
+the	630,633	O	O
+reaction	634,642	O	O
+p→p→→Σ+Θ+	643,652	O	O
+near	653,657	O	O
+the	658,661	O	O
+threshold	662,671	O	O
+.	671,672	O	O
+
+We	673,675	O	O
+generalize	676,686	O	O
+here	687,691	O	O
+this	692,696	O	O
+method	697,703	O	O
+for	704,707	O	O
+an	708,710	O	O
+arbitrary	711,720	O	O
+spin	721,725	O	O
+of	726,728	O	O
+the	729,732	O	O
+Θ+	733,735	O	O
+and	736,739	O	O
+both	740,744	O	O
+isospins	745,753	O	O
+T=0	754,757	O	O
+and	758,761	O	O
+T=1	762,765	O	O
+of	766,768	O	O
+the	769,772	O	O
+NN	773,775	O	O
+channel	776,783	O	O
+of	784,786	O	O
+the	787,790	O	O
+NN→YΘ+	791,797	O	O
+reaction	798,806	O	O
+.	806,807	O	O
+
+Furthermore	808,819	O	O
+,	819,820	O	O
+we	821,823	O	O
+consider	824,832	O	O
+a	833,834	O	O
+polarization	835,847	O	B-Process
+transfer	848,856	O	I-Process
+from	857,861	O	O
+a	862,863	O	O
+nucleon	864,871	O	B-Material
+to	872,874	O	O
+the	875,878	O	B-Material
+hyperon	879,886	O	I-Material
+Y	887,888	O	I-Material
+in	889,891	O	O
+this	892,896	O	O
+reaction	897,905	O	O
+.	905,906	O	O
+
+Our	907,910	O	O
+consideration	911,924	O	O
+is	925,927	O	O
+model	928,933	O	O
+independent	934,945	O	O
+,	945,946	O	O
+since	947,952	O	O
+it	953,955	O	O
+is	956,958	O	O
+based	959,964	O	O
+only	965,969	O	O
+on	970,972	O	O
+conservation	973,985	O	B-Process
+of	986,988	O	I-Process
+the	989,992	O	I-Process
+P	993,994	O	I-Process
+-	994,995	O	I-Process
+parity	995,1001	O	I-Process
+,	1001,1002	O	O
+total	1003,1008	O	B-Process
+angular	1009,1016	O	I-Process
+momentum	1017,1025	O	I-Process
+and	1026,1029	O	O
+isospin	1030,1037	O	B-Process
+in	1038,1040	O	O
+the	1041,1044	O	O
+reaction	1045,1053	O	B-Process
+and	1054,1057	O	O
+the	1058,1061	O	O
+generalized	1062,1073	O	O
+Pauli	1074,1079	O	O
+principle	1080,1089	O	O
+for	1090,1093	O	O
+nucleons	1094,1102	O	B-Material
+.	1102,1103	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009025)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+central	2,9	O	O
+question	10,18	O	O
+from	19,23	O	O
+the	24,27	O	O
+point	28,33	O	O
+of	34,36	O	O
+view	37,41	O	O
+of	42,44	O	O
+nuclear	45,52	O	O
+physics	53,60	O	O
+involves	61,69	O	O
+the	70,73	O	O
+changes	74,81	O	B-Task
+to	82,84	O	I-Task
+the	85,88	O	I-Task
+quark	89,94	O	I-Task
+and	95,98	O	I-Task
+antiquark	99,108	O	I-Task
+distributions	109,122	O	I-Task
+of	123,125	O	I-Task
+a	126,127	O	I-Task
+bound	128,133	O	I-Task
+proton	134,140	O	I-Task
+.	140,141	O	O
+
+Since	142,147	O	O
+one	148,151	O	O
+must	152,156	O	O
+develop	157,164	O	B-Task
+a	165,166	O	I-Task
+reliable	167,175	O	I-Task
+model	176,181	O	I-Task
+of	182,184	O	I-Task
+both	185,189	O	I-Task
+the	190,193	O	I-Task
+free	194,198	O	I-Task
+proton	199,205	O	I-Task
+and	206,209	O	I-Task
+the	210,213	O	I-Task
+binding	214,221	O	I-Task
+of	222,224	O	I-Task
+nucleons	225,233	O	I-Task
+starting	234,242	O	I-Task
+from	243,247	O	I-Task
+the	248,251	O	I-Task
+quark	252,257	O	I-Task
+level	258,263	O	I-Task
+[	264,265	O	O
+8	265,266	O	O
+]	266,267	O	O
+,	267,268	O	O
+this	269,273	O	O
+problem	274,281	O	O
+is	282,284	O	O
+rather	285,291	O	O
+complicated	292,303	O	O
+.	303,304	O	O
+
+We	305,307	O	O
+intend	308,314	O	O
+to	315,317	O	O
+report	318,324	O	O
+on	325,327	O	O
+our	328,331	O	O
+investigation	332,345	O	O
+of	346,348	O	O
+that	349,353	O	O
+problem	354,361	O	O
+in	362,364	O	O
+future	365,371	O	O
+work	372,376	O	O
+.	376,377	O	O
+
+For	378,381	O	O
+the	382,385	O	O
+present	386,393	O	O
+,	393,394	O	O
+we	395,397	O	O
+have	398,402	O	O
+chosen	403,409	O	O
+to	410,412	O	O
+illustrate	413,423	O	B-Process
+the	424,427	O	I-Process
+formal	428,434	O	I-Process
+ideas	435,440	O	I-Process
+developed	441,450	O	I-Process
+here	451,455	O	I-Process
+by	456,458	O	I-Process
+applying	459,467	O	I-Process
+them	468,472	O	I-Process
+to	473,475	O	I-Process
+a	476,477	O	I-Process
+toy	478,481	O	I-Process
+model	482,487	O	I-Process
+,	487,488	O	O
+namely	489,495	O	O
+the	496,499	O	O
+quark	500,505	O	B-Material
+distributions	506,519	O	I-Material
+of	520,522	O	I-Material
+isospin	523,530	O	I-Material
+symmetric	531,540	O	I-Material
+quark	541,546	O	I-Material
+matter	547,553	O	I-Material
+in	554,556	O	O
+which	557,562	O	O
+each	563,567	O	B-Process
+quark	568,573	O	I-Process
+feels	574,579	O	I-Process
+a	580,581	O	I-Process
+scalar	582,588	O	I-Process
+potential	589,598	O	I-Process
+,	598,599	O	I-Process
+−Vsq	600,604	O	I-Process
+,	604,605	O	I-Process
+and	606,609	O	I-Process
+a	610,611	O	I-Process
+vector	612,618	O	I-Process
+potential	619,628	O	I-Process
+,	628,629	O	I-Process
+Vvq	630,633	O	I-Process
+.	633,634	O	O
+
+This	635,639	O	O
+is	640,642	O	O
+the	643,646	O	O
+premise	647,654	O	O
+of	655,657	O	O
+the	658,661	O	O
+Quark	662,667	O	B-Process
+–	667,668	O	I-Process
+Meson	668,673	O	I-Process
+Coupling	674,682	O	I-Process
+(	683,684	O	O
+QMC	684,687	O	B-Process
+)	687,688	O	O
+model	689,694	O	O
+[	695,696	O	O
+9	696,697	O	O
+]	697,698	O	O
+which	699,704	O	O
+has	705,708	O	O
+been	709,713	O	O
+used	714,718	O	O
+successfully	719,731	O	O
+to	732,734	O	O
+calculate	735,744	O	B-Task
+the	745,748	O	I-Task
+properties	749,759	O	I-Task
+of	760,762	O	I-Task
+nuclear	763,770	O	I-Task
+matter	771,777	O	I-Task
+as	778,780	O	I-Task
+well	781,785	O	I-Task
+as	786,788	O	I-Task
+finite	789,795	O	I-Task
+nuclei	796,802	O	I-Task
+[	803,804	O	O
+10,11	804,809	O	O
+]	809,810	O	O
+.	810,811	O	O
+
+Most	812,816	O	O
+recently	817,825	O	O
+it	826,828	O	O
+has	829,832	O	O
+also	833,837	O	O
+been	838,842	O	O
+used	843,847	O	O
+to	848,850	O	O
+derive	851,857	O	O
+an	858,860	O	O
+effective	861,870	O	B-Task
+nuclear	871,878	O	I-Task
+force	879,884	O	I-Task
+which	885,890	O	O
+is	891,893	O	O
+very	894,898	O	O
+close	899,904	O	O
+to	905,907	O	O
+the	908,911	O	O
+widely	912,918	O	O
+used	919,923	O	O
+Skyrme	924,930	O	O
+III	931,934	O	O
+force	935,940	O	O
+[	941,942	O	O
+12	942,944	O	O
+]	944,945	O	O
+.	945,946	O	O
+
+(	947,948	O	O
+Except	948,954	O	O
+that	955,959	O	O
+in	960,962	O	O
+QMC	963,966	O	O
+the	967,970	O	O
+quarks	971,977	O	O
+are	978,981	O	O
+confined	982,990	O	O
+by	991,993	O	O
+the	994,997	O	O
+MIT	998,1001	O	O
+bag	1002,1005	O	O
+,	1005,1006	O	O
+as	1007,1009	O	O
+well	1010,1014	O	O
+as	1015,1017	O	O
+feeling	1018,1025	O	O
+the	1026,1029	O	O
+mean	1030,1034	O	O
+-	1034,1035	O	O
+field	1035,1040	O	O
+scalar	1041,1047	O	O
+and	1048,1051	O	O
+vector	1052,1058	O	O
+potentials	1059,1069	O	O
+generated	1070,1079	O	O
+by	1080,1082	O	O
+the	1083,1086	O	O
+surrounding	1087,1098	O	O
+nucleons	1099,1107	O	O
+.	1107,1108	O	O
+)	1108,1109	O	O
+
+In	1110,1112	O	O
+the	1113,1116	O	O
+mean	1117,1121	O	B-Process
+field	1122,1127	O	I-Process
+approximation	1128,1141	O	I-Process
+,	1141,1142	O	O
+the	1143,1146	O	O
+Dirac	1147,1152	O	B-Task
+equation	1153,1161	O	I-Task
+for	1162,1165	O	I-Task
+the	1166,1169	O	I-Task
+quark	1170,1175	O	I-Task
+in	1176,1178	O	I-Task
+infinite	1179,1187	O	I-Task
+quark	1188,1193	O	I-Task
+matter	1194,1200	O	I-Task
+is	1201,1203	O	O
+written	1204,1211	O	O
+as	1212,1214	O	O
+:	1214,1215	O	O
+(	1216,1217	O	B-Task
+30)iγ·∂−m−Vqs−γ0VqvψQMq(x)=0	1217,1245	O	I-Task
+.	1245,1246	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009037)
+
+Within	0,6	O	O
+a	7,8	O	O
+coalescence	9,20	O	B-Process
+approach	21,29	O	I-Process
+as	30,32	O	O
+successfully	33,45	O	O
+applied	46,53	O	O
+earlier	54,61	O	O
+in	62,64	O	O
+the	65,68	O	O
+light	69,74	O	B-Task
+-	74,75	O	I-Task
+quark	75,80	O	I-Task
+sector	81,87	O	I-Task
+,	87,88	O	O
+we	89,91	O	O
+have	92,96	O	O
+evaluated	97,106	O	B-Process
+transverse	107,117	O	I-Process
+-	117,118	O	I-Process
+momentum	118,126	O	I-Process
+dependencies	127,139	O	I-Process
+of	140,142	O	O
+charmed	143,150	O	B-Material
+hadrons	151,158	O	I-Material
+in	159,161	O	O
+central	162,169	O	B-Process
+heavy	170,175	O	I-Process
+-	175,176	O	I-Process
+ion	176,179	O	I-Process
+reactions	180,189	O	I-Process
+at	190,192	O	O
+RHIC	193,197	O	O
+.	197,198	O	O
+
+For	199,202	O	O
+the	203,206	O	O
+charm	207,212	O	B-Task
+-	212,213	O	I-Task
+quark	213,218	O	I-Task
+distributions	219,232	O	I-Task
+at	233,235	O	O
+hadronization	236,249	O	B-Process
+we	250,252	O	O
+have	253,257	O	O
+considered	258,268	O	O
+two	269,272	O	O
+limiting	273,281	O	O
+scenarios	282,291	O	O
+,	291,292	O	O
+i.e.	293,297	O	O
+,	297,298	O	O
+no	299,301	O	O
+reinteractions	302,316	O	O
+(	317,318	O	O
+using	318,323	O	O
+spectra	324,331	O	B-Material
+from	332,336	O	O
+PYTHIA	337,343	O	O
+)	343,344	O	O
+and	345,348	O	O
+complete	349,357	O	B-Process
+thermalization	358,372	O	I-Process
+with	373,377	O	O
+transverse	378,388	O	B-Process
+flow	389,393	O	I-Process
+of	394,396	O	O
+the	397,400	O	O
+bulk	401,405	O	O
+matter	406,412	O	O
+.	412,413	O	O
+
+The	414,417	O	O
+resulting	418,427	O	O
+J/ψ	428,431	O	O
+(	432,433	O	O
+mT-)spectra	433,444	O	O
+differ	445,451	O	O
+in	452,454	O	O
+slope	455,460	O	O
+by	461,463	O	O
+up	464,466	O	O
+to	467,469	O	O
+a	470,471	O	O
+factor	472,478	O	O
+of	479,481	O	O
+2	482,483	O	O
+(	484,485	O	O
+harder	485,491	O	O
+for	492,495	O	O
+pQCD	496,500	O	B-Material
+c	501,502	O	I-Material
+-	502,503	O	I-Material
+quarks	503,509	O	I-Material
+)	509,510	O	O
+,	510,511	O	O
+and	512,515	O	O
+the	516,519	O	O
+integrated	520,530	O	B-Process
+yield	531,536	O	I-Process
+is	537,539	O	O
+about	540,545	O	O
+a	546,547	O	O
+factor	548,554	O	O
+of	555,557	O	O
+3	558,559	O	O
+larger	560,566	O	O
+in	567,569	O	O
+the	570,573	O	O
+thermal	574,581	O	O
+case	582,586	O	O
+.	586,587	O	O
+
+For	588,591	O	O
+D	592,593	O	B-Material
+-	593,594	O	I-Material
+mesons	594,600	O	I-Material
+,	600,601	O	O
+we	602,604	O	O
+found	605,610	O	O
+that	611,615	O	O
+the	616,619	O	O
+difference	620,630	O	B-Process
+in	631,633	O	I-Process
+the	634,637	O	I-Process
+slope	638,643	O	I-Process
+parameters	644,654	O	I-Process
+of	655,657	O	O
+the	658,661	O	O
+pT	662,664	O	B-Task
+-	664,665	O	I-Task
+spectra	665,672	O	I-Task
+in	673,675	O	O
+the	676,679	O	O
+two	680,683	O	O
+scenarios	684,693	O	O
+is	694,696	O	O
+less	697,701	O	O
+pronounced	702,712	O	O
+,	712,713	O	O
+but	714,717	O	O
+their	718,723	O	O
+elliptic	724,732	O	B-Process
+flow	733,737	O	I-Process
+is	738,740	O	O
+about	741,746	O	O
+a	747,748	O	O
+factor	749,755	O	O
+of	756,758	O	O
+2	759,760	O	O
+larger	761,767	O	O
+for	768,771	O	O
+pT⩾1.5	772,778	O	O
+GeV	779,782	O	O
+in	783,785	O	O
+the	786,789	O	O
+thermalized	790,801	O	O
+case	802,806	O	O
+.	806,807	O	O
+
+The	808,811	O	O
+elliptic	812,820	O	B-Process
+flow	821,825	O	I-Process
+pattern	826,833	O	I-Process
+of	834,836	O	O
+D	837,838	O	B-Material
+-	838,839	O	I-Material
+mesons	839,845	O	I-Material
+was	846,849	O	O
+found	850,855	O	O
+to	856,858	O	O
+be	859,861	O	O
+essentially	862,873	O	O
+preserved	874,883	O	O
+in	884,886	O	O
+the	887,890	O	O
+single	891,897	O	B-Task
+-	897,898	O	I-Task
+electron	898,906	O	I-Task
+decay	907,912	O	I-Task
+spectra	913,920	O	I-Task
+,	920,921	O	O
+rendering	922,931	O	O
+the	932,935	O	O
+latter	936,942	O	O
+a	943,944	O	O
+very	945,949	O	O
+promising	950,959	O	O
+observable	960,970	O	O
+to	971,973	O	O
+address	974,981	O	O
+the	982,985	O	O
+strength	986,994	O	O
+of	995,997	O	O
+charm	998,1003	O	B-Process
+reinteractions	1004,1018	O	I-Process
+in	1019,1021	O	O
+the	1022,1025	O	O
+QGP	1026,1029	O	B-Process
+.	1029,1030	O	O
+
+The	1031,1034	O	O
+present	1035,1042	O	O
+study	1043,1048	O	O
+can	1049,1052	O	O
+be	1053,1055	O	O
+straightforwardly	1056,1073	O	O
+generalized	1074,1085	O	O
+to	1086,1088	O	O
+charmed	1089,1096	O	O
+baryons	1097,1104	O	B-Material
+(	1105,1106	O	O
+Λc	1106,1108	O	O
+)	1108,1109	O	O
+,	1109,1110	O	O
+which	1111,1116	O	O
+may	1117,1120	O	O
+serve	1121,1126	O	O
+as	1127,1129	O	O
+a	1130,1131	O	O
+complimentary	1132,1145	O	B-Material
+probe	1146,1151	O	I-Material
+for	1152,1155	O	O
+charm	1156,1161	O	B-Process
+-	1161,1162	O	I-Process
+quark	1162,1167	O	I-Process
+reinteractions	1168,1182	O	I-Process
+in	1183,1185	O	O
+the	1186,1189	O	O
+QGP	1190,1193	O	B-Process
+.	1193,1194	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009049)
+
+One	0,3	O	O
+of	4,6	O	O
+the	7,10	O	O
+challenges	11,21	O	O
+in	22,24	O	O
+quantum	25,32	O	B-Task
+chromodynamics	33,47	O	I-Task
+(	48,49	O	O
+QCD	49,52	O	B-Task
+)	52,53	O	O
+is	54,56	O	O
+the	57,60	O	O
+relativistic	61,73	O	B-Task
+bound	74,79	O	I-Task
+state	80,85	O	I-Task
+problem	86,93	O	I-Task
+.	93,94	O	O
+
+In	95,97	O	O
+the	98,101	O	O
+light	102,107	O	B-Process
+-	107,108	O	I-Process
+cone	108,112	O	I-Process
+Hamiltonian	113,124	O	I-Process
+approach	125,133	O	I-Process
+[	134,135	O	O
+1	135,136	O	O
+]	136,137	O	O
+light	138,143	O	B-Task
+-	143,144	O	I-Task
+cone	144,148	O	I-Task
+wave	149,153	O	I-Task
+functions	154,163	O	I-Task
+can	164,167	O	O
+be	168,170	O	O
+constructed	171,182	O	O
+in	183,185	O	O
+a	186,187	O	O
+boost	188,193	O	O
+invariant	194,203	O	O
+way	204,207	O	O
+.	207,208	O	O
+
+It	209,211	O	O
+is	212,214	O	O
+necessary	215,224	O	O
+to	225,227	O	O
+have	228,232	O	O
+reliable	233,241	O	B-Material
+light	242,247	O	I-Material
+-	247,248	O	I-Material
+cone	248,252	O	I-Material
+wave	253,257	O	I-Material
+functions	258,267	O	I-Material
+if	268,270	O	O
+one	271,274	O	O
+wants	275,280	O	O
+to	281,283	O	O
+calculate	284,293	O	B-Task
+high	294,298	O	I-Task
+energy	299,305	O	I-Task
+scattering	306,316	O	I-Task
+,	316,317	O	O
+especially	318,328	O	O
+exclusive	329,338	O	O
+reactions	339,348	O	B-Process
+.	348,349	O	O
+
+Many	350,354	O	O
+parametrizations	355,371	O	O
+assume	372,378	O	O
+separability	379,391	O	O
+of	392,394	O	O
+the	395,398	O	O
+dependence	399,409	O	O
+on	410,412	O	O
+the	413,416	O	O
+longitudinal	417,429	O	O
+momentum	430,438	O	O
+fraction	439,447	O	O
+and	448,451	O	O
+transverse	452,462	O	O
+momentum	463,471	O	O
+which	472,477	O	O
+is	478,480	O	O
+very	481,485	O	O
+unlikely	486,494	O	O
+since	495,500	O	O
+the	501,504	O	O
+two	505,508	O	O
+momenta	509,516	O	O
+are	517,520	O	O
+coupled	521,528	O	O
+in	529,531	O	O
+the	532,535	O	O
+kinetic	536,543	O	O
+energy	544,550	O	O
+operator	551,559	O	O
+.	559,560	O	O
+
+Various	561,568	O	O
+approaches	569,579	O	O
+have	580,584	O	O
+been	585,589	O	O
+tried	590,595	O	O
+to	596,598	O	O
+compute	599,606	O	O
+such	607,611	O	O
+wave	612,616	O	O
+functions	617,626	O	O
+.	626,627	O	O
+
+One	628,631	O	O
+can	632,635	O	O
+use	636,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+usual	644,649	O	O
+equal	650,655	O	B-Process
+time	656,660	O	I-Process
+Hamiltonian	661,672	O	I-Process
+[	673,674	O	O
+2	674,675	O	O
+]	675,676	O	O
+and	677,680	O	O
+transform	681,690	O	B-Process
+the	691,694	O	I-Process
+resulting	695,704	O	I-Process
+wave	705,709	O	I-Process
+functions	710,719	O	I-Process
+into	720,724	O	I-Process
+light	725,730	O	I-Process
+-	730,731	O	I-Process
+cone	731,735	O	I-Process
+form	736,740	O	I-Process
+with	741,745	O	O
+the	746,749	O	O
+help	750,754	O	O
+of	755,757	O	O
+kinematical	758,769	O	B-Process
+on	770,772	O	I-Process
+-	772,773	O	I-Process
+shell	773,778	O	I-Process
+equations	779,788	O	I-Process
+.	788,789	O	O
+
+The	790,793	O	O
+light	794,799	O	O
+-	799,800	O	O
+cone	800,804	O	O
+Hamiltonian	805,816	O	O
+in	817,819	O	O
+a	820,821	O	O
+string	822,828	O	O
+picture	829,836	O	O
+is	837,839	O	O
+formulated	840,850	O	O
+in	851,853	O	O
+Ref	854,857	O	O
+.	857,858	O	O
+
+[	859,860	O	O
+3	860,861	O	O
+]	861,862	O	O
+.	862,863	O	O
+
+More	864,868	O	O
+ambitious	869,878	O	O
+is	879,881	O	O
+the	882,885	O	O
+construction	886,898	O	B-Task
+of	899,901	O	I-Task
+an	902,904	O	I-Task
+effective	905,914	O	I-Task
+Hamiltonian	915,926	O	I-Task
+including	927,936	O	I-Task
+the	937,940	O	I-Task
+gauge	941,946	O	I-Task
+degrees	947,954	O	I-Task
+of	955,957	O	I-Task
+freedom	958,965	O	I-Task
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+and	977,980	O	O
+then	981,985	O	O
+solving	986,993	O	B-Process
+the	994,997	O	I-Process
+bound	998,1003	O	I-Process
+state	1004,1009	O	I-Process
+problem	1010,1017	O	I-Process
+.	1017,1018	O	O
+
+For	1019,1022	O	O
+mesons	1023,1029	O	B-Material
+this	1030,1034	O	O
+approach	1035,1043	O	O
+[	1044,1045	O	O
+4,5	1045,1048	O	O
+]	1048,1049	O	O
+still	1050,1055	O	O
+needs	1056,1061	O	O
+many	1062,1066	O	O
+parameters	1067,1077	O	O
+to	1078,1080	O	O
+be	1081,1083	O	O
+fixed	1084,1089	O	O
+.	1089,1090	O	O
+
+Attempts	1091,1099	O	O
+have	1100,1104	O	O
+been	1105,1109	O	O
+made	1110,1114	O	O
+to	1115,1117	O	O
+solve	1118,1123	O	B-Task
+the	1124,1127	O	I-Task
+valence	1128,1135	O	I-Task
+quark	1136,1141	O	I-Task
+wave	1142,1146	O	I-Task
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+for	1156,1159	O	I-Task
+mesons	1160,1166	O	I-Task
+in	1167,1169	O	O
+a	1170,1171	O	O
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+with	1191,1195	O	I-Process
+a	1196,1197	O	I-Process
+two	1198,1201	O	I-Process
+-	1201,1202	O	I-Process
+body	1202,1206	O	I-Process
+potential	1207,1216	O	I-Process
+[	1217,1218	O	O
+6	1218,1219	O	O
+]	1219,1220	O	O
+.	1220,1221	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009062)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+microwave	4,13	O	B-Process
+background	14,24	O	I-Process
+is	25,27	O	O
+not	28,31	O	O
+the	32,35	O	O
+only	36,40	O	O
+universal	41,50	O	B-Material
+photon	51,57	O	I-Material
+field	58,63	O	I-Material
+that	64,68	O	O
+has	69,72	O	O
+to	73,75	O	O
+be	76,78	O	O
+taken	79,84	O	B-Process
+in	85,87	O	I-Process
+consideration	88,101	O	I-Process
+.	101,102	O	O
+
+Especially	103,113	O	O
+interesting	114,125	O	O
+is	126,128	O	O
+the	129,132	O	O
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+and	152,155	O	I-Process
+optical	156,163	O	I-Process
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+(	175,176	O	O
+IRB	176,179	O	B-Process
+)	179,180	O	O
+.	180,181	O	O
+
+The	182,185	O	O
+number	186,192	O	O
+density	193,200	O	O
+of	201,203	O	O
+IRB	204,207	O	B-Process
+is	208,210	O	O
+smaller	211,218	O	O
+than	219,223	O	O
+that	224,228	O	O
+of	229,231	O	O
+MBR	232,235	O	B-Process
+by	236,238	O	O
+more	239,243	O	O
+that	244,248	O	O
+two	249,252	O	O
+orders	253,259	O	O
+of	260,262	O	O
+magnitude	263,272	O	O
+.	272,273	O	O
+
+On	274,276	O	O
+the	277,280	O	O
+other	281,286	O	O
+hand	287,291	O	O
+,	291,292	O	O
+protons	293,300	O	B-Material
+of	301,303	O	O
+lower	304,309	O	O
+energy	310,316	O	O
+can	317,320	O	O
+interact	321,329	O	O
+on	330,332	O	O
+the	333,336	O	O
+IRB	337,340	O	B-Process
+,	340,341	O	O
+and	342,345	O	O
+the	346,349	O	B-Process
+smaller	350,357	O	I-Process
+number	358,364	O	I-Process
+density	365,372	O	I-Process
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+weighted	383,391	O	I-Process
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+the	397,400	O	I-Process
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+flux	408,412	O	I-Process
+of	413,415	O	I-Process
+interacting	416,427	O	I-Process
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+.	435,436	O	O
+
+The	437,440	O	O
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+is	458,460	O	O
+optically	461,470	O	O
+thin	471,475	O	O
+to	476,478	O	O
+1019	479,483	O	O
+eV	484,486	O	O
+and	487,490	O	O
+lower	491,496	O	B-Material
+energy	497,503	O	I-Material
+protons	504,511	O	I-Material
+,	511,512	O	O
+but	513,516	O	O
+even	517,521	O	O
+at	522,524	O	O
+low	525,528	O	O
+redshifts	529,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+proton	543,549	O	B-Task
+interaction	550,561	O	I-Task
+rate	562,566	O	I-Task
+quickly	567,574	O	O
+increases	575,584	O	O
+.	584,585	O	O
+
+This	586,590	O	O
+is	591,593	O	O
+different	594,603	O	O
+from	604,608	O	O
+the	609,612	O	O
+interactions	613,625	O	B-Task
+on	626,628	O	I-Task
+MBR	629,632	O	I-Task
+,	632,633	O	O
+where	634,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+interacting	644,655	O	B-Material
+protons	656,663	O	I-Material
+quickly	664,671	O	B-Process
+lose	672,676	O	I-Process
+their	677,682	O	I-Process
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+even	690,694	O	I-Process
+at	695,697	O	I-Process
+z=0	698,701	O	I-Process
+.	701,702	O	O
+
+The	703,706	O	O
+cosmological	707,719	O	B-Process
+evolution	720,729	O	I-Process
+of	730,732	O	I-Process
+UHECR	733,738	O	I-Process
+injection	739,748	O	I-Process
+is	749,751	O	O
+thus	752,756	O	O
+of	757,759	O	O
+major	760,765	O	O
+importance	766,776	O	O
+for	777,780	O	O
+the	781,784	O	O
+contribution	785,797	O	O
+of	798,800	O	O
+such	801,805	O	O
+interactions	806,818	O	O
+to	819,821	O	O
+the	822,825	O	O
+flux	826,830	O	B-Task
+of	831,833	O	I-Task
+cosmogenic	834,844	O	I-Task
+neutrinos	845,854	O	I-Task
+.	854,855	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009074)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+Letter	8,14	O	O
+,	14,15	O	O
+we	16,18	O	O
+extend	19,25	O	B-Task
+the	26,29	O	I-Task
+McVittie	30,38	O	I-Task
+'s	38,40	O	I-Task
+solution	41,49	O	I-Task
+into	50,54	O	I-Task
+charged	55,62	O	I-Task
+black	63,68	O	I-Task
+holes	69,74	O	I-Task
+.	74,75	O	O
+
+We	76,78	O	O
+first	79,84	O	O
+deduce	85,91	O	O
+the	92,95	O	O
+metric	96,102	O	O
+for	103,106	O	O
+a	107,108	O	O
+Reissner	109,117	O	O
+–	117,118	O	O
+
+Nordström	118,127	O	O
+black	128,133	O	O
+hole	134,138	O	O
+in	139,141	O	O
+the	142,145	O	O
+expanding	146,155	O	O
+universe	156,164	O	O
+
+;	164,165	O	O
+several	166,173	O	O
+special	174,181	O	O
+cases	182,187	O	O
+of	188,190	O	O
+our	191,194	O	O
+solution	195,203	O	O
+are	204,207	O	O
+exactly	208,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+same	220,224	O	O
+as	225,227	O	O
+some	228,232	O	O
+solutions	233,242	O	O
+discovered	243,253	O	O
+previously	254,264	O	O
+.	264,265	O	O
+
+In	266,268	O	O
+the	269,272	O	O
+previous	273,281	O	O
+work	282,286	O	O
+[	287,288	O	O
+6	288,289	O	O
+]	289,290	O	O
+we	291,293	O	O
+have	294,298	O	O
+applied	299,306	O	B-Task
+the	307,310	O	I-Task
+asymptotic	311,321	O	I-Task
+conditions	322,332	O	I-Task
+to	333,335	O	I-Task
+derive	336,342	O	I-Task
+the	343,346	O	I-Task
+Schwarzschild	347,360	O	I-Task
+metric	361,367	O	I-Task
+in	368,370	O	I-Task
+the	371,374	O	I-Task
+expanding	375,384	O	I-Task
+universe	385,393	O	I-Task
+,	393,394	O	O
+which	395,400	O	O
+is	401,403	O	O
+exactly	404,411	O	O
+the	412,415	O	O
+same	416,420	O	O
+as	421,423	O	O
+that	424,428	O	O
+derived	429,436	O	O
+by	437,439	O	O
+McVittie	440,448	O	O
+by	449,451	O	O
+solving	452,459	O	B-Process
+the	460,463	O	I-Process
+full	464,468	O	I-Process
+Einstein	469,477	O	I-Process
+equations	478,487	O	I-Process
+.	487,488	O	O
+
+That	489,493	O	O
+demonstrates	494,506	O	O
+the	507,510	O	O
+power	511,516	O	O
+of	517,519	O	O
+this	520,524	O	O
+simple	525,531	O	O
+and	532,535	O	O
+straight	536,544	O	O
+-	544,545	O	O
+forward	545,552	O	O
+approach	553,561	O	O
+.	561,562	O	O
+
+In	563,565	O	O
+this	566,570	O	O
+Letter	571,577	O	O
+we	578,580	O	O
+follow	581,587	O	B-Process
+the	588,591	O	I-Process
+same	592,596	O	I-Process
+procedure	597,606	O	I-Process
+to	607,609	O	I-Process
+derive	610,616	O	I-Process
+the	617,620	O	I-Process
+metric	621,627	O	I-Process
+for	628,631	O	O
+the	632,635	O	O
+Reissner	636,644	O	O
+–	644,645	O	O
+
+Nordström	645,654	O	O
+black	655,660	O	O
+holes	661,666	O	O
+in	667,669	O	O
+Friedman	670,678	O	O
+
+–	678,679	O	O
+
+Robertson	679,688	O	O
+–	688,689	O	O
+Walker	689,695	O	O
+universe	696,704	O	O
+.	704,705	O	O
+
+We	706,708	O	O
+then	709,713	O	O
+study	714,719	O	B-Task
+the	720,723	O	I-Task
+influences	724,734	O	I-Task
+of	735,737	O	I-Task
+the	738,741	O	I-Task
+evolution	742,751	O	I-Task
+of	752,754	O	I-Task
+the	755,758	O	I-Task
+universe	759,767	O	I-Task
+on	768,770	O	I-Task
+the	771,774	O	I-Task
+size	775,779	O	I-Task
+of	780,782	O	I-Task
+the	783,786	O	I-Task
+black	787,792	O	I-Task
+hole	793,797	O	I-Task
+.	797,798	O	O
+
+Finally	799,806	O	O
+,	806,807	O	O
+in	808,810	O	O
+order	811,816	O	O
+to	817,819	O	O
+study	820,825	O	B-Task
+the	826,829	O	I-Task
+motion	830,836	O	I-Task
+of	837,839	O	I-Task
+the	840,843	O	I-Task
+planet	844,850	O	I-Task
+,	850,851	O	O
+we	852,854	O	O
+rewrite	855,862	O	B-Process
+the	863,866	O	I-Process
+metric	867,873	O	I-Process
+from	874,878	O	I-Process
+the	879,882	O	I-Process
+cosmic	883,889	O	I-Process
+coordinates	890,901	O	I-Process
+system	902,908	O	I-Process
+to	909,911	O	I-Process
+the	912,915	O	I-Process
+Schwarzschild	916,929	O	I-Process
+coordinates	930,941	O	I-Process
+system	942,948	O	I-Process
+.	948,949	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009086)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+ART	4,7	O	B-Process
+model	8,13	O	I-Process
+is	14,16	O	O
+a	17,18	O	O
+hadronic	19,27	O	B-Process
+transport	28,37	O	I-Process
+model	38,43	O	I-Process
+that	44,48	O	O
+includes	49,57	O	O
+baryons	58,65	O	B-Material
+such	66,70	O	O
+as	71,73	O	O
+N	74,75	O	B-Material
+,	75,76	O	I-Material
+Δ(1232	77,83	O	I-Material
+)	83,84	O	I-Material
+,	84,85	O	O
+N∗(1440	86,93	O	B-Material
+)	93,94	O	I-Material
+,	94,95	O	O
+N∗(1535	96,103	O	B-Material
+)	103,104	O	I-Material
+,	104,105	O	O
+Λ	106,107	O	B-Material
+,	107,108	O	O
+Σ	109,110	O	B-Material
+,	110,111	O	O
+and	112,115	O	O
+mesons	116,122	O	B-Material
+such	123,127	O	O
+as	128,130	O	O
+π	131,132	O	B-Material
+,	132,133	O	O
+ρ	134,135	O	B-Material
+,	135,136	O	O
+ω	137,138	O	B-Material
+,	138,139	O	O
+η	140,141	O	B-Material
+,	141,142	O	O
+K	143,144	O	B-Material
+,	144,145	O	O
+K∗.	146,149	O	B-Material
+Both	150,154	O	O
+elastic	155,162	O	B-Task
+and	163,166	O	I-Task
+inelastic	167,176	O	I-Task
+collisions	177,187	O	I-Task
+among	188,193	O	O
+most	194,198	O	O
+of	199,201	O	O
+these	202,207	O	B-Material
+particles	208,217	O	I-Material
+are	218,221	O	O
+included	222,230	O	O
+by	231,233	O	O
+using	234,239	O	O
+the	240,243	O	O
+experimental	244,256	O	B-Material
+data	257,261	O	I-Material
+from	262,266	O	I-Material
+hadron	267,273	O	I-Material
+–	273,274	O	I-Material
+hadron	274,280	O	I-Material
+collisions	281,291	O	I-Material
+.	291,292	O	O
+
+The	293,296	O	O
+ART	297,300	O	B-Process
+model	301,306	O	I-Process
+has	307,310	O	O
+been	311,315	O	O
+quite	316,321	O	O
+successful	322,332	O	O
+in	333,335	O	O
+explaining	336,346	O	B-Task
+many	347,351	O	I-Task
+experimental	352,364	O	I-Task
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+,	377,378	O	O
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+surprisingly	393,405	O	O
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+kaon	412,416	O	B-Process
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+[	426,427	O	O
+11,12	427,432	O	O
+]	432,433	O	O
+in	434,436	O	O
+heavy	437,442	O	B-Process
+ion	443,446	O	I-Process
+collisions	447,457	O	I-Process
+at	458,460	O	O
+AGS	461,464	O	B-Process
+energies	465,473	O	I-Process
+.	473,474	O	O
+
+The	475,478	O	O
+ART	479,482	O	B-Process
+model	483,488	O	I-Process
+also	489,493	O	O
+allows	494,500	O	O
+us	501,503	O	O
+to	504,506	O	O
+understand	507,517	O	B-Task
+whether	518,525	O	I-Task
+or	526,528	O	I-Task
+not	529,532	O	I-Task
+the	533,536	O	I-Task
+strongly	537,545	O	I-Task
+interacting	546,557	O	I-Task
+matter	558,564	O	I-Task
+formed	565,571	O	I-Task
+in	572,574	O	I-Task
+these	575,580	O	I-Task
+collisions	581,591	O	I-Task
+reaches	592,599	O	I-Task
+chemical	600,608	O	I-Task
+and/or	609,615	O	I-Task
+thermal	616,623	O	I-Task
+equilibrium	624,635	O	I-Task
+.	635,636	O	O
+
+In	637,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+present	644,651	O	O
+study	652,657	O	O
+,	657,658	O	O
+we	659,661	O	O
+extend	662,668	O	B-Task
+the	669,672	O	I-Task
+ART	673,676	O	I-Task
+model	677,682	O	I-Task
+to	683,685	O	I-Task
+include	686,693	O	I-Task
+perturbatively	694,708	O	I-Task
+the	709,712	O	I-Task
+Ξ	713,714	O	I-Task
+particle	715,723	O	I-Task
+as	724,726	O	O
+in	727,729	O	O
+the	730,733	O	O
+studies	734,741	O	O
+for	742,745	O	O
+other	746,751	O	O
+rare	752,756	O	B-Material
+particles	757,766	O	I-Material
+using	767,772	O	O
+the	773,776	O	O
+transport	777,786	O	B-Material
+model	787,792	O	I-Material
+[	793,794	O	O
+6,13,14	794,801	O	O
+]	801,802	O	O
+.	802,803	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009104)
+
+Though	0,6	O	O
+,	6,7	O	O
+in	8,10	O	O
+this	11,15	O	O
+Letter	16,22	O	O
+we	23,25	O	O
+have	26,30	O	O
+constructed	31,42	O	B-Task
+the	43,46	O	I-Task
+Born	47,51	O	I-Task
+–	51,52	O	I-Task
+Infeld	52,58	O	I-Task
+black	59,64	O	I-Task
+holes	65,70	O	I-Task
+in	71,73	O	I-Task
+the	74,77	O	I-Task
+presence	78,86	O	I-Task
+of	87,89	O	I-Task
+a	90,91	O	I-Task
+cosmological	92,104	O	I-Task
+constant	105,113	O	I-Task
+and	114,117	O	O
+discussed	118,127	O	B-Task
+their	128,133	O	I-Task
+thermodynamical	134,149	O	I-Task
+properties	150,160	O	I-Task
+,	160,161	O	O
+many	162,166	O	O
+issues	167,173	O	O
+however	174,181	O	O
+still	182,187	O	O
+remain	188,194	O	O
+to	195,197	O	O
+be	198,200	O	O
+investigated	201,213	O	O
+.	213,214	O	O
+
+We	215,217	O	O
+know	218,222	O	O
+that	223,227	O	O
+Reissner	228,236	O	O
+–	236,237	O	O
+
+Nordström	237,246	O	O
+AdS	247,250	O	O
+
+black	251,256	O	O
+holes	257,262	O	O
+undergo	263,270	O	O
+
+Hawking	271,278	O	B-Process
+–	278,279	O	I-Process
+Page	279,283	O	I-Process
+phase	284,289	O	I-Process
+transition	290,300	O	I-Process
+.	300,301	O	O
+
+This	302,306	O	O
+transition	307,317	O	O
+gets	318,322	O	O
+modified	323,331	O	O
+as	332,334	O	O
+we	335,337	O	O
+include	338,345	O	O
+Born	346,350	O	O
+–	350,351	O	O
+
+Infeld	351,357	O	O
+corrections	358,369	O	O
+into	370,374	O	O
+account	375,382	O	O
+.	382,383	O	O
+
+We	384,386	O	O
+hope	387,391	O	O
+to	392,394	O	O
+carry	395,400	O	O
+out	401,404	O	O
+a	405,406	O	O
+detail	407,413	O	O
+study	414,419	O	O
+on	420,422	O	O
+this	423,427	O	O
+issue	428,433	O	O
+in	434,436	O	O
+the	437,440	O	O
+future	441,447	O	O
+.	447,448	O	O
+
+Furthermore	449,460	O	O
+,	460,461	O	O
+in	462,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+context	469,476	O	O
+of	477,479	O	O
+brane	480,485	O	B-Task
+world	486,491	O	I-Task
+cosmology	492,501	O	I-Task
+,	501,502	O	O
+it	503,505	O	O
+was	506,509	O	O
+found	510,515	O	O
+that	516,520	O	O
+a	521,522	O	O
+brane	523,528	O	B-Material
+moving	529,535	O	O
+in	536,538	O	O
+a	539,540	O	O
+Reissner	541,549	O	O
+–	549,550	O	O
+
+Nordström	550,559	O	O
+AdS	560,563	O	O
+background	564,574	O	O
+generates	575,584	O	O
+non	585,588	O	B-Task
+-	588,589	O	I-Task
+singular	589,597	O	I-Task
+cosmology	598,607	O	I-Task
+[	608,609	O	O
+14	609,611	O	O
+]	611,612	O	O
+.	612,613	O	O
+
+However	614,621	O	O
+,	621,622	O	O
+as	623,625	O	O
+shown	626,631	O	O
+in	632,634	O	O
+[	635,636	O	O
+15	636,638	O	O
+]	638,639	O	O
+,	639,640	O	O
+the	641,644	O	O
+brane	645,650	O	B-Material
+always	651,657	O	O
+crosses	658,665	O	B-Process
+the	666,669	O	I-Process
+inner	670,675	O	I-Process
+horizon	676,683	O	I-Process
+of	684,686	O	I-Process
+the	687,690	O	I-Process
+bulk	691,695	O	I-Process
+geometry	696,704	O	I-Process
+,	704,705	O	O
+creating	706,714	O	O
+an	715,717	O	O
+instability	718,729	O	B-Process
+.	729,730	O	O
+
+It	731,733	O	O
+would	734,739	O	O
+be	740,742	O	O
+interesting	743,754	O	O
+to	755,757	O	O
+study	758,763	O	B-Task
+cosmology	764,773	O	I-Task
+on	774,776	O	I-Task
+the	777,780	O	I-Task
+brane	781,786	O	I-Task
+when	787,791	O	I-Task
+it	792,794	O	I-Task
+is	795,797	O	I-Task
+moving	798,804	O	I-Task
+in	805,807	O	I-Task
+the	808,811	O	I-Task
+charged	812,819	O	I-Task
+black	820,825	O	I-Task
+hole	826,830	O	I-Task
+backgrounds	831,842	O	I-Task
+that	843,847	O	O
+we	848,850	O	O
+have	851,855	O	O
+constructed	856,867	O	O
+.	867,868	O	O
+
+Note	869,873	O	O
+that	874,878	O	O
+since	879,884	O	O
+these	885,890	O	O
+charged	891,898	O	B-Material
+holes	899,904	O	I-Material
+does	905,909	O	O
+not	910,913	O	O
+have	914,918	O	O
+inner	919,924	O	O
+horizon	925,932	O	O
+for	933,936	O	O
+certain	937,944	O	O
+range	945,950	O	O
+of	951,953	O	O
+parameters	954,964	O	O
+,	964,965	O	O
+we	966,968	O	O
+may	969,972	O	O
+generate	973,981	O	B-Task
+non	982,985	O	I-Task
+-	985,986	O	I-Task
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+creating	1013,1021	O	I-Task
+the	1022,1025	O	I-Task
+instabilities	1026,1039	O	I-Task
+that	1040,1044	O	O
+we	1045,1047	O	O
+have	1048,1052	O	O
+just	1053,1057	O	O
+mentioned	1058,1067	O	O
+.	1067,1068	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009116)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+prove	3,8	O	B-Process
+the	9,12	O	I-Process
+uniqueness	13,23	O	I-Process
+of	24,26	O	O
+the	27,30	O	O
+supersymmetric	31,45	O	O
+Salam	46,51	O	O
+–	51,52	O	O
+
+Sezgin	52,58	O	O
+(	59,60	O	O
+Minkowski)4×S2	60,74	O	O
+ground	75,81	O	O
+state	82,87	O	O
+among	88,93	O	O
+all	94,97	O	O
+non	98,101	O	B-Task
+-	101,102	O	I-Task
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+a	126,127	O	I-Task
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+-	132,133	O	I-Task
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+,	153,154	O	O
+de	155,157	O	B-Task
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+or	165,167	O	I-Task
+anti	168,172	O	I-Task
+-	172,173	O	I-Task
+de	173,175	O	I-Task
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+.	191,192	O	O
+
+We	193,195	O	O
+construct	196,205	O	B-Process
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+an	238,240	O	O
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+in	256,258	O	I-Task
+the	259,262	O	I-Task
+two	263,266	O	I-Task
+-	266,267	O	I-Task
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+internal	279,287	O	I-Task
+space	288,293	O	I-Task
+,	293,294	O	I-Task
+and	295,298	O	O
+show	299,303	O	O
+that	304,308	O	O
+included	309,317	O	O
+amongst	318,325	O	O
+these	326,331	O	O
+is	332,334	O	O
+a	335,336	O	O
+family	337,343	O	O
+that	344,348	O	O
+is	349,351	O	O
+non	352,355	O	B-Process
+-	355,356	O	I-Process
+singular	356,364	O	I-Process
+away	365,369	O	I-Process
+from	370,374	O	I-Process
+a	375,376	O	I-Process
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+defect	385,391	O	I-Process
+at	392,394	O	O
+one	395,398	O	O
+pole	399,403	O	O
+of	404,406	O	O
+a	407,408	O	O
+distorted	409,418	O	O
+2-sphere	419,427	O	O
+.	427,428	O	O
+
+These	429,434	O	O
+solutions	435,444	O	O
+admit	445,450	O	O
+the	451,454	O	O
+interpretation	455,469	O	B-Process
+of	470,472	O	I-Process
+3-branes	473,481	O	I-Process
+with	482,486	O	I-Process
+negative	487,495	O	I-Process
+tension	496,503	O	I-Process
+.	503,504	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009141)
+
+Longitudinal	0,12	O	B-Task
+beam	13,17	O	I-Task
+and	18,21	O	I-Task
+target	22,28	O	I-Task
+single	29,35	O	I-Task
+-	35,36	O	I-Task
+spin	36,40	O	I-Task
+asymmetries	41,52	O	I-Task
+have	53,57	O	O
+been	58,62	O	O
+at	63,65	O	O
+the	66,69	O	O
+center	70,76	O	O
+of	77,79	O	O
+the	80,83	O	O
+attention	84,93	O	O
+lately	94,100	O	O
+,	100,101	O	O
+since	102,107	O	O
+they	108,112	O	O
+have	113,117	O	O
+been	118,122	O	O
+measured	123,131	O	O
+by	132,134	O	O
+the	135,138	O	O
+HERMES	139,145	O	B-Process
+and	146,149	O	I-Process
+CLAS	150,154	O	I-Process
+experimental	155,167	O	I-Process
+Collaborations	168,182	O	I-Process
+[	183,184	O	O
+1–4	184,187	O	O
+]	187,188	O	O
+and	189,192	O	O
+more	193,197	O	O
+measurements	198,210	O	O
+are	211,214	O	O
+planned	215,222	O	O
+.	222,223	O	O
+
+They	224,228	O	O
+were	229,233	O	O
+originally	234,244	O	O
+believed	245,253	O	O
+to	254,256	O	O
+be	257,259	O	O
+signals	260,267	O	O
+of	268,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+so	275,277	O	O
+-	277,278	O	O
+called	278,284	O	O
+T	285,286	O	B-Process
+-	286,287	O	I-Process
+odd	287,290	O	I-Process
+fragmentation	291,304	O	I-Process
+functions	305,314	O	I-Process
+[	315,316	O	O
+5	316,317	O	O
+]	317,318	O	O
+,	318,319	O	O
+in	320,322	O	O
+particular	323,333	O	O
+,	333,334	O	O
+of	335,337	O	O
+the	338,341	O	O
+Collins	342,349	O	B-Process
+function	350,358	O	I-Process
+[	359,360	O	O
+6–12	360,364	O	O
+]	364,365	O	O
+.	365,366	O	O
+
+However	367,374	O	O
+,	374,375	O	O
+both	376,380	O	O
+types	381,386	O	O
+of	387,389	O	O
+asymmetry	390,399	O	O
+can	400,403	O	O
+receive	404,411	O	B-Process
+contributions	412,425	O	I-Process
+also	426,430	O	I-Process
+from	431,435	O	I-Process
+T	436,437	O	I-Process
+-	437,438	O	I-Process
+odd	438,441	O	I-Process
+distribution	442,454	O	I-Process
+functions	455,464	O	I-Process
+[	465,466	O	O
+13–16	466,471	O	O
+]	471,472	O	O
+,	472,473	O	O
+a	474,475	O	O
+fact	476,480	O	O
+that	481,485	O	O
+has	486,489	O	O
+often	490,495	O	O
+been	496,500	O	O
+neglected	501,510	O	O
+in	511,513	O	O
+analyses	514,522	O	O
+.	522,523	O	O
+
+An	524,526	O	O
+exhaustive	527,537	O	B-Task
+treatment	538,547	O	I-Task
+of	548,550	O	I-Task
+the	551,554	O	I-Task
+contributions	555,568	O	I-Task
+of	569,571	O	I-Task
+T	572,573	O	I-Task
+-	573,574	O	I-Task
+odd	574,577	O	I-Task
+distribution	578,590	O	I-Task
+functions	591,600	O	I-Task
+has	601,604	O	O
+not	605,608	O	O
+been	609,613	O	O
+carried	614,621	O	O
+out	622,625	O	O
+completely	626,636	O	O
+so	637,639	O	O
+far	640,643	O	O
+,	643,644	O	O
+especially	645,655	O	O
+up	656,658	O	O
+to	659,661	O	O
+subleading	662,672	O	B-Process
+order	673,678	O	I-Process
+in	679,681	O	I-Process
+an	682,684	O	I-Process
+expansion	685,694	O	I-Process
+in	695,697	O	I-Process
+1/Q	698,701	O	I-Process
+,	701,702	O	O
+Q2	703,705	O	O
+being	706,711	O	O
+the	712,715	O	O
+virtuality	716,726	O	O
+of	727,729	O	O
+the	730,733	O	O
+incident	734,742	O	B-Material
+photon	743,749	O	I-Material
+and	750,753	O	O
+the	754,757	O	O
+only	758,762	O	O
+hard	763,767	O	O
+scale	768,773	O	O
+of	774,776	O	O
+the	777,780	O	O
+process	781,788	O	O
+,	788,789	O	O
+and	790,793	O	O
+including	794,803	O	O
+quark	804,809	O	B-Process
+mass	810,814	O	I-Process
+corrections	815,826	O	I-Process
+.	826,827	O	O
+
+It	828,830	O	O
+is	831,833	O	O
+the	834,837	O	O
+purpose	838,845	O	O
+of	846,848	O	O
+the	849,852	O	O
+present	853,860	O	O
+work	861,865	O	O
+to	866,868	O	O
+describe	869,877	O	B-Task
+the	878,881	O	I-Task
+longitudinal	882,894	O	I-Task
+beam	895,899	O	I-Task
+and	900,903	O	I-Task
+target	904,910	O	I-Task
+spin	911,915	O	I-Task
+asymmetries	916,927	O	I-Task
+in	928,930	O	O
+a	931,932	O	O
+complete	933,941	O	O
+way	942,945	O	O
+in	946,948	O	O
+terms	949,954	O	O
+of	955,957	O	O
+leading	958,965	O	O
+and	966,969	O	O
+subleading	970,980	O	O
+twist	981,986	O	B-Process
+distribution	987,999	O	I-Process
+and	1000,1003	O	O
+fragmentation	1004,1017	O	B-Process
+functions	1018,1027	O	I-Process
+.	1027,1028	O	O
+
+We	1029,1031	O	O
+consider	1032,1040	O	O
+both	1041,1045	O	O
+single	1046,1052	O	B-Process
+-	1052,1053	O	I-Process
+particle	1053,1061	O	I-Process
+inclusive	1062,1071	O	I-Process
+DIS	1072,1075	O	I-Process
+,	1075,1076	O	O
+e+p→e′+h+X	1077,1087	O	B-Process
+,	1087,1088	O	O
+and	1089,1092	O	O
+single	1093,1099	O	B-Process
+-	1099,1100	O	I-Process
+jet	1100,1103	O	I-Process
+inclusive	1104,1113	O	I-Process
+DIS	1114,1117	O	I-Process
+,	1117,1118	O	O
+e+p→e′+jet+X.	1119,1132	O	B-Process
+
+We	1133,1135	O	O
+assume	1136,1142	O	O
+factorization	1143,1156	O	B-Process
+holds	1157,1162	O	O
+for	1163,1166	O	O
+these	1167,1172	O	O
+processes	1173,1182	O	O
+,	1182,1183	O	O
+even	1184,1188	O	O
+though	1189,1195	O	O
+at	1196,1198	O	O
+present	1199,1206	O	O
+there	1207,1212	O	O
+is	1213,1215	O	O
+no	1216,1218	O	O
+factorization	1219,1232	O	B-Task
+proof	1233,1238	O	I-Task
+for	1239,1242	O	I-Task
+observables	1243,1254	O	I-Task
+containing	1255,1265	O	I-Task
+subleading	1266,1276	O	I-Task
+-	1276,1277	O	I-Task
+twist	1277,1282	O	I-Task
+transverse	1283,1293	O	I-Task
+-	1293,1294	O	I-Task
+momentum	1294,1302	O	I-Task
+dependent	1303,1312	O	I-Task
+functions	1313,1322	O	I-Task
+(	1323,1324	O	O
+only	1324,1328	O	O
+recently	1329,1337	O	O
+proofs	1338,1344	O	B-Task
+for	1345,1348	O	I-Task
+the	1349,1352	O	I-Task
+leading	1353,1360	O	I-Task
+-	1360,1361	O	I-Task
+twist	1361,1366	O	I-Task
+case	1367,1371	O	I-Task
+have	1372,1376	O	O
+been	1377,1381	O	O
+presented	1382,1391	O	O
+in	1392,1394	O	O
+Refs	1395,1399	O	O
+.	1399,1400	O	O
+
+[	1401,1402	O	O
+17,18	1402,1407	O	O
+]	1407,1408	O	O
+)	1408,1409	O	O
+.	1409,1410	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009165)
+
+There	0,5	O	O
+are	6,9	O	O
+many	10,14	O	O
+possible	15,23	O	O
+applications	24,36	O	B-Task
+for	37,40	O	I-Task
+this	41,45	O	I-Task
+mechanism	46,55	O	I-Task
+.	55,56	O	O
+
+In	57,59	O	O
+this	60,64	O	O
+Letter	65,71	O	O
+,	71,72	O	O
+we	73,75	O	O
+have	76,80	O	O
+concentrated	81,93	O	O
+on	94,96	O	O
+its	97,100	O	B-Task
+contribution	101,113	O	I-Task
+to	114,116	O	I-Task
+leptogenesis	117,129	O	I-Task
+and	130,133	O	I-Task
+baryogenesis	134,146	O	I-Task
+.	146,147	O	O
+
+Our	148,151	O	O
+calculation	152,163	O	O
+is	164,166	O	O
+applicable	167,177	O	O
+in	178,180	O	B-Process
+the	181,184	O	I-Process
+phase	185,190	O	I-Process
+when	191,195	O	I-Process
+the	196,199	O	I-Process
+fields	200,206	O	I-Process
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+rolling	211,218	O	I-Process
+.	218,219	O	O
+
+This	220,224	O	O
+rolling	225,232	O	B-Process
+phase	233,238	O	I-Process
+will	239,243	O	O
+start	244,249	O	O
+when	250,254	O	O
+the	255,258	O	O
+Hubble	259,265	O	B-Process
+constant	266,274	O	I-Process
+drops	275,280	O	I-Process
+to	281,283	O	I-Process
+a	284,285	O	I-Process
+value	286,291	O	I-Process
+comparable	292,302	O	I-Process
+to	303,305	O	I-Process
+the	306,309	O	I-Process
+mass	310,314	O	I-Process
+of	315,317	O	I-Process
+the	318,321	O	I-Process
+scalar	322,328	O	I-Process
+fields	329,335	O	I-Process
+.	335,336	O	O
+
+It	337,339	O	O
+is	340,342	O	O
+at	343,345	O	O
+this	346,350	O	O
+time	351,355	O	O
+in	356,358	O	O
+the	359,362	O	O
+cosmological	363,375	O	B-Process
+evolution	376,385	O	I-Process
+that	386,390	O	O
+CP	391,393	O	B-Process
+violation	394,403	O	I-Process
+is	404,406	O	O
+most	407,411	O	O
+efficient	412,421	O	O
+.	421,422	O	O
+
+After	423,428	O	O
+the	429,432	O	O
+fields	433,439	O	B-Process
+have	440,444	O	I-Process
+relaxed	445,452	O	I-Process
+to	453,455	O	I-Process
+their	456,461	O	I-Process
+vacuum	462,468	O	I-Process
+values	469,475	O	I-Process
+,	475,476	O	O
+our	477,480	O	O
+CP	481,483	O	B-Process
+violation	484,493	O	I-Process
+mechanism	494,503	O	I-Process
+turns	504,509	O	O
+off	510,513	O	O
+.	513,514	O	O
+
+We	515,517	O	O
+plan	518,522	O	O
+to	523,525	O	O
+discuss	526,533	O	O
+more	534,538	O	O
+details	539,546	O	O
+,	546,547	O	O
+in	548,550	O	O
+particular	551,561	O	O
+applications	562,574	O	B-Task
+to	575,577	O	I-Task
+concrete	578,586	O	I-Task
+baryogenesis	587,599	O	I-Task
+models	600,606	O	I-Task
+,	606,607	O	O
+in	608,610	O	O
+a	611,612	O	O
+future	613,619	O	O
+publication	620,631	O	O
+[	632,633	O	O
+20	633,635	O	O
+]	635,636	O	O
+.	636,637	O	O
+
+Note	638,642	O	O
+that	643,647	O	O
+string	648,654	O	B-Task
+cosmology	655,664	O	I-Task
+and	665,668	O	O
+brane	669,674	O	B-Task
+world	675,680	O	I-Task
+scenarios	681,690	O	I-Task
+may	691,694	O	O
+provide	695,702	O	O
+natural	703,710	O	O
+settings	711,719	O	O
+for	720,723	O	O
+the	724,727	O	O
+origin	728,734	O	O
+of	735,737	O	O
+the	738,741	O	O
+scalar	742,748	O	B-Material
+fields	749,755	O	I-Material
+required	756,764	O	O
+for	765,768	O	O
+our	769,772	O	B-Process
+mechanism	773,782	O	I-Process
+(	783,784	O	O
+e.g.	784,788	O	O
+see	789,792	O	O
+Ref	793,796	O	O
+.	796,797	O	O
+
+[	798,799	O	O
+30	799,801	O	O
+]	801,802	O	O
+for	803,806	O	O
+a	807,808	O	O
+recent	809,815	O	O
+paper	816,821	O	O
+on	822,824	O	O
+how	825,828	O	B-Task
+scalar	829,835	O	I-Task
+fields	836,842	O	I-Task
+from	843,847	O	I-Task
+brane	848,853	O	I-Task
+world	854,859	O	I-Task
+scenarios	860,869	O	I-Task
+can	870,873	O	I-Task
+play	874,878	O	I-Task
+a	879,880	O	I-Task
+new	881,884	O	I-Task
+role	885,889	O	I-Task
+in	890,892	O	I-Task
+spontaneous	893,904	O	I-Task
+baryogenesis	905,917	O	I-Task
+)	917,918	O	O
+.	918,919	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009177)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+brane	7,12	O	B-Material
+system	13,19	O	I-Material
+appearing	20,29	O	O
+in	30,32	O	O
+string	33,39	O	O
+/	39,40	O	O
+
+D	40,41	O	O
+-	41,42	O	O
+brane	42,47	O	O
+theory	48,54	O	O
+,	54,55	O	O
+the	56,59	O	O
+stableness	60,70	O	B-Task
+is	71,73	O	O
+the	74,77	O	O
+most	78,82	O	O
+important	83,92	O	O
+requirement	93,104	O	O
+.	104,105	O	O
+
+We	106,108	O	O
+find	109,113	O	O
+some	114,118	O	O
+stable	119,125	O	B-Process
+brane	126,131	O	I-Process
+configurations	132,146	O	I-Process
+in	147,149	O	O
+the	150,153	O	O
+SUSY	154,158	O	B-Process
+bulk	159,163	O	I-Process
+-	163,164	O	I-Process
+boundary	164,172	O	I-Process
+theory	173,179	O	I-Process
+.	179,180	O	O
+
+We	181,183	O	O
+systematically	184,198	O	O
+solve	199,204	O	B-Task
+the	205,208	O	I-Task
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+field	218,223	O	I-Task
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+a	239,240	O	O
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+-	283,284	O	I-Process
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+in	298,300	O	O
+S1/Z2-space	301,312	O	O
+.	312,313	O	O
+
+The	314,317	O	O
+two	318,321	O	O
+scalars	322,329	O	O
+,	329,330	O	O
+the	331,334	O	O
+extra	335,340	O	B-Process
+-	340,341	O	I-Process
+component	341,350	O	I-Process
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+-	362,363	O	I-Process
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+(	370,371	O	O
+A5	371,373	O	B-Process
+)	373,374	O	O
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+the	379,382	O	O
+bulk	383,387	O	B-Process
+-	387,388	O	I-Process
+scalar	388,394	O	I-Process
+(	395,396	O	O
+Φ	396,397	O	B-Process
+)	397,398	O	O
+,	398,399	O	O
+constitute	400,410	O	O
+the	411,414	O	O
+solutions	415,424	O	O
+.	424,425	O	O
+
+Their	426,431	O	O
+different	432,441	O	B-Task
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+clarified	452,461	O	I-Task
+.	461,462	O	O
+
+The	463,466	O	O
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+of	478,480	O	O
+the	481,484	O	O
+“	485,486	O	O
+parallel	486,494	O	O
+”	494,495	O	O
+configuration	496,509	O	O
+is	510,512	O	O
+disclosed	513,522	O	O
+.	522,523	O	O
+
+The	524,527	O	O
+boundary	528,536	O	B-Process
+condition	537,546	O	I-Process
+(	547,548	O	O
+of	548,550	O	O
+A5	551,553	O	O
+)	553,554	O	O
+and	555,558	O	O
+the	559,562	O	O
+boundary	563,571	O	O
+matter	572,578	O	O
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+two	590,593	O	O
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+elements	604,612	O	O
+for	613,616	O	O
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+the	624,627	O	O
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+
+Among	653,658	O	O
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+,	672,673	O	O
+the	674,677	O	O
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+,	693,694	O	I-Process
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+)	700,701	O	O
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+the	720,723	O	O
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+-	728,729	O	I-Process
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+of	740,742	O	O
+a	743,744	O	O
+kink	745,749	O	B-Process
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+.	758,759	O	O
+
+We	760,762	O	O
+present	763,770	O	O
+a	771,772	O	O
+bulk	773,777	O	B-Process
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+model	784,789	O	I-Process
+corresponding	790,803	O	O
+to	804,806	O	O
+the	807,810	O	O
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+-	814,815	O	I-Process
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+.	832,833	O	O
+
+The	834,837	O	O
+model	838,843	O	O
+is	844,846	O	O
+expected	847,855	O	O
+to	856,858	O	O
+give	859,863	O	O
+a	864,865	O	O
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+-	869,870	O	I-Process
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+brane	890,895	O	I-Process
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+in	905,907	O	O
+the	908,911	O	O
+SUSY	912,916	O	B-Process
+bulk	917,921	O	I-Process
+-	921,922	O	I-Process
+boundary	922,930	O	I-Process
+theory	931,937	O	I-Process
+.	937,938	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009189)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+spins	4,9	O	B-Task
+and	10,13	O	I-Task
+parities	14,22	O	I-Task
+of	23,25	O	I-Task
+Θ+	26,28	O	I-Task
+and	29,32	O	I-Task
+Ξ−−	33,36	O	I-Task
+are	37,40	O	O
+not	41,44	O	O
+yet	45,48	O	O
+known	49,54	O	O
+experimentally	55,69	O	O
+.	69,70	O	O
+
+In	71,73	O	O
+this	74,78	O	O
+new	79,82	O	B-Task
+wave	83,87	O	I-Task
+of	88,90	O	I-Task
+pentaquark	91,101	O	I-Task
+research	102,110	O	I-Task
+,	110,111	O	O
+most	112,116	O	O
+theoretical	117,128	O	O
+papers	129,135	O	O
+take	136,140	O	B-Process
+the	141,144	O	I-Process
+spin	145,149	O	I-Process
+equal	150,155	O	I-Process
+to	156,158	O	I-Process
+1/2	159,162	O	I-Process
+.	162,163	O	O
+
+The	164,167	O	O
+parity	168,174	O	O
+is	175,177	O	O
+more	178,182	O	O
+controversial	183,196	O	O
+.	196,197	O	O
+
+In	198,200	O	O
+chiral	201,207	O	B-Process
+soliton	208,215	O	I-Process
+or	216,218	O	O
+Skyrme	219,225	O	B-Process
+models	226,232	O	I-Process
+the	233,236	O	O
+parity	237,243	O	O
+is	244,246	O	O
+positive	247,255	O	O
+[	256,257	O	O
+4	257,258	O	O
+]	258,259	O	O
+.	259,260	O	O
+
+In	261,263	O	O
+constituent	264,275	O	B-Process
+quark	276,281	O	I-Process
+models	282,288	O	I-Process
+it	289,291	O	O
+is	292,294	O	O
+usually	295,302	O	O
+positive	303,311	O	O
+.	311,312	O	O
+
+In	313,315	O	O
+the	316,319	O	O
+present	320,327	O	O
+approach	328,336	O	O
+,	336,337	O	O
+the	338,341	O	O
+parity	342,348	O	B-Task
+of	349,351	O	I-Task
+the	352,355	O	I-Task
+pentaquark	356,366	O	I-Task
+is	367,369	O	O
+given	370,375	O	O
+by	376,378	O	O
+P=(−)ℓ+1	379,387	O	B-Task
+,	387,388	O	O
+where	389,394	O	O
+ℓ	395,396	O	B-Task
+is	397,399	O	O
+the	400,403	O	O
+angular	404,411	O	B-Task
+momentum	412,420	O	I-Task
+associated	421,431	O	I-Task
+with	432,436	O	I-Task
+the	437,440	O	I-Task
+relative	441,449	O	I-Task
+coordinates	450,461	O	I-Task
+of	462,464	O	I-Task
+the	465,468	O	I-Task
+q4	469,471	O	I-Task
+subsystem	472,481	O	I-Task
+.	481,482	O	O
+
+We	483,485	O	O
+analyze	486,493	O	O
+the	494,497	O	O
+case	498,502	O	O
+where	503,508	O	O
+the	509,512	O	O
+subsystem	513,522	O	B-Task
+of	523,525	O	I-Task
+four	526,530	O	I-Task
+light	531,536	O	I-Task
+quarks	537,543	O	I-Task
+is	544,546	O	I-Task
+in	547,549	O	I-Task
+a	550,551	O	I-Task
+state	552,557	O	I-Task
+of	558,560	O	I-Task
+orbital	561,568	O	I-Task
+symmetry	569,577	O	I-Task
+[	578,579	O	O
+31]O	579,583	O	O
+and	584,587	O	O
+carries	588,595	O	O
+an	596,598	O	O
+angular	599,606	O	O
+momentum	607,615	O	O
+
+ℓ=1	616,619	O	O
+.	619,620	O	O
+
+Although	621,629	O	O
+the	630,633	O	O
+kinetic	634,641	O	B-Process
+energy	642,648	O	I-Process
+of	649,651	O	O
+such	652,656	O	O
+a	657,658	O	O
+state	659,664	O	O
+is	665,667	O	O
+higher	668,674	O	O
+than	675,679	O	O
+that	680,684	O	O
+of	685,687	O	O
+the	688,691	O	O
+totally	692,699	O	B-Process
+symmetric	700,709	O	I-Process
+[	710,711	O	I-Process
+4]O	711,714	O	I-Process
+state	715,720	O	I-Process
+,	720,721	O	O
+the	722,725	O	O
+[	726,727	O	O
+31]O	727,731	O	B-Process
+symmetry	732,740	O	I-Process
+is	741,743	O	O
+the	744,747	O	O
+most	748,752	O	O
+favourable	753,763	O	O
+both	764,768	O	O
+for	769,772	O	O
+the	773,776	O	O
+flavour	777,784	O	B-Process
+–	784,785	O	I-Process
+spin	785,789	O	I-Process
+interaction	790,801	O	I-Process
+[	802,803	O	O
+12	803,805	O	O
+]	805,806	O	O
+and	807,810	O	O
+the	811,814	O	O
+colour	815,821	O	B-Process
+–	821,822	O	I-Process
+spin	822,826	O	I-Process
+interaction	827,838	O	I-Process
+[	839,840	O	O
+13	840,842	O	O
+]	842,843	O	O
+.	843,844	O	O
+
+In	845,847	O	O
+the	848,851	O	O
+first	852,857	O	O
+case	858,862	O	O
+the	863,866	O	O
+statement	867,876	O	O
+is	877,879	O	O
+confirmed	880,889	O	O
+by	890,892	O	O
+the	893,896	O	O
+comparison	897,907	O	B-Task
+between	908,915	O	I-Task
+the	916,919	O	I-Task
+realistic	920,929	O	I-Task
+calculations	930,942	O	I-Task
+for	943,946	O	I-Task
+positive	947,955	O	I-Task
+parity	956,962	O	I-Task
+[	963,964	O	I-Task
+12	964,966	O	I-Task
+]	966,967	O	I-Task
+and	968,971	O	I-Task
+negative	972,980	O	I-Task
+parity	981,987	O	I-Task
+[	988,989	O	I-Task
+14	989,991	O	I-Task
+]	991,992	O	I-Task
+,	992,993	O	I-Task
+based	994,999	O	I-Task
+on	1000,1002	O	I-Task
+the	1003,1006	O	I-Task
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+quark	1012,1017	O	I-Task
+model	1018,1023	O	I-Task
+[	1024,1025	O	I-Task
+15	1025,1027	O	I-Task
+]	1027,1028	O	I-Task
+.	1028,1029	O	O
+
+In	1030,1032	O	O
+Ref	1033,1036	O	O
+.	1036,1037	O	O
+
+[	1038,1039	O	O
+12	1039,1041	O	O
+]	1041,1042	O	O
+the	1043,1046	O	O
+antiquark	1047,1056	O	B-Material
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+heavy	1061,1066	O	O
+,	1066,1067	O	O
+c	1068,1069	O	O
+or	1070,1072	O	O
+b	1073,1074	O	O
+,	1074,1075	O	O
+and	1076,1079	O	O
+accordingly	1080,1091	O	O
+the	1092,1095	O	O
+interaction	1096,1107	O	B-Process
+between	1108,1115	O	I-Process
+light	1116,1121	O	I-Process
+quarks	1122,1128	O	I-Process
+and	1129,1132	O	I-Process
+the	1133,1136	O	I-Process
+heavy	1137,1142	O	I-Process
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+neglected	1157,1166	O	I-Process
+,	1166,1167	O	I-Process
+consistent	1168,1178	O	I-Process
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+the	1184,1187	O	I-Process
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+quark	1194,1199	O	I-Process
+limit	1200,1205	O	I-Process
+.	1205,1206	O	O
+
+In	1207,1209	O	O
+Ref	1210,1213	O	O
+.	1213,1214	O	O
+
+[	1215,1216	O	O
+16	1216,1218	O	O
+]	1218,1219	O	O
+an	1220,1222	O	O
+attractive	1223,1233	O	O
+spin	1234,1238	O	B-Process
+–	1238,1239	O	I-Process
+spin	1239,1243	O	I-Process
+interaction	1244,1255	O	I-Process
+between	1256,1263	O	O
+s̄	1264,1266	O	B-Material
+and	1267,1270	O	O
+the	1271,1274	O	O
+light	1275,1280	O	B-Material
+quarks	1281,1287	O	I-Material
+was	1288,1291	O	O
+incorporated	1292,1304	O	O
+and	1305,1308	O	O
+shown	1309,1314	O	O
+that	1315,1319	O	O
+a	1320,1321	O	O
+stable	1322,1328	O	O
+or	1329,1331	O	O
+narrow	1332,1338	O	O
+positive	1339,1347	O	O
+parity	1348,1354	O	O
+uudds̄	1355,1361	O	B-Material
+pentaquark	1362,1372	O	I-Material
+can	1373,1376	O	O
+be	1377,1379	O	O
+accommodated	1380,1392	O	O
+within	1393,1399	O	O
+such	1400,1404	O	O
+a	1405,1406	O	O
+model	1407,1412	O	O
+.	1412,1413	O	O
+
+This	1414,1418	O	O
+interaction	1419,1430	O	O
+has	1431,1434	O	O
+a	1435,1436	O	O
+form	1437,1441	O	O
+that	1442,1446	O	O
+corresponds	1447,1458	O	O
+to	1459,1461	O	O
+η	1462,1463	O	B-Process
+meson	1464,1469	O	I-Process
+exchange	1470,1478	O	I-Process
+[	1479,1480	O	O
+17	1480,1482	O	O
+]	1482,1483	O	O
+and	1484,1487	O	O
+its	1488,1491	O	O
+role	1492,1496	O	O
+is	1497,1499	O	O
+to	1500,1502	O	O
+lower	1503,1508	O	B-Process
+the	1509,1512	O	I-Process
+energy	1513,1519	O	I-Process
+of	1520,1522	O	I-Process
+the	1523,1526	O	I-Process
+whole	1527,1532	O	I-Process
+system	1533,1539	O	I-Process
+.	1539,1540	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009220)
+
+There	0,5	O	O
+exist	6,11	O	O
+some	12,16	O	O
+interesting	17,28	O	O
+cases	29,34	O	O
+where	35,40	O	O
+the	41,44	O	O
+deformation	45,56	O	B-Process
+structure	57,66	O	I-Process
+becomes	67,74	O	O
+simple	75,81	O	O
+.	81,82	O	O
+
+One	83,86	O	O
+is	87,89	O	O
+the	90,93	O	O
+limit	94,99	O	O
+to	100,102	O	O
+the	103,106	O	O
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+superspace	113,123	O	I-Process
+[	124,125	O	O
+5	125,126	O	O
+]	126,127	O	O
+,	127,128	O	O
+where	129,134	O	O
+the	135,138	O	O
+action	139,145	O	O
+should	146,152	O	O
+reduce	153,159	O	O
+to	160,162	O	O
+N=1/2	163,168	O	B-Process
+super	169,174	O	I-Process
+-	174,175	O	I-Process
+Yang	175,179	O	I-Process
+–	179,180	O	I-Process
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+adjoint	198,205	O	I-Process
+matter	206,212	O	I-Process
+.	212,213	O	O
+
+Another	214,221	O	O
+interesting	222,233	O	O
+case	234,238	O	O
+is	239,241	O	O
+the	242,245	O	O
+singlet	246,253	O	B-Task
+deformation	254,265	O	I-Task
+[	266,267	O	O
+10,11	267,272	O	O
+]	272,273	O	O
+,	273,274	O	O
+where	275,280	O	O
+the	281,284	O	O
+deformation	285,296	O	B-Process
+parameters	297,307	O	I-Process
+belongs	308,315	O	O
+to	316,318	O	O
+the	319,322	O	O
+singlet	323,330	O	B-Process
+representation	331,345	O	I-Process
+of	346,348	O	O
+the	349,352	O	O
+R	353,354	O	B-Process
+-	354,355	O	I-Process
+symmetry	355,363	O	I-Process
+group	364,369	O	I-Process
+SU(2)R.	370,377	O	B-Process
+
+In	378,380	O	O
+this	381,385	O	O
+Letter	386,392	O	O
+,	392,393	O	O
+we	394,396	O	O
+will	397,401	O	O
+study	402,407	O	O
+N=2	408,411	O	O
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+U(1	427,430	O	O
+)	430,431	O	O
+
+gauge	432,437	O	O
+theory	438,444	O	O
+in	445,447	O	O
+the	448,451	O	O
+harmonic	452,460	O	B-Process
+superspace	461,471	O	I-Process
+with	472,476	O	O
+singlet	477,484	O	B-Process
+deformation	485,496	O	I-Process
+.	496,497	O	O
+
+In	498,500	O	O
+this	501,505	O	O
+case	506,510	O	O
+,	510,511	O	O
+the	512,515	O	B-Task
+gauge	516,521	O	I-Task
+and	522,525	O	I-Task
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+correction	560,570	O	B-Process
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+in	578,580	O	O
+the	581,584	O	O
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+.	606,607	O	O
+
+Therefore	608,617	O	O
+we	618,620	O	O
+can	621,624	O	O
+easily	625,631	O	O
+perform	632,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+field	644,649	O	B-Process
+redefinition	650,662	O	I-Process
+such	663,667	O	O
+that	668,672	O	O
+the	673,676	O	O
+component	677,686	O	O
+fields	687,693	O	O
+transform	694,703	O	O
+canonically	704,715	O	O
+under	716,721	O	O
+the	722,725	O	O
+gauge	726,731	O	B-Process
+transformation	732,746	O	I-Process
+.	746,747	O	O
+
+In	748,750	O	O
+the	751,754	O	O
+case	755,759	O	O
+of	760,762	O	O
+N=1/2	763,768	O	B-Task
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+-	774,775	O	I-Task
+Yang	775,779	O	I-Task
+–	779,780	O	I-Task
+Mills	780,785	O	I-Task
+theory	786,792	O	I-Task
+,	792,793	O	O
+such	794,798	O	O
+field	799,804	O	B-Process
+redefinition	805,817	O	I-Process
+is	818,820	O	O
+also	821,825	O	O
+possible	826,834	O	O
+[	835,836	O	O
+5	836,837	O	O
+]	837,838	O	O
+.	838,839	O	O
+
+But	840,843	O	O
+in	844,846	O	O
+this	847,851	O	O
+case	852,856	O	O
+the	857,860	O	O
+component	861,870	O	B-Task
+fields	871,877	O	I-Task
+do	878,880	O	O
+not	881,884	O	O
+transform	885,894	O	O
+canonically	895,906	O	O
+under	907,912	O	O
+the	913,916	O	O
+deformed	917,925	O	B-Process
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+transformation	940,954	O	I-Process
+.	954,955	O	O
+
+In	956,958	O	O
+the	959,962	O	O
+singlet	963,970	O	B-Task
+case	971,975	O	I-Task
+,	975,976	O	O
+we	977,979	O	O
+will	980,984	O	O
+show	985,989	O	O
+that	990,994	O	O
+there	995,1000	O	O
+is	1001,1003	O	O
+a	1004,1005	O	O
+field	1006,1011	O	B-Process
+redefinition	1012,1024	O	I-Process
+such	1025,1029	O	O
+that	1030,1034	O	O
+the	1035,1038	O	O
+redefined	1039,1048	O	O
+fields	1049,1055	O	O
+also	1056,1060	O	O
+transform	1061,1070	O	B-Process
+canonically	1071,1082	O	I-Process
+under	1083,1088	O	I-Process
+the	1089,1092	O	I-Process
+deformed	1093,1101	O	I-Process
+supersymmetry	1102,1115	O	I-Process
+.	1115,1116	O	O
+
+We	1117,1119	O	O
+will	1120,1124	O	O
+construct	1125,1134	O	O
+a	1135,1136	O	O
+deformed	1137,1145	O	B-Process
+Lagrangian	1146,1156	O	I-Process
+which	1157,1162	O	O
+is	1163,1165	O	O
+invariant	1166,1175	O	O
+under	1176,1181	O	O
+both	1182,1186	O	O
+the	1187,1190	O	O
+gauge	1191,1196	O	B-Process
+and	1197,1200	O	I-Process
+supersymmetry	1201,1214	O	I-Process
+transformations	1215,1230	O	I-Process
+.	1230,1231	O	O
+
+We	1232,1234	O	O
+find	1235,1239	O	O
+that	1240,1244	O	O
+the	1245,1248	O	O
+deformed	1249,1257	O	B-Process
+Lagrangian	1258,1268	O	I-Process
+is	1269,1271	O	O
+characterized	1272,1285	O	O
+by	1286,1288	O	O
+a	1289,1290	O	O
+single	1291,1297	O	B-Process
+function	1298,1306	O	I-Process
+of	1307,1309	O	O
+an	1310,1312	O	O
+antiholomorphic	1313,1328	O	B-Process
+scalar	1329,1335	O	I-Process
+field	1336,1341	O	I-Process
+.	1341,1342	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009232)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+consider	3,11	O	O
+finite	12,18	O	B-Process
+-	18,19	O	I-Process
+time	19,23	O	I-Process
+,	23,24	O	I-Process
+future	25,31	O	I-Process
+(	32,33	O	I-Process
+sudden	33,39	O	I-Process
+or	40,42	O	I-Process
+Big	43,46	O	I-Process
+Rip	47,50	O	I-Process
+type	51,55	O	I-Process
+)	55,56	O	I-Process
+singularities	57,70	O	I-Process
+which	71,76	O	O
+may	77,80	O	O
+occur	81,86	O	O
+even	87,91	O	O
+when	92,96	O	O
+strong	97,103	O	B-Process
+energy	104,110	O	I-Process
+condition	111,120	O	I-Process
+is	121,123	O	O
+not	124,127	O	O
+violated	128,136	O	O
+but	137,140	O	O
+equation	141,149	O	O
+of	150,152	O	O
+state	153,158	O	O
+parameter	159,168	O	O
+is	169,171	O	O
+time	172,176	O	O
+-	176,177	O	O
+dependent	177,186	O	O
+.	186,187	O	O
+
+Recently	188,196	O	O
+,	196,197	O	O
+example	198,205	O	B-Task
+of	206,208	O	I-Task
+such	209,213	O	I-Task
+singularity	214,225	O	I-Task
+has	226,229	O	O
+been	230,234	O	O
+presented	235,244	O	O
+by	245,247	O	O
+Barrow	248,254	O	O
+,	254,255	O	O
+we	256,258	O	B-Task
+found	259,264	O	I-Task
+another	265,272	O	I-Task
+example	273,280	O	I-Task
+of	281,283	O	I-Task
+it	284,286	O	I-Task
+.	286,287	O	O
+
+Taking	288,294	O	O
+into	295,299	O	O
+account	300,307	O	O
+back	308,312	O	B-Task
+reaction	313,321	O	I-Task
+of	322,324	O	I-Task
+conformal	325,334	O	I-Task
+quantum	335,342	O	I-Task
+fields	343,349	O	I-Task
+near	350,354	O	I-Task
+singularity	355,366	O	I-Task
+,	366,367	O	O
+it	368,370	O	O
+is	371,373	O	O
+shown	374,379	O	O
+explicitly	380,390	O	O
+that	391,395	O	O
+quantum	396,403	O	B-Process
+effects	404,411	O	I-Process
+may	412,415	O	O
+delay	416,421	O	O
+(	422,423	O	O
+or	423,425	O	O
+make	426,430	O	O
+milder	431,437	O	O
+)	437,438	O	O
+the	439,442	O	O
+singularity	443,454	O	B-Process
+.	454,455	O	O
+
+It	456,458	O	O
+is	459,461	O	O
+argued	462,468	O	O
+that	469,473	O	O
+if	474,476	O	O
+the	477,480	O	O
+evolution	481,490	O	B-Task
+to	491,493	O	I-Task
+singularity	494,505	O	I-Task
+is	506,508	O	O
+realistic	509,518	O	O
+,	518,519	O	O
+due	520,523	O	O
+to	524,526	O	O
+quantum	527,534	O	B-Process
+effects	535,542	O	I-Process
+the	543,546	O	B-Process
+universe	547,555	O	I-Process
+may	556,559	O	I-Process
+end	560,563	O	I-Process
+up	564,566	O	I-Process
+in	567,569	O	I-Process
+de	570,572	O	I-Process
+Sitter	573,579	O	I-Process
+phase	580,585	O	I-Process
+before	586,592	O	O
+scale	593,598	O	B-Process
+factor	599,605	O	I-Process
+blows	606,611	O	I-Process
+up	612,614	O	I-Process
+.	614,615	O	O
+
+This	616,620	O	O
+picture	621,628	O	O
+is	629,631	O	O
+generalized	632,643	O	O
+for	644,647	O	O
+braneworld	648,658	O	B-Material
+where	659,664	O	O
+sudden	665,671	O	B-Process
+singularity	672,683	O	I-Process
+may	684,687	O	O
+occur	688,693	O	O
+on	694,696	O	O
+the	697,700	O	O
+brane	701,706	O	B-Material
+with	707,711	O	O
+qualitatively	712,725	O	B-Process
+similar	726,733	O	I-Process
+conclusions	734,745	O	I-Process
+.	745,746	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009268)
+
+One	0,3	O	O
+of	4,6	O	O
+the	7,10	O	O
+great	11,16	O	O
+successes	17,26	O	O
+of	27,29	O	O
+the	30,33	O	O
+experimental	34,46	O	O
+program	47,54	O	O
+carried	55,62	O	O
+out	63,66	O	O
+at	67,69	O	O
+LEP	70,73	O	O
+has	74,77	O	O
+been	78,82	O	O
+to	83,85	O	O
+put	86,89	O	B-Process
+a	90,91	O	I-Process
+firm	92,96	O	I-Process
+lower	97,102	O	I-Process
+bound	103,108	O	I-Process
+on	109,111	O	I-Process
+the	112,115	O	I-Process
+Higgs	116,121	O	I-Process
+mass	122,126	O	I-Process
+,	126,127	O	O
+mH>114	128,134	O	B-Process
+GeV	135,138	O	I-Process
+[	139,140	O	O
+1	140,141	O	O
+]	141,142	O	O
+,	142,143	O	O
+and	144,147	O	O
+at	148,150	O	O
+the	151,154	O	O
+same	155,159	O	O
+time	160,164	O	O
+,	164,165	O	O
+together	166,174	O	O
+with	175,179	O	O
+the	180,183	O	O
+information	184,195	O	O
+coming	196,202	O	O
+from	203,207	O	O
+SLD	208,211	O	B-Material
+,	211,212	O	O
+to	213,215	O	O
+give	216,220	O	O
+a	221,222	O	O
+strong	223,229	O	O
+indirect	230,238	O	O
+evidence	239,247	O	O
+that	248,252	O	O
+the	253,256	O	O
+Higgs	257,262	O	B-Material
+boson	263,268	O	I-Material
+,	268,269	O	O
+the	270,273	O	O
+still	274,279	O	O
+missing	280,287	O	O
+particle	288,296	O	B-Material
+of	297,299	O	O
+the	300,303	O	O
+Standard	304,312	O	B-Process
+Model	313,318	O	I-Process
+(	319,320	O	O
+SM	320,322	O	B-Process
+)	322,323	O	O
+,	323,324	O	O
+should	325,331	O	O
+be	332,334	O	O
+relatively	335,345	O	O
+light	346,351	O	O
+with	352,356	O	O
+a	357,358	O	O
+high	359,363	O	O
+probability	364,375	O	O
+for	376,379	O	O
+its	380,383	O	O
+mass	384,388	O	O
+to	389,391	O	O
+be	392,394	O	O
+below	395,400	O	O
+200	401,404	O	O
+GeV.	405,409	O	O
+
+The	410,413	O	B-Task
+search	414,420	O	I-Task
+for	421,424	O	I-Task
+the	425,428	O	I-Task
+Higgs	429,434	O	I-Task
+boson	435,440	O	I-Task
+is	441,443	O	O
+one	444,447	O	O
+of	448,450	O	O
+the	451,454	O	O
+main	455,459	O	O
+objective	460,469	O	O
+of	470,472	O	O
+the	473,476	O	O
+Tevatron	477,485	O	B-Material
+and	486,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+future	494,500	O	O
+Large	501,506	O	B-Material
+Hadron	507,513	O	I-Material
+Collider	514,522	O	I-Material
+(	523,524	O	B-Material
+LHC	524,527	O	I-Material
+)	527,528	O	I-Material
+,	528,529	O	O
+that	530,534	O	O
+are	535,538	O	O
+supposed	539,547	O	O
+to	548,550	O	O
+span	551,555	O	B-Process
+all	556,559	O	I-Process
+the	560,563	O	I-Process
+Higgs	564,569	O	I-Process
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+to	586,588	O	I-Process
+1	589,590	O	I-Process
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+
+At	596,598	O	O
+hadron	599,605	O	B-Material
+colliders	606,615	O	I-Material
+the	616,619	O	O
+main	620,624	O	B-Task
+Higgs	625,630	O	I-Task
+production	631,641	O	I-Task
+mechanism	642,651	O	I-Task
+is	652,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+gluon	659,664	O	B-Process
+fusion	665,671	O	I-Process
+[	672,673	O	O
+2	673,674	O	O
+]	674,675	O	O
+,	675,676	O	O
+a	677,678	O	O
+process	679,686	O	O
+whose	687,692	O	O
+knowledge	693,702	O	O
+is	703,705	O	O
+fundamental	706,717	O	O
+in	718,720	O	O
+order	721,726	O	O
+to	727,729	O	O
+put	730,733	O	B-Process
+limits	734,740	O	I-Process
+on	741,743	O	I-Process
+the	744,747	O	I-Process
+Higgs	748,753	O	I-Process
+mass	754,758	O	I-Process
+or	759,761	O	O
+,	761,762	O	O
+in	763,765	O	O
+case	766,770	O	O
+the	771,774	O	O
+Higgs	775,780	O	B-Material
+is	781,783	O	O
+discovered	784,794	O	O
+,	794,795	O	O
+to	796,798	O	O
+compare	799,806	O	B-Process
+the	807,810	O	I-Process
+measured	811,819	O	I-Process
+cross	820,825	O	I-Process
+section	826,833	O	I-Process
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+the	839,842	O	I-Process
+SM	843,845	O	I-Process
+result	846,852	O	I-Process
+.	852,853	O	O
+
+Concerning	854,864	O	O
+the	865,868	O	O
+Higgs	869,874	O	B-Process
+decay	875,880	O	I-Process
+channels	881,889	O	O
+,	889,890	O	O
+it	891,893	O	O
+is	894,896	O	O
+quite	897,902	O	O
+difficult	903,912	O	O
+for	913,916	O	O
+an	917,919	O	O
+hadron	920,926	O	B-Material
+collider	927,935	O	I-Material
+to	936,938	O	O
+access	939,945	O	B-Task
+part	946,950	O	I-Task
+of	951,953	O	I-Task
+the	954,957	O	I-Task
+mass	958,962	O	I-Task
+range	963,968	O	I-Task
+favored	969,976	O	I-Task
+by	977,979	O	I-Task
+the	980,983	O	I-Task
+LEP	984,987	O	I-Task
+results	988,995	O	I-Task
+,	995,996	O	O
+the	997,1000	O	O
+so	1001,1003	O	O
+-	1003,1004	O	O
+called	1004,1010	O	O
+intermediate	1011,1023	O	B-Process
+Higgs	1024,1029	O	I-Process
+mass	1030,1034	O	I-Process
+region	1035,1041	O	I-Process
+114≲mH≲160	1042,1052	O	B-Process
+GeV	1053,1056	O	I-Process
+,	1056,1057	O	O
+because	1058,1065	O	O
+of	1066,1068	O	O
+the	1069,1072	O	O
+large	1073,1078	O	O
+QCD	1079,1082	O	B-Material
+background	1083,1093	O	I-Material
+to	1094,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+dominant	1101,1109	O	O
+modes	1110,1115	O	O
+.	1115,1116	O	O
+
+In	1117,1119	O	O
+this	1120,1124	O	O
+region	1125,1131	O	O
+the	1132,1135	O	O
+rare	1136,1140	O	B-Process
+decay	1141,1146	O	I-Process
+H→γγ	1147,1151	O	B-Process
+is	1152,1154	O	O
+the	1155,1158	O	O
+most	1159,1163	O	O
+interesting	1164,1175	O	O
+alternative	1176,1187	O	O
+to	1188,1190	O	O
+the	1191,1194	O	O
+usual	1195,1200	O	O
+decay	1201,1206	O	B-Process
+channels	1207,1215	O	I-Process
+.	1215,1216	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S037026930400930X)
+
+Recent	0,6	O	O
+publications	7,19	O	O
+[	20,21	O	O
+31	21,23	O	O
+]	23,24	O	O
+employ	25,31	O	O
+a	32,33	O	O
+variety	34,41	O	O
+of	42,44	O	O
+methods	45,52	O	O
+for	53,56	O	O
+calculating	57,68	O	B-Task
+upper	69,74	O	I-Task
+limits	75,81	O	I-Task
+and	82,85	O	O
+there	86,91	O	O
+is	92,94	O	O
+no	95,97	O	O
+universally	98,109	O	O
+accepted	110,118	O	O
+procedure	119,128	O	O
+[	129,130	O	O
+27,32,33	130,138	O	O
+]	138,139	O	O
+.	139,140	O	O
+
+We	141,143	O	O
+choose	144,150	O	O
+an	151,153	O	O
+approach	154,162	O	O
+similar	163,170	O	O
+to	171,173	O	O
+that	174,178	O	O
+first	179,184	O	O
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+by	195,197	O	O
+Feldman	198,205	O	O
+and	206,209	O	O
+Cousins	210,217	O	O
+[	218,219	O	O
+27	219,221	O	O
+]	221,222	O	O
+.	222,223	O	O
+
+This	224,228	O	O
+method	229,235	O	O
+has	236,239	O	O
+been	240,244	O	O
+since	245,250	O	O
+extended	251,259	O	O
+by	260,262	O	O
+Conrad	263,269	O	O
+et	270,272	O	O
+al	273,275	O	O
+.	275,276	O	O
+
+[	277,278	O	O
+34	278,280	O	O
+]	280,281	O	O
+to	282,284	O	O
+incorporate	285,296	O	B-Process
+uncertainties	297,310	O	I-Process
+in	311,313	O	O
+detector	314,322	O	B-Task
+sensitivity	323,334	O	I-Task
+and	335,338	O	O
+the	339,342	O	O
+background	343,353	O	B-Process
+estimate	354,362	O	I-Process
+based	363,368	O	O
+on	369,371	O	O
+an	372,374	O	O
+approach	375,383	O	O
+described	384,393	O	O
+by	394,396	O	O
+Cousins	397,404	O	O
+and	405,408	O	O
+Highland	409,417	O	O
+
+[	418,419	O	O
+35	419,421	O	O
+]	421,422	O	O
+.	422,423	O	O
+
+A	424,425	O	O
+further	426,433	O	O
+refinement	434,444	O	O
+of	445,447	O	O
+the	448,451	O	O
+Conrad	452,458	O	O
+et	459,461	O	O
+al	462,464	O	O
+.	464,465	O	O
+
+method	466,472	O	O
+by	473,475	O	O
+Hill	476,480	O	O
+[	481,482	O	O
+36	482,484	O	O
+]	484,485	O	O
+results	486,493	O	O
+in	494,496	O	O
+more	497,501	O	B-Process
+appropriate	502,513	O	I-Process
+behavior	514,522	O	I-Process
+of	523,525	O	O
+the	526,529	O	O
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+when	542,546	O	O
+the	547,550	O	O
+observed	551,559	O	O
+number	560,566	O	O
+of	567,569	O	O
+events	570,576	O	O
+is	577,579	O	O
+less	580,584	O	O
+than	585,589	O	O
+the	590,593	O	O
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+,	614,615	O	O
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+is	619,621	O	O
+the	622,625	O	O
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+for	631,634	O	O
+the	635,638	O	O
+present	639,646	O	O
+measurement	647,658	O	B-Process
+.	658,659	O	O
+
+We	660,662	O	O
+have	663,667	O	O
+adopted	668,675	O	O
+this	676,680	O	O
+method	681,687	O	O
+but	688,691	O	O
+note	692,696	O	O
+that	697,701	O	O
+Table	702,707	O	O
+2	708,709	O	O
+contains	710,718	O	O
+all	719,722	O	O
+of	723,725	O	O
+the	726,729	O	O
+numbers	730,737	O	O
+needed	738,744	O	O
+to	745,747	O	O
+calculate	748,757	O	B-Task
+an	758,760	O	I-Task
+upper	761,766	O	I-Task
+limit	767,772	O	I-Task
+using	773,778	O	O
+any	779,782	O	O
+of	783,785	O	O
+the	786,789	O	O
+methods	790,797	O	O
+in	798,800	O	O
+the	801,804	O	O
+papers	805,811	O	O
+cited	812,817	O	O
+above	818,823	O	O
+.	823,824	O	O
+
+We	825,827	O	O
+assume	828,834	O	O
+that	835,839	O	O
+the	840,843	O	O
+probability	844,855	O	B-Process
+density	856,863	O	I-Process
+functions	864,873	O	I-Process
+of	874,876	O	O
+Fsens	877,882	O	O
+and	883,886	O	O
+background	887,897	O	B-Process
+estimates	898,907	O	I-Process
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+Gaussian	912,920	O	B-Process
+-	920,921	O	I-Process
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+.	932,933	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009335)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+these	3,8	O	O
+frameworks	9,19	O	O
+,	19,20	O	O
+however	21,28	O	O
+,	28,29	O	O
+the	30,33	O	O
+physical	34,42	O	B-Task
+spacetime	43,52	O	I-Task
+dimension	53,62	O	I-Task
+is	63,65	O	O
+an	66,68	O	O
+input	69,74	O	O
+rather	75,81	O	O
+than	82,86	O	O
+a	87,88	O	O
+prediction	89,99	O	B-Process
+of	100,102	O	I-Process
+the	103,106	O	I-Process
+theory	107,113	O	I-Process
+.	113,114	O	O
+
+In	115,117	O	O
+fact	118,122	O	O
+,	122,123	O	O
+in	124,126	O	O
+standard	127,135	O	B-Process
+theories	136,144	O	I-Process
+whose	145,150	O	O
+gravitational	151,164	O	O
+sector	165,171	O	O
+is	172,174	O	O
+described	175,184	O	O
+by	185,187	O	O
+the	188,191	O	O
+Einstein	192,200	O	B-Process
+–	200,201	O	I-Process
+Hilbert	201,208	O	I-Process
+action	209,215	O	I-Process
+,	215,216	O	O
+there	217,222	O	O
+is	223,225	O	O
+no	226,228	O	O
+obstruction	229,240	O	O
+to	241,243	O	O
+perform	244,251	O	O
+dimensional	252,263	O	B-Process
+reductions	264,274	O	I-Process
+to	275,277	O	O
+spacetimes	278,288	O	O
+of	289,291	O	O
+dimensions	292,302	O	O
+d≠4	303,306	O	O
+.	306,307	O	O
+
+Then	308,312	O	O
+the	313,316	O	O
+question	317,325	O	O
+arises	326,332	O	O
+,	332,333	O	O
+since	334,339	O	O
+eleven	340,346	O	O
+-	346,347	O	O
+dimensional	347,358	O	O
+Minkowski	359,368	O	B-Material
+space	369,374	O	I-Material
+is	375,377	O	O
+a	378,379	O	O
+maximally	380,389	O	O
+(	390,391	O	B-Process
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+,	412,413	O	O
+and	414,417	O	O
+the	418,421	O	O
+theory	422,428	O	O
+is	429,431	O	O
+well	432,436	O	O
+-	436,437	O	O
+behaved	437,444	O	O
+around	445,451	O	O
+it	452,454	O	O
+,	454,455	O	O
+why	456,459	O	O
+the	460,463	O	O
+theory	464,470	O	O
+does	471,475	O	O
+not	476,479	O	O
+select	480,486	O	B-Process
+this	487,491	O	I-Process
+configuration	492,505	O	I-Process
+as	506,508	O	O
+the	509,512	O	O
+vacuum	513,519	O	O
+,	519,520	O	O
+but	521,524	O	O
+instead	525,532	O	O
+,	532,533	O	O
+it	534,536	O	O
+chooses	537,544	O	O
+a	545,546	O	O
+particular	547,557	O	O
+compactified	558,570	O	B-Process
+space	571,576	O	I-Process
+with	577,581	O	O
+less	582,586	O	O
+symmetry	587,595	O	O
+.	595,596	O	O
+
+An	597,599	O	O
+ideal	600,605	O	O
+situation	606,615	O	O
+,	615,616	O	O
+instead	617,624	O	O
+,	624,625	O	O
+would	626,631	O	O
+be	632,634	O	O
+that	635,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+eleven	644,650	O	B-Process
+-	650,651	O	I-Process
+dimensional	651,662	O	I-Process
+theory	663,669	O	I-Process
+dynamically	670,681	O	O
+predicted	682,691	O	O
+a	692,693	O	O
+low	694,697	O	B-Task
+energy	698,704	O	I-Task
+regime	705,711	O	I-Task
+which	712,717	O	O
+could	718,723	O	O
+only	724,728	O	O
+be	729,731	O	O
+a	732,733	O	O
+four	734,738	O	B-Process
+-	738,739	O	I-Process
+dimensional	739,750	O	I-Process
+effective	751,760	O	I-Process
+theory	761,767	O	I-Process
+.	767,768	O	O
+
+In	769,771	O	O
+such	772,776	O	O
+a	777,778	O	O
+scenario	779,787	O	O
+,	787,788	O	O
+a	789,790	O	O
+background	791,801	O	B-Process
+solution	802,810	O	I-Process
+with	811,815	O	O
+an	816,818	O	O
+effective	819,828	O	B-Process
+spacetime	829,838	O	I-Process
+dimension	839,848	O	I-Process
+d>4	849,852	O	B-Process
+should	853,859	O	O
+be	860,862	O	O
+expected	863,871	O	O
+to	872,874	O	O
+be	875,877	O	O
+a	878,879	O	O
+false	880,885	O	B-Process
+vacuum	886,892	O	I-Process
+where	893,898	O	O
+the	899,902	O	O
+propagators	903,914	O	B-Process
+for	915,918	O	I-Process
+the	919,922	O	I-Process
+dynamical	923,932	O	I-Process
+fields	933,939	O	I-Process
+are	940,943	O	O
+ill	944,947	O	O
+-	947,948	O	O
+defined	948,955	O	O
+,	955,956	O	O
+lest	957,961	O	O
+a	962,963	O	O
+low	964,967	O	B-Process
+energy	968,974	O	I-Process
+effective	975,984	O	I-Process
+theory	985,991	O	I-Process
+could	992,997	O	O
+exist	998,1003	O	O
+in	1004,1006	O	O
+dimensions	1007,1017	O	O
+higher	1018,1024	O	O
+than	1025,1029	O	O
+four	1030,1034	O	O
+.	1034,1035	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009347)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+presence	4,12	O	O
+of	13,15	O	O
+chaotic	16,23	O	B-Task
+motion	24,30	O	I-Task
+in	31,33	O	I-Task
+nuclear	34,41	O	I-Task
+systems	42,49	O	I-Task
+has	50,53	O	O
+been	54,58	O	O
+firmly	59,65	O	O
+related	66,73	O	O
+with	74,78	O	O
+the	79,82	O	O
+statistics	83,93	O	B-Process
+of	94,96	O	I-Process
+high	97,101	O	I-Process
+-	101,102	O	I-Process
+lying	102,107	O	I-Process
+energy	108,114	O	I-Process
+levels	115,121	O	I-Process
+[	122,123	O	O
+8,9	123,126	O	O
+]	126,127	O	O
+.	127,128	O	O
+
+Poisson	129,136	O	B-Process
+distributions	137,150	O	I-Process
+of	151,153	O	O
+normalized	154,164	O	O
+spacings	165,173	O	O
+of	174,176	O	O
+successive	177,187	O	O
+nuclear	188,195	O	O
+or	196,198	O	O
+atomic	199,205	O	O
+excited	206,213	O	B-Process
+levels	214,220	O	I-Process
+with	221,225	O	O
+the	226,229	O	O
+same	230,234	O	O
+spin	235,239	O	B-Process
+and	240,243	O	O
+parity	244,250	O	B-Process
+correspond	251,261	O	O
+to	262,264	O	O
+integrable	265,275	O	B-Process
+classical	276,285	O	I-Process
+dynamics	286,294	O	I-Process
+,	294,295	O	O
+while	296,301	O	O
+Wigner	302,308	O	B-Material
+'s	308,310	O	I-Material
+statistics	311,321	O	I-Material
+signal	322,328	O	O
+chaotic	329,336	O	B-Process
+motion	337,343	O	I-Process
+in	344,346	O	O
+the	347,350	O	O
+corresponding	351,364	O	O
+classical	365,374	O	B-Task
+regime	375,381	O	I-Task
+[	382,383	O	O
+10	383,385	O	O
+]	385,386	O	O
+.	386,387	O	O
+
+Intermediate	388,400	O	O
+situations	401,411	O	O
+are	412,415	O	O
+more	416,420	O	O
+difficult	421,430	O	O
+to	431,433	O	O
+assess	434,440	O	O
+.	440,441	O	O
+
+Very	442,446	O	O
+recently	447,455	O	O
+a	456,457	O	O
+proposal	458,466	O	O
+has	467,470	O	O
+been	471,475	O	O
+made	476,480	O	O
+to	481,483	O	O
+treat	484,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+spectral	494,502	O	B-Process
+fluctuations	503,515	O	I-Process
+δn	516,518	O	B-Process
+as	519,521	O	O
+discrete	522,530	O	B-Process
+time	531,535	O	I-Process
+series	536,542	O	I-Process
+[	543,544	O	O
+11	544,546	O	O
+]	546,547	O	O
+.	547,548	O	O
+
+Defining	549,557	O	O
+(	558,559	O	O
+1)δn=∫−∞En+1ρ˜(E)dE−n	559,580	O	O
+,	580,581	O	O
+with	582,586	O	O
+ρ˜(E	587,591	O	O
+)	591,592	O	O
+the	593,596	O	O
+mean	597,601	O	O
+level	602,607	O	O
+density	608,615	O	O
+which	616,621	O	O
+allows	622,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
+mapping	633,640	O	B-Process
+to	641,643	O	I-Process
+dimensionless	644,657	O	I-Process
+levels	658,664	O	I-Process
+with	665,669	O	O
+unitary	670,677	O	B-Process
+average	678,685	O	I-Process
+level	686,691	O	I-Process
+density	692,699	O	I-Process
+,	699,700	O	O
+and	701,704	O	O
+analyzing	705,714	O	B-Process
+the	715,718	O	I-Process
+energy	719,725	O	I-Process
+fluctuations	726,738	O	I-Process
+as	739,741	O	O
+a	742,743	O	O
+discrete	744,752	O	B-Process
+time	753,757	O	I-Process
+series	758,764	O	I-Process
+,	764,765	O	O
+they	766,770	O	O
+found	771,776	O	O
+that	777,781	O	O
+nuclear	782,789	O	B-Task
+power	790,795	O	I-Task
+spectra	796,803	O	I-Task
+behave	804,810	O	O
+like	811,815	O	O
+1f	816,818	O	O
+noise	819,824	O	O
+,	824,825	O	O
+postulating	826,837	O	O
+that	838,842	O	O
+this	843,847	O	O
+might	848,853	O	O
+be	854,856	O	O
+a	857,858	O	O
+characteristic	859,873	O	O
+signature	874,883	O	O
+of	884,886	O	O
+generic	887,894	O	O
+quantum	895,902	O	B-Task
+chaotic	903,910	O	I-Task
+systems	911,918	O	I-Task
+.	918,919	O	O
+
+In	920,922	O	O
+the	923,926	O	O
+present	927,934	O	O
+work	935,939	O	O
+we	940,942	O	O
+implement	943,952	O	O
+this	953,957	O	O
+idea	958,962	O	O
+,	962,963	O	O
+using	964,969	O	O
+the	970,973	O	O
+1f	974,976	O	B-Process
+spectral	977,985	O	I-Process
+behavior	986,994	O	I-Process
+as	995,997	O	O
+a	998,999	O	O
+test	1000,1004	O	O
+for	1005,1008	O	O
+the	1009,1012	O	O
+presence	1013,1021	O	O
+of	1022,1024	O	O
+chaos	1025,1030	O	B-Process
+in	1031,1033	O	I-Process
+nuclear	1034,1041	O	I-Process
+mass	1042,1046	O	I-Process
+errors	1047,1053	O	I-Process
+.	1053,1054	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009359)
+
+Table	0,5	O	O
+1	6,7	O	O
+lists	8,13	O	O
+8	14,15	O	O
+pairs	16,21	O	O
+of	22,24	O	O
+B	25,26	O	B-Process
+decays	27,33	O	I-Process
+.	33,34	O	O
+
+In	35,37	O	O
+fact	38,42	O	O
+,	42,43	O	O
+there	44,49	O	O
+are	50,53	O	O
+more	54,58	O	O
+decay	59,64	O	B-Process
+pairs	65,70	O	I-Process
+,	70,71	O	O
+since	72,77	O	O
+many	78,82	O	O
+of	83,85	O	O
+the	86,89	O	O
+particles	90,99	O	O
+in	100,102	O	O
+the	103,106	O	O
+final	107,112	O	O
+states	113,119	O	O
+can	120,123	O	O
+be	124,126	O	O
+observed	127,135	O	O
+as	136,138	O	O
+either	139,145	O	O
+pseudoscalar	146,158	O	O
+(	159,160	O	O
+P	160,161	O	O
+)	161,162	O	O
+or	163,165	O	O
+vector	166,172	O	O
+(	173,174	O	O
+V	174,175	O	O
+)	175,176	O	O
+mesons	177,183	O	B-Material
+.	183,184	O	O
+
+Note	185,189	O	O
+that	190,194	O	O
+certain	195,202	O	O
+decays	203,209	O	B-Process
+are	210,213	O	O
+written	214,221	O	O
+in	222,224	O	O
+terms	225,230	O	O
+of	231,233	O	O
+VV	234,236	O	O
+final	237,242	O	O
+states	243,249	O	O
+,	249,250	O	O
+while	251,256	O	O
+others	257,263	O	O
+are	264,267	O	O
+have	268,272	O	O
+PP	273,275	O	O
+states	276,282	O	O
+.	282,283	O	O
+
+There	284,289	O	O
+are	290,293	O	O
+three	294,299	O	O
+reasons	300,307	O	O
+for	308,311	O	O
+this	312,316	O	O
+.	316,317	O	O
+
+First	318,323	O	O
+,	323,324	O	O
+some	325,329	O	O
+decays	330,336	O	B-Process
+involve	337,344	O	O
+a	345,346	O	O
+final	347,352	O	O
+-	352,353	O	O
+state	353,358	O	O
+π0	359,361	O	O
+.	361,362	O	O
+
+However	363,370	O	O
+,	370,371	O	O
+experimentally	372,386	O	O
+it	387,389	O	O
+will	390,394	O	O
+be	395,397	O	O
+necessary	398,407	O	O
+to	408,410	O	O
+find	411,415	O	B-Task
+the	416,419	O	I-Task
+decay	420,425	O	I-Task
+vertices	426,434	O	I-Task
+of	435,437	O	O
+the	438,441	O	O
+final	442,447	O	B-Material
+particles	448,457	O	I-Material
+.	457,458	O	O
+
+This	459,463	O	O
+is	464,466	O	O
+virtually	467,476	O	O
+impossible	477,487	O	O
+for	488,491	O	O
+a	492,493	O	O
+π0	494,496	O	O
+,	496,497	O	O
+and	498,501	O	O
+so	502,504	O	O
+we	505,507	O	O
+always	508,514	O	O
+use	515,518	O	O
+a	519,520	O	O
+ρ0	521,523	O	O
+.	523,524	O	O
+
+Second	525,531	O	O
+,	531,532	O	O
+some	533,537	O	O
+pairs	538,543	O	B-Material
+of	544,546	O	I-Material
+decays	547,553	O	I-Material
+are	554,557	O	O
+related	558,565	O	O
+by	566,568	O	O
+SU(3	569,573	O	O
+)	573,574	O	O
+in	575,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
+SM	582,584	O	B-Material
+only	585,589	O	O
+if	590,592	O	O
+an	593,595	O	O
+(	596,597	O	O
+ss¯	597,600	O	O
+)	600,601	O	O
+quark	602,607	O	B-Material
+pair	608,612	O	I-Material
+is	613,615	O	O
+used	616,620	O	O
+.	620,621	O	O
+
+However	622,629	O	O
+,	629,630	O	O
+there	631,636	O	O
+are	637,640	O	O
+no	641,643	O	O
+P	644,645	O	O
+'s	645,647	O	O
+which	648,653	O	O
+are	654,657	O	O
+pure	658,662	O	O
+(	663,664	O	O
+ss¯	664,667	O	O
+)	667,668	O	O
+.	668,669	O	O
+
+The	670,673	O	O
+mesons	674,680	O	B-Material
+η	681,682	O	B-Material
+and	683,686	O	O
+η′	687,689	O	B-Material
+have	690,694	O	O
+an	695,697	O	O
+(	698,699	O	O
+ss¯	699,702	O	O
+)	702,703	O	O
+component	704,713	O	O
+,	713,714	O	O
+but	715,718	O	O
+they	719,723	O	O
+also	724,728	O	O
+have	729,733	O	O
+significant	734,745	O	O
+(	746,747	O	O
+uu¯	747,750	O	O
+)	750,751	O	O
+and	752,755	O	O
+(	756,757	O	O
+dd¯	757,760	O	O
+)	760,761	O	O
+pieces	762,768	O	O
+.	768,769	O	O
+
+As	770,772	O	O
+a	773,774	O	O
+result	775,781	O	O
+the	782,785	O	O
+b¯→s¯	786,791	O	O
+and	792,795	O	O
+b¯→d¯	796,801	O	O
+decays	802,808	O	B-Process
+are	809,812	O	O
+not	813,816	O	O
+really	817,823	O	O
+related	824,831	O	O
+by	832,834	O	O
+SU(3	835,839	O	O
+)	839,840	O	O
+in	841,843	O	O
+the	844,847	O	O
+SM	848,850	O	B-Material
+if	851,853	O	O
+the	854,857	O	O
+final	858,863	O	O
+state	864,869	O	O
+involves	870,878	O	O
+an	879,881	O	O
+η	882,883	O	B-Material
+or	884,886	O	O
+η′.	887,890	O	B-Material
+We	891,893	O	O
+therefore	894,903	O	O
+consider	904,912	O	O
+instead	913,920	O	O
+the	921,924	O	O
+vector	925,931	O	B-Material
+meson	932,937	O	I-Material
+ϕ	938,939	O	B-Material
+which	940,945	O	O
+is	946,948	O	O
+essentially	949,960	O	O
+a	961,962	O	O
+pure	963,967	O	O
+(	968,969	O	O
+ss¯	969,972	O	O
+)	972,973	O	O
+quark	974,979	O	B-Process
+state	980,985	O	I-Process
+.	985,986	O	O
+
+Finally	987,994	O	O
+,	994,995	O	O
+we	996,998	O	O
+require	999,1006	O	O
+that	1007,1011	O	O
+both	1012,1016	O	O
+B0	1017,1019	O	B-Material
+and	1020,1023	O	O
+B¯0	1024,1027	O	B-Material
+be	1028,1030	O	O
+able	1031,1035	O	O
+to	1036,1038	O	O
+decay	1039,1044	O	B-Process
+to	1045,1047	O	I-Process
+the	1048,1051	O	I-Process
+final	1052,1057	O	I-Process
+state	1058,1063	O	I-Process
+.	1063,1064	O	O
+
+This	1065,1069	O	O
+can	1070,1073	O	O
+not	1073,1076	O	O
+happen	1077,1083	O	O
+if	1084,1086	O	O
+the	1087,1090	O	O
+final	1091,1096	O	O
+state	1097,1102	O	O
+contains	1103,1111	O	O
+a	1112,1113	O	O
+single	1114,1120	O	O
+K0	1121,1123	O	O
+(	1124,1125	O	O
+or	1125,1127	O	O
+K¯0	1128,1131	O	O
+)	1131,1132	O	O
+meson	1133,1138	O	B-Material
+.	1138,1139	O	O
+
+However	1140,1147	O	O
+,	1147,1148	O	O
+it	1149,1151	O	O
+can	1152,1155	O	O
+occur	1156,1161	O	O
+if	1162,1164	O	O
+this	1165,1169	O	O
+final	1170,1175	O	B-Material
+-	1175,1176	O	I-Material
+state	1176,1181	O	I-Material
+particle	1182,1190	O	I-Material
+is	1191,1193	O	O
+an	1194,1196	O	O
+excited	1197,1204	O	B-Material
+neutral	1205,1212	O	I-Material
+kaon	1213,1217	O	I-Material
+.	1217,1218	O	O
+
+In	1219,1221	O	O
+this	1222,1226	O	O
+case	1227,1231	O	O
+one	1232,1235	O	O
+decay	1236,1241	O	O
+involves	1242,1250	O	O
+K*0	1251,1254	O	B-Material
+,	1254,1255	O	O
+while	1256,1261	O	O
+the	1262,1265	O	O
+other	1266,1271	O	O
+has	1272,1275	O	O
+K¯*0	1276,1280	O	B-Material
+.	1280,1281	O	O
+
+Assuming	1282,1290	O	O
+that	1291,1295	O	O
+the	1296,1299	O	O
+vector	1300,1306	O	B-Material
+meson	1307,1312	O	I-Material
+is	1313,1315	O	O
+detected	1316,1324	O	O
+via	1325,1328	O	O
+its	1329,1332	O	O
+decay	1333,1338	O	B-Process
+to	1339,1341	O	I-Process
+ψKsπ0	1342,1347	O	I-Process
+(	1348,1349	O	O
+as	1349,1351	O	O
+in	1352,1354	O	O
+the	1355,1358	O	O
+measurement	1359,1370	O	B-Process
+of	1371,1373	O	I-Process
+sin2β	1374,1379	O	I-Process
+via	1380,1383	O	O
+Bd0(t)→J/ψK	1384,1395	O	O
+*	1395,1396	O	O
+)	1396,1397	O	O
+,	1397,1398	O	O
+then	1399,1403	O	O
+both	1404,1408	O	O
+B0	1409,1411	O	B-Material
+and	1412,1415	O	O
+B¯0	1416,1419	O	B-Material
+can	1420,1423	O	O
+decay	1424,1429	O	B-Process
+to	1430,1432	O	O
+the	1433,1436	O	O
+same	1437,1441	O	O
+final	1442,1447	O	O
+state	1448,1453	O	O
+.	1453,1454	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009530)
+
+If	0,2	O	O
+signals	3,10	O	O
+suggesting	11,21	O	O
+supersymmetry	22,35	O	B-Process
+(	36,37	O	O
+SUSY	37,41	O	B-Process
+)	41,42	O	O
+are	43,46	O	O
+discovered	47,57	O	O
+at	58,60	O	O
+the	61,64	O	O
+LHC	65,68	O	O
+then	69,73	O	O
+it	74,76	O	O
+will	77,81	O	O
+be	82,84	O	O
+vital	85,90	O	O
+to	91,93	O	O
+measure	94,101	O	B-Task
+the	102,105	O	I-Task
+spins	106,111	O	I-Task
+of	112,114	O	I-Task
+the	115,118	O	I-Task
+new	119,122	O	I-Task
+particles	123,132	O	I-Task
+to	133,135	O	O
+demonstrate	136,147	O	B-Task
+that	148,152	O	I-Task
+they	153,157	O	I-Task
+are	158,161	O	I-Task
+indeed	162,168	O	I-Task
+the	169,172	O	I-Task
+predicted	173,182	O	I-Task
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+-	188,189	O	I-Task
+partners	189,197	O	I-Task
+.	197,198	O	O
+
+A	199,200	O	O
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+the	230,233	O	O
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+of	240,242	O	O
+some	243,247	O	O
+of	248,250	O	O
+the	251,254	O	O
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+particles	260,269	O	I-Material
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+determined	277,287	O	O
+.	287,288	O	O
+
+Angular	289,296	O	B-Process
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+in	311,313	O	O
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+-	365,366	O	I-Process
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+
+The	400,403	O	O
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+to	442,444	O	O
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+-	502,503	O	I-Material
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+
+Monte	512,517	O	B-Process
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+.	596,597	O	O
+
+The	598,601	O	O
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+,	690,691	O	O
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+.	748,749	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009608)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
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+[	29,30	O	O
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+]	32,33	O	O
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+[	44,45	O	O
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+
+[	133,134	O	O
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+.	137,138	O	O
+
+NOMAD	139,144	O	B-Material
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+Therefore	239,248	O	O
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+,	398,399	O	O
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+
+We	488,490	O	O
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+)	578,579	O	O
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+
+The	608,611	O	O
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+
+This	789,793	O	O
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+.	851,852	O	O
+
+However	853,860	O	O
+,	860,861	O	O
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+,	907,908	O	O
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+.	945,946	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009657)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
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+,	14,15	O	O
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+
+The	128,131	O	O
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+
+Since	208,213	O	O
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+.	348,349	O	O
+
+In	350,352	O	O
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+,	374,375	O	O
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+
+Salpeter	410,418	O	O
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+17	429,431	O	O
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+,	432,433	O	O
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+
+[	478,479	O	O
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+.	482,483	O	O
+
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+,	526,527	O	O
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+
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+,	709,710	O	O
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+.	776,777	O	O
+
+We	778,780	O	O
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+.	874,875	O	O
+
+In	876,878	O	O
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+
+
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+Our	0,3	O	O
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+the	79,82	O	O
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+.	109,110	O	O
+
+One	111,114	O	O
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+-	153,154	O	I-Process
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+.	211,212	O	O
+
+In	213,215	O	O
+this	216,220	O	O
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+the	228,231	O	O
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+
+The	281,284	O	O
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+-	303,304	O	I-Process
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+)	362,363	O	I-Process
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+,	364,365	O	O
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+h	372,373	O	B-Process
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+for	381,384	O	O
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+vector	389,395	O	B-Process
+-	395,396	O	I-Process
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+.	417,418	O	O
+
+Some	419,423	O	O
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+of	441,443	O	I-Process
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+are	471,474	O	O
+(	475,476	O	B-Process
+12)π+(p1)π−(p2)ρ0:h(p1−p2)μεμ,π+(p1)π0(p2)ρ−:h(p1−p2)μεμ,K+(p1)K¯0(p2)ρ−:h2(p1−p2)μεμ,etc	476,565	O	I-Process
+.	565,566	O	O
+,	566,567	O	O
+which	568,573	O	O
+is	574,576	O	O
+directly	577,585	O	O
+related	586,593	O	O
+to	594,596	O	O
+the	597,600	O	O
+ρ	601,602	O	B-Process
+decay	603,608	O	I-Process
+width	609,614	O	I-Process
+:	614,615	O	O
+Γ(ρ)=h2(|pπ|)3/(6πmρ2	616,637	O	B-Process
+)	637,638	O	I-Process
+,	638,639	O	O
+where	640,645	O	O
+pπ	646,648	O	B-Process
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+frame	700,705	O	I-Process
+.	705,706	O	O
+
+With	707,711	O	O
+Γ(ρ)=149.2MeV	712,725	O	O
+,	725,726	O	O
+we	727,729	O	O
+find	730,734	O	O
+h=5.95	735,741	O	O
+.	741,742	O	O
+
+We	743,745	O	O
+note	746,750	O	O
+in	751,753	O	O
+passing	754,761	O	O
+that	762,766	O	O
+the	767,770	O	O
+Kawarabayashi	771,784	O	O
+–	784,785	O	O
+
+Suzuki	785,791	O	O
+–	791,792	O	O
+Riazuddin	792,801	O	O
+–	801,802	O	O
+
+Fayyazuddin	802,813	O	O
+relation	814,822	O	O
+gives	823,828	O	O
+the	829,832	O	O
+value	833,838	O	O
+h	839,840	O	O
+=	840,841	O	O
+mρ/(2fπ)[12	841,852	O	O
+]	852,853	O	O
+.	853,854	O	O
+
+Thus	855,859	O	O
+the	860,863	O	O
+value	864,869	O	O
+of	870,872	O	O
+h	873,874	O	O
+in	875,877	O	O
+Eq	878,880	O	O
+.	880,881	O	O
+
+(	882,883	O	O
+4	883,884	O	O
+)	884,885	O	O
+and	886,889	O	O
+the	890,893	O	O
+two	894,897	O	O
+values	898,904	O	O
+in	905,907	O	O
+this	908,912	O	O
+paragraph	913,922	O	O
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+(	947,948	O	O
+∼19	948,951	O	O
+%	951,952	O	O
+)	952,953	O	O
+.	953,954	O	O
+
+The	955,958	O	O
+strong	959,965	O	B-Task
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+-	970,971	O	I-Task
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+two	1030,1033	O	O
+terms	1034,1039	O	O
+of	1040,1042	O	O
+Eq	1043,1045	O	O
+.	1045,1046	O	O
+
+(	1047,1048	O	O
+5	1048,1049	O	O
+)	1049,1050	O	O
+.	1050,1051	O	O
+
+The	1052,1055	O	O
+weak	1056,1060	O	B-Task
+vertices	1061,1069	O	I-Task
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+the	1088,1091	O	O
+definitions	1092,1103	O	O
+of	1104,1106	O	O
+Q6	1107,1109	O	O
+and	1110,1113	O	O
+Q8	1114,1116	O	O
+.	1116,1117	O	O
+
+In	1118,1120	O	O
+the	1121,1124	O	O
+numerical	1125,1134	O	O
+work	1135,1139	O	O
+we	1140,1142	O	O
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+the	1153,1156	O	O
+value	1157,1162	O	O
+of	1163,1165	O	O
+h	1166,1167	O	O
+from	1168,1172	O	O
+Eq	1173,1175	O	O
+.	1175,1176	O	O
+
+(	1177,1178	O	O
+4	1178,1179	O	O
+)	1179,1180	O	O
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+obtained	1197,1205	O	O
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+the	1211,1214	O	O
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+width	1221,1226	O	O
+.	1226,1227	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0370269304009979)
+
+On	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
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+hand	13,17	O	O
+,	17,18	O	O
+the	19,22	O	O
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+local	29,34	O	O
+fields	35,41	O	O
+except	42,48	O	O
+the	49,52	O	O
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+field	67,72	O	O
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+the	101,104	O	I-Task
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+in	116,118	O	O
+the	119,122	O	O
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+.	138,139	O	O
+
+Indeed	140,146	O	O
+,	146,147	O	O
+in	148,150	O	O
+the	151,154	O	O
+Randall	155,162	O	B-Material
+–	162,163	O	I-Material
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+[	196,197	O	O
+2	197,198	O	O
+]	198,199	O	O
+,	199,200	O	O
+
+the	201,204	O	O
+following	205,214	O	O
+facts	215,220	O	O
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+known	230,235	O	O
+:	235,236	O	O
+spin	237,241	O	B-Process
+0	242,243	O	I-Process
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+the	336,339	O	O
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+1/2	345,348	O	O
+and	349,352	O	O
+3/2	353,356	O	O
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+localized	368,377	O	O
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+on	382,384	O	O
+a	385,386	O	O
+brane	387,392	O	O
+with	393,397	O	O
+positive	398,406	O	B-Process
+tension	407,414	O	I-Process
+but	415,418	O	O
+on	419,421	O	O
+a	422,423	O	O
+brane	424,429	O	O
+with	430,434	O	O
+negative	435,443	O	B-Process
+tension	444,451	O	I-Process
+[	452,453	O	O
+6	453,454	O	O
+]	454,455	O	O
+.	455,456	O	O
+
+Spin	457,461	O	O
+1	462,463	O	O
+field	464,469	O	O
+is	470,472	O	O
+not	473,476	O	O
+localized	477,486	O	O
+neither	487,494	O	O
+on	495,497	O	O
+a	498,499	O	O
+brane	500,505	O	O
+with	506,510	O	O
+positive	511,519	O	B-Process
+tension	520,527	O	I-Process
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+on	532,534	O	O
+a	535,536	O	O
+brane	537,542	O	O
+with	543,547	O	O
+negative	548,556	O	B-Process
+tension	557,564	O	I-Process
+[	565,566	O	O
+7	566,567	O	O
+]	567,568	O	O
+.	568,569	O	O
+
+In	570,572	O	O
+six	573,576	O	B-Process
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+–	582,583	O	I-Process
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+,	598,599	O	O
+the	600,603	O	O
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+1	609,610	O	O
+gauge	611,616	O	O
+field	617,622	O	O
+is	623,625	O	O
+also	626,630	O	O
+localized	631,640	O	B-Process
+on	641,643	O	I-Process
+the	644,647	O	I-Process
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+[	654,655	O	O
+8	655,656	O	O
+]	656,657	O	O
+.	657,658	O	O
+
+Thus	659,663	O	O
+,	663,664	O	O
+in	665,667	O	O
+order	668,673	O	O
+to	674,676	O	O
+fulfill	677,684	O	O
+the	685,688	O	O
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+of	702,704	O	O
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+particles	720,729	O	O
+on	730,732	O	O
+a	733,734	O	O
+brane	735,740	O	O
+with	741,745	O	O
+positive	746,754	O	B-Process
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+,	762,763	O	O
+it	764,766	O	O
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+except	807,813	O	O
+the	814,817	O	O
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+interaction	832,843	O	O
+must	844,848	O	O
+be	849,851	O	O
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+introduced	857,867	O	B-Process
+in	868,870	O	I-Process
+the	871,874	O	I-Process
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+.	879,880	O	O
+
+There	881,886	O	O
+is	887,889	O	O
+a	890,891	O	O
+lot	892,895	O	O
+of	896,898	O	O
+papers	899,905	O	O
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+to	914,916	O	O
+the	917,920	O	O
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+mechanisms	944,954	O	I-Process
+of	955,957	O	O
+the	958,961	O	O
+bulk	962,966	O	O
+fields	967,973	O	O
+in	974,976	O	O
+various	977,984	O	O
+brane	985,990	O	B-Process
+world	991,996	O	I-Process
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+.	1003,1004	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0375960112002885)
+
+First	0,5	O	B-Process
+-	5,6	O	I-Process
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+have	30,34	O	O
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+the	45,48	O	O
+electronic	49,59	O	B-Task
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+
+Our	149,152	O	O
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+the	171,174	O	O
+W	175,176	O	B-Process
+-	176,177	O	I-Process
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+to	230,232	O	O
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+
+The	244,247	O	O
+O2	248,250	O	B-Material
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+the	285,288	O	O
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+,	327,328	O	O
+in	329,331	O	O
+the	332,335	O	O
+range	336,341	O	O
+of	342,344	O	O
+several	345,352	O	O
+tens	353,357	O	O
+meV.	358,362	O	O
+
+However	363,370	O	O
+,	370,371	O	O
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+(	402,403	O	O
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+)	417,418	O	O
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+the	423,426	O	O
+O2	427,429	O	B-Material
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+on	439,441	O	O
+the	442,445	O	O
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+identified	458,468	O	O
+on	469,471	O	O
+different	472,481	O	O
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+,	498,499	O	O
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+,	512,513	O	O
+these	514,519	O	O
+reaction	520,528	O	B-Process
+paths	529,534	O	O
+are	535,538	O	O
+spin	539,543	O	B-Task
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+to	574,576	O	O
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+selection	591,600	O	I-Process
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+.	605,606	O	O
+
+These	607,612	O	O
+results	613,620	O	O
+imply	621,626	O	O
+that	627,631	O	O
+O2	632,634	O	B-Material
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+desorb	643,649	O	O
+from	650,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
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+surface	667,674	O	O
+rather	675,681	O	O
+than	682,686	O	O
+dissociate	687,697	O	O
+and	698,701	O	O
+oxide	702,707	O	O
+the	708,711	O	O
+W@Si12	712,718	O	B-Material
+cluster	719,726	O	I-Material
+upon	727,731	O	O
+excitations	732,743	O	O
+.	743,744	O	O
+
+In	745,747	O	O
+high	748,752	O	B-Process
+temperature	753,764	O	I-Process
+and	765,768	O	I-Process
+high	769,773	O	I-Process
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+,	793,794	O	O
+the	795,798	O	O
+O2	799,801	O	B-Material
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+may	812,815	O	O
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+on	827,829	O	O
+the	830,833	O	O
+preferential	834,846	O	O
+edge	847,851	O	O
+site	852,856	O	O
+by	857,859	O	O
+overcoming	860,870	O	B-Process
+a	871,872	O	I-Process
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+large	887,892	O	I-Process
+energy	893,899	O	I-Process
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+.	907,908	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0375960113004568)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+length	4,10	O	B-Task
+effect	11,17	O	I-Task
+is	18,20	O	O
+always	21,27	O	O
+important	28,37	O	O
+in	38,40	O	O
+nanodevices	41,52	O	B-Material
+.	52,53	O	O
+
+So	54,56	O	O
+we	57,59	O	O
+investigate	60,71	O	O
+the	72,75	O	O
+length	76,82	O	B-Task
+dependence	83,93	O	I-Task
+of	94,96	O	I-Task
+electronic	97,107	O	I-Task
+transport	108,117	O	I-Task
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+in	129,131	O	O
+M3	132,134	O	O
+by	135,137	O	O
+increasing	138,148	O	B-Process
+the	149,152	O	I-Process
+number	153,159	O	I-Process
+of	160,162	O	I-Process
+carbon	163,169	O	I-Process
+unit	170,174	O	I-Process
+cells	175,180	O	I-Process
+in	181,183	O	O
+the	184,187	O	O
+scattering	188,198	O	O
+region	199,205	O	O
+.	205,206	O	O
+
+Here	207,211	O	O
+we	212,214	O	O
+present	215,222	O	O
+the	223,226	O	O
+transport	227,236	O	O
+results	237,244	O	O
+when	245,249	O	O
+the	250,253	O	O
+numbers	254,261	O	O
+of	262,264	O	O
+carbon	265,271	O	B-Material
+unit	272,276	O	I-Material
+cells	277,282	O	I-Material
+in	283,285	O	O
+the	286,289	O	O
+scattering	290,300	O	O
+region	301,307	O	O
+are	308,311	O	O
+10	312,314	O	O
+and	315,318	O	O
+12	319,321	O	O
+,	321,322	O	O
+which	323,328	O	O
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+called	333,339	O	O
+M4	340,342	O	O
+and	343,346	O	O
+M5	347,349	O	O
+,	349,350	O	O
+respectively	351,363	O	O
+.	363,364	O	O
+
+The	365,368	O	O
+current	369,376	O	B-Process
+–	376,377	O	I-Process
+voltage	377,384	O	I-Process
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+shown	401,406	O	O
+in	407,409	O	O
+Fig	410,413	O	O
+.	413,414	O	O
+
+8	415,416	O	O
+.	416,417	O	O
+
+We	418,420	O	O
+can	421,424	O	O
+see	425,428	O	O
+that	429,433	O	O
+the	434,437	O	O
+large	438,443	O	B-Process
+rectifying	444,454	O	I-Process
+ratio	455,460	O	I-Process
+still	461,466	O	O
+can	467,470	O	O
+be	471,473	O	O
+observed	474,482	O	O
+irrespective	483,495	O	O
+of	496,498	O	O
+the	499,502	O	O
+length	503,509	O	O
+of	510,512	O	O
+heterojunctions	513,528	O	O
+.	528,529	O	O
+
+This	530,534	O	O
+is	535,537	O	O
+due	538,541	O	O
+to	542,544	O	O
+the	545,548	O	O
+fact	549,553	O	O
+that	554,558	O	O
+the	559,562	O	O
+electronic	563,573	O	B-Task
+transport	574,583	O	I-Task
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+M3	599,601	O	O
+are	602,605	O	O
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+determined	613,623	O	O
+by	624,626	O	O
+the	627,630	O	O
+parity	631,637	O	O
+of	638,640	O	O
+the	641,644	O	O
+π	645,646	O	B-Process
+and	647,650	O	I-Process
+π⁎	651,653	O	I-Process
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+of	663,665	O	O
+left	666,670	O	O
+and	671,674	O	O
+right	675,680	O	O
+electrodes	681,691	O	O
+.	691,692	O	O
+
+Thees	693,698	O	O
+results	699,706	O	O
+indicate	707,715	O	O
+that	716,720	O	O
+the	721,724	O	O
+lengths	725,732	O	O
+of	733,735	O	O
+the	736,739	O	O
+two	740,743	O	O
+parts	744,749	O	O
+in	750,752	O	O
+the	753,756	O	O
+scattering	757,767	O	O
+regions	768,775	O	O
+have	776,780	O	O
+no	781,783	O	O
+affects	784,791	O	O
+on	792,794	O	O
+the	795,798	O	O
+qualitative	799,810	O	B-Task
+charge	811,817	O	I-Task
+transport	818,827	O	I-Task
+in	828,830	O	O
+M3	831,833	O	O
+.	833,834	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0375960113004908)
+
+Topological	0,11	O	B-Process
+insulators	12,22	O	I-Process
+(	23,24	O	O
+TIs	24,27	O	B-Process
+)	27,28	O	O
+are	29,32	O	O
+promising	33,42	O	O
+candidates	43,53	O	O
+of	54,56	O	O
+spintronics	57,68	O	B-Material
+materials	69,78	O	I-Material
+because	79,86	O	O
+of	87,89	O	O
+their	90,95	O	O
+robust	96,102	O	O
+helical	103,110	O	O
+surface	111,118	O	O
+states	119,125	O	O
+and	126,129	O	O
+the	130,133	O	O
+extremely	134,143	O	O
+strong	144,150	O	O
+spin	151,155	O	B-Process
+–	155,156	O	I-Process
+orbit	156,161	O	I-Process
+interaction	162,173	O	I-Process
+[	174,175	O	O
+1–3	175,178	O	O
+]	178,179	O	O
+.	179,180	O	O
+
+Initially	181,190	O	O
+,	190,191	O	O
+binary	192,198	O	B-Material
+chalcogenides	199,212	O	I-Material
+Bi2Te3	213,219	O	B-Material
+,	219,220	O	O
+Sb2Te3	221,227	O	B-Material
+and	228,231	O	O
+Bi2Se3	232,238	O	B-Material
+have	239,243	O	O
+been	244,248	O	O
+identified	249,259	O	O
+as	260,262	O	O
+three	263,268	O	O
+-	268,269	O	O
+dimensional	269,280	O	O
+TIs	281,284	O	B-Process
+by	285,287	O	O
+surface	288,295	O	B-Process
+sensitive	296,305	O	I-Process
+probes	306,312	O	I-Process
+such	313,317	O	O
+as	318,320	O	O
+angle	321,326	O	B-Process
+resolved	327,335	O	I-Process
+photoemission	336,349	O	I-Process
+spectroscopy	350,362	O	I-Process
+and	363,366	O	O
+scanning	367,375	O	B-Process
+tunneling	376,385	O	I-Process
+microscopy	386,396	O	I-Process
+/	396,397	O	I-Process
+spectroscopy	397,409	O	I-Process
+.	409,410	O	O
+
+Later	411,416	O	O
+,	416,417	O	O
+ternary	418,425	O	B-Material
+chalcogenide	426,438	O	I-Material
+(	439,440	O	B-Material
+BixSb1−x)2Te3	440,453	O	I-Material
+[	454,455	O	O
+4,5	455,458	O	O
+]	458,459	O	O
+,	459,460	O	O
+which	461,466	O	O
+has	467,470	O	O
+similar	471,478	O	O
+tetradymite	479,490	O	O
+structure	491,500	O	O
+to	501,503	O	O
+the	504,507	O	O
+parent	508,514	O	O
+compounds	515,524	O	O
+Bi2Te3	525,531	O	B-Material
+and	532,535	O	O
+Sb2Te3	536,542	O	B-Material
+,	542,543	O	O
+was	544,547	O	O
+predicted	548,557	O	O
+by	558,560	O	O
+ab	561,563	O	B-Process
+initio	564,570	O	I-Process
+calculations	571,583	O	I-Process
+and	584,587	O	O
+confirmed	588,597	O	O
+by	598,600	O	O
+ARPES	601,606	O	B-Process
+measurements	607,619	O	I-Process
+as	620,622	O	O
+a	623,624	O	O
+tunable	625,632	O	O
+topological	633,644	O	B-Process
+insulator	645,654	O	I-Process
+whose	655,660	O	O
+Fermi	661,666	O	O
+energy	667,673	O	O
+and	674,677	O	O
+carrier	678,685	O	O
+density	686,693	O	O
+can	694,697	O	O
+be	698,700	O	O
+adjusted	701,709	O	O
+via	710,713	O	O
+changing	714,722	O	B-Process
+the	723,726	O	I-Process
+Bi	727,729	O	I-Process
+/	729,730	O	I-Process
+Sb	730,732	O	I-Process
+composition	733,744	O	I-Process
+ratio	745,750	O	I-Process
+with	751,755	O	O
+stable	756,762	O	O
+topological	763,774	O	O
+surface	775,782	O	O
+state	783,788	O	O
+for	789,792	O	O
+the	793,796	O	O
+entire	797,803	O	O
+composition	804,815	O	O
+range	816,821	O	O
+.	821,822	O	O
+
+Combined	823,831	O	O
+with	832,836	O	O
+magnetism	837,846	O	B-Process
+or	847,849	O	O
+superconductivity	850,867	O	B-Process
+,	867,868	O	O
+TIs	869,872	O	B-Process
+have	873,877	O	O
+attracted	878,887	O	O
+great	888,893	O	O
+attention	894,903	O	O
+due	904,907	O	O
+to	908,910	O	O
+the	911,914	O	O
+rich	915,919	O	O
+variety	920,927	O	O
+of	928,930	O	O
+new	931,934	O	O
+physics	935,942	O	O
+and	943,946	O	O
+applications	947,959	O	O
+.	959,960	O	O
+
+The	961,964	O	O
+ferromagnetism	965,979	O	B-Process
+in	980,982	O	O
+several	983,990	O	O
+transition	991,1001	O	B-Material
+metal	1002,1007	O	I-Material
+(	1008,1009	O	O
+TM	1009,1011	O	B-Material
+)	1011,1012	O	O
+doped	1013,1018	O	O
+TIs	1019,1022	O	B-Process
+,	1022,1023	O	O
+which	1024,1029	O	O
+breaks	1030,1036	O	O
+the	1037,1040	O	O
+time	1041,1045	O	O
+-	1045,1046	O	O
+reversal	1046,1054	O	O
+symmetry	1055,1063	O	O
+,	1063,1064	O	O
+has	1065,1068	O	O
+been	1069,1073	O	O
+reported	1074,1082	O	O
+[	1083,1084	O	O
+6–13	1084,1088	O	O
+]	1088,1089	O	O
+.	1089,1090	O	O
+
+Ferromagnetism	1091,1105	O	B-Process
+in	1106,1108	O	O
+TIs	1109,1112	O	B-Process
+is	1113,1115	O	O
+important	1116,1125	O	O
+because	1126,1133	O	O
+the	1134,1137	O	O
+combination	1138,1149	O	O
+of	1150,1152	O	O
+magnetism	1153,1162	O	B-Process
+with	1163,1167	O	O
+TIs	1168,1171	O	B-Process
+makes	1172,1177	O	O
+a	1178,1179	O	O
+good	1180,1184	O	O
+platform	1185,1193	O	O
+to	1194,1196	O	O
+study	1197,1202	O	O
+fundamental	1203,1214	O	B-Task
+physical	1215,1223	O	I-Task
+phenomena	1224,1233	O	I-Task
+,	1233,1234	O	O
+such	1235,1239	O	O
+as	1240,1242	O	O
+the	1243,1246	O	O
+quantum	1247,1254	O	O
+anomalous	1255,1264	O	O
+Hall	1265,1269	O	B-Task
+effect	1270,1276	O	I-Task
+[	1277,1278	O	O
+14–17	1278,1283	O	O
+]	1283,1284	O	O
+,	1284,1285	O	O
+Majorana	1286,1294	O	B-Task
+fermions	1295,1303	O	I-Task
+[	1304,1305	O	O
+18	1305,1307	O	O
+]	1307,1308	O	O
+,	1308,1309	O	O
+image	1310,1315	O	B-Task
+magnetic	1316,1324	O	I-Task
+monopole	1325,1333	O	I-Task
+effect	1334,1340	O	I-Task
+[	1341,1342	O	O
+19	1342,1344	O	O
+]	1344,1345	O	O
+,	1345,1346	O	O
+and	1347,1350	O	O
+topological	1351,1362	O	O
+contributions	1363,1376	O	O
+to	1377,1379	O	O
+the	1380,1383	O	O
+Faraday	1384,1391	O	B-Task
+and	1392,1395	O	I-Task
+Kerr	1396,1400	O	I-Task
+magneto	1401,1408	O	I-Task
+-	1408,1409	O	I-Task
+optical	1409,1416	O	I-Task
+effect	1417,1423	O	I-Task
+[	1424,1425	O	O
+20	1425,1427	O	O
+]	1427,1428	O	O
+.	1428,1429	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0375960113006725)
+
+Observations	0,12	O	B-Process
+show	13,17	O	O
+that	18,22	O	O
+in	23,25	O	O
+the	26,29	O	O
+same	30,34	O	O
+area	35,39	O	O
+with	40,44	O	O
+dimensions	45,55	O	O
+of	56,58	O	O
+a	59,60	O	O
+few	61,64	O	O
+tenths	65,71	O	O
+of	72,74	O	O
+a	75,76	O	O
+parsec	77,83	O	O
+could	84,89	O	O
+be	90,92	O	O
+many	93,97	O	O
+sources	98,105	O	O
+,	105,106	O	O
+some	107,111	O	O
+of	112,114	O	O
+which	115,120	O	O
+only	121,125	O	O
+emits	126,131	O	O
+OH	132,134	O	B-Material
+lines	135,140	O	I-Material
+,	140,141	O	O
+and	142,145	O	O
+some	146,150	O	O
+–	151,152	O	O
+only	153,157	O	O
+lines	158,163	O	O
+H2O.	164,168	O	B-Material
+
+The	169,172	O	O
+only	173,177	O	O
+known	178,183	O	O
+in	184,186	O	O
+physics	187,194	O	O
+the	195,198	O	O
+emission	199,207	O	B-Process
+mechanism	208,217	O	I-Process
+that	218,222	O	O
+can	223,226	O	O
+give	227,231	O	O
+tremendous	232,242	O	O
+power	243,248	O	O
+within	249,255	O	O
+a	256,257	O	O
+narrow	258,264	O	O
+range	265,270	O	O
+of	271,273	O	O
+the	274,277	O	O
+spectrum	278,286	O	O
+,	286,287	O	O
+is	288,290	O	O
+coherent	291,299	O	O
+(	300,301	O	O
+i.e.	301,305	O	O
+the	306,309	O	O
+same	310,314	O	O
+phase	315,320	O	O
+and	321,324	O	O
+direction	325,334	O	O
+)	334,335	O	O
+light	336,341	O	B-Process
+lasers	342,348	O	I-Process
+,	348,349	O	O
+which	350,355	O	O
+are	356,359	O	O
+called	360,366	O	O
+optical	367,374	O	B-Process
+lasers	375,381	O	I-Process
+,	381,382	O	O
+and	383,386	O	O
+radio	387,392	O	B-Process
+-	392,393	O	I-Process
+masers	393,399	O	I-Process
+.	399,400	O	O
+
+Cosmic	401,407	O	B-Material
+maser	408,413	O	I-Material
+radio	414,419	O	I-Material
+sources	420,427	O	I-Material
+emitting	428,436	O	O
+in	437,439	O	O
+the	440,443	O	O
+lines	444,449	O	O
+of	450,452	O	O
+the	453,456	O	O
+molecules	457,466	O	O
+have	467,471	O	O
+an	472,474	O	O
+extremely	475,484	O	O
+high	485,489	O	O
+brightness	490,500	O	O
+temperature	501,512	O	O
+radiation	513,522	O	O
+Tb	523,525	O	O
+.	525,526	O	O
+
+In	527,529	O	O
+the	530,533	O	O
+molecules	534,543	O	O
+of	544,546	O	O
+methanol	547,555	O	B-Material
+masers	556,562	O	I-Material
+(	563,564	O	O
+CH3OH	564,569	O	B-Material
+)	569,570	O	O
+
+Tb	571,573	O	O
+value	574,579	O	O
+can	580,583	O	O
+reach	584,589	O	O
+109	590,593	O	O
+K	594,595	O	O
+,	595,596	O	O
+with	597,601	O	O
+masers	602,608	O	B-Material
+hydroxyl	609,617	O	I-Material
+molecules	618,627	O	I-Material
+(	628,629	O	O
+OH	629,631	O	B-Material
+)	631,632	O	O
+
+6×1012	633,639	O	O
+K.	640,642	O	O
+
+The	643,646	O	O
+typical	647,654	O	O
+size	655,659	O	O
+of	660,662	O	O
+the	663,666	O	O
+maser	667,672	O	B-Material
+clusters	673,681	O	I-Material
+is	682,684	O	O
+about	685,690	O	O
+1014–1015	691,700	O	O
+m	701,702	O	O
+and	703,706	O	O
+the	707,710	O	O
+neutron	711,718	O	B-Material
+star	719,723	O	I-Material
+radius	724,730	O	O
+is	731,733	O	O
+of	734,736	O	O
+the	737,740	O	O
+order	741,746	O	O
+of	747,749	O	O
+10	750,752	O	O
+km	753,755	O	O
+.	755,756	O	O
+
+Thus	757,761	O	O
+,	761,762	O	O
+the	763,766	O	O
+radiation	767,776	O	B-Process
+dilution	777,785	O	I-Process
+coefficient	786,797	O	I-Process
+is	798,800	O	O
+equaled	801,808	O	O
+approximately	809,822	O	O
+(	823,824	O	O
+2.5×10−23)–(2.5×10−21	824,845	O	O
+)	845,846	O	O
+and	847,850	O	O
+,	850,851	O	O
+therefore	852,861	O	O
+,	861,862	O	O
+μB2B2/4(hν)2∼(2.4×10−5)–(2.4×10−7	863,896	O	O
+)	896,897	O	O
+for	898,901	O	O
+the	902,905	O	O
+hydrogen	906,914	O	B-Material
+line	915,919	O	I-Material
+21	920,922	O	O
+cm	923,925	O	O
+and	926,929	O	O
+of	930,932	O	O
+the	933,936	O	O
+order	937,942	O	O
+10−5–10−7	943,952	O	O
+for	953,956	O	O
+the	957,960	O	O
+OH	961,963	O	O
+18	964,966	O	O
+cm	967,969	O	O
+line	970,974	O	O
+or	975,977	O	O
+the	978,981	O	O
+same	982,986	O	O
+order	987,992	O	O
+as	993,995	O	O
+Eq	996,998	O	O
+.	998,999	O	O
+
+(	1000,1001	O	O
+1	1001,1002	O	O
+)	1002,1003	O	O
+.	1003,1004	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S037596011300741X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+exploring	3,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+WKB	17,20	O	B-Task
+limit	21,26	O	I-Task
+of	27,29	O	I-Task
+quantum	30,37	O	I-Task
+theory	38,44	O	I-Task
+,	44,45	O	O
+Bohm	46,50	O	O
+[	51,52	O	O
+2	52,53	O	O
+]	53,54	O	O
+was	55,58	O	O
+the	59,62	O	O
+first	63,68	O	O
+to	69,71	O	O
+notice	72,78	O	O
+that	79,83	O	O
+although	84,92	O	O
+one	93,96	O	O
+starts	97,103	O	O
+with	104,108	O	O
+all	109,112	O	O
+the	113,116	O	O
+ambiguities	117,128	O	O
+about	129,134	O	O
+the	135,138	O	O
+nature	139,145	O	O
+of	146,148	O	O
+a	149,150	O	O
+quantum	151,158	O	O
+system	159,165	O	O
+,	165,166	O	O
+the	167,170	O	O
+first	171,176	O	O
+order	177,182	O	O
+approximation	183,196	O	O
+fits	197,201	O	O
+the	202,205	O	O
+ordinary	206,214	O	O
+classical	215,224	O	O
+ontology	225,233	O	O
+.	233,234	O	O
+
+By	235,237	O	O
+that	238,242	O	O
+we	243,245	O	O
+mean	246,250	O	O
+that	251,255	O	O
+the	256,259	O	O
+real	260,264	O	O
+part	265,269	O	O
+of	270,272	O	O
+the	273,276	O	O
+Schrödinger	277,288	O	B-Process
+equation	289,297	O	I-Process
+under	298,303	O	I-Process
+polar	304,309	O	I-Process
+decomposition	310,323	O	I-Process
+of	324,326	O	I-Process
+the	327,330	O	I-Process
+wave	331,335	O	I-Process
+function	336,344	O	I-Process
+becomes	345,352	O	O
+the	353,356	O	O
+classical	357,366	O	O
+Hamilton	367,375	O	O
+–	375,376	O	O
+
+Jacobi	376,382	O	O
+equation	383,391	O	O
+in	392,394	O	O
+the	395,398	O	O
+limit	399,404	O	O
+where	405,410	O	O
+terms	411,416	O	O
+involving	417,426	O	O
+ℏ	427,428	O	O
+are	429,432	O	O
+neglected	433,442	O	O
+.	442,443	O	O
+
+In	444,446	O	O
+contrast	447,455	O	O
+to	456,458	O	O
+this	459,463	O	O
+approach	464,472	O	O
+,	472,473	O	O
+in	474,476	O	O
+this	477,481	O	O
+Letter	482,488	O	O
+we	489,491	O	O
+show	492,496	O	O
+that	497,501	O	O
+the	502,505	O	O
+classical	506,515	O	O
+trajectories	516,528	O	O
+arise	529,534	O	O
+from	535,539	O	O
+a	540,541	O	O
+short	542,547	O	B-Process
+-	547,548	O	I-Process
+time	548,552	O	I-Process
+quantum	553,560	O	I-Process
+propagator	561,571	O	I-Process
+when	572,576	O	O
+terms	577,582	O	O
+of	583,585	O	O
+O(Δt2	586,591	O	O
+)	591,592	O	O
+can	593,596	O	O
+be	597,599	O	O
+neglected	600,609	O	O
+.	609,610	O	O
+
+This	611,615	O	O
+fact	616,620	O	O
+was	621,624	O	O
+actually	625,633	O	O
+already	634,641	O	O
+observed	642,650	O	O
+by	651,653	O	O
+Holland	654,661	O	O
+some	662,666	O	O
+twenty	667,673	O	O
+years	674,679	O	O
+ago	680,683	O	O
+:	683,684	O	O
+
+In	685,687	O	O
+page	688,692	O	O
+269	693,696	O	O
+of	697,699	O	O
+his	700,703	O	O
+book	704,708	O	O
+[	709,710	O	O
+6	710,711	O	O
+]	711,712	O	O
+infinitesimal	713,726	O	B-Material
+time	727,731	O	I-Material
+intervals	732,741	O	I-Material
+are	742,745	O	O
+considered	746,756	O	O
+whose	757,762	O	O
+sequence	763,771	O	O
+constructs	772,782	O	O
+a	783,784	O	O
+finite	785,791	O	O
+path	792,796	O	O
+.	796,797	O	O
+
+It	798,800	O	O
+is	801,803	O	O
+shown	804,809	O	O
+that	810,814	O	O
+along	815,820	O	O
+each	821,825	O	O
+segment	826,833	O	O
+the	834,837	O	O
+motion	838,844	O	O
+is	845,847	O	O
+classical	848,857	O	O
+(	858,859	O	O
+negligible	859,869	O	O
+quantum	870,877	O	O
+potential	878,887	O	O
+)	887,888	O	O
+,	888,889	O	O
+and	890,893	O	O
+that	894,898	O	O
+it	899,901	O	O
+follows	902,909	O	O
+that	910,914	O	O
+the	915,918	O	O
+quantum	919,926	O	O
+path	927,931	O	O
+may	932,935	O	O
+be	936,938	O	O
+decomposed	939,949	O	O
+into	950,954	O	O
+a	955,956	O	O
+sequence	957,965	O	O
+of	966,968	O	O
+segments	969,977	O	O
+along	978,983	O	O
+each	984,988	O	O
+of	989,991	O	O
+which	992,997	O	O
+the	998,1001	O	O
+classical	1002,1011	O	O
+action	1012,1018	O	O
+is	1019,1021	O	O
+a	1022,1023	O	O
+minimum	1024,1031	O	O
+.	1031,1032	O	O
+
+The	1033,1036	O	O
+novel	1037,1042	O	O
+contribution	1043,1055	O	O
+of	1056,1058	O	O
+the	1059,1062	O	O
+present	1063,1070	O	O
+Letter	1071,1077	O	O
+is	1078,1080	O	O
+an	1081,1083	O	O
+improved	1084,1092	O	O
+proof	1093,1098	O	O
+of	1099,1101	O	O
+Hollandʼs	1102,1111	O	O
+result	1112,1118	O	O
+using	1119,1124	O	O
+an	1125,1127	O	O
+improved	1128,1136	O	O
+version	1137,1144	O	O
+of	1145,1147	O	O
+the	1148,1151	O	O
+propagator	1152,1162	O	B-Process
+due	1163,1166	O	O
+to	1167,1169	O	O
+Makri	1170,1175	O	O
+and	1176,1179	O	O
+Miller	1180,1186	O	O
+[	1187,1188	O	O
+9,10	1188,1192	O	O
+]	1192,1193	O	O
+.	1193,1194	O	O
+
+(	1195,1196	O	O
+See	1196,1199	O	O
+also	1200,1204	O	O
+de	1205,1207	O	O
+Gosson	1208,1214	O	O
+[	1215,1216	O	O
+3	1216,1217	O	O
+]	1217,1218	O	O
+for	1219,1222	O	O
+a	1223,1224	O	O
+further	1225,1232	O	O
+discussion	1233,1243	O	O
+.	1243,1244	O	O
+)	1244,1245	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0375960113010839)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+goal	4,8	O	O
+of	9,11	O	O
+the	12,15	O	O
+glued	16,21	O	B-Process
+trees	22,27	O	I-Process
+(	28,29	O	O
+GT	29,31	O	B-Process
+)	31,32	O	O
+algorithm	33,42	O	O
+for	43,46	O	O
+quantum	47,54	O	B-Task
+search	55,61	O	I-Task
+is	62,64	O	O
+the	65,68	O	O
+following	69,78	O	O
+:	78,79	O	O
+beginning	80,89	O	O
+from	90,94	O	O
+the	95,98	O	O
+left	99,103	O	O
+-	103,104	O	O
+most	104,108	O	O
+vertex	109,115	O	O
+of	116,118	O	O
+a	119,120	O	O
+given	121,126	O	O
+GT	127,129	O	B-Material
+graph	130,135	O	I-Material
+,	135,136	O	O
+traverse	137,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+graph	150,155	O	B-Material
+and	156,159	O	O
+reach	160,165	O	O
+the	166,169	O	O
+right	170,175	O	O
+-	175,176	O	O
+most	176,180	O	O
+vertex	181,187	O	O
+,	187,188	O	O
+referred	189,197	O	O
+to	198,200	O	O
+as	201,203	O	O
+the	204,207	O	O
+target	208,214	O	O
+vertex	215,221	O	O
+.	221,222	O	O
+
+Childs	223,229	O	O
+et	230,232	O	O
+al	233,235	O	O
+.	235,236	O	O
+
+[	237,238	O	O
+1	238,239	O	O
+]	239,240	O	O
+use	241,244	O	O
+this	245,249	O	O
+algorithm	250,259	O	O
+to	260,262	O	O
+show	263,267	O	O
+quantum	268,275	O	B-Task
+walk	276,280	O	I-Task
+search	281,287	O	I-Task
+to	288,290	O	O
+be	291,293	O	O
+fundamentally	294,307	O	O
+more	308,312	O	O
+effective	313,322	O	O
+than	323,327	O	O
+classical	328,337	O	B-Task
+random	338,344	O	I-Task
+walk	345,349	O	I-Task
+search	350,356	O	I-Task
+by	357,359	O	O
+presenting	360,370	O	O
+a	371,372	O	O
+class	373,378	O	B-Material
+of	379,381	O	I-Material
+graphs	382,388	O	I-Material
+(	389,390	O	O
+the	390,393	O	O
+GT	394,396	O	B-Material
+graphs	397,403	O	I-Material
+)	403,404	O	O
+that	405,409	O	O
+force	410,415	O	O
+classical	416,425	O	B-Task
+random	426,432	O	I-Task
+walks	433,438	O	I-Task
+to	439,441	O	O
+make	442,446	O	O
+exponentially	447,460	O	O
+many	461,465	O	O
+queries	466,473	O	O
+to	474,476	O	O
+an	477,479	O	O
+oracle	480,486	O	O
+encoding	487,495	O	O
+the	496,499	O	O
+structure	500,509	O	O
+of	510,512	O	O
+the	513,516	O	O
+graph	517,522	O	O
+,	522,523	O	O
+but	524,527	O	O
+that	528,532	O	O
+are	533,536	O	O
+traversable	537,548	O	O
+by	549,551	O	O
+quantum	552,559	O	O
+walks	560,565	O	O
+with	566,570	O	O
+a	571,572	O	O
+polynomial	573,583	O	O
+number	584,590	O	O
+of	591,593	O	O
+queries	594,601	O	O
+to	602,604	O	O
+such	605,609	O	O
+an	610,612	O	O
+oracle	613,619	O	O
+.	619,620	O	O
+
+In	621,623	O	O
+order	624,629	O	O
+to	630,632	O	O
+study	633,638	O	O
+the	639,642	O	O
+robustness	643,653	O	O
+of	654,656	O	O
+the	657,660	O	O
+algorithm	661,670	O	O
+to	671,673	O	O
+the	674,677	O	O
+detrimental	678,689	O	O
+effects	690,697	O	O
+of	698,700	O	O
+decoherence	701,712	O	O
+,	712,713	O	O
+we	714,716	O	O
+shall	717,722	O	O
+determine	723,732	O	O
+how	733,736	O	O
+effectively	737,748	O	O
+it	749,751	O	O
+achieves	752,760	O	O
+its	761,764	O	O
+goal	765,769	O	O
+when	770,774	O	O
+subjected	775,784	O	O
+to	785,787	O	O
+an	788,790	O	O
+increasing	791,801	O	B-Process
+degree	802,808	O	I-Process
+of	809,811	O	I-Process
+phase	812,817	O	I-Process
+damping	818,825	O	I-Process
+noise	826,831	O	I-Process
+.	831,832	O	O
+
+For	833,836	O	O
+this	837,841	O	O
+reason	842,848	O	O
+,	848,849	O	O
+we	850,852	O	O
+will	853,857	O	O
+focus	858,863	O	O
+on	864,866	O	O
+the	867,870	O	O
+probability	871,882	O	O
+that	883,887	O	O
+the	888,891	O	O
+walker	892,898	O	O
+is	899,901	O	O
+on	902,904	O	O
+the	905,908	O	O
+target	909,915	O	O
+vertex	916,922	O	O
+at	923,925	O	O
+the	926,929	O	O
+end	930,933	O	O
+of	934,936	O	O
+the	937,940	O	O
+walk	941,945	O	O
+.	945,946	O	O
+
+We	947,949	O	O
+thus	950,954	O	O
+consider	955,963	O	O
+GT	964,966	O	B-Material
+graphs	967,973	O	I-Material
+such	974,978	O	O
+as	979,981	O	O
+the	982,985	O	O
+one	986,989	O	O
+illustrated	990,1001	O	O
+in	1002,1004	O	O
+Fig	1005,1008	O	O
+.	1008,1009	O	O
+
+1(b	1010,1013	O	O
+)	1013,1014	O	O
+,	1014,1015	O	O
+i.e.	1016,1020	O	O
+consisting	1021,1031	O	O
+of	1032,1034	O	O
+n	1035,1036	O	O
+layers	1037,1043	O	O
+before	1044,1050	O	O
+the	1051,1054	O	O
+gluing	1055,1061	O	B-Process
+stage	1062,1067	O	I-Process
+,	1067,1068	O	O
+and	1069,1072	O	O
+thus	1073,1077	O	O
+labelled	1078,1086	O	O
+as	1087,1089	O	O
+G′n	1090,1093	O	O
+.	1093,1094	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0375960115004120)
+
+Another	0,7	O	O
+remarkable	8,18	O	O
+feature	19,26	O	O
+of	27,29	O	O
+the	30,33	O	O
+quantum	34,41	O	B-Task
+field	42,47	O	I-Task
+treatment	48,57	O	I-Task
+can	58,61	O	O
+be	62,64	O	O
+revealed	65,73	O	O
+from	74,78	O	O
+the	79,82	O	O
+investigation	83,96	O	O
+of	97,99	O	O
+the	100,103	O	O
+vacuum	104,110	O	B-Material
+state	111,116	O	I-Material
+.	116,117	O	O
+
+For	118,121	O	O
+a	122,123	O	O
+classical	124,133	O	O
+field	134,139	O	O
+,	139,140	O	O
+vacuum	141,147	O	B-Material
+is	148,150	O	O
+realized	151,159	O	O
+by	160,162	O	O
+simply	163,169	O	O
+setting	170,177	O	O
+the	178,181	O	O
+potential	182,191	O	O
+to	192,194	O	O
+zero	195,199	O	O
+resulting	200,209	O	O
+in	210,212	O	O
+an	213,215	O	O
+unaltered	216,225	O	O
+,	225,226	O	O
+free	227,231	O	O
+evolution	232,241	O	O
+of	242,244	O	O
+the	245,248	O	O
+particle	249,257	O	B-Material
+'s	257,259	O	I-Material
+plane	260,265	O	I-Material
+wave	266,270	O	I-Material
+(	271,272	O	O
+|ψI〉=|ψIII〉=|k0	272,287	O	O
+〉	287,288	O	O
+)	288,289	O	O
+.	289,290	O	O
+
+In	291,293	O	O
+the	294,297	O	O
+quantized	298,307	O	B-Task
+treatment	308,317	O	I-Task
+,	317,318	O	O
+vacuum	319,325	O	B-Material
+is	326,328	O	O
+represented	329,340	O	O
+by	341,343	O	O
+an	344,346	O	O
+initial	347,354	O	O
+Fock	355,359	O	O
+state	360,365	O	O
+|n0=0	366,371	O	O
+〉	371,372	O	O
+which	373,378	O	O
+still	379,384	O	O
+interacts	385,394	O	O
+with	395,399	O	O
+the	400,403	O	O
+particle	404,412	O	O
+and	413,416	O	O
+yields	417,423	O	O
+as	424,426	O	O
+final	427,432	O	O
+state	433,438	O	O
+|ΨIII	439,444	O	O
+〉	444,445	O	O
+behind	446,452	O	O
+the	453,456	O	O
+field	457,462	O	O
+region(19)|ΨI〉=|k0〉⊗|0〉⇒|ΨIII〉=∑n=0∞t0n|k−n〉⊗|n	463,510	O	O
+〉	510,511	O	O
+with	512,516	O	O
+a	517,518	O	O
+photon	519,525	O	O
+exchange	526,534	O	O
+probability(20)P0,n=|t0n|2=1n!e−Λ2Λ2n	535,572	O	O
+The	573,576	O	O
+particle	577,585	O	O
+thus	586,590	O	O
+transfers	591,600	O	O
+energy	601,607	O	O
+to	608,610	O	O
+the	611,614	O	O
+vacuum	615,621	O	O
+field	622,627	O	O
+leading	628,635	O	O
+to	636,638	O	O
+a	639,640	O	O
+Poissonian	641,651	O	O
+distributed	652,663	O	O
+final	664,669	O	O
+photon	670,676	O	O
+number	677,683	O	O
+.	683,684	O	O
+
+Let	685,688	O	O
+'s	688,690	O	O
+consider	691,699	O	O
+,	699,700	O	O
+for	701,704	O	O
+example	705,712	O	O
+,	712,713	O	O
+a	714,715	O	O
+superconducting	716,731	O	B-Material
+resonant	732,740	O	I-Material
+circuit	741,748	O	I-Material
+as	749,751	O	O
+source	752,758	O	O
+of	759,761	O	O
+the	762,765	O	O
+field	766,771	O	O
+.	771,772	O	O
+
+The	773,776	O	O
+magnetic	777,785	O	B-Material
+field	786,791	O	I-Material
+along	792,797	O	O
+the	798,801	O	O
+axis	802,806	O	O
+of	807,809	O	O
+a	810,811	O	O
+properly	812,820	O	B-Material
+shaped	821,827	O	I-Material
+coil	828,832	O	I-Material
+is	833,835	O	O
+well	836,840	O	O
+approximated	841,853	O	O
+by	854,856	O	O
+the	857,860	O	O
+rectangular	861,872	O	O
+form	873,877	O	O
+.	877,878	O	O
+
+A	879,880	O	O
+particle	881,889	O	B-Material
+with	890,894	O	O
+a	895,896	O	O
+magnetic	897,905	O	O
+dipole	906,912	O	O
+moment	913,919	O	O
+passing	920,927	O	O
+through	928,935	O	O
+the	936,939	O	O
+coil	940,944	O	O
+then	945,949	O	O
+interacts	950,959	O	O
+with	960,964	O	O
+the	965,968	O	O
+circuit	969,976	O	O
+and	977,980	O	O
+excites	981,988	O	O
+it	989,991	O	O
+with	992,996	O	O
+a	997,998	O	O
+measurable	999,1009	O	O
+loss	1010,1014	O	O
+of	1015,1017	O	O
+kinetic	1018,1025	O	O
+energy	1026,1032	O	O
+even	1033,1037	O	O
+if	1038,1040	O	O
+the	1041,1044	O	O
+circuit	1045,1052	O	O
+is	1053,1055	O	O
+initially	1056,1065	O	O
+uncharged	1066,1075	O	O
+and	1076,1079	O	O
+there	1080,1085	O	O
+is	1086,1088	O	O
+classically	1089,1100	O	O
+no	1101,1103	O	O
+field	1104,1109	O	O
+it	1110,1112	O	O
+can	1113,1116	O	O
+couple	1117,1123	O	O
+to	1124,1126	O	O
+.	1126,1127	O	O
+
+The	1128,1131	O	O
+phenomenon	1132,1142	O	O
+that	1143,1147	O	O
+vacuum	1148,1154	O	B-Material
+in	1155,1157	O	O
+quantum	1158,1165	O	O
+field	1166,1171	O	O
+theory	1172,1178	O	O
+does	1179,1183	O	O
+not	1184,1187	O	O
+mean	1188,1192	O	O
+to	1193,1195	O	O
+“	1196,1197	O	O
+no	1197,1199	O	O
+influence	1200,1209	O	O
+”	1209,1210	O	O
+as	1211,1213	O	O
+known	1214,1219	O	O
+from	1220,1224	O	O
+Casimir	1225,1232	O	B-Process
+forces	1233,1239	O	I-Process
+or	1240,1242	O	I-Process
+Lamb	1243,1247	O	I-Process
+shift	1248,1253	O	I-Process
+is	1254,1256	O	O
+clearly	1257,1264	O	O
+visible	1265,1272	O	O
+here	1273,1277	O	O
+as	1278,1280	O	O
+well	1281,1285	O	O
+.	1285,1286	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0375960115005630)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+systems	4,11	O	O
+in	12,14	O	O
+which	15,20	O	O
+the	21,24	O	O
+Stern	25,30	O	B-Process
+–	30,31	O	I-Process
+Gerlach	31,38	O	I-Process
+force	39,44	O	I-Process
+is	45,47	O	O
+most	48,52	O	O
+prominent	53,62	O	O
+are	63,66	O	O
+those	67,72	O	O
+with	73,77	O	O
+a	78,79	O	O
+high	80,84	O	O
+electromagnetic	85,100	O	B-Process
+field	101,106	O	I-Process
+gradient	107,115	O	I-Process
+.	115,116	O	O
+
+Section	117,124	O	O
+2	125,126	O	O
+considers	127,136	O	O
+the	137,140	O	O
+implications	141,153	O	O
+of	154,156	O	O
+the	157,160	O	O
+coupling	161,169	O	O
+between	170,177	O	O
+the	178,181	O	O
+spin	182,186	O	O
+of	187,189	O	O
+a	190,191	O	O
+classical	192,201	O	O
+electron	202,210	O	B-Material
+and	211,214	O	O
+the	215,218	O	O
+rapidly	219,226	O	O
+varying	227,234	O	O
+electromagnetic	235,250	O	B-Material
+field	251,256	O	I-Material
+produced	257,265	O	O
+by	266,268	O	O
+a	269,270	O	O
+laser	271,276	O	B-Process
+-	276,277	O	I-Process
+driven	277,283	O	I-Process
+plasma	284,290	O	I-Process
+wave	291,295	O	I-Process
+.	295,296	O	O
+
+Sufficiently	297,309	O	O
+short	310,315	O	O
+,	315,316	O	O
+high	317,321	O	B-Process
+-	321,322	O	I-Process
+intensity	322,331	O	I-Process
+laser	332,337	O	I-Process
+pulses	338,344	O	I-Process
+can	345,348	O	O
+form	349,353	O	O
+longitudinal	354,366	O	B-Material
+waves	367,372	O	I-Material
+within	373,379	O	O
+the	380,383	O	O
+electron	384,392	O	O
+density	393,400	O	O
+of	401,403	O	O
+a	404,405	O	O
+plasma	406,412	O	B-Material
+.	412,413	O	O
+
+These	414,419	O	O
+density	420,427	O	B-Material
+waves	428,433	O	I-Material
+propagate	434,443	O	O
+with	444,448	O	O
+speed	449,454	O	O
+comparable	455,465	O	O
+to	466,468	O	O
+the	469,472	O	O
+group	473,478	O	O
+speed	479,484	O	O
+of	485,487	O	O
+the	488,491	O	O
+laser	492,497	O	B-Process
+pulse	498,503	O	I-Process
+.	503,504	O	O
+
+Not	505,508	O	O
+all	509,512	O	O
+plasma	513,519	O	B-Material
+electrons	520,529	O	I-Material
+form	530,534	O	O
+this	535,539	O	O
+wave	540,544	O	O
+,	544,545	O	O
+however	546,553	O	O
+;	553,554	O	O
+some	555,559	O	O
+of	560,562	O	O
+the	563,566	O	O
+electrons	567,576	O	B-Material
+are	577,580	O	O
+caught	581,587	O	O
+up	588,590	O	O
+in	591,593	O	O
+the	594,597	O	O
+wave	598,602	O	O
+and	603,606	O	O
+accelerated	607,618	O	O
+by	619,621	O	O
+its	622,625	O	O
+high	626,630	O	O
+fields	631,637	O	O
+.	637,638	O	O
+
+The	639,642	O	O
+wave	643,647	O	O
+eventually	648,658	O	O
+collapses	659,668	O	O
+as	669,671	O	O
+these	672,677	O	O
+electrons	678,687	O	B-Process
+damp	688,692	O	I-Process
+the	693,696	O	I-Process
+wave	697,701	O	I-Process
+(	702,703	O	O
+the	703,706	O	O
+wave	707,711	O	B-Process
+‘	712,713	O	I-Process
+breaks’	713,720	O	I-Process
+)	720,721	O	O
+.	721,722	O	O
+
+The	723,726	O	O
+extremely	727,736	O	O
+high	737,741	O	B-Material
+electric	742,750	O	I-Material
+field	751,756	O	I-Material
+gradient	757,765	O	I-Material
+of	766,768	O	I-Material
+a	769,770	O	I-Material
+plasma	771,777	O	I-Material
+wave	778,782	O	I-Material
+near	783,787	O	O
+wavebreaking	788,800	O	O
+provides	801,809	O	O
+an	810,812	O	O
+excellent	813,822	O	O
+theoretical	823,834	O	O
+testing	835,842	O	O
+ground	843,849	O	O
+for	850,853	O	O
+the	854,857	O	O
+effects	858,865	O	O
+of	866,868	O	O
+Stern	869,874	O	B-Task
+–	874,875	O	I-Task
+Gerlach	875,882	O	I-Task
+-	882,883	O	I-Task
+type	883,887	O	I-Task
+contributions	888,901	O	I-Task
+to	902,904	O	O
+the	905,908	O	O
+trajectory	909,919	O	O
+of	920,922	O	O
+a	923,924	O	O
+test	925,929	O	O
+electron	930,938	O	B-Material
+.	938,939	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377025713001031)
+
+Flow	0,4	O	O
+-	4,5	O	O
+induced	5,12	O	O
+deformations	13,25	O	O
+can	26,29	O	O
+lead	30,34	O	O
+to	35,37	O	O
+irreversible	38,50	O	O
+changes	51,58	O	O
+in	59,61	O	O
+the	62,65	O	O
+structure	66,75	O	O
+of	76,78	O	O
+a	79,80	O	O
+polymeric	81,90	O	B-Material
+fluid	91,96	O	I-Material
+;	96,97	O	O
+if	98,100	O	O
+the	101,104	O	O
+rate	105,109	O	O
+of	110,112	O	O
+extension	113,122	O	O
+far	123,126	O	O
+exceeds	127,134	O	O
+the	135,138	O	O
+rate	139,143	O	O
+of	144,146	O	O
+relaxation	147,157	O	O
+,	157,158	O	O
+then	159,163	O	O
+the	164,167	O	O
+polymer	168,175	O	O
+chain	176,181	O	O
+can	182,185	O	O
+be	186,188	O	O
+broken	189,195	O	O
+.	195,196	O	O
+
+Mechanical	197,207	O	O
+degradation	208,219	O	O
+of	220,222	O	O
+polymers	223,231	O	B-Material
+in	232,234	O	O
+extensional	235,246	O	O
+flow	247,251	O	O
+has	252,255	O	O
+long	256,260	O	O
+been	261,265	O	O
+recognised	266,276	O	O
+[	277,278	O	O
+30	278,280	O	O
+]	280,281	O	O
+and	282,285	O	O
+leads	286,291	O	O
+to	292,294	O	O
+a	295,296	O	O
+reduction	297,306	O	B-Process
+in	307,309	O	I-Process
+the	310,313	O	I-Process
+average	314,321	O	I-Process
+molecular	322,331	O	I-Process
+weight	332,338	O	I-Process
+.	338,339	O	O
+
+A	340,341	O	O
+-	341,342	O	O
+Alamry	342,348	O	O
+et	349,351	O	O
+al	352,354	O	O
+.	354,355	O	O
+
+[	356,357	O	O
+1	357,358	O	O
+]	358,359	O	O
+have	360,364	O	O
+recently	365,373	O	O
+reported	374,382	O	O
+evidence	383,391	O	O
+of	392,394	O	O
+flow	395,399	O	O
+-	399,400	O	O
+induced	400,407	O	O
+polymer	408,415	O	O
+degradation	416,427	O	O
+in	428,430	O	O
+DoD	431,434	O	B-Process
+jetting	435,442	O	I-Process
+.	442,443	O	O
+
+Central	444,451	O	B-Task
+scission	452,460	O	I-Task
+is	461,463	O	O
+observed	464,472	O	O
+for	473,476	O	O
+polystyrene	477,488	O	B-Material
+in	489,491	O	O
+a	492,493	O	O
+number	494,500	O	O
+of	501,503	O	O
+good	504,508	O	O
+solvents	509,517	O	O
+under	518,523	O	O
+certain	524,531	O	O
+jetting	532,539	O	O
+conditions	540,550	O	O
+for	551,554	O	O
+a	555,556	O	O
+bounded	557,564	O	O
+range	565,570	O	O
+of	571,573	O	O
+molecular	574,583	O	O
+weights	584,591	O	O
+.	591,592	O	O
+
+Since	593,598	O	O
+only	599,603	O	O
+those	604,609	O	O
+molecules	610,619	O	O
+that	620,624	O	O
+are	625,628	O	O
+fully	629,634	O	O
+extended	635,643	O	O
+can	644,647	O	O
+be	648,650	O	O
+fractured	651,660	O	O
+at	661,663	O	O
+the	664,667	O	O
+centre	668,674	O	O
+of	675,677	O	O
+the	678,681	O	O
+polymer	682,689	O	O
+chain	690,695	O	O
+[	696,697	O	O
+29	697,699	O	O
+]	699,700	O	O
+,	700,701	O	O
+in	702,704	O	O
+this	705,709	O	O
+paper	710,715	O	O
+we	716,718	O	O
+investigate	719,730	O	O
+whether	731,738	O	O
+flow	739,743	O	B-Task
+-	743,744	O	I-Task
+induced	744,751	O	I-Task
+central	752,759	O	I-Task
+scission	760,768	O	I-Task
+is	769,771	O	O
+possible	772,780	O	O
+under	781,786	O	O
+the	787,790	O	O
+conditions	791,801	O	O
+of	802,804	O	O
+DoD	805,808	O	B-Process
+jetting	809,816	O	I-Process
+.	816,817	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377025714000135)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+conclusion	5,15	O	O
+is	16,18	O	O
+a	19,20	O	O
+consequence	21,32	O	O
+of	33,35	O	O
+the	36,39	O	O
+high	40,44	O	O
+jet	45,48	O	O
+speeds	49,55	O	O
+and	56,59	O	O
+small	60,65	O	O
+nozzle	66,72	O	O
+diameters	73,82	O	O
+in	83,85	O	O
+combination	86,97	O	O
+with	98,102	O	O
+the	103,106	O	O
+relatively	107,117	O	O
+high	118,122	O	O
+viscosity	123,132	O	O
+solvent	133,140	O	O
+and	141,144	O	O
+modest	145,151	O	O
+molecular	152,161	O	O
+weights	162,169	O	O
+of	170,172	O	O
+the	173,176	O	O
+polystyrene	177,188	O	B-Material
+,	188,189	O	O
+which	190,195	O	O
+results	196,203	O	O
+in	204,206	O	O
+high	207,211	O	O
+Weissenberg	212,223	O	O
+numbers	224,231	O	O
+and	232,235	O	O
+moderate	236,244	O	O
+values	245,251	O	O
+of	252,254	O	O
+the	255,258	O	O
+extensibility	259,272	O	O
+,	272,273	O	O
+L	274,275	O	O
+studied	276,283	O	O
+here	284,288	O	O
+.	288,289	O	O
+
+As	290,292	O	O
+discussed	293,302	O	O
+in	303,305	O	O
+earlier	306,313	O	O
+papers	314,320	O	O
+[	321,322	O	O
+3,6	322,325	O	O
+]	325,326	O	O
+,	326,327	O	O
+other	328,333	O	O
+jetting	334,341	O	B-Process
+fluid	342,347	O	I-Process
+combinations	348,360	O	I-Process
+,	360,361	O	O
+such	362,366	O	O
+as	367,369	O	O
+those	370,375	O	O
+of	376,378	O	O
+de	379,381	O	O
+Gans	382,386	O	O
+et	387,389	O	O
+al	390,392	O	O
+.	392,393	O	O
+
+[	394,395	O	O
+4	395,396	O	O
+]	396,397	O	O
+,	397,398	O	O
+lie	399,402	O	O
+in	403,405	O	O
+a	406,407	O	O
+different	408,417	O	O
+jetting	418,425	O	O
+regime	426,432	O	O
+where	433,438	O	O
+full	439,443	O	O
+extension	444,453	O	O
+does	454,458	O	O
+not	459,462	O	O
+occur	463,468	O	O
+and	469,472	O	O
+relaxation	473,483	O	O
+time	484,488	O	O
+controls	489,497	O	O
+the	498,501	O	O
+viscoelastic	502,514	O	O
+behaviour	515,524	O	O
+.	524,525	O	O
+
+Consequently	526,538	O	O
+inkjet	539,545	O	B-Process
+fluid	546,551	O	I-Process
+assessment	552,562	O	I-Process
+methods	563,570	O	I-Process
+need	571,575	O	O
+to	576,578	O	O
+provide	579,586	O	B-Task
+a	587,588	O	I-Task
+full	589,593	O	I-Task
+characterisation	594,610	O	I-Task
+including	611,620	O	I-Task
+both	621,625	O	I-Task
+linear	626,632	O	I-Task
+and	633,636	O	I-Task
+nonlinear	637,646	O	I-Task
+viscoelastic	647,659	O	I-Task
+properties	660,670	O	I-Task
+.	670,671	O	O
+
+This	672,676	O	O
+complexity	677,687	O	O
+suggests	688,696	O	O
+assessments	697,708	O	O
+of	709,711	O	O
+inkjet	712,718	O	B-Material
+fluids	719,725	O	I-Material
+might	726,731	O	O
+have	732,736	O	O
+to	737,739	O	O
+include	740,747	O	O
+jetting	748,755	O	O
+from	756,760	O	O
+sets	761,765	O	O
+of	766,768	O	O
+DoD	769,772	O	B-Process
+print	773,778	O	I-Process
+head	779,783	O	I-Process
+devices	784,791	O	I-Process
+with	792,796	O	O
+different	797,806	O	O
+sensitivities	807,820	O	O
+to	821,823	O	O
+all	824,827	O	O
+the	828,831	O	O
+various	832,839	O	O
+VE	840,842	O	O
+parameters	843,853	O	O
+[	854,855	O	O
+37	855,857	O	O
+]	857,858	O	O
+,	858,859	O	O
+rather	860,866	O	O
+than	867,871	O	O
+reliance	872,880	O	O
+on	881,883	O	O
+testing	884,891	O	O
+without	892,899	O	O
+jetting	900,907	O	B-Process
+.	907,908	O	O
+
+This	909,913	O	O
+was	914,917	O	O
+not	918,921	O	O
+the	922,925	O	O
+expected	926,934	O	O
+outcome	935,942	O	O
+from	943,947	O	O
+the	948,951	O	O
+present	952,959	O	O
+work	960,964	O	O
+but	965,968	O	O
+does	969,973	O	O
+echo	974,978	O	O
+the	979,982	O	O
+very	983,987	O	O
+pragmatic	988,997	O	O
+viewpoint	998,1007	O	O
+expressed	1008,1017	O	O
+as	1018,1020	O	O
+a	1021,1022	O	O
+“	1023,1024	O	B-Process
+map	1024,1027	O	I-Process
+of	1028,1030	O	I-Process
+misery	1031,1037	O	I-Process
+”	1037,1038	O	I-Process
+by	1039,1041	O	O
+Clasen	1042,1048	O	O
+et	1049,1051	O	O
+al	1052,1054	O	O
+.	1054,1055	O	O
+
+[	1056,1057	O	O
+38	1057,1059	O	O
+]	1059,1060	O	O
+and	1061,1064	O	O
+may	1065,1068	O	O
+provide	1069,1076	O	O
+a	1077,1078	O	O
+way	1079,1082	O	O
+forward	1083,1090	O	O
+for	1091,1094	O	O
+future	1095,1101	O	O
+R&D	1102,1105	O	O
+strategies	1106,1116	O	O
+towards	1117,1124	O	O
+ink	1125,1128	O	B-Task
+testing	1129,1136	O	I-Task
+.	1136,1137	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377025714000317)
+
+Denier	0,6	O	O
+and	7,10	O	O
+Hewitt	11,17	O	O
+[	18,19	O	O
+12	19,21	O	O
+]	21,22	O	O
+have	23,27	O	O
+shown	28,33	O	O
+that	34,38	O	O
+bounded	39,46	O	O
+solutions	47,56	O	O
+to	57,59	O	O
+9a	60,62	O	O
+,	62,63	O	O
+9b	64,66	O	O
+and	67,70	O	O
+9c	71,73	O	O
+subject	74,81	O	O
+to	82,84	O	O
+(	85,86	O	O
+10a	86,89	O	O
+)	89,90	O	O
+and	91,94	O	O
+(	95,96	O	O
+10b	96,99	O	O
+)	99,100	O	O
+exist	101,106	O	O
+only	107,111	O	O
+in	112,114	O	O
+the	115,118	O	O
+shear	119,124	O	O
+-	124,125	O	O
+thinning	125,133	O	O
+case	134,138	O	O
+for	139,142	O	O
+n>12	143,147	O	O
+.	147,148	O	O
+
+In	149,151	O	O
+the	152,155	O	O
+shear	156,161	O	B-Process
+-	161,162	O	I-Process
+thickening	162,172	O	I-Process
+case	173,177	O	O
+they	178,182	O	O
+have	183,187	O	O
+shown	188,193	O	O
+that	194,198	O	O
+solutions	199,208	O	B-Material
+become	209,215	O	O
+non	216,219	O	O
+-	219,220	O	O
+differentiable	220,234	O	O
+at	235,237	O	O
+some	238,242	O	O
+critical	243,251	O	O
+location	252,260	O	O
+ηc	261,263	O	O
+,	263,264	O	O
+and	265,268	O	O
+although	269,277	O	O
+it	278,280	O	O
+transpires	281,291	O	O
+that	292,296	O	O
+this	297,301	O	O
+singularity	302,313	O	B-Process
+can	314,317	O	O
+be	318,320	O	O
+regularised	321,332	O	O
+entirely	333,341	O	O
+within	342,348	O	O
+the	349,352	O	O
+context	353,360	O	O
+of	361,363	O	O
+the	364,367	O	O
+power	368,373	O	B-Process
+-	373,374	O	I-Process
+law	374,377	O	I-Process
+model	378,383	O	I-Process
+,	383,384	O	O
+we	385,387	O	O
+will	388,392	O	O
+not	393,396	O	O
+consider	397,405	O	O
+such	406,410	O	O
+flows	411,416	O	B-Material
+here	417,421	O	O
+.	421,422	O	O
+
+Thus	423,427	O	O
+in	428,430	O	O
+this	431,435	O	O
+study	436,441	O	O
+we	442,444	O	O
+will	445,449	O	O
+consider	450,458	O	O
+flows	459,464	O	B-Material
+with	465,469	O	O
+power	470,475	O	O
+-	475,476	O	O
+law	476,479	O	O
+index	480,485	O	O
+in	486,488	O	O
+the	489,492	O	O
+range	493,498	O	O
+12<n⩽1	499,505	O	O
+.	505,506	O	O
+
+They	507,511	O	O
+have	512,516	O	O
+also	517,521	O	O
+shown	522,527	O	O
+that	528,532	O	O
+for	533,536	O	O
+12<n<1	537,543	O	O
+to	544,546	O	O
+ensure	547,553	O	O
+the	554,557	O	O
+correct	558,565	O	B-Process
+algebraic	566,575	O	I-Process
+decay	576,581	O	I-Process
+in	582,584	O	O
+the	585,588	O	O
+numerical	589,598	O	O
+solutions	599,608	O	O
+one	609,612	O	O
+must	613,617	O	O
+apply	618,623	O	O
+the	624,627	O	O
+Robin	628,633	O	B-Process
+condition(11)(u¯′,v¯′)=nη(n-1)(u¯,v¯)asη→∞,at	634,679	O	I-Process
+some	680,684	O	O
+suitably	685,693	O	O
+large	694,699	O	O
+value	700,705	O	O
+of	706,708	O	O
+η=η∞≫1	709,715	O	O
+.	715,716	O	O
+
+In	717,719	O	O
+the	720,723	O	O
+Newtonian	724,733	O	O
+case	734,738	O	O
+this	739,743	O	O
+relationship	744,756	O	O
+becomes	757,764	O	O
+singular	765,773	O	O
+,	773,774	O	O
+this	775,779	O	O
+is	780,782	O	O
+due	783,786	O	O
+to	787,789	O	O
+the	790,793	O	O
+fact	794,798	O	O
+that	799,803	O	O
+when	804,808	O	O
+n=1	809,812	O	O
+the	813,816	O	O
+functions	817,826	O	O
+u¯	827,829	O	O
+and	830,833	O	O
+v¯	834,836	O	O
+decay	837,842	O	O
+exponentially	843,856	O	O
+.	856,857	O	O
+
+Cochran	858,865	O	O
+[	866,867	O	O
+13	867,869	O	O
+]	869,870	O	O
+showed	871,877	O	O
+that	878,882	O	O
+in	883,885	O	O
+this	886,890	O	O
+case(12)(u¯′,v¯′)=w¯∞(u¯,v¯)asη→∞,where	891,930	O	O
+w∞=-2∫0∞u¯dη.	931,944	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377025714001682)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+order	3,8	O	O
+for	9,12	O	O
+DLS	13,16	O	B-Task
+based	17,22	O	I-Task
+micro	23,28	O	I-Task
+-	28,29	O	I-Task
+rheology	29,37	O	I-Task
+to	38,40	O	O
+be	41,43	O	O
+successful	44,54	O	O
+,	54,55	O	O
+there	56,61	O	O
+must	62,66	O	O
+be	67,69	O	O
+sufficient	70,80	O	O
+scattering	81,91	O	O
+contrast	92,100	O	O
+between	101,108	O	O
+the	109,112	O	O
+sample	113,119	O	B-Material
+and	120,123	O	I-Material
+the	124,127	O	I-Material
+tracer	128,134	O	I-Material
+particles	135,144	O	I-Material
+.	144,145	O	O
+
+In	146,148	O	O
+order	149,154	O	O
+to	155,157	O	O
+achieve	158,165	O	O
+this	166,170	O	O
+,	170,171	O	O
+the	172,175	O	O
+maximum	176,183	O	O
+possible	184,192	O	O
+concentration	193,206	O	O
+of	207,209	O	O
+tracer	210,216	O	B-Material
+particles	217,226	O	I-Material
+was	227,230	O	O
+added	231,236	O	O
+such	237,241	O	O
+that	242,246	O	O
+single	247,253	O	O
+scattering	254,264	O	O
+events	265,271	O	O
+still	272,277	O	O
+dominated	278,287	O	O
+(	288,289	O	O
+as	289,291	O	O
+determined	292,302	O	O
+by	303,305	O	O
+measurements	306,318	O	O
+of	319,321	O	O
+diffusion	322,331	O	O
+coefficients	332,344	O	O
+in	345,347	O	O
+water	348,353	O	B-Material
+at	354,356	O	O
+different	357,366	O	O
+concentrations	367,381	O	O
+)	381,382	O	O
+.	382,383	O	O
+
+In	384,386	O	O
+order	387,392	O	O
+to	393,395	O	O
+determine	396,405	O	O
+whether	406,413	O	O
+or	414,416	O	O
+not	417,420	O	O
+the	421,424	O	O
+background	425,435	O	O
+scattering	436,446	O	O
+from	447,451	O	O
+the	452,455	O	O
+sample	456,462	O	O
+was	463,466	O	O
+sufficiently	467,479	O	O
+low	480,483	O	O
+compared	484,492	O	O
+to	493,495	O	O
+that	496,500	O	O
+of	501,503	O	O
+the	504,507	O	O
+tracer	508,514	O	B-Material
+particles	515,524	O	I-Material
+,	524,525	O	O
+we	526,528	O	O
+also	529,533	O	O
+compared	534,542	O	O
+the	543,546	O	O
+scattering	547,557	O	B-Material
+intensities	558,569	O	I-Material
+obtained	570,578	O	O
+from	579,583	O	O
+samples	584,591	O	O
+with	592,596	O	O
+and	597,600	O	O
+without	601,608	O	O
+tracer	609,615	O	B-Material
+particles	616,625	O	I-Material
+as	626,628	O	O
+a	629,630	O	O
+function	631,639	O	O
+of	640,642	O	O
+time	643,647	O	O
+.	647,648	O	O
+
+The	649,652	O	O
+results	653,660	O	O
+of	661,663	O	O
+this	664,668	O	O
+exercise	669,677	O	O
+are	678,681	O	O
+shown	682,687	O	O
+in	688,690	O	O
+Fig	691,694	O	O
+.	694,695	O	O
+
+6	696,697	O	O
+.	697,698	O	O
+
+From	699,703	O	O
+this	704,708	O	O
+figure	709,715	O	O
+it	716,718	O	O
+can	719,722	O	O
+be	723,725	O	O
+seen	726,730	O	O
+that	731,735	O	O
+although	736,744	O	O
+initially	745,754	O	O
+the	755,758	O	O
+scattering	759,769	O	B-Process
+from	770,774	O	O
+the	775,778	O	O
+sample	779,785	O	O
+without	786,793	O	O
+tracer	794,800	O	B-Material
+particles	801,810	O	I-Material
+is	811,813	O	O
+low	814,817	O	O
+compared	818,826	O	O
+to	827,829	O	O
+those	830,835	O	O
+containing	836,846	O	O
+tracer	847,853	O	B-Material
+particles	854,863	O	I-Material
+,	863,864	O	O
+as	865,867	O	O
+gelation	868,876	O	B-Material
+proceeds	877,885	O	O
+this	886,890	O	O
+eventually	891,901	O	O
+ceases	902,908	O	O
+to	909,911	O	O
+be	912,914	O	O
+the	915,918	O	O
+case	919,923	O	O
+.	923,924	O	O
+
+This	925,929	O	O
+is	930,932	O	O
+presumably	933,943	O	O
+because	944,951	O	O
+of	952,954	O	O
+the	955,958	O	O
+development	959,970	O	O
+of	971,973	O	O
+supra	974,979	O	B-Material
+-	979,980	O	I-Material
+molecular	980,989	O	I-Material
+structures	990,1000	O	I-Material
+,	1000,1001	O	O
+such	1002,1006	O	O
+as	1007,1009	O	O
+those	1010,1015	O	O
+seen	1016,1020	O	O
+previously	1021,1031	O	O
+(	1032,1033	O	O
+Fig	1033,1036	O	O
+.	1036,1037	O	O
+
+2B	1038,1040	O	O
+)	1040,1041	O	O
+.	1041,1042	O	O
+
+Based	1043,1048	O	O
+on	1049,1051	O	O
+the	1052,1055	O	O
+results	1056,1063	O	O
+in	1064,1066	O	O
+Fig	1067,1070	O	O
+.	1070,1071	O	O
+
+6	1072,1073	O	O
+it	1074,1076	O	O
+was	1077,1080	O	O
+decided	1081,1088	O	O
+to	1089,1091	O	O
+only	1092,1096	O	O
+use	1097,1100	O	O
+data	1101,1105	O	O
+collected	1106,1115	O	O
+in	1116,1118	O	O
+the	1119,1122	O	O
+first	1123,1128	O	O
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+of	1136,1138	O	O
+the	1139,1142	O	O
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+,	1153,1154	O	O
+after	1155,1160	O	O
+which	1161,1166	O	O
+point	1167,1172	O	O
+the	1173,1176	O	O
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+from	1188,1192	O	I-Material
+the	1193,1196	O	I-Material
+gel	1197,1200	O	I-Material
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+rather	1216,1222	O	O
+too	1223,1226	O	O
+large	1227,1232	O	O
+to	1233,1235	O	O
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+.	1242,1243	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377025714001931)
+
+Tack	0,4	O	B-Material
+is	5,7	O	O
+an	8,10	O	O
+important	11,20	O	O
+property	21,29	O	O
+of	30,32	O	O
+a	33,34	O	O
+PSA	35,38	O	B-Material
+as	39,41	O	O
+it	42,44	O	O
+quantifies	45,55	O	O
+its	56,59	O	O
+ability	60,67	O	O
+to	68,70	O	O
+form	71,75	O	O
+instantly	76,85	O	O
+a	86,87	O	O
+bond	88,92	O	O
+when	93,97	O	O
+brought	98,105	O	O
+into	106,110	O	O
+contact	111,118	O	O
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+a	124,125	O	O
+surface	126,133	O	O
+.	133,134	O	O
+
+The	135,138	O	O
+final	139,144	O	O
+adhesion	145,153	O	O
+and	154,157	O	O
+cohesive	158,166	O	O
+strength	167,175	O	O
+of	176,178	O	O
+the	179,182	O	O
+bond	183,187	O	O
+are	188,191	O	O
+influenced	192,202	O	O
+by	203,205	O	O
+numerous	206,214	O	O
+factors	215,222	O	O
+including	223,232	O	O
+the	233,236	O	O
+surface	237,244	O	O
+energies	245,253	O	O
+of	254,256	O	O
+the	257,260	O	O
+adhesive	261,269	O	B-Material
+and	270,273	O	O
+substrate	274,283	O	B-Material
+,	283,284	O	O
+dwell	285,290	O	O
+time	291,295	O	O
+,	295,296	O	O
+contact	297,304	O	O
+pressure	305,313	O	O
+,	313,314	O	O
+mechanical	315,325	O	O
+properties	326,336	O	O
+of	337,339	O	O
+the	340,343	O	O
+adhesive	344,352	O	B-Material
+,	352,353	O	O
+as	354,356	O	O
+well	357,361	O	O
+as	362,364	O	O
+environmental	365,378	O	O
+conditions	379,389	O	O
+such	390,394	O	O
+as	395,397	O	O
+temperature	398,409	O	O
+and	410,413	O	O
+humidity	414,422	O	O
+[	423,424	O	O
+8	424,425	O	O
+]	425,426	O	O
+.	426,427	O	O
+
+Therefore	428,437	O	O
+,	437,438	O	O
+tack	439,443	O	O
+is	444,446	O	O
+important	447,456	O	O
+in	457,459	O	O
+many	460,464	O	O
+applications	465,477	O	O
+where	478,483	O	O
+an	484,486	O	O
+instant	487,494	O	O
+bond	495,499	O	O
+is	500,502	O	O
+required	503,511	O	O
+,	511,512	O	O
+however	513,520	O	O
+it	521,523	O	O
+is	524,526	O	O
+equally	527,534	O	O
+important	535,544	O	O
+when	545,549	O	O
+a	550,551	O	O
+‘	552,553	O	B-Task
+clean’	553,559	O	I-Task
+separation	560,570	O	I-Task
+of	571,573	O	O
+the	574,577	O	O
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+bonded	588,594	O	B-Material
+surfaces	595,603	O	I-Material
+is	604,606	O	O
+desirable	607,616	O	O
+.	616,617	O	O
+
+Many	618,622	O	O
+different	623,632	O	O
+methods	633,640	O	O
+for	641,644	O	O
+measuring	645,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+tack	659,663	O	B-Material
+have	664,668	O	O
+been	669,673	O	O
+devised	674,681	O	O
+with	682,686	O	O
+the	687,690	O	O
+four	691,695	O	O
+main	696,700	O	O
+ones	701,705	O	O
+being	706,711	O	O
+the	712,715	O	O
+rolling	716,723	O	B-Process
+ball	724,728	O	I-Process
+,	728,729	O	O
+loop	730,734	O	B-Process
+tack	735,739	O	I-Process
+,	739,740	O	O
+quick	741,746	O	B-Process
+stick	747,752	O	I-Process
+and	753,756	O	O
+probe	757,762	O	B-Process
+tack	763,767	O	I-Process
+tests	768,773	O	B-Process
+[	774,775	O	O
+9	775,776	O	O
+]	776,777	O	O
+.	777,778	O	O
+
+Each	779,783	O	O
+has	784,787	O	O
+its	788,791	O	O
+own	792,795	O	O
+advantages	796,806	O	O
+and	807,810	O	O
+disadvantages	811,824	O	O
+and	825,828	O	O
+the	829,832	O	O
+specific	833,841	O	O
+testing	842,849	O	O
+method	850,856	O	O
+should	857,863	O	O
+be	864,866	O	O
+selected	867,875	O	O
+based	876,881	O	O
+on	882,884	O	O
+the	885,888	O	O
+particular	889,899	O	O
+application	900,911	O	O
+.	911,912	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377025714002213)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+first	4,9	O	O
+of	10,12	O	O
+these	13,18	O	O
+systems	19,26	O	O
+,	26,27	O	O
+a	28,29	O	O
+biopolymer	30,40	O	B-Process
+gel	41,44	O	I-Process
+,	44,45	O	O
+involves	46,54	O	O
+the	55,58	O	O
+thermoreversible	59,75	O	B-Task
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+of	85,87	O	O
+aqueous	88,95	O	O
+gelatin	96,103	O	O
+solutions	104,113	O	O
+to	114,116	O	O
+form	117,121	O	O
+a	122,123	O	O
+physical	124,132	O	O
+gel	133,136	O	O
+,	136,137	O	O
+whereas	138,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+other	150,155	O	O
+systems	156,163	O	O
+considered	164,174	O	O
+herein	175,181	O	O
+involve	182,189	O	O
+the	190,193	O	O
+formation	194,203	O	O
+of	204,206	O	O
+chemical	207,215	O	O
+gels	216,220	O	O
+featuring	221,230	O	O
+permanent	231,240	O	O
+cross	241,246	O	B-Process
+-	246,247	O	I-Process
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+branching	254,263	O	I-Process
+networks	264,272	O	I-Process
+.	272,273	O	O
+
+The	274,277	O	O
+second	278,284	O	O
+system	285,291	O	O
+is	292,294	O	O
+a	295,296	O	O
+commercial	297,307	O	B-Process
+silicone	308,316	O	I-Process
+dielectric	317,327	O	I-Process
+gel	328,331	O	I-Process
+(	332,333	O	O
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+)	336,337	O	O
+which	338,343	O	O
+is	344,346	O	O
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+in	352,354	O	O
+the	355,358	O	O
+production	359,369	O	B-Task
+of	370,372	O	I-Task
+electronic	373,383	O	I-Task
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+by	401,403	O	O
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+printing	415,423	O	O
+processes	424,433	O	O
+.	433,434	O	O
+
+The	435,438	O	O
+third	439,444	O	O
+experimental	445,457	O	O
+system	458,464	O	O
+is	465,467	O	O
+a	468,469	O	O
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+by	488,490	O	O
+the	491,494	O	O
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+molecules	541,550	O	I-Process
+.	550,551	O	O
+
+The	552,555	O	O
+gel	556,559	O	B-Process
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+product	568,575	O	I-Process
+in	576,578	O	O
+the	579,582	O	O
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+case	590,594	O	O
+forms	595,600	O	O
+the	601,604	O	O
+principal	605,614	O	O
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+of	641,643	O	O
+a	644,645	O	O
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+[	657,658	O	O
+8	658,659	O	O
+]	659,660	O	O
+.	660,661	O	O
+
+The	662,665	O	O
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+case	673,677	O	O
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+particularly	681,693	O	O
+interesting	694,705	O	O
+as	706,708	O	O
+the	709,712	O	O
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+-	721,722	O	I-Material
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+at	747,749	O	O
+the	750,753	O	O
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+as	764,766	O	O
+a	767,768	O	O
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+the	784,787	O	I-Material
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+of	808,810	O	I-Material
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+the	867,870	O	O
+post	871,875	O	O
+-	875,876	O	O
+GP	876,878	O	B-Material
+phase	879,884	O	O
+of	885,887	O	O
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+evolution	900,909	O	O
+[	910,911	O	O
+9	911,912	O	O
+]	912,913	O	O
+.	913,914	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377025715000051)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+convenient	2,12	O	O
+and	13,16	O	O
+widely	17,23	O	O
+reported	24,32	O	O
+technique	33,42	O	O
+for	43,46	O	O
+detection	47,56	O	B-Task
+of	57,59	O	I-Task
+the	60,63	O	I-Task
+GP	64,66	O	I-Task
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+measurements	76,88	O	B-Process
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+the	92,95	O	I-Process
+complex	96,103	O	I-Process
+shear	104,109	O	I-Process
+modulus	110,117	O	I-Process
+,	117,118	O	O
+G∗	119,121	O	O
+,	121,122	O	O
+over	123,127	O	O
+a	128,129	O	O
+range	130,135	O	O
+of	136,138	O	O
+frequencies	139,150	O	O
+,	150,151	O	O
+ω	152,153	O	O
+,	153,154	O	O
+in	155,157	O	O
+oscillatory	158,169	O	O
+shear	170,175	O	O
+.	175,176	O	O
+
+At	177,179	O	O
+the	180,183	O	O
+GP	184,186	O	O
+the	187,190	O	O
+elastic	191,198	O	O
+and	199,202	O	O
+viscous	203,210	O	O
+components	211,221	O	O
+of	222,224	O	O
+the	225,228	O	O
+complex	229,236	O	O
+modulus	237,244	O	O
+,	244,245	O	O
+G′	246,248	O	O
+and	249,252	O	O
+G″	253,255	O	O
+,	255,256	O	O
+respectively	257,269	O	O
+scale	270,275	O	O
+in	276,278	O	O
+oscillatory	279,290	O	O
+frequency	291,300	O	O
+,	300,301	O	O
+ω	302,303	O	O
+,	303,304	O	O
+as	305,307	O	O
+G′(ω)∼G″(ω)∼ωα	308,322	O	O
+where	323,328	O	O
+α	329,330	O	O
+is	331,333	O	O
+termed	334,340	O	O
+the	341,344	O	O
+stress	345,351	O	O
+relaxation	352,362	O	O
+exponent	363,371	O	O
+[	372,373	O	O
+15	373,375	O	O
+]	375,376	O	O
+.	376,377	O	O
+
+Thus	378,382	O	O
+,	382,383	O	O
+the	384,387	O	O
+GP	388,390	O	O
+may	391,394	O	O
+be	395,397	O	O
+identified	398,408	O	O
+as	409,411	O	O
+the	412,415	O	O
+instant	416,423	O	O
+where	424,429	O	O
+the	430,433	O	O
+G′	434,436	O	O
+and	437,440	O	O
+G″	441,443	O	O
+scale	444,449	O	O
+in	450,452	O	O
+frequency	453,462	O	O
+according	463,472	O	O
+to	473,475	O	O
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+power	486,491	O	O
+laws	492,496	O	O
+[	497,498	O	O
+15	498,500	O	O
+]	500,501	O	O
+,	501,502	O	O
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+corresponding	513,526	O	O
+to	527,529	O	O
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+of	541,543	O	O
+a	544,545	O	O
+frequency	546,555	O	O
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+phase	568,573	O	O
+angle	574,579	O	O
+,	579,580	O	O
+δ(=atan(G″/G′	581,594	O	O
+)	594,595	O	O
+)	595,596	O	O
+.	596,597	O	O
+
+GP	598,600	O	B-Process
+measurements	601,613	O	I-Process
+may	614,617	O	O
+involve	618,625	O	O
+‘	626,627	O	O
+frequency	627,636	O	B-Process
+sweeps’	637,644	O	I-Process
+with	645,649	O	O
+repeated	650,658	O	O
+consecutive	659,670	O	O
+application	671,682	O	O
+of	683,685	O	O
+a	686,687	O	O
+set	688,691	O	O
+of	692,694	O	O
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+amplitude	701,710	O	I-Process
+oscillatory	711,722	O	I-Process
+shear	723,728	O	I-Process
+,	728,729	O	O
+SAOS	730,734	O	B-Process
+,	734,735	O	O
+waveforms	736,745	O	B-Process
+[	746,747	O	O
+15,16	747,752	O	O
+]	752,753	O	O
+,	753,754	O	O
+or	755,757	O	O
+by	758,760	O	O
+Fourier	761,768	O	B-Process
+Transform	769,778	O	I-Process
+Mechanical	779,789	O	I-Process
+Spectroscopy	790,802	O	I-Process
+,	802,803	O	O
+FTMS	804,808	O	B-Process
+,	808,809	O	O
+in	810,812	O	O
+which	813,818	O	O
+G∗(ω	819,823	O	O
+)	823,824	O	O
+is	825,827	O	O
+found	828,833	O	O
+by	834,836	O	O
+simultaneous	837,849	O	O
+application	850,861	O	B-Process
+of	862,864	O	I-Process
+several	865,872	O	I-Process
+harmonic	873,881	O	I-Process
+frequencies	882,893	O	I-Process
+in	894,896	O	O
+a	897,898	O	O
+composite	899,908	O	B-Process
+waveform	909,917	O	I-Process
+and	918,921	O	O
+its	922,925	O	O
+subsequent	926,936	O	O
+Fourier	937,944	O	B-Process
+analysis	945,953	O	I-Process
+[	954,955	O	O
+17,18	955,960	O	O
+]	960,961	O	O
+.	961,962	O	O
+
+Frequency	963,972	O	O
+sweeps	973,979	O	O
+are	980,983	O	O
+limited	984,991	O	O
+to	992,994	O	O
+relatively	995,1005	O	O
+slow	1006,1010	O	O
+gelation	1011,1019	O	B-Process
+processes	1020,1029	O	I-Process
+due	1030,1033	O	O
+to	1034,1036	O	O
+sample	1037,1043	O	O
+mutation	1044,1052	O	O
+and	1053,1056	O	O
+interpolation	1057,1070	O	O
+errors	1071,1077	O	O
+
+[	1078,1079	O	O
+9,19,20	1079,1086	O	O
+]	1086,1087	O	O
+.	1087,1088	O	O
+
+FTMS	1089,1093	O	B-Process
+may	1094,1097	O	O
+overcome	1098,1106	O	O
+these	1107,1112	O	O
+limitations	1113,1124	O	O
+,	1124,1125	O	O
+but	1126,1129	O	O
+is	1130,1132	O	O
+unsuitable	1133,1143	O	O
+for	1144,1147	O	O
+markedly	1148,1156	O	B-Material
+strain	1157,1163	O	I-Material
+sensitive	1164,1173	O	I-Material
+materials	1174,1183	O	I-Material
+,	1183,1184	O	O
+such	1185,1189	O	O
+as	1190,1192	O	O
+fibrin	1193,1199	O	B-Material
+gels	1200,1204	O	I-Material
+,	1204,1205	O	O
+due	1206,1209	O	O
+to	1210,1212	O	O
+the	1213,1216	O	O
+strain	1217,1223	O	O
+amplitude	1224,1233	O	O
+of	1234,1236	O	O
+the	1237,1240	O	O
+composite	1241,1250	O	B-Process
+waveform	1251,1259	O	I-Process
+exceeding	1260,1269	O	O
+the	1270,1273	O	O
+linear	1274,1280	O	O
+viscoelastic	1281,1293	O	O
+range	1294,1299	O	O
+(	1300,1301	O	O
+LVR	1301,1304	O	O
+)	1304,1305	O	O
+
+[	1306,1307	O	O
+9	1307,1308	O	O
+]	1308,1309	O	O
+.	1309,1310	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377025715000993)
+
+Equilibrium	0,11	O	B-Material
+surface	12,19	O	I-Material
+tension	20,27	O	I-Material
+was	28,31	O	O
+measured	32,40	O	O
+at	41,43	O	O
+21	44,46	O	O
+°	46,47	O	O
+C	47,48	O	O
+with	49,53	O	O
+a	54,55	O	O
+SITA	56,60	O	B-Process
+pro	61,64	O	I-Process
+line	65,69	O	I-Process
+t-15	70,74	O	I-Process
+bubble	75,81	O	I-Process
+tensiometer	82,93	O	I-Process
+.	93,94	O	O
+
+Rheological	95,106	O	B-Process
+measurements	107,119	O	I-Process
+were	120,124	O	O
+performed	125,134	O	O
+with	135,139	O	O
+an	140,142	O	O
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+shear	161,166	O	O
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+up	173,175	O	O
+to	176,178	O	O
+15s−1	179,184	O	O
+and	185,188	O	O
+with	189,193	O	O
+a	194,195	O	O
+piezo	196,201	O	B-Process
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+vibrator	208,216	O	I-Process
+[	217,218	O	O
+21	218,220	O	O
+]	220,221	O	O
+(	222,223	O	O
+PAV	223,226	O	B-Process
+)	226,227	O	O
+at	228,230	O	O
+frequencies	231,242	O	O
+up	243,245	O	O
+to	246,248	O	O
+6kHz	249,253	O	O
+.	253,254	O	O
+
+Table	255,260	O	O
+1	261,262	O	O
+shows	263,268	O	O
+the	269,272	O	O
+measured	273,281	O	O
+values	282,288	O	B-Material
+of	289,291	O	I-Material
+viscosity	292,301	O	I-Material
+(	302,303	O	O
+the	303,306	O	O
+real	307,311	O	O
+component	312,321	O	O
+η′	322,324	O	O
+of	325,327	O	O
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+viscosity	336,345	O	O
+)	345,346	O	O
+at	347,349	O	O
+1s−1	350,354	O	O
+and	355,358	O	O
+
+4000s−1	359,366	O	O
+and	367,370	O	O
+of	371,373	O	O
+surface	374,381	O	B-Material
+tension	382,389	O	I-Material
+for	390,393	O	O
+the	394,397	O	O
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+with	408,412	O	O
+and	413,416	O	O
+without	417,424	O	O
+the	425,428	O	O
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+.	447,448	O	O
+
+For	449,452	O	O
+the	453,456	O	O
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+(	475,476	O	I-Material
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+)	482,483	O	I-Material
+solution	484,492	O	I-Material
+,	492,493	O	O
+viscosity	494,503	O	O
+fell	504,508	O	O
+from	509,513	O	O
+>	514,515	O	O
+60mPas	515,521	O	O
+at	522,524	O	O
+low	525,528	O	O
+shear	529,534	O	O
+rate	535,539	O	O
+to	540,542	O	O
+about	543,548	O	O
+4mPas	549,554	O	O
+at	555,557	O	O
+the	558,561	O	O
+highest	562,569	O	O
+shear	570,575	O	O
+rates	576,581	O	O
+.	581,582	O	O
+
+The	583,586	O	O
+PEDOT	587,592	O	B-Material
+:	592,593	O	I-Material
+PSS	593,596	O	I-Material
+fluids	597,603	O	I-Material
+also	604,608	O	O
+exhibited	609,618	O	O
+elasticity	619,629	O	O
+that	630,634	O	O
+steadily	635,643	O	O
+reduced	644,651	O	O
+with	652,656	O	O
+increasing	657,667	O	O
+frequency	668,677	O	O
+[	678,679	O	O
+4	679,680	O	O
+]	680,681	O	O
+.	681,682	O	O
+
+All	683,686	O	O
+the	687,690	O	O
+aqueous	691,698	O	O
+PEDOT	699,704	O	O
+:	704,705	O	O
+
+PSS	705,708	O	O
+solutions	709,718	O	O
+shear	719,724	O	O
+-	724,725	O	O
+thinned	725,732	O	O
+significantly	733,746	O	O
+,	746,747	O	O
+but	748,751	O	O
+the	752,755	O	O
+presence	756,764	O	O
+of	765,767	O	O
+surfactants	768,779	O	O
+did	780,783	O	O
+not	784,787	O	O
+affect	788,794	O	O
+the	795,798	O	O
+trends	799,805	O	O
+in	806,808	O	O
+the	809,812	O	O
+rheological	813,824	O	O
+behaviour	825,834	O	O
+,	834,835	O	O
+particularly	836,848	O	O
+at	849,851	O	O
+the	852,855	O	O
+higher	856,862	O	O
+frequencies	863,874	O	O
+(	875,876	O	O
+10–4000s−1	876,886	O	O
+)	886,887	O	O
+.	887,888	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377221716300984)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+we	15,17	O	O
+propose	18,25	O	O
+a	26,27	O	O
+general	28,35	O	O
+agent	36,41	O	O
+-	41,42	O	O
+based	42,47	O	O
+distributed	48,59	O	O
+framework	60,69	O	B-Task
+where	70,75	O	O
+each	76,80	O	B-Process
+agent	81,86	O	I-Process
+is	87,89	O	I-Process
+implementing	90,102	O	I-Process
+a	103,104	O	I-Process
+different	105,114	O	I-Process
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+/	128,129	O	I-Process
+local	129,134	O	I-Process
+search	135,141	O	I-Process
+combination	142,153	O	I-Process
+.	153,154	O	O
+
+Moreover	155,163	O	O
+,	163,164	O	O
+an	165,167	O	O
+agent	168,173	O	O
+continuously	174,186	O	O
+adapts	187,193	O	B-Process
+itself	194,200	O	O
+during	201,207	O	O
+the	208,211	O	O
+search	212,218	O	O
+process	219,226	O	O
+using	227,232	O	O
+a	233,234	O	B-Material
+direct	235,241	O	I-Material
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+protocol	254,262	O	I-Material
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+on	269,271	O	O
+reinforcement	272,285	O	B-Task
+learning	286,294	O	I-Task
+and	295,298	O	O
+pattern	299,306	O	B-Task
+matching	307,315	O	I-Task
+.	315,316	O	O
+
+Good	317,321	O	B-Task
+patterns	322,330	O	I-Task
+that	331,335	O	O
+make	336,340	O	O
+up	341,343	O	O
+improving	344,353	O	O
+solutions	354,363	O	O
+are	364,367	O	O
+identified	368,378	O	O
+and	379,382	O	O
+shared	383,389	O	O
+by	390,392	O	O
+the	393,396	O	O
+agents	397,403	O	B-Material
+.	403,404	O	O
+
+This	405,409	O	O
+agent	410,415	O	B-Task
+-	415,416	O	I-Task
+based	416,421	O	I-Task
+system	422,428	O	I-Task
+aims	429,433	O	O
+to	434,436	O	O
+provide	437,444	O	B-Process
+a	445,446	O	I-Process
+modular	447,454	O	I-Process
+flexible	455,463	O	I-Process
+framework	464,473	O	I-Process
+to	474,476	O	O
+deal	477,481	O	B-Process
+with	482,486	O	I-Process
+a	487,488	O	I-Process
+variety	489,496	O	I-Process
+of	497,499	O	I-Process
+different	500,509	O	I-Process
+problem	510,517	O	I-Process
+domains	518,525	O	I-Process
+.	525,526	O	O
+
+We	527,529	O	O
+have	530,534	O	O
+evaluated	535,544	O	O
+the	545,548	O	O
+performance	549,560	O	O
+of	561,563	O	O
+this	564,568	O	B-Task
+approach	569,577	O	I-Task
+using	578,583	O	O
+the	584,587	O	O
+proposed	588,596	O	O
+framework	597,606	O	O
+which	607,612	O	O
+embodies	613,621	O	B-Process
+a	622,623	O	I-Process
+set	624,627	O	I-Process
+of	628,630	O	I-Process
+well	631,635	O	I-Process
+known	636,641	O	I-Process
+metaheuristics	642,656	O	I-Process
+with	657,661	O	I-Process
+different	662,671	O	I-Process
+configurations	672,686	O	I-Process
+as	687,689	O	O
+agents	690,696	O	O
+on	697,699	O	O
+two	700,703	O	B-Material
+problem	704,711	O	I-Material
+domains	712,719	O	I-Material
+,	719,720	O	O
+Permutation	721,732	O	B-Material
+Flow	733,737	O	I-Material
+-	737,738	O	I-Material
+shop	738,742	O	I-Material
+Scheduling	743,753	O	I-Material
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+Capacitated	758,769	O	I-Material
+Vehicle	770,777	O	I-Material
+Routing	778,785	O	I-Material
+.	785,786	O	O
+
+The	787,790	O	O
+results	791,798	O	O
+show	799,803	O	O
+the	804,807	O	O
+success	808,815	O	O
+of	816,818	O	O
+the	819,822	O	O
+approach	823,831	O	B-Task
+yielding	832,840	O	O
+three	841,846	O	O
+new	847,850	O	O
+best	851,855	O	O
+known	856,861	O	O
+results	862,869	O	O
+of	870,872	O	O
+the	873,876	O	O
+Capacitated	877,888	O	B-Material
+Vehicle	889,896	O	I-Material
+Routing	897,904	O	I-Material
+benchmarks	905,915	O	I-Material
+tested	916,922	O	O
+,	922,923	O	O
+whilst	924,930	O	O
+the	931,934	O	O
+results	935,942	O	O
+for	943,946	O	O
+Permutation	947,958	O	B-Material
+Flow	959,963	O	I-Material
+-	963,964	O	I-Material
+shop	964,968	O	I-Material
+Scheduling	969,979	O	I-Material
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+commensurate	984,996	O	O
+with	997,1001	O	O
+the	1002,1005	O	O
+best	1006,1010	O	O
+known	1011,1016	O	O
+values	1017,1023	O	O
+for	1024,1027	O	O
+all	1028,1031	O	O
+the	1032,1035	O	O
+benchmarks	1036,1046	O	O
+tested	1047,1053	O	O
+.	1053,1054	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377221716301357)
+
+As	0,2	O	O
+mentioned	3,12	O	O
+earlier	13,20	O	O
+,	20,21	O	O
+this	22,26	O	O
+paper	27,32	O	O
+represents	33,43	O	O
+ongoing	44,51	O	O
+efforts	52,59	O	O
+to	60,62	O	O
+efficiently	63,74	O	O
+address	75,82	O	O
+the	83,86	O	O
+stochastic	87,97	O	B-Task
+MPSP	98,102	O	I-Task
+.	102,103	O	O
+
+Future	104,110	O	O
+work	111,115	O	O
+may	116,119	O	O
+consider	120,128	O	O
+investigating	129,142	O	O
+whether	143,150	O	O
+the	151,154	O	O
+algorithm	155,164	O	O
+would	165,170	O	O
+be	171,173	O	O
+as	174,176	O	O
+successful	177,187	O	O
+or	188,190	O	O
+not	191,194	O	O
+in	195,197	O	O
+solving	198,205	O	O
+variants	206,214	O	O
+of	215,217	O	O
+the	218,221	O	O
+MPSP	222,226	O	B-Process
+that	227,231	O	O
+include	232,239	O	O
+more	240,244	O	O
+operational	245,256	O	B-Task
+constraints	257,268	O	I-Task
+,	268,269	O	O
+such	270,274	O	O
+as	275,277	O	O
+variable	278,286	O	B-Task
+cut	287,290	O	I-Task
+-	290,291	O	I-Task
+off	291,294	O	I-Task
+grade	295,300	O	I-Task
+,	300,301	O	O
+grade	302,307	O	B-Task
+blending	308,316	O	I-Task
+,	316,317	O	O
+and	318,321	O	O
+stockpiling	322,333	O	B-Task
+,	333,334	O	O
+as	335,337	O	O
+it	338,340	O	O
+is	341,343	O	O
+in	344,346	O	O
+solving	347,354	O	O
+the	355,358	O	O
+“	359,360	O	O
+classical	360,369	O	O
+”	369,370	O	O
+variant	371,378	O	O
+considered	379,389	O	O
+in	390,392	O	O
+this	393,397	O	O
+paper	398,403	O	O
+.	403,404	O	O
+
+Indeed	405,411	O	O
+,	411,412	O	O
+it	413,415	O	O
+is	416,418	O	O
+a	419,420	O	O
+general	421,428	O	B-Process
+-	428,429	O	I-Process
+purpose	429,436	O	I-Process
+algorithm	437,446	O	I-Process
+and	447,450	O	O
+should	451,457	O	O
+be	458,460	O	O
+applicable	461,471	O	O
+to	472,474	O	O
+any	475,478	O	O
+of	479,481	O	O
+these	482,487	O	O
+variants	488,496	O	O
+.	496,497	O	O
+
+Other	498,503	O	O
+research	504,512	O	O
+avenues	513,520	O	O
+include	521,528	O	O
+considering	529,540	O	O
+other	541,546	O	O
+strategies	547,557	O	O
+for	558,561	O	O
+updating	562,570	O	O
+the	571,574	O	O
+penalties	575,584	O	O
+within	585,591	O	O
+PH	592,594	O	B-Process
+and	595,598	O	O
+other	599,604	O	O
+methods	605,612	O	O
+for	613,616	O	O
+solving	617,624	O	O
+the	625,628	O	O
+sub	629,632	O	O
+-	632,633	O	O
+problems	633,641	O	O
+.	641,642	O	O
+
+Finally	643,650	O	O
+,	650,651	O	O
+another	652,659	O	O
+important	660,669	O	O
+research	670,678	O	O
+direction	679,688	O	O
+is	689,691	O	O
+the	692,695	O	O
+development	696,707	O	O
+of	708,710	O	O
+other	711,716	O	O
+efficient	717,726	O	O
+solution	727,735	O	O
+approaches	736,746	O	O
+.	746,747	O	O
+
+Since	748,753	O	O
+it	754,756	O	O
+has	757,760	O	O
+been	761,765	O	O
+observed	766,774	O	O
+empirically	775,786	O	O
+that	787,791	O	O
+the	792,795	O	O
+problem	796,803	O	O
+formulation	804,815	O	O
+often	816,821	O	O
+achieves	822,830	O	O
+small	831,836	O	O
+integrality	837,848	O	O
+gaps	849,853	O	O
+,	853,854	O	O
+one	855,858	O	O
+approach	859,867	O	O
+could	868,873	O	O
+be	874,876	O	O
+to	877,879	O	O
+solve	880,885	O	B-Process
+the	886,889	O	I-Process
+linear	890,896	O	I-Process
+relaxation	897,907	O	I-Process
+of	908,910	O	O
+the	911,914	O	O
+problem	915,922	O	O
+using	923,928	O	O
+an	929,931	O	O
+efficient	932,941	O	O
+algorithm	942,951	O	O
+and	952,955	O	O
+then	956,960	O	O
+to	961,963	O	O
+use	964,967	O	O
+an	968,970	O	O
+LP	971,973	O	B-Process
+-	973,974	O	I-Process
+rounding	974,982	O	I-Process
+procedure	983,992	O	I-Process
+to	993,995	O	O
+get	996,999	O	O
+an	1000,1002	O	O
+integer	1003,1010	O	O
+solution	1011,1019	O	O
+.	1019,1020	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377221716301904)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+propose	3,10	O	O
+an	11,13	O	O
+equilibrium	14,25	O	B-Process
+model	26,31	O	I-Process
+that	32,36	O	O
+allows	37,43	O	O
+to	44,46	O	O
+analyze	47,54	O	B-Task
+the	55,58	O	I-Task
+long	59,63	O	I-Task
+-	63,64	O	I-Task
+run	64,67	O	I-Task
+impact	68,74	O	I-Task
+of	75,77	O	I-Task
+the	78,81	O	I-Task
+electricity	82,93	O	I-Task
+market	94,100	O	I-Task
+design	101,107	O	I-Task
+on	108,110	O	I-Task
+transmission	111,123	O	I-Task
+line	124,128	O	I-Task
+expansion	129,138	O	I-Task
+by	139,141	O	O
+the	142,145	O	O
+regulator	146,155	O	O
+and	156,159	O	O
+investment	160,170	O	O
+in	171,173	O	O
+generation	174,184	O	O
+capacity	185,193	O	O
+by	194,196	O	O
+private	197,204	O	O
+firms	205,210	O	O
+in	211,213	O	O
+liberalized	214,225	O	O
+electricity	226,237	O	O
+markets	238,245	O	O
+.	245,246	O	O
+
+The	247,250	O	O
+model	251,256	O	O
+incorporates	257,269	O	O
+investment	270,280	O	O
+decisions	281,290	O	O
+of	291,293	O	O
+the	294,297	O	O
+transmission	298,310	O	O
+system	311,317	O	O
+operator	318,326	O	O
+and	327,330	O	O
+private	331,338	O	O
+firms	339,344	O	O
+in	345,347	O	O
+expectation	348,359	O	O
+of	360,362	O	O
+an	363,365	O	O
+energy	366,372	O	O
+-	372,373	O	O
+only	373,377	O	O
+market	378,384	O	O
+and	385,388	O	O
+cost	389,393	O	O
+-	393,394	O	O
+based	394,399	O	O
+redispatch	400,410	O	O
+.	410,411	O	O
+
+In	412,414	O	O
+different	415,424	O	O
+specifications	425,439	O	O
+we	440,442	O	O
+consider	443,451	O	O
+the	452,455	O	O
+cases	456,461	O	O
+of	462,464	O	O
+one	465,468	O	O
+vs.	469,472	O	O
+multiple	473,481	O	O
+price	482,487	O	O
+zones	488,493	O	O
+(	494,495	O	O
+market	495,501	O	B-Process
+splitting	502,511	O	I-Process
+)	511,512	O	O
+and	513,516	O	O
+analyze	517,524	O	B-Process
+different	525,534	O	I-Process
+approaches	535,545	O	I-Process
+to	546,548	O	I-Process
+recover	549,556	O	I-Process
+network	557,564	O	I-Process
+cost	565,569	O	I-Process
+—	569,570	O	O
+in	570,572	O	O
+particular	573,583	O	O
+lump	584,588	O	B-Task
+sum	589,592	O	I-Task
+,	592,593	O	O
+generation	594,604	O	B-Task
+capacity	605,613	O	I-Task
+based	614,619	O	I-Task
+,	619,620	O	O
+and	621,624	O	O
+energy	625,631	O	B-Task
+based	632,637	O	I-Task
+fees	638,642	O	I-Task
+.	642,643	O	O
+
+In	644,646	O	O
+order	647,652	O	O
+to	653,655	O	O
+compare	656,663	O	O
+the	664,667	O	O
+outcomes	668,676	O	O
+of	677,679	O	O
+our	680,683	O	O
+multilevel	684,694	O	B-Process
+market	695,701	O	I-Process
+model	702,707	O	I-Process
+with	708,712	O	O
+a	713,714	O	O
+first	715,720	O	B-Process
+best	721,725	O	I-Process
+benchmark	726,735	O	I-Process
+,	735,736	O	O
+we	737,739	O	O
+also	740,744	O	O
+solve	745,750	O	B-Process
+the	751,754	O	I-Process
+corresponding	755,768	O	I-Process
+integrated	769,779	O	I-Process
+planner	780,787	O	I-Process
+problem	788,795	O	I-Process
+.	795,796	O	O
+
+Using	797,802	O	O
+two	803,806	O	O
+test	807,811	O	O
+networks	812,820	O	O
+we	821,823	O	O
+illustrate	824,834	O	O
+that	835,839	O	O
+energy	840,846	O	O
+-	846,847	O	O
+only	847,851	O	O
+markets	852,859	O	O
+can	860,863	O	O
+lead	864,868	O	O
+to	869,871	O	O
+suboptimal	872,882	O	O
+locational	883,893	O	O
+decisions	894,903	O	O
+for	904,907	O	O
+generation	908,918	O	O
+capacity	919,927	O	O
+and	928,931	O	O
+thus	932,936	O	O
+imply	937,942	O	O
+excessive	943,952	O	B-Process
+network	953,960	O	I-Process
+expansion	961,970	O	I-Process
+.	970,971	O	O
+
+Market	972,978	O	B-Process
+splitting	979,988	O	I-Process
+heals	989,994	O	O
+these	995,1000	O	O
+problems	1001,1009	O	O
+only	1010,1014	O	O
+partially	1015,1024	O	O
+.	1024,1025	O	O
+
+These	1026,1031	O	O
+results	1032,1039	O	O
+are	1040,1043	O	O
+valid	1044,1049	O	O
+for	1050,1053	O	O
+all	1054,1057	O	O
+considered	1058,1068	O	O
+types	1069,1074	O	O
+of	1075,1077	O	O
+network	1078,1085	O	O
+tariffs	1086,1093	O	O
+,	1093,1094	O	O
+although	1095,1103	O	O
+investment	1104,1114	O	O
+slightly	1115,1123	O	O
+differs	1124,1131	O	O
+across	1132,1138	O	O
+those	1139,1144	O	O
+regimes	1145,1152	O	O
+.	1152,1153	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377221716302259)
+
+Regarding	0,9	O	O
+the	10,13	O	O
+implications	14,26	O	B-Task
+of	27,29	O	I-Task
+the	30,33	O	I-Task
+results	34,41	O	I-Task
+of	42,44	O	O
+this	45,49	O	O
+paper	50,55	O	O
+,	55,56	O	O
+we	57,59	O	O
+note	60,64	O	O
+two	65,68	O	O
+points	69,75	O	O
+.	75,76	O	O
+
+From	77,81	O	O
+a	82,83	O	O
+practical	84,93	O	O
+point	94,99	O	O
+of	100,102	O	O
+view	103,107	O	O
+,	107,108	O	O
+we	109,111	O	O
+have	112,116	O	O
+endowed	117,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	B-Task
+weighted	129,137	O	I-Task
+additive	138,146	O	I-Task
+model	147,152	O	I-Task
+with	153,157	O	I-Task
+a	158,159	O	I-Task
+distance	160,168	O	I-Task
+function	169,177	O	I-Task
+structure	178,187	O	I-Task
+,	187,188	O	O
+which	189,194	O	O
+takes	195,200	O	B-Process
+negative	201,209	O	I-Process
+values	210,216	O	I-Process
+for	217,220	O	I-Process
+points	221,227	O	I-Process
+located	228,235	O	I-Process
+outside	236,243	O	I-Process
+the	244,247	O	I-Process
+technology	248,258	O	I-Process
+and	259,262	O	I-Process
+non	263,266	O	I-Process
+-	266,267	O	I-Process
+negative	267,275	O	I-Process
+values	276,282	O	I-Process
+for	283,286	O	I-Process
+points	287,293	O	I-Process
+into	294,298	O	I-Process
+the	299,302	O	I-Process
+production	303,313	O	I-Process
+possibility	314,325	O	I-Process
+set	326,329	O	I-Process
+.	329,330	O	O
+
+In	331,333	O	O
+this	334,338	O	O
+respect	339,346	O	O
+,	346,347	O	O
+the	348,351	O	B-Task
+weighted	352,360	O	I-Task
+additive	361,369	O	I-Task
+distance	370,378	O	I-Task
+function	379,387	O	I-Task
+methodologically	388,404	O	O
+supports	405,413	O	O
+the	414,417	O	O
+branch	418,424	O	O
+of	425,427	O	O
+the	428,431	O	O
+literature	432,442	O	O
+that	443,447	O	O
+resorts	448,455	O	O
+to	456,458	O	O
+the	459,462	O	O
+weighted	463,471	O	B-Material
+additive	472,480	O	I-Material
+model	481,486	O	I-Material
+or	487,489	O	O
+some	490,494	O	B-Material
+related	495,502	O	I-Material
+approach	503,511	O	I-Material
+to	512,514	O	O
+measure	515,522	O	B-Process
+productivity	523,535	O	I-Process
+over	536,540	O	I-Process
+time	541,545	O	I-Process
+(	546,547	O	O
+see	547,550	O	O
+,	550,551	O	O
+for	552,555	O	O
+example	556,563	O	O
+,	563,564	O	O
+Mahlberg	565,573	O	O
+&	574,575	O	O
+Sahoo	576,581	O	O
+,	581,582	O	O
+2011	583,587	O	O
+or	588,590	O	O
+Chang	591,596	O	O
+et	597,599	O	O
+al	600,602	O	O
+.	602,603	O	O
+,	603,604	O	O
+2012	605,609	O	O
+)	609,610	O	O
+.	610,611	O	O
+
+From	612,616	O	O
+a	617,618	O	O
+theoretical	619,630	O	O
+point	631,636	O	O
+of	637,639	O	O
+view	640,644	O	O
+,	644,645	O	O
+we	646,648	O	O
+have	649,653	O	O
+provided	654,662	O	O
+a	663,664	O	B-Material
+new	665,668	O	I-Material
+distance	669,677	O	I-Material
+function	678,686	O	I-Material
+with	687,691	O	O
+some	692,696	O	O
+interesting	697,708	O	O
+properties	709,719	O	O
+in	720,722	O	O
+contrast	723,731	O	O
+to	732,734	O	O
+the	735,738	O	O
+usual	739,744	O	O
+ones	745,749	O	O
+,	749,750	O	O
+mainly	751,757	O	O
+(	758,759	O	O
+1	759,760	O	O
+)	760,761	O	O
+when	762,766	O	O
+technical	767,776	O	O
+inefficiency	777,789	O	O
+has	790,793	O	O
+to	794,796	O	O
+be	797,799	O	O
+estimated	800,809	O	O
+,	809,810	O	O
+the	811,814	O	B-Material
+weighted	815,823	O	I-Material
+additive	824,832	O	I-Material
+distance	833,841	O	I-Material
+function	842,850	O	I-Material
+coincides	851,860	O	O
+with	861,865	O	O
+the	866,869	O	O
+weighted	870,878	O	O
+additive	879,887	O	O
+model	888,893	O	O
+,	893,894	O	O
+which	895,900	O	O
+means	901,906	O	B-Process
+that	907,911	O	I-Process
+technical	912,921	O	I-Process
+inefficiency	922,934	O	I-Process
+is	935,937	O	I-Process
+measured	938,946	O	I-Process
+following	947,956	O	I-Process
+the	957,960	O	I-Process
+Pareto	961,967	O	I-Process
+-	967,968	O	I-Process
+Koopmans	968,976	O	I-Process
+notion	977,983	O	I-Process
+of	984,986	O	I-Process
+efficiency	987,997	O	I-Process
+;	997,998	O	O
+and	999,1002	O	O
+(	1003,1004	O	O
+2	1004,1005	O	O
+)	1005,1006	O	O
+when	1007,1011	O	O
+productivity	1012,1024	O	O
+has	1025,1028	O	O
+to	1029,1031	O	O
+be	1032,1034	O	O
+determined	1035,1045	O	B-Process
+and	1046,1049	O	I-Process
+decomposed	1050,1060	O	I-Process
+over	1061,1065	O	I-Process
+time	1066,1070	O	I-Process
+the	1071,1074	O	O
+weighted	1075,1083	O	B-Material
+additive	1084,1092	O	I-Material
+distance	1093,1101	O	I-Material
+function	1102,1110	O	I-Material
+emerges	1111,1118	O	O
+as	1119,1121	O	O
+an	1122,1124	O	O
+attractive	1125,1135	O	O
+tool	1136,1140	O	O
+to	1141,1143	O	O
+be	1144,1146	O	O
+used	1147,1151	O	O
+for	1152,1155	O	O
+cross	1156,1161	O	O
+-	1161,1162	O	O
+period	1162,1168	O	O
+evaluation	1169,1179	O	O
+of	1180,1182	O	O
+returns	1183,1190	O	O
+to	1191,1193	O	O
+scale	1194,1199	O	O
+changes	1200,1207	O	O
+,	1207,1208	O	O
+since	1209,1214	O	O
+this	1215,1219	O	O
+distance	1220,1228	O	B-Material
+function	1229,1237	O	I-Material
+is	1238,1240	O	O
+always	1241,1247	O	O
+feasible	1248,1256	O	O
+,	1256,1257	O	O
+even	1258,1262	O	O
+under	1263,1268	O	O
+Variable	1269,1277	O	O
+Returns	1278,1285	O	O
+to	1286,1288	O	O
+Scale	1289,1294	O	O
+.	1294,1295	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377221716303873)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+iron	4,8	O	B-Material
+ore	9,12	O	I-Material
+may	13,16	O	O
+be	17,19	O	O
+extracted	20,29	O	O
+from	30,34	O	O
+blocks	35,41	O	O
+of	42,44	O	O
+25×25×12meter3	45,59	O	O
+located	60,67	O	O
+at	68,70	O	O
+three	71,76	O	O
+consecutive	77,88	O	O
+mining	89,95	O	O
+benches	96,103	O	O
+of	104,106	O	O
+12meter	107,114	O	O
+height	115,121	O	O
+.	121,122	O	O
+
+For	123,126	O	O
+this	127,131	O	O
+case	132,136	O	O
+study	137,142	O	O
+,	142,143	O	O
+ten	144,147	O	O
+equally	148,155	O	O
+probable	156,164	O	B-Process
+scenarios	165,174	O	I-Process
+of	175,177	O	O
+iron	178,182	O	B-Material
+content	183,190	O	I-Material
+,	190,191	O	O
+phosphorous	192,203	O	B-Material
+,	203,204	O	O
+silica	205,211	O	B-Material
+,	211,212	O	O
+aluminum	213,221	O	B-Material
+and	222,225	O	O
+LOI	226,229	O	B-Material
+are	230,233	O	O
+used	234,238	O	O
+to	239,241	O	O
+quantify	242,250	O	B-Task
+the	251,254	O	I-Task
+joint	255,260	O	I-Task
+uncertainty	261,272	O	I-Task
+in	273,275	O	I-Task
+the	276,279	O	I-Task
+characteristics	280,295	O	I-Task
+of	296,298	O	I-Task
+the	299,302	O	I-Task
+iron	303,307	O	I-Task
+ore	308,311	O	I-Task
+deposit	312,319	O	I-Task
+considered	320,330	O	O
+and	331,334	O	O
+are	335,338	O	O
+the	339,342	O	O
+input	343,348	O	O
+to	349,351	O	O
+the	352,355	O	O
+SSTPS	356,361	O	B-Process
+formulation	362,373	O	I-Process
+proposed	374,382	O	O
+in	383,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+previous	390,398	O	O
+section	399,406	O	O
+.	406,407	O	O
+
+The	408,411	O	O
+simulated	412,421	O	B-Task
+scenarios	422,431	O	I-Task
+available	432,441	O	O
+were	442,446	O	O
+provided	447,455	O	O
+and	456,459	O	O
+generated	460,469	O	O
+using	470,475	O	O
+the	476,479	O	O
+stochastic	480,490	O	B-Process
+simulated	491,500	O	I-Process
+technique	501,510	O	I-Process
+detailed	511,519	O	O
+in	520,522	O	O
+Boucher	523,530	O	O
+and	531,534	O	O
+Dimitrakopoulos	535,550	O	O
+(	551,552	O	O
+2012	552,556	O	O
+)	556,557	O	O
+.	557,558	O	O
+
+The	559,562	O	O
+area	563,567	O	O
+considered	568,578	O	O
+is	579,581	O	O
+bounded	582,589	O	O
+by	590,592	O	O
+the	593,596	O	O
+limits	597,603	O	O
+of	604,606	O	O
+the	607,610	O	O
+given	611,616	O	O
+volume	617,623	O	O
+of	624,626	O	O
+production	627,637	O	O
+in	638,640	O	O
+the	641,644	O	O
+long	645,649	O	O
+-	649,650	O	O
+term	650,654	O	O
+first	655,660	O	O
+year	661,665	O	O
+production	666,676	O	O
+schedule	677,685	O	O
+provided	686,694	O	O
+.	694,695	O	O
+
+Fig	696,699	O	O
+.	699,700	O	O
+
+4	701,702	O	O
+shows	703,708	O	O
+3	709,710	O	O
+scenarios	711,720	O	B-Process
+of	721,723	O	I-Process
+iron	724,728	O	I-Process
+ore	729,732	O	I-Process
+content	733,740	O	I-Process
+as	741,743	O	O
+well	744,748	O	O
+as	749,751	O	O
+the	752,755	O	O
+corresponding	756,769	O	O
+conventional	770,782	O	O
+and	783,786	O	O
+single	787,793	O	O
+estimated	794,803	O	O
+(	804,805	O	O
+average	805,812	O	O
+)	812,813	O	O
+representation	814,828	O	O
+of	829,831	O	O
+iron	832,836	O	B-Material
+content	837,844	O	O
+(	845,846	O	O
+Fe2O3	846,851	O	O
+%	851,852	O	O
+)	852,853	O	O
+for	854,857	O	O
+the	858,861	O	O
+upper	862,867	O	O
+bench	868,873	O	O
+.	873,874	O	O
+
+In	875,877	O	O
+total	878,883	O	O
+,	883,884	O	O
+734	885,888	O	B-Material
+blocks	889,895	O	I-Material
+from	896,900	O	O
+3525	901,905	O	O
+to	906,908	O	O
+21,150	909,915	O	O
+tonnes	916,922	O	O
+,	922,923	O	O
+with	924,928	O	O
+Fe2O3	929,934	O	B-Material
+from	935,939	O	O
+54.59	940,945	O	O
+%	945,946	O	O
+to	947,949	O	O
+60.63	950,955	O	O
+%	955,956	O	O
+,	956,957	O	O
+P	958,959	O	B-Material
+from	960,964	O	O
+0.02	965,969	O	O
+%	969,970	O	O
+to	971,973	O	O
+0.04	974,978	O	O
+%	978,979	O	O
+,	979,980	O	O
+SiO2	981,985	O	B-Material
+from	986,990	O	O
+3.10	991,995	O	O
+%	995,996	O	O
+to	997,999	O	O
+8.58	1000,1004	O	O
+%	1004,1005	O	O
+,	1005,1006	O	O
+Al2O3	1007,1012	O	B-Material
+from	1013,1017	O	O
+0.53	1018,1022	O	O
+%	1022,1023	O	O
+to	1024,1026	O	O
+1.88	1027,1031	O	O
+%	1031,1032	O	O
+and	1033,1036	O	O
+LOI	1037,1040	O	B-Material
+from	1041,1045	O	O
+8.75	1046,1050	O	O
+%	1050,1051	O	O
+to	1052,1054	O	O
+11.75	1055,1060	O	O
+%	1060,1061	O	O
+are	1062,1065	O	O
+available	1066,1075	O	O
+.	1075,1076	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0377221716304258)
+
+Two	0,3	O	B-Process
+-	3,4	O	I-Process
+state	4,9	O	I-Process
+models	10,16	O	I-Process
+are	17,20	O	O
+often	21,26	O	O
+insufficient	27,39	O	O
+to	40,42	O	O
+fit	43,46	O	O
+complex	47,54	O	O
+traces	55,61	O	O
+,	61,62	O	O
+therefore	63,72	O	O
+we	73,75	O	O
+also	76,80	O	O
+study	81,86	O	B-Task
+the	87,90	O	I-Task
+approximate	91,102	O	I-Task
+fitting	103,110	O	I-Task
+of	111,113	O	I-Task
+large	114,119	O	I-Task
+M3PPs	120,125	O	I-Task
+.	125,126	O	O
+
+In	127,129	O	O
+the	130,133	O	O
+single	134,140	O	O
+class	141,146	O	O
+setting	147,154	O	O
+,	154,155	O	O
+a	156,157	O	O
+known	158,163	O	O
+limitation	164,174	O	O
+of	175,177	O	O
+MMPPs	178,183	O	B-Material
+is	184,186	O	O
+the	187,190	O	O
+inability	191,200	O	O
+to	201,203	O	O
+simultaneously	204,218	O	O
+fit	219,222	O	O
+many	223,227	O	O
+statistical	228,239	O	B-Process
+descriptors	240,251	O	I-Process
+due	252,255	O	O
+to	256,258	O	O
+the	259,262	O	O
+non	263,266	O	O
+-	266,267	O	O
+linearity	267,276	O	O
+of	277,279	O	O
+their	280,285	O	O
+underlying	286,296	O	B-Process
+equations	297,306	O	I-Process
+(	307,308	O	O
+Bodrog	308,314	O	O
+,	314,315	O	O
+Heindl	316,322	O	O
+,	322,323	O	O
+Horváth	324,331	O	O
+,	331,332	O	O
+&	333,334	O	O
+Telek	335,340	O	O
+,	340,341	O	O
+2008	342,346	O	O
+;	346,347	O	O
+Heindl	348,354	O	O
+,	354,355	O	O
+Horváth	356,363	O	O
+,	363,364	O	O
+&	365,366	O	O
+Gross	367,372	O	O
+,	372,373	O	O
+2006	374,378	O	O
+;	378,379	O	O
+Horváth	380,387	O	O
+&	388,389	O	O
+Telek	390,395	O	O
+,	395,396	O	O
+2009	397,401	O	O
+)	401,402	O	O
+.	402,403	O	O
+
+This	404,408	O	O
+has	409,412	O	O
+led	413,416	O	O
+to	417,419	O	O
+the	420,423	O	O
+definition	424,434	O	O
+of	435,437	O	O
+several	438,445	O	O
+approaches	446,456	O	O
+to	457,459	O	O
+fit	460,463	O	O
+complex	464,471	O	O
+traces	472,478	O	O
+by	479,481	O	O
+composing	482,491	O	B-Process
+multiple	492,500	O	I-Process
+small	501,506	O	I-Process
+-	506,507	O	I-Process
+sized	507,512	O	I-Process
+MMPPs	513,518	O	I-Process
+or	519,521	O	I-Process
+MAPs	522,526	O	I-Process
+using	527,532	O	O
+Kronecker	533,542	O	B-Process
+operators	543,552	O	I-Process
+(	553,554	O	O
+Andersen	554,562	O	O
+&	563,564	O	O
+Nielsen	565,572	O	O
+,	572,573	O	O
+1998	574,578	O	O
+;	578,579	O	O
+Casale	580,586	O	O
+,	586,587	O	O
+Zhang	588,593	O	O
+,	593,594	O	O
+&	595,596	O	O
+Smirni	597,603	O	O
+,	603,604	O	O
+2010	605,609	O	O
+;	609,610	O	O
+Horváth	611,618	O	O
+&	619,620	O	O
+Telek	621,626	O	O
+,	626,627	O	O
+2002	628,632	O	O
+)	632,633	O	O
+.	633,634	O	O
+
+These	635,640	O	O
+methods	641,648	O	O
+employ	649,655	O	O
+composition	656,667	O	B-Process
+operators	668,677	O	I-Process
+for	678,681	O	O
+moment	682,688	O	O
+fitting	689,696	O	O
+,	696,697	O	O
+offering	698,706	O	O
+a	707,708	O	O
+different	709,718	O	O
+trade	719,724	O	O
+-	724,725	O	O
+off	725,728	O	O
+between	729,736	O	O
+computational	737,750	O	O
+cost	751,755	O	O
+and	756,759	O	O
+fitting	760,767	O	O
+accuracy	768,776	O	O
+compared	777,785	O	O
+to	786,788	O	O
+fitting	789,796	O	B-Task
+methods	797,804	O	I-Task
+based	805,810	O	O
+on	811,813	O	O
+the	814,817	O	O
+EM	818,820	O	B-Process
+algorithm	821,830	O	I-Process
+(	831,832	O	O
+Breuer	832,838	O	O
+,	838,839	O	O
+2002	840,844	O	O
+;	844,845	O	O
+Horváth	846,853	O	O
+&	854,855	O	O
+Okamura	856,863	O	O
+,	863,864	O	O
+2013	865,869	O	O
+;	869,870	O	O
+Klemm	871,876	O	O
+,	876,877	O	O
+Lindemann	878,887	O	O
+,	887,888	O	O
+&	889,890	O	O
+Lohmann	891,898	O	O
+,	898,899	O	O
+2003	900,904	O	O
+)	904,905	O	O
+.	905,906	O	O
+
+In	907,909	O	O
+particular	910,920	O	O
+,	920,921	O	O
+the	922,925	O	O
+superposition	926,939	O	B-Process
+operator	940,948	O	I-Process
+allows	949,955	O	O
+one	956,959	O	O
+to	960,962	O	O
+describe	963,971	O	O
+a	972,973	O	O
+trace	974,979	O	O
+by	980,982	O	O
+the	983,986	O	O
+statistical	987,998	O	B-Process
+multiplexing	999,1011	O	I-Process
+of	1012,1014	O	I-Process
+several	1015,1022	O	I-Process
+MMPPs	1023,1028	O	I-Process
+,	1028,1029	O	O
+at	1030,1032	O	O
+the	1033,1036	O	O
+expense	1037,1044	O	O
+of	1045,1047	O	O
+an	1048,1050	O	O
+exponential	1051,1062	O	O
+growth	1063,1069	O	O
+of	1070,1072	O	O
+the	1073,1076	O	O
+number	1077,1083	O	O
+of	1084,1086	O	O
+states	1087,1093	O	O
+in	1094,1096	O	O
+the	1097,1100	O	O
+resulting	1101,1110	O	O
+process	1111,1118	O	O
+(	1119,1120	O	O
+Sriram	1120,1126	O	O
+&	1127,1128	O	O
+Whitt	1129,1134	O	O
+,	1134,1135	O	O
+1986	1136,1140	O	O
+)	1140,1141	O	O
+.	1141,1142	O	O
+
+This	1143,1147	O	O
+state	1148,1153	O	B-Process
+space	1154,1159	O	I-Process
+explosion	1160,1169	O	I-Process
+is	1170,1172	O	O
+an	1173,1175	O	O
+obstacle	1176,1184	O	O
+for	1185,1188	O	O
+the	1189,1192	O	O
+application	1193,1204	O	O
+of	1205,1207	O	O
+MMPPs	1208,1213	O	B-Material
+and	1214,1217	O	I-Material
+MAPs	1218,1222	O	I-Material
+to	1223,1225	O	O
+modeling	1226,1234	O	B-Task
+real	1235,1239	O	I-Task
+systems	1240,1247	O	I-Task
+;	1247,1248	O	O
+for	1249,1252	O	O
+example	1253,1260	O	O
+it	1261,1263	O	O
+considerably	1264,1276	O	O
+slows	1277,1282	O	O
+down	1283,1287	O	O
+,	1287,1288	O	O
+or	1289,1291	O	O
+even	1292,1296	O	O
+renders	1297,1304	O	O
+infeasible	1305,1315	O	O
+,	1315,1316	O	O
+the	1317,1320	O	O
+numerical	1321,1330	O	B-Task
+evaluation	1331,1341	O	I-Task
+of	1342,1344	O	I-Task
+queueing	1345,1353	O	I-Task
+models	1354,1360	O	I-Task
+by	1361,1363	O	O
+matrix	1364,1370	O	B-Task
+geometric	1371,1380	O	I-Task
+methods	1381,1388	O	I-Task
+(	1389,1390	O	O
+Bini	1390,1394	O	O
+,	1394,1395	O	O
+Meini	1396,1401	O	O
+,	1401,1402	O	O
+Steffé	1403,1409	O	O
+,	1409,1410	O	O
+Pérez	1411,1416	O	O
+,	1416,1417	O	O
+&	1418,1419	O	O
+Houdt	1420,1425	O	O
+,	1425,1426	O	O
+2012	1427,1431	O	O
+;	1431,1432	O	O
+Pérez	1433,1438	O	O
+,	1438,1439	O	O
+Velthoven	1440,1449	O	O
+,	1449,1450	O	O
+&	1451,1452	O	O
+Houdt	1453,1458	O	O
+,	1458,1459	O	O
+2008	1460,1464	O	O
+)	1464,1465	O	O
+.	1465,1466	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0378381215300297)
+
+For	0,3	O	O
+mixtures	4,12	O	B-Material
+described	13,22	O	O
+by	23,25	O	O
+an	26,28	O	O
+equation	29,37	O	O
+of	38,40	O	O
+state	41,46	O	O
+,	46,47	O	O
+this	48,52	O	O
+calculation	53,64	O	O
+amounts	65,72	O	O
+to	73,75	O	O
+simultaneously	76,90	O	O
+solving	91,98	O	O
+the	99,102	O	O
+condition	103,112	O	O
+of	113,115	O	O
+thermal	116,123	O	O
+,	123,124	O	O
+mechanical	125,135	O	O
+and	136,139	O	O
+diffusive	140,149	O	O
+equilibria	150,160	O	O
+(	161,162	O	O
+equality	162,170	O	O
+of	171,173	O	O
+chemical	174,182	O	O
+potential	183,192	O	O
+)	192,193	O	O
+amongst	194,201	O	O
+two	202,205	O	O
+fluid	206,211	O	O
+phases	212,218	O	O
+for	219,222	O	O
+each	223,227	O	O
+component	228,237	O	O
+of	238,240	O	O
+the	241,244	O	O
+mixture	245,252	O	O
+.	252,253	O	O
+
+The	254,257	O	O
+analytical	258,268	O	O
+nature	269,275	O	O
+of	276,278	O	O
+this	279,283	O	O
+calculation	284,295	O	O
+lends	296,301	O	O
+itself	302,308	O	O
+to	309,311	O	O
+a	312,313	O	O
+reasonably	314,324	O	O
+rapid	325,330	O	O
+solution	331,339	O	O
+by	340,342	O	O
+numerical	343,352	O	B-Process
+methods	353,360	O	I-Process
+.	360,361	O	O
+
+In	362,364	O	O
+its	365,368	O	O
+most	369,373	O	O
+common	374,380	O	O
+form	381,385	O	O
+,	385,386	O	O
+the	387,390	O	O
+composition	391,402	O	O
+and	403,406	O	O
+temperature	407,418	O	O
+are	419,422	O	O
+fixed	423,428	O	O
+and	429,432	O	O
+the	433,436	O	O
+pressures	437,446	O	B-Material
+at	447,449	O	I-Material
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+calculated	501,511	O	O
+.	511,512	O	O
+
+The	513,516	O	O
+reader	517,523	O	O
+is	524,526	O	O
+referred	527,535	O	O
+to	536,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+excellent	543,552	O	O
+textbooks	553,562	O	O
+that	563,567	O	O
+describe	568,576	O	O
+the	577,580	O	O
+common	581,587	O	B-Process
+algorithms	588,598	O	I-Process
+employed	599,607	O	I-Process
+[	608,609	O	O
+80–82	609,614	O	O
+]	614,615	O	O
+.	615,616	O	O
+
+The	617,620	O	O
+quality	621,628	O	O
+of	629,631	O	O
+the	632,635	O	O
+result	636,642	O	O
+is	643,645	O	O
+obviously	646,655	O	O
+limited	656,663	O	O
+by	664,666	O	O
+the	667,670	O	O
+accuracy	671,679	O	O
+of	680,682	O	O
+the	683,686	O	O
+EoS	687,690	O	B-Process
+to	691,693	O	O
+faithfully	694,704	O	O
+represent	705,714	O	O
+fluid	715,720	O	B-Material
+mixtures	721,729	O	I-Material
+.	729,730	O	O
+
+Furthermore	731,742	O	O
+,	742,743	O	O
+the	744,747	O	O
+fact	748,752	O	O
+that	753,757	O	O
+some	758,762	O	O
+of	763,765	O	O
+the	766,769	O	O
+more	770,774	O	O
+interesting	775,786	O	O
+features	787,795	O	O
+of	796,798	O	O
+the	799,802	O	O
+phase	803,808	O	O
+diagram	809,816	O	O
+are	817,820	O	O
+close	821,826	O	O
+to	827,829	O	O
+the	830,833	O	O
+critical	834,842	O	O
+points	843,849	O	O
+of	850,852	O	O
+the	853,856	O	O
+mixture	857,864	O	O
+,	864,865	O	O
+make	866,870	O	O
+these	871,876	O	O
+calculations	877,889	O	O
+particularly	890,902	O	O
+challenging	903,914	O	O
+for	915,918	O	O
+all	919,922	O	O
+but	923,926	O	O
+the	927,930	O	O
+most	931,935	O	O
+optimized	936,945	O	O
+and	946,949	O	O
+force	950,955	O	O
+-	955,956	O	O
+fitted	956,962	O	O
+of	963,965	O	O
+models	966,972	O	O
+.	972,973	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0378381215300674)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+next	4,8	O	O
+phase	9,14	O	O
+of	15,17	O	O
+our	18,21	O	O
+current	22,29	O	O
+study	30,35	O	O
+is	36,38	O	O
+to	39,41	O	O
+use	42,45	O	O
+the	46,49	O	O
+parameters	50,60	O	O
+obtained	61,69	O	O
+from	70,74	O	O
+pure	75,79	O	B-Process
+-	79,80	O	I-Process
+component	80,89	O	I-Process
+systems	90,97	O	I-Process
+in	98,100	O	O
+a	101,102	O	O
+transferable	103,115	O	O
+manner	116,122	O	O
+to	123,125	O	O
+represent	126,135	O	O
+the	136,139	O	O
+corresponding	140,153	O	O
+mixtures	154,162	O	O
+.	162,163	O	O
+
+Mixtures	164,172	O	B-Material
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+-	177,178	O	I-Material
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+H2O	190,193	O	I-Material
+have	194,198	O	O
+been	199,203	O	O
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+previously	212,222	O	O
+with	223,227	O	O
+SAFT-γ	228,234	O	B-Process
+SW	235,237	O	I-Process
+[	238,239	O	O
+82	239,241	O	O
+]	241,242	O	O
+.	242,243	O	O
+
+In	244,246	O	O
+general	247,254	O	O
+it	255,257	O	O
+is	258,260	O	O
+well	261,265	O	O
+known	266,271	O	O
+that	272,276	O	O
+the	277,280	O	O
+extreme	281,288	O	O
+nature	289,295	O	O
+of	296,298	O	O
+the	299,302	O	O
+phase	303,308	O	O
+separation	309,319	O	O
+[	320,321	O	O
+150	321,324	O	O
+]	324,325	O	O
+makes	326,331	O	O
+it	332,334	O	O
+challenging	335,346	O	O
+to	347,349	O	O
+model	350,355	O	O
+mixtures	356,364	O	B-Material
+of	365,367	O	I-Material
+H2O	368,371	O	I-Material
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+non	377,380	O	B-Process
+-	380,381	O	I-Process
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+.	396,397	O	O
+
+Because	398,405	O	O
+of	406,408	O	O
+the	409,412	O	O
+large	413,418	O	O
+differences	419,430	O	O
+in	431,433	O	O
+the	434,437	O	O
+dielectric	438,448	O	O
+constant	449,457	O	O
+of	458,460	O	O
+the	461,464	O	O
+two	465,468	O	O
+phases	469,475	O	O
+as	476,478	O	O
+well	479,483	O	O
+as	484,486	O	O
+in	487,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+dipole	494,500	O	O
+moment	501,507	O	O
+of	508,510	O	O
+H2O	511,514	O	B-Material
+and	515,518	O	O
+the	519,522	O	O
+hydrophobic	523,534	O	B-Material
+molecules	535,544	O	I-Material
+,	544,545	O	O
+it	546,548	O	O
+especially	549,559	O	O
+difficult	560,569	O	O
+to	570,572	O	O
+obtain	573,579	O	O
+phase	580,585	O	O
+-	585,586	O	O
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+unlike	598,604	O	O
+interaction	605,616	O	O
+parameters	617,627	O	O
+[	628,629	O	O
+112	629,632	O	O
+]	632,633	O	O
+and	634,637	O	O
+thus	638,642	O	O
+to	643,645	O	O
+model	646,651	O	O
+simultaneously	652,666	O	O
+the	667,670	O	O
+equilibrium	671,682	O	O
+phases	683,689	O	O
+.	689,690	O	O
+
+In	691,693	O	O
+previous	694,702	O	O
+work	703,707	O	O
+[	708,709	O	O
+82	709,711	O	O
+]	711,712	O	O
+,	712,713	O	O
+emphasis	714,722	O	O
+was	723,726	O	O
+placed	727,733	O	O
+on	734,736	O	O
+obtaining	737,746	O	O
+an	747,749	O	O
+accurate	750,758	O	O
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+of	771,773	O	I-Task
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+-	784,785	O	I-Task
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+phases	790,796	O	I-Task
+(	797,798	O	O
+both	798,802	O	O
+liquid	803,809	O	B-Material
+and	810,813	O	O
+vapour	814,820	O	B-Material
+)	820,821	O	O
+,	821,822	O	O
+while	823,828	O	O
+small	829,834	O	O
+absolute	835,843	O	O
+(	844,845	O	O
+but	845,848	O	O
+not	849,852	O	O
+relative	853,861	O	O
+)	861,862	O	O
+deviations	863,873	O	O
+for	874,877	O	O
+the	878,881	O	O
+aqueous	882,889	O	O
+phase	890,895	O	O
+composition	896,907	O	O
+were	908,912	O	O
+achieved	913,921	O	O
+.	921,922	O	O
+
+The	923,926	O	O
+systems	927,934	O	O
+of	935,937	O	O
+interest	938,946	O	O
+in	947,949	O	O
+our	950,953	O	O
+current	954,961	O	O
+work	962,966	O	O
+are	967,970	O	O
+typically	971,980	O	O
+aqueous	981,988	O	B-Material
+mixtures	989,997	O	I-Material
+containing	998,1008	O	O
+a	1009,1010	O	O
+high	1011,1015	O	O
+proportion	1016,1026	O	O
+of	1027,1029	O	O
+H2O	1030,1033	O	B-Material
+,	1033,1034	O	O
+alkylamine	1035,1045	O	B-Material
+,	1045,1046	O	O
+and	1047,1050	O	O
+CO2	1051,1054	O	B-Material
+.	1054,1055	O	O
+
+Consequently	1056,1068	O	O
+,	1068,1069	O	O
+in	1070,1072	O	O
+order	1073,1078	O	O
+to	1079,1081	O	O
+provide	1082,1089	O	O
+an	1090,1092	O	O
+improved	1093,1101	O	O
+overall	1102,1109	O	O
+description	1110,1121	O	O
+of	1122,1124	O	O
+the	1125,1128	O	O
+fluid	1129,1134	O	B-Process
+-	1134,1135	O	I-Process
+phase	1135,1140	O	I-Process
+equilibria	1141,1151	O	I-Process
+at	1152,1154	O	O
+the	1155,1158	O	O
+conditions	1159,1169	O	O
+of	1170,1172	O	O
+interest	1173,1181	O	O
+,	1181,1182	O	O
+refinements	1183,1194	O	O
+have	1195,1199	O	O
+been	1200,1204	O	O
+made	1205,1209	O	O
+to	1210,1212	O	O
+the	1213,1216	O	O
+unlike	1217,1223	O	O
+parameters	1224,1234	O	O
+presented	1235,1244	O	O
+in	1245,1247	O	O
+the	1248,1251	O	O
+previous	1252,1260	O	O
+study	1261,1266	O	O
+[	1267,1268	O	O
+129	1268,1271	O	O
+]	1271,1272	O	O
+relating	1273,1281	O	O
+to	1282,1284	O	O
+the	1285,1288	O	O
+interactions	1289,1301	O	B-Process
+between	1302,1309	O	I-Process
+H2O	1310,1313	O	I-Process
+and	1314,1317	O	I-Process
+the	1318,1321	O	I-Process
+alkyl	1322,1327	O	I-Process
+groups	1328,1334	O	I-Process
+,	1334,1335	O	O
+CH3	1336,1339	O	B-Material
+and	1340,1343	O	I-Material
+CH2	1344,1347	O	I-Material
+,	1347,1348	O	O
+namely	1349,1355	O	O
+ϵCH3,H2O	1356,1364	O	B-Process
+,	1364,1365	O	I-Process
+ϵCH2,H2O	1366,1374	O	I-Process
+and	1375,1378	O	O
+λCH3,H2O	1379,1387	O	B-Process
+,	1387,1388	O	I-Process
+λCH2,H2O.	1389,1398	O	I-Process
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0378381215301291)
+
+Recently	0,8	O	O
+,	8,9	O	O
+fundamental	10,21	O	O
+(	22,23	O	O
+thermophysical	23,37	O	O
+property	38,46	O	O
+)	46,47	O	O
+research	48,56	O	O
+on	57,59	O	O
+ionic	60,65	O	B-Material
+clathrate	66,75	O	I-Material
+hydrates	76,84	O	I-Material
+has	85,88	O	O
+experienced	89,100	O	O
+remarkable	101,111	O	O
+growth	112,118	O	O
+,	118,119	O	O
+particularly	120,132	O	O
+over	133,137	O	O
+the	138,141	O	O
+last	142,146	O	O
+ten	147,150	O	O
+years	151,156	O	O
+[	157,158	O	O
+21–30	158,163	O	O
+]	163,164	O	O
+.	164,165	O	O
+
+Previously	166,176	O	O
+,	176,177	O	O
+beginning	178,187	O	O
+with	188,192	O	O
+the	193,196	O	O
+first	197,202	O	O
+paper	203,208	O	O
+on	209,211	O	O
+unusual	212,219	O	B-Material
+hydrates	220,228	O	I-Material
+of	229,231	O	I-Material
+tetrabutylammonium	232,250	O	I-Material
+salts	251,256	O	I-Material
+in	257,259	O	O
+1940	260,264	O	O
+[	265,266	O	O
+31	266,268	O	O
+]	268,269	O	O
+,	269,270	O	O
+a	271,272	O	O
+number	273,279	O	O
+of	280,282	O	O
+studies	283,290	O	O
+could	291,296	O	O
+be	297,299	O	O
+found	300,305	O	O
+on	306,308	O	O
+ionic	309,314	O	B-Material
+clathrate	315,324	O	I-Material
+hydrates	325,333	O	I-Material
+(	334,335	O	O
+hereafter	335,344	O	O
+,	344,345	O	O
+semiclathrate	346,359	O	B-Material
+hydrates	360,368	O	I-Material
+)	368,369	O	O
+[	370,371	O	O
+32–35	371,376	O	O
+]	376,377	O	O
+before	378,384	O	O
+the	385,388	O	O
+unified	389,396	O	O
+terminology	397,408	O	O
+semiclathrate	409,422	O	B-Material
+hydrate	423,430	O	I-Material
+was	431,434	O	O
+generally	435,444	O	O
+accepted	445,453	O	O
+.	453,454	O	O
+
+Semiclathrate	455,468	O	B-Material
+hydrates	469,477	O	I-Material
+have	478,482	O	O
+been	483,487	O	O
+attracting	488,498	O	O
+increased	499,508	O	O
+attention	509,518	O	O
+because	519,526	O	O
+of	527,529	O	O
+their	530,535	O	O
+promising	536,545	O	O
+applications	546,558	O	O
+as	559,561	O	O
+phase	562,567	O	B-Process
+change	568,574	O	I-Process
+materials	575,584	O	I-Process
+for	585,588	O	I-Process
+refrigeration	589,602	O	I-Process
+systems	603,610	O	I-Process
+and	611,614	O	O
+in	615,617	O	O
+gas	618,621	O	B-Process
+capture	622,629	O	I-Process
+and	630,633	O	I-Process
+storage	634,641	O	I-Process
+[	642,643	O	O
+36–41	643,648	O	O
+]	648,649	O	O
+.	649,650	O	O
+
+In	651,653	O	O
+addition	654,662	O	O
+,	662,663	O	O
+there	664,669	O	O
+is	670,672	O	O
+interesting	673,684	O	O
+speculation	685,696	O	O
+that	697,701	O	O
+semiclathrate	702,715	O	B-Material
+hydrate	716,723	O	I-Material
+may	724,727	O	O
+be	728,730	O	O
+regarded	731,739	O	O
+as	740,742	O	O
+a	743,744	O	O
+representative	745,759	O	O
+substance	760,769	O	O
+for	770,773	O	O
+the	774,777	O	O
+study	778,783	O	B-Task
+of	784,786	O	I-Task
+thermal	787,794	O	I-Task
+conductivity	795,807	O	I-Task
+in	808,810	O	O
+clathrate	811,820	O	O
+hydrate	821,828	O	O
+in	829,831	O	O
+general	832,839	O	O
+.	839,840	O	O
+
+This	841,845	O	O
+is	846,848	O	O
+because	849,856	O	O
+:	856,857	O	O
+(	858,859	O	O
+1	859,860	O	O
+)	860,861	O	O
+it	862,864	O	O
+can	865,868	O	O
+reduce	869,875	O	O
+characterization	876,892	O	O
+problems	893,901	O	O
+as	902,904	O	O
+a	905,906	O	O
+solid	907,912	O	O
+sample	913,919	O	O
+,	919,920	O	O
+since	921,926	O	O
+semiclathrate	927,940	O	B-Material
+hydrate	941,948	O	I-Material
+is	949,951	O	O
+formed	952,958	O	O
+around	959,965	O	O
+ambient	966,973	O	O
+temperature	974,985	O	O
+under	986,991	O	O
+atmospheric	992,1003	O	O
+pressure	1004,1012	O	O
+and	1013,1016	O	O
+is	1017,1019	O	O
+easy	1020,1024	O	O
+to	1025,1027	O	O
+handle	1028,1034	O	O
+;	1034,1035	O	O
+(	1036,1037	O	O
+2	1037,1038	O	O
+)	1038,1039	O	O
+accurately	1040,1050	O	O
+measuring	1051,1060	O	B-Task
+the	1061,1064	O	I-Task
+thermal	1065,1072	O	I-Task
+conductivity	1073,1085	O	I-Task
+of	1086,1088	O	O
+semiclathrate	1089,1102	O	B-Material
+hydrates	1103,1111	O	I-Material
+,	1111,1112	O	O
+which	1113,1118	O	O
+have	1119,1123	O	O
+many	1124,1128	O	O
+similarities	1129,1141	O	O
+to	1142,1144	O	O
+clathrate	1145,1154	O	B-Material
+hydrates	1155,1163	O	I-Material
+,	1163,1164	O	O
+may	1165,1168	O	O
+make	1169,1173	O	O
+possible	1174,1182	O	O
+a	1183,1184	O	O
+deeper	1185,1191	O	O
+understanding	1192,1205	O	O
+of	1206,1208	O	O
+the	1209,1212	O	O
+unique	1213,1219	O	O
+(	1220,1221	O	O
+anomalous	1221,1230	O	O
+)	1230,1231	O	O
+behavior	1232,1240	O	O
+of	1241,1243	O	O
+the	1244,1247	O	O
+thermal	1248,1255	O	B-Process
+conductivity	1256,1268	O	I-Process
+of	1269,1271	O	O
+clathrate	1272,1281	O	B-Material
+hydrates	1282,1290	O	I-Material
+;	1290,1291	O	O
+and	1292,1295	O	O
+(	1296,1297	O	O
+3	1297,1298	O	O
+)	1298,1299	O	O
+currently	1300,1309	O	O
+,	1309,1310	O	O
+there	1311,1316	O	O
+are	1317,1320	O	O
+no	1321,1323	O	O
+experimental	1324,1336	O	O
+studies	1337,1344	O	O
+on	1345,1347	O	O
+the	1348,1351	O	O
+thermal	1352,1359	O	O
+conductivity	1360,1372	O	O
+of	1373,1375	O	O
+semiclathrate	1376,1389	O	B-Material
+hydrates	1390,1398	O	I-Material
+.	1398,1399	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0379711213001653)
+
+With	0,4	O	O
+development	5,16	O	O
+of	17,19	O	O
+performance	20,31	O	B-Task
+-	31,32	O	I-Task
+based	32,37	O	I-Task
+design	38,44	O	I-Task
+,	44,45	O	O
+some	46,50	O	O
+studies	51,58	O	O
+have	59,63	O	O
+been	64,68	O	O
+conducted	69,78	O	O
+on	79,81	O	O
+fire	82,86	O	O
+risk	87,91	O	O
+analysis	92,100	O	O
+in	101,103	O	O
+buildings	104,113	O	O
+from	114,118	O	O
+different	119,128	O	O
+perspectives	129,141	O	O
+and	142,145	O	O
+levels	146,152	O	O
+.	152,153	O	O
+
+Models	154,160	O	B-Process
+such	161,165	O	O
+as	166,168	O	O
+FiRECAM	169,176	O	B-Process
+
+[	177,178	O	O
+11,12	178,183	O	O
+]	183,184	O	O
+and	185,188	O	O
+FiERAsystem	189,200	O	B-Process
+[	201,202	O	O
+13	202,204	O	O
+]	204,205	O	O
+were	206,210	O	O
+used	211,215	O	O
+to	216,218	O	O
+calculate	219,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+expected	233,241	O	O
+life	242,246	O	O
+risk	247,251	O	O
+.	251,252	O	O
+
+In	253,255	O	O
+other	256,261	O	O
+studies	262,269	O	O
+probabilistic	270,283	O	B-Process
+methods	284,291	O	I-Process
+have	292,296	O	O
+been	297,301	O	O
+used	302,306	O	O
+to	307,309	O	O
+assess	310,316	O	O
+levels	317,323	O	O
+of	324,326	O	O
+people	327,333	O	O
+safety	334,340	O	O
+in	341,343	O	O
+buildings	344,353	O	O
+[	354,355	O	O
+14	355,357	O	O
+]	357,358	O	O
+.	358,359	O	O
+
+Quantitative	360,372	O	B-Process
+risk	373,377	O	I-Process
+analysis	378,386	O	I-Process
+approaches	387,397	O	I-Process
+have	398,402	O	O
+also	403,407	O	O
+been	408,412	O	O
+used	413,417	O	O
+to	418,420	O	O
+quantify	421,429	O	O
+the	430,433	O	O
+risk	434,438	O	O
+to	439,441	O	O
+occupants	442,451	O	O
+using	452,457	O	O
+stochastic	458,468	O	B-Process
+factors	469,476	O	I-Process
+[	477,478	O	O
+15	478,480	O	O
+]	480,481	O	O
+.	481,482	O	O
+
+However	483,490	O	O
+,	490,491	O	O
+studies	492,499	O	O
+to	500,502	O	O
+date	503,507	O	O
+have	508,512	O	O
+largely	513,520	O	O
+been	521,525	O	O
+concerned	526,535	O	O
+with	536,540	O	O
+various	541,548	O	O
+aspects	549,556	O	B-Material
+of	557,559	O	I-Material
+fire	560,564	O	I-Material
+risk	565,569	O	I-Material
+analysis	570,578	O	I-Material
+and	579,582	O	O
+there	583,588	O	O
+has	589,592	O	O
+been	593,597	O	O
+little	598,604	O	O
+in	605,607	O	O
+the	608,611	O	O
+way	612,615	O	O
+of	616,618	O	O
+development	619,630	O	O
+of	631,633	O	O
+systematic	634,644	O	B-Process
+theoretical	645,656	O	I-Process
+methods	657,664	O	I-Process
+for	665,668	O	O
+analyzing	669,678	O	O
+fire	679,683	O	O
+risk	684,688	O	O
+in	689,691	O	O
+buildings	692,701	O	O
+in	702,704	O	O
+terms	705,710	O	O
+of	711,713	O	O
+fire	714,718	O	O
+risk	719,723	O	O
+management	724,734	O	O
+.	734,735	O	O
+
+Existing	736,744	O	O
+fire	745,749	O	O
+risk	750,754	O	O
+management	755,765	O	O
+involves	766,774	O	O
+the	775,778	O	O
+identification	779,793	O	B-Process
+of	794,796	O	I-Process
+alternative	797,808	O	I-Process
+fire	809,813	O	I-Process
+safety	814,820	O	I-Process
+design	821,827	O	I-Process
+options	828,835	O	I-Process
+[	836,837	O	O
+16,17	837,842	O	O
+]	842,843	O	O
+,	843,844	O	O
+the	845,848	O	O
+ongoing	849,856	O	B-Process
+inspection	857,867	O	I-Process
+,	867,868	O	O
+maintenance	869,880	O	B-Process
+of	881,883	O	I-Process
+fire	884,888	O	I-Process
+protection	889,899	O	I-Process
+systems	900,907	O	I-Process
+[	908,909	O	O
+18	909,911	O	O
+]	911,912	O	O
+and	913,916	O	O
+evacuation	917,927	O	B-Process
+training	928,936	O	I-Process
+and	937,940	O	I-Process
+drills	941,947	O	I-Process
+[	948,949	O	O
+19	949,951	O	O
+]	951,952	O	O
+.	952,953	O	O
+
+In	954,956	O	O
+this	957,961	O	O
+study	962,967	O	O
+,	967,968	O	O
+basic	969,974	O	B-Material
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+of	983,985	O	I-Material
+fire	986,990	O	I-Material
+risk	991,995	O	I-Material
+analysis	996,1004	O	I-Material
+in	1005,1007	O	O
+building	1008,1016	O	O
+is	1017,1019	O	O
+described	1020,1029	O	O
+,	1029,1030	O	O
+and	1031,1034	O	O
+a	1035,1036	O	O
+fire	1037,1041	O	O
+risk	1042,1046	O	O
+analysis	1047,1055	O	O
+model	1056,1061	O	O
+based	1062,1067	O	O
+on	1068,1070	O	O
+scenario	1071,1079	O	O
+clusters	1080,1088	O	O
+is	1089,1091	O	O
+established	1092,1103	O	O
+with	1104,1108	O	O
+consideration	1109,1122	O	O
+of	1123,1125	O	O
+the	1126,1129	O	O
+characteristics	1130,1145	O	O
+of	1146,1148	O	O
+fire	1149,1153	O	O
+dynamics	1154,1162	O	O
+and	1163,1166	O	O
+occupants	1167,1176	O	O
+'	1176,1177	O	O
+behavior	1178,1186	O	O
+.	1186,1187	O	O
+
+The	1188,1191	O	O
+number	1192,1198	O	B-Material
+of	1199,1201	O	I-Material
+deaths	1202,1208	O	I-Material
+and	1209,1212	O	I-Material
+directive	1213,1222	O	I-Material
+property	1223,1231	O	I-Material
+loss	1232,1236	O	I-Material
+are	1237,1240	O	O
+selected	1241,1249	O	O
+as	1250,1252	O	O
+fire	1253,1257	O	O
+risk	1258,1262	O	O
+indices	1263,1270	O	O
+and	1271,1274	O	O
+the	1275,1278	O	O
+average	1279,1286	O	B-Material
+fire	1287,1291	O	I-Material
+risk	1292,1296	O	I-Material
+of	1297,1299	O	O
+residential	1300,1311	O	O
+buildings	1312,1321	O	O
+is	1322,1324	O	O
+quantitatively	1325,1339	O	O
+analyzed	1340,1348	O	O
+,	1348,1349	O	O
+so	1350,1352	O	O
+that	1353,1357	O	O
+appropriate	1358,1369	O	O
+fire	1370,1374	O	O
+risk	1375,1379	O	O
+management	1380,1390	O	O
+measures	1391,1399	O	O
+can	1400,1403	O	O
+be	1404,1406	O	O
+adopted	1407,1414	O	O
+.	1414,1415	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0379711215000223)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+mentioned	4,13	O	O
+difficulties	14,26	O	O
+associated	27,37	O	O
+with	38,42	O	O
+the	43,46	O	O
+calibration	47,58	O	B-Process
+process	59,66	O	I-Process
+inspired	67,75	O	O
+the	76,79	O	O
+concept	80,87	O	O
+of	88,90	O	O
+inverse	91,98	O	B-Task
+modelling	99,108	O	I-Task
+.	108,109	O	O
+
+In	110,112	O	O
+this	113,117	O	O
+case	118,122	O	O
+,	122,123	O	O
+the	124,127	O	O
+experimental	128,140	O	B-Material
+data	141,145	O	I-Material
+become	146,152	O	O
+entirely	153,161	O	O
+integrated	162,172	O	O
+in	173,175	O	O
+the	176,179	O	O
+calibration	180,191	O	B-Process
+process	192,199	O	I-Process
+and	200,203	O	O
+an	204,206	O	O
+optimization	207,219	O	B-Process
+routine	220,227	O	I-Process
+is	228,230	O	O
+used	231,235	O	O
+to	236,238	O	O
+quantify	239,247	O	B-Task
+the	248,251	O	I-Task
+best	252,256	O	I-Task
+set	257,260	O	I-Task
+of	261,263	O	I-Task
+parameters	264,274	O	I-Task
+which	275,280	O	O
+explain	281,288	O	O
+the	289,292	O	O
+observed	293,301	O	O
+pyrolysis	302,311	O	B-Task
+behaviour	312,321	O	I-Task
+(	322,323	O	O
+i.e.	323,327	O	O
+multivariable	328,341	O	B-Task
+curve	342,347	O	I-Task
+fitting	348,355	O	I-Task
+)	355,356	O	O
+.	356,357	O	O
+
+The	358,361	O	O
+most	362,366	O	O
+used	367,371	O	O
+experimental	372,384	O	B-Material
+data	385,389	O	I-Material
+for	390,393	O	O
+model	394,399	O	B-Process
+calibration	400,411	O	I-Process
+have	412,416	O	O
+been	417,421	O	O
+the	422,425	O	O
+mass	426,430	O	B-Process
+loss	431,435	O	I-Process
+rate	436,440	O	I-Process
+and	441,444	O	O
+the	445,448	O	O
+surface	449,456	O	B-Process
+temperature	457,468	O	I-Process
+[	469,470	O	I-Process
+10–12	470,475	O	O
+]	475,476	O	O
+.	476,477	O	O
+
+The	478,481	O	O
+optimization	482,494	O	B-Process
+technique	495,504	O	I-Process
+used	505,509	O	O
+is	510,512	O	O
+function	513,521	O	O
+of	522,524	O	O
+the	525,528	O	O
+number	529,535	O	O
+of	536,538	O	O
+variables	539,548	O	O
+and	549,552	O	O
+their	553,558	O	O
+interactions	559,571	O	O
+.	571,572	O	O
+
+In	573,575	O	O
+the	576,579	O	O
+past	580,584	O	O
+,	584,585	O	O
+only	586,590	O	O
+the	591,594	O	O
+few	595,598	O	O
+most	599,603	O	O
+uncertain	604,613	O	O
+parameters	614,624	O	B-Process
+(	625,626	O	O
+i.e.	626,630	O	O
+the	631,634	O	O
+kinetics	635,643	O	B-Process
+parameters	644,654	O	I-Process
+)	654,655	O	O
+were	656,660	O	O
+generally	661,670	O	O
+used	671,675	O	O
+as	676,678	O	O
+potentiometers	679,693	O	B-Process
+[	694,695	O	O
+13	695,697	O	O
+]	697,698	O	O
+.	698,699	O	O
+
+However	700,707	O	O
+,	707,708	O	O
+sophisticated	709,722	O	O
+mathematical	723,735	O	B-Process
+procedures	736,746	O	I-Process
+have	747,751	O	O
+been	752,756	O	O
+developed	757,766	O	O
+to	767,769	O	O
+increase	770,778	O	O
+the	779,782	O	O
+number	783,789	O	O
+of	790,792	O	O
+parameters	793,803	O	B-Process
+optimized	804,813	O	O
+simultaneously	814,828	O	O
+(	829,830	O	O
+e.g.	830,834	O	O
+Genetic	835,842	O	B-Process
+Algorithm	843,852	O	I-Process
+(	853,854	O	O
+GA	854,856	O	B-Process
+)	856,857	O	O
+
+[	858,859	O	O
+10,14	859,864	O	O
+]	864,865	O	O
+or	866,868	O	O
+Shuffled	869,877	O	B-Process
+Complex	878,885	O	I-Process
+Evolution	886,895	O	I-Process
+(	896,897	O	O
+SCE	897,900	O	B-Process
+)	900,901	O	O
+[	902,903	O	O
+11	903,905	O	O
+]	905,906	O	O
+)	906,907	O	O
+.	907,908	O	O
+
+Lautenberger	909,921	O	O
+and	922,925	O	O
+Fernandez	926,935	O	O
+-	935,936	O	O
+Pello	936,941	O	O
+[	942,943	O	O
+12	943,945	O	O
+]	945,946	O	O
+have	947,951	O	O
+recently	952,960	O	O
+investigated	961,973	O	O
+the	974,977	O	O
+influence	978,987	O	O
+that	988,992	O	O
+the	993,996	O	O
+choice	997,1003	O	B-Process
+of	1004,1006	O	I-Process
+algorithm	1007,1016	O	I-Process
+can	1017,1020	O	O
+have	1021,1025	O	O
+on	1026,1028	O	O
+the	1029,1032	O	O
+optimized	1033,1042	O	O
+parameters	1043,1053	O	O
+.	1053,1054	O	O
+
+They	1055,1059	O	O
+generated	1060,1069	O	O
+using	1070,1075	O	O
+their	1076,1081	O	O
+code	1082,1086	O	O
+GPYRO	1087,1092	O	B-Material
+a	1093,1094	O	O
+set	1095,1098	O	O
+of	1099,1101	O	O
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+data	1112,1116	O	I-Material
+(	1117,1118	O	O
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+rate	1128,1132	O	O
+and	1133,1136	O	O
+surfaces	1137,1145	O	O
+temperature	1146,1157	O	O
+)	1157,1158	O	O
+and	1159,1162	O	O
+tried	1163,1168	O	O
+with	1169,1173	O	O
+different	1174,1183	O	O
+algorithms	1184,1194	O	B-Process
+to	1195,1197	O	O
+find	1198,1202	O	O
+back	1203,1207	O	O
+the	1208,1211	O	O
+set	1212,1215	O	O
+of	1216,1218	O	O
+input	1219,1224	O	O
+parameters	1225,1235	O	O
+.	1235,1236	O	O
+
+The	1237,1240	O	O
+four	1241,1245	O	O
+optimization	1246,1258	O	B-Process
+algorithms	1259,1269	O	I-Process
+provided	1270,1278	O	O
+results	1279,1286	O	O
+with	1287,1291	O	O
+an	1292,1294	O	O
+absolute	1295,1303	O	O
+average	1304,1311	O	O
+error	1312,1317	O	O
+between	1318,1325	O	O
+1	1326,1327	O	O
+%	1327,1328	O	O
+and	1329,1332	O	O
+25	1333,1335	O	O
+%	1335,1336	O	O
+.	1336,1337	O	O
+
+SCE	1338,1341	O	B-Process
+was	1342,1345	O	O
+the	1346,1349	O	O
+most	1350,1354	O	O
+suitable	1355,1363	O	O
+algorithm	1364,1373	O	B-Process
+.	1373,1374	O	O
+
+The	1375,1378	O	O
+use	1379,1382	O	O
+of	1383,1385	O	O
+synthetic	1386,1395	O	B-Material
+data	1396,1400	O	I-Material
+conveniently	1401,1413	O	O
+avoids	1414,1420	O	O
+the	1421,1424	O	O
+problem	1425,1432	O	O
+of	1433,1435	O	O
+agreement	1436,1445	O	O
+between	1446,1453	O	O
+the	1454,1457	O	O
+actual	1458,1464	O	O
+physical	1465,1473	O	O
+phenomena	1474,1483	O	O
+and	1484,1487	O	O
+any	1488,1491	O	O
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+.	1512,1513	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0393044012000198)
+
+RemarkThe	0,9	O	O
+purely	10,16	O	O
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+used	38,42	O	O
+as	43,45	O	O
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+in	66,68	O	O
+our	69,72	O	O
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+of	104,106	O	O
+the	107,110	O	O
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+.	130,131	O	O
+
+A	132,133	O	O
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+seeing	141,147	O	O
+this	148,152	O	O
+is	153,155	O	O
+to	156,158	O	O
+consider	159,167	O	O
+the	168,171	O	O
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+–	178,179	O	I-Material
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+of	197,199	O	O
+the	200,203	O	O
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+.	213,214	O	O
+
+The	215,218	O	O
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+–	225,226	O	O
+
+Penrose	226,233	O	O
+constants	234,243	O	O
+are	244,247	O	O
+a	248,249	O	O
+set	250,253	O	O
+of	254,256	O	O
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+defined	289,296	O	O
+as	297,299	O	O
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+of	310,312	O	O
+certain	313,320	O	O
+components	321,331	O	O
+of	332,334	O	O
+the	335,338	O	O
+Weyl	339,343	O	B-Material
+tensor	344,350	O	I-Material
+and	351,354	O	O
+the	355,358	O	O
+Maxwell	359,366	O	B-Material
+fields	367,373	O	I-Material
+over	374,378	O	O
+cuts	379,383	O	O
+of	384,386	O	O
+null	387,391	O	O
+infinity	392,400	O	O
+—	400,401	O	O
+see	401,404	O	O
+[	405,406	O	O
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+]	411,412	O	O
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+the	417,420	O	O
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+–	429,430	O	O
+Maxwell	430,437	O	O
+case	438,442	O	O
+.	442,443	O	O
+
+In	444,446	O	O
+[	447,448	O	O
+22	448,450	O	O
+]	450,451	O	O
+it	452,454	O	O
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+that	470,474	O	O
+the	475,478	O	O
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+of	485,487	O	O
+the	488,491	O	O
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+.	696,697	O	O
+
+For	698,701	O	O
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+[	760,761	O	O
+17	761,763	O	O
+]	763,764	O	O
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+
+It	885,887	O	O
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+,	895,896	O	O
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+
+On	985,987	O	O
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+,	1002,1003	O	O
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+,	1031,1032	O	O
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+
+Penrose	1044,1051	O	O
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+
+Thus	1130,1134	O	O
+,	1134,1135	O	O
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+,	1157,1158	O	O
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+,	1187,1188	O	O
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+,	1200,1201	O	O
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+,	1246,1247	O	O
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+.	1294,1295	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0736585316300661)
+
+To	0,2	O	O
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+hedonic	13,20	O	I-Task
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+indices	27,34	O	I-Task
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+,	54,55	O	O
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+reference	71,80	O	O
+price	81,86	O	O
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+to	91,93	O	O
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+(	108,109	O	O
+Triplett	109,117	O	O
+,	117,118	O	O
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+)	123,124	O	O
+.	124,125	O	O
+
+The	126,129	O	O
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+the	151,154	O	O
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+of	164,166	O	O
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+and	175,178	O	O
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+(	187,188	O	O
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+)	192,193	O	O
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+of	280,282	O	O
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+,	313,314	O	O
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+on	342,344	O	O
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+of	377,379	O	O
+a	380,381	O	O
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+phone	393,398	O	O
+plan	399,403	O	O
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+z¯	419,421	O	O
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+(	440,441	O	O
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+)	463,464	O	O
+.	464,465	O	O
+
+For	466,469	O	O
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+,	496,497	O	O
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+;	522,523	O	O
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+,	550,551	O	O
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+of	568,570	O	O
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+phone	576,581	O	O
+plans	582,587	O	O
+containing	588,598	O	O
+the	599,602	O	O
+feature	603,610	O	O
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+used	615,619	O	O
+.	619,620	O	O
+
+The	621,624	O	O
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+for	642,645	O	O
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+cell	659,663	O	O
+phone	664,669	O	O
+plan	670,674	O	O
+are	675,678	O	O
+converted	679,688	O	O
+to	689,691	O	O
+an	692,694	O	O
+index	695,700	O	O
+by	701,703	O	O
+applying	704,712	O	B-Process
+previously	713,723	O	I-Process
+calculated	724,734	O	I-Process
+pure	735,739	O	I-Process
+price	740,745	O	I-Process
+changes	746,753	O	I-Process
+(	754,755	O	O
+δs	755,757	O	O
+)	757,758	O	O
+.	758,759	O	O
+
+Finally	760,767	O	O
+,	767,768	O	O
+the	769,772	O	O
+overall	773,780	O	O
+hedonic	781,788	O	O
+price	789,794	O	O
+index	795,800	O	O
+is	801,803	O	O
+calculated	804,814	O	O
+as	815,817	O	O
+the	818,821	O	O
+weighted	822,830	O	O
+average	831,838	O	O
+of	839,841	O	O
+firm	842,846	O	O
+-	846,847	O	O
+level	847,852	O	O
+indices	853,860	O	O
+.	860,861	O	O
+
+Weights	862,869	O	O
+correspond	870,880	O	O
+to	881,883	O	O
+the	884,887	O	O
+relative	888,896	O	O
+proportion	897,907	O	O
+of	908,910	O	O
+cell	911,915	O	O
+phone	916,921	O	O
+plans	922,927	O	O
+by	928,930	O	O
+operator	931,939	O	O
+in	940,942	O	O
+the	943,946	O	O
+sample	947,953	O	O
+(	954,955	O	O
+0.3534	955,961	O	O
+for	962,965	O	O
+HT	966,968	O	O
+,	968,969	O	O
+0.3212	970,976	O	O
+for	977,980	O	O
+Vip	981,984	O	O
+,	984,985	O	O
+and	986,989	O	O
+0.3254	990,996	O	O
+for	997,1000	O	O
+Tele2	1001,1006	O	O
+)	1006,1007	O	O
+.	1007,1008	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S074756321630348X)
+
+Social	0,6	O	B-Process
+network	7,14	O	I-Process
+gaming	15,21	O	I-Process
+,	21,22	O	O
+which	23,28	O	O
+refers	29,35	O	O
+to	36,38	O	O
+playing	39,46	O	O
+games	47,52	O	O
+that	53,57	O	O
+are	58,61	O	O
+connected	62,71	O	O
+to	72,74	O	O
+social	75,81	O	B-Material
+networking	82,92	O	I-Material
+services	93,101	O	I-Material
+(	102,103	O	O
+SNS	103,106	O	B-Material
+)	106,107	O	O
+directly	108,116	O	O
+,	116,117	O	O
+or	118,120	O	O
+through	121,128	O	O
+mobile	129,135	O	B-Material
+applications	136,148	O	I-Material
+(	149,150	O	O
+apps	150,154	O	B-Material
+)	154,155	O	O
+,	155,156	O	O
+is	157,159	O	O
+a	160,161	O	O
+popular	162,169	O	O
+online	170,176	O	O
+activity	177,185	O	O
+.	185,186	O	O
+
+Social	187,193	O	B-Process
+network	194,201	O	I-Process
+games	202,207	O	I-Process
+(	208,209	O	O
+SNG	209,212	O	B-Process
+)	212,213	O	O
+are	214,217	O	O
+generally	218,227	O	O
+free	228,232	O	O
+-	232,233	O	O
+to	233,235	O	O
+-	235,236	O	O
+play	236,240	O	O
+and	241,244	O	O
+do	245,247	O	O
+not	248,251	O	O
+award	252,257	O	O
+monetary	258,266	O	O
+prizes	267,273	O	O
+,	273,274	O	O
+but	275,278	O	O
+users	279,284	O	O
+can	285,288	O	O
+make	289,293	O	O
+in	294,296	O	O
+-	296,297	O	O
+game	297,301	O	O
+purchases	302,311	O	O
+to	312,314	O	O
+advance	315,322	O	O
+within	323,329	O	O
+the	330,333	O	O
+game	334,338	O	O
+,	338,339	O	O
+customise	340,349	O	O
+the	350,353	O	O
+game	354,358	O	O
+,	358,359	O	O
+give	360,364	O	O
+gifts	365,370	O	O
+to	371,373	O	O
+friends	374,381	O	O
+,	381,382	O	O
+and	383,386	O	O
+access	387,393	O	O
+other	394,399	O	O
+exclusive	400,409	O	O
+benefits	410,418	O	O
+and	419,422	O	O
+features	423,431	O	O
+,	431,432	O	O
+leading	433,440	O	O
+to	441,443	O	O
+these	444,449	O	O
+games	450,455	O	O
+being	456,461	O	O
+referred	462,470	O	O
+to	471,473	O	O
+as	474,476	O	O
+‘	477,478	O	O
+freemium’	478,487	O	O
+.	487,488	O	O
+
+Although	489,497	O	O
+SNG	498,501	O	B-Material
+are	502,505	O	O
+connected	506,515	O	O
+to	516,518	O	O
+a	519,520	O	O
+SNS	521,524	O	B-Process
+and	525,528	O	O
+encourage	529,538	O	O
+users	539,544	O	O
+to	545,547	O	O
+interact	548,556	O	O
+with	557,561	O	O
+their	562,567	O	O
+connections	568,579	O	O
+,	579,580	O	O
+most	581,585	O	O
+SNG	586,589	O	B-Material
+can	590,593	O	O
+be	594,596	O	O
+played	597,603	O	O
+without	604,611	O	O
+any	612,615	O	O
+social	616,622	O	O
+interaction	623,634	O	O
+.	634,635	O	O
+
+SNG	636,639	O	B-Material
+have	640,644	O	O
+grown	645,650	O	O
+rapidly	651,658	O	O
+in	659,661	O	O
+popularity	662,672	O	O
+and	673,676	O	O
+the	677,680	O	O
+global	681,687	O	O
+SNG	688,691	O	B-Material
+market	692,698	O	I-Material
+is	699,701	O	O
+predicted	702,711	O	O
+to	712,714	O	O
+grow	715,719	O	O
+annually	720,728	O	O
+at	729,731	O	O
+16	732,734	O	O
+%	734,735	O	O
+from	736,740	O	O
+2013	741,745	O	O
+to	746,748	O	O
+2019	749,753	O	O
+to	754,756	O	O
+reach	757,762	O	O
+a	763,764	O	O
+total	765,770	O	O
+market	771,777	O	O
+value	778,783	O	O
+of	784,786	O	O
+US$	787,790	O	O
+17.4	790,794	O	O
+billion	795,802	O	O
+(	803,804	O	O
+Transparency	804,816	O	O
+Market	817,823	O	O
+Research	824,832	O	O
+,	832,833	O	O
+2015	834,838	O	O
+)	838,839	O	O
+.	839,840	O	O
+
+A	841,842	O	O
+survey	843,849	O	B-Process
+of	850,852	O	O
+Facebook	853,861	O	O
+users	862,867	O	O
+in	868,870	O	O
+Australia	871,880	O	O
+in	881,883	O	O
+November	884,892	O	O
+2012	893,897	O	O
+reported	898,906	O	O
+that	907,911	O	O
+there	912,917	O	O
+are	918,921	O	O
+over	922,926	O	O
+3.5	927,930	O	O
+million	931,938	O	O
+social	939,945	O	O
+gamers	946,952	O	O
+across	953,959	O	O
+Australia	960,969	O	O
+and	970,973	O	O
+almost	974,980	O	O
+70	981,983	O	O
+%	983,984	O	O
+play	985,989	O	O
+SNG	990,993	O	B-Material
+daily	994,999	O	O
+
+(	1000,1001	O	O
+Spiral	1001,1007	O	O
+Media	1008,1013	O	O
+,	1013,1014	O	O
+2013	1015,1019	O	O
+)	1019,1020	O	O
+,	1020,1021	O	O
+and	1022,1025	O	O
+it	1026,1028	O	O
+is	1029,1031	O	O
+highly	1032,1038	O	O
+likely	1039,1045	O	O
+that	1046,1050	O	O
+the	1051,1054	O	O
+use	1055,1058	O	O
+of	1059,1061	O	O
+SNG	1062,1065	O	B-Material
+has	1066,1069	O	O
+increased	1070,1079	O	O
+since	1080,1085	O	O
+this	1086,1090	O	O
+time	1091,1095	O	O
+.	1095,1096	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0749603615302184)
+
+However	0,7	O	O
+,	7,8	O	O
+the	9,12	O	O
+measured	13,21	O	O
+reflectivity	22,34	O	O
+is	35,37	O	O
+less	38,42	O	O
+than	43,47	O	O
+the	48,51	O	O
+predicted	52,61	O	O
+value	62,67	O	O
+(	68,69	O	O
+∼96	69,72	O	O
+%	72,73	O	O
+)	73,74	O	O
+,	74,75	O	O
+which	76,81	O	O
+is	82,84	O	O
+likely	85,91	O	O
+to	92,94	O	O
+relate	95,101	O	O
+to	102,104	O	O
+,	104,105	O	O
+amongst	106,113	O	O
+other	114,119	O	O
+factors	120,127	O	O
+,	127,128	O	O
+the	129,132	O	O
+roughness	133,142	O	O
+of	143,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+GaN	150,153	O	B-Material
+/	153,154	O	I-Material
+AlN	154,157	O	I-Material
+interfaces	158,168	O	I-Material
+particularly	169,181	O	O
+for	182,185	O	O
+the	186,189	O	O
+first	190,195	O	O
+layer	196,201	O	O
+in	202,204	O	O
+the	205,208	O	O
+DBR	209,212	O	B-Material
+stack	213,218	O	I-Material
+and	219,222	O	O
+the	223,226	O	O
+non	227,230	O	O
+-	230,231	O	O
+uniformity	231,241	O	O
+of	242,244	O	O
+the	245,248	O	O
+DBR	249,252	O	B-Material
+layer	253,258	O	I-Material
+thicknesses	259,270	O	O
+.	270,271	O	O
+
+Using	272,277	O	O
+STEM	278,282	O	B-Process
+measurements	283,295	O	I-Process
+of	296,298	O	O
+the	299,302	O	O
+thickness	303,312	O	O
+of	313,315	O	O
+each	316,320	O	O
+layer	321,326	O	O
+(	327,328	O	O
+on	328,330	O	O
+the	331,334	O	O
+a	335,336	O	O
+-	336,337	O	O
+plane	337,342	O	O
+)	342,343	O	O
+through	344,351	O	O
+the	352,355	O	O
+thickness	356,365	O	O
+of	366,368	O	O
+the	369,372	O	O
+stack	373,378	O	O
+,	378,379	O	O
+we	380,382	O	O
+calculate	383,392	O	B-Process
+a	393,394	O	I-Process
+new	395,398	O	I-Process
+model	399,404	O	I-Process
+(	405,406	O	O
+green	406,411	O	O
+curve	412,417	O	O
+)	417,418	O	O
+in	419,421	O	O
+which	422,427	O	O
+the	428,431	O	O
+overall	432,439	O	O
+reflectivity	440,452	O	O
+is	453,455	O	O
+reduced	456,463	O	O
+to	464,466	O	O
+85	467,469	O	O
+%	469,470	O	O
+.	470,471	O	O
+
+This	472,476	O	O
+implies	477,484	O	O
+that	485,489	O	O
+variations	490,500	O	O
+in	501,503	O	O
+layer	504,509	O	O
+thickness	510,519	O	O
+through	520,527	O	O
+the	528,531	O	O
+stack	532,537	O	O
+are	538,541	O	O
+the	542,545	O	O
+main	546,550	O	O
+source	551,557	O	O
+of	558,560	O	O
+the	561,564	O	O
+reduced	565,572	O	O
+reflectivity	573,585	O	O
+in	586,588	O	O
+comparison	589,599	O	O
+to	600,602	O	O
+the	603,606	O	O
+model	607,612	O	O
+.	612,613	O	O
+
+In	614,616	O	O
+fact	617,621	O	O
+,	621,622	O	O
+a	623,624	O	O
+closer	625,631	O	O
+look	632,636	O	O
+at	637,639	O	O
+the	640,643	O	O
+cross	644,649	O	B-Material
+-	649,650	O	I-Material
+sectional	650,659	O	I-Material
+STEM	660,664	O	I-Material
+data	665,669	O	I-Material
+and	670,673	O	O
+a	674,675	O	O
+careful	676,683	O	O
+extraction	684,694	O	B-Process
+of	695,697	O	I-Process
+layer	698,703	O	I-Process
+thickness	704,713	O	I-Process
+have	714,718	O	O
+revealed	719,727	O	O
+that	728,732	O	O
+whilst	733,739	O	O
+the	740,743	O	O
+layer	744,749	O	O
+thicknesses	750,761	O	O
+are	762,765	O	O
+fairly	766,772	O	O
+consistent	773,783	O	O
+through	784,791	O	O
+the	792,795	O	O
+DBR	796,799	O	B-Material
+stack	800,805	O	I-Material
+in	806,808	O	I-Material
+the	809,812	O	I-Material
+wing	813,817	O	I-Material
+regions	818,825	O	I-Material
+,	825,826	O	O
+there	827,832	O	O
+is	833,835	O	O
+a	836,837	O	O
+monotonic	838,847	O	O
+variation	848,857	O	O
+in	858,860	O	O
+the	861,864	O	O
+measured	865,873	O	O
+layer	874,879	O	O
+thicknesses	880,891	O	O
+in	892,894	O	O
+the	895,898	O	B-Material
+window	899,905	O	I-Material
+regions	906,913	O	I-Material
+.	913,914	O	O
+
+(	915,916	O	O
+The	916,919	O	O
+GaN	920,923	O	B-Material
+layer	924,929	O	I-Material
+width	930,935	O	O
+smoothly	936,944	O	O
+increases	945,954	O	O
+,	954,955	O	O
+while	956,961	O	O
+the	962,965	O	O
+AlN	966,969	O	B-Material
+layer	970,975	O	I-Material
+thickness	976,985	O	O
+decreases	986,995	O	O
+through	996,1003	O	O
+the	1004,1007	O	O
+DBR	1008,1011	O	B-Material
+stack	1012,1017	O	I-Material
+.	1017,1018	O	O
+)	1018,1019	O	O
+.	1019,1020	O	O
+
+This	1021,1025	O	O
+observation	1026,1037	O	O
+could	1038,1043	O	O
+potentially	1044,1055	O	O
+be	1056,1058	O	O
+of	1059,1061	O	O
+practical	1062,1071	O	O
+importance	1072,1082	O	O
+,	1082,1083	O	O
+for	1084,1087	O	O
+samples	1088,1095	O	O
+grown	1096,1101	O	O
+on	1102,1104	O	O
+templates	1105,1114	O	O
+with	1115,1119	O	O
+a	1120,1121	O	O
+uniform	1122,1129	O	O
+defect	1130,1136	O	O
+density	1137,1144	O	O
+,	1144,1145	O	O
+as	1146,1148	O	O
+one	1149,1152	O	O
+could	1153,1158	O	O
+achieve	1159,1166	O	O
+much	1167,1171	O	O
+better	1172,1178	O	O
+reflectivities	1179,1193	O	O
+simply	1194,1200	O	O
+by	1201,1203	O	O
+altering	1204,1212	O	B-Process
+the	1213,1216	O	I-Process
+growth	1217,1223	O	I-Process
+time	1224,1228	O	I-Process
+to	1229,1231	O	O
+counteract	1232,1242	O	O
+the	1243,1246	O	O
+change	1247,1253	O	O
+in	1254,1256	O	O
+growth	1257,1263	O	O
+rate	1264,1268	O	O
+.	1268,1269	O	O
+
+This	1270,1274	O	O
+possibility	1275,1286	O	O
+is	1287,1289	O	O
+the	1290,1293	O	O
+subject	1294,1301	O	O
+of	1302,1304	O	O
+ongoing	1305,1312	O	O
+investigations	1313,1327	O	O
+.	1327,1328	O	O
+
+In	1329,1331	O	O
+addition	1332,1340	O	O
+,	1340,1341	O	O
+the	1342,1345	O	O
+presence	1346,1354	O	O
+of	1355,1357	O	O
+cracks	1358,1364	O	O
+and	1365,1368	O	O
+trenches	1369,1377	O	O
+in	1378,1380	O	O
+the	1381,1384	O	O
+top	1385,1388	O	O
+surface	1389,1396	O	O
+may	1397,1400	O	O
+also	1401,1405	O	O
+reduce	1406,1412	O	O
+the	1413,1416	O	O
+measured	1417,1425	O	O
+reflectivity	1426,1438	O	O
+further	1439,1446	O	O
+.	1446,1447	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S088523081530036X)
+
+Note	0,4	O	O
+that	5,9	O	O
+the	10,13	O	O
+presented	14,23	O	O
+architecture	24,36	O	O
+works	37,42	O	O
+at	43,45	O	O
+the	46,49	O	O
+frame	50,55	O	O
+level	56,61	O	O
+,	61,62	O	O
+meaning	63,70	O	O
+that	71,75	O	O
+each	76,80	O	O
+single	81,87	O	O
+frame	88,93	O	O
+(	94,95	O	O
+plus	95,99	O	O
+its	100,103	O	O
+corresponding	104,117	O	O
+context	118,125	O	O
+)	125,126	O	O
+is	127,129	O	O
+fed	130,133	O	O
+-	133,134	O	O
+forward	134,141	O	O
+through	142,149	O	O
+the	150,153	O	O
+network	154,161	O	O
+,	161,162	O	O
+obtaining	163,172	O	O
+a	173,174	O	O
+class	175,180	O	O
+posterior	181,190	O	O
+probability	191,202	O	O
+for	203,206	O	O
+all	207,210	O	O
+of	211,213	O	O
+the	214,217	O	O
+target	218,224	O	B-Material
+languages	225,234	O	I-Material
+.	234,235	O	O
+
+This	236,240	O	O
+fact	241,245	O	O
+makes	246,251	O	O
+the	252,255	O	O
+DNNs	256,260	O	B-Process
+particularly	261,273	O	O
+suitable	274,282	O	O
+for	283,286	O	O
+real	287,291	O	O
+-	291,292	O	O
+time	292,296	O	O
+applications	297,309	O	O
+because	310,317	O	O
+,	317,318	O	O
+unlike	319,325	O	O
+other	326,331	O	B-Process
+approaches	332,342	O	I-Process
+(	343,344	O	O
+i.e.	344,348	O	O
+i	349,350	O	B-Process
+-	350,351	O	I-Process
+vectors	351,358	O	I-Process
+)	358,359	O	O
+,	359,360	O	O
+we	361,363	O	O
+can	364,367	O	O
+potentially	368,379	O	O
+make	380,384	O	O
+a	385,386	O	O
+decision	387,395	O	O
+about	396,401	O	O
+the	402,405	O	O
+language	406,414	O	O
+at	415,417	O	O
+each	418,422	O	O
+new	423,426	O	O
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+.	432,433	O	O
+
+Indeed	434,440	O	O
+,	440,441	O	O
+at	442,444	O	O
+each	445,449	O	O
+frame	450,455	O	O
+,	455,456	O	O
+we	457,459	O	O
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+a	509,510	O	O
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+similarity	518,528	O	O
+score	529,534	O	O
+between	535,542	O	O
+the	543,546	O	O
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+utterance	552,561	O	O
+and	562,565	O	O
+the	566,569	O	O
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+.	585,586	O	O
+
+A	587,588	O	O
+simple	589,595	O	O
+way	596,599	O	O
+of	600,602	O	O
+doing	603,608	O	O
+this	609,613	O	O
+combination	614,625	O	O
+is	626,628	O	O
+to	629,631	O	O
+assume	632,638	O	B-Process
+that	639,643	O	I-Process
+frames	644,650	O	I-Process
+are	651,654	O	I-Process
+independent	655,666	O	I-Process
+and	667,670	O	I-Process
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+.	721,722	O	O
+
+The	723,726	O	O
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+sl	733,735	O	O
+for	736,739	O	O
+language	740,748	O	O
+l	749,750	O	O
+of	751,753	O	O
+a	754,755	O	O
+given	756,761	O	O
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+is	777,779	O	O
+computed	780,788	O	O
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+the	804,807	O	I-Process
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+;	862,863	O	O
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+,	879,880	O	O
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+,	948,949	O	O
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+)	951,952	O	O
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+the	997,1000	O	O
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+
+l	1010,1011	O	O
+corresponding	1012,1025	O	O
+to	1026,1028	O	O
+the	1029,1032	O	O
+input	1033,1038	O	O
+example	1039,1046	O	O
+at	1047,1049	O	O
+time	1050,1054	O	O
+t	1055,1056	O	O
+,	1056,1057	O	O
+xt	1058,1060	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0885230816300043)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+
+HMM	72,75	O	O
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+.	115,116	O	O
+
+This	117,121	O	O
+new	122,125	O	O
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+provided	137,145	O	O
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+of	161,163	O	O
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+%	167,168	O	O
+,	168,169	O	O
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+on	209,211	O	O
+the	212,215	O	O
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+HMM	229,232	O	I-Process
+model	233,238	O	I-Process
+.	238,239	O	O
+
+However	240,247	O	O
+,	247,248	O	O
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+-	262,263	O	I-Process
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+on	287,289	O	O
+top	290,293	O	O
+of	294,296	O	O
+the	297,300	O	O
+adaptively	301,311	O	O
+trained	312,319	O	O
+model	320,325	O	O
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+the	334,337	O	O
+improvement	338,349	O	O
+to	350,352	O	O
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+%	356,357	O	O
+absolute	358,366	O	O
+.	366,367	O	O
+
+This	368,372	O	O
+showed	373,379	O	O
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+adaptive	384,392	O	B-Process
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+of	432,434	O	O
+the	435,438	O	O
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+to	445,447	O	O
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+conditions	477,487	O	O
+existing	488,496	O	O
+in	497,499	O	O
+each	500,504	O	O
+show	505,509	O	O
+.	509,510	O	O
+
+Finally	511,518	O	O
+,	518,519	O	O
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+on	577,579	O	O
+top	580,583	O	O
+of	584,586	O	O
+the	587,590	O	O
+aNAT	591,595	O	B-Process
+model	596,601	O	I-Process
+and	602,605	O	O
+show	606,610	O	O
+-	610,611	O	O
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+was	635,638	O	O
+tested	639,645	O	O
+.	645,646	O	O
+
+This	647,651	O	O
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+increased	657,666	O	O
+the	667,670	O	O
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+0.9	686,689	O	O
+%	689,690	O	O
+absolute	691,699	O	O
+(	700,701	O	O
+2.9	701,704	O	O
+%	704,705	O	O
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+)	714,715	O	O
+,	715,716	O	O
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+the	732,735	O	O
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+performing	750,760	O	O
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+in	789,791	O	O
+this	792,796	O	O
+task	797,801	O	O
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+how	806,809	O	O
+this	810,814	O	O
+actually	815,823	O	O
+hampers	824,831	O	O
+speaker	832,839	O	B-Task
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+.	850,851	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0888327016300048)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+research	4,12	O	O
+work	13,17	O	O
+in	18,20	O	O
+this	21,25	O	O
+paper	26,31	O	O
+elaborates	32,42	O	B-Task
+on	43,45	O	I-Task
+the	46,49	O	I-Task
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+effectiveness	62,75	O	I-Task
+of	76,78	O	I-Task
+the	79,82	O	I-Task
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+on	105,107	O	I-Task
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+.	128,129	O	O
+
+It	130,132	O	O
+also	133,137	O	O
+clearly	138,145	O	O
+indicates	146,155	O	O
+through	156,163	O	O
+numerical	164,173	O	B-Process
+simulations	174,185	O	I-Process
+and	186,189	O	O
+applications	190,202	O	B-Task
+to	203,205	O	I-Task
+bearing	206,213	O	I-Task
+monitoring	214,224	O	I-Task
+that	225,229	O	O
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+EMD	278,281	O	I-Process
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+a	285,286	O	O
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+exploration	298,309	O	O
+.	309,310	O	O
+
+Using	311,316	O	O
+multiple	317,325	O	O
+sensors	326,333	O	B-Material
+to	334,336	O	O
+collect	337,344	O	O
+signal	345,351	O	O
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+locations	367,376	O	O
+of	377,379	O	O
+the	380,383	O	O
+machine	384,391	O	O
+and	392,395	O	O
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+the	402,405	O	O
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+analyze	426,433	O	O
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+contribute	458,468	O	O
+to	469,471	O	O
+comprehensively	472,487	O	O
+collect	488,495	O	O
+all	496,499	O	O
+the	500,503	O	O
+frequency	504,513	O	B-Material
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+related	525,532	O	O
+to	533,535	O	O
+any	536,539	O	O
+bearing	540,547	O	O
+fault	548,553	O	O
+,	553,554	O	O
+and	555,558	O	O
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+beneficial	562,572	O	O
+to	573,575	O	O
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+fault	584,589	O	I-Task
+information	590,601	O	I-Task
+,	601,602	O	O
+especially	603,613	O	O
+for	614,617	O	O
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+.	650,651	O	O
+
+Both	652,656	O	O
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+same	796,800	O	O
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+IMF	810,813	O	O
+groups	814,820	O	O
+,	820,821	O	O
+thus	822,826	O	O
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+EMD	853,856	O	I-Process
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+an	860,862	O	O
+effective	863,872	O	O
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+decomposition	880,893	O	I-Process
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+can	908,911	O	O
+be	912,914	O	O
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+applied	927,934	O	O
+to	935,937	O	O
+fault	938,943	O	B-Process
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+of	954,956	O	O
+rolling	957,964	O	B-Material
+bearings	965,973	O	I-Material
+when	974,978	O	O
+combined	979,987	O	O
+with	988,992	O	O
+a	993,994	O	O
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+analysis	1052,1060	O	I-Process
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+
+In	1062,1064	O	O
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+and	1084,1087	O	I-Task
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+,	1098,1099	O	O
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+that	1123,1127	O	O
+there	1128,1133	O	O
+is	1134,1136	O	O
+a	1137,1138	O	O
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+the	1152,1155	O	O
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+of	1160,1162	O	O
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+,	1179,1180	O	O
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+a	1242,1243	O	O
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+
+By	1292,1294	O	O
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+two	1330,1333	O	O
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+field	1447,1452	O	O
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+
+
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+-	71,72	O	I-Material
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+-	109,110	O	I-Material
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+8	130,131	O	O
+]	131,132	O	O
+.	132,133	O	O
+
+In	134,136	O	O
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+,	160,161	O	O
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+from	211,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+input	220,225	O	O
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+output	226,232	O	O
+data	233,237	O	O
+.	237,238	O	O
+
+The	239,242	O	O
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+9	350,351	O	O
+]	351,352	O	O
+.	352,353	O	O
+
+The	354,357	O	O
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+-	414,415	O	I-Task
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+observation	473,484	O	O
+that	485,489	O	O
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+terms	543,548	O	O
+of	549,551	O	O
+the	552,555	O	O
+unknown	556,563	O	O
+Volterra	564,572	O	O
+kernels	573,580	O	O
+,	580,581	O	O
+which	582,587	O	O
+,	587,588	O	O
+in	589,591	O	O
+the	592,595	O	O
+frequency	596,605	O	O
+domain	606,612	O	O
+,	612,613	O	O
+corresponds	614,625	O	B-Material
+to	626,628	O	I-Material
+a	629,630	O	I-Material
+linear	631,637	O	I-Material
+relation	638,646	O	I-Material
+between	647,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+output	659,665	O	O
+frequency	666,675	O	O
+response	676,684	O	O
+and	685,688	O	O
+linear	689,695	O	O
+,	695,696	O	O
+quadratic	697,706	O	O
+,	706,707	O	O
+and	708,711	O	O
+higher	712,718	O	O
+order	719,724	O	O
+GFRFs	725,730	O	O
+.	730,731	O	O
+
+This	732,736	O	O
+linear	737,743	O	B-Task
+relationship	744,756	O	I-Task
+allows	757,763	O	O
+the	764,767	O	O
+use	768,771	O	O
+of	772,774	O	O
+a	775,776	O	B-Material
+least	777,782	O	I-Material
+squares	783,790	O	I-Material
+(	791,792	O	I-Material
+LS	792,794	O	I-Material
+)	794,795	O	I-Material
+approach	796,804	O	I-Material
+to	805,807	O	O
+solve	808,813	O	O
+for	814,817	O	O
+the	818,821	O	O
+GFRFs	822,827	O	B-Task
+.	827,828	O	O
+
+Several	829,836	O	O
+researchers	837,848	O	O
+[	849,850	O	O
+10–12	850,855	O	O
+]	855,856	O	O
+have	857,861	O	O
+used	862,866	O	O
+this	867,871	O	O
+method	872,878	O	O
+to	879,881	O	O
+estimate	882,890	O	O
+the	891,894	O	O
+GFRFs	895,900	O	B-Task
+.	900,901	O	O
+
+But	902,905	O	O
+they	906,910	O	O
+usually	911,918	O	O
+made	919,923	O	B-Process
+the	924,927	O	I-Process
+assumption	928,938	O	I-Process
+that	939,943	O	O
+it	944,946	O	O
+is	947,949	O	O
+known	950,955	O	O
+a	956,957	O	O
+priori	958,964	O	O
+that	965,969	O	O
+the	970,973	O	B-Task
+system	974,980	O	I-Task
+under	981,986	O	O
+study	987,992	O	O
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+be	997,999	O	O
+represented	1000,1011	O	O
+by	1012,1014	O	O
+just	1015,1019	O	O
+two	1020,1023	O	B-Material
+or	1024,1026	O	I-Material
+three	1027,1032	O	I-Material
+terms	1033,1038	O	I-Material
+.	1038,1039	O	O
+
+However	1040,1047	O	O
+,	1047,1048	O	O
+such	1049,1053	O	O
+information	1054,1065	O	O
+is	1066,1068	O	O
+rarely	1069,1075	O	O
+available	1076,1085	O	O
+a	1086,1087	O	O
+priori	1088,1094	O	O
+.	1094,1095	O	O
+
+
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+
+However	0,7	O	O
+this	8,12	O	O
+is	13,15	O	O
+not	16,19	O	O
+just	20,24	O	O
+a	25,26	O	O
+useful	27,33	O	O
+depiction	34,43	O	O
+of	44,46	O	O
+an	47,49	O	B-Task
+apposite	50,58	O	I-Task
+well	59,63	O	I-Task
+-	63,64	O	I-Task
+supported	64,73	O	I-Task
+statistical	74,85	O	I-Task
+model	86,91	O	I-Task
+.	91,92	O	O
+
+If	93,95	O	O
+we	96,98	O	O
+are	99,102	O	O
+prepared	103,111	O	O
+to	112,114	O	O
+allow	115,120	O	O
+that	121,125	O	O
+the	126,129	O	O
+process	130,137	O	O
+is	138,140	O	O
+driven	141,147	O	O
+by	148,150	O	O
+a	151,152	O	O
+CRG	153,156	O	B-Material
+and	157,160	O	O
+that	161,165	O	O
+the	166,169	O	O
+MAP	170,173	O	B-Material
+model	174,179	O	I-Material
+that	180,184	O	O
+we	185,187	O	O
+have	188,192	O	O
+discovered	193,203	O	O
+is	204,206	O	O
+indeed	207,213	O	O
+generating	214,224	O	O
+the	225,228	O	O
+idle	229,233	O	B-Process
+process	234,241	O	I-Process
+,	241,242	O	O
+then	243,247	O	O
+identifying	248,259	O	B-Process
+the	260,263	O	I-Process
+disconnected	264,276	O	I-Process
+components	277,287	O	I-Process
+of	288,290	O	I-Process
+the	291,294	O	I-Process
+system	295,301	O	I-Process
+allows	302,308	O	O
+us	309,311	O	O
+to	312,314	O	O
+immediately	315,326	O	O
+make	327,331	O	O
+assertions	332,342	O	O
+about	343,348	O	O
+the	349,352	O	B-Task
+impact	353,359	O	I-Task
+of	360,362	O	I-Task
+various	363,370	O	I-Task
+controls	371,379	O	I-Task
+we	380,382	O	O
+might	383,388	O	O
+apply	389,394	O	O
+to	395,397	O	O
+this	398,402	O	O
+regulatory	403,413	O	O
+process	414,421	O	O
+–	422,423	O	O
+just	424,428	O	O
+as	429,431	O	O
+we	432,434	O	O
+can	435,438	O	O
+were	439,443	O	O
+we	444,446	O	O
+to	447,449	O	O
+believe	450,457	O	O
+the	458,461	O	O
+model	462,467	O	O
+was	468,471	O	O
+a	472,473	O	O
+causal	474,480	O	O
+extension	481,490	O	O
+of	491,493	O	O
+a	494,495	O	O
+BN	496,498	O	B-Material
+.	498,499	O	O
+
+In	500,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+context	507,514	O	O
+of	515,517	O	O
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+,	529,530	O	O
+the	531,534	O	O
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+of	545,547	O	O
+clustering	548,558	O	B-Task
+is	559,561	O	O
+to	562,564	O	O
+identify	565,573	O	B-Process
+patterns	574,582	O	I-Process
+among	583,588	O	I-Process
+the	589,592	O	I-Process
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+decide	602,608	O	O
+which	609,614	O	O
+genes	615,620	O	O
+to	621,623	O	O
+focus	624,629	O	O
+on	630,632	O	O
+in	633,635	O	O
+further	636,643	O	O
+,	643,644	O	O
+more	645,649	O	O
+gene	650,654	O	O
+-	654,655	O	O
+specific	655,663	O	O
+,	663,664	O	O
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+.	676,677	O	O
+
+It	678,680	O	O
+is	681,683	O	O
+therefore	684,693	O	O
+necessary	694,703	O	O
+for	704,707	O	O
+the	708,711	O	O
+scientist	712,721	O	O
+to	722,724	O	O
+make	725,729	O	O
+such	730,734	O	O
+causal	735,741	O	O
+conjectures	742,753	O	O
+about	754,759	O	O
+the	760,763	O	B-Task
+effect	764,770	O	I-Task
+of	771,773	O	I-Task
+controls	774,782	O	I-Task
+available	783,792	O	O
+to	793,795	O	O
+her	796,799	O	O
+on	800,802	O	O
+the	803,806	O	O
+expressions	807,818	O	O
+reflecting	819,829	O	O
+the	830,833	O	O
+underlying	834,844	O	O
+regulatory	845,855	O	O
+process	856,863	O	O
+she	864,867	O	O
+studies	868,875	O	O
+.	875,876	O	O
+
+These	877,882	O	O
+conjectures	883,894	O	B-Task
+can	895,898	O	O
+be	899,901	O	O
+universal	902,911	O	O
+or	912,914	O	O
+nuanced	915,922	O	O
+by	923,925	O	O
+evoking	926,933	O	B-Material
+ideas	934,939	O	I-Material
+of	940,942	O	I-Material
+parsimony	943,952	O	I-Material
+.	952,953	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0888613X16301062)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+first	4,9	O	O
+step	10,14	O	O
+of	15,17	O	O
+PB	18,20	O	B-Material
+,	20,21	O	O
+the	22,25	O	O
+enumeration	26,37	O	B-Material
+of	38,40	O	I-Material
+the	41,44	O	I-Material
+conditional	45,56	O	I-Material
+sample	57,63	O	I-Material
+space	64,69	O	I-Material
+through	70,77	O	O
+abductive	78,87	O	O
+logic	88,93	O	O
+programming	94,105	O	O
+,	105,106	O	O
+could	107,112	O	O
+be	113,115	O	O
+compared	116,124	O	O
+to	125,127	O	O
+“	128,129	O	O
+logical	129,136	O	B-Material
+inference	137,146	O	I-Material
+”	146,147	O	O
+in	148,150	O	O
+ProbLog	151,158	O	B-Material
+[	159,160	O	O
+9	160,161	O	O
+]	161,162	O	O
+.	162,163	O	O
+
+While	164,169	O	O
+both	170,174	O	O
+languages	175,184	O	O
+aim	185,188	O	O
+to	189,191	O	O
+generate	192,200	O	O
+a	201,202	O	O
+propositional	203,216	O	O
+formula	217,224	O	O
+and	225,228	O	O
+compile	229,236	O	O
+it	237,239	O	O
+into	240,244	O	O
+a	245,246	O	O
+decision	247,255	O	O
+diagram	256,263	O	O
+,	263,264	O	O
+“	265,266	O	B-Material
+logical	266,273	O	I-Material
+inference	274,283	O	I-Material
+”	283,284	O	I-Material
+in	285,287	O	I-Material
+PB	288,290	O	I-Material
+is	291,293	O	O
+based	294,299	O	O
+on	300,302	O	O
+abductive	303,312	O	O
+logic	313,318	O	O
+programming	319,330	O	O
+,	330,331	O	O
+while	332,337	O	O
+ProbLog	338,345	O	B-Material
+grounds	346,353	O	O
+the	354,357	O	O
+relevant	358,366	O	O
+parts	367,372	O	O
+of	373,375	O	O
+the	376,379	O	O
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+program	394,401	O	O
+.	401,402	O	O
+
+Moreover	403,411	O	O
+,	411,412	O	O
+in	413,415	O	O
+PB	416,418	O	B-Material
+compilation	419,430	O	I-Material
+of	431,433	O	O
+the	434,437	O	O
+boolean	438,445	O	O
+formulas	446,454	O	O
+is	455,457	O	O
+performed	458,467	O	O
+using	468,473	O	O
+(	474,475	O	B-Process
+RO)BDDs	475,482	O	I-Process
+,	482,483	O	O
+while	484,489	O	O
+ProbLog	490,497	O	B-Material
+can	498,501	O	O
+use	502,505	O	O
+a	506,507	O	O
+wider	508,513	O	O
+range	514,519	O	O
+of	520,522	O	O
+decision	523,531	O	B-Process
+diagrams	532,540	O	I-Process
+,	540,541	O	O
+e.g.	542,546	O	O
+sentential	547,557	O	B-Process
+decision	558,566	O	I-Process
+diagrams	567,575	O	I-Process
+(	576,577	O	O
+SDD	577,580	O	B-Process
+)	580,581	O	O
+,	581,582	O	O
+deterministic	583,596	O	B-Process
+,	596,597	O	I-Process
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+negation	611,619	O	I-Process
+normal	620,626	O	I-Process
+form	627,631	O	I-Process
+(	632,633	O	O
+d	633,634	O	B-Process
+-	634,635	O	I-Process
+DNNF	635,639	O	I-Process
+)	639,640	O	O
+.	640,641	O	O
+
+These	642,647	O	O
+differences	648,659	O	O
+reflect	660,667	O	O
+the	668,671	O	O
+different	672,681	O	O
+aims	682,686	O	O
+of	687,689	O	O
+the	690,693	O	O
+two	694,697	O	O
+PPLs	698,702	O	B-Material
+:	702,703	O	O
+ProbLog	704,711	O	B-Material
+focuses	712,719	O	O
+on	720,722	O	O
+models	723,729	O	O
+where	730,735	O	O
+“	736,737	O	O
+logical	737,744	O	B-Task
+inference	745,754	O	I-Task
+”	754,755	O	O
+needs	756,761	O	O
+to	762,764	O	O
+be	765,767	O	O
+efficient	768,777	O	O
+,	777,778	O	O
+and	779,782	O	O
+the	783,786	O	O
+resulting	787,796	O	O
+representation	797,811	O	O
+,	811,812	O	O
+the	813,816	O	O
+decision	817,825	O	O
+diagrams	826,834	O	O
+,	834,835	O	O
+need	836,840	O	O
+to	841,843	O	O
+be	844,846	O	O
+compact	847,854	O	O
+,	854,855	O	O
+while	856,861	O	O
+PB	862,864	O	B-Material
+focuses	865,872	O	O
+on	873,875	O	O
+models	876,882	O	O
+where	883,888	O	O
+“	889,890	O	B-Task
+logical	890,897	O	I-Task
+inference	898,907	O	I-Task
+”	907,908	O	I-Task
+is	909,911	O	O
+typically	912,921	O	O
+easy	922,926	O	O
+,	926,927	O	O
+however	928,935	O	O
+it	936,938	O	O
+must	939,943	O	O
+be	944,946	O	O
+applied	947,954	O	O
+repeatedly	955,965	O	O
+,	965,966	O	O
+according	967,976	O	O
+to	977,979	O	O
+the	980,983	O	O
+nature	984,990	O	O
+and	991,994	O	O
+the	995,998	O	O
+number	999,1005	O	O
+of	1006,1008	O	O
+the	1009,1012	O	O
+observations	1013,1025	O	O
+.	1025,1026	O	O
+
+However	1027,1034	O	O
+,	1034,1035	O	O
+in	1036,1038	O	O
+future	1039,1045	O	O
+work	1046,1050	O	O
+,	1050,1051	O	O
+PB	1052,1054	O	B-Material
+could	1055,1060	O	O
+benefit	1061,1068	O	O
+from	1069,1073	O	O
+the	1074,1077	O	O
+use	1078,1081	O	B-Process
+of	1082,1084	O	I-Process
+more	1085,1089	O	I-Process
+compact	1090,1097	O	I-Process
+decision	1098,1106	O	I-Process
+diagrams	1107,1115	O	I-Process
+.	1115,1116	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0895611116300684)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+case	7,11	O	O
+of	12,14	O	O
+PSR	15,18	O	B-Task
+applied	19,26	O	I-Task
+to	27,29	O	I-Task
+vessels	30,37	O	I-Task
+,	37,38	O	O
+preservation	39,51	O	O
+of	52,54	O	O
+high	55,59	O	O
+curvature	60,69	O	O
+and	70,73	O	O
+branches	74,82	O	O
+(	83,84	O	O
+concavities	84,95	O	O
+)	95,96	O	O
+demands	97,104	O	O
+a	105,106	O	O
+high	107,111	O	O
+value	112,117	O	O
+of	118,120	O	O
+the	121,124	O	O
+d	125,126	O	O
+parameter	127,136	O	O
+,	136,137	O	O
+resulting	138,147	O	O
+in	148,150	O	O
+models	151,157	O	O
+with	158,162	O	O
+high	163,167	O	O
+number	168,174	O	O
+of	175,177	O	O
+polygons	178,186	O	O
+.	186,187	O	O
+
+To	188,190	O	O
+cope	191,195	O	O
+with	196,200	O	O
+this	201,205	O	O
+problem	206,213	O	O
+,	213,214	O	O
+Wu	215,217	O	O
+et	218,220	O	O
+al	221,223	O	O
+.	223,224	O	O
+
+(	225,226	O	O
+2013	226,230	O	O
+)	230,231	O	O
+evaluates	232,241	O	O
+a	242,243	O	O
+variant	244,251	O	O
+of	252,254	O	O
+PSR	255,258	O	B-Process
+(	259,260	O	O
+in	260,262	O	O
+that	263,267	O	O
+work	268,272	O	O
+referred	273,281	O	O
+to	282,284	O	O
+as	285,287	O	O
+scale	288,293	O	B-Process
+-	293,294	O	I-Process
+adaptive	294,302	O	I-Process
+[	303,304	O	O
+SA	304,306	O	B-Process
+]	306,307	O	O
+)	307,308	O	O
+,	308,309	O	O
+which	310,315	O	O
+includes	316,324	O	O
+curvature	325,334	O	B-Process
+-	334,335	O	I-Process
+dependent	335,344	O	I-Process
+polygonization	345,359	O	I-Process
+(	360,361	O	O
+e.g.	361,365	O	O
+increasing	366,376	O	B-Process
+/	376,377	O	I-Process
+decreasing	377,387	O	I-Process
+the	388,391	O	I-Process
+size	392,396	O	I-Process
+of	397,399	O	I-Process
+triangles	400,409	O	I-Process
+according	410,419	O	I-Process
+to	420,422	O	I-Process
+the	423,426	O	I-Process
+local	427,432	O	I-Process
+curvature	433,442	O	I-Process
+)	442,443	O	O
+
+(	444,445	O	O
+Wu	445,447	O	O
+et	448,450	O	O
+al	451,453	O	O
+.	453,454	O	O
+,	454,455	O	O
+2010	456,460	O	O
+)	460,461	O	O
+.	461,462	O	O
+
+In	463,465	O	O
+Wu	466,468	O	O
+et	469,471	O	O
+al	472,474	O	O
+.	474,475	O	O
+
+(	476,477	O	O
+2013	477,481	O	O
+)	481,482	O	O
+,	482,483	O	O
+other	484,489	O	O
+methods	490,497	O	O
+including	498,507	O	O
+MC	508,510	O	B-Process
+(	511,512	O	O
+without	512,519	O	O
+smoothing	520,529	O	O
+and	530,533	O	O
+decimation	534,544	O	O
+)	544,545	O	O
+are	546,549	O	O
+evaluated	550,559	O	O
+with	560,564	O	O
+application	565,576	O	O
+to	577,579	O	O
+vessel	580,586	O	B-Task
+modeling	587,595	O	I-Task
+.	595,596	O	O
+
+The	597,600	O	O
+authors	601,608	O	O
+,	608,609	O	O
+point	610,615	O	O
+at	616,618	O	O
+SA	619,621	O	B-Material
+as	622,624	O	O
+a	625,626	O	O
+suitable	627,635	O	O
+method	636,642	O	O
+for	643,646	O	O
+reconstruction	647,661	O	B-Task
+of	662,664	O	I-Task
+vessels	665,672	O	I-Task
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+applications	678,690	O	O
+to	691,693	O	O
+surgery	694,701	O	B-Task
+planning	702,710	O	I-Task
+.	710,711	O	O
+
+The	712,715	O	O
+methods	716,723	O	O
+evaluated	724,733	O	O
+by	734,736	O	O
+Wu	737,739	O	O
+et	740,742	O	O
+al	743,745	O	O
+.	745,746	O	O
+
+(	747,748	O	O
+2013	748,752	O	O
+)	752,753	O	O
+could	754,759	O	O
+be	760,762	O	O
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+compared	768,776	O	O
+with	777,781	O	O
+another	782,789	O	O
+set	790,793	O	O
+of	794,796	O	O
+techniques	797,807	O	O
+(	808,809	O	O
+known	809,814	O	O
+as	815,817	O	O
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+-	823,824	O	I-Material
+based	824,829	O	I-Material
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+)	837,838	O	O
+(	839,840	O	O
+Preim	840,845	O	O
+and	846,849	O	O
+Oeltze	850,856	O	O
+,	856,857	O	O
+2008	858,862	O	O
+)	862,863	O	O
+,	863,864	O	O
+widely	865,871	O	O
+used	872,876	O	O
+in	877,879	O	O
+the	880,883	O	O
+context	884,891	O	O
+of	892,894	O	O
+vessel	895,901	O	B-Task
+modeling	902,910	O	I-Task
+for	911,914	O	I-Task
+surgery	915,922	O	I-Task
+planning	923,931	O	I-Task
+.	931,932	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0927025612000249)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+need	4,8	O	O
+for	9,12	O	O
+power	13,18	O	B-Task
+generation	19,29	O	I-Task
+industry	30,38	O	O
+to	39,41	O	O
+improve	42,49	O	B-Task
+the	50,53	O	I-Task
+thermal	54,61	O	I-Task
+efficiency	62,72	O	I-Task
+of	73,75	O	I-Task
+power	76,81	O	I-Task
+plant	82,87	O	I-Task
+has	88,91	O	O
+led	92,95	O	O
+to	96,98	O	O
+the	99,102	O	O
+development	103,114	O	O
+of	115,117	O	O
+9–12	118,122	O	B-Material
+%	122,123	O	I-Material
+Cr	124,126	O	I-Material
+martensitic	127,138	O	I-Material
+steels	139,145	O	I-Material
+.	145,146	O	O
+
+The	147,150	O	O
+development	151,162	O	B-Task
+of	163,165	O	I-Task
+and	166,169	O	I-Task
+research	170,178	O	I-Task
+on	179,181	O	I-Task
+P91	182,185	O	I-Task
+steels	186,192	O	I-Task
+started	193,200	O	O
+since	201,206	O	O
+late	207,211	O	O
+1970s	212,217	O	O
+and	218,221	O	O
+early	222,227	O	O
+1990s	228,233	O	O
+,	233,234	O	O
+respectively	235,247	O	O
+[	248,249	O	O
+1	249,250	O	O
+]	250,251	O	O
+.	251,252	O	O
+
+The	253,256	O	O
+work	257,261	O	O
+has	262,265	O	O
+focussed	266,274	O	O
+on	275,277	O	O
+their	278,283	O	O
+creep	284,289	O	O
+strengths	290,299	O	O
+due	300,303	O	O
+to	304,306	O	O
+its	307,310	O	O
+intended	311,319	O	O
+application	320,331	O	O
+at	332,334	O	O
+high	335,339	O	O
+temperature	340,351	O	O
+.	351,352	O	O
+
+Recently	353,361	O	O
+,	361,362	O	O
+the	363,366	O	O
+introduction	367,379	O	O
+of	380,382	O	O
+more	383,387	O	O
+cyclic	388,394	O	O
+operation	395,404	O	O
+of	405,407	O	O
+power	408,413	O	B-Material
+plant	414,419	O	I-Material
+has	420,423	O	O
+introduced	424,434	O	O
+the	435,438	O	O
+possibility	439,450	O	O
+of	451,453	O	O
+fatigue	454,461	O	B-Process
+problems	462,470	O	I-Process
+.	470,471	O	O
+
+Bore	472,476	O	O
+cracking	477,485	O	O
+due	486,489	O	O
+to	490,492	O	O
+the	493,496	O	O
+effects	497,504	O	O
+of	505,507	O	O
+varying	508,515	O	O
+steam	516,521	O	B-Process
+warming	522,529	O	I-Process
+has	530,533	O	O
+been	534,538	O	O
+reported	539,547	O	O
+[	548,549	O	O
+2	549,550	O	O
+]	550,551	O	O
+.	551,552	O	O
+
+The	553,556	O	O
+temperature	557,568	O	B-Process
+cycling	569,576	O	I-Process
+causes	577,583	O	O
+thermal	584,591	O	O
+gradients	592,601	O	O
+between	602,609	O	O
+the	610,613	O	O
+inside	614,620	O	O
+and	621,624	O	O
+outside	625,632	O	O
+of	633,635	O	O
+components	636,646	O	O
+and	647,650	O	O
+this	651,655	O	O
+can	656,659	O	O
+cause	660,665	O	O
+cyclic	666,672	O	O
+stress	673,679	O	O
+levels	680,686	O	O
+to	687,689	O	O
+be	690,692	O	O
+of	693,695	O	O
+concerns	696,704	O	O
+.	704,705	O	O
+
+Recently	706,714	O	O
+,	714,715	O	O
+research	716,724	O	O
+on	725,727	O	O
+thermal	728,735	O	B-Task
+–	735,736	O	I-Task
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+of	756,758	O	I-Task
+P91	759,762	O	I-Task
+has	763,766	O	O
+been	767,771	O	O
+carried	772,779	O	O
+out	780,783	O	O
+including	784,793	O	O
+the	794,797	O	O
+characterisation	798,814	O	B-Task
+of	815,817	O	I-Task
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+of	839,841	O	I-Task
+the	842,845	O	I-Task
+material	846,854	O	I-Task
+using	855,860	O	O
+the	861,864	O	O
+two	865,868	O	B-Process
+-	868,869	O	I-Process
+layer	869,874	O	I-Process
+and	875,878	O	I-Process
+unified	879,886	O	I-Process
+visco	887,892	O	I-Process
+-	892,893	O	I-Process
+plasticity	893,903	O	I-Process
+models	904,910	O	I-Process
+[	911,912	O	O
+3,4	912,915	O	O
+]	915,916	O	O
+.	916,917	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S092702561300267X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+previous	3,11	O	O
+publications	12,24	O	O
+the	25,28	O	O
+present	29,36	O	O
+authors	37,44	O	O
+proposed	45,53	O	O
+a	54,55	O	O
+method	56,62	O	O
+to	63,65	O	O
+incorporate	66,77	O	B-Task
+the	78,81	O	I-Task
+thermodynamics	82,96	O	I-Task
+of	97,99	O	I-Task
+ternary	100,107	O	I-Task
+alloys	108,114	O	I-Task
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+liquid	119,125	O	I-Task
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+-	135,136	O	I-Task
+governed	136,144	O	I-Task
+solidification	145,159	O	I-Task
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+into	169,173	O	I-Task
+a	174,175	O	I-Task
+multiphase	176,186	O	I-Task
+volume	187,193	O	I-Task
+average	194,201	O	I-Task
+solidification	202,216	O	I-Task
+model	217,222	O	I-Task
+[	223,224	O	O
+23,24	224,229	O	O
+]	229,230	O	O
+.	230,231	O	O
+
+Back	232,236	O	B-Process
+diffusion	237,246	O	I-Process
+was	247,250	O	O
+disregarded	251,262	O	O
+.	262,263	O	O
+
+A	264,265	O	O
+way	266,269	O	O
+to	270,272	O	O
+access	273,279	O	O
+the	280,283	O	O
+thermodynamic	284,297	O	B-Material
+data	298,302	O	I-Material
+(	303,304	O	O
+e.g.	304,308	O	O
+Thermo	309,315	O	O
+-	315,316	O	O
+Calc	316,320	O	O
+[	321,322	O	O
+1	322,323	O	O
+]	323,324	O	O
+)	324,325	O	O
+through	326,333	O	O
+a	334,335	O	O
+tabulation	336,346	O	B-Material
+and	347,350	O	I-Material
+interpolation	351,364	O	I-Material
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+ISAT	373,377	O	B-Material
+(	378,379	O	O
+In	379,381	O	B-Material
+Situ	382,386	O	I-Material
+Adaptive	387,395	O	I-Material
+Tabulation	396,406	O	I-Material
+)	406,407	O	O
+was	408,411	O	O
+suggested	412,421	O	O
+.	421,422	O	O
+
+With	423,427	O	O
+the	428,431	O	O
+ISAT	432,436	O	B-Process
+approach	437,445	O	I-Process
+it	446,448	O	O
+is	449,451	O	O
+possible	452,460	O	O
+to	461,463	O	O
+perform	464,471	O	O
+an	472,474	O	O
+online	475,481	O	O
+call	482,486	O	O
+of	487,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+thermodynamic	494,507	O	B-Material
+data	508,512	O	I-Material
+and	513,516	O	O
+trace	517,522	O	O
+the	523,526	O	O
+formation	527,536	O	O
+of	537,539	O	O
+each	540,544	O	O
+individual	545,555	O	O
+solid	556,561	O	O
+phase	562,567	O	O
+(	568,569	O	O
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+,	576,577	O	O
+peritectic	578,588	O	O
+,	588,589	O	O
+eutectic	590,598	O	O
+,	598,599	O	O
+etc	600,603	O	O
+.	603,604	O	O
+)	604,605	O	O
+.	605,606	O	O
+
+As	607,609	O	O
+the	610,613	O	O
+number	614,620	O	O
+of	621,623	O	O
+calls	624,629	O	O
+of	630,632	O	O
+the	633,636	O	O
+thermodynamic	637,650	O	B-Material
+data	651,655	O	I-Material
+is	656,658	O	O
+equal	659,664	O	O
+to	665,667	O	O
+the	668,671	O	O
+product	672,679	O	O
+of	680,682	O	O
+the	683,686	O	O
+number	687,693	O	O
+of	694,696	O	O
+the	697,700	O	O
+discretized	701,712	O	B-Material
+volume	713,719	O	I-Material
+elements	720,728	O	I-Material
+,	728,729	O	O
+the	730,733	O	O
+time	734,738	O	O
+steps	739,744	O	O
+and	745,748	O	O
+the	749,752	O	O
+calculation	753,764	O	O
+iterations	765,775	O	O
+per	776,779	O	O
+time	780,784	O	O
+step	785,789	O	O
+,	789,790	O	O
+the	791,794	O	O
+calculation	795,806	O	O
+becomes	807,814	O	O
+exhausting	815,825	O	O
+.	825,826	O	O
+
+Therefore	827,836	O	O
+,	836,837	O	O
+the	838,841	O	O
+current	842,849	O	B-Process
+model	850,855	O	I-Process
+is	856,858	O	O
+a	859,860	O	O
+modification	861,873	O	B-Process
+of	874,876	O	I-Process
+the	877,880	O	I-Process
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+a	902,903	O	I-Process
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+,	928,929	O	O
+and	930,933	O	O
+no	934,936	O	O
+online	937,943	O	B-Process
+call	944,948	O	I-Process
+of	949,951	O	I-Process
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+data	966,970	O	I-Process
+is	971,973	O	O
+necessary	974,983	O	O
+.	983,984	O	O
+
+In	985,987	O	O
+addition	988,996	O	O
+,	996,997	O	O
+the	998,1001	O	O
+model	1002,1007	O	O
+presented	1008,1017	O	O
+in	1018,1020	O	O
+this	1021,1025	O	O
+paper	1026,1031	O	O
+is	1032,1034	O	O
+extended	1035,1043	O	B-Task
+to	1044,1046	O	I-Task
+consider	1047,1055	O	I-Task
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+into	1075,1079	O	I-Task
+the	1080,1083	O	I-Task
+solid	1084,1089	O	I-Task
+.	1089,1090	O	O
+
+With	1091,1095	O	O
+these	1096,1101	O	O
+modifications	1102,1115	O	B-Process
+,	1115,1116	O	O
+the	1117,1120	O	O
+model	1121,1126	O	O
+can	1127,1130	O	O
+be	1131,1133	O	O
+used	1134,1138	O	O
+to	1139,1141	O	O
+perform	1142,1149	O	B-Task
+casting	1150,1157	O	I-Task
+process	1158,1165	O	I-Task
+simulations	1166,1177	O	I-Task
+with	1178,1182	O	I-Task
+incorporated	1183,1195	O	I-Task
+full	1196,1200	O	I-Task
+diffusion	1201,1210	O	I-Task
+-	1210,1211	O	I-Task
+governed	1211,1219	O	I-Task
+solidification	1220,1234	O	I-Task
+kinetics	1235,1243	O	I-Task
+for	1244,1247	O	O
+ternary	1248,1255	O	B-Material
+alloys	1256,1262	O	I-Material
+at	1263,1265	O	O
+a	1266,1267	O	O
+reasonable	1268,1278	O	O
+computation	1279,1290	O	O
+cost	1291,1295	O	O
+.	1295,1296	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S092702561300760X)
+
+Due	0,3	O	O
+to	4,6	O	O
+the	7,10	O	O
+complex	11,18	O	O
+nature	19,25	O	O
+of	26,28	O	O
+the	29,32	O	O
+thermal	33,40	O	B-Process
+spray	41,46	O	I-Process
+process	47,54	O	I-Process
+,	54,55	O	O
+modelling	56,65	O	B-Task
+has	66,69	O	O
+been	70,74	O	O
+playing	75,82	O	O
+a	83,84	O	O
+key	85,88	O	O
+role	89,93	O	O
+in	94,96	O	O
+providing	97,106	O	B-Task
+some	107,111	O	I-Task
+key	112,115	O	I-Task
+insights	116,124	O	I-Task
+for	125,128	O	I-Task
+process	129,136	O	I-Task
+design	137,143	O	I-Task
+and	144,147	O	I-Task
+operations	148,158	O	I-Task
+.	158,159	O	O
+
+The	160,163	O	O
+relationships	164,177	O	O
+among	178,183	O	O
+processing	184,194	O	B-Process
+conditions	195,205	O	O
+,	205,206	O	O
+particle	207,215	O	O
+characteristics	216,231	O	O
+,	231,232	O	O
+and	233,236	O	O
+the	237,240	O	O
+resulting	241,250	O	O
+coating	251,258	O	B-Process
+properties	259,269	O	O
+are	270,273	O	O
+nonlinear	274,283	O	O
+and	284,287	O	O
+might	288,293	O	O
+be	294,296	O	O
+difficult	297,306	O	O
+to	307,309	O	O
+be	310,312	O	O
+unravelled	313,323	O	O
+by	324,326	O	O
+the	327,330	O	O
+experimental	331,343	O	B-Task
+studies	344,351	O	I-Task
+alone	352,357	O	O
+(	358,359	O	O
+e.g.	359,363	O	O
+[	364,365	O	O
+5–7	365,368	O	O
+]	368,369	O	O
+)	369,370	O	O
+
+Detailed	371,379	O	O
+information	380,391	O	O
+on	392,394	O	O
+the	395,398	O	O
+atomic	399,405	O	B-Process
+level	406,411	O	I-Process
+changes	412,419	O	I-Process
+leading	420,427	O	O
+to	428,430	O	O
+changes	431,438	O	O
+observed	439,447	O	O
+at	448,450	O	O
+macroscale	451,461	O	O
+can	462,465	O	O
+appropriately	466,479	O	O
+be	480,482	O	O
+obtained	483,491	O	O
+by	492,494	O	O
+MD	495,497	O	B-Process
+simulation	498,508	O	I-Process
+and	509,512	O	O
+the	513,516	O	O
+effect	517,523	O	O
+of	524,526	O	O
+temperature	527,538	O	O
+and	539,542	O	O
+velocity	543,551	O	O
+can	552,555	O	O
+be	556,558	O	O
+determined	559,569	O	O
+more	570,574	O	O
+precisely	575,584	O	O
+.	584,585	O	O
+
+In	586,588	O	O
+this	589,593	O	O
+work	594,598	O	O
+,	598,599	O	O
+relatively	600,610	O	O
+simpler	611,618	O	O
+spray	619,624	O	B-Process
+system	625,631	O	I-Process
+of	632,634	O	O
+copper	635,641	O	B-Material
+–	641,642	O	I-Material
+copper	642,648	O	I-Material
+particle	649,657	O	I-Material
+was	658,661	O	O
+simulated	662,671	O	O
+to	672,674	O	O
+obtain	675,681	O	O
+a	682,683	O	O
+better	684,690	O	O
+understanding	691,704	O	O
+of	705,707	O	O
+particle	708,716	O	B-Process
+recrystallization	717,734	O	I-Process
+and	735,738	O	I-Process
+solidification	739,753	O	I-Process
+,	753,754	O	O
+and	755,758	O	O
+deformation	759,770	O	B-Process
+mechanics	771,780	O	O
+and	781,784	O	O
+topography	785,795	O	O
+of	796,798	O	O
+the	799,802	O	O
+impacting	803,812	O	O
+particles	813,822	O	B-Material
+.	822,823	O	O
+
+Using	824,829	O	O
+state	830,835	O	O
+-	835,836	O	O
+of	836,838	O	O
+-	838,839	O	O
+the	839,842	O	O
+-	842,843	O	O
+art	843,846	O	O
+methods	847,854	O	O
+to	855,857	O	O
+examine	858,865	O	O
+the	866,869	O	O
+physical	870,878	O	O
+mechanisms	879,889	O	O
+involved	890,898	O	O
+in	899,901	O	O
+the	902,905	O	O
+impacting	906,915	O	O
+behavior	916,924	O	O
+and	925,928	O	O
+structure	929,938	O	O
+–	938,939	O	O
+property	939,947	O	O
+relationship	948,960	O	O
+,	960,961	O	O
+it	962,964	O	O
+can	965,968	O	O
+be	969,971	O	O
+suggested	972,981	O	O
+that	982,986	O	O
+the	987,990	O	O
+consecutive	991,1002	O	B-Process
+layer	1003,1008	O	I-Process
+deposition	1009,1019	O	I-Process
+of	1020,1022	O	O
+particles	1023,1032	O	B-Material
+can	1033,1036	O	O
+better	1037,1043	O	O
+be	1044,1046	O	O
+understood	1047,1057	O	O
+by	1058,1060	O	O
+understanding	1061,1074	O	B-Task
+individual	1075,1085	O	I-Task
+particle	1086,1094	O	I-Task
+impacts	1095,1102	O	I-Task
+.	1102,1103	O	O
+
+The	1104,1107	O	O
+particle	1108,1116	O	B-Process
+–	1116,1117	O	I-Process
+surface	1117,1124	O	I-Process
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+its	1151,1154	O	O
+relation	1155,1163	O	O
+to	1164,1166	O	O
+Reynolds	1167,1175	O	B-Process
+number	1176,1182	O	I-Process
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+offer	1187,1192	O	O
+information	1193,1204	O	O
+on	1205,1207	O	O
+the	1208,1211	O	O
+quality	1212,1219	O	O
+of	1220,1222	O	O
+the	1223,1226	O	O
+coating	1227,1234	O	B-Process
+through	1235,1242	O	O
+its	1243,1246	O	O
+response	1247,1255	O	O
+to	1256,1258	O	O
+shock	1259,1264	O	B-Process
+heating	1265,1272	O	I-Process
+.	1272,1273	O	O
+
+As	1274,1276	O	O
+a	1277,1278	O	O
+general	1279,1286	O	O
+practice	1287,1295	O	O
+,	1295,1296	O	O
+engineering	1297,1308	O	B-Material
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+thermally	1324,1333	O	B-Process
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+in	1342,1344	O	O
+a	1345,1346	O	O
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+;	1386,1387	O	O
+therefore	1388,1397	O	O
+there	1398,1403	O	O
+is	1404,1406	O	O
+an	1407,1409	O	O
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+in	1502,1504	O	O
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+with	1517,1521	O	O
+actual	1522,1528	O	O
+spraying	1529,1537	O	B-Task
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+,	1543,1544	O	O
+so	1545,1547	O	O
+as	1548,1550	O	O
+to	1551,1553	O	O
+identify	1554,1562	O	O
+cohesive	1563,1571	O	O
+and	1572,1575	O	O
+adhesive	1576,1584	O	O
+strength	1585,1593	O	O
+,	1593,1594	O	O
+hardness	1595,1603	O	O
+and	1604,1607	O	O
+residual	1608,1616	O	O
+stresses	1617,1625	O	O
+.	1625,1626	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0927025614007137)
+
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+for	43,46	O	O
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+bearing	87,94	O	I-Material
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+such	118,122	O	O
+as	123,125	O	O
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+and	136,139	O	O
+automotives	140,151	O	B-Material
+.	151,152	O	O
+
+Typically	153,162	O	O
+these	163,168	O	O
+adhesives	169,178	O	B-Material
+are	179,182	O	O
+based	183,188	O	O
+on	189,191	O	O
+epoxy	192,197	O	B-Material
+polymers	198,206	O	I-Material
+.	206,207	O	O
+
+Epoxies	208,215	O	B-Material
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+inherently	220,230	O	O
+brittle	231,238	O	O
+due	239,242	O	O
+to	243,245	O	O
+their	246,251	O	O
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+highly	283,289	O	O
+cross	290,295	O	O
+linked	296,302	O	O
+nature	303,309	O	O
+.	309,310	O	O
+
+Thus	311,315	O	O
+,	315,316	O	O
+there	317,322	O	O
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+been	327,331	O	O
+much	332,336	O	O
+research	337,345	O	O
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+on	354,356	O	O
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+-	460,461	O	I-Process
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+.	466,467	O	O
+
+These	468,473	O	O
+modifiers	474,483	O	O
+fall	484,488	O	O
+into	489,493	O	O
+one	494,497	O	O
+of	498,500	O	O
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+:	520,521	O	O
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+,	541,542	O	O
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+,	560,561	O	O
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+]	570,571	O	O
+,	571,572	O	O
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+4	582,583	O	O
+]	583,584	O	O
+,	584,585	O	O
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+-	590,591	O	I-Material
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+[	597,598	O	O
+5	598,599	O	O
+]	599,600	O	O
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+[	622,623	O	O
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+]	626,627	O	O
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+,	638,639	O	O
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+rubber	648,654	O	B-Material
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+.	664,665	O	O
+
+Rubbery	666,673	O	B-Material
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+[	726,727	O	O
+8–10	727,731	O	O
+]	731,732	O	O
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+.	815,816	O	O
+
+The	817,820	O	O
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+[	956,957	O	O
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+.	960,961	O	O
+
+It	962,964	O	O
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+that	985,989	O	O
+a	990,991	O	O
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+of	1004,1006	O	O
+the	1007,1010	O	O
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+to	1027,1029	O	O
+create	1030,1036	O	O
+a	1037,1038	O	O
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+provide	1059,1066	O	O
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+effects	1090,1097	O	I-Process
+,	1097,1098	O	O
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+[	1146,1147	O	O
+14	1147,1149	O	O
+]	1149,1150	O	O
+or	1151,1153	O	O
+rubber	1154,1160	O	B-Material
+with	1161,1165	O	I-Material
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+nanoparticles	1173,1186	O	I-Material
+[	1187,1188	O	O
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+]	1193,1194	O	O
+.	1194,1195	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0957417416301786)
+
+These	0,5	O	O
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+demonstrate	14,25	O	O
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+-	33,34	O	I-Process
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+the	89,92	O	O
+best	93,97	O	O
+prediction	98,108	O	O
+performance	109,120	O	O
+and	121,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	O
+lowest	129,135	O	O
+computational	136,149	O	O
+complexity	150,160	O	O
+compared	161,169	O	O
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+.	194,195	O	O
+
+In	196,198	O	O
+particular	199,209	O	O
+,	209,210	O	O
+we	211,213	O	O
+found	214,219	O	O
+that	220,224	O	O
+dynamic	225,232	O	B-Process
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+of	245,247	O	I-Process
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+D	296,297	O	B-Process
+-	297,298	O	I-Process
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+of	333,335	O	O
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+prediction	341,351	O	O
+performance	352,363	O	O
+and	364,367	O	O
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+computational	372,385	O	O
+complexity	386,396	O	O
+.	396,397	O	O
+
+However	398,405	O	O
+,	405,406	O	O
+there	407,412	O	O
+are	413,416	O	O
+problems	417,425	O	O
+to	426,428	O	O
+be	429,431	O	O
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+in	439,441	O	O
+SW	442,444	O	B-Process
+-	444,445	O	I-Process
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+
+Firstly	450,457	O	O
+,	457,458	O	O
+the	459,462	O	O
+prediction	463,473	O	O
+performance	474,485	O	O
+of	486,488	O	O
+SW	489,491	O	B-Process
+-	491,492	O	I-Process
+SVR	492,495	O	I-Process
+sometimes	496,505	O	O
+deteriorates	506,518	O	O
+despite	519,526	O	O
+an	527,529	O	O
+increase	530,538	O	O
+of	539,541	O	O
+training	542,550	O	B-Material
+data	551,555	O	I-Material
+.	555,556	O	O
+
+In	557,559	O	O
+particular	560,570	O	O
+,	570,571	O	O
+this	572,576	O	O
+problem	577,584	O	O
+occurred	585,593	O	O
+under	594,599	O	O
+the	600,603	O	O
+conditions	604,614	O	O
+that	615,619	O	O
+prediction	620,630	O	O
+horizons	631,639	O	O
+are	640,643	O	O
+6	644,645	O	O
+h	646,647	O	O
+as	648,650	O	O
+shown	651,656	O	O
+in	657,659	O	O
+Fig	660,663	O	O
+.	663,664	O	O
+
+3	665,666	O	O
+.	666,667	O	O
+
+This	668,672	O	O
+is	673,675	O	O
+because	676,683	O	O
+data	684,688	O	O
+extracted	689,698	O	O
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+-	703,704	O	I-Process
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+highly	747,753	O	O
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+.	773,774	O	O
+
+If	775,777	O	O
+D	778,779	O	B-Process
+-	779,780	O	I-Process
+SDC	780,783	O	I-Process
+extracts	784,792	O	O
+the	793,796	O	O
+same	797,801	O	O
+data	802,806	O	O
+as	807,809	O	O
+the	810,813	O	O
+extracted	814,823	O	O
+data	824,828	O	O
+when	829,833	O	O
+training	834,842	O	O
+periods	843,850	O	O
+are	851,854	O	O
+shorter	855,862	O	O
+,	862,863	O	O
+the	864,867	O	O
+prediction	868,878	O	O
+performance	879,890	O	O
+of	891,893	O	O
+SW	894,896	O	B-Process
+-	896,897	O	I-Process
+SVR	897,900	O	I-Process
+never	901,906	O	O
+deteriorates	907,919	O	O
+due	920,923	O	O
+to	924,926	O	O
+an	927,929	O	O
+increase	930,938	O	O
+of	939,941	O	O
+training	942,950	O	B-Material
+data	951,955	O	I-Material
+.	955,956	O	O
+
+Therefore	957,966	O	O
+,	966,967	O	O
+we	968,970	O	O
+must	971,975	O	O
+review	976,982	O	O
+both	983,987	O	O
+feature	988,995	O	O
+mapping	996,1003	O	O
+and	1004,1007	O	O
+algorithms	1008,1018	O	O
+of	1019,1021	O	O
+D	1022,1023	O	B-Process
+-	1023,1024	O	I-Process
+SDC	1024,1027	O	I-Process
+so	1028,1030	O	O
+as	1031,1033	O	O
+to	1034,1036	O	O
+avoid	1037,1042	O	O
+extracting	1043,1053	O	O
+unnecessary	1054,1065	O	O
+training	1066,1074	O	O
+data	1075,1079	O	O
+.	1079,1080	O	O
+
+Meanwhile	1081,1090	O	O
+,	1090,1091	O	O
+SW	1092,1094	O	B-Process
+-	1094,1095	O	I-Process
+SVR	1095,1098	O	I-Process
+is	1099,1101	O	O
+based	1102,1107	O	O
+on	1108,1110	O	O
+a	1111,1112	O	O
+combination	1113,1124	O	B-Process
+of	1125,1127	O	I-Process
+several	1128,1135	O	I-Process
+algorithms	1136,1146	O	I-Process
+:	1146,1147	O	O
+kernel	1148,1154	O	B-Process
+approximation	1155,1168	O	I-Process
+,	1168,1169	O	O
+PLS	1170,1173	O	B-Process
+regression	1174,1184	O	I-Process
+,	1184,1185	O	O
+k	1186,1187	O	B-Process
+-	1187,1188	O	I-Process
+means	1188,1193	O	I-Process
+,	1193,1194	O	O
+D	1195,1196	O	B-Process
+-	1196,1197	O	I-Process
+SDC	1197,1200	O	I-Process
+,	1200,1201	O	O
+and	1202,1205	O	O
+linear	1206,1212	O	B-Process
+SVR	1213,1216	O	I-Process
+.	1216,1217	O	O
+
+Moreover	1218,1226	O	O
+,	1226,1227	O	O
+each	1228,1232	O	O
+algorithm	1233,1242	O	O
+has	1243,1246	O	O
+several	1247,1254	O	O
+parameters	1255,1265	O	O
+.	1265,1266	O	O
+
+Therefore	1267,1276	O	O
+,	1276,1277	O	O
+SW	1278,1280	O	B-Process
+-	1280,1281	O	I-Process
+SVR	1281,1284	O	I-Process
+has	1285,1288	O	O
+more	1289,1293	O	O
+varied	1294,1300	O	O
+parameters	1301,1311	O	O
+,	1311,1312	O	O
+and	1313,1316	O	O
+it	1317,1319	O	O
+takes	1320,1325	O	O
+more	1326,1330	O	O
+time	1331,1335	O	O
+to	1336,1338	O	O
+tune	1339,1343	O	B-Process
+the	1344,1347	O	I-Process
+parameters	1348,1358	O	I-Process
+.	1358,1359	O	O
+
+In	1360,1362	O	O
+this	1363,1367	O	O
+experiment	1368,1378	O	O
+,	1378,1379	O	O
+we	1380,1382	O	O
+used	1383,1387	O	O
+a	1388,1389	O	O
+grid	1390,1394	O	B-Process
+search	1395,1401	O	I-Process
+roughly	1402,1409	O	O
+so	1410,1412	O	O
+as	1413,1415	O	O
+to	1416,1418	O	O
+decide	1419,1425	O	O
+the	1426,1429	O	O
+parameters	1430,1440	O	O
+in	1441,1443	O	O
+a	1444,1445	O	O
+certain	1446,1453	O	O
+time	1454,1458	O	O
+.	1458,1459	O	O
+
+However	1460,1467	O	O
+,	1467,1468	O	O
+there	1469,1474	O	O
+is	1475,1477	O	O
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+
+
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+(	211,212	O	O
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+of	1069,1071	O	O
+the	1072,1075	O	O
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+.	1081,1082	O	O
+
+Within	1083,1089	O	O
+the	1090,1093	O	O
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+included	1134,1142	O	O
+(	1143,1144	O	O
+e.g.	1144,1148	O	O
+two	1149,1152	O	O
+-	1152,1153	O	O
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+for	1178,1181	O	O
+a	1182,1183	O	O
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+and	1203,1206	O	O
+tubular	1207,1214	O	B-Material
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+[	1222,1223	O	O
+10	1223,1225	O	O
+]	1225,1226	O	O
+)	1226,1227	O	O
+and	1228,1231	O	O
+the	1232,1235	O	O
+interaction	1236,1247	O	O
+with	1248,1252	O	O
+the	1253,1256	O	O
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+any	1267,1270	O	O
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+circuits	1280,1288	O	I-Material
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+.	1298,1299	O	O
+
+In	1300,1302	O	O
+this	1303,1307	O	O
+way	1308,1311	O	O
+different	1312,1321	O	O
+microstructures	1322,1337	O	B-Material
+and	1338,1341	O	O
+sensor	1342,1348	O	B-Material
+designs	1349,1356	O	O
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+.	1372,1373	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S0997754612001318)
+
+Many	0,4	O	O
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+that	48,52	O	O
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+as	81,83	O	O
+an	84,86	O	O
+effective	87,96	O	O
+flow	97,101	O	B-Process
+-	101,102	O	I-Process
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+mechanism	110,119	O	I-Process
+.	119,120	O	O
+
+For	121,124	O	O
+example	125,132	O	O
+,	132,133	O	O
+Gregory	134,141	O	O
+and	142,145	O	O
+Walker	146,152	O	O
+[	153,154	O	O
+1	154,155	O	O
+]	155,156	O	O
+discuss	157,164	O	O
+how	165,168	O	O
+the	169,172	O	O
+introduction	173,185	O	O
+of	186,188	O	O
+suction	189,196	O	O
+extends	197,204	O	O
+the	205,208	O	O
+laminar	209,216	O	O
+-	216,217	O	O
+flow	217,221	O	O
+region	222,228	O	O
+over	229,233	O	O
+a	234,235	O	O
+swept	236,241	O	B-Material
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+reducing	250,258	O	B-Task
+the	259,262	O	I-Task
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+of	273,275	O	I-Task
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+of	313,315	O	I-Task
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+.	334,335	O	O
+
+Conclusions	336,347	O	O
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+the	352,355	O	O
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+-	361,362	O	I-Process
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+from	378,382	O	O
+equivalent	383,393	O	O
+studies	394,401	O	O
+of	402,404	O	O
+the	405,408	O	O
+von	409,412	O	O
+Kármán	413,419	O	O
+(	420,421	O	O
+rotating	421,429	O	B-Material
+disk	430,434	O	I-Material
+)	434,435	O	O
+flow	436,440	O	O
+(	441,442	O	O
+see	442,445	O	O
+Gregory	446,453	O	O
+and	454,457	O	O
+Walker	458,464	O	O
+[	465,466	O	O
+2	466,467	O	O
+]	467,468	O	O
+,	468,469	O	O
+Stuart	470,476	O	O
+[	477,478	O	O
+3	478,479	O	O
+]	479,480	O	O
+)	480,481	O	O
+and	482,485	O	O
+work	486,490	O	O
+has	491,494	O	O
+since	495,500	O	O
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+into	511,515	O	O
+this	516,520	O	O
+and	521,524	O	O
+related	525,532	O	O
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+using	539,544	O	O
+numerical	545,554	O	B-Process
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+(	581,582	O	O
+see	582,585	O	O
+Ockendon	586,594	O	O
+[	595,596	O	O
+4	596,597	O	O
+]	597,598	O	O
+,	598,599	O	O
+Dhanak	600,606	O	O
+[	607,608	O	O
+5	608,609	O	O
+]	609,610	O	O
+,	610,611	O	O
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+Seddougui	623,632	O	O
+[	633,634	O	O
+6	634,635	O	O
+]	635,636	O	O
+,	636,637	O	O
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+[	647,648	O	O
+7	648,649	O	O
+]	649,650	O	O
+,	650,651	O	O
+Turkyilmazoglu	652,666	O	O
+[	667,668	O	O
+8	668,669	O	O
+]	669,670	O	O
+,	670,671	O	O
+Lingwood	672,680	O	O
+and	681,684	O	O
+Garrett	685,692	O	O
+[	693,694	O	O
+9	694,695	O	O
+]	695,696	O	O
+,	696,697	O	O
+for	698,701	O	O
+example	702,709	O	O
+)	709,710	O	O
+.	710,711	O	O
+
+The	712,715	O	O
+literature	716,726	O	O
+shows	727,732	O	O
+that	733,737	O	O
+increasing	738,748	O	B-Process
+suction	749,756	O	I-Process
+has	757,760	O	O
+a	761,762	O	O
+stabilising	763,774	O	O
+effect	775,781	O	O
+on	782,784	O	O
+the	785,788	O	O
+general	789,796	O	O
+class	797,802	O	O
+of	803,805	O	O
+“	806,807	O	B-Process
+Bödewadt	807,815	O	I-Process
+,	815,816	O	I-Process
+Ekman	817,822	O	I-Process
+and	823,826	O	I-Process
+von	827,830	O	I-Process
+Kármán	831,837	O	I-Process
+”	837,838	O	I-Process
+(	839,840	O	I-Process
+BEK	840,843	O	I-Process
+)	843,844	O	I-Process
+flows	845,850	O	I-Process
+which	851,856	O	O
+results	857,864	O	O
+in	865,867	O	O
+an	868,870	O	O
+increase	871,879	O	B-Process
+in	880,882	O	I-Process
+critical	883,891	O	I-Process
+Reynolds	892,900	O	I-Process
+numbers	901,908	O	I-Process
+for	909,912	O	O
+the	913,916	O	O
+onset	917,922	O	O
+of	923,925	O	O
+convective	926,936	O	O
+and	937,940	O	O
+absolute	941,949	O	O
+instabilities	950,963	O	O
+,	963,964	O	O
+a	965,966	O	O
+narrowing	967,976	O	B-Process
+in	977,979	O	I-Process
+the	980,983	O	I-Process
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+of	990,992	O	I-Process
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+a	1017,1018	O	O
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+in	1028,1030	O	I-Process
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+rates	1045,1050	O	I-Process
+of	1051,1053	O	O
+the	1054,1057	O	O
+unstable	1058,1066	O	O
+convective	1067,1077	O	O
+modes	1078,1083	O	O
+.	1083,1084	O	O
+
+The	1085,1088	O	O
+convective	1089,1099	O	B-Process
+instability	1100,1111	O	I-Process
+results	1112,1119	O	O
+are	1120,1123	O	O
+interpreted	1124,1135	O	O
+in	1136,1138	O	O
+terms	1139,1144	O	O
+of	1145,1147	O	O
+a	1148,1149	O	O
+delay	1150,1155	O	O
+in	1156,1158	O	O
+the	1159,1162	O	O
+onset	1163,1168	O	O
+of	1169,1171	O	O
+spiral	1172,1178	O	B-Material
+vortices	1179,1187	O	I-Material
+,	1187,1188	O	O
+and	1189,1192	O	O
+the	1193,1196	O	O
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+instability	1206,1217	O	I-Process
+results	1218,1225	O	O
+in	1226,1228	O	O
+terms	1229,1234	O	O
+of	1235,1237	O	O
+the	1238,1241	O	O
+onset	1242,1247	O	O
+of	1248,1250	O	O
+laminar	1251,1258	O	B-Process
+-	1258,1259	O	I-Process
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+(	1280,1281	O	O
+Lingwood	1281,1289	O	O
+[	1290,1291	O	O
+7,10,11	1291,1298	O	O
+]	1298,1299	O	O
+)	1299,1300	O	O
+.	1300,1301	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1071581916300854)
+
+We	0,2	O	O
+have	3,7	O	O
+developed	8,17	O	O
+a	18,19	O	O
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+,	30,31	O	O
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+understanding	43,56	O	O
+of	57,59	O	O
+a	60,61	O	O
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+problem	71,78	O	O
+:	78,79	O	O
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+mobile	94,100	O	I-Task
+-	100,101	O	I-Task
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+.	128,129	O	O
+
+But	130,133	O	O
+our	134,137	O	O
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+apply	151,156	O	O
+to	157,159	O	O
+the	160,163	O	O
+design	164,170	O	B-Task
+of	171,173	O	I-Task
+other	174,179	O	I-Task
+text	180,184	O	I-Task
+-	184,185	O	I-Task
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+.	199,200	O	O
+
+There	201,206	O	O
+has	207,210	O	O
+been	211,215	O	O
+a	216,217	O	O
+trend	218,223	O	O
+toward	224,230	O	O
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+keyboards	252,261	O	I-Material
+(	262,263	O	O
+e.g.	263,267	O	O
+,	267,268	O	O
+Dunlop	269,275	O	O
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+Levine	280,286	O	O
+,	286,287	O	O
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+;	292,293	O	O
+Karrenbauer	294,305	O	O
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+,	320,321	O	O
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+;	326,327	O	O
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+et	334,336	O	O
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+.	339,340	O	O
+,	340,341	O	O
+2015	342,346	O	O
+;	346,347	O	O
+Wiseman	348,355	O	O
+et	356,358	O	O
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+.	361,362	O	O
+,	362,363	O	O
+2013	364,368	O	O
+)	368,369	O	O
+.	369,370	O	O
+
+More	371,375	O	O
+often	376,381	O	O
+than	382,386	O	O
+not	387,390	O	O
+,	390,391	O	O
+though	392,398	O	O
+,	398,399	O	O
+input	400,405	O	B-Material
+devices	406,413	O	I-Material
+are	414,417	O	O
+a	418,419	O	O
+fixed	420,425	O	O
+constraint	426,436	O	O
+in	437,439	O	O
+the	440,443	O	O
+design	444,450	O	B-Task
+of	451,453	O	I-Task
+a	454,455	O	I-Task
+service	456,463	O	I-Task
+.	463,464	O	O
+
+Most	465,469	O	O
+users	470,475	O	O
+are	476,479	O	O
+typing	480,486	O	O
+on	487,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+keyboard	494,502	O	O
+that	503,507	O	O
+came	508,512	O	O
+with	513,517	O	O
+their	518,523	O	O
+phone	524,529	O	O
+.	529,530	O	O
+
+Those	531,536	O	O
+keyboards	537,546	O	O
+have	547,551	O	O
+advantages	552,562	O	O
+,	562,563	O	O
+limitations	564,575	O	O
+and	576,579	O	O
+quirks	580,586	O	O
+.	586,587	O	O
+
+The	588,591	O	O
+mode	592,596	O	B-Process
+-	596,597	O	I-Process
+switching	597,606	O	I-Process
+that	607,611	O	O
+most	612,616	O	O
+touchscreen	617,628	O	O
+keyboards	629,638	O	O
+require	639,646	O	O
+to	647,649	O	O
+reach	650,655	O	O
+numbers	656,663	O	O
+and	664,667	O	O
+capital	668,675	O	O
+letters	676,683	O	O
+is	684,686	O	O
+at	687,689	O	O
+the	690,693	O	O
+root	694,698	O	O
+of	699,701	O	O
+design	702,708	O	O
+improvements	709,721	O	O
+we	722,724	O	O
+propose	725,732	O	O
+in	733,735	O	O
+this	736,740	O	O
+paper	741,746	O	O
+.	746,747	O	O
+
+When	748,752	O	O
+designing	753,762	O	B-Task
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+,	771,772	O	O
+it	773,775	O	O
+is	776,778	O	O
+vital	779,784	O	O
+to	785,787	O	O
+be	788,790	O	O
+aware	791,796	O	O
+of	797,799	O	O
+the	800,803	O	O
+fixed	804,809	O	O
+constraints	810,821	O	O
+of	822,824	O	O
+a	825,826	O	O
+system	827,833	O	O
+and	834,837	O	O
+to	838,840	O	O
+then	841,845	O	O
+focus	846,851	O	O
+on	852,854	O	O
+the	855,858	O	O
+aspects	859,866	O	O
+of	867,869	O	O
+a	870,871	O	O
+service	872,879	O	O
+'s	879,881	O	O
+design	882,888	O	O
+that	889,893	O	O
+can	894,897	O	O
+be	898,900	O	O
+controlled	901,911	O	O
+.	911,912	O	O
+
+Making	913,919	O	O
+changes	920,927	O	O
+to	928,930	O	O
+input	931,936	O	O
+data	937,941	O	O
+in	942,944	O	O
+this	945,949	O	O
+way	950,953	O	O
+is	954,956	O	O
+a	957,958	O	O
+cheap	959,964	O	O
+,	964,965	O	O
+quick	966,971	O	O
+and	972,975	O	O
+easy	976,980	O	O
+way	981,984	O	O
+to	985,987	O	O
+improve	988,995	O	O
+user	996,1000	O	O
+experience	1001,1011	O	O
+.	1011,1012	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1361841516300342)
+
+Probabilistic	0,13	O	B-Process
+and	14,17	O	I-Process
+stochastic	18,28	O	I-Process
+approaches	29,39	O	I-Process
+can	40,43	O	O
+facilitate	44,54	O	O
+the	55,58	O	O
+search	59,65	O	B-Task
+for	66,69	O	I-Task
+local	70,75	O	I-Task
+and	76,79	O	I-Task
+global	80,86	O	I-Task
+optima	87,93	O	I-Task
+.	93,94	O	O
+
+Evolutionary	95,107	O	B-Process
+algorithms	108,118	O	I-Process
+,	118,119	O	O
+such	120,124	O	O
+as	125,127	O	O
+genetic	128,135	O	B-Process
+population	136,146	O	I-Process
+(	147,148	O	O
+Jomier	148,154	O	O
+et	155,157	O	O
+al	158,160	O	O
+.	160,161	O	O
+,	161,162	O	O
+2006	163,167	O	O
+;	167,168	O	O
+Rivest	169,175	O	O
+-	175,176	O	O
+Henault	176,183	O	O
+et	184,186	O	O
+al	187,189	O	O
+.	189,190	O	O
+,	190,191	O	O
+2012	192,196	O	O
+;	196,197	O	O
+Ruijters	198,206	O	O
+et	207,209	O	O
+al	210,212	O	O
+.	212,213	O	O
+,	213,214	O	O
+2009	215,219	O	O
+)	219,220	O	O
+,	220,221	O	O
+are	222,225	O	O
+considered	226,236	O	O
+as	237,239	O	O
+a	240,241	O	O
+strategy	242,250	O	O
+that	251,255	O	O
+is	256,258	O	O
+“	259,260	O	O
+less	260,264	O	O
+likely	265,271	O	O
+to	272,274	O	O
+get	275,278	O	O
+stuck	279,284	O	O
+in	285,287	O	O
+a	288,289	O	O
+local	290,295	O	O
+optimum	296,303	O	O
+”	303,304	O	O
+(	305,306	O	O
+Ruijters	306,314	O	O
+et	315,317	O	O
+al	318,320	O	O
+.	320,321	O	O
+,	321,322	O	O
+2009	323,327	O	O
+)	327,328	O	O
+.	328,329	O	O
+
+A	330,331	O	O
+cost	332,336	O	B-Material
+function	337,345	O	I-Material
+consisting	346,356	O	O
+of	357,359	O	O
+the	360,363	O	O
+“	364,365	O	O
+sum	365,368	O	O
+of	369,371	O	O
+the	372,375	O	O
+Gaussian	376,384	O	O
+-	384,385	O	O
+blurred	385,392	O	O
+intensity	393,402	O	O
+values	403,409	O	O
+in	410,412	O	O
+the	413,416	O	O
+[	417,418	O	O
+DSA	418,421	O	O
+]	421,422	O	O
+at	423,425	O	O
+the	426,429	O	O
+projected	430,439	O	O
+model	440,445	O	O
+points	446,452	O	O
+
+”	452,453	O	O
+
+(	454,455	O	O
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+et	462,464	O	O
+al	465,467	O	O
+.	467,468	O	O
+,	468,469	O	O
+2006	470,474	O	O
+)	474,475	O	O
+is	476,478	O	O
+optimized	479,488	O	O
+using	489,494	O	O
+a	495,496	O	O
+genetic	497,504	O	B-Process
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+.	524,525	O	O
+
+Other	526,531	O	O
+authors	532,539	O	O
+“	540,541	O	O
+use	541,544	O	O
+the	545,548	O	O
+Condensation	549,561	O	B-Process
+form	562,566	O	I-Process
+of	567,569	O	I-Process
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+sampling	593,601	O	I-Process
+to	602,604	O	O
+estimate	605,613	O	B-Task
+a	614,615	O	I-Task
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+”	638,639	O	O
+
+(	640,641	O	O
+Florin	641,647	O	O
+et	648,650	O	O
+al	651,653	O	O
+.	653,654	O	O
+,	654,655	O	O
+2005	656,660	O	O
+)	660,661	O	O
+for	662,665	O	O
+finding	666,673	O	O
+the	674,677	O	O
+global	678,684	O	O
+minimum	685,692	O	O
+.	692,693	O	O
+
+Besides	694,701	O	O
+,	701,702	O	O
+the	703,706	O	O
+Kalman	707,713	O	B-Process
+filter	714,720	O	I-Process
+is	721,723	O	O
+successfully	724,736	O	O
+adopted	737,744	O	O
+(	745,746	O	O
+Curwen	746,752	O	O
+et	753,755	O	O
+al	756,758	O	O
+.	758,759	O	O
+,	759,760	O	O
+1994	761,765	O	O
+;	765,766	O	O
+Feldmar	767,774	O	O
+et	775,777	O	O
+al	778,780	O	O
+.	780,781	O	O
+,	781,782	O	O
+1997	783,787	O	O
+;	787,788	O	O
+Toledo	789,795	O	O
+et	796,798	O	O
+al	799,801	O	O
+.	801,802	O	O
+,	802,803	O	O
+1998	804,808	O	O
+)	808,809	O	O
+.	809,810	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1361841516300822)
+
+For	0,3	O	O
+all	4,7	O	O
+volunteers	8,18	O	O
+the	19,22	O	O
+AAMM	23,27	O	B-Task
+technique	28,37	O	I-Task
+significantly	38,51	O	O
+(	52,53	O	O
+p	53,54	O	O
+<	55,56	O	O
+0.01	57,61	O	O
+)	61,62	O	O
+outperformed	63,75	O	O
+the	76,79	O	O
+other	80,85	O	O
+two	86,89	O	O
+methods	90,97	O	O
+in	98,100	O	O
+all	101,104	O	O
+of	105,107	O	O
+the	108,111	O	O
+intervals	112,121	O	O
+as	122,124	O	O
+can	125,128	O	O
+be	129,131	O	O
+seen	132,136	O	O
+by	137,139	O	O
+comparing	140,149	O	O
+to	150,152	O	O
+the	153,156	O	O
+error	157,162	O	B-Material
+curves	163,169	O	I-Material
+shown	170,175	O	O
+in	176,178	O	O
+Fig	179,182	O	O
+.	182,183	O	O
+
+8	184,185	O	O
+and	186,189	O	O
+the	190,193	O	O
+figures	194,201	O	O
+in	202,204	O	O
+Table	205,210	O	O
+1	211,212	O	O
+in	213,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+supplementary	220,233	O	O
+materials	234,243	O	O
+.	243,244	O	O
+
+Significance	245,257	O	O
+was	258,261	O	O
+assessed	262,270	O	O
+using	271,276	O	O
+a	277,278	O	O
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+rank	304,308	O	I-Process
+test	309,313	O	I-Process
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+the	320,323	O	O
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+distributions	330,343	O	O
+were	344,348	O	O
+generally	349,358	O	O
+not	359,362	O	O
+symmetric	363,372	O	O
+.	372,373	O	O
+
+The	374,377	O	O
+estimation	378,388	O	O
+errors	389,395	O	O
+for	396,399	O	O
+AAMM	400,404	O	B-Task
+and	405,408	O	O
+its	409,412	O	O
+non	413,416	O	O
+-	416,417	O	O
+adaptive	417,425	O	O
+counterpart	426,437	O	O
+,	437,438	O	O
+AAMM	439,443	O	B-Task
+(	444,445	O	I-Task
+no	445,447	O	I-Task
+adapt	448,453	O	I-Task
+.	453,454	O	I-Task
+)	454,455	O	I-Task
+,	455,456	O	O
+were	457,461	O	O
+similar	462,469	O	O
+in	470,472	O	O
+the	473,476	O	O
+beginning	477,486	O	O
+of	487,489	O	O
+the	490,493	O	O
+application	494,505	O	O
+phase	506,511	O	O
+,	511,512	O	O
+but	513,516	O	O
+as	517,519	O	O
+anticipated	520,531	O	O
+,	531,532	O	O
+as	533,535	O	O
+the	536,539	O	O
+application	540,551	O	O
+phase	552,557	O	O
+went	558,562	O	O
+on	563,565	O	O
+,	565,566	O	O
+the	567,570	O	O
+AAMM	571,575	O	B-Task
+technique	576,585	O	I-Task
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+its	607,610	O	O
+accuracy	611,619	O	O
+by	620,622	O	O
+incorporating	623,636	O	O
+more	637,641	O	O
+and	642,645	O	O
+more	646,650	O	O
+data	651,655	O	O
+into	656,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
+model	665,670	O	O
+.	670,671	O	O
+
+On	672,674	O	O
+average	675,682	O	O
+the	683,686	O	O
+motion	687,693	O	B-Material
+estimation	694,704	O	I-Material
+of	705,707	O	O
+AAMM	708,712	O	B-Task
+improved	713,721	O	O
+by	722,724	O	O
+22.94	725,730	O	O
+%	730,731	O	O
+in	732,734	O	O
+T5	735,737	O	O
+with	738,742	O	O
+respect	743,750	O	O
+to	751,753	O	O
+its	754,757	O	O
+non	758,761	O	O
+-	761,762	O	O
+adaptive	762,770	O	O
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+.	782,783	O	O
+
+However	784,791	O	O
+,	791,792	O	O
+the	793,796	O	O
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+has	804,807	O	O
+already	808,815	O	O
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+adapted	830,837	O	O
+to	838,840	O	O
+the	841,844	O	O
+breathing	845,854	O	O
+pattern	855,862	O	O
+in	863,865	O	O
+T2	866,868	O	O
+,	868,869	O	O
+i.e.	870,874	O	O
+after	875,880	O	O
+between	881,888	O	O
+3	889,890	O	O
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+7	895,896	O	O
+min	897,900	O	O
+of	901,903	O	O
+imaging	904,911	O	B-Process
+,	911,912	O	O
+where	913,918	O	O
+motion	919,925	O	B-Material
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+where	938,943	O	O
+on	944,946	O	O
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+16.87	955,960	O	O
+%	960,961	O	O
+more	962,966	O	O
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+than	976,980	O	O
+at	981,983	O	O
+the	984,987	O	O
+beginning	988,997	O	O
+of	998,1000	O	O
+the	1001,1004	O	O
+adaptation	1005,1015	O	O
+phase	1016,1021	O	O
+.	1021,1022	O	O
+
+By	1023,1025	O	O
+visually	1026,1034	O	O
+inspecting	1035,1045	O	O
+the	1046,1049	O	O
+curves	1050,1056	O	O
+for	1057,1060	O	O
+AAMM	1061,1065	O	B-Task
+in	1066,1068	O	O
+Fig	1069,1072	O	O
+.	1072,1073	O	O
+
+8	1074,1075	O	O
+it	1076,1078	O	O
+can	1079,1082	O	O
+be	1083,1085	O	O
+seen	1086,1090	O	O
+that	1091,1095	O	O
+for	1096,1099	O	O
+many	1100,1104	O	O
+volunteers	1105,1115	O	O
+(	1116,1117	O	O
+in	1117,1119	O	O
+particular	1120,1130	O	O
+volunteers	1131,1141	O	O
+A	1142,1143	O	O
+,	1143,1144	O	O
+D	1145,1146	O	O
+,	1146,1147	O	O
+E	1148,1149	O	O
+,	1149,1150	O	O
+and	1151,1154	O	O
+F	1155,1156	O	O
+)	1156,1157	O	O
+the	1158,1161	O	O
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+curves	1168,1174	O	I-Material
+start	1175,1180	O	O
+to	1181,1183	O	O
+flatten	1184,1191	O	O
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+around	1206,1212	O	O
+the	1213,1216	O	O
+7	1217,1218	O	O
+min	1219,1222	O	O
+mark	1223,1227	O	O
+.	1227,1228	O	O
+
+From	1229,1233	O	O
+this	1234,1238	O	O
+it	1239,1241	O	O
+can	1242,1245	O	O
+be	1246,1248	O	O
+concluded	1249,1258	O	O
+that	1259,1263	O	O
+a	1264,1265	O	O
+longer	1266,1272	O	O
+calibration	1273,1284	O	B-Process
+scan	1285,1289	O	I-Process
+of	1290,1292	O	O
+around	1293,1299	O	O
+12	1300,1302	O	O
+min	1303,1306	O	O
+would	1307,1312	O	O
+be	1313,1315	O	O
+optimal	1316,1323	O	O
+,	1323,1324	O	O
+that	1325,1329	O	O
+is	1330,1332	O	O
+the	1333,1336	O	O
+5	1337,1338	O	O
+min	1339,1342	O	O
+that	1343,1347	O	O
+were	1348,1352	O	O
+used	1353,1357	O	O
+for	1358,1361	O	O
+calibration	1362,1373	O	B-Process
+in	1374,1376	O	O
+this	1377,1381	O	O
+experiment	1382,1392	O	O
+plus	1393,1397	O	O
+7	1398,1399	O	O
+min	1400,1403	O	O
+worth	1404,1409	O	O
+of	1410,1412	O	O
+data	1413,1417	O	O
+added	1418,1423	O	O
+during	1424,1430	O	O
+the	1431,1434	O	O
+application	1435,1446	O	O
+phase	1447,1452	O	O
+.	1452,1453	O	O
+
+Note	1454,1458	O	O
+that	1459,1463	O	O
+this	1464,1468	O	O
+time	1469,1473	O	O
+could	1474,1479	O	O
+be	1480,1482	O	O
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+reduced	1497,1504	O	O
+if	1505,1507	O	O
+a	1508,1509	O	O
+non	1510,1513	O	B-Process
+-	1513,1514	O	I-Process
+cardiac	1514,1521	O	I-Process
+-	1521,1522	O	I-Process
+gated	1522,1527	O	I-Process
+sequence	1528,1536	O	I-Process
+was	1537,1540	O	O
+used	1541,1545	O	O
+.	1545,1546	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1364815216303541)
+
+As	0,2	O	O
+a	3,4	O	O
+particular	5,15	O	O
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+of	21,23	O	O
+survey	24,30	O	O
+data	31,35	O	O
+,	35,36	O	O
+we	37,39	O	O
+used	40,44	O	O
+the	45,48	O	O
+iUTAH	49,54	O	B-Process
+“	55,56	O	I-Process
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+Survey	67,73	O	I-Process
+,	73,74	O	I-Process
+”	74,75	O	I-Process
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+participating	101,114	O	O
+researchers	115,126	O	O
+from	127,131	O	O
+several	132,139	O	O
+Utah	140,144	O	O
+institutions	145,157	O	O
+of	158,160	O	O
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+education	168,177	O	O
+.	177,178	O	O
+
+The	179,182	O	O
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+of	194,196	O	O
+the	197,200	O	O
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+were	208,212	O	O
+to	213,215	O	O
+document	216,224	O	O
+how	225,228	O	O
+a	229,230	O	O
+representative	231,245	O	O
+cross	246,251	O	O
+-	251,252	O	O
+section	252,259	O	O
+of	260,262	O	O
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+'s	267,269	O	I-Task
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+about	294,299	O	I-Task
+water	300,305	O	I-Task
+issues	306,312	O	I-Task
+.	312,313	O	O
+
+The	314,317	O	O
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+included	325,333	O	O
+three	334,339	O	O
+core	340,344	O	O
+blocks	345,351	O	O
+of	352,354	O	O
+questions	355,364	O	O
+:	364,365	O	O
+perceptions	366,377	O	B-Material
+of	378,380	O	I-Material
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+,	417,418	O	O
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+of	446,448	O	I-Material
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+,	470,471	O	O
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+a	490,491	O	I-Material
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+-	514,515	O	I-Material
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+
+A	529,530	O	O
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+of	538,540	O	O
+additional	541,551	O	O
+questions	552,561	O	O
+captured	562,570	O	O
+information	571,582	O	O
+about	583,588	O	O
+respondents	589,600	O	O
+'	600,601	O	O
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+,	629,630	O	O
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+-	635,636	O	I-Material
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+,	654,655	O	O
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+,	695,696	O	O
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+.	723,724	O	O
+
+Supplementary	725,738	O	B-Process
+material	739,747	O	I-Process
+to	748,750	O	O
+this	751,755	O	O
+paper	756,761	O	O
+includes	762,770	O	O
+a	771,772	O	O
+document	773,781	O	O
+with	782,786	O	O
+a	787,788	O	O
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+of	801,803	O	I-Process
+the	804,807	O	I-Process
+dataset	808,815	O	I-Process
+as	816,818	O	O
+a	819,820	O	O
+whole	821,826	O	O
+,	826,827	O	O
+a	828,829	O	O
+document	830,838	O	O
+containing	839,849	O	O
+the	850,853	O	O
+complete	854,862	O	B-Process
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+instrument	870,880	O	I-Process
+,	880,881	O	O
+and	882,885	O	O
+two	886,889	O	O
+data	890,894	O	O
+files	895,900	O	O
+containing	901,911	O	O
+the	912,915	O	O
+results	916,923	O	O
+and	924,927	O	O
+an	928,930	O	O
+associated	931,941	O	B-Process
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+(	951,952	O	O
+see	952,955	O	O
+Section	956,963	O	O
+4.3	964,967	O	O
+)	967,968	O	O
+.	968,969	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1524070312000380)
+
+Isogeometric	0,12	O	B-Process
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+(	22,23	O	O
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+)	26,27	O	O
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+a	31,32	O	O
+numerical	33,42	O	B-Process
+simulation	43,53	O	I-Process
+method	54,60	O	I-Process
+which	61,66	O	O
+is	67,69	O	O
+directly	70,78	O	O
+based	79,84	O	O
+on	85,87	O	O
+the	88,91	O	O
+NURBS	92,97	O	B-Process
+-	97,98	O	I-Process
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+.	132,133	O	O
+
+It	134,136	O	O
+exploits	137,145	O	O
+the	146,149	O	O
+tensor	150,156	O	O
+-	156,157	O	O
+product	157,164	O	O
+structure	165,174	O	O
+of	175,177	O	O
+2-	178,180	O	O
+or	181,183	O	O
+3-dimensional	184,197	O	O
+NURBS	198,203	O	B-Material
+objects	204,211	O	I-Material
+to	212,214	O	O
+parameterize	215,227	O	O
+the	228,231	O	O
+physical	232,240	O	O
+domain	241,247	O	O
+.	247,248	O	O
+
+Hence	249,254	O	O
+the	255,258	O	O
+physical	259,267	O	B-Process
+domain	268,274	O	I-Process
+is	275,277	O	I-Process
+parameterized	278,291	O	I-Process
+with	292,296	O	O
+respect	297,304	O	O
+to	305,307	O	O
+a	308,309	O	O
+rectangle	310,319	O	O
+or	320,322	O	O
+to	323,325	O	O
+a	326,327	O	O
+cube	328,332	O	O
+.	332,333	O	O
+
+Consequently	334,346	O	O
+,	346,347	O	O
+singularly	348,358	O	O
+parameterized	359,372	O	O
+NURBS	373,378	O	B-Material
+surfaces	379,387	O	I-Material
+and	388,391	O	O
+NURBS	392,397	O	B-Material
+volumes	398,405	O	I-Material
+are	406,409	O	O
+needed	410,416	O	O
+in	417,419	O	O
+order	420,425	O	O
+to	426,428	O	O
+represent	429,438	O	O
+non	439,442	O	O
+-	442,443	O	O
+quadrangular	443,455	O	O
+or	456,458	O	O
+non	459,462	O	O
+-	462,463	O	O
+hexahedral	463,473	O	O
+domains	474,481	O	O
+without	482,489	O	O
+splitting	490,499	O	B-Process
+,	499,500	O	O
+thereby	501,508	O	O
+producing	509,518	O	O
+a	519,520	O	O
+very	521,525	O	O
+compact	526,533	O	O
+and	534,537	O	O
+convenient	538,548	O	O
+representation	549,563	O	O
+.	563,564	O	O
+
+The	564,567	O	O
+Galerkin	568,576	O	B-Process
+projection	577,587	O	I-Process
+introduces	588,598	O	O
+finite	599,605	O	O
+-	605,606	O	O
+dimensional	606,617	O	O
+spaces	618,624	O	O
+of	625,627	O	O
+test	628,632	O	O
+functions	633,642	O	O
+in	643,645	O	O
+the	646,649	O	O
+weak	650,654	O	O
+formulation	655,666	O	B-Process
+of	667,669	O	I-Process
+partial	670,677	O	I-Process
+differential	678,690	O	I-Process
+equations	691,700	O	I-Process
+.	700,701	O	O
+
+In	702,704	O	O
+particular	705,715	O	O
+,	715,716	O	O
+the	717,720	O	O
+test	721,725	O	O
+functions	726,735	O	O
+used	736,740	O	O
+in	741,743	O	O
+isogeometric	744,756	O	B-Process
+analysis	757,765	O	I-Process
+are	766,769	O	O
+obtained	770,778	O	O
+by	779,781	O	O
+composing	782,791	O	O
+the	792,795	O	O
+inverse	796,803	O	O
+of	804,806	O	O
+the	807,810	O	O
+domain	811,817	O	O
+parameterization	818,834	O	O
+with	835,839	O	O
+the	840,843	O	O
+NURBS	844,849	O	B-Process
+basis	850,855	O	I-Process
+functions	856,865	O	I-Process
+.	865,866	O	O
+
+In	867,869	O	O
+the	870,873	O	O
+case	874,878	O	O
+of	879,881	O	O
+singular	882,890	O	O
+parameterizations	891,908	O	O
+,	908,909	O	O
+however	910,917	O	O
+,	917,918	O	O
+some	919,923	O	O
+of	924,926	O	O
+the	927,930	O	O
+resulting	931,940	O	O
+test	941,945	O	O
+functions	946,955	O	O
+do	956,958	O	O
+not	959,962	O	O
+necessarily	963,974	O	O
+fulfill	975,982	O	O
+the	983,986	O	O
+required	987,995	O	O
+regularity	996,1006	O	O
+properties	1007,1017	O	O
+.	1017,1018	O	O
+
+Consequently	1019,1031	O	O
+,	1031,1032	O	O
+numerical	1033,1042	O	B-Process
+methods	1043,1050	O	I-Process
+for	1051,1054	O	O
+the	1055,1058	O	O
+solution	1059,1067	O	O
+of	1068,1070	O	O
+partial	1071,1078	O	O
+differential	1079,1091	O	O
+equations	1092,1101	O	O
+can	1102,1105	O	O
+not	1105,1108	O	O
+be	1109,1111	O	O
+applied	1112,1119	O	O
+properly	1120,1128	O	O
+.	1128,1129	O	O
+
+We	1129,1131	O	O
+discuss	1132,1139	O	B-Task
+the	1140,1143	O	I-Task
+regularity	1144,1154	O	I-Task
+properties	1155,1165	O	I-Task
+of	1166,1168	O	I-Task
+the	1169,1172	O	I-Task
+test	1173,1177	O	I-Task
+functions	1178,1187	O	I-Task
+.	1187,1188	O	O
+
+For	1189,1192	O	O
+one-	1193,1197	O	O
+and	1198,1201	O	O
+two	1202,1205	O	O
+-	1205,1206	O	O
+dimensional	1206,1217	O	O
+domains	1218,1225	O	O
+we	1226,1228	O	O
+consider	1229,1237	O	B-Task
+several	1238,1245	O	I-Task
+important	1246,1255	O	I-Task
+classes	1256,1263	O	I-Task
+of	1264,1266	O	I-Task
+singularities	1267,1280	O	I-Task
+of	1281,1283	O	I-Task
+NURBS	1284,1289	O	I-Task
+parameterizations	1290,1307	O	I-Task
+.	1307,1308	O	O
+
+For	1309,1312	O	O
+specific	1313,1321	O	O
+cases	1322,1327	O	O
+we	1328,1330	O	O
+derive	1331,1337	O	B-Task
+additional	1338,1348	O	I-Task
+conditions	1349,1359	O	I-Task
+which	1360,1365	O	I-Task
+guarantee	1366,1375	O	I-Task
+the	1376,1379	O	I-Task
+regularity	1380,1390	O	I-Task
+of	1391,1393	O	I-Task
+the	1394,1397	O	I-Task
+test	1398,1402	O	I-Task
+functions	1403,1412	O	I-Task
+.	1412,1413	O	O
+
+In	1414,1416	O	O
+addition	1417,1425	O	O
+we	1426,1428	O	O
+present	1429,1436	O	B-Task
+a	1437,1438	O	I-Task
+modification	1439,1451	O	I-Task
+scheme	1452,1458	O	I-Task
+for	1459,1462	O	O
+the	1463,1466	O	O
+discretized	1467,1478	O	B-Process
+function	1479,1487	O	I-Process
+space	1488,1493	O	I-Process
+in	1494,1496	O	O
+case	1497,1501	O	O
+of	1502,1504	O	O
+insufficient	1505,1517	O	O
+regularity	1518,1528	O	O
+.	1528,1529	O	O
+
+It	1530,1532	O	O
+is	1533,1535	O	O
+also	1536,1540	O	O
+shown	1541,1546	O	O
+how	1547,1550	O	O
+these	1551,1556	O	O
+results	1557,1564	O	O
+can	1565,1568	O	O
+be	1569,1571	O	O
+applied	1572,1579	O	O
+for	1580,1583	O	O
+computational	1584,1597	O	O
+domains	1598,1605	O	O
+in	1606,1608	O	O
+higher	1609,1615	O	O
+dimensions	1616,1626	O	O
+that	1627,1631	O	O
+can	1632,1635	O	O
+be	1636,1638	O	O
+parameterized	1639,1652	O	B-Process
+via	1653,1656	O	O
+sweeping	1657,1665	O	B-Process
+.	1665,1666	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1566253516300069)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+above	4,9	O	O
+discussion	10,20	O	O
+also	21,25	O	O
+lays	26,30	O	O
+bare	31,35	O	O
+the	36,39	O	O
+difference	40,50	O	O
+of	51,53	O	O
+perspectives	54,66	O	O
+between	67,74	O	O
+the	75,78	O	O
+fusion	79,85	O	O
+of	86,88	O	O
+hard	89,93	O	B-Process
+constraints	94,105	O	I-Process
+and	106,109	O	O
+knowledge	110,119	O	B-Process
+-	119,120	O	I-Process
+base	120,124	O	I-Process
+merging	125,132	O	I-Process
+:	132,133	O	O
+the	134,137	O	O
+idea	138,142	O	O
+of	143,145	O	O
+Konieczny	146,155	O	O
+and	156,159	O	O
+Pino	160,164	O	O
+-	164,165	O	O
+Perez	165,170	O	O
+is	171,173	O	O
+to	174,176	O	O
+explain	177,184	O	O
+the	185,188	O	O
+fusion	189,195	O	B-Process
+of	196,198	O	I-Process
+plain	199,204	O	I-Process
+epistemic	205,214	O	I-Process
+states	215,221	O	I-Process
+,	221,222	O	O
+understood	223,233	O	O
+as	234,236	O	O
+a	237,238	O	O
+set	239,242	O	O
+of	243,245	O	O
+plausible	246,255	O	O
+worlds	256,262	O	O
+,	262,263	O	O
+by	264,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+existence	271,280	O	O
+of	281,283	O	O
+underlying	284,294	O	O
+partial	295,302	O	B-Process
+orderings	303,312	O	I-Process
+or	313,315	O	O
+numerical	316,325	O	B-Process
+plausibility	326,338	O	I-Process
+degrees	339,346	O	I-Process
+(	347,348	O	O
+obtained	348,356	O	O
+by	357,359	O	O
+distances	360,369	O	O
+)	369,370	O	O
+,	370,371	O	O
+based	372,377	O	O
+on	378,380	O	O
+axioms	381,387	O	O
+that	388,392	O	O
+only	393,397	O	O
+use	398,401	O	O
+plausible	402,411	O	O
+sets	412,416	O	O
+attached	417,425	O	O
+to	426,428	O	O
+these	429,434	O	O
+orderings	435,444	O	O
+.	444,445	O	O
+
+In	446,448	O	O
+[	449,450	O	O
+67	450,452	O	O
+]	452,453	O	O
+the	454,457	O	O
+same	458,462	O	O
+authors	463,470	O	O
+use	471,474	O	O
+both	475,479	O	O
+hard	480,484	O	B-Process
+(	485,486	O	I-Process
+integrity	486,495	O	I-Process
+)	495,496	O	I-Process
+constraints	497,508	O	I-Process
+and	509,512	O	O
+belief	513,519	O	B-Process
+sets	520,524	O	I-Process
+referring	525,534	O	O
+to	535,537	O	O
+plausible	538,547	O	O
+worlds	548,554	O	O
+,	554,555	O	O
+and	556,559	O	O
+try	560,563	O	O
+to	564,566	O	O
+extend	567,573	O	O
+both	574,578	O	O
+the	579,582	O	O
+AGM	583,586	O	B-Process
+revision	587,595	O	I-Process
+and	596,599	O	O
+knowledge	600,609	O	B-Process
+-	609,610	O	I-Process
+based	610,615	O	I-Process
+merging	616,623	O	I-Process
+.	623,624	O	O
+
+However	625,632	O	O
+,	632,633	O	O
+they	634,638	O	O
+do	639,641	O	O
+not	642,645	O	O
+envisage	646,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+merging	659,666	O	B-Process
+of	667,669	O	I-Process
+integrity	670,679	O	I-Process
+constraints	680,691	O	I-Process
+discussed	692,701	O	O
+in	702,704	O	O
+the	705,708	O	O
+previous	709,717	O	O
+section	718,725	O	O
+.	725,726	O	O
+
+The	727,730	O	O
+belief	731,737	O	B-Task
+revision	738,746	O	I-Task
+and	747,750	O	I-Task
+merging	751,758	O	I-Task
+literature	759,769	O	O
+takes	770,775	O	O
+an	776,778	O	O
+external	779,787	O	O
+point	788,793	O	O
+of	794,796	O	O
+view	797,801	O	O
+on	802,804	O	O
+cognitive	805,814	O	O
+processes	815,824	O	O
+under	825,830	O	O
+study	831,836	O	O
+.	836,837	O	O
+
+The	838,841	O	O
+underlying	842,852	O	O
+ordered	853,860	O	B-Material
+structures	861,871	O	I-Material
+are	872,875	O	O
+here	876,880	O	O
+a	881,882	O	O
+consequence	883,894	O	O
+of	895,897	O	O
+the	898,901	O	O
+merging	902,909	O	O
+postulates	910,920	O	O
+,	920,921	O	O
+but	922,925	O	O
+they	926,930	O	O
+do	931,933	O	O
+not	934,937	O	O
+appear	938,944	O	O
+explicitly	945,955	O	O
+in	956,958	O	O
+the	959,962	O	O
+axioms	963,969	O	O
+and	970,973	O	O
+they	974,978	O	O
+are	979,982	O	O
+not	983,986	O	O
+observable	987,997	O	O
+from	998,1002	O	O
+the	1003,1006	O	O
+outside	1007,1014	O	O
+.	1014,1015	O	O
+
+On	1016,1018	O	O
+the	1019,1022	O	O
+contrary	1023,1031	O	O
+,	1031,1032	O	O
+our	1033,1036	O	O
+approach	1037,1045	O	O
+is	1046,1048	O	O
+to	1049,1051	O	O
+construct	1052,1061	O	B-Process
+fusion	1062,1068	O	I-Process
+rules	1069,1074	O	I-Process
+that	1075,1079	O	O
+only	1080,1084	O	O
+rely	1085,1089	O	O
+on	1090,1092	O	O
+what	1093,1097	O	O
+is	1098,1100	O	O
+explicitly	1101,1111	O	O
+supplied	1112,1120	O	O
+by	1121,1123	O	O
+sources	1124,1131	O	O
+.	1131,1132	O	O
+
+In	1133,1135	O	O
+the	1136,1139	O	O
+sequel	1140,1146	O	O
+we	1147,1149	O	O
+consider	1150,1158	O	O
+the	1159,1162	O	O
+counterpart	1163,1174	O	O
+of	1175,1177	O	O
+our	1178,1181	O	O
+fusion	1182,1188	O	O
+postulates	1189,1199	O	O
+for	1200,1203	O	O
+ranked	1204,1210	O	B-Process
+models	1211,1217	O	I-Process
+,	1217,1218	O	O
+that	1219,1223	O	O
+can	1224,1227	O	O
+be	1228,1230	O	O
+expressed	1231,1240	O	O
+by	1241,1243	O	O
+means	1244,1249	O	O
+of	1250,1252	O	O
+total	1253,1258	O	O
+orders	1259,1265	O	O
+of	1266,1268	O	O
+possible	1269,1277	O	O
+worlds	1278,1284	O	O
+or	1285,1287	O	O
+by	1288,1290	O	O
+their	1291,1296	O	O
+encodings	1297,1306	O	O
+on	1307,1309	O	O
+a	1310,1311	O	O
+plausibility	1312,1324	O	O
+scale	1325,1330	O	O
+.	1330,1331	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1566253516300252)
+
+Methods	0,7	O	O
+for	8,11	O	O
+anomaly	12,19	O	B-Task
+detection	20,29	O	I-Task
+in	30,32	O	O
+a	33,34	O	O
+local	35,40	O	O
+context	41,48	O	O
+are	49,52	O	O
+the	53,56	O	O
+conceptual	57,67	O	O
+opposite	68,76	O	O
+to	77,79	O	O
+the	80,83	O	O
+afore	84,89	O	B-Material
+-	89,90	O	I-Material
+described	90,99	O	I-Material
+centralized	100,111	O	I-Material
+methods	112,119	O	I-Material
+,	119,120	O	O
+which	121,126	O	O
+rely	127,131	O	O
+on	132,134	O	O
+globally	135,143	O	B-Material
+shared	144,150	O	I-Material
+models	151,157	O	I-Material
+.	157,158	O	O
+
+In	159,161	O	O
+data	162,166	O	B-Task
+mining	167,173	O	I-Task
+,	173,174	O	O
+the	175,178	O	O
+notion	179,185	O	B-Task
+of	186,188	O	I-Task
+locality	189,197	O	I-Task
+is	198,200	O	O
+often	201,206	O	O
+given	207,212	O	O
+as	213,215	O	O
+distance	216,224	O	B-Material
+between	225,232	O	I-Material
+data	233,237	O	I-Material
+values	238,244	O	I-Material
+(	245,246	O	O
+given	246,251	O	O
+a	252,253	O	B-Material
+specific	254,262	O	I-Material
+distance	263,271	O	I-Material
+metric	272,278	O	I-Material
+such	279,283	O	I-Material
+as	284,286	O	I-Material
+Euclidean	287,296	O	I-Material
+distance	297,305	O	I-Material
+)	305,306	O	O
+.	306,307	O	O
+
+A	308,309	O	O
+data	310,314	O	O
+point	315,320	O	O
+is	321,323	O	O
+compared	324,332	O	B-Process
+to	333,335	O	I-Process
+the	336,339	O	I-Process
+value	340,345	O	I-Process
+of	346,348	O	I-Process
+its	349,352	O	I-Process
+nearest	353,360	O	I-Process
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+in	371,373	O	O
+terms	374,379	O	O
+of	380,382	O	O
+data	383,387	O	O
+distance	388,396	O	O
+[	397,398	O	O
+42	398,400	O	O
+]	400,401	O	O
+.	401,402	O	O
+
+However	403,410	O	O
+,	410,411	O	O
+the	412,415	O	B-Task
+notion	416,422	O	I-Task
+of	423,425	O	I-Task
+locality	426,434	O	I-Task
+can	435,438	O	O
+also	439,443	O	O
+be	444,446	O	O
+given	447,452	O	O
+in	453,455	O	O
+a	456,457	O	B-Material
+geographical	458,470	O	I-Material
+distance	471,479	O	I-Material
+between	480,487	O	O
+the	488,491	O	O
+sources	492,499	O	O
+of	500,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+data	507,511	O	O
+.	511,512	O	O
+
+Many	513,517	O	B-Material
+similar	518,525	O	I-Material
+values	526,532	O	I-Material
+(	533,534	O	O
+i.e.	534,538	O	O
+,	538,539	O	O
+data	540,544	O	O
+with	545,549	O	O
+small	550,555	O	O
+distance	556,564	O	O
+among	565,570	O	O
+each	571,575	O	O
+other	576,581	O	O
+)	581,582	O	O
+result	583,589	O	O
+in	590,592	O	O
+a	593,594	O	O
+higher	595,601	O	O
+density	602,609	O	O
+,	609,610	O	O
+called	611,617	O	O
+clusters	618,626	O	B-Material
+,	626,627	O	O
+while	628,633	O	O
+values	634,640	O	B-Process
+that	641,645	O	I-Process
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+a	673,674	O	I-Process
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+density	681,688	O	I-Process
+.	688,689	O	O
+
+Anomalies	690,699	O	B-Task
+can	700,703	O	O
+fall	704,708	O	O
+outside	709,716	O	O
+of	717,719	O	O
+any	720,723	O	O
+cluster	724,731	O	B-Material
+but	732,735	O	O
+,	735,736	O	O
+when	737,741	O	O
+frequently	742,752	O	O
+occurring	753,762	O	O
+,	762,763	O	O
+can	764,767	O	B-Process
+form	768,772	O	I-Process
+a	773,774	O	I-Process
+cluster	775,782	O	I-Process
+too	783,786	O	O
+.	786,787	O	O
+
+Determining	788,799	O	B-Task
+if	800,802	O	I-Task
+a	803,804	O	I-Task
+datum	805,810	O	I-Task
+is	811,813	O	I-Task
+normal	814,820	O	I-Task
+or	821,823	O	I-Task
+anomalous	824,833	O	I-Task
+compared	834,842	O	O
+to	843,845	O	O
+local	846,851	O	O
+neighborhood	852,864	O	O
+data	865,869	O	O
+is	870,872	O	O
+a	873,874	O	O
+challenge	875,884	O	O
+.	884,885	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1570870516301822)
+
+MWSN	0,4	O	B-Process
+routing	5,12	O	I-Process
+protocols	13,22	O	I-Process
+generally	23,32	O	O
+take	33,37	O	O
+influence	38,47	O	O
+from	48,52	O	O
+both	53,57	O	O
+WSN	58,61	O	B-Process
+and	62,65	O	O
+mobile	66,72	O	B-Process
+ad	73,75	O	I-Process
+hoc	76,79	O	I-Process
+network	80,87	O	I-Process
+(	88,89	O	O
+MANET	89,94	O	B-Process
+)	94,95	O	O
+routing	96,103	O	B-Process
+protocols	104,113	O	I-Process
+,	113,114	O	O
+which	115,120	O	O
+all	121,124	O	O
+share	125,130	O	O
+common	131,137	O	O
+limitations	138,149	O	O
+,	149,150	O	O
+such	151,155	O	O
+as	156,158	O	O
+bandwidth	159,168	O	O
+,	168,169	O	O
+power	170,175	O	O
+and	176,179	O	O
+cost	180,184	O	O
+.	184,185	O	O
+
+WSNs	186,190	O	B-Process
+often	191,196	O	O
+share	197,202	O	O
+the	203,206	O	O
+same	207,211	O	O
+aim	212,215	O	O
+as	216,218	O	O
+MWSNs	219,224	O	B-Process
+,	224,225	O	O
+in	226,228	O	O
+that	229,233	O	O
+they	234,238	O	O
+wish	239,243	O	O
+to	244,246	O	O
+route	247,252	O	B-Process
+data	253,257	O	I-Process
+from	258,262	O	O
+many	263,267	O	O
+sensors	268,275	O	B-Material
+to	276,278	O	O
+a	279,280	O	O
+single	281,287	O	O
+sink	288,292	O	O
+.	292,293	O	O
+
+However	294,301	O	O
+,	301,302	O	O
+WSNs	303,307	O	B-Process
+are	308,311	O	O
+normally	312,320	O	O
+considered	321,331	O	O
+to	332,334	O	O
+be	335,337	O	O
+static	338,344	O	O
+and	345,348	O	O
+so	349,351	O	O
+the	352,355	O	O
+associated	356,366	O	O
+routing	367,374	O	O
+protocols	375,384	O	O
+are	385,388	O	O
+often	389,394	O	O
+unable	395,401	O	O
+to	402,404	O	O
+cope	405,409	O	O
+in	410,412	O	O
+a	413,414	O	O
+mobile	415,421	O	O
+scenario	422,430	O	O
+[	431,432	O	O
+10	432,434	O	O
+]	434,435	O	O
+.	435,436	O	O
+
+Alternatively	437,450	O	O
+,	450,451	O	O
+MANET	452,457	O	B-Process
+protocols	458,467	O	I-Process
+are	468,471	O	O
+designed	472,480	O	O
+to	481,483	O	O
+be	484,486	O	O
+able	487,491	O	O
+to	492,494	O	O
+cope	495,499	O	O
+with	500,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+mobility	509,517	O	O
+of	518,520	O	O
+nodes	521,526	O	O
+,	526,527	O	O
+however	528,535	O	O
+they	536,540	O	O
+aim	541,544	O	O
+to	545,547	O	O
+allow	548,553	O	O
+end	554,557	O	O
+-	557,558	O	O
+to	558,560	O	O
+-	560,561	O	O
+end	561,564	O	O
+communication	565,578	O	O
+to	579,581	O	O
+occur	582,587	O	O
+between	588,595	O	O
+any	596,599	O	O
+two	600,603	O	O
+nodes	604,609	O	O
+[	610,611	O	O
+2	611,612	O	O
+]	612,613	O	O
+.	613,614	O	O
+
+This	615,619	O	O
+extra	620,625	O	O
+functionality	626,639	O	O
+is	640,642	O	O
+often	643,648	O	O
+not	649,652	O	O
+required	653,661	O	O
+by	662,664	O	O
+MWSNs	665,670	O	B-Process
+and	671,674	O	O
+so	675,677	O	O
+the	678,681	O	O
+additional	682,692	O	O
+overhead	693,701	O	O
+is	702,704	O	O
+unnecessary	705,716	O	O
+.	716,717	O	O
+
+Combined	718,726	O	O
+with	727,731	O	O
+the	732,735	O	O
+high	736,740	O	O
+packet	741,747	O	O
+delivery	748,756	O	O
+ratios	757,763	O	O
+and	764,767	O	O
+low	768,771	O	O
+delays	772,778	O	O
+that	779,783	O	O
+are	784,787	O	O
+demanded	788,796	O	O
+by	797,799	O	O
+emerging	800,808	O	O
+applications	809,821	O	O
+,	821,822	O	O
+the	823,826	O	O
+ideal	827,832	O	O
+routing	833,840	O	O
+solution	841,849	O	O
+for	850,853	O	O
+a	854,855	O	O
+MWSN	856,860	O	B-Process
+is	861,863	O	O
+one	864,867	O	O
+that	868,872	O	O
+can	873,876	O	O
+handle	877,883	O	O
+the	884,887	O	O
+mobility	888,896	O	O
+of	897,899	O	O
+nodes	900,905	O	O
+and	906,909	O	O
+allows	910,916	O	O
+data	917,921	O	O
+to	922,924	O	O
+be	925,927	O	O
+forwarded	928,937	O	O
+from	938,942	O	O
+the	943,946	O	O
+sensors	947,954	O	O
+to	955,957	O	O
+the	958,961	O	O
+sink	962,966	O	O
+in	967,969	O	O
+a	970,971	O	O
+reliable	972,980	O	O
+and	981,984	O	O
+timely	985,991	O	O
+manner	992,998	O	O
+.	998,999	O	O
+
+This	1000,1004	O	O
+set	1005,1008	O	O
+of	1009,1011	O	O
+requirements	1012,1024	O	O
+make	1025,1029	O	O
+the	1030,1033	O	O
+problem	1034,1041	O	O
+of	1042,1044	O	O
+routing	1045,1052	O	B-Task
+in	1053,1055	O	I-Task
+a	1056,1057	O	I-Task
+MWSN	1058,1062	O	I-Task
+a	1063,1064	O	O
+unique	1065,1071	O	O
+challenge	1072,1081	O	O
+,	1081,1082	O	O
+which	1083,1088	O	O
+will	1089,1093	O	O
+require	1094,1101	O	O
+new	1102,1105	O	O
+specifically	1106,1118	O	O
+designed	1119,1127	O	O
+solutions	1128,1137	O	O
+.	1137,1138	O	O
+
+For	1139,1142	O	O
+this	1143,1147	O	O
+reason	1148,1154	O	O
+there	1155,1160	O	O
+have	1161,1165	O	O
+been	1166,1170	O	O
+many	1171,1175	O	O
+routing	1176,1183	O	O
+protocols	1184,1193	O	O
+designed	1194,1202	O	O
+for	1203,1206	O	O
+MWSNs	1207,1212	O	B-Process
+.	1212,1213	O	O
+
+As	1214,1216	O	O
+such	1217,1221	O	O
+,	1221,1222	O	O
+this	1223,1227	O	O
+section	1228,1235	O	O
+will	1236,1240	O	O
+give	1241,1245	O	O
+an	1246,1248	O	O
+overview	1249,1257	O	O
+of	1258,1260	O	O
+the	1261,1264	O	O
+current	1265,1272	O	O
+literature	1273,1283	O	O
+,	1283,1284	O	O
+which	1285,1290	O	O
+highlights	1291,1301	O	O
+the	1302,1305	O	O
+different	1306,1315	O	O
+techniques	1316,1326	O	O
+and	1327,1330	O	O
+commonly	1331,1339	O	O
+used	1340,1344	O	O
+protocols	1345,1354	O	O
+in	1355,1357	O	O
+MWSN	1358,1362	O	B-Process
+routing	1363,1370	O	I-Process
+.	1370,1371	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S1875952116300209)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+order	3,8	O	O
+to	9,11	O	O
+test	12,16	O	B-Task
+whether	17,24	O	I-Task
+haptic	25,31	O	I-Task
+patterns	32,40	O	I-Task
+can	41,44	O	I-Task
+convey	45,51	O	I-Task
+or	52,54	O	I-Task
+enhance	55,62	O	I-Task
+the	63,66	O	I-Task
+mood	67,71	O	I-Task
+music	72,77	O	I-Task
+of	78,80	O	O
+a	81,82	O	O
+movie	83,88	O	O
+,	88,89	O	O
+an	90,92	O	O
+affective	93,102	O	B-Material
+movie	103,108	O	I-Material
+clip	109,113	O	I-Material
+corpus	114,120	O	I-Material
+was	121,124	O	O
+required	125,133	O	O
+consisting	134,144	O	O
+of	145,147	O	O
+clips	148,153	O	O
+labeled	154,161	O	O
+according	162,171	O	O
+to	172,174	O	O
+the	175,178	O	O
+emotion	179,186	O	O
+conveyed	187,195	O	O
+in	196,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+mood	203,207	O	O
+music	208,213	O	O
+.	213,214	O	O
+
+The	215,218	O	O
+following	219,228	O	O
+database	229,237	O	B-Material
+collections	238,249	O	I-Material
+were	250,254	O	O
+examined	255,263	O	O
+as	264,266	O	O
+possible	267,275	O	O
+sources	276,283	O	O
+for	284,287	O	O
+the	288,291	O	O
+corpus	292,298	O	O
+:	298,299	O	O
+the	300,303	O	O
+Emotional	304,313	O	B-Material
+Movie	314,319	O	I-Material
+Database	320,328	O	I-Material
+(	329,330	O	O
+EMDB	330,334	O	B-Material
+)	334,335	O	O
+[	336,337	O	O
+19	337,339	O	O
+]	339,340	O	O
+,	340,341	O	O
+and	342,345	O	O
+Film	346,350	O	B-Material
+Stim	351,355	O	I-Material
+[	356,357	O	O
+20	357,359	O	O
+]	359,360	O	O
+.	360,361	O	O
+
+However	362,369	O	O
+,	369,370	O	O
+these	371,376	O	O
+were	377,381	O	O
+discarded	382,391	O	O
+after	392,397	O	O
+review	398,404	O	B-Process
+as	405,407	O	O
+unsuitable	408,418	O	O
+.	418,419	O	O
+
+The	420,423	O	O
+aim	424,427	O	O
+of	428,430	O	O
+this	431,435	O	O
+study	436,441	O	O
+is	442,444	O	O
+to	445,447	O	O
+enhance	448,455	O	B-Task
+the	456,459	O	I-Task
+mood	460,464	O	I-Task
+in	465,467	O	O
+the	468,471	O	O
+film	472,476	O	O
+score	477,482	O	O
+,	482,483	O	O
+and	484,487	O	O
+in	488,490	O	O
+the	491,494	O	O
+case	495,499	O	O
+of	500,502	O	O
+the	503,506	O	O
+clips	507,512	O	O
+in	513,515	O	O
+the	516,519	O	O
+EMDB	520,524	O	B-Material
+,	524,525	O	O
+no	526,528	O	O
+audio	529,534	O	O
+is	535,537	O	O
+provided	538,546	O	O
+which	547,552	O	O
+deemed	553,559	O	O
+the	560,563	O	O
+clips	564,569	O	O
+unsuitable	570,580	O	O
+.	580,581	O	O
+
+In	582,584	O	O
+the	585,588	O	O
+case	589,593	O	O
+of	594,596	O	O
+the	597,600	O	O
+Film	601,605	O	B-Material
+Stim	606,610	O	I-Material
+database	611,619	O	I-Material
+,	619,620	O	O
+the	621,624	O	O
+clips	625,630	O	O
+are	631,634	O	O
+in	635,637	O	O
+French	638,644	O	O
+rather	645,651	O	O
+than	652,656	O	O
+English	657,664	O	O
+,	664,665	O	O
+and	666,669	O	O
+with	670,674	O	O
+no	675,677	O	O
+subtitles	678,687	O	O
+which	688,693	O	O
+where	694,699	O	O
+also	700,704	O	O
+deemed	705,711	O	O
+unsuitable	712,722	O	O
+since	723,728	O	O
+the	729,732	O	O
+studies	733,740	O	O
+are	741,744	O	O
+carried	745,752	O	O
+out	753,756	O	O
+with	757,761	O	O
+English	762,769	O	B-Material
+speaking	770,778	O	I-Material
+participants	779,791	O	I-Material
+.	791,792	O	O
+
+Furthermore	793,804	O	O
+,	804,805	O	O
+the	806,809	O	O
+Film	810,814	O	B-Material
+Stim	815,819	O	I-Material
+selection	820,829	O	I-Material
+is	830,832	O	O
+based	833,838	O	O
+on	839,841	O	O
+the	842,845	O	O
+affective	846,855	O	O
+content	856,863	O	O
+of	864,866	O	O
+the	867,870	O	O
+narrative	871,880	O	O
+as	881,883	O	O
+in	884,886	O	O
+most	887,891	O	O
+of	892,894	O	O
+them	895,899	O	O
+there	900,905	O	O
+is	906,908	O	O
+no	909,911	O	O
+music	912,917	O	O
+which	918,923	O	O
+is	924,926	O	O
+also	927,931	O	O
+unsuitable	932,942	O	O
+as	943,945	O	O
+discussed	946,955	O	O
+.	955,956	O	O
+
+From	957,961	O	O
+our	962,965	O	O
+review	966,972	O	B-Process
+of	973,975	O	I-Process
+available	976,985	O	I-Process
+database	986,994	O	I-Process
+collections	995,1006	O	I-Process
+,	1006,1007	O	O
+it	1008,1010	O	O
+was	1011,1014	O	O
+found	1015,1020	O	O
+that	1021,1025	O	O
+at	1026,1028	O	O
+present	1029,1036	O	O
+there	1037,1042	O	O
+is	1043,1045	O	O
+no	1046,1048	O	O
+standard	1049,1057	O	O
+corpus	1058,1064	O	O
+of	1065,1067	O	O
+affective	1068,1077	O	O
+movie	1078,1083	O	O
+clips	1084,1089	O	O
+where	1090,1095	O	O
+the	1096,1099	O	O
+affective	1100,1109	O	O
+indexing	1110,1118	O	O
+referred	1119,1127	O	O
+to	1128,1130	O	O
+the	1131,1134	O	O
+musical	1135,1142	O	O
+score	1143,1148	O	O
+of	1149,1151	O	O
+the	1152,1155	O	O
+clip	1156,1160	O	O
+.	1160,1161	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000032)
+
+Aspect	0,6	O	B-Process
+-	6,7	O	I-Process
+oriented	7,15	O	I-Process
+Programming	16,27	O	I-Process
+(	28,29	O	O
+AOP	29,32	O	B-Process
+)	32,33	O	O
+can	34,37	O	O
+well	38,42	O	O
+solve	43,48	O	B-Task
+the	49,52	O	I-Task
+cross	53,58	O	I-Task
+-	58,59	O	I-Task
+cutting	59,66	O	I-Task
+concerns	67,75	O	I-Task
+.	75,76	O	O
+
+Because	77,84	O	O
+of	85,87	O	O
+the	88,91	O	O
+different	92,101	O	O
+features	102,110	O	O
+of	111,113	O	O
+aspect	114,120	O	O
+,	120,121	O	O
+AOP	122,125	O	B-Process
+requires	126,134	O	O
+new	135,138	O	O
+techniques	139,149	O	O
+for	150,153	O	O
+testing	154,161	O	O
+.	161,162	O	O
+
+First	163,168	O	O
+,	168,169	O	O
+this	170,174	O	O
+paper	175,180	O	O
+proposes	181,189	O	O
+a	190,191	O	O
+model	192,197	O	B-Task
+to	198,200	O	I-Task
+test	201,205	O	I-Task
+aspect	206,212	O	I-Task
+-	212,213	O	I-Task
+oriented	213,221	O	I-Task
+software	222,230	O	I-Task
+.	230,231	O	O
+
+In	232,234	O	O
+order	235,240	O	O
+to	241,243	O	O
+support	244,251	O	O
+the	252,255	O	O
+testing	256,263	O	B-Process
+model	264,269	O	I-Process
+of	270,272	O	O
+the	273,276	O	O
+first	277,282	O	O
+three	283,288	O	O
+steps	289,294	O	O
+,	294,295	O	O
+we	296,298	O	O
+propose	299,306	O	O
+the	307,310	O	O
+algorithm	311,320	O	B-Process
+of	321,323	O	I-Process
+selecting	324,333	O	I-Process
+aspect	334,340	O	I-Process
+relevant	341,349	O	I-Process
+test	350,354	O	I-Process
+cases	355,360	O	I-Process
+.	360,361	O	O
+
+Then	362,366	O	O
+,	366,367	O	O
+we	368,370	O	O
+develop	371,378	O	B-Task
+a	379,380	O	I-Task
+new	381,384	O	I-Task
+tool	385,389	O	I-Task
+to	390,392	O	I-Task
+implement	393,402	O	I-Task
+the	403,406	O	I-Task
+theoretical	407,418	O	I-Task
+of	419,421	O	I-Task
+automating	422,432	O	I-Task
+select	433,439	O	I-Task
+test	440,444	O	I-Task
+case	445,449	O	I-Task
+.	449,450	O	O
+
+Finally	451,458	O	O
+,	458,459	O	O
+a	460,461	O	O
+case	462,466	O	O
+of	467,469	O	O
+the	470,473	O	O
+Bank	474,478	O	B-Process
+Account	479,486	O	I-Process
+System	487,493	O	I-Process
+is	494,496	O	O
+studied	497,504	O	O
+to	505,507	O	O
+illustrate	508,518	O	O
+our	519,522	O	O
+testing	523,530	O	O
+approach	531,539	O	O
+.	539,540	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221266781200007X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+the	15,18	O	O
+design	19,25	O	B-Task
+of	26,28	O	I-Task
+a	29,30	O	I-Task
+varnish	31,38	O	I-Task
+plant	39,44	O	I-Task
+at	45,47	O	O
+Crocodile	48,57	O	O
+Matchet	58,65	O	O
+Limited	66,73	O	O
+,	73,74	O	O
+Tema	75,79	O	O
+,	79,80	O	O
+Ghana	81,86	O	O
+was	87,90	O	O
+considered	91,101	O	O
+and	102,105	O	O
+modification	106,118	O	B-Task
+made	119,123	O	I-Task
+to	124,126	O	I-Task
+eliminate	127,136	O	I-Task
+blooming	137,145	O	I-Task
+and	146,149	O	I-Task
+rusting	150,157	O	I-Task
+of	158,160	O	O
+its	161,164	O	O
+product	165,172	O	O
+at	173,175	O	O
+the	176,179	O	O
+final	180,185	O	O
+processing	186,196	O	B-Material
+plant	197,202	O	I-Material
+when	203,207	O	O
+there	208,213	O	O
+is	214,216	O	O
+high	217,221	O	O
+moisture	222,230	O	O
+content	231,238	O	O
+in	239,241	O	O
+the	242,245	O	O
+atmosphere	246,256	O	O
+.	256,257	O	O
+
+The	258,261	O	O
+proposed	262,270	O	O
+design	271,277	O	O
+included	278,286	O	O
+pipelines	287,296	O	B-Material
+or	297,299	O	O
+ductsand	300,308	O	B-Material
+hot	309,312	O	I-Material
+air	313,316	O	I-Material
+receiving	317,326	O	I-Material
+chambers	327,335	O	I-Material
+for	336,339	O	O
+the	340,343	O	O
+Varnish	344,351	O	B-Material
+Plant	352,357	O	I-Material
+.	357,358	O	O
+
+Heat	358,362	O	O
+from	363,367	O	O
+the	368,371	O	O
+exhaust	372,379	O	B-Material
+gas	380,383	O	I-Material
+which	384,389	O	O
+would	390,395	O	O
+have	396,400	O	O
+otherwise	401,410	O	O
+,	410,411	O	O
+gone	412,416	O	O
+wasted	417,423	O	O
+,	423,424	O	O
+was	425,428	O	O
+utilised	429,437	O	O
+by	438,440	O	O
+redesigning	441,452	O	B-Task
+the	453,456	O	I-Task
+varnish	457,464	O	I-Task
+plant	465,470	O	I-Task
+and	471,474	O	O
+this	475,479	O	O
+yielded	480,487	O	O
+6.74kW	488,494	O	O
+of	495,497	O	O
+heat	498,502	O	B-Process
+energy	503,509	O	I-Process
+which	510,515	O	O
+was	516,519	O	O
+transferred	520,531	O	B-Task
+into	532,536	O	I-Task
+the	537,540	O	I-Task
+air	541,544	O	I-Task
+chambers	545,553	O	I-Task
+to	554,556	O	O
+aid	557,560	O	O
+the	561,564	O	O
+drying	565,571	O	B-Process
+ofmatchets	572,582	O	I-Process
+at	583,585	O	O
+the	586,589	O	O
+hardening	590,599	O	B-Material
+plant	600,605	O	I-Material
+.	605,606	O	O
+
+Consequently	607,619	O	O
+,	619,620	O	O
+the	621,624	O	O
+absorption	625,635	O	B-Process
+of	636,638	O	I-Process
+the	639,642	O	I-Process
+moisture	643,651	O	I-Process
+on	652,654	O	O
+the	655,658	O	O
+steel	659,664	O	B-Material
+and	665,668	O	O
+the	669,672	O	O
+dryness	673,680	O	O
+of	681,683	O	O
+the	684,687	O	O
+product	688,695	O	O
+were	696,700	O	O
+improved	701,709	O	O
+.	709,710	O	O
+
+Further	711,718	O	B-Task
+studies	719,726	O	I-Task
+were	727,731	O	O
+done	732,736	O	O
+to	737,739	O	O
+ensure	740,746	O	O
+constant	747,755	O	B-Process
+supply	756,762	O	I-Process
+of	763,765	O	I-Process
+hot	766,769	O	I-Process
+air	770,773	O	I-Process
+into	774,778	O	I-Process
+the	779,782	O	I-Process
+air	783,786	O	I-Process
+chambers	787,795	O	I-Process
+.	795,796	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000524)
+
+Digital	0,7	O	B-Material
+libraries	8,17	O	I-Material
+promise	18,25	O	O
+new	26,29	O	O
+societal	30,38	O	O
+benefits	39,47	O	O
+,	47,48	O	O
+especially	49,59	O	O
+for	60,63	O	O
+e	64,65	O	B-Process
+-	65,66	O	I-Process
+learning	66,74	O	I-Process
+in	75,77	O	O
+digital	78,85	O	O
+or	86,88	O	O
+mobile	89,95	O	O
+times	96,101	O	O
+,	101,102	O	O
+starting	103,111	O	O
+with	112,116	O	O
+the	117,120	O	O
+elimination	121,132	O	B-Process
+of	133,135	O	I-Process
+the	136,139	O	I-Process
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+space	149,154	O	I-Process
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+of	167,169	O	O
+traditional	170,181	O	O
+bricks	182,188	O	B-Material
+-	188,189	O	I-Material
+and	189,192	O	I-Material
+-	192,193	O	I-Material
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+libraries	200,209	O	I-Material
+.	209,210	O	O
+
+The	211,214	O	O
+library	215,222	O	O
+and	223,226	O	O
+information	227,238	O	O
+professionals	239,252	O	O
+are	253,256	O	O
+required	257,265	O	O
+to	266,268	O	O
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+such	277,281	O	I-Task
+knowledge	282,291	O	I-Task
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+as	303,305	O	O
+the	306,309	O	O
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+is	318,320	O	O
+one	321,324	O	O
+of	325,327	O	O
+the	328,331	O	O
+highly	332,338	O	O
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+service	353,360	O	O
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+.	371,372	O	O
+
+This	373,377	O	O
+paper	378,383	O	O
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+an	390,392	O	O
+overview	393,401	O	B-Task
+of	402,404	O	I-Task
+current	405,412	O	I-Task
+trends	413,419	O	I-Task
+in	420,422	O	I-Task
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+consists	448,456	O	O
+of	457,459	O	O
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+library	468,475	O	I-Material
+characteristic	476,490	O	O
+,	490,491	O	O
+advantage	492,501	O	O
+,	501,502	O	O
+disadvantages	503,516	O	O
+and	517,520	O	O
+function	521,529	O	O
+.	529,530	O	O
+
+This	531,535	O	O
+paper	536,541	O	O
+also	542,546	O	O
+highlights	547,557	O	B-Task
+on	558,560	O	I-Task
+the	561,564	O	I-Task
+impact	565,571	O	I-Task
+of	572,574	O	I-Task
+information	575,586	O	I-Task
+technology	587,597	O	I-Task
+on	598,600	O	O
+the	601,604	O	O
+traditional	605,616	O	O
+library	617,624	O	B-Material
+.	624,625	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000536)
+
+According	0,9	O	O
+to	10,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+situation	17,26	O	O
+that	27,31	O	O
+the	32,35	O	O
+IT	36,38	O	O
+students	39,47	O	O
+can	48,51	O	O
+not	52,55	O	O
+meet	56,60	O	O
+the	61,64	O	O
+software	65,73	O	O
+industry	74,82	O	O
+demand	83,89	O	O
+for	90,93	O	O
+qualified	94,103	O	O
+personnel	104,113	O	O
+,	113,114	O	O
+a	115,116	O	O
+“	117,118	O	B-Process
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+-	124,125	O	I-Process
+driven	125,131	O	I-Process
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+-	138,139	O	I-Process
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+teaching	182,190	O	I-Process
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+was	198,201	O	O
+proposed	202,210	O	O
+,	210,211	O	O
+aiming	212,218	O	O
+to	219,221	O	O
+improve	222,229	O	B-Task
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+of	289,291	O	I-Task
+students	292,300	O	I-Task
+.	300,301	O	O
+
+This	302,306	O	O
+system	307,313	O	O
+can	314,317	O	O
+effectively	318,329	O	O
+improve	330,337	O	O
+students	338,346	O	O
+the	347,350	O	O
+interest	351,359	O	O
+of	360,362	O	O
+software	363,371	O	B-Process
+development	372,383	O	I-Process
+and	384,387	O	O
+the	388,391	O	O
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+sense	413,418	O	O
+of	419,421	O	O
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+,	432,433	O	O
+laying	434,440	O	O
+a	441,442	O	O
+solid	443,448	O	O
+foundation	449,459	O	O
+for	460,463	O	O
+student	464,471	O	O
+after	472,477	O	O
+graduation	478,488	O	O
+to	489,491	O	O
+rapidly	492,499	O	O
+integrate	500,509	O	O
+into	510,514	O	O
+the	515,518	O	O
+software	519,527	O	B-Process
+development	528,539	O	I-Process
+process	540,547	O	I-Process
+,	547,548	O	O
+meeting	549,556	O	O
+the	557,560	O	O
+needs	561,566	O	O
+of	567,569	O	O
+software	570,578	O	B-Task
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+.	587,588	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000664)
+
+According	0,9	O	O
+to	10,12	O	O
+the	13,16	O	O
+shortcomings	17,29	O	O
+of	30,32	O	O
+long	33,37	O	O
+time	38,42	O	O
+and	43,46	O	O
+big	47,50	O	O
+errors	51,57	O	O
+about	58,63	O	O
+the	64,67	O	O
+moving	68,74	O	B-Process
+plate	75,80	O	I-Process
+recognition	81,92	O	I-Process
+system	93,99	O	I-Process
+,	99,100	O	O
+we	101,103	O	O
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+the	112,115	O	O
+moving	116,122	O	B-Process
+plate	123,128	O	I-Process
+recognition	129,140	O	I-Process
+algorithm	141,150	O	I-Process
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+on	157,159	O	O
+principal	160,169	O	B-Process
+component	170,179	O	I-Process
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+)	192,193	O	O
+color	194,199	O	B-Process
+extraction	200,210	O	I-Process
+.	210,211	O	I-Process
+
+On	212,214	O	O
+the	215,218	O	O
+basis	219,224	O	O
+of	225,227	O	O
+the	228,231	O	O
+analysis	232,240	O	B-Task
+of	241,243	O	I-Task
+moving	244,250	O	I-Task
+plate	251,256	O	I-Task
+recognition	257,268	O	I-Task
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+,	294,295	O	O
+it	296,298	O	O
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+the	310,313	O	O
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+principles	320,330	O	O
+and	331,334	O	O
+calculation	335,346	O	O
+steps	347,352	O	O
+about	353,358	O	O
+PCA	359,362	O	B-Process
+extraction	363,373	O	I-Process
+algorithm	374,383	O	I-Process
+,	383,384	O	O
+and	385,388	O	O
+discusses	389,398	O	O
+the	399,402	O	O
+feasibility	403,414	O	O
+of	415,417	O	O
+applying	418,426	O	B-Task
+the	427,430	O	I-Task
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+PRS	444,447	O	I-Task
+in	448,450	O	O
+the	451,454	O	O
+paper	455,460	O	O
+.	460,461	O	O
+
+The	462,465	O	O
+experimental	466,478	O	O
+results	479,486	O	O
+show	487,491	O	O
+that	492,496	O	O
+the	497,500	O	O
+algorithm	501,510	O	O
+has	511,514	O	O
+the	515,518	O	O
+advantages	519,529	O	O
+of	530,532	O	O
+faster	533,539	O	O
+speed	540,545	O	O
+and	546,549	O	O
+higher	550,556	O	O
+accuracy	557,565	O	O
+of	566,568	O	O
+recognition	569,580	O	B-Process
+.	580,581	O	O
+
+The	582,585	O	O
+algorithm	586,595	O	O
+provides	596,604	O	O
+a	605,606	O	O
+new	607,610	O	O
+thought	611,618	O	O
+for	619,622	O	O
+the	623,626	O	O
+research	627,635	O	B-Task
+on	636,638	O	I-Task
+the	639,642	O	I-Task
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+.	677,678	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000780)
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+With	0,4	O	O
+the	5,8	O	O
+development	9,20	O	O
+of	21,23	O	O
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+normal	30,36	O	O
+students	37,45	O	O
+in	46,48	O	O
+china	49,54	O	O
+,	54,55	O	O
+Some	56,60	O	O
+ideas	61,66	O	O
+to	67,69	O	O
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+learning	83,91	O	O
+that	92,96	O	O
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+learning	102,110	O	O
+as	111,113	O	O
+a	114,115	O	O
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+process	123,130	O	O
+of	131,133	O	O
+knowledge	134,143	O	B-Process
+have	144,148	O	O
+become	149,155	O	O
+outdated	156,164	O	O
+and	165,168	O	O
+ineffective	169,180	O	O
+,	180,181	O	O
+therefore	182,191	O	O
+,	191,192	O	O
+In	193,195	O	O
+order	196,201	O	O
+to	202,204	O	O
+improving	205,214	O	B-Task
+the	215,218	O	I-Task
+quality	219,226	O	I-Task
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+students	268,276	O	I-Task
+in	277,279	O	O
+china	280,285	O	O
+,	285,286	O	O
+this	287,291	O	O
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+some	309,313	O	O
+factors	314,321	O	B-Process
+on	322,324	O	I-Process
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+normal	380,386	O	O
+students	387,395	O	O
+,	395,396	O	O
+such	397,401	O	O
+as	402,404	O	O
+implementation	405,419	O	B-Process
+principle	420,429	O	I-Process
+,	429,430	O	O
+curriculum	431,441	O	B-Process
+design	442,448	O	I-Process
+,	448,449	O	O
+education	450,459	O	B-Process
+policy	460,466	O	I-Process
+,	466,467	O	O
+and	468,471	O	O
+so	472,474	O	O
+on	475,477	O	O
+.	477,478	O	O
+
+The	479,482	O	O
+meaning	483,490	O	O
+of	491,493	O	O
+results	494,501	O	O
+and	502,505	O	O
+their	506,511	O	O
+implication	512,523	O	O
+of	524,526	O	O
+future	527,533	O	B-Task
+research	534,542	O	I-Task
+are	543,546	O	O
+discussed	547,556	O	O
+.	556,557	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000792)
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+A	0,1	O	O
+process	2,9	O	B-Process
+-	9,10	O	I-Process
+driven	10,16	O	I-Process
+model	17,22	O	I-Process
+is	23,25	O	O
+presented	26,35	O	O
+to	36,38	O	O
+build	39,44	O	O
+an	45,47	O	O
+instinctive	48,59	O	O
+and	60,63	O	O
+efficient	64,73	O	O
+higher	74,80	O	O
+educational	81,92	O	O
+administrative	93,107	O	B-Process
+management	108,118	O	I-Process
+system	119,125	O	I-Process
+to	126,128	O	O
+overcome	129,137	O	B-Process
+problems	138,146	O	I-Process
+most	147,151	O	O
+universities	152,164	O	O
+facing	165,171	O	O
+.	171,172	O	O
+
+With	173,177	O	O
+this	178,182	O	O
+model	183,188	O	O
+,	188,189	O	O
+processes	190,199	O	B-Task
+are	200,203	O	I-Task
+identified	204,214	O	I-Task
+explicitly	215,225	O	O
+and	226,229	O	O
+the	230,233	O	O
+routine	234,241	O	O
+of	242,244	O	O
+educational	245,256	O	B-Process
+administration	257,271	O	I-Process
+is	272,274	O	O
+broken	275,281	O	O
+into	282,286	O	O
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+tasks	293,298	O	O
+.	298,299	O	O
+
+Each	300,304	O	O
+task	305,309	O	O
+has	310,313	O	O
+designated	314,324	O	O
+role	325,329	O	O
+of	330,332	O	O
+executors	333,342	O	O
+.	342,343	O	O
+
+A	344,345	O	O
+process	346,353	O	O
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+the	364,367	O	O
+activities	368,378	O	O
+and	379,382	O	O
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+among	397,402	O	O
+them	403,407	O	O
+.	407,408	O	O
+
+A	409,410	O	O
+prototype	411,420	O	O
+of	421,423	O	O
+higher	424,430	O	O
+educational	431,442	O	O
+administrative	443,457	O	O
+system	458,464	O	O
+is	465,467	O	O
+built	468,473	O	O
+with	474,478	O	O
+Bonita	479,485	O	B-Material
+open	486,490	O	I-Material
+solution	491,499	O	I-Material
+.	499,500	O	O
+
+The	501,504	O	O
+demo	505,509	O	O
+shows	510,515	O	O
+that	516,520	O	O
+the	521,524	O	O
+process	525,532	O	O
+-	532,533	O	O
+driven	533,539	O	O
+higher	540,546	O	O
+educational	547,558	O	O
+administrative	559,573	O	B-Process
+system	574,580	O	I-Process
+helps	581,586	O	O
+end	587,590	O	O
+users	591,596	O	O
+understand	597,607	O	B-Process
+processes	608,617	O	I-Process
+they	618,622	O	I-Process
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+involved	627,635	O	I-Process
+and	636,639	O	O
+focus	640,645	O	O
+on	646,648	O	O
+what	649,653	O	O
+to	654,656	O	O
+do	657,659	O	O
+.	659,660	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000810)
+
+With	0,4	O	O
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+of	16,18	O	O
+utilizing	19,28	O	O
+the	29,32	O	O
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+,	46,47	O	O
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+interviews	55,65	O	I-Process
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+,	80,81	O	O
+this	82,86	O	O
+article	87,94	O	O
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+curricula	157,166	O	I-Task
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+for	175,178	O	O
+sports	179,185	O	O
+free	186,190	O	O
+normal	191,197	O	O
+students	198,206	O	O
+.	206,207	O	O
+
+On	208,210	O	O
+the	211,214	O	O
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+of	221,223	O	O
+the	224,227	O	O
+investigation	228,241	O	B-Task
+,	241,242	O	O
+this	243,247	O	O
+article	248,255	O	O
+analyzed	256,264	O	O
+the	265,268	O	O
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+curricular	294,304	O	O
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+some	331,335	O	O
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+
+We	349,351	O	O
+hope	352,356	O	O
+that	357,361	O	O
+it	362,364	O	O
+can	365,368	O	O
+provide	369,376	O	O
+some	377,381	O	O
+evidences	382,391	O	O
+for	392,395	O	O
+curricula	396,405	O	B-Process
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+for	413,416	O	O
+sports	417,423	O	O
+free	424,428	O	O
+normal	429,435	O	O
+students	436,444	O	O
+.	444,445	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000822)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+has	3,6	O	O
+been	7,11	O	O
+more	12,16	O	O
+than	17,21	O	O
+a	22,23	O	O
+century	24,31	O	O
+since	32,37	O	O
+the	38,41	O	O
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+of	52,54	O	O
+the	55,58	O	O
+lettered	59,67	O	B-Material
+words	68,73	O	I-Material
+.	73,74	O	O
+
+After	75,80	O	O
+that	81,85	O	O
+,	85,86	O	O
+with	87,91	O	O
+the	92,95	O	O
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+of	108,110	O	I-Process
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+,	130,131	O	O
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+of	145,147	O	O
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+contacts	162,170	O	O
+and	171,174	O	O
+communication	175,188	O	B-Process
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+China	197,202	O	O
+and	203,206	O	O
+foreign	207,214	O	O
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+,	224,225	O	O
+lettered	226,234	O	B-Material
+words	235,240	O	I-Material
+have	241,245	O	O
+been	246,250	O	O
+appearing	251,260	O	O
+more	261,265	O	O
+frequently	266,276	O	O
+.	276,277	O	O
+
+Lettered	278,286	O	B-Material
+words	287,292	O	I-Material
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+become	298,304	O	O
+an	305,307	O	O
+indispensable	308,321	O	O
+part	322,326	O	O
+of	327,329	O	O
+Chinese	330,337	O	B-Material
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+,	348,349	O	O
+such	350,354	O	O
+as	355,357	O	O
+WTO	358,361	O	B-Material
+,	361,362	O	O
+Ka	363,365	O	B-Material
+la	366,368	O	I-Material
+OK	369,371	O	I-Material
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+
+As	381,383	O	O
+a	384,385	O	O
+new	386,389	O	O
+phenomenon	390,400	O	O
+in	401,403	O	O
+the	404,407	O	O
+vocabulary	408,418	O	B-Process
+system	419,425	O	I-Process
+of	426,428	O	O
+the	429,432	O	O
+modern	433,439	O	O
+Chinese	440,447	O	O
+,	447,448	O	O
+the	449,452	O	O
+lettered	453,461	O	B-Material
+words	462,467	O	I-Material
+draws	468,473	O	O
+a	474,475	O	O
+lot	476,479	O	O
+of	480,482	O	O
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+attention	492,501	O	O
+.	501,502	O	O
+
+Ecolinguistics	503,517	O	B-Process
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+a	521,522	O	O
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+branch	527,533	O	B-Process
+of	534,536	O	I-Process
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+,	547,548	O	O
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+.	594,595	O	O
+
+This	596,600	O	O
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+is	607,609	O	O
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+to	617,619	O	O
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+of	668,670	O	I-Task
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+
+This	687,691	O	O
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+discuss	703,710	O	B-Task
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+words	749,754	O	I-Task
+and	755,758	O	O
+the	759,762	O	O
+influence	763,772	O	O
+may	773,776	O	O
+give	777,781	O	O
+to	782,784	O	O
+modern	785,791	O	O
+Chinese	792,799	O	O
+form	800,804	O	O
+the	805,808	O	O
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+view	823,827	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000883)
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+face	24,28	O	O
+of	29,31	O	O
+an	32,34	O	O
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+,	57,58	O	O
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+the	80,83	O	O
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+issue	101,106	O	O
+of	107,109	O	O
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+,	124,125	O	O
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+,	135,136	O	O
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+status	159,165	O	I-Task
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+the	169,172	O	O
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+population	181,191	O	O
+aging	192,197	O	O
+and	198,201	O	O
+the	202,205	O	O
+elderly	206,213	O	O
+,	213,214	O	O
+elderly	215,222	O	O
+fitness	223,230	O	O
+exercise	231,239	O	O
+Misunderstanding	240,256	O	O
+study	257,262	O	O
+and	263,266	O	O
+formulate	267,276	O	B-Task
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+and	286,289	O	I-Task
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+of	298,300	O	I-Task
+fitness	301,308	O	I-Task
+of	309,311	O	O
+the	312,315	O	O
+elderly	316,323	O	O
+,	323,324	O	O
+promoting	325,334	O	O
+elderly	335,342	O	B-Process
+fitness	343,350	O	I-Process
+training	351,359	O	I-Process
+towards	360,367	O	O
+a	368,369	O	O
+healthy	370,377	O	O
+,	377,378	O	O
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+direction	390,399	O	O
+,	399,400	O	O
+to	401,403	O	O
+promote	404,411	O	B-Task
+a	412,413	O	I-Task
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+fitness	425,432	O	I-Task
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+carried	444,451	O	O
+out	452,455	O	O
+in	456,458	O	O
+order	459,464	O	O
+to	465,467	O	O
+achieve	468,475	O	O
+the	476,479	O	O
+exercise	480,488	O	B-Process
+of	489,491	O	I-Process
+scientific	492,502	O	I-Process
+fitness	503,510	O	I-Process
+of	511,513	O	O
+older	514,519	O	O
+persons	520,527	O	O
+.	527,528	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000895)
+
+Faced	0,5	O	O
+with	6,10	O	O
+deficient	11,20	O	O
+ability	21,28	O	O
+of	29,31	O	O
+autonomic	32,41	O	B-Task
+learning	42,50	O	I-Task
+among	51,56	O	O
+learners	57,65	O	O
+and	66,69	O	O
+low	70,73	O	B-Process
+emotional	74,83	O	I-Process
+involvement	84,95	O	I-Process
+in	96,98	O	O
+current	99,106	O	O
+web	107,110	O	B-Material
+-	110,111	O	I-Material
+based	111,116	O	I-Material
+instructional	117,130	O	I-Material
+environment	131,142	O	I-Material
+,	142,143	O	O
+here	144,148	O	O
+we	149,151	O	O
+propose	152,159	O	B-Task
+a	160,161	O	I-Task
+construct	162,171	O	I-Task
+model	172,177	O	I-Task
+that	178,182	O	O
+is	183,185	O	O
+based	186,191	O	O
+on	192,194	O	O
+inter	195,200	O	O
+-	200,201	O	O
+subjectivity	201,213	O	O
+fusing	214,220	O	B-Process
+cognition	221,230	O	I-Process
+with	231,235	O	I-Process
+emotion	236,243	O	I-Process
+to	244,246	O	O
+make	247,251	O	O
+up	252,254	O	O
+for	255,258	O	O
+these	259,264	O	O
+shortages	265,274	O	O
+.	274,275	O	O
+
+Further	276,283	O	O
+more	284,288	O	O
+,	288,289	O	O
+we	290,292	O	O
+’ve	292,295	O	O
+put	296,299	O	O
+the	300,303	O	O
+construct	304,313	O	B-Process
+model	314,319	O	I-Process
+into	320,324	O	O
+practice	325,333	O	O
+through	334,341	O	O
+the	342,345	O	O
+online	346,352	O	B-Process
+teaching	353,361	O	I-Process
+reformation	362,373	O	I-Process
+of	374,376	O	O
+the	377,380	O	O
+quality	381,388	O	O
+course	389,395	O	O
+apparel	396,403	O	O
+production	404,414	O	O
+and	415,418	O	O
+management	419,429	O	O
+.	429,430	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000937)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+we	15,17	O	O
+present	18,25	O	O
+algorithms	26,36	O	B-Task
+for	37,40	O	I-Task
+automatic	41,50	O	I-Task
+generation	51,61	O	I-Task
+of	62,64	O	I-Task
+logic	65,70	O	I-Task
+reasoning	71,80	O	I-Task
+questions	81,90	O	I-Task
+.	90,91	O	I-Task
+
+The	92,95	O	O
+algorithms	96,106	O	O
+are	107,110	O	O
+able	111,115	O	O
+to	116,118	O	O
+construct	119,128	O	B-Process
+questions	129,138	O	I-Process
+that	139,143	O	I-Process
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+solvable	148,156	O	I-Process
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+unique	162,168	O	I-Process
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+.	178,179	O	O
+
+The	180,183	O	O
+algorithms	184,194	O	O
+employ	195,201	O	O
+AI	202,204	O	B-Process
+techniques	205,215	O	I-Process
+such	216,220	O	O
+as	221,223	O	O
+semantic	224,232	O	B-Process
+networks	233,241	O	I-Process
+to	242,244	O	O
+produce	245,252	O	O
+verbal	253,259	O	B-Material
+questions	260,269	O	I-Material
+.	269,270	O	O
+
+These	271,276	O	O
+algorithms	277,287	O	O
+are	288,291	O	O
+small	292,297	O	O
+in	298,300	O	O
+size	301,305	O	O
+and	306,309	O	O
+are	310,313	O	O
+able	314,318	O	O
+to	319,321	O	O
+replace	322,329	O	O
+traditional	330,341	O	B-Material
+question	342,350	O	I-Material
+databases	351,360	O	I-Material
+.	360,361	O	O
+
+They	362,366	O	O
+are	367,370	O	O
+particularly	371,383	O	O
+suitable	384,392	O	O
+for	393,396	O	O
+implementation	397,411	O	O
+on	412,414	O	O
+the	415,418	O	O
+memory	419,425	O	B-Process
+constrained	426,437	O	I-Process
+mobile	438,444	O	I-Process
+platforms	445,454	O	I-Process
+.	454,455	O	O
+
+The	456,459	O	O
+algorithms	460,470	O	O
+can	471,474	O	O
+be	475,477	O	O
+applied	478,485	O	O
+to	486,488	O	O
+question	489,497	O	B-Process
+generation	498,508	O	I-Process
+for	509,512	O	I-Process
+job	513,516	O	I-Process
+interview	517,526	O	I-Process
+,	526,527	O	O
+civil	528,533	O	O
+service	534,541	O	O
+exam	542,546	O	O
+,	546,547	O	O
+etc	548,551	O	O
+.	551,552	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667812000949)
+
+By	0,2	O	O
+referring	3,12	O	O
+to	13,15	O	O
+many	16,20	O	O
+relevant	21,29	O	O
+data	30,34	O	B-Material
+and	35,38	O	I-Material
+essays	39,45	O	I-Material
+,	45,46	O	O
+this	47,51	O	O
+paper	52,57	O	O
+aims	58,62	O	O
+at	63,65	O	O
+discussing	66,76	O	B-Task
+and	77,80	O	I-Task
+analyzing	81,90	O	I-Task
+the	91,94	O	I-Task
+importance	95,105	O	I-Task
+of	106,108	O	I-Task
+hip	109,112	O	I-Task
+-	112,113	O	I-Task
+push	113,117	O	I-Task
+applied	118,125	O	I-Task
+in	126,128	O	I-Task
+walking	129,136	O	I-Task
+race	137,141	O	I-Task
+,	141,142	O	O
+based	142,147	O	O
+on	148,150	O	O
+the	151,154	O	O
+point	155,160	O	O
+of	161,163	O	O
+the	164,167	O	O
+view	168,172	O	O
+on	173,175	O	O
+sports	176,182	O	B-Process
+biomechanics	183,195	O	I-Process
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+
+redard	202,208	O	O
+to	209,211	O	O
+the	212,215	O	O
+existing	216,224	O	O
+problems	225,233	O	O
+,	233,234	O	O
+the	234,237	O	O
+authors	238,245	O	O
+have	246,250	O	O
+made	251,255	O	O
+an	256,258	O	O
+objective	259,268	O	B-Task
+analysis	269,277	O	I-Task
+on	278,280	O	I-Task
+the	281,284	O	I-Task
+sports	285,291	O	I-Task
+-	291,292	O	I-Task
+biomechanics	292,304	O	I-Task
+factors	305,312	O	I-Task
+that	313,317	O	O
+can	318,321	O	O
+influence	322,331	O	O
+the	332,335	O	O
+race	336,340	O	O
+,	340,341	O	O
+hoping	341,347	O	O
+to	348,350	O	O
+provide	351,358	O	O
+a	359,360	O	O
+theoretical	361,372	O	B-Task
+basis	373,378	O	I-Task
+for	379,382	O	O
+the	383,386	O	O
+deep	387,391	O	B-Task
+development	392,403	O	I-Task
+and	404,407	O	I-Task
+training	408,416	O	I-Task
+of	417,419	O	I-Task
+walking	420,427	O	I-Task
+race	428,432	O	I-Task
+.	432,433	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221266781300018X)
+
+Amodel	0,6	O	O
+are	7,10	O	O
+proposed	11,19	O	O
+for	20,23	O	O
+modeling	24,32	O	B-Task
+data	33,37	O	I-Task
+-	37,38	O	I-Task
+centric	38,45	O	I-Task
+Web	46,49	O	I-Task
+services	50,58	O	I-Task
+which	59,64	O	O
+are	65,68	O	O
+powered	69,76	O	O
+by	77,79	O	O
+relational	80,90	O	B-Material
+databases	91,100	O	I-Material
+and	101,104	O	O
+interact	105,113	O	B-Process
+with	114,118	O	I-Process
+users	119,124	O	I-Process
+according	125,134	O	O
+to	135,137	O	O
+logical	138,145	O	B-Process
+formulas	146,154	O	I-Process
+specifying	155,165	O	O
+input	166,171	O	O
+constraints	172,183	O	O
+,	183,184	O	O
+control	185,192	O	B-Process
+-	192,193	O	I-Process
+flow	193,197	O	I-Process
+constraints	198,209	O	I-Process
+and	210,213	O	O
+state	214,219	O	B-Process
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+output	220,226	O	I-Process
+/	226,227	O	I-Process
+action	227,233	O	I-Process
+rules	234,239	O	I-Process
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+
+The	241,244	O	O
+Linear	245,251	O	B-Process
+Temporal	252,260	O	I-Process
+First	261,266	O	I-Process
+-	266,267	O	I-Process
+Order	267,272	O	I-Process
+Logic	273,278	O	I-Process
+(	279,280	O	O
+LTL	280,283	O	B-Process
+-	283,284	O	I-Process
+FO	284,286	O	I-Process
+)	286,287	O	O
+formulas	288,296	O	O
+over	297,301	O	O
+inputs	302,308	O	O
+,	308,309	O	O
+states	310,316	O	O
+,	316,317	O	O
+outputs	318,325	O	O
+and	326,329	O	O
+actions	330,337	O	O
+are	338,341	O	O
+used	342,346	O	O
+to	347,349	O	O
+express	350,357	O	O
+the	358,361	O	O
+properties	362,372	O	O
+to	373,375	O	O
+be	376,378	O	O
+verified	379,387	O	O
+.	387,388	O	O
+
+We	388,390	O	O
+have	391,395	O	O
+proven	396,402	O	O
+that	403,407	O	O
+automatic	408,417	O	O
+verification	418,430	O	O
+of	431,433	O	O
+LTL	434,437	O	B-Process
+-	437,438	O	I-Process
+FO	438,440	O	I-Process
+properties	441,451	O	O
+of	452,454	O	O
+data	455,459	O	B-Material
+-	459,460	O	I-Material
+centric	460,467	O	I-Material
+Web	468,471	O	I-Material
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+under	481,486	O	O
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+-	492,493	O	O
+bounded	493,500	O	O
+constraints	501,512	O	O
+is	513,515	O	O
+decidable	516,525	O	O
+by	526,528	O	O
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+-	558,559	O	I-Process
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+.	583,584	O	O
+
+Thus	585,589	O	O
+,	589,590	O	O
+we	591,593	O	O
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+verify	598,604	O	B-Task
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+verifier	647,655	O	O
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+for	665,668	O	O
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+.	685,686	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667813000610)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+of	24,26	O	O
+the	27,30	O	O
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+is	49,51	O	O
+to	52,54	O	O
+produce	55,62	O	B-Task
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+product	74,81	O	I-Task
+.	81,82	O	O
+
+During	83,89	O	O
+the	90,93	O	O
+process	94,101	O	O
+of	102,104	O	O
+production	105,115	O	B-Process
+several	116,123	O	O
+times	124,129	O	O
+the	130,133	O	O
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+fails	142,147	O	I-Process
+due	148,151	O	O
+to	152,154	O	O
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+of	160,162	O	O
+proper	163,169	O	O
+management	170,180	O	B-Process
+.	180,181	O	O
+
+This	182,186	O	O
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+is	193,195	O	O
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+the	206,209	O	O
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+why	305,308	O	O
+software	309,317	O	O
+developers	318,328	O	O
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+project	334,341	O	B-Process
+management	342,352	O	I-Process
+in	353,355	O	O
+proper	356,362	O	B-Process
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+.	392,393	O	O
+
+Our	394,397	O	O
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+reflect	407,414	O	O
+that	415,419	O	O
+in	420,422	O	O
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+of	432,434	O	O
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+related	444,451	O	O
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+,	482,483	O	O
+computer	484,492	O	O
+engineering	493,504	O	O
+,	504,505	O	O
+information	506,517	O	O
+system	518,524	O	O
+engineering	525,536	O	O
+there	537,542	O	O
+is	543,545	O	O
+no	546,548	O	O
+place	549,554	O	O
+for	555,558	O	O
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+project	568,575	O	I-Process
+management	576,586	O	I-Process
+course	587,593	O	I-Process
+.	593,594	O	O
+
+Our	595,598	O	O
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+are	608,611	O	O
+based	612,617	O	O
+on	618,620	O	O
+a	621,622	O	O
+survey	623,629	O	B-Task
+of	630,632	O	I-Task
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+of	652,654	O	O
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+,	675,676	O	O
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+in	744,746	O	O
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+.	767,768	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667813000762)
+
+Analyzing	0,9	O	O
+the	10,13	O	O
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+of	27,29	O	O
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+dynamic	44,51	O	O
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+of	63,65	O	O
+new	66,69	O	O
+add	70,73	O	O
+construction	74,86	O	B-Material
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+,	91,92	O	O
+considering	93,104	O	O
+the	105,108	O	O
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+of	119,121	O	O
+various	122,129	O	O
+factors	130,137	O	O
+,	137,138	O	O
+this	139,143	O	O
+paper	144,149	O	O
+selected	150,158	O	O
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+for	174,177	O	O
+a	178,179	O	O
+typical	180,187	O	O
+experimental	188,200	O	O
+zone	201,205	O	O
+,	205,206	O	O
+built	207,212	O	O
+knowledge	213,222	O	B-Material
+base	223,227	O	I-Material
+of	228,230	O	O
+remote	231,237	O	B-Process
+sensing	238,245	O	I-Process
+images	246,252	O	I-Process
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+,	267,268	O	O
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+multi	274,279	O	B-Material
+-	279,280	O	I-Material
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+remote	289,295	O	I-Material
+sensing	296,303	O	I-Material
+images	304,310	O	I-Material
+,	310,311	O	O
+carried	312,319	O	O
+through	320,327	O	O
+interactive	328,339	O	B-Process
+interpretation	340,354	O	I-Process
+of	355,357	O	I-Process
+change	358,364	O	I-Process
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+of	374,376	O	O
+new	377,380	O	O
+add	381,384	O	O
+construction	385,397	O	B-Material
+land	398,402	O	I-Material
+and	403,406	O	O
+field	407,412	O	B-Process
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+.	423,424	O	O
+
+Interpretation	425,439	O	B-Task
+results	440,447	O	O
+of	448,450	O	O
+20	451,453	O	O
+m	453,454	O	O
+scale	455,460	O	O
+remote	461,467	O	B-Material
+sensing	468,475	O	I-Material
+image	476,481	O	I-Material
+show	482,486	O	O
+that	487,491	O	O
+the	492,495	O	O
+minimum	496,503	O	O
+spot	504,508	O	O
+average	509,516	O	O
+area	517,521	O	O
+of	522,524	O	O
+new	525,528	O	O
+construction	529,541	O	B-Material
+land	542,546	O	I-Material
+change	547,553	O	O
+monitored	554,563	O	O
+by	564,566	O	O
+20	567,569	O	O
+m	569,570	O	O
+scale	571,576	O	O
+remote	577,583	O	B-Material
+sensing	584,591	O	I-Material
+data	592,596	O	I-Material
+is	597,599	O	O
+about	600,605	O	O
+6	606,607	O	O
+acres	608,613	O	O
+.	613,614	O	O
+
+The	615,618	O	O
+ability	619,626	O	O
+20	627,629	O	O
+m	629,630	O	O
+scale	631,636	O	O
+remote	637,643	O	B-Material
+sensing	644,651	O	I-Material
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+strengthens	715,726	O	O
+,	726,727	O	O
+shows	728,733	O	O
+in	734,736	O	O
+the	737,740	O	O
+recognition	741,752	O	B-Process
+of	753,755	O	I-Process
+the	756,759	O	I-Process
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+the	791,794	O	O
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+increases	816,825	O	O
+.	825,826	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667813000774)
+
+Evolutionary	0,12	O	B-Process
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+,	63,64	O	O
+simulating	65,75	O	O
+the	76,79	O	O
+behavior	80,88	O	O
+of	89,91	O	O
+natural	92,99	O	B-Process
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+.	109,110	O	O
+
+These	111,116	O	O
+algorithms	117,127	O	O
+are	128,131	O	O
+basically	132,141	O	O
+population	142,152	O	B-Process
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+search	159,165	O	I-Process
+procedures	166,176	O	I-Process
+efficiently	177,188	O	O
+dealing	189,196	O	O
+with	197,201	O	O
+complex	202,209	O	O
+search	210,216	O	O
+spaces	217,223	O	O
+having	224,230	O	O
+robust	231,237	O	O
+and	238,241	O	O
+powerful	242,250	O	O
+search	251,257	O	B-Process
+mechanism	258,267	O	I-Process
+.	267,268	O	O
+
+EAs	269,272	O	B-Process
+are	273,276	O	O
+highly	277,283	O	O
+applicable	284,294	O	O
+in	295,297	O	O
+multiobjective	298,312	O	O
+optimization	313,325	O	B-Process
+problem	326,333	O	I-Process
+which	334,339	O	O
+are	340,343	O	O
+having	344,350	O	O
+conflicting	351,362	O	O
+objectives	363,373	O	O
+.	373,374	O	O
+
+This	375,379	O	O
+paper	380,385	O	O
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+in	452,454	O	I-Task
+EMO	455,458	O	I-Task
+.	458,459	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221266781300083X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+coordination	15,27	O	B-Task
+problem	28,35	O	I-Task
+of	36,38	O	I-Task
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+products	52,60	O	I-Task
+supply	61,67	O	I-Task
+chain	68,73	O	I-Task
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+stochastic	79,89	O	B-Process
+yield	90,95	O	I-Process
+is	96,98	O	O
+studied	99,106	O	O
+based	107,112	O	O
+on	113,115	O	O
+prices	116,122	O	B-Process
+compensation	123,135	O	I-Process
+strategy	136,144	O	I-Process
+.	144,145	O	O
+
+The	146,149	O	O
+agricultural	150,162	O	B-Process
+producing	163,172	O	I-Process
+is	173,175	O	O
+influenced	176,186	O	O
+by	187,189	O	O
+the	190,193	O	O
+natural	194,201	O	O
+conditions	202,212	O	O
+,	212,213	O	O
+and	214,217	O	O
+the	218,221	O	O
+yield	222,227	O	B-Process
+is	228,230	O	O
+uncertain	231,240	O	O
+.	240,241	O	O
+
+While	242,247	O	O
+agricultural	248,260	O	B-Material
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+is	270,272	O	O
+rigid	273,278	O	O
+demand	279,285	O	O
+goods	286,291	O	O
+,	291,292	O	O
+the	293,296	O	O
+fluctuations	297,309	O	B-Process
+of	310,312	O	I-Process
+yield	313,318	O	I-Process
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+greater	325,332	O	O
+volatility	333,343	O	O
+of	344,346	O	O
+prices	347,353	O	O
+.	353,354	O	O
+
+The	355,358	O	O
+two-	359,363	O	B-Process
+echelon	364,371	O	I-Process
+supply	372,378	O	I-Process
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+one	390,393	O	O
+supplier	394,402	O	O
+and	403,406	O	O
+one	407,410	O	O
+retailor	411,419	O	O
+is	420,422	O	O
+studied	423,430	O	O
+,	430,431	O	O
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+.	473,474	O	O
+
+The	475,478	O	O
+model	479,484	O	O
+showed	485,491	O	O
+that	492,496	O	O
+prices	497,503	O	B-Process
+compensation	504,516	O	I-Process
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+Pareto	529,535	O	O
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+for	548,551	O	O
+agricultural	552,564	O	B-Process
+products	565,573	O	I-Process
+supply	574,580	O	I-Process
+chain	581,586	O	I-Process
+with	587,591	O	O
+stochastic	592,602	O	B-Process
+yield	603,608	O	I-Process
+,	608,609	O	O
+and	610,613	O	O
+it	614,616	O	O
+also	617,621	O	O
+incentive	622,631	O	O
+agricultural	632,644	O	B-Material
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+supplier	654,662	O	O
+to	663,665	O	O
+rise	666,670	O	O
+the	671,674	O	O
+production	675,685	O	B-Process
+plan	686,690	O	I-Process
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+balance	695,702	O	O
+the	703,706	O	O
+profit	707,713	O	B-Process
+allocation	714,724	O	I-Process
+of	725,727	O	O
+supply	728,734	O	B-Process
+chain	735,740	O	I-Process
+.	740,741	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667813001068)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+is	3,5	O	O
+difficult	6,15	O	O
+in	16,18	O	O
+directly	19,27	O	O
+predicting	28,38	O	O
+permeability	39,51	O	B-Process
+from	52,56	O	O
+porosity	57,65	O	B-Process
+in	66,68	O	O
+tight	69,74	O	O
+sandstones	75,85	O	B-Material
+due	86,89	O	O
+to	90,92	O	O
+the	93,96	O	O
+poor	97,101	O	O
+relationship	102,114	O	O
+between	115,122	O	O
+core	123,127	O	O
+derived	128,135	O	O
+porosity	136,144	O	B-Process
+and	145,148	O	O
+permeability	149,161	O	B-Process
+that	162,166	O	O
+caused	167,173	O	O
+by	174,176	O	O
+the	177,180	O	O
+extreme	181,188	O	O
+heterogeneity	189,202	O	O
+.	202,203	O	O
+
+The	204,207	O	O
+classical	208,217	O	O
+SDR	218,221	O	B-Process
+(	222,223	O	O
+Schlumberger	223,235	O	B-Process
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+)	249,250	O	O
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+-	260,261	O	I-Process
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+not	300,303	O	O
+enough	304,310	O	O
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+were	324,328	O	O
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+
+Based	419,424	O	O
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+)	464,465	O	O
+,	465,466	O	O
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+the	473,476	O	O
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+sandstones	490,500	O	B-Material
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+classified	505,515	O	O
+into	516,520	O	O
+two	521,524	O	O
+types	525,530	O	O
+,	530,531	O	O
+the	532,535	O	O
+relationship	536,548	O	O
+between	549,556	O	O
+core	557,561	O	O
+porosity	562,570	O	B-Process
+and	571,574	O	O
+permeability	575,587	O	B-Process
+is	588,590	O	O
+established	591,602	O	O
+for	603,606	O	O
+every	607,612	O	O
+type	613,617	O	O
+of	618,620	O	O
+formations	621,631	O	O
+,	631,632	O	O
+and	633,636	O	O
+the	637,640	O	O
+corresponding	641,654	O	O
+permeability	655,667	O	B-Task
+estimation	668,678	O	I-Task
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+established	690,701	O	O
+.	701,702	O	O
+
+Field	703,708	O	B-Material
+examples	709,717	O	I-Material
+show	718,722	O	O
+that	723,727	O	O
+the	728,731	O	O
+classification	732,746	O	B-Process
+scale	747,752	O	I-Process
+method	753,759	O	I-Process
+is	760,762	O	O
+effective	763,772	O	O
+in	773,775	O	O
+estimating	776,786	O	O
+tight	787,792	O	O
+sandstone	793,802	O	B-Material
+permeability	803,815	O	B-Process
+.	815,816	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000045)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+opportunity	4,15	O	O
+offered	16,23	O	O
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+in	127,129	O	O
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+between	142,149	O	O
+enterprises	150,161	O	O
+,	161,162	O	O
+considering	163,174	O	O
+positive	175,183	O	O
+effects	184,191	O	O
+in	192,194	O	O
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+the	249,252	O	O
+E	253,254	O	B-Process
+-	254,255	O	I-Process
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+
+As	268,270	O	O
+it	271,273	O	O
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+-	370,371	O	I-Process
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+8	453,454	O	O
+-	454,455	O	O
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+,	544,545	O	O
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+
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+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000070)
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+
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+,	172,173	O	O
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+,	271,272	O	O
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+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000124)
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+On	126,128	O	O
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+In	504,506	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000331)
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+In	0,2	O	O
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+
+Firstly	191,198	O	O
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+relation	273,281	O	O
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+reason	290,296	O	O
+and	297,300	O	O
+failure	301,308	O	O
+phenomenon	309,319	O	O
+was	320,323	O	O
+analyzed	324,332	O	O
+;	332,333	O	O
+Secondly	334,342	O	O
+,	342,343	O	O
+the	344,347	O	O
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+were	408,412	O	I-Task
+analyzed	413,421	O	I-Task
+;	421,422	O	O
+Lastly	423,429	O	O
+,	429,430	O	O
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+the	437,440	O	O
+portable	441,449	O	O
+signal	450,456	O	B-Process
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+and	469,472	O	O
+analysis	473,481	O	B-Process
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+to	489,491	O	O
+diagnose	492,500	O	B-Task
+the	501,504	O	I-Task
+diesel	505,511	O	I-Task
+engine	512,518	O	I-Task
+PT	519,521	O	I-Task
+fuel	522,526	O	I-Task
+system	527,533	O	I-Task
+,	533,534	O	O
+experiment	535,545	O	O
+results	546,553	O	O
+show	554,558	O	O
+that	559,563	O	O
+the	564,567	O	O
+system	568,574	O	O
+can	575,578	O	O
+correctly	579,588	O	O
+detect	589,595	O	B-Process
+the	596,599	O	I-Process
+diesel	600,606	O	I-Process
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+PT	614,616	O	I-Process
+fuel	617,621	O	I-Process
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+.	634,635	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000380)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+of	13,15	O	O
+cellular	16,24	O	B-Material
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+is	30,32	O	O
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+using	43,48	O	O
+design	49,55	O	B-Task
+methods	56,63	O	I-Task
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+to	74,76	O	O
+BS	77,79	O	O
+:	79,80	O	O
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+,	85,86	O	O
+considering	87,98	O	O
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+the	112,115	O	O
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+of	125,127	O	O
+tee	128,131	O	O
+sections	132,140	O	O
+and	141,144	O	O
+web	145,148	O	O
+post	149,153	O	O
+element	154,161	O	O
+.	161,162	O	O
+
+Such	163,167	O	O
+behavior	168,176	O	O
+is	177,179	O	O
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+from	188,192	O	O
+parametric	193,203	O	O
+study	204,209	O	O
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+finite	220,226	O	B-Process
+element	227,234	O	I-Process
+analysis	235,243	O	I-Process
+using	244,249	O	O
+software	250,258	O	O
+ANSYS	259,264	O	B-Material
+.	264,265	O	O
+
+The	266,269	O	O
+design	270,276	O	B-Process
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+is	284,286	O	O
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+on	293,295	O	O
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+of	313,315	O	I-Process
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+ultimate	332,340	O	O
+loads	341,346	O	O
+and	347,350	O	O
+elastic	351,358	O	B-Process
+analysis	359,367	O	I-Process
+at	368,370	O	O
+serviceability	371,385	O	O
+loads	386,391	O	O
+.	391,392	O	O
+
+The	393,396	O	O
+procedure	397,406	O	B-Task
+of	407,409	O	I-Task
+design	410,416	O	I-Task
+of	417,419	O	I-Task
+cellular	420,428	O	I-Task
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+is	434,436	O	I-Task
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+example	456,463	O	O
+based	464,469	O	O
+on	470,472	O	O
+design	473,479	O	B-Process
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+is	487,489	O	O
+worked	490,496	O	O
+out	497,500	O	O
+and	501,504	O	O
+its	505,508	O	O
+verification	509,521	O	O
+is	522,524	O	O
+done	525,529	O	O
+for	530,533	O	O
+checking	534,542	O	O
+the	543,546	O	O
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+.	558,559	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000550)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+low	4,7	O	B-Process
+-	7,8	O	I-Process
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+development	24,35	O	I-Process
+has	36,39	O	O
+become	40,46	O	O
+the	47,50	O	O
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+and	57,60	O	O
+orientation	61,72	O	O
+of	73,75	O	O
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+economic	85,93	O	I-Process
+development	94,105	O	I-Process
+.	105,106	O	O
+
+As	107,109	O	O
+the	110,113	O	O
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+of	124,126	O	O
+Heilongjiang	127,139	O	O
+province	140,148	O	O
+,	148,149	O	O
+their	150,155	O	O
+consumption	156,167	O	O
+is	168,170	O	O
+the	171,174	O	O
+most	175,179	O	O
+direct	180,186	O	O
+way	187,190	O	O
+to	191,193	O	O
+achieve	194,201	O	O
+the	202,205	O	O
+low	206,209	O	O
+-	209,210	O	O
+carbon	210,216	O	B-Material
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+.	226,227	O	O
+
+Based	228,233	O	O
+on	234,236	O	O
+the	237,240	O	O
+research	241,249	O	O
+and	250,253	O	O
+discussion	254,264	O	O
+of	265,267	O	O
+the	268,271	O	O
+connotation	272,283	O	O
+of	284,286	O	O
+low	287,290	O	B-Process
+-	290,291	O	I-Process
+carbon	291,297	O	I-Process
+consumption	298,309	O	I-Process
+and	310,313	O	O
+its	314,317	O	O
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+,	325,326	O	O
+behaviour	327,336	O	O
+,	336,337	O	O
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+and	350,353	O	O
+habits	354,360	O	O
+,	360,361	O	O
+it	362,364	O	O
+is	365,367	O	O
+concluded	368,377	O	O
+that	378,382	O	O
+the	383,386	O	O
+low	387,390	O	B-Process
+-	390,391	O	I-Process
+carbon	391,397	O	I-Process
+consumption	398,409	O	I-Process
+requires	410,418	O	O
+us	419,421	O	O
+to	422,424	O	O
+abide	425,430	O	O
+by	431,433	O	O
+the	434,437	O	O
+life	438,442	O	O
+-	442,443	O	O
+style	443,448	O	O
+of	449,451	O	O
+knowledge	452,461	O	O
+and	462,465	O	O
+culture	466,473	O	O
+.	473,474	O	O
+
+Therefore	475,484	O	O
+,	484,485	O	O
+it	486,488	O	O
+is	489,491	O	O
+obvious	492,499	O	O
+that	500,504	O	O
+the	505,508	O	O
+development	509,520	O	B-Task
+of	521,523	O	I-Task
+low	524,527	O	I-Task
+-	527,528	O	I-Task
+carbon	528,534	O	I-Task
+economy	535,542	O	I-Task
+is	543,545	O	O
+a	546,547	O	O
+complex	548,555	O	O
+and	556,559	O	O
+systematic	560,570	O	O
+project	571,578	O	O
+,	578,579	O	O
+involved	580,588	O	O
+the	589,592	O	O
+economic	593,601	O	B-Process
+development	602,613	O	I-Process
+mode	614,618	O	O
+,	618,619	O	O
+technological	620,633	O	B-Process
+innovation	634,644	O	I-Process
+mode	645,649	O	O
+,	649,650	O	O
+consumption	651,662	O	O
+values	663,669	O	O
+and	670,673	O	O
+changes	674,681	O	O
+of	682,684	O	O
+lifestyle	685,694	O	O
+.	694,695	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000690)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+presents	10,18	O	B-Task
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+of	31,33	O	I-Task
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+of	42,44	O	I-Task
+the	45,48	O	I-Task
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+of	56,58	O	I-Task
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+carbon	71,77	O	I-Task
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+18	88,90	O	O
+-	90,91	O	O
+20	91,93	O	O
+nm	93,95	O	O
+in	96,98	O	O
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+of	114,116	O	O
+1	117,118	O	O
+and	119,122	O	O
+10	123,125	O	O
+mg	125,127	O	O
+/	128,129	O	O
+ml	130,132	O	O
+for	133,136	O	O
+diatoms	137,144	O	O
+Pseudo	145,151	O	B-Material
+-	151,152	O	I-Material
+nitzschia	152,161	O	I-Material
+pungens	162,169	O	I-Material
+(	170,171	O	O
+clone	171,176	O	B-Material
+PP-07	177,182	O	I-Material
+)	182,183	O	O
+and	184,187	O	O
+golden	188,194	O	O
+alga	195,199	O	O
+
+Isochrysis	200,210	O	O
+galbana	211,218	O	O
+(	219,220	O	O
+clone	220,225	O	B-Material
+TISO	226,230	O	I-Material
+)	230,231	O	O
+.	231,232	O	O
+
+The	233,236	O	O
+toxic	237,242	O	B-Process
+effects	243,250	O	I-Process
+of	251,253	O	O
+multiwalled	254,265	O	O
+nanotubes	266,275	O	B-Material
+on	276,278	O	O
+both	279,283	O	O
+types	284,289	O	O
+of	290,292	O	O
+algae	293,298	O	B-Material
+is	299,301	O	O
+revealed	302,310	O	O
+,	310,311	O	O
+which	312,317	O	O
+results	318,325	O	O
+in	326,328	O	O
+a	329,330	O	O
+decrease	331,339	O	O
+of	340,342	O	O
+the	343,346	O	O
+linear	347,353	O	O
+dimensions	354,364	O	O
+of	365,367	O	O
+cells	368,373	O	B-Material
+,	373,374	O	O
+chloroplasts	375,387	O	B-Material
+,	387,388	O	O
+and	389,392	O	O
+a	393,394	O	O
+reduced	395,402	O	O
+number	403,409	O	O
+of	410,412	O	O
+cells	413,418	O	B-Material
+when	419,423	O	O
+incubated	424,433	O	B-Process
+over	434,438	O	O
+24h	439,442	O	O
+(	443,444	O	O
+Pseudo	444,450	O	B-Material
+-	450,451	O	I-Material
+nitzschia	451,460	O	I-Material
+pungens	461,468	O	I-Material
+)	468,469	O	O
+and	470,473	O	O
+36hours	474,481	O	O
+(	482,483	O	O
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+)	501,502	O	O
+.	502,503	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000732)
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+The	0,3	O	O
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+of	29,31	O	I-Task
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+carrying	46,54	O	I-Task
+capacity	55,63	O	I-Task
+aims	64,68	O	O
+to	69,71	O	O
+obtain	72,78	O	B-Task
+the	79,82	O	I-Task
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+of	116,118	O	I-Task
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+,	137,138	O	O
+it	139,141	O	O
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+an	144,146	O	O
+essential	147,156	O	O
+tool	157,161	O	O
+for	162,165	O	O
+improving	166,175	O	B-Task
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+management	224,234	O	I-Task
+of	235,237	O	I-Task
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+.	249,250	O	O
+
+In	251,253	O	O
+this	254,258	O	O
+paper	259,264	O	O
+,	264,265	O	O
+a	266,267	O	O
+synthetic	268,277	O	B-Task
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+on	302,304	O	I-Task
+cloud	305,310	O	I-Task
+theory	311,317	O	I-Task
+is	318,320	O	I-Task
+applied	321,328	O	I-Task
+to	329,331	O	O
+evaluate	332,340	O	O
+the	341,344	O	O
+single	345,351	O	O
+factor	352,358	O	O
+and	359,362	O	O
+multiple	363,371	O	O
+factors	372,379	O	O
+environmental	380,393	O	B-Process
+carrying	394,402	O	I-Process
+capacity	403,411	O	I-Process
+in	412,414	O	O
+Caofeidian	415,425	O	O
+marine	426,432	O	O
+district	433,441	O	O
+,	441,442	O	O
+Tangshan	443,451	O	O
+Bay	452,455	O	O
+,	455,456	O	O
+China	457,462	O	O
+.	462,463	O	O
+
+With	464,468	O	O
+the	469,472	O	O
+field	473,478	O	B-Material
+data	479,483	O	I-Material
+of	484,486	O	O
+five	487,491	O	O
+assessment	492,502	O	O
+indexes	503,510	O	O
+in	511,513	O	O
+recent	514,520	O	O
+six	521,524	O	O
+years	525,530	O	O
+,	530,531	O	O
+the	532,535	O	O
+assessment	536,546	O	O
+results	547,554	O	O
+are	555,558	O	O
+obtained	559,567	O	O
+which	568,573	O	O
+show	574,578	O	O
+that	579,583	O	O
+the	584,587	O	O
+marine	588,594	O	B-Process
+reclamation	595,606	O	I-Process
+has	607,610	O	O
+a	611,612	O	O
+certain	613,620	O	O
+impact	621,627	O	O
+for	628,631	O	O
+the	632,635	O	O
+marine	636,642	O	O
+environment	643,654	O	O
+.	654,655	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000756)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+study	5,10	O	O
+is	11,13	O	O
+focused	14,21	O	O
+on	22,24	O	O
+the	25,28	O	O
+water	29,34	O	B-Process
+-	34,35	O	I-Process
+gas	35,38	O	I-Process
+shift	39,44	O	I-Process
+reaction	45,53	O	I-Process
+(	54,55	O	O
+WGSR	55,59	O	B-Process
+)	59,60	O	O
+,	60,61	O	O
+occurring	62,71	O	O
+in	72,74	O	O
+the	75,78	O	O
+chemical	79,87	O	B-Process
+kinetics	88,96	O	I-Process
+equipment	97,106	O	I-Process
+,	106,107	O	O
+which	108,113	O	O
+is	114,116	O	O
+used	117,121	O	O
+to	122,124	O	O
+increase	125,133	O	O
+hydrogen	134,142	O	B-Process
+recovery	143,151	O	I-Process
+from	152,156	O	O
+industrial	157,167	O	B-Process
+processes	168,177	O	I-Process
+.	177,178	O	O
+
+The	179,182	O	O
+research	183,191	O	O
+deals	192,197	O	O
+with	198,202	O	O
+comparing	203,212	O	O
+hydrogen	213,221	O	B-Process
+recovery	222,230	O	I-Process
+with	231,235	O	O
+the	236,239	O	O
+use	240,243	O	O
+of	244,246	O	O
+three	247,252	O	O
+different	253,262	O	O
+catalysts	263,272	O	B-Material
+.	272,273	O	O
+
+The	274,277	O	O
+amount	278,284	O	O
+of	285,287	O	O
+the	288,291	O	O
+produced	292,300	O	O
+hydrogen	301,309	O	B-Material
+depends	310,317	O	O
+considerably	318,330	O	O
+on	331,333	O	O
+the	334,337	O	O
+reaction	338,346	O	B-Process
+state	347,352	O	O
+and	353,356	O	O
+the	357,360	O	O
+catalyst	361,369	O	B-Material
+composition	370,381	O	O
+.	381,382	O	O
+
+To	383,385	O	O
+improve	386,393	O	O
+the	394,397	O	O
+course	398,404	O	O
+of	405,407	O	O
+the	408,411	O	O
+reaction	412,420	O	B-Process
+,	420,421	O	O
+natural	422,429	O	B-Material
+catalysts	430,439	O	I-Material
+–	440,441	O	O
+calcite	442,449	O	B-Material
+,	449,450	O	O
+coal	451,455	O	B-Material
+char	456,460	O	I-Material
+(	461,462	O	O
+unburned	462,470	O	B-Material
+residues	471,479	O	I-Material
+from	480,484	O	I-Material
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+)	489,490	O	O
+and	491,494	O	O
+modified	495,503	O	B-Material
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+
+–	512,513	O	O
+are	514,517	O	O
+added	518,523	O	O
+to	524,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+gasification	531,543	O	B-Process
+process	544,551	O	I-Process
+and	552,555	O	O
+heated	556,562	O	B-Process
+to	563,565	O	O
+the	566,569	O	O
+process	570,577	O	O
+temperature	578,589	O	O
+of	590,592	O	O
+800	593,596	O	O
+,	596,597	O	O
+850	598,601	O	O
+and	602,605	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221266781400080X)
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+Several	0,7	O	O
+inorganic	8,17	O	B-Material
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+agents	31,37	O	I-Material
+,	37,38	O	O
+including	39,48	O	O
+FeSO4	49,54	O	B-Material
+,	54,55	O	O
+Al2(SO4)3	56,65	O	B-Material
+,	65,66	O	I-Material
+FeCl3	67,72	O	B-Material
+and	73,76	O	O
+an	77,79	O	O
+organic	80,87	O	B-Material
+coagulant	88,97	O	I-Material
+aid	98,101	O	I-Material
+PAM	102,105	O	B-Material
+,	105,106	O	O
+were	107,111	O	O
+used	112,116	O	O
+to	117,119	O	O
+treat	120,125	O	B-Process
+the	126,129	O	I-Process
+wastewater	130,140	O	I-Process
+from	141,145	O	O
+domestic	146,154	O	O
+anima	155,160	O	O
+and	161,164	O	O
+poultry	165,172	O	O
+breeding	173,181	O	O
+in	182,184	O	O
+this	185,189	O	O
+paper	190,195	O	O
+.	195,196	O	O
+
+The	197,200	O	O
+ideal	201,206	O	O
+operating	207,216	O	O
+conditions	217,227	O	O
+were	228,232	O	O
+attained	233,241	O	O
+by	242,244	O	O
+single	245,251	O	B-Task
+factor	252,258	O	I-Task
+experiment	259,269	O	I-Task
+and	270,273	O	O
+orthogonal	274,284	O	B-Task
+design	285,291	O	I-Task
+experiment	292,302	O	I-Task
+.	302,303	O	O
+
+And	304,307	O	O
+the	308,311	O	O
+ideal	312,317	O	O
+operating	318,327	O	O
+conditions	328,338	O	O
+are	339,342	O	O
+follows	343,350	O	O
+:	350,351	O	O
+the	352,355	O	O
+dose	356,360	O	O
+of	361,363	O	O
+FeSO4	364,369	O	B-Material
+and	370,373	O	O
+
+PAM	374,377	O	B-Material
+is	378,380	O	O
+
+135.2mg	381,388	O	O
+/	388,389	O	O
+L	389,390	O	O
+and	391,394	O	O
+0.384mg	395,402	O	O
+/	402,403	O	O
+L	403,404	O	O
+respectively	405,417	O	O
+when	418,422	O	O
+keeping	423,430	O	O
+the	431,434	O	O
+pH	435,437	O	O
+10	438,440	O	O
+;	440,441	O	O
+and	442,445	O	O
+
+the	446,449	O	O
+corresponding	450,463	O	O
+removal	464,471	O	B-Process
+rate	472,476	O	I-Process
+is	477,479	O	O
+55	480,482	O	O
+%	482,483	O	O
+and	484,487	O	O
+60	488,490	O	O
+%	490,491	O	O
+for	492,495	O	O
+COD	496,499	O	B-Material
+and	500,503	O	O
+turbidity	504,513	O	O
+.	513,514	O	O
+
+Based	515,520	O	O
+on	521,523	O	O
+the	524,527	O	O
+experimental	528,540	O	O
+results	541,548	O	O
+,	548,549	O	O
+this	550,554	O	O
+paper	555,560	O	O
+analyzes	561,569	O	B-Task
+the	570,573	O	I-Task
+main	574,578	O	I-Task
+factors	579,586	O	I-Task
+that	587,591	O	O
+affect	592,598	O	O
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+flocculation	610,622	O	I-Process
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+.	632,633	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000884)
+
+Many	0,4	O	O
+models	5,11	O	B-Process
+have	12,16	O	O
+been	17,21	O	O
+propounded	22,32	O	O
+for	33,36	O	O
+forecasting	37,48	O	B-Process
+lightning	49,58	O	I-Process
+.	58,59	O	O
+
+Though	60,66	O	O
+majority	67,75	O	O
+of	76,78	O	O
+the	79,82	O	O
+model	83,88	O	B-Process
+had	89,92	O	O
+shown	93,98	O	O
+accuracy	99,107	O	O
+,	107,108	O	O
+the	109,112	O	O
+response	113,121	O	O
+time	122,126	O	O
+in	127,129	O	O
+detecting	130,139	O	O
+natural	140,147	O	B-Process
+phenomenon	148,158	O	I-Process
+is	159,161	O	O
+quite	162,167	O	O
+low	168,171	O	O
+.	171,172	O	O
+
+In	173,175	O	O
+this	176,180	O	O
+model	181,186	O	O
+,	186,187	O	O
+we	188,190	O	O
+used	191,195	O	O
+the	196,199	O	O
+mathematical	200,212	O	B-Task
+experimentation	213,228	O	I-Task
+of	229,231	O	O
+the	232,235	O	O
+micro	236,241	O	B-Material
+scale	242,247	O	I-Material
+plasmas	248,255	O	I-Material
+to	256,258	O	O
+develop	259,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+macro	271,276	O	B-Material
+scale	277,282	O	I-Material
+atmospheric	283,294	O	I-Material
+plasma	295,301	O	I-Material
+which	302,307	O	O
+we	308,310	O	O
+believe	311,318	O	O
+is	319,321	O	O
+a	322,323	O	O
+major	324,329	O	O
+influence	330,339	O	O
+of	340,342	O	O
+lightning	343,352	O	B-Process
+.	352,353	O	O
+
+The	354,357	O	O
+Schrödinger	358,369	O	B-Process
+-	369,370	O	I-Process
+electrostatic	370,383	O	I-Process
+algorithm	384,393	O	I-Process
+was	394,397	O	O
+propounded	398,408	O	O
+to	409,411	O	O
+further	412,419	O	O
+increase	420,428	O	O
+both	429,433	O	O
+the	434,437	O	O
+accuracy	438,446	O	O
+and	447,450	O	O
+alacrity	451,459	O	O
+of	460,462	O	O
+detecting	463,472	O	B-Process
+natural	473,480	O	I-Process
+phenomena	481,490	O	I-Process
+.	490,491	O	I-Process
+
+According	492,501	O	O
+to	502,504	O	O
+our	505,508	O	O
+theoretical	509,520	O	B-Task
+experimentation	521,536	O	I-Task
+,	536,537	O	O
+the	538,541	O	O
+air	542,545	O	B-Material
+density	546,553	O	O
+plays	554,559	O	O
+a	560,561	O	O
+major	562,567	O	O
+role	568,572	O	O
+in	573,575	O	O
+lightning	576,585	O	B-Process
+forecast	586,594	O	O
+.	594,595	O	O
+
+Our	596,599	O	O
+guess	600,605	O	O
+was	606,609	O	O
+verified	610,618	O	O
+using	619,624	O	O
+the	625,628	O	O
+Davis	629,634	O	B-Process
+Weather	635,642	O	I-Process
+Station	643,650	O	I-Process
+to	651,653	O	O
+track	654,659	O	B-Task
+the	660,663	O	I-Task
+air	664,667	O	I-Task
+density	668,675	O	I-Task
+both	676,680	O	O
+in	681,683	O	O
+the	684,687	O	O
+upper	688,693	O	O
+and	694,697	O	O
+lower	698,703	O	O
+atmosphere	704,714	O	O
+.	714,715	O	O
+
+The	716,719	O	O
+air	720,723	O	B-Material
+density	724,731	O	O
+in	732,734	O	O
+the	735,738	O	O
+upper	739,744	O	B-Material
+atmosphere	745,755	O	I-Material
+showed	756,762	O	O
+prospect	763,771	O	O
+as	772,774	O	O
+a	775,776	O	O
+vital	777,782	O	O
+factor	783,789	O	O
+for	790,793	O	O
+lightning	794,803	O	B-Process
+forecast	804,812	O	O
+.	812,813	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000951)
+
+Design	0,6	O	B-Task
+semantics	7,16	O	I-Task
+is	17,19	O	O
+an	20,22	O	O
+integration	23,34	O	B-Task
+of	35,37	O	I-Task
+human	38,43	O	I-Task
+mode	44,48	O	I-Task
+of	49,51	O	I-Task
+existence	52,61	O	I-Task
+and	62,65	O	I-Task
+view	66,70	O	I-Task
+on	71,73	O	I-Task
+culture	74,81	O	I-Task
+and	82,85	O	I-Task
+art	86,89	O	I-Task
+,	89,90	O	O
+which	91,96	O	O
+means	97,102	O	O
+it	103,105	O	O
+is	106,108	O	O
+a	109,110	O	O
+unity	111,116	O	B-Task
+of	117,119	O	I-Task
+art	120,123	O	I-Task
+and	124,127	O	I-Task
+science	128,135	O	I-Task
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+Design	137,143	O	B-Task
+semantics	144,153	O	I-Task
+is	154,156	O	O
+the	157,160	O	O
+annotation	161,171	O	B-Task
+of	172,174	O	I-Task
+form	175,179	O	I-Task
+and	180,183	O	I-Task
+the	184,187	O	I-Task
+reflection	188,198	O	I-Task
+of	199,201	O	I-Task
+its	202,205	O	I-Task
+symbolic	206,214	O	I-Task
+meaning	215,222	O	I-Task
+,	222,223	O	O
+which	224,229	O	O
+means	230,235	O	O
+it	236,238	O	O
+is	239,241	O	O
+an	242,244	O	O
+explanation	245,256	O	B-Task
+of	257,259	O	I-Task
+the	260,263	O	I-Task
+deposited	264,273	O	I-Task
+human	274,279	O	I-Task
+cultural	280,288	O	I-Task
+spirit	289,295	O	I-Task
+.	295,296	O	O
+
+Chinese	297,304	O	O
+art	305,308	O	O
+stresses	309,317	O	O
+Expression	318,328	O	O
+,	328,329	O	O
+Force	330,335	O	O
+and	336,339	O	O
+Qi	340,342	O	O
+.	342,343	O	O
+
+In	344,346	O	O
+China	347,352	O	O
+,	352,353	O	O
+people	354,360	O	O
+advocate	361,369	O	O
+“	370,371	O	O
+to	371,373	O	B-Process
+learn	374,379	O	I-Process
+from	380,384	O	I-Process
+nature	385,391	O	I-Process
+”	391,392	O	O
+,	392,393	O	O
+“	394,395	O	O
+to	395,397	O	O
+look	398,402	O	O
+up	403,405	O	O
+to	406,408	O	O
+observe	409,416	O	O
+the	417,420	O	O
+sun	421,424	O	O
+,	424,425	O	O
+the	426,429	O	O
+moon	430,434	O	O
+and	435,438	O	O
+stars	439,444	O	O
+,	444,445	O	O
+and	446,449	O	O
+look	450,454	O	O
+down	455,459	O	O
+to	460,462	O	O
+observe	463,470	O	B-Process
+the	471,474	O	I-Process
+surroundings	475,487	O	I-Process
+”	487,488	O	O
+,	488,489	O	O
+and	490,493	O	O
+take	494,498	O	O
+“	499,500	O	O
+Nature	500,506	O	O
+and	507,510	O	O
+Man	511,514	O	O
+in	515,517	O	O
+One	518,521	O	O
+”	521,522	O	O
+as	523,525	O	O
+the	526,529	O	O
+highest	530,537	O	O
+state	538,543	O	O
+of	544,546	O	O
+spirit	547,553	O	O
+.	553,554	O	O
+
+Design	555,561	O	B-Task
+semantics	562,571	O	I-Task
+is	572,574	O	O
+expressed	575,584	O	O
+in	585,587	O	O
+space	588,593	O	B-Task
+environment	594,605	O	I-Task
+design	606,612	O	I-Task
+through	613,620	O	O
+a	621,622	O	O
+symbiotic	623,632	O	O
+philosophical	633,646	O	O
+view	647,651	O	O
+that	652,656	O	O
+natural	657,664	O	B-Material
+and	665,668	O	I-Material
+artificial	669,679	O	I-Material
+forms	680,685	O	I-Material
+are	686,689	O	O
+complementary	690,703	O	O
+and	704,707	O	O
+interactive	708,719	O	O
+.	719,720	O	O
+
+This	721,725	O	O
+form	726,730	O	O
+of	731,733	O	O
+design	734,740	O	O
+leads	741,746	O	O
+humans	747,753	O	O
+back	754,758	O	O
+to	759,761	O	O
+a	762,763	O	O
+better	764,770	O	O
+state	771,776	O	O
+of	777,779	O	O
+living	780,786	O	O
+,	786,787	O	O
+i.e.	788,792	O	O
+Nature	793,799	O	O
+and	800,803	O	O
+Man	804,807	O	O
+in	808,810	O	O
+One	811,814	O	O
+.	814,815	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000975)
+
+It	0,2	O	O
+has	3,6	O	O
+been	7,11	O	O
+acknowledged	12,24	O	O
+that	25,29	O	O
+megalopolises	30,43	O	O
+are	44,47	O	O
+playing	48,55	O	O
+a	56,57	O	O
+leading	58,65	O	O
+role	66,70	O	O
+in	71,73	O	O
+the	74,77	O	O
+processes	78,87	O	O
+of	88,90	O	O
+both	91,95	O	O
+economic	96,104	O	B-Process
+development	105,116	O	I-Process
+and	117,120	O	O
+culture	121,128	O	B-Process
+change	129,135	O	I-Process
+.	135,136	O	O
+
+Thereupon	137,146	O	O
+,	146,147	O	O
+the	148,151	O	O
+new	152,155	O	O
+emphases	156,164	O	O
+on	165,167	O	O
+sustainability	168,182	O	B-Process
+of	183,185	O	I-Process
+transportation	186,200	O	I-Process
+system	201,207	O	I-Process
+in	208,210	O	O
+megalopolis	211,222	O	O
+are	223,226	O	O
+creating	227,235	O	O
+new	236,239	O	O
+demands	240,247	O	O
+for	248,251	O	O
+adequate	252,260	O	O
+approach	261,269	O	B-Task
+to	270,272	O	I-Task
+measure	273,280	O	I-Task
+its	281,284	O	I-Task
+performance	285,296	O	I-Task
+and	297,300	O	I-Task
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+potential	311,320	O	I-Task
+drawbacks	321,330	O	I-Task
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+
+By	332,334	O	O
+examining	335,344	O	O
+the	345,348	O	O
+descriptions	349,361	O	O
+of	362,364	O	O
+sustainable	365,376	O	O
+transport	377,386	O	B-Process
+system	387,393	O	I-Process
+as	394,396	O	O
+well	397,401	O	O
+as	402,404	O	O
+its	405,408	O	O
+evaluating	409,419	O	O
+approach	420,428	O	O
+,	428,429	O	O
+a	430,431	O	O
+framework	432,441	O	B-Material
+with	442,446	O	O
+the	447,450	O	O
+general	451,458	O	O
+applicability	459,472	O	O
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+easily	477,483	O	O
+accessible	484,494	O	O
+data	495,499	O	O
+resource	500,508	O	O
+for	509,512	O	O
+evaluating	513,523	O	O
+sustainability	524,538	O	O
+of	539,541	O	O
+transport	542,551	O	B-Process
+system	552,558	O	I-Process
+in	559,561	O	O
+megalopolis	562,573	O	O
+is	574,576	O	O
+developed	577,586	O	O
+based	587,592	O	O
+on	593,595	O	O
+nature	596,602	O	O
+of	603,605	O	O
+regional	606,614	O	O
+structure	615,624	O	O
+and	625,628	O	O
+the	629,632	O	O
+feature	633,640	O	O
+transport	641,650	O	O
+demand	651,657	O	O
+in	658,660	O	O
+megalopolis	661,672	O	O
+.	672,673	O	O
+
+The	674,677	O	O
+proposed	678,686	O	B-Task
+framework	687,696	O	I-Task
+is	697,699	O	I-Task
+applied	700,707	O	I-Task
+in	708,710	O	O
+the	711,714	O	O
+analysis	715,723	O	O
+and	724,727	O	O
+comparison	728,738	O	O
+of	739,741	O	O
+Jing	742,746	O	O
+-	746,747	O	O
+Jin	747,750	O	O
+-	750,751	O	O
+Ji	751,753	O	O
+and	754,757	O	O
+Yangtze	758,765	O	O
+River	766,771	O	O
+Delta	772,777	O	O
+..	777,779	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814000987)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+we	14,16	O	O
+consider	17,25	O	O
+problems	26,34	O	B-Task
+of	35,37	O	I-Task
+creating	38,46	O	I-Task
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+management	75,85	O	I-Task
+systems	86,93	O	I-Task
+as	94,96	O	O
+one	97,100	O	O
+of	101,103	O	O
+the	104,107	O	O
+most	108,112	O	O
+important	113,122	O	O
+mechanism	123,132	O	O
+of	133,135	O	O
+increasing	136,146	O	B-Task
+energy	147,153	O	I-Task
+efficiency	154,164	O	I-Task
+in	165,167	O	O
+industry	168,176	O	O
+.	176,177	O	O
+
+Operating	178,187	O	O
+principles	188,198	O	O
+of	199,201	O	O
+intelligent	202,213	O	B-Process
+electric	214,222	O	I-Process
+power	223,228	O	I-Process
+distribution	229,241	O	I-Process
+systems	242,249	O	I-Process
+developed	250,259	O	O
+in	260,262	O	O
+MSTU	263,267	O	B-Material
+«	268,269	O	I-Material
+STANKIN	269,276	O	I-Material
+»	276,277	O	I-Material
+for	278,281	O	O
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+on	298,300	O	O
+industrial	301,311	O	O
+plants	312,318	O	O
+are	319,322	O	O
+described	323,332	O	O
+.	332,333	O	O
+
+Essential	334,343	O	O
+devices	344,351	O	B-Task
+composing	352,361	O	I-Task
+the	362,365	O	I-Task
+systems	366,373	O	I-Task
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+,	388,389	O	O
+their	390,395	O	O
+technical	396,405	O	B-Task
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+described	426,435	O	I-Task
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+
+Experimental	437,449	O	O
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+presented	462,471	O	O
+.	471,472	O	O
+
+In	472,474	O	O
+this	475,479	O	O
+paper	480,485	O	O
+we	486,488	O	O
+consider	489,497	O	O
+problems	498,506	O	O
+of	507,509	O	O
+creating	510,518	O	B-Task
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+introducing	523,534	O	I-Task
+intelligent	535,546	O	I-Task
+management	547,557	O	I-Task
+systems	558,565	O	I-Task
+as	566,568	O	O
+one	569,572	O	O
+of	573,575	O	O
+the	576,579	O	O
+most	580,584	O	O
+important	585,594	O	O
+mechanism	595,604	O	O
+of	605,607	O	O
+increasing	608,618	O	B-Task
+energy	619,625	O	I-Task
+efficiency	626,636	O	I-Task
+in	637,639	O	O
+industry	640,648	O	O
+.	648,649	O	O
+
+Operating	650,659	O	O
+principles	660,670	O	O
+of	671,673	O	O
+intelligent	674,685	O	B-Process
+electric	686,694	O	I-Process
+power	695,700	O	I-Process
+distribution	701,713	O	I-Process
+systems	714,721	O	I-Process
+developed	722,731	O	O
+in	732,734	O	O
+MSTU	735,739	O	B-Material
+«	740,741	O	I-Material
+STANKIN	741,748	O	I-Material
+»	748,749	O	I-Material
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+AC	754,756	O	B-Material
+and	757,760	O	I-Material
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+grids	764,769	O	I-Material
+on	770,772	O	O
+industrial	773,783	O	O
+plants	784,790	O	O
+are	791,794	O	O
+described	795,804	O	O
+.	804,805	O	O
+
+Essential	806,815	O	O
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+,	860,861	O	O
+their	862,867	O	O
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+.	907,908	O	O
+
+Experimental	909,921	O	O
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+.	943,944	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001166)
+
+Along	0,5	O	O
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+the	11,14	O	O
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+-	36,37	O	I-Task
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+,	62,63	O	O
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+ever	158,162	O	O
+.	162,163	O	O
+
+In	164,166	O	O
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+,	177,178	O	O
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+try	182,185	O	O
+to	186,188	O	O
+explore	189,196	O	B-Task
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+-	266,267	O	I-Process
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+.	297,298	O	O
+
+With	299,303	O	O
+constant	304,312	O	O
+query	313,318	O	O
+time	319,323	O	O
+and	324,327	O	O
+acceptable	328,338	O	O
+storage	339,346	O	O
+cost	347,351	O	O
+,	351,352	O	O
+the	353,356	O	O
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+3d	405,407	O	B-Process
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+-	412,413	O	I-Process
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+,	429,430	O	O
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+average	439,446	O	O
+,	446,447	O	O
+min	448,451	O	O
+,	451,452	O	O
+and	453,456	O	O
+max	457,460	O	O
+value	461,466	O	O
+.	466,467	O	O
+
+A	468,469	O	O
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+time	474,478	O	B-Process
+-	478,479	O	I-Process
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+,	519,520	O	O
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+especially	530,540	O	O
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+for	550,553	O	O
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+.	572,573	O	O
+
+All	574,577	O	O
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+,	664,665	O	O
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+-	676,677	O	I-Material
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+-	686,687	O	I-Material
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+.	705,706	O	O
+
+Experimental	707,719	O	O
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+on	728,730	O	O
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+.	789,790	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001208)
+
+Improving	0,9	O	B-Task
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+of	48,50	O	O
+High	51,55	O	B-Task
+Performance	56,67	O	I-Task
+Computing	68,77	O	I-Task
+(	78,79	O	O
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+)	82,83	O	O
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+them	110,114	O	I-Process
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+are	137,140	O	O
+widely	141,147	O	O
+considered	148,158	O	O
+as	159,161	O	O
+critical	162,170	O	O
+issues	171,177	O	O
+in	178,180	O	O
+the	181,184	O	O
+field	185,190	O	O
+of	191,193	O	O
+high	194,198	O	B-Task
+performance	199,210	O	I-Task
+and	211,214	O	I-Task
+Cloud	215,220	O	I-Task
+computing	221,230	O	I-Task
+.	230,231	O	O
+
+However	232,239	O	O
+,	239,240	O	O
+poor	241,245	O	B-Process
+network	246,253	O	I-Process
+performance	254,265	O	I-Process
+,	265,266	O	O
+heterogeneous	267,280	O	B-Process
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+some	310,314	O	O
+series	315,321	O	O
+of	322,324	O	O
+pitfalls	325,333	O	O
+for	334,337	O	O
+execution	338,347	O	B-Process
+of	348,350	O	I-Process
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+.	376,377	O	O
+
+This	378,382	O	O
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+applications	463,475	O	I-Task
+on	476,478	O	O
+Amazon	479,485	O	B-Material
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+Cloud	492,497	O	I-Material
+.	497,498	O	O
+
+The	499,502	O	O
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+from	512,516	O	O
+our	517,520	O	O
+approach	521,529	O	O
+points	530,536	O	O
+a	537,538	O	O
+significant	539,550	O	O
+improvement	551,562	O	O
+in	563,565	O	O
+speed	566,571	O	B-Process
+up	572,574	O	I-Process
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+scale	579,584	O	B-Process
+up	585,587	O	I-Process
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+the	593,596	O	O
+response	597,605	O	B-Process
+rate	606,610	O	I-Process
+of	611,613	O	O
+more	614,618	O	O
+than	619,623	O	O
+20	624,626	O	O
+percent	627,634	O	O
+parallel	635,643	O	B-Process
+efficiency	644,653	O	I-Process
+on	654,656	O	O
+the	657,660	O	O
+Cloud	661,666	O	B-Material
+in	667,669	O	O
+comparison	670,680	O	O
+to	681,683	O	O
+dedicated	684,693	O	O
+HPC	694,697	O	B-Material
+cluster	698,705	O	I-Material
+.	705,706	O	O
+
+We	707,709	O	O
+state	710,715	O	O
+that	716,720	O	O
+the	721,724	O	O
+EC2	725,728	O	B-Material
+Cloud	729,734	O	I-Material
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+a	745,746	O	O
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+platform	756,764	O	O
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+deploying	769,778	O	B-Process
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+-	781,782	O	I-Process
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+,	788,789	O	I-Process
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+.	818,819	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221266781400121X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+paper	7,12	O	O
+we	13,15	O	O
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+an	24,26	O	O
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+-	56,57	O	I-Task
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+Sense	81,86	O	I-Task
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+.	111,112	O	O
+
+The	113,116	O	O
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+on	136,138	O	O
+the	139,142	O	O
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+to	179,181	O	O
+the	182,185	O	O
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+
+The	263,266	O	O
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+,	276,277	O	O
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+,	331,332	O	O
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+
+An	370,372	O	O
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+from	415,419	O	O
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+-	430,431	O	I-Process
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+.	483,484	O	O
+
+The	485,488	O	O
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+the	530,533	O	O
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+
+We	565,567	O	O
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+in	589,591	O	O
+the	592,595	O	O
+case	596,600	O	O
+of	601,603	O	O
+the	604,607	O	O
+disambiguation	608,622	O	B-Process
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+text	645,649	O	O
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+.	658,659	O	O
+
+In	660,662	O	O
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+the	672,675	O	O
+algorithm	676,685	O	O
+application	686,697	O	O
+expressed	698,707	O	O
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+in	720,722	O	O
+document	723,731	O	B-Task
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+.	747,748	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001245)
+
+Sentence	0,8	O	B-Task
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+for	40,43	O	O
+text	44,48	O	B-Task
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+been	72,76	O	O
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+many	87,91	O	O
+researchers	92,103	O	O
+and	104,107	O	O
+scholars	108,116	O	O
+of	117,119	O	O
+natural	120,127	O	B-Task
+language	128,136	O	I-Task
+processing	137,147	O	I-Task
+field	148,153	O	O
+.	153,154	O	O
+
+In	155,157	O	O
+this	158,162	O	O
+paper	163,168	O	O
+,	168,169	O	O
+we	170,172	O	O
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+that	190,194	O	O
+generates	195,204	O	B-Task
+sentence	205,213	O	I-Task
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+and	224,227	O	O
+applying	228,236	O	O
+in	237,239	O	O
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+
+Bayesian	300,308	O	B-Process
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+
+Experimental	417,429	O	O
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+
+that	463,467	O	O
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+in	498,500	O	O
+generating	501,511	O	B-Process
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+understandable	536,550	O	O
+,	550,551	O	O
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+.	580,581	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001294)
+
+Knowledge	0,9	O	B-Task
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+(	21,22	O	O
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+of	33,35	O	O
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+for	49,52	O	O
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+decade	74,80	O	O
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+
+In	82,84	O	O
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+,	95,96	O	O
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+of	108,110	O	O
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+Management	132,142	O	I-Process
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+,	169,170	O	O
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+,	207,208	O	O
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+
+In	231,233	O	O
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+,	244,245	O	O
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+-	379,380	O	O
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+
+To	417,419	O	O
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+,	462,463	O	O
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+-	500,501	O	I-Process
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+(	522,523	O	O
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+method	529,535	O	O
+and	536,539	O	O
+a	540,541	O	O
+hybrid	542,548	O	B-Process
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+approach	564,572	O	I-Process
+for	573,576	O	O
+Knowledge	577,586	O	B-Process
+Management	587,597	O	I-Process
+System	598,604	O	I-Process
+.	604,605	O	O
+
+Also	606,610	O	O
+,	610,611	O	O
+a	612,613	O	O
+real	614,618	O	B-Process
+-	618,619	O	I-Process
+life	619,623	O	I-Process
+system	624,630	O	I-Process
+is	631,633	O	O
+presented	634,643	O	O
+to	644,646	O	O
+verify	647,653	O	B-Task
+the	654,657	O	I-Task
+proposed	658,666	O	I-Task
+methodology	667,678	O	I-Task
+.	678,679	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001348)
+
+Some	0,4	O	O
+nonlinear	5,14	O	B-Process
+wave	15,19	O	I-Process
+equations	20,29	O	I-Process
+are	30,33	O	O
+more	34,38	O	O
+difficult	39,48	O	O
+to	49,51	O	O
+investigate	52,63	O	B-Task
+mathematically	64,78	O	I-Task
+,	78,79	O	O
+as	80,82	O	O
+no	83,85	O	O
+general	86,93	O	O
+analytical	94,104	O	B-Process
+method	105,111	O	I-Process
+for	112,115	O	O
+their	116,121	O	O
+solutions	122,131	O	O
+exists	132,138	O	O
+.	138,139	O	O
+
+The	140,143	O	O
+Exponential	144,155	O	B-Process
+Time	156,160	O	I-Process
+Differencing	161,173	O	I-Process
+(	174,175	O	O
+ETD	175,178	O	B-Process
+)	178,179	O	O
+technique	180,189	O	O
+requires	190,198	O	O
+minimum	199,206	O	B-Material
+stages	207,213	O	I-Material
+to	214,216	O	O
+obtain	217,223	O	O
+the	224,227	O	O
+requiredaccurateness	228,248	O	O
+,	248,249	O	O
+which	250,255	O	O
+suggests	256,264	O	O
+an	265,267	O	O
+efficient	268,277	O	O
+technique	278,287	O	O
+relatingto	288,298	O	O
+computational	299,312	O	B-Process
+duration	313,321	O	I-Process
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+nonlinear	385,394	O	I-Task
+wave	395,399	O	I-Task
+equations	400,409	O	I-Task
+.	409,410	O	O
+
+This	411,415	O	O
+article	416,423	O	O
+solves	424,430	O	B-Task
+the	431,434	O	I-Task
+diagonal	435,443	O	I-Task
+example	444,451	O	I-Task
+of	452,454	O	I-Task
+Kawahara	455,463	O	I-Task
+equation	464,472	O	I-Task
+via	473,476	O	O
+the	477,480	O	O
+ETD	481,484	O	B-Process
+Runge	485,490	O	I-Process
+-	490,491	O	I-Process
+Kutta	491,496	O	I-Process
+4	497,498	O	I-Process
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+.	508,509	O	O
+
+Implementation	510,524	O	O
+of	525,527	O	O
+this	528,532	O	O
+technique	533,542	O	O
+is	543,545	O	O
+proposed	546,554	O	O
+by	555,557	O	O
+short	558,563	O	O
+Matlab	564,570	O	B-Material
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+.	579,580	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001361)
+
+Contractor	0,10	O	B-Task
+selection	11,20	O	I-Task
+for	21,24	O	O
+a	25,26	O	O
+project	27,34	O	O
+is	35,37	O	O
+an	38,40	O	O
+important	41,50	O	O
+decision	51,59	O	O
+,	59,60	O	O
+one	61,64	O	O
+for	65,68	O	O
+the	69,72	O	O
+project	73,80	O	B-Material
+time	81,85	O	I-Material
+and	86,89	O	I-Material
+cost	90,94	O	I-Material
+,	94,95	O	O
+next	96,100	O	O
+for	101,104	O	O
+the	105,108	O	O
+quality	109,116	O	B-Material
+obtained	117,125	O	O
+by	126,128	O	O
+the	129,132	O	O
+project	133,140	O	O
+.	140,141	O	O
+
+Although	142,150	O	O
+the	151,154	O	O
+project	155,162	O	B-Material
+managers	163,171	O	I-Material
+can	172,175	O	O
+easily	176,182	O	O
+determine	183,192	O	B-Task
+the	193,196	O	I-Task
+project	197,204	O	I-Task
+time	205,209	O	I-Task
+and	210,213	O	I-Task
+cost	214,218	O	I-Task
+,	218,219	O	O
+the	220,223	O	O
+quality	224,231	O	O
+is	232,234	O	O
+usually	235,242	O	O
+undefined	243,252	O	O
+especially	253,263	O	O
+for	264,267	O	O
+un	268,270	O	B-Material
+-	270,271	O	I-Material
+experienced	271,282	O	I-Material
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+.	291,292	O	O
+
+With	293,297	O	O
+a	298,299	O	O
+learnable	300,309	O	B-Process
+property	310,318	O	I-Process
+,	318,319	O	O
+an	320,322	O	O
+approach	323,331	O	O
+is	332,334	O	O
+first	335,340	O	O
+introduced	341,351	O	O
+in	352,354	O	O
+this	355,359	O	O
+paper	360,365	O	O
+to	366,368	O	O
+quantify	369,377	O	B-Task
+the	378,381	O	I-Task
+quality	382,389	O	I-Task
+obtained	390,398	O	I-Task
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+a	403,404	O	I-Task
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+drilling	414,422	O	I-Task
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+.	430,431	O	O
+
+Then	432,436	O	O
+,	436,437	O	O
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+on	444,446	O	O
+these	447,452	O	O
+three	453,458	O	O
+objectives	459,469	O	B-Material
+(	470,471	O	B-Material
+time	471,475	O	I-Material
+,	475,476	O	O
+cost	477,481	O	B-Material
+,	481,482	O	O
+and	483,486	O	O
+quality	487,494	O	B-Material
+)	494,495	O	O
+,	495,496	O	O
+a	497,498	O	O
+contractor	499,509	O	B-Task
+selection	510,519	O	I-Task
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+is	528,530	O	O
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+to	541,543	O	O
+an	544,546	O	O
+optimization	547,559	O	B-Task
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+.	567,568	O	O
+
+Next	569,573	O	O
+,	573,574	O	O
+the	575,578	O	O
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+-	583,584	O	I-Process
+II	584,586	O	I-Process
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+is	597,599	O	O
+utilized	600,608	O	O
+for	609,612	O	O
+solution	613,621	O	O
+.	621,622	O	O
+
+At	623,625	O	O
+the	626,629	O	O
+end	630,633	O	O
+,	633,634	O	O
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+is	658,660	O	O
+performed	661,670	O	O
+to	671,673	O	O
+select	674,680	O	O
+the	681,684	O	O
+parameters	685,695	O	O
+of	696,698	O	O
+the	699,702	O	O
+algorithm	703,712	O	O
+.	712,713	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001397)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
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+,	13,14	O	O
+a	15,16	O	O
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+method	43,49	O	I-Process
+is	50,52	O	O
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+to	62,64	O	O
+calculate	65,74	O	B-Task
+the	75,78	O	I-Task
+Journal	79,86	O	I-Task
+Influence	87,96	O	I-Task
+Score	97,102	O	I-Task
+.	102,103	O	O
+
+This	104,108	O	O
+Influence	109,118	O	B-Process
+Score	119,124	O	I-Process
+is	125,127	O	O
+used	128,132	O	O
+to	133,135	O	O
+measure	136,143	O	B-Task
+the	144,147	O	I-Task
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+of	169,171	O	I-Task
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+.	190,191	O	O
+
+Journal	192,199	O	B-Process
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+Score	210,215	O	I-Process
+is	216,218	O	O
+calculated	219,229	O	O
+by	230,232	O	O
+using	233,238	O	B-Process
+various	239,246	O	I-Process
+factors	247,254	O	I-Process
+in	255,257	O	I-Process
+a	258,259	O	I-Process
+weighted	260,268	O	I-Process
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+.	275,276	O	O
+
+The	277,280	O	O
+Score	281,286	O	O
+is	287,289	O	O
+then	290,294	O	O
+compared	295,303	O	B-Task
+with	304,308	O	I-Task
+the	309,312	O	I-Task
+SCImago	313,320	O	I-Task
+Journal	321,328	O	I-Task
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+.	334,335	O	O
+
+The	336,339	O	O
+results	340,347	O	O
+show	348,352	O	O
+that	353,357	O	O
+the	358,361	O	O
+error	362,367	O	O
+is	368,370	O	O
+small	371,376	O	O
+between	377,384	O	O
+the	385,388	O	O
+existing	389,397	O	O
+and	398,401	O	O
+proposed	402,410	O	O
+methods	411,418	O	O
+,	418,419	O	O
+proving	420,427	O	O
+that	428,432	O	O
+the	433,436	O	O
+model	437,442	O	O
+is	443,445	O	O
+a	446,447	O	O
+feasible	448,456	O	O
+and	457,460	O	O
+effective	461,470	O	O
+way	471,474	O	O
+of	475,477	O	O
+calculating	478,489	O	B-Task
+scientific	490,500	O	I-Task
+impact	501,507	O	I-Task
+of	508,510	O	I-Task
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+.	519,520	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001440)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+we	15,17	O	O
+present	18,25	O	O
+a	26,27	O	O
+tele	28,32	O	B-Process
+-	32,33	O	I-Process
+operated	33,41	O	I-Process
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+.	86,87	O	O
+
+The	88,91	O	O
+robot	92,97	O	O
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+in	107,109	O	O
+autonomous	110,120	O	B-Process
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+in	126,128	O	O
+which	129,134	O	O
+the	135,138	O	O
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+in	156,158	O	I-Process
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+.	225,226	O	O
+
+If	227,229	O	O
+a	230,231	O	O
+patient	232,239	O	B-Material
+is	240,242	O	O
+lying	243,248	O	B-Process
+on	249,251	O	I-Process
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+,	261,262	O	O
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+the	281,284	O	I-Process
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+
+The	291,294	O	O
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+control	363,370	O	O
+.	370,371	O	O
+
+In	372,374	O	O
+the	375,378	O	O
+autonomous	379,389	O	B-Process
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+,	394,395	O	O
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+robot	400,405	O	B-Material
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+entire	462,468	O	O
+environment	469,480	O	O
+.	480,481	O	O
+
+The	482,485	O	O
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+,	514,515	O	O
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+to	555,557	O	O
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+the	575,578	O	O
+user	579,583	O	O
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+remote	587,593	O	B-Material
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+
+In	601,603	O	O
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+,	612,613	O	O
+the	614,617	O	O
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+
+The	685,688	O	O
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+show	726,730	O	O
+a	731,732	O	O
+good	733,737	O	O
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+.	749,750	O	O
+
+
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+
+Recently	0,8	O	O
+,	8,9	O	O
+a	10,11	O	O
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+as	83,85	O	O
+one	86,89	O	O
+of	90,92	O	O
+new	93,96	O	B-Task
+generation	97,107	O	I-Task
+network	108,115	O	I-Task
+technologies	116,128	O	I-Task
+.	128,129	O	O
+
+In	130,132	O	O
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+,	143,144	O	O
+in	145,147	O	O
+order	148,153	O	O
+to	154,156	O	O
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+the	164,167	O	O
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+changing	174,182	O	I-Task
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+,	218,219	O	O
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+path	295,299	O	I-Process
+betweenness	300,311	O	I-Process
+.	311,312	O	O
+
+In	313,315	O	O
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+,	335,336	O	O
+at	337,339	O	O
+first	340,345	O	O
+,	345,346	O	O
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+
+In	452,454	O	O
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+,	464,465	O	O
+the	466,469	O	O
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+.	590,591	O	O
+
+We	592,594	O	O
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+the	604,607	O	O
+performance	608,619	O	O
+of	620,622	O	O
+our	623,626	O	O
+proposed	627,635	O	O
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+with	643,647	O	O
+simulation	648,658	O	B-Process
+,	658,659	O	O
+and	660,663	O	O
+we	664,666	O	O
+show	667,671	O	O
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+effectiveness	676,689	O	O
+of	690,692	O	O
+our	693,696	O	O
+proposed	697,705	O	O
+method	706,712	O	O
+.	712,713	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001476)
+
+Security	0,8	O	O
+issues	9,15	O	O
+of	16,18	O	O
+data	19,23	O	B-Material
+hosted	24,30	O	O
+in	31,33	O	O
+a	34,35	O	O
+Cloud	36,41	O	B-Material
+Computing	42,51	O	I-Material
+provider	52,60	O	I-Material
+remain	61,67	O	O
+hidden	68,74	O	O
+seen	75,79	O	O
+excessive	80,89	O	B-Process
+marketing	90,99	O	I-Process
+that	100,104	O	O
+led	105,108	O	O
+to	109,111	O	O
+a	112,113	O	O
+totally	114,121	O	O
+unrealistic	122,133	O	O
+view	134,138	O	O
+of	139,141	O	O
+cloud	142,147	O	B-Task
+computing	148,157	O	I-Task
+security	158,166	O	I-Task
+.	166,167	O	O
+
+Although	168,176	O	O
+Cloud	177,182	O	B-Task
+Computing	183,192	O	I-Task
+has	193,196	O	O
+not	197,200	O	O
+yet	201,204	O	O
+reached	205,212	O	O
+the	213,216	O	O
+level	217,222	O	O
+of	223,225	O	O
+maturity	226,234	O	O
+expected	235,243	O	O
+by	244,246	O	O
+its	247,250	O	O
+customers	251,260	O	O
+,	260,261	O	O
+and	262,265	O	O
+that	266,270	O	O
+the	271,274	O	O
+problems	275,283	O	O
+of	284,286	O	O
+confidentiality	287,302	O	B-Process
+,	302,303	O	I-Process
+integrity	304,313	O	I-Process
+,	313,314	O	I-Process
+reliability	315,326	O	I-Process
+and	327,330	O	I-Process
+consistency	331,342	O	I-Process
+(	343,344	O	O
+CIRC	344,348	O	B-Process
+)	348,349	O	O
+are	350,353	O	O
+still	354,359	O	O
+open	360,364	O	O
+,	364,365	O	O
+the	366,369	O	O
+researchers	370,381	O	O
+in	382,384	O	O
+this	385,389	O	O
+field	390,395	O	O
+have	396,400	O	O
+already	401,408	O	O
+considered	409,419	O	O
+a	420,421	O	O
+future	422,428	O	B-Process
+cloud	429,434	O	I-Process
+strategy	435,443	O	I-Process
+which	444,449	O	O
+aims	450,454	O	O
+:	454,455	O	O
+a	456,457	O	O
+better	458,464	O	O
+QoS	465,468	O	O
+,	468,469	O	O
+reliability	470,481	O	O
+and	482,485	O	O
+high	486,490	O	O
+availability	491,503	O	O
+,	503,504	O	O
+it	505,507	O	O
+is	508,510	O	O
+the	511,514	O	O
+Multi	515,520	O	B-Process
+-	520,521	O	I-Process
+Clouds	521,527	O	I-Process
+,	527,528	O	O
+Cloud	529,534	O	B-Process
+of	535,537	O	I-Process
+Clouds	538,544	O	I-Process
+or	545,547	O	O
+Interclouds	548,559	O	B-Process
+.	559,560	O	O
+
+This	560,564	O	O
+paper	565,570	O	O
+will	571,575	O	O
+present	576,583	O	B-Task
+the	584,587	O	I-Task
+security	588,596	O	I-Task
+limitations	597,608	O	I-Task
+in	609,611	O	I-Task
+the	612,615	O	I-Task
+single	616,622	O	I-Task
+Cloud	623,628	O	I-Task
+and	629,632	O	O
+the	633,636	O	O
+usefulness	637,647	O	B-Task
+of	648,650	O	I-Task
+adopting	651,659	O	I-Task
+rather	660,666	O	I-Task
+Multi	667,672	O	I-Task
+-	672,673	O	I-Task
+Clouds	673,679	O	I-Task
+strategy	680,688	O	I-Task
+to	689,691	O	O
+reduce	692,698	O	O
+security	699,707	O	B-Process
+risks	708,713	O	I-Process
+,	713,714	O	O
+through	715,722	O	O
+the	723,726	O	O
+use	727,730	O	O
+of	731,733	O	O
+DepSky	734,740	O	B-Material
+which	741,746	O	O
+is	747,749	O	O
+a	750,751	O	O
+virtual	752,759	O	B-Material
+storage	760,767	O	I-Material
+system	768,774	O	I-Material
+that	775,779	O	O
+ensures	780,787	O	O
+better	788,794	O	B-Process
+availability	795,807	O	I-Process
+and	808,811	O	I-Process
+high	812,816	O	I-Process
+confidentiality	817,832	O	I-Process
+of	833,835	O	O
+data	836,840	O	O
+.	840,841	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212667814001488)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+paper	5,10	O	O
+presents	11,19	O	O
+general	20,27	O	O
+results	28,35	O	O
+on	36,38	O	O
+the	39,42	O	O
+Java	43,47	O	B-Task
+source	48,54	O	I-Task
+code	55,59	O	I-Task
+snippet	60,67	O	I-Task
+detection	68,77	O	I-Task
+problem	78,85	O	O
+.	85,86	O	O
+
+We	87,89	O	O
+propose	90,97	O	O
+the	98,101	O	O
+tool	102,106	O	O
+which	107,112	O	O
+uses	113,117	O	O
+graph	118,123	O	B-Process
+and	124,127	O	I-Process
+subgraph	128,136	O	I-Process
+isomorphism	137,148	O	I-Process
+detection	149,158	O	I-Process
+.	158,159	O	O
+
+A	160,161	O	O
+number	162,168	O	O
+of	169,171	O	O
+solutions	172,181	O	O
+for	182,185	O	O
+all	186,189	O	O
+of	190,192	O	O
+these	193,198	O	O
+tasks	199,204	O	O
+have	205,209	O	O
+been	210,214	O	O
+proposed	215,223	O	O
+in	224,226	O	O
+the	227,230	O	O
+literature	231,241	O	O
+.	241,242	O	O
+
+However	243,250	O	O
+,	250,251	O	O
+although	252,260	O	O
+that	261,265	O	O
+all	266,269	O	O
+these	270,275	O	O
+solutions	276,285	O	O
+are	286,289	O	O
+really	290,296	O	O
+fast	297,301	O	O
+,	301,302	O	O
+they	303,307	O	O
+compare	308,315	O	B-Process
+just	316,320	O	I-Process
+the	321,324	O	I-Process
+constant	325,333	O	I-Process
+static	334,340	O	I-Process
+trees	341,346	O	I-Process
+.	346,347	O	O
+
+Our	348,351	O	O
+solution	352,360	O	O
+offers	361,367	O	O
+to	368,370	O	O
+enter	371,376	O	B-Process
+an	377,379	O	I-Process
+input	380,385	O	I-Process
+sample	386,392	O	I-Process
+dynamically	393,404	O	I-Process
+with	405,409	O	O
+the	410,413	O	O
+Scripthon	414,423	O	B-Material
+language	424,432	O	I-Material
+while	433,438	O	O
+preserving	439,449	O	B-Process
+an	450,452	O	I-Process
+acceptable	453,463	O	I-Process
+speed	464,469	O	I-Process
+.	469,470	O	O
+
+We	471,473	O	O
+used	474,478	O	O
+several	479,486	O	B-Process
+optimizations	487,500	O	I-Process
+to	501,503	O	O
+achieve	504,511	O	O
+very	512,516	O	O
+low	517,520	O	O
+number	521,527	O	O
+of	528,530	O	O
+comparisons	531,542	O	B-Process
+during	543,549	O	O
+the	550,553	O	O
+matching	554,562	O	B-Process
+algorithm	563,572	O	I-Process
+.	572,573	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221266781400149X)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+adaptive	15,23	O	B-Task
+beamforming	24,35	O	I-Task
+techniques	36,46	O	I-Task
+for	47,50	O	O
+smart	51,56	O	B-Material
+antennas	57,65	O	I-Material
+based	66,71	O	O
+upon	72,76	O	O
+Least	77,82	O	B-Process
+Mean	83,87	O	I-Process
+Squares	88,95	O	I-Process
+(	96,97	O	O
+LMS	97,100	O	B-Process
+)	100,101	O	O
+,	101,102	O	O
+Sample	103,109	O	B-Process
+Matrix	110,116	O	I-Process
+Inversion	117,126	O	I-Process
+(	127,128	O	O
+SMI	128,131	O	B-Process
+)	131,132	O	O
+,	132,133	O	O
+Recursive	134,143	O	B-Process
+Least	144,149	O	I-Process
+Squares	150,157	O	I-Process
+(	158,159	O	O
+RLS	159,162	O	B-Process
+)	162,163	O	O
+and	164,167	O	O
+Conjugate	168,177	O	B-Process
+Gradient	178,186	O	I-Process
+Method	187,193	O	I-Process
+(	194,195	O	O
+CGM	195,198	O	B-Process
+)	198,199	O	O
+are	200,203	O	O
+discussed	204,213	O	B-Task
+and	214,217	O	I-Task
+analyzed	218,226	O	I-Task
+.	226,227	O	O
+
+The	228,231	O	O
+beamforming	232,243	O	B-Process
+performance	244,255	O	I-Process
+is	256,258	O	O
+studied	259,266	O	O
+by	267,269	O	O
+varying	270,277	O	B-Process
+the	278,281	O	I-Process
+element	282,289	O	I-Process
+spacing	290,297	O	I-Process
+and	298,301	O	I-Process
+the	302,305	O	I-Process
+number	306,312	O	I-Process
+of	313,315	O	I-Process
+antenna	316,323	O	I-Process
+array	324,329	O	I-Process
+elements	330,338	O	I-Process
+for	339,342	O	O
+each	343,347	O	O
+algorithm	348,357	O	B-Material
+.	357,358	O	O
+
+These	359,364	O	O
+four	365,369	O	O
+algorithms	370,380	O	B-Material
+are	381,384	O	O
+compared	385,393	O	O
+for	394,397	O	O
+their	398,403	O	O
+rate	404,408	O	B-Process
+of	409,411	O	I-Process
+convergence	412,423	O	I-Process
+,	423,424	O	O
+beamforming	425,436	O	B-Process
+and	437,440	O	O
+null	441,445	O	B-Process
+steering	446,454	O	I-Process
+performance	455,466	O	I-Process
+(	467,468	O	O
+beamwidth	468,477	O	B-Process
+,	477,478	O	O
+null	479,483	O	B-Process
+depths	484,490	O	I-Process
+and	491,494	O	O
+maximum	495,502	O	B-Process
+side	503,507	O	I-Process
+lobe	508,512	O	I-Process
+level	513,518	O	I-Process
+)	518,519	O	O
+.	519,520	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000121)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+this	3,7	O	O
+paper	8,13	O	O
+,	13,14	O	O
+three	15,20	O	B-Task
+different	21,30	O	I-Task
+approaches	31,41	O	I-Task
+for	42,45	O	O
+implementing	46,58	O	B-Task
+a	59,60	O	I-Task
+quantum	61,68	O	I-Task
+search	69,75	O	I-Task
+algorithm	76,85	O	I-Task
+by	86,88	O	I-Task
+adiabatic	89,98	O	I-Task
+evolution	99,108	O	I-Task
+are	109,112	O	O
+shown	113,118	O	O
+.	118,119	O	O
+
+As	120,122	O	O
+expected	123,131	O	O
+,	131,132	O	O
+either	133,139	O	O
+one	140,143	O	O
+of	144,146	O	O
+them	147,151	O	O
+can	152,155	O	O
+provide	156,163	O	O
+a	164,165	O	O
+quadratic	166,175	O	B-Process
+speed	176,181	O	I-Process
+up	182,184	O	I-Process
+as	185,187	O	O
+opposed	188,195	O	O
+to	196,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+classical	203,212	O	B-Process
+search	213,219	O	I-Process
+algorithm	220,229	O	I-Process
+.	229,230	O	O
+
+This	231,235	O	O
+implies	236,243	O	O
+that	244,248	O	O
+adiabatic	249,258	O	B-Process
+evolution	259,268	O	I-Process
+based	269,274	O	O
+quantum	275,282	O	B-Task
+computation	283,294	O	I-Task
+gives	295,300	O	O
+more	301,305	O	O
+feasibilities	306,319	O	B-Material
+than	320,324	O	O
+the	325,328	O	O
+quantum	329,336	O	B-Process
+circuit	337,344	O	I-Process
+model	345,350	O	I-Process
+,	350,351	O	O
+although	352,360	O	O
+the	361,364	O	O
+equivalence	365,376	O	O
+between	377,384	O	O
+them	385,389	O	O
+has	390,393	O	O
+already	394,401	O	O
+been	402,406	O	O
+proven	407,413	O	O
+in	414,416	O	O
+the	417,420	O	O
+corresponding	421,434	O	O
+literature	435,445	O	O
+.	445,446	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000613)
+
+Video	0,5	O	B-Process
+-	5,6	O	I-Process
+oculography	6,17	O	I-Process
+(	18,19	O	O
+VOG	19,22	O	B-Process
+)	22,23	O	O
+is	24,26	O	O
+one	27,30	O	O
+of	31,33	O	O
+eye	34,37	O	B-Process
+movement	38,46	O	I-Process
+measurement	47,58	O	I-Process
+methods	59,66	O	I-Process
+.	66,67	O	O
+
+A	68,69	O	O
+key	70,73	O	O
+problem	74,81	O	O
+of	82,84	O	O
+VOG	85,88	O	B-Process
+is	89,91	O	O
+to	92,94	O	O
+accurately	95,105	O	B-Task
+estimate	106,114	O	I-Task
+the	115,118	O	I-Task
+pupil	119,124	O	I-Task
+center	125,131	O	I-Task
+.	131,132	O	O
+
+Then	133,137	O	O
+a	138,139	O	O
+pupil	140,145	O	B-Process
+location	146,154	O	I-Process
+method	155,161	O	I-Process
+based	162,167	O	O
+on	168,170	O	O
+morphology	171,181	O	B-Process
+and	182,185	O	O
+Canny	186,191	O	B-Process
+algorithm	192,201	O	I-Process
+was	202,205	O	O
+proposed	206,214	O	O
+for	215,218	O	O
+a	219,220	O	O
+WIFI	221,225	O	B-Process
+-	225,226	O	I-Process
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+system	236,242	O	I-Process
+which	243,248	O	O
+was	249,252	O	O
+developed	253,262	O	O
+our	263,266	O	O
+latest	267,273	O	O
+work	274,278	O	O
+.	278,279	O	O
+
+Moreover	280,288	O	O
+,	288,289	O	O
+a	290,291	O	O
+healthy	292,299	O	B-Material
+volunteer	300,309	O	I-Material
+was	310,313	O	O
+introduced	314,324	O	O
+to	325,327	O	O
+do	328,330	O	O
+sinusoidal	331,341	O	B-Task
+tracking	342,350	O	I-Task
+test	351,355	O	I-Task
+to	356,358	O	O
+evaluate	359,367	O	B-Task
+the	368,371	O	I-Task
+pupil	372,377	O	I-Task
+location	378,386	O	I-Task
+method	387,393	O	I-Task
+.	393,394	O	O
+
+Experimental	395,407	O	O
+results	408,415	O	O
+showed	416,422	O	O
+that	423,427	O	O
+the	428,431	O	O
+method	432,438	O	O
+could	439,444	O	O
+well	445,449	O	O
+trace	450,455	O	B-Process
+eye	456,459	O	I-Process
+movement	460,468	O	I-Process
+and	469,472	O	O
+meet	473,477	O	O
+the	478,481	O	O
+anticipated	482,493	O	O
+results	494,501	O	O
+with	502,506	O	O
+stimulation	507,518	O	B-Process
+.	518,519	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000637)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+Hamiltonian	4,15	O	B-Process
+approach	16,24	O	I-Process
+and	25,28	O	O
+the	29,32	O	O
+variational	33,44	O	B-Process
+approach	45,53	O	I-Process
+are	54,57	O	O
+utilized	58,66	O	O
+to	67,69	O	O
+treat	70,75	O	B-Task
+the	76,79	O	I-Task
+relativistic	80,92	O	I-Task
+harmonic	93,101	O	I-Task
+oscillator	102,112	O	I-Task
+for	113,116	O	O
+the	117,120	O	O
+amplitude	121,130	O	B-Process
+-	130,131	O	I-Process
+frequency	131,140	O	I-Process
+relationship	141,153	O	I-Process
+.	153,154	O	O
+
+The	155,158	O	O
+nice	159,163	O	O
+reliability	164,175	O	O
+is	176,178	O	O
+shown	179,184	O	O
+by	185,187	O	O
+the	188,191	O	O
+result	192,198	O	B-Process
+comparison	199,209	O	I-Process
+with	210,214	O	O
+that	215,219	O	O
+from	220,224	O	O
+open	225,229	O	B-Material
+literature	230,240	O	I-Material
+.	240,241	O	O
+
+The	242,245	O	O
+simplicity	246,256	O	O
+and	257,260	O	O
+efficiency	261,271	O	O
+of	272,274	O	O
+the	275,278	O	O
+methods	279,286	O	O
+are	287,290	O	O
+also	291,295	O	O
+disclosed	296,305	O	O
+for	306,309	O	O
+different	310,319	O	O
+range	320,325	O	O
+of	326,328	O	O
+the	329,332	O	O
+initial	333,340	O	B-Process
+amplitude	341,350	O	I-Process
+during	351,357	O	O
+looking	358,365	O	O
+for	366,369	O	O
+the	370,373	O	O
+amplitude	374,383	O	B-Process
+-	383,384	O	I-Process
+frequency	384,393	O	I-Process
+relationship	394,406	O	I-Process
+for	407,410	O	O
+the	411,414	O	O
+nonlinear	415,424	O	B-Process
+relativistic	425,437	O	I-Process
+harmonic	438,446	O	I-Process
+oscillator	447,457	O	I-Process
+.	457,458	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000686)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+paper	5,10	O	O
+make	11,15	O	O
+the	16,19	O	O
+explained	20,29	O	O
+variables	30,39	O	O
+our	40,43	O	O
+financial	44,53	O	B-Process
+stress	54,60	O	I-Process
+index	61,66	O	I-Process
+consist	67,74	O	O
+of	75,77	O	O
+the	78,81	O	O
+synchronous	82,93	O	B-Process
+variables	94,103	O	I-Process
+financial	104,113	O	I-Process
+systemic	114,122	O	I-Process
+risk	123,127	O	I-Process
+,	127,128	O	O
+and	129,132	O	O
+make	133,137	O	O
+the	138,141	O	O
+explanatory	142,153	O	O
+variables	154,163	O	O
+the	164,167	O	O
+macroeconomic	168,181	O	B-Process
+variable	182,190	O	I-Process
+,	190,191	O	O
+currency	192,200	O	B-Process
+credit	201,207	O	I-Process
+variable	208,216	O	I-Process
+,	216,217	O	O
+asset	218,223	O	B-Process
+price	224,229	O	I-Process
+variable	230,238	O	I-Process
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+the	243,246	O	O
+macroeconomic	247,260	O	B-Process
+variable	261,269	O	I-Process
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+economic	285,293	O	I-Process
+powers	294,300	O	I-Process
+,	300,301	O	O
+then	302,306	O	O
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+to	338,340	O	O
+establish	341,350	O	B-Task
+the	351,354	O	I-Task
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+risk	374,378	O	I-Task
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+predict	384,391	O	I-Task
+equation	392,400	O	I-Task
+,	400,401	O	O
+thus	402,406	O	O
+set	407,410	O	B-Task
+up	411,413	O	I-Task
+the	414,417	O	I-Task
+reasonable	418,428	O	I-Task
+and	429,432	O	I-Task
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+-	472,473	O	I-Task
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+,	502,503	O	O
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+the	547,550	O	O
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+risk	570,574	O	O
+status	575,581	O	O
+in	582,584	O	O
+2011	585,589	O	O
+.	589,590	O	O
+
+The	591,594	O	O
+predicted	595,604	O	O
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+show	613,617	O	O
+that	618,622	O	O
+Chinese	623,630	O	O
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+systemic	641,649	O	O
+risk	650,654	O	O
+is	655,657	O	O
+on	658,660	O	O
+the	661,664	O	O
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+in	670,672	O	O
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+first	677,682	O	O
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+quarters	689,697	O	O
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+higher	702,708	O	O
+than	709,713	O	O
+the	714,717	O	O
+peak	718,722	O	O
+of	723,725	O	O
+2008	726,730	O	O
+;	730,731	O	O
+financial	732,741	O	O
+systemic	742,750	O	O
+risk	751,755	O	O
+start	756,761	O	O
+to	762,764	O	O
+decline	765,772	O	O
+since	773,778	O	O
+the	779,782	O	O
+fourth	783,789	O	O
+quarter	790,797	O	O
+.	797,798	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000698)
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+In	0,2	O	O
+Obstacle	3,11	O	B-Task
+detection	12,21	O	I-Task
+is	22,24	O	O
+based	25,30	O	O
+on	31,33	O	O
+inverse	34,41	O	B-Process
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+mapping	54,61	O	I-Process
+and	62,65	O	I-Process
+homography	66,76	O	I-Process
+.	76,77	O	O
+
+Obstacle	78,86	O	B-Task
+classification	87,101	O	I-Task
+is	102,104	O	O
+based	105,110	O	O
+on	111,113	O	O
+fuzzy	114,119	O	B-Process
+neural	120,126	O	I-Process
+network	127,134	O	I-Process
+.	134,135	O	O
+
+The	136,139	O	O
+estimation	140,150	O	B-Task
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+point	168,173	O	I-Task
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+on	181,183	O	O
+feature	184,191	O	B-Process
+extraction	192,202	O	I-Process
+strategy	203,211	O	I-Process
+.	211,212	O	O
+
+The	213,216	O	O
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+the	233,236	O	O
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+between	259,266	O	O
+the	267,270	O	O
+elements	271,279	O	B-Material
+in	280,282	O	O
+the	283,286	O	O
+scene	287,292	O	B-Material
+so	293,295	O	O
+that	296,300	O	O
+obstacle	301,309	O	B-Material
+can	310,313	O	O
+be	314,316	O	O
+detected	317,325	O	B-Process
+.	325,326	O	O
+
+The	327,330	O	O
+estimated	331,340	O	B-Process
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+of	352,354	O	O
+the	355,358	O	O
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+for	404,407	O	O
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+.	423,424	O	O
+
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+-	607,608	O	I-Process
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+classification	640,654	O	B-Process
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+
+It	667,669	O	O
+is	670,672	O	O
+shown	673,678	O	O
+that	679,683	O	O
+the	684,687	O	O
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+achieve	699,706	O	O
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+classification	714,728	O	B-Process
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+.	735,736	O	O
+
+
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+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+,	43,44	O	O
+which	45,50	O	O
+is	51,53	O	O
+often	54,59	O	O
+in	60,62	O	O
+a	63,64	O	O
+state	65,70	O	O
+of	71,73	O	O
+light	74,79	O	B-Process
+load	80,84	O	I-Process
+.	84,85	O	O
+
+Reducing	86,94	O	B-Process
+a	95,96	O	I-Process
+certain	97,104	O	I-Process
+voltage	105,112	O	I-Process
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+the	160,163	O	I-Process
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+pumping	169,176	O	I-Process
+unit	177,181	O	I-Process
+when	182,186	O	O
+in	187,189	O	O
+light	190,195	O	B-Process
+load	196,200	O	I-Process
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+
+can	205,208	O	O
+change	209,215	O	B-Process
+the	216,219	O	I-Process
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+.	267,268	O	O
+
+It	269,271	O	O
+is	272,274	O	O
+complex	275,282	O	O
+and	283,286	O	O
+unacceptable	287,299	O	O
+to	300,302	O	O
+analyze	303,310	O	B-Process
+the	311,314	O	I-Process
+change	315,321	O	I-Process
+of	322,324	O	I-Process
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+of	336,338	O	I-Process
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+.	355,356	O	O
+
+So	357,359	O	O
+we	360,362	O	O
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+divide	367,373	O	B-Process
+the	374,377	O	I-Process
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+the	386,389	O	O
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+into	402,406	O	O
+several	407,414	O	O
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+,	426,427	O	O
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+of	448,450	O	O
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+a	454,455	O	O
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+.	469,470	O	O
+
+The	471,474	O	O
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+optimal	480,487	O	B-Process
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+the	500,503	O	O
+current	504,511	O	B-Process
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+
+When	557,561	O	O
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+load	567,571	O	O
+is	572,574	O	O
+in	575,577	O	O
+the	578,581	O	O
+most	582,586	O	O
+optimal	587,594	O	B-Process
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+,	602,603	O	O
+we	604,606	O	O
+can	607,610	O	O
+get	611,614	O	O
+the	615,618	O	O
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+
+Then	658,662	O	O
+it	663,665	O	O
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+the	675,678	O	O
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+of	686,688	O	O
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+.	702,703	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612000716)
+
+Based	0,5	O	O
+on	6,8	O	O
+the	9,12	O	O
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+model	25,30	O	I-Process
+of	31,33	O	O
+object	34,40	O	B-Process
+-	40,41	O	I-Process
+orientation	41,52	O	I-Process
+-	52,53	O	I-Process
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+in	78,80	O	O
+two	81,84	O	B-Material
+-	84,85	O	I-Material
+dimensional	85,96	O	I-Material
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+,	102,103	O	O
+the	104,107	O	O
+description	108,119	O	B-Task
+mode	120,124	O	I-Task
+of	125,127	O	I-Task
+object	128,134	O	I-Task
+-	134,135	O	I-Task
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+-	146,147	O	I-Task
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+in	172,174	O	I-Task
+three	175,180	O	I-Task
+-	180,181	O	I-Task
+dimensional	181,192	O	I-Task
+space	193,198	O	I-Task
+is	199,201	O	I-Task
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+.	210,211	O	O
+
+The	212,215	O	O
+basic	216,221	O	O
+idea	222,226	O	O
+is	227,229	O	O
+that	230,234	O	O
+the	235,238	O	O
+actual	239,245	O	O
+direction	246,255	O	B-Process
+region	256,262	O	I-Process
+is	263,265	O	O
+modeled	266,273	O	O
+as	274,276	O	O
+an	277,279	O	O
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+.	290,291	O	O
+
+The	292,295	O	O
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+related	308,315	O	O
+to	316,318	O	O
+the	319,322	O	O
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+of	338,340	O	O
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+,	379,380	O	O
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+
+The	536,539	O	O
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+.	732,733	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001163)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
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+deals	10,15	O	O
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+the	21,24	O	O
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+of	37,39	O	I-Task
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+network	53,60	O	I-Task
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+.	94,95	O	O
+
+Knowledge	96,105	O	O
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+component	113,122	O	B-Process
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+parameters	135,145	O	I-Process
+in	146,148	O	O
+power	149,154	O	B-Material
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+-	233,234	O	I-Process
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+
+Component	263,272	O	B-Process
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+parameters	285,295	O	I-Process
+are	296,299	O	O
+possible	300,308	O	O
+to	309,311	O	O
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+with	326,330	O	O
+accurate	331,339	O	B-Material
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+of	350,352	O	I-Material
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+
+Such	377,381	O	O
+a	382,383	O	O
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+records	402,409	O	B-Process
+of	410,412	O	I-Process
+outages	413,420	O	I-Process
+and	421,424	O	I-Process
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+in	439,441	O	O
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+.	456,457	O	O
+
+It	458,460	O	O
+is	461,463	O	O
+impossible	464,474	O	O
+to	475,477	O	O
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+reliability	487,498	O	I-Process
+parameters	499,509	O	I-Process
+from	510,514	O	O
+this	515,519	O	O
+data	520,524	O	B-Material
+in	525,527	O	O
+a	528,529	O	O
+direct	530,536	O	O
+way	537,540	O	O
+because	541,548	O	O
+of	549,551	O	O
+heterogeneity	552,565	O	B-Process
+.	565,566	O	O
+
+In	567,569	O	O
+this	570,574	O	O
+paper	575,580	O	O
+,	580,581	O	O
+we	582,584	O	O
+introduce	585,594	O	B-Task
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+calculations	621,633	O	I-Task
+.	633,634	O	O
+
+We	635,637	O	O
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+in	709,711	O	O
+the	712,715	O	O
+Czech	716,721	O	O
+and	722,725	O	O
+Slovak	726,732	O	O
+republics	733,742	O	O
+.	742,743	O	O
+
+There	744,749	O	O
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+results	766,773	O	O
+.	773,774	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001291)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
+the	3,6	O	O
+paper	7,12	O	O
+we	13,15	O	O
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+a	24,25	O	O
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+to	49,51	O	I-Task
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+liquid	60,66	O	I-Task
+state	67,72	O	I-Task
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+-	78,79	O	I-Material
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+-	115,116	O	I-Process
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+-	143,144	O	I-Process
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+.	159,160	O	O
+
+Given	161,166	O	O
+that	167,171	O	O
+,	171,172	O	O
+we	173,175	O	O
+determine	176,185	O	B-Task
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+(	252,253	O	O
+wt	253,255	O	B-Material
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+)	257,258	O	O
+of	259,261	O	O
+the	262,265	O	O
+certain	266,273	O	O
+alloys	274,280	O	B-Material
+and	281,284	O	O
+their	285,290	O	O
+elements	291,299	O	O
+.	299,300	O	O
+
+Subsequently	301,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	O
+paper	318,323	O	O
+introduces	324,334	O	O
+an	335,337	O	O
+application	338,349	O	B-Task
+of	350,352	O	I-Task
+methodology	353,364	O	I-Task
+of	365,367	O	I-Task
+research	368,376	O	I-Task
+for	377,380	O	O
+establishing	381,393	O	O
+characteristic	394,408	O	B-Task
+of	409,411	O	I-Task
+holding	412,419	O	I-Task
+furnace	420,427	O	I-Task
+.	427,428	O	O
+
+The	429,432	O	O
+application	433,444	O	O
+was	445,448	O	O
+realized	449,457	O	O
+under	458,463	O	O
+real	464,468	O	B-Process
+conditions	469,479	O	I-Process
+in	480,482	O	O
+foundry	483,490	O	B-Material
+that	491,495	O	O
+uses	496,500	O	O
+horizontal	501,511	O	B-Material
+cold	512,516	O	I-Material
+chamber	517,524	O	I-Material
+machine	525,532	O	I-Material
+CLH	533,536	O	B-Material
+400.1	537,542	O	I-Material
+.	542,543	O	O
+
+The	544,547	O	O
+chemical	548,556	O	B-Process
+analysis	557,565	O	I-Process
+was	566,569	O	O
+performed	570,579	O	O
+by	580,582	O	O
+spectrophotometer	583,600	O	B-Material
+SPECTROLAB	601,611	O	B-Material
+JR.CCD	612,618	O	I-Material
+2000	619,623	O	I-Material
+.	623,624	O	O
+
+Finally	625,632	O	O
+the	633,636	O	O
+last	637,641	O	O
+part	642,646	O	O
+of	647,649	O	O
+the	650,653	O	O
+paper	654,659	O	O
+lists	660,665	O	O
+overall	666,673	O	O
+findings	674,682	O	O
+with	683,687	O	O
+possible	688,696	O	O
+future	697,703	O	O
+direction	704,713	O	O
+to	714,716	O	O
+extend	717,723	O	B-Task
+this	724,728	O	I-Task
+methodology	729,740	O	I-Task
+in	741,743	O	I-Task
+practice	744,752	O	I-Task
+.	752,753	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001497)
+
+Our	0,3	O	O
+country	4,11	O	O
+is	12,14	O	O
+rich	15,19	O	O
+of	20,22	O	O
+line	23,27	O	B-Process
+galloping	28,37	O	I-Process
+,	37,38	O	O
+there	39,44	O	O
+are	45,48	O	O
+many	49,53	O	O
+important	54,63	O	O
+galloping	64,73	O	B-Material
+data	74,78	O	I-Material
+failed	79,85	O	O
+to	86,88	O	O
+collect	89,96	O	B-Task
+systematically	97,111	O	I-Task
+and	112,115	O	I-Task
+completely	116,126	O	I-Task
+because	127,134	O	O
+there	135,140	O	O
+is	141,143	O	O
+no	144,146	O	O
+unified	147,154	O	B-Process
+management	155,165	O	I-Process
+platform	166,174	O	I-Process
+.	174,175	O	O
+
+After	176,181	O	O
+the	182,185	O	O
+galloping	186,195	O	B-Process
+occurrence	196,206	O	I-Process
+in	207,209	O	O
+2009–2010	210,219	O	O
+'s	219,221	O	O
+winter	222,228	O	O
+the	229,232	O	O
+department	233,243	O	O
+of	244,246	O	O
+productive	247,257	O	O
+of	258,260	O	O
+the	261,264	O	O
+State	265,270	O	O
+Grid	271,275	O	O
+Corporation	276,287	O	O
+organized	288,297	O	O
+a	298,299	O	O
+lot	300,303	O	O
+of	304,306	O	O
+human	307,312	O	O
+to	313,315	O	O
+carry	316,321	O	B-Process
+out	322,325	O	I-Process
+the	326,329	O	I-Process
+research	330,338	O	I-Process
+of	339,341	O	I-Process
+galloping	342,351	O	I-Process
+information	352,363	O	I-Process
+,	363,364	O	I-Process
+this	365,369	O	O
+work	370,374	O	O
+is	375,377	O	O
+time	378,382	O	O
+–	382,383	O	O
+consuming	383,392	O	O
+and	393,396	O	O
+inefficient	397,408	O	O
+.	408,409	O	O
+
+The	410,413	O	O
+State	414,419	O	O
+Grid	420,424	O	O
+Corporation	425,436	O	O
+has	437,440	O	O
+used	441,445	O	O
+the	446,449	O	O
+production	450,460	O	B-Material
+management	461,471	O	I-Material
+system	472,478	O	I-Material
+(	479,480	O	O
+PMS	480,483	O	B-Material
+)	483,484	O	O
+which	485,490	O	O
+is	491,493	O	O
+a	494,495	O	O
+powerful	496,504	O	O
+and	505,508	O	O
+easy	509,513	O	O
+to	514,516	O	O
+use	517,520	O	O
+.	520,521	O	O
+
+With	522,526	O	O
+the	527,530	O	O
+help	531,535	O	O
+of	536,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+system	543,549	O	O
+we	550,552	O	O
+can	553,556	O	O
+create	557,563	O	B-Task
+a	564,565	O	I-Task
+galloping	566,575	O	I-Task
+database	576,584	O	I-Task
+which	585,590	O	O
+can	591,594	O	O
+save	595,599	O	B-Process
+resources	600,609	O	I-Process
+and	610,613	O	I-Process
+storage	614,621	O	I-Process
+the	622,625	O	I-Process
+galloping	626,635	O	I-Process
+data	636,640	O	I-Process
+.	640,641	O	O
+
+To	642,644	O	O
+build	645,650	O	O
+and	651,654	O	O
+put	655,658	O	O
+it	659,661	O	O
+into	662,666	O	O
+application	667,678	O	B-Process
+of	679,681	O	I-Process
+database	682,690	O	I-Process
+can	691,694	O	O
+provide	695,702	O	O
+technical	703,712	O	B-Process
+support	713,720	O	I-Process
+for	721,724	O	O
+line	725,729	O	B-Process
+galloping	730,739	O	I-Process
+prevention	740,750	O	I-Process
+and	751,754	O	O
+galloping	755,764	O	B-Process
+research	765,773	O	I-Process
+work	774,778	O	I-Process
+.	778,779	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001618)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+paper	5,10	O	O
+presents	11,19	O	O
+a	20,21	O	O
+non	22,25	O	B-Process
+-	25,26	O	I-Process
+fragile	26,33	O	I-Process
+controller	34,44	O	I-Process
+design	45,51	O	I-Process
+method	52,58	O	I-Process
+based	59,64	O	O
+on	65,67	O	O
+system	68,74	O	B-Process
+quadratic	75,84	O	I-Process
+performance	85,96	O	I-Process
+optimization	97,109	O	I-Process
+.	109,110	O	O
+
+For	111,114	O	O
+the	115,118	O	O
+additive	119,127	O	B-Process
+controller	128,138	O	I-Process
+gain	139,143	O	I-Process
+variations	144,154	O	I-Process
+,	154,155	O	O
+the	156,159	O	O
+necessary	160,169	O	O
+and	170,173	O	O
+sufficient	174,184	O	O
+conditions	185,195	O	O
+for	196,199	O	O
+the	200,203	O	O
+existence	204,213	O	O
+of	214,216	O	O
+non	217,220	O	B-Process
+-	220,221	O	I-Process
+fragile	221,228	O	I-Process
+state	229,234	O	I-Process
+feedback	235,243	O	I-Process
+controller	244,254	O	I-Process
+are	255,258	O	O
+given	259,264	O	O
+and	265,268	O	O
+transformed	269,280	O	B-Process
+to	281,283	O	O
+the	284,287	O	O
+LMI	288,291	O	B-Task
+problems	292,300	O	I-Task
+,	300,301	O	O
+which	302,307	O	O
+simplifies	308,318	O	B-Process
+the	319,322	O	I-Process
+solutions	323,332	O	I-Process
+to	333,335	O	O
+obtain	336,342	O	O
+non	343,346	O	B-Process
+-	346,347	O	I-Process
+fragile	347,354	O	I-Process
+state	355,360	O	I-Process
+feedback	361,369	O	I-Process
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+.	381,382	O	O
+
+The	383,386	O	O
+flight	387,393	O	B-Process
+control	394,401	O	I-Process
+simulation	402,412	O	I-Process
+results	413,420	O	O
+prove	421,426	O	O
+the	427,430	O	O
+reliability	431,442	O	O
+and	443,446	O	O
+validity	447,455	O	O
+of	456,458	O	O
+the	459,462	O	O
+method	463,469	O	O
+.	469,470	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221267161200162X)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+fuzzy	2,7	O	B-Task
+-	7,8	O	I-Task
+Hammerstein	8,19	O	I-Task
+model	20,25	O	I-Task
+predictive	26,36	O	I-Task
+control	37,44	O	I-Task
+method	45,51	O	I-Task
+is	52,54	O	O
+proposed	55,63	O	O
+for	64,67	O	O
+a	68,69	O	O
+continuous	70,80	O	B-Material
+stirred	81,88	O	I-Material
+-	88,89	O	I-Material
+tank	89,93	O	I-Material
+reactor	94,101	O	I-Material
+(	102,103	O	O
+CSTR	103,107	O	B-Material
+)	107,108	O	O
+.	108,109	O	O
+
+In	110,112	O	O
+this	113,117	O	O
+paper	118,123	O	O
+T	124,125	O	B-Process
+-	125,126	O	I-Process
+S	126,127	O	I-Process
+fuzzy	128,133	O	I-Process
+model	134,139	O	I-Process
+is	140,142	O	O
+used	143,147	O	O
+to	148,150	O	O
+approximate	151,162	O	O
+the	163,166	O	O
+static	167,173	O	B-Task
+nonlinear	174,183	O	I-Task
+characteristics	184,199	O	I-Task
+of	200,202	O	I-Task
+Hammerstein	203,214	O	I-Task
+model	215,220	O	I-Task
+,	220,221	O	O
+and	222,225	O	O
+a	226,227	O	O
+linear	228,234	O	B-Process
+autoregressive	235,249	O	I-Process
+model	250,255	O	I-Process
+is	256,258	O	O
+used	259,263	O	O
+to	264,266	O	O
+solve	267,272	O	O
+the	273,276	O	O
+results	277,284	O	O
+of	285,287	O	O
+optimal	288,295	O	B-Process
+control	296,303	O	I-Process
+.	303,304	O	O
+
+The	305,308	O	O
+designed	309,317	O	O
+nonlinear	318,327	O	B-Process
+predictive	328,338	O	I-Process
+controller	339,349	O	I-Process
+using	350,355	O	O
+Hammerstein	356,367	O	B-Process
+model	368,373	O	I-Process
+make	374,378	O	O
+good	379,383	O	O
+use	384,387	O	O
+of	388,390	O	O
+the	391,394	O	O
+ability	395,402	O	O
+of	403,405	O	O
+universal	406,415	O	B-Process
+approach	416,424	O	I-Process
+nonlinear	425,434	O	I-Process
+of	435,437	O	O
+T	438,439	O	B-Process
+-	439,440	O	I-Process
+S	440,441	O	I-Process
+model	442,447	O	I-Process
+,	447,448	O	O
+and	449,452	O	O
+divide	453,459	O	O
+the	460,463	O	O
+question	464,472	O	O
+of	473,475	O	O
+nonlinear	476,485	O	B-Process
+predictive	486,496	O	I-Process
+control	497,504	O	I-Process
+into	505,509	O	O
+the	510,513	O	O
+nonlinear	514,523	O	B-Process
+model	524,529	O	I-Process
+recongnization	530,544	O	I-Process
+and	545,548	O	O
+the	549,552	O	O
+question	553,561	O	O
+of	562,564	O	O
+linear	565,571	O	B-Process
+predictive	572,582	O	I-Process
+control	583,590	O	I-Process
+.	590,591	O	O
+
+The	592,595	O	O
+application	596,607	O	O
+results	608,615	O	O
+of	616,618	O	O
+CSTR	619,623	O	B-Process
+process	624,631	O	I-Process
+show	632,636	O	O
+the	637,640	O	O
+proposed	641,649	O	O
+control	650,657	O	B-Process
+method	658,664	O	I-Process
+has	665,668	O	O
+good	669,673	O	O
+control	674,681	O	O
+performance	682,693	O	O
+compared	694,702	O	O
+to	703,705	O	O
+PID	706,709	O	B-Material
+controller	710,720	O	I-Material
+.	720,721	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001692)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+key	4,7	O	O
+point	8,13	O	O
+of	14,16	O	O
+robot	17,22	O	B-Task
+dynamics	23,31	O	I-Task
+is	32,34	O	O
+optimal	35,42	O	O
+design	43,49	O	O
+and	50,53	O	O
+control	54,61	O	O
+.	61,62	O	O
+
+The	63,66	O	O
+efficiency	67,77	O	B-Task
+of	78,80	O	I-Task
+robot	81,86	O	I-Task
+dynamics	87,95	O	I-Task
+has	96,99	O	O
+been	100,104	O	O
+the	105,108	O	O
+goal	109,113	O	O
+of	114,116	O	O
+researchers	117,128	O	O
+in	129,131	O	O
+recent	132,138	O	O
+years	139,144	O	O
+.	144,145	O	O
+
+Screws	146,152	O	B-Material
+are	153,156	O	O
+used	157,161	O	O
+to	162,164	O	O
+describe	165,173	O	B-Task
+dynamic	174,181	O	I-Task
+problems	182,190	O	I-Task
+in	191,193	O	O
+this	194,198	O	O
+paper	199,204	O	O
+,	204,205	O	O
+and	206,209	O	O
+an	210,212	O	O
+O(N	213,216	O	B-Process
+)	216,217	O	I-Process
+recursive	218,227	O	I-Process
+robot	228,233	O	I-Process
+forward	234,241	O	I-Process
+dynamic	242,249	O	I-Process
+algorithm	250,259	O	I-Process
+is	260,262	O	O
+given	263,268	O	O
+on	269,271	O	O
+this	272,276	O	O
+.	276,277	O	O
+
+It	278,280	O	O
+can	281,284	O	O
+be	285,287	O	O
+easily	288,294	O	O
+extended	295,303	O	O
+to	304,306	O	O
+tree	307,311	O	B-Process
+topology	312,320	O	I-Process
+,	320,321	O	I-Process
+closed	322,328	O	I-Process
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+.	359,360	O	O
+
+And	361,364	O	O
+three	365,370	O	O
+classic	371,378	O	O
+methods	379,386	O	O
+of	387,389	O	O
+robot	390,395	O	B-Task
+dynamics	396,404	O	I-Task
+are	405,408	O	O
+compared	409,417	O	O
+for	418,421	O	O
+easy	422,426	O	O
+of	427,429	O	O
+use	430,433	O	O
+.	433,434	O	O
+
+The	435,438	O	O
+results	439,446	O	O
+show	447,451	O	O
+that	452,456	O	O
+dynamics	457,465	O	B-Process
+described	466,475	O	I-Process
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+screws	481,487	O	I-Process
+are	488,491	O	O
+helpful	492,499	O	O
+in	500,502	O	O
+high	503,507	O	B-Process
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+dynamics	518,526	O	I-Process
+modelling	527,536	O	I-Process
+.	536,537	O	I-Process
+
+The	538,541	O	O
+dynamical	542,551	O	B-Process
+expressions	552,563	O	I-Process
+based	564,569	O	O
+on	570,572	O	O
+screws	573,579	O	B-Material
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+concise	584,591	O	O
+and	592,595	O	O
+clear	596,601	O	O
+.	601,602	O	O
+
+It	603,605	O	O
+'s	605,607	O	O
+efficiency	608,618	O	O
+is	619,621	O	O
+high	622,626	O	O
+of	627,629	O	O
+O(N	630,633	O	O
+)	633,634	O	O
+and	635,638	O	O
+is	639,641	O	O
+linear	642,648	O	B-Process
+to	649,651	O	I-Process
+the	652,655	O	I-Process
+degree	656,662	O	I-Process
+of	663,665	O	I-Process
+freedom	666,673	O	I-Process
+.	673,674	O	O
+
+With	675,679	O	O
+the	680,683	O	O
+improvement	684,695	O	B-Task
+of	696,698	O	I-Task
+computation	699,710	O	I-Task
+efficiency	711,721	O	I-Task
+,	721,722	O	O
+it	723,725	O	O
+will	726,730	O	O
+make	731,735	O	O
+the	736,739	O	O
+real	740,744	O	B-Process
+-	744,745	O	I-Process
+time	745,749	O	I-Process
+dynamics	750,758	O	I-Process
+control	759,766	O	I-Process
+become	767,773	O	O
+possible	774,782	O	O
+.	782,783	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001709)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
+algorithm	3,12	O	B-Task
+of	13,15	O	I-Task
+multi	16,21	O	I-Task
+-	21,22	O	I-Task
+axis	22,26	O	I-Task
+NC	27,29	O	I-Task
+tool	30,34	O	I-Task
+-	34,35	O	I-Task
+path	35,39	O	I-Task
+generation	40,50	O	I-Task
+for	51,54	O	I-Task
+subdivision	55,66	O	I-Task
+surfaces	67,75	O	I-Task
+is	76,78	O	O
+proposed	79,87	O	O
+.	87,88	O	O
+
+The	89,92	O	O
+algorithm	93,102	O	B-Process
+includes	103,111	O	O
+two	112,115	O	O
+steps	116,121	O	O
+:	121,122	O	O
+model	123,128	O	B-Process
+building	129,137	O	I-Process
+and	138,141	O	O
+tool	142,146	O	B-Process
+path	147,151	O	I-Process
+generation	152,162	O	I-Process
+.	162,163	O	O
+
+In	164,166	O	O
+the	167,170	O	O
+section	171,178	O	O
+of	179,181	O	O
+model	182,187	O	B-Process
+building	188,196	O	I-Process
+,	196,197	O	O
+in	198,200	O	O
+order	201,206	O	O
+to	207,209	O	O
+obtain	210,216	O	B-Task
+the	217,220	O	I-Task
+deformed	221,229	O	I-Task
+surface	230,237	O	I-Task
+,	237,238	O	O
+the	239,242	O	O
+deformation	243,254	O	B-Process
+vector	255,261	O	I-Process
+is	262,264	O	I-Process
+computed	265,273	O	I-Process
+which	274,279	O	O
+is	280,282	O	O
+associated	283,293	O	O
+with	294,298	O	O
+the	299,302	O	O
+curvature	303,312	O	B-Process
+and	313,316	O	I-Process
+the	317,320	O	I-Process
+slope	321,326	O	I-Process
+of	327,329	O	I-Process
+cutter	330,336	O	I-Process
+location	337,345	O	I-Process
+surface	346,353	O	I-Process
+.	353,354	O	O
+
+In	355,357	O	O
+the	358,361	O	O
+procedure	362,371	O	O
+of	372,374	O	O
+tool	375,379	O	B-Process
+path	380,384	O	I-Process
+generation	385,395	O	I-Process
+,	395,396	O	O
+the	397,400	O	O
+slicing	401,408	O	B-Process
+procedure	409,418	O	I-Process
+is	419,421	O	O
+adopted	422,429	O	O
+to	430,432	O	O
+get	433,436	O	O
+the	437,440	O	O
+CL	441,443	O	B-Material
+points	444,450	O	I-Material
+.	450,451	O	O
+
+In	452,454	O	O
+addition	455,463	O	O
+,	463,464	O	O
+the	465,468	O	O
+inversely	469,478	O	B-Process
+converted	479,488	O	I-Process
+method	489,495	O	I-Process
+is	496,498	O	O
+used	499,503	O	O
+.	503,504	O	O
+
+The	505,508	O	O
+method	509,515	O	O
+is	516,518	O	O
+tested	519,525	O	B-Task
+by	526,528	O	I-Task
+some	529,533	O	I-Task
+examples	534,542	O	I-Task
+with	543,547	O	I-Task
+actual	548,554	O	I-Task
+machining	555,564	O	I-Task
+.	564,565	O	O
+
+The	566,569	O	O
+results	570,577	O	O
+show	578,582	O	O
+that	583,587	O	O
+the	588,591	O	O
+method	592,598	O	O
+can	599,602	O	O
+effectively	603,614	O	O
+reduce	615,621	O	O
+the	622,625	O	O
+error	626,631	O	O
+of	632,634	O	O
+the	635,638	O	O
+scallop	639,646	O	B-Material
+height	647,653	O	I-Material
+for	654,657	O	O
+subdivision	658,669	O	B-Material
+surface	670,677	O	I-Material
+and	678,681	O	O
+obtain	682,688	O	O
+the	689,692	O	O
+better	693,699	O	O
+shape	700,705	O	O
+and	706,709	O	O
+quality	710,717	O	O
+.	717,718	O	O
+
+In	719,721	O	O
+addition	722,730	O	O
+,	730,731	O	O
+the	732,735	O	O
+computational	736,749	O	O
+complexity	750,760	O	O
+and	761,764	O	O
+is	765,767	O	O
+scalable	768,776	O	O
+and	777,780	O	O
+robust	781,787	O	O
+.	787,788	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221267161200176X)
+
+Modeling	0,8	O	B-Task
+or	9,11	O	I-Task
+approximating	12,25	O	I-Task
+high	26,30	O	I-Task
+dimensional	31,42	O	I-Task
+,	42,43	O	I-Task
+computationally	44,59	O	I-Task
+-	59,60	O	I-Task
+expensive	60,69	O	I-Task
+problems	70,78	O	I-Task
+faces	79,84	O	O
+an	85,87	O	O
+exponentially	88,101	O	O
+increasing	102,112	O	O
+difficulty	113,123	O	O
+,	123,124	O	O
+the	125,128	O	O
+“	129,130	O	O
+curse	130,135	O	B-Process
+of	136,138	O	I-Process
+dimensionality	139,153	O	I-Process
+”	153,154	O	O
+.	154,155	O	O
+
+This	156,160	O	O
+paper	161,166	O	O
+proposes	167,175	O	O
+a	176,177	O	O
+new	178,181	O	B-Process
+form	182,186	O	I-Process
+of	187,189	O	I-Process
+high	190,194	O	I-Process
+dimensional	195,206	O	I-Process
+model	207,212	O	I-Process
+representation	213,227	O	I-Process
+(	228,229	O	O
+HDMR	229,233	O	B-Process
+)	233,234	O	O
+by	235,237	O	O
+utilizing	238,247	O	O
+the	248,251	O	O
+support	252,259	O	B-Process
+vector	260,266	O	I-Process
+regression	267,277	O	I-Process
+(	278,279	O	O
+SVR	279,282	O	B-Process
+)	282,283	O	O
+,	283,284	O	O
+termed	285,291	O	O
+as	292,294	O	O
+adaptive	295,303	O	B-Process
+SVR	304,307	O	I-Process
+-	307,308	O	I-Process
+HMDR	308,312	O	I-Process
+,	312,313	O	O
+to	314,316	O	O
+conquer	317,324	O	B-Task
+this	325,329	O	I-Task
+dilemma	330,337	O	I-Task
+.	337,338	O	O
+
+The	339,342	O	O
+proposed	343,351	O	O
+model	352,357	O	O
+could	358,363	O	O
+reveal	364,370	O	O
+explicit	371,379	O	B-Process
+correlations	380,392	O	I-Process
+among	393,398	O	O
+different	399,408	O	O
+input	409,414	O	B-Material
+variables	415,424	O	I-Material
+of	425,427	O	O
+the	428,431	O	O
+underlying	432,442	O	O
+function	443,451	O	O
+which	452,457	O	O
+is	458,460	O	O
+unknown	461,468	O	O
+or	469,471	O	O
+expensive	472,481	O	O
+for	482,485	O	O
+computation	486,497	O	B-Process
+.	497,498	O	O
+
+Taking	499,505	O	O
+advantage	506,515	O	O
+of	516,518	O	O
+HDMR	519,523	O	B-Process
+'s	523,525	O	O
+hierarchical	526,538	O	O
+structure	539,548	O	O
+,	548,549	O	O
+it	550,552	O	O
+could	553,558	O	O
+alleviate	559,568	O	B-Task
+the	569,572	O	I-Task
+exponential	573,584	O	I-Task
+increasing	585,595	O	I-Task
+difficulty	596,606	O	I-Task
+,	606,607	O	O
+and	608,611	O	O
+gain	612,616	O	O
+satisfying	617,627	O	O
+accuracy	628,636	O	O
+with	637,641	O	O
+small	642,647	O	O
+set	648,651	O	O
+of	652,654	O	O
+samples	655,662	O	O
+by	663,665	O	O
+SVR	666,669	O	B-Process
+.	669,670	O	O
+
+Numerical	671,680	O	O
+examples	681,689	O	O
+of	690,692	O	O
+different	693,702	O	O
+dimensionality	703,717	O	O
+are	718,721	O	O
+given	722,727	O	O
+to	728,730	O	O
+illustrate	731,741	O	B-Task
+the	742,745	O	I-Task
+principle	746,755	O	I-Task
+,	755,756	O	I-Task
+procedure	757,766	O	I-Task
+and	767,770	O	I-Task
+performance	771,782	O	I-Task
+of	783,785	O	O
+SVR	786,789	O	B-Process
+-	789,790	O	I-Process
+HDMR	790,794	O	I-Process
+.	794,795	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612001783)
+
+Metal	0,5	O	B-Material
+–	5,6	O	I-Material
+intermetallic	6,19	O	I-Material
+laminated	20,29	O	I-Material
+(	30,31	O	O
+MIL	31,34	O	B-Material
+)	34,35	O	O
+composites	36,46	O	O
+are	47,50	O	O
+fabricated	51,61	O	B-Process
+upon	62,66	O	I-Process
+reaction	67,75	O	I-Process
+sintering	76,85	O	I-Process
+of	86,88	O	O
+titanium	89,97	O	B-Material
+and	98,101	O	I-Material
+aluminum	102,110	O	I-Material
+foils	111,116	O	I-Material
+of	117,119	O	O
+various	120,127	O	O
+thicknesses	128,139	O	O
+.	139,140	O	O
+
+The	141,144	O	O
+intermetallic	145,158	O	B-Process
+phase	159,164	O	I-Process
+of	165,167	O	O
+Al3Ti	168,173	O	B-Process
+forming	174,181	O	I-Process
+during	182,188	O	O
+the	189,192	O	O
+above	193,198	O	O
+processing	199,209	O	B-Process
+gives	210,215	O	O
+high	216,220	O	O
+hardness	221,229	O	O
+and	230,233	O	O
+stiffness	234,243	O	O
+to	244,246	O	O
+the	247,250	O	O
+composite	251,260	O	B-Material
+,	260,261	O	O
+while	262,267	O	O
+unreacted	268,277	O	B-Material
+titanium	278,286	O	I-Material
+provides	287,295	O	O
+the	296,299	O	O
+necessary	300,309	O	O
+high	310,314	O	O
+strength	315,323	O	O
+and	324,327	O	O
+ductility	328,337	O	O
+.	337,338	O	O
+
+Some	339,343	O	O
+results	344,351	O	O
+of	352,354	O	O
+studies	355,362	O	B-Process
+of	363,365	O	I-Process
+microstructure	366,380	O	I-Process
+and	381,384	O	O
+some	385,389	O	O
+mechanical	390,400	O	O
+properties	401,411	O	O
+of	412,414	O	O
+layered	415,422	O	B-Material
+composites	423,433	O	I-Material
+are	434,437	O	O
+presented	438,447	O	B-Task
+on	448,450	O	I-Task
+the	451,454	O	I-Task
+example	455,462	O	I-Task
+of	463,465	O	I-Task
+Ti	466,468	O	I-Task
+-	468,469	O	I-Task
+Al	469,471	O	I-Task
+system	472,478	O	I-Task
+.	478,479	O	O
+
+Static	480,486	O	B-Task
+and	487,490	O	I-Task
+dynamic	491,498	O	I-Task
+tests	499,504	O	I-Task
+results	505,512	O	I-Task
+are	513,516	O	I-Task
+discussed	517,526	O	I-Task
+for	527,530	O	O
+the	531,534	O	O
+case	535,539	O	O
+when	540,544	O	O
+the	545,548	O	O
+intermetallic	549,562	O	B-Process
+reaction	563,571	O	I-Process
+was	572,575	O	O
+interrupted	576,587	O	B-Process
+in	588,590	O	O
+the	591,594	O	O
+course	595,601	O	O
+of	602,604	O	O
+intermetallic	605,618	O	B-Process
+sintering	619,628	O	I-Process
+and	629,632	O	O
+also	633,637	O	O
+for	638,641	O	O
+the	642,645	O	O
+case	646,650	O	O
+when	651,655	O	O
+it	656,658	O	O
+was	659,662	O	O
+completed	663,672	O	O
+.	672,673	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002120)
+
+A	0,1	O	O
+design	2,8	O	B-Process
+method	9,15	O	I-Process
+for	16,19	O	O
+network	20,27	O	B-Process
+attack	28,34	O	I-Process
+and	35,38	O	O
+defense	39,46	O	B-Process
+simulation	47,57	O	I-Process
+platform	58,66	O	I-Process
+is	67,69	O	O
+discussed	70,79	O	O
+in	80,82	O	O
+this	83,87	O	O
+paper	88,93	O	O
+.	93,94	O	O
+
+Firstly	95,102	O	O
+the	103,106	O	O
+component	107,116	O	O
+and	117,120	O	O
+function	121,129	O	O
+of	130,132	O	O
+the	133,136	O	O
+platform	137,145	O	B-Process
+are	146,149	O	O
+analyzed	150,158	O	O
+.	158,159	O	O
+
+Then	160,164	O	O
+Visio	165,170	O	B-Process
+second	171,177	O	I-Process
+development	178,189	O	I-Process
+method	190,196	O	I-Process
+is	197,199	O	O
+used	200,204	O	O
+to	205,207	O	O
+construct	208,217	O	B-Task
+the	218,221	O	I-Task
+virtual	222,229	O	I-Task
+network	230,237	O	I-Task
+topology	238,246	O	I-Task
+.	246,247	O	O
+
+The	248,251	O	O
+parsing	252,259	O	B-Task
+of	260,262	O	I-Task
+virtual	263,270	O	I-Task
+network	271,278	O	I-Task
+topology	279,287	O	I-Task
+is	288,290	O	O
+also	291,295	O	O
+researched	296,306	O	O
+and	307,310	O	O
+the	311,314	O	O
+relative	315,323	O	B-Material
+flow	324,328	O	I-Material
+sheet	329,334	O	I-Material
+is	335,337	O	O
+described	338,347	O	O
+.	347,348	O	O
+
+Lastly	349,355	O	O
+an	356,358	O	O
+example	359,366	O	O
+is	367,369	O	O
+carried	370,377	O	O
+out	378,381	O	O
+to	382,384	O	O
+test	385,389	O	B-Task
+performance	390,401	O	I-Task
+of	402,404	O	I-Task
+the	405,408	O	I-Task
+platform	409,417	O	I-Task
+.	417,418	O	O
+
+Simulation	419,429	O	O
+results	430,437	O	O
+show	438,442	O	O
+the	443,446	O	O
+effectiveness	447,460	O	O
+of	461,463	O	O
+the	464,467	O	O
+proposed	468,476	O	O
+method	477,483	O	O
+.	483,484	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221267161200217X)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+existing	4,12	O	O
+GO	13,15	O	B-Process
+methodology	16,27	O	I-Process
+algorithm	28,37	O	I-Process
+is	38,40	O	O
+theoretical	41,52	O	O
+,	52,53	O	O
+and	54,57	O	O
+hard	58,62	O	O
+to	63,65	O	O
+solve	66,71	O	O
+with	72,76	O	O
+computer	77,85	O	O
+.	85,86	O	O
+
+In	87,89	O	O
+this	90,94	O	O
+paper	95,100	O	O
+,	100,101	O	O
+we	102,104	O	O
+research	105,113	O	O
+a	114,115	O	O
+new	116,119	O	B-Task
+method	120,126	O	I-Task
+to	127,129	O	I-Task
+get	130,133	O	I-Task
+the	134,137	O	I-Task
+reliability	138,149	O	I-Task
+of	150,152	O	I-Task
+system	153,159	O	I-Task
+based	160,165	O	I-Task
+on	166,168	O	I-Task
+GO	169,171	O	I-Task
+methodology	172,183	O	I-Task
+.	183,184	O	O
+
+According	185,194	O	O
+to	195,197	O	O
+some	198,202	O	O
+properties	203,213	O	O
+of	214,216	O	O
+the	217,220	O	O
+operators	221,230	O	O
+in	231,233	O	O
+GO	234,236	O	B-Material
+chart	237,242	O	I-Material
+,	242,243	O	O
+GO	244,246	O	B-Material
+chart	247,252	O	I-Material
+can	253,256	O	O
+be	257,259	O	O
+transformed	260,271	O	O
+into	272,276	O	O
+series	277,283	O	B-Process
+structure	284,293	O	I-Process
+,	293,294	O	O
+then	295,299	O	O
+the	300,303	O	O
+minimal	304,311	O	B-Process
+path	312,316	O	I-Process
+sets	317,321	O	I-Process
+are	322,325	O	I-Process
+induced	326,333	O	I-Process
+based	334,339	O	O
+on	340,342	O	O
+Enumeration	343,354	O	B-Process
+method	355,361	O	I-Process
+from	362,366	O	O
+first	367,372	O	O
+operator	373,381	O	O
+to	382,384	O	O
+last	385,389	O	O
+one	390,393	O	O
+.	393,394	O	O
+
+It	395,397	O	O
+is	398,400	O	O
+very	401,405	O	O
+convenient	406,416	O	O
+for	417,420	O	O
+computer	421,429	O	O
+to	430,432	O	O
+calculate	433,442	O	B-Task
+the	443,446	O	I-Task
+system	447,453	O	I-Task
+reliability	454,465	O	I-Task
+with	466,470	O	O
+the	471,474	O	O
+new	475,478	O	O
+method	479,485	O	O
+based	486,491	O	O
+on	492,494	O	O
+minimal	495,502	O	B-Process
+path	503,507	O	I-Process
+sets	508,512	O	I-Process
+.	512,513	O	O
+
+The	514,517	O	O
+case	518,522	O	O
+study	523,528	O	O
+indicates	529,538	O	O
+the	539,542	O	O
+method	543,549	O	O
+is	550,552	O	O
+suitable	553,561	O	O
+for	562,565	O	O
+practical	566,575	O	B-Task
+engineering	576,587	O	I-Task
+,	587,588	O	O
+which	589,594	O	O
+can	595,598	O	O
+be	599,601	O	O
+used	602,606	O	O
+to	607,609	O	O
+possess	610,617	O	O
+the	618,621	O	O
+quantitative	622,634	O	B-Process
+analysis	635,643	O	I-Process
+of	644,646	O	O
+complex	647,654	O	B-Process
+GO	655,657	O	I-Process
+methodology	658,669	O	I-Process
+models	670,676	O	I-Process
+.	676,677	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002181)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+number	4,10	O	O
+of	11,13	O	O
+hidden	14,20	O	B-Material
+nodes	21,26	O	I-Material
+is	27,29	O	O
+a	30,31	O	O
+critical	32,40	O	O
+factor	41,47	O	O
+for	48,51	O	O
+the	52,55	O	O
+generalization	56,70	O	B-Task
+of	71,73	O	I-Task
+ELM	74,77	O	I-Task
+.	77,78	O	O
+
+Generally	79,88	O	O
+,	88,89	O	O
+it	90,92	O	O
+is	93,95	O	O
+heavy	96,101	O	O
+for	102,105	O	O
+time	106,110	O	B-Process
+consumption	111,122	O	I-Process
+to	123,125	O	O
+obtain	126,132	O	B-Process
+the	133,136	O	I-Process
+optimal	137,144	O	I-Process
+number	145,151	O	I-Process
+of	152,154	O	I-Process
+hidden	155,161	O	I-Process
+nodes	162,167	O	I-Process
+with	168,172	O	O
+trial	173,178	O	B-Process
+-	178,179	O	I-Process
+and	179,182	O	I-Process
+-	182,183	O	I-Process
+error	183,188	O	I-Process
+.	188,189	O	O
+
+A	190,191	O	O
+novel	192,197	O	B-Task
+algorithm	198,207	O	I-Task
+is	208,210	O	I-Task
+proposed	211,219	O	I-Task
+to	220,222	O	O
+optimize	223,231	O	B-Task
+the	232,235	O	I-Task
+hidden	236,242	O	I-Task
+node	243,247	O	I-Task
+number	248,254	O	I-Task
+to	255,257	O	O
+guarantee	258,267	O	O
+good	268,272	O	O
+generalization	273,287	O	B-Process
+,	287,288	O	O
+which	289,294	O	O
+employs	295,302	O	O
+the	303,306	O	O
+PSO	307,310	O	B-Process
+in	311,313	O	O
+the	314,317	O	O
+optimization	318,330	O	B-Process
+process	331,338	O	I-Process
+with	339,343	O	O
+structural	344,354	O	B-Process
+risk	355,359	O	I-Process
+minimization	360,372	O	I-Process
+principle	373,382	O	I-Process
+.	382,383	O	O
+
+The	384,387	O	O
+simulation	388,398	O	O
+results	399,406	O	O
+indicate	407,415	O	O
+our	416,419	O	O
+algorithm	420,429	O	B-Process
+for	430,433	O	O
+the	434,437	O	O
+optimal	438,445	O	O
+number	446,452	O	O
+of	453,455	O	O
+hidden	456,462	O	B-Material
+nodes	463,468	O	I-Material
+is	469,471	O	O
+reasonable	472,482	O	O
+and	483,486	O	O
+feasible	487,495	O	O
+with	496,500	O	O
+6	501,502	O	B-Material
+datasets	503,511	O	I-Material
+on	512,514	O	O
+benchmark	515,524	O	O
+problems	525,533	O	O
+by	534,536	O	O
+the	537,540	O	O
+accuracy	541,549	O	B-Process
+comparisons	550,561	O	I-Process
+.	561,562	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221267161200220X)
+
+For	0,3	O	O
+providing	4,13	O	O
+the	14,17	O	O
+government	18,28	O	O
+with	29,33	O	O
+effective	34,43	O	B-Task
+monitoring	44,54	O	I-Task
+of	55,57	O	O
+the	58,61	O	O
+trends	62,68	O	B-Process
+of	69,71	O	I-Process
+the	72,75	O	I-Process
+economic	76,84	O	I-Process
+variables	85,94	O	I-Process
+in	95,97	O	O
+the	98,101	O	O
+future	102,108	O	O
+and	109,112	O	O
+good	113,117	O	O
+reference	118,127	O	O
+for	128,131	O	O
+developing	132,142	O	B-Process
+a	143,144	O	I-Process
+reasonable	145,155	O	I-Process
+policy	156,162	O	I-Process
+,	162,163	O	O
+in	164,166	O	O
+this	167,171	O	O
+paper	172,177	O	O
+,	177,178	O	O
+we	179,181	O	O
+establish	182,191	O	B-Task
+a	192,193	O	I-Task
+time	194,198	O	I-Task
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+model	206,211	O	I-Task
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+China	215,220	O	O
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+Foreign	223,230	O	B-Process
+Direct	231,237	O	I-Process
+Investment	238,248	O	I-Process
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+predict	336,343	O	B-Task
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+of	354,356	O	I-Task
+FDI	357,360	O	I-Task
+in	361,363	O	O
+the	364,367	O	O
+next	368,372	O	O
+several	373,380	O	O
+years	381,386	O	O
+.	386,387	O	O
+
+This	388,392	O	O
+model	393,398	O	O
+eliminates	399,409	O	O
+the	410,413	O	O
+interference	414,426	O	B-Process
+of	427,429	O	I-Process
+noise	430,435	O	I-Process
+for	436,439	O	O
+predicting	440,450	O	O
+by	451,453	O	O
+using	454,459	O	O
+wavelet	460,467	O	B-Process
+analysis	468,476	O	I-Process
+,	476,477	O	O
+and	478,481	O	O
+describes	482,491	O	O
+the	492,495	O	O
+autocorrelation	496,511	O	B-Process
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+time	516,520	O	B-Process
+-	520,521	O	I-Process
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+the	543,546	O	O
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+-	590,591	O	I-Process
+M	591,592	O	I-Process
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+.	598,599	O	O
+
+The	600,603	O	O
+simulation	604,614	O	O
+results	615,622	O	O
+show	623,627	O	O
+that	628,632	O	O
+this	633,637	O	O
+model	638,643	O	O
+explains	644,652	O	O
+the	653,656	O	O
+dynamic	657,664	O	O
+structure	665,674	O	O
+of	675,677	O	O
+China	678,683	O	O
+'s	683,685	O	O
+FDI	686,689	O	B-Process
+trends	690,696	O	O
+well	697,701	O	O
+.	701,702	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002302)
+
+Monitoring	0,10	O	B-Task
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+wear	15,19	O	I-Task
+condition	20,29	O	I-Task
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+the	33,36	O	O
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+is	60,62	O	O
+one	63,66	O	O
+of	67,69	O	O
+the	70,73	O	O
+key	74,77	O	O
+points	78,84	O	O
+to	85,87	O	O
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+an	98,100	O	O
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+safety	110,116	O	B-Process
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+of	123,125	O	O
+the	126,129	O	O
+light	130,135	O	B-Material
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+.	157,158	O	O
+
+The	159,162	O	O
+purpose	163,170	O	O
+of	171,173	O	O
+this	174,178	O	O
+paper	179,184	O	O
+is	185,187	O	O
+to	188,190	O	O
+suggest	191,198	O	O
+a	199,200	O	O
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+-	208,209	O	I-Task
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+the	245,248	O	O
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+of	268,270	O	O
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+means	293,298	O	O
+of	299,301	O	O
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+-	307,308	O	I-Process
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+.	328,329	O	O
+
+This	330,334	O	O
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+“	375,376	O	O
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+in	399,401	O	O
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+-	406,407	O	I-Material
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+exact	501,506	O	O
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+of	525,527	O	O
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+of	573,575	O	O
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+-	584,585	O	O
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+.	603,604	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002338)
+
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+been	59,63	O	O
+commonly	64,72	O	O
+used	73,77	O	O
+in	78,80	O	O
+the	81,84	O	O
+field	85,90	O	O
+of	91,93	O	O
+pattern	94,101	O	B-Task
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+,	155,156	O	I-Task
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+.	181,182	O	O
+
+The	183,186	O	O
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+,	198,199	O	O
+a	200,201	O	O
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+However	363,370	O	O
+,	370,371	O	O
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+if	397,399	O	O
+the	400,403	O	O
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+a	417,418	O	O
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+-	436,437	O	O
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+.	444,445	O	O
+
+For	446,449	O	O
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+,	505,506	O	O
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+this	510,514	O	O
+work	515,519	O	O
+,	519,520	O	O
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+-	539,540	O	I-Process
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+.	592,593	O	O
+
+Finally	594,601	O	O
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+than	706,710	O	O
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+.	751,752	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002351)
+
+In	0,2	O	O
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+,	13,14	O	O
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+
+The	109,112	O	O
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+a	154,155	O	O
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+
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+7	487,488	O	O
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+
+This	501,505	O	O
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+.	607,608	O	O
+
+Experimentation	609,624	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2212671612002375)
+
+Power	0,5	O	B-Process
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+
+To	56,58	O	O
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+With	221,225	O	O
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+In	332,334	O	O
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+
+The	414,417	O	O
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+.	499,500	O	O
+
+At	501,503	O	O
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+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221450951400031X)
+
+This	0,4	O	O
+phase	5,10	O	O
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+
+Previous	34,42	O	O
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+the	101,104	O	O
+detailed	105,113	O	B-Material
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+
+For	122,125	O	O
+this	126,130	O	O
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+the	138,141	O	O
+design	142,148	O	O
+was	149,152	O	O
+undertaken	153,163	O	O
+by	164,166	O	O
+Mott	167,171	O	O
+MacDonald	172,181	O	O
+.	181,182	O	O
+
+It	183,185	O	O
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+developed	190,199	O	O
+by	200,202	O	O
+looking	203,210	O	B-Process
+at	211,213	O	I-Process
+the	214,217	O	I-Process
+systems	218,225	O	I-Process
+installed	226,235	O	I-Process
+previously	236,246	O	I-Process
+and	247,250	O	I-Process
+calculating	251,262	O	I-Process
+what	263,267	O	O
+was	268,271	O	O
+actually	272,280	O	O
+required	281,289	O	O
+to	290,292	O	O
+achieve	293,300	O	O
+cathodic	301,309	O	B-Task
+protection	310,320	O	I-Task
+of	321,323	O	I-Task
+the	324,327	O	I-Task
+piers	328,333	O	I-Task
+.	333,334	O	O
+
+This	335,339	O	O
+resulted	340,348	O	O
+in	349,351	O	O
+a	352,353	O	O
+significant	354,365	O	B-Process
+reduction	366,375	O	I-Process
+in	376,378	O	I-Process
+the	379,382	O	I-Process
+number	383,389	O	I-Process
+of	390,392	O	I-Process
+zones	393,398	O	I-Process
+and	399,402	O	I-Process
+monitoring	403,413	O	I-Process
+probes	414,420	O	I-Process
+.	420,421	O	O
+
+The	422,425	O	O
+varying	426,433	O	B-Process
+amounts	434,441	O	I-Process
+of	442,444	O	I-Process
+steelwork	445,454	O	I-Process
+in	455,457	O	O
+the	458,461	O	O
+beams	462,467	O	O
+had	468,471	O	O
+previously	472,482	O	O
+lead	483,487	O	O
+to	488,490	O	O
+up	491,493	O	O
+to	494,496	O	O
+5	497,498	O	O
+zones	499,504	O	O
+per	505,508	O	O
+beam	509,513	O	O
+,	513,514	O	O
+with	515,519	O	O
+multiple	520,528	O	B-Process
+layers	529,535	O	I-Process
+of	536,538	O	I-Process
+mesh	539,543	O	I-Process
+to	544,546	O	O
+achieve	547,554	O	O
+the	555,558	O	O
+design	559,565	O	O
+current	566,573	O	O
+density	574,581	O	O
+.	581,582	O	O
+
+On	583,585	O	O
+review	586,592	O	O
+of	593,595	O	O
+the	596,599	O	O
+data	600,604	O	B-Material
+the	605,608	O	O
+operating	609,618	O	O
+current	619,626	O	O
+density	627,634	O	O
+was	635,638	O	O
+similar	639,646	O	O
+in	647,649	O	O
+all	650,653	O	O
+zones	654,659	O	O
+and	660,663	O	O
+so	664,666	O	O
+this	667,671	O	O
+was	672,675	O	O
+reduced	676,683	O	O
+to	684,686	O	O
+a	687,688	O	O
+single	689,695	O	O
+zone	696,700	O	O
+per	701,704	O	O
+beam	705,709	O	O
+.	709,710	O	O
+
+The	711,714	O	O
+encapsulation	715,728	O	B-Process
+was	729,732	O	O
+susceptible	733,744	O	O
+to	745,747	O	O
+ASR	748,751	O	B-Process
+and	752,755	O	O
+contained	756,765	O	O
+post	766,770	O	O
+tensioning	771,781	O	O
+
+and	782,785	O	O
+so	786,788	O	O
+it	789,791	O	O
+was	792,795	O	O
+decided	796,803	O	O
+to	804,806	O	O
+use	807,810	O	O
+a	811,812	O	O
+galvanic	813,821	O	B-Material
+system	822,828	O	I-Material
+based	829,834	O	O
+on	835,837	O	O
+Galvashield	838,849	O	B-Material
+CC	850,852	O	I-Material
+anodes	853,859	O	I-Material
+from	860,864	O	O
+Fosroc	865,871	O	O
+.	871,872	O	O
+
+Our	873,876	O	O
+design	877,883	O	O
+did	884,887	O	O
+not	888,891	O	O
+include	892,899	O	O
+an	900,902	O	O
+option	903,909	O	O
+to	910,912	O	O
+allow	913,918	O	O
+depolarization	919,933	O	B-Task
+of	934,936	O	I-Task
+the	937,940	O	I-Task
+galvanic	941,949	O	I-Task
+system	950,956	O	I-Task
+,	956,957	O	O
+but	958,961	O	O
+the	962,965	O	O
+contractor	966,976	O	O
+supplied	977,985	O	O
+one	986,989	O	O
+,	989,990	O	O
+such	991,995	O	O
+that	996,1000	O	O
+the	1001,1004	O	O
+anodes	1005,1011	O	O
+could	1012,1017	O	O
+be	1018,1020	O	O
+remotely	1021,1029	O	O
+disconnected	1030,1042	O	O
+.	1042,1043	O	O
+
+The	1044,1047	O	O
+control	1048,1055	O	O
+unit	1056,1060	O	O
+was	1061,1064	O	O
+from	1065,1069	O	O
+Electrotech	1070,1081	O	O
+CP	1082,1084	O	O
+and	1085,1088	O	O
+operated	1089,1097	O	O
+via	1098,1101	O	O
+a	1102,1103	O	O
+broadband	1104,1113	O	B-Process
+connection	1114,1124	O	I-Process
+provided	1125,1133	O	O
+by	1134,1136	O	O
+the	1137,1140	O	O
+contractor	1141,1151	O	O
+.	1151,1152	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S221450951530005X)
+
+An	0,2	O	O
+innovative	3,13	O	O
+sound	14,19	O	B-Material
+wall	20,24	O	I-Material
+system	25,31	O	I-Material
+was	32,35	O	O
+developed	36,45	O	O
+in	46,48	O	O
+the	49,52	O	O
+University	53,63	O	O
+of	64,66	O	O
+Western	67,74	O	O
+Ontario	75,82	O	O
+,	82,83	O	O
+and	84,87	O	O
+was	88,91	O	O
+examined	92,100	O	O
+to	101,103	O	O
+serve	104,109	O	O
+as	110,112	O	O
+a	113,114	O	O
+vertical	115,123	O	O
+extension	124,133	O	O
+to	134,136	O	O
+the	137,140	O	O
+existing	141,149	O	B-Material
+sound	150,155	O	I-Material
+walls	156,161	O	I-Material
+.	161,162	O	O
+
+The	163,166	O	O
+wall	167,171	O	B-Material
+system	172,178	O	I-Material
+(	179,180	O	O
+denoted	180,187	O	O
+as	188,190	O	O
+flexi	191,196	O	B-Material
+-	196,197	O	I-Material
+wall	197,201	O	I-Material
+)	201,202	O	O
+consists	203,211	O	O
+of	212,214	O	O
+stay	215,219	O	B-Material
+-	219,220	O	I-Material
+in	220,222	O	I-Material
+-	222,223	O	I-Material
+place	223,228	O	I-Material
+poly	229,233	O	I-Material
+-	233,234	O	I-Material
+blocks	234,240	O	I-Material
+as	241,243	O	O
+formwork	244,252	O	O
+,	252,253	O	O
+light	254,259	O	B-Material
+polyurethane	260,272	O	I-Material
+foam	273,277	O	I-Material
+(	278,279	O	O
+LPF	279,282	O	B-Material
+)	282,283	O	O
+reinforced	284,294	O	O
+with	295,299	O	O
+steel	300,305	O	B-Material
+rebars	306,312	O	I-Material
+as	313,315	O	O
+structural	316,326	O	B-Material
+cores	327,332	O	I-Material
+and	333,336	O	O
+polyurea	337,345	O	B-Material
+as	346,348	O	O
+a	349,350	O	O
+coating	351,358	O	B-Process
+of	359,361	O	O
+the	362,365	O	O
+wall	366,370	O	B-Material
+surfaces	371,379	O	I-Material
+(	380,381	O	O
+Fig	381,384	O	O
+.	384,385	O	O
+
+1	386,387	O	O
+)	387,388	O	O
+.	388,389	O	O
+
+Poly	390,394	O	B-Material
+-	394,395	O	I-Material
+blocks	395,401	O	I-Material
+are	402,405	O	O
+interlocking	406,418	O	B-Material
+light	419,424	O	I-Material
+-	424,425	O	I-Material
+weight	425,431	O	I-Material
+blocks	432,438	O	I-Material
+which	439,444	O	O
+are	445,448	O	O
+stacked	449,456	O	O
+up	457,459	O	O
+layer	460,465	O	O
+by	466,468	O	O
+layer	469,474	O	O
+and	475,478	O	O
+act	479,482	O	O
+as	483,485	O	O
+formwork	486,494	O	O
+for	495,498	O	O
+the	499,502	O	O
+LPF	503,506	O	B-Material
+cores	507,512	O	I-Material
+.	512,513	O	O
+
+The	514,517	O	O
+poly	518,522	O	B-Material
+-	522,523	O	I-Material
+block	523,528	O	I-Material
+is	529,531	O	O
+20×20×80cm3	532,543	O	O
+and	544,547	O	O
+includes	548,556	O	O
+four	557,561	O	O
+cylindrical	562,573	O	B-Material
+voids	574,579	O	I-Material
+with	580,584	O	O
+14	585,587	O	O
+cm	587,589	O	O
+diameter	590,598	O	O
+.	598,599	O	O
+
+It	600,602	O	O
+is	603,605	O	O
+made	606,610	O	O
+of	611,613	O	O
+molded	614,620	O	B-Material
+low	621,624	O	I-Material
+-	624,625	O	I-Material
+density	625,632	O	I-Material
+polyurethane	633,645	O	I-Material
+and	646,649	O	O
+weighs	650,656	O	O
+approximately	657,670	O	O
+1	671,672	O	O
+kg	672,674	O	O
+.	674,675	O	O
+
+The	676,679	O	O
+poly	680,684	O	B-Material
+-	684,685	O	I-Material
+blocks	685,691	O	I-Material
+are	692,695	O	O
+fire	696,700	O	B-Material
+-	700,701	O	I-Material
+resistant	701,710	O	I-Material
+blocks	711,717	O	I-Material
+and	718,721	O	O
+have	722,726	O	O
+an	727,729	O	O
+excellent	730,739	O	O
+capability	740,750	O	O
+to	751,753	O	O
+absorb	754,760	O	B-Process
+,	760,761	O	O
+mitigate	762,770	O	B-Process
+and	771,774	O	O
+reflect	775,782	O	B-Process
+a	783,784	O	O
+wide	785,789	O	O
+range	790,795	O	O
+of	796,798	O	O
+noises	799,805	O	O
+with	806,810	O	O
+unmatched	811,820	O	O
+frequency	821,830	O	O
+of	831,833	O	O
+reflective	834,844	O	O
+noise	845,850	O	O
+.	850,851	O	O
+
+Polyurea	852,860	O	B-Material
+coating	861,868	O	I-Material
+is	869,871	O	O
+an	872,874	O	O
+abrasion	875,883	O	B-Material
+-	883,884	O	I-Material
+resistant	884,893	O	I-Material
+finishing	894,903	O	I-Material
+layer	904,909	O	I-Material
+,	909,910	O	O
+which	911,916	O	O
+is	917,919	O	O
+sprayed	920,927	O	B-Process
+on	928,930	O	O
+the	931,934	O	O
+surfaces	935,943	O	B-Material
+of	944,946	O	I-Material
+the	947,950	O	I-Material
+wall	951,955	O	I-Material
+and	956,959	O	O
+sets	960,964	O	O
+within	965,971	O	O
+2–3min	972,978	O	O
+.	978,979	O	O
+
+This	980,984	O	O
+layer	985,990	O	B-Material
+also	991,995	O	O
+enhances	996,1004	O	B-Process
+the	1005,1008	O	I-Process
+surface	1009,1016	O	I-Process
+resistance	1017,1027	O	I-Process
+of	1028,1030	O	O
+poly	1031,1035	O	B-Material
+-	1035,1036	O	I-Material
+blocks	1036,1042	O	I-Material
+against	1043,1050	O	O
+stone	1051,1056	O	B-Process
+impact	1057,1063	O	I-Process
+,	1063,1064	O	O
+weathering	1065,1075	O	B-Process
+,	1075,1076	O	O
+fire	1077,1081	O	B-Process
+development	1082,1093	O	I-Process
+,	1093,1094	O	O
+chemicals	1095,1104	O	B-Material
+and	1105,1108	O	O
+penetration	1109,1120	O	B-Process
+.	1120,1121	O	O
+
+LPF	1122,1125	O	B-Material
+is	1126,1128	O	O
+an	1129,1131	O	O
+expanding	1132,1141	O	B-Material
+liquid	1142,1148	O	I-Material
+mixture	1149,1156	O	I-Material
+which	1157,1162	O	O
+is	1163,1165	O	O
+injected	1166,1174	O	O
+into	1175,1179	O	O
+the	1180,1183	O	O
+poly	1184,1188	O	B-Material
+-	1188,1189	O	I-Material
+block	1189,1194	O	I-Material
+voids	1195,1200	O	I-Material
+and	1201,1204	O	O
+cures	1205,1210	O	B-Material
+within	1211,1217	O	O
+10min	1218,1223	O	O
+.	1223,1224	O	O
+
+Steel	1225,1230	O	B-Material
+rebars	1231,1237	O	I-Material
+are	1238,1241	O	O
+epoxied	1242,1249	O	O
+into	1250,1254	O	O
+holes	1255,1260	O	B-Material
+drilled	1261,1268	O	O
+in	1269,1271	O	O
+the	1272,1275	O	O
+existing	1276,1284	O	B-Material
+sound	1285,1290	O	I-Material
+wall	1291,1295	O	I-Material
+to	1296,1298	O	O
+connect	1299,1306	O	O
+the	1307,1310	O	O
+wall	1311,1315	O	B-Material
+extension	1316,1325	O	I-Material
+to	1326,1328	O	O
+its	1329,1332	O	O
+base	1333,1337	O	B-Material
+.	1337,1338	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2214509515300103)
+
+Another	0,7	O	O
+important	8,17	O	O
+reason	18,24	O	O
+for	25,28	O	O
+the	29,32	O	O
+damages	33,40	O	O
+incurred	41,49	O	O
+by	50,52	O	O
+the	53,56	O	O
+RC	57,59	O	O
+buildings	60,69	O	O
+is	70,72	O	O
+workmanship	73,84	O	B-Process
+defects	85,92	O	I-Process
+.	92,93	O	O
+
+It	94,96	O	O
+is	97,99	O	O
+understood	100,110	O	O
+that	111,115	O	O
+granulometry	116,128	O	B-Process
+of	129,131	O	I-Process
+the	132,135	O	I-Process
+handmade	136,144	O	I-Process
+concretes	145,154	O	I-Process
+was	155,158	O	O
+not	159,162	O	O
+in	163,165	O	O
+compliance	166,176	O	O
+with	177,181	O	O
+the	182,185	O	O
+standards	186,195	O	O
+since	196,201	O	O
+the	202,205	O	O
+aggregate	206,215	O	O
+utilized	216,224	O	O
+in	225,227	O	O
+them	228,232	O	O
+was	233,236	O	O
+not	237,240	O	O
+sieved	241,247	O	O
+.	247,248	O	O
+
+Also	249,253	O	O
+the	254,257	O	O
+compaction	258,268	O	B-Process
+process	269,276	O	I-Process
+was	277,280	O	O
+not	281,284	O	O
+properly	285,293	O	O
+implemented	294,305	O	O
+in	306,308	O	O
+general	309,316	O	O
+in	317,319	O	O
+the	320,323	O	O
+installment	324,335	O	B-Process
+of	336,338	O	I-Process
+concrete	339,347	O	I-Process
+in	348,350	O	O
+RC	351,353	O	O
+buildings	354,363	O	O
+.	363,364	O	O
+
+This	365,369	O	O
+situation	370,379	O	O
+resulted	380,388	O	O
+in	389,391	O	O
+the	392,395	O	O
+concrete	396,404	O	B-Material
+to	405,407	O	O
+exhibit	408,415	O	O
+an	416,418	O	O
+excessively	419,430	O	O
+porous	431,437	O	O
+structure	438,447	O	O
+.	447,448	O	O
+
+The	449,452	O	O
+most	453,457	O	O
+fundamental	458,469	O	O
+rules	470,475	O	O
+of	476,478	O	O
+thumb	479,484	O	O
+of	485,487	O	O
+construction	488,500	O	O
+,	500,501	O	O
+namely	502,508	O	O
+concrete	509,517	O	B-Material
+cover	518,523	O	I-Material
+,	523,524	O	O
+was	525,528	O	O
+not	529,532	O	O
+taken	533,538	O	O
+care	539,543	O	O
+of	544,546	O	O
+in	547,549	O	O
+formwork	550,558	O	O
+workmanship	559,570	O	O
+.	570,571	O	O
+
+Faults	572,578	O	B-Process
+in	579,581	O	I-Process
+the	582,585	O	I-Process
+connections	586,597	O	I-Process
+of	598,600	O	I-Process
+stirrups	601,609	O	I-Process
+to	610,612	O	O
+the	613,616	O	O
+longitudinal	617,629	O	O
+bars	630,634	O	O
+,	634,635	O	O
+unstaggered	636,647	O	B-Process
+formation	648,657	O	I-Process
+of	658,660	O	I-Process
+stirrup	661,668	O	I-Process
+hooks	669,674	O	B-Material
+in	675,677	O	O
+beams	678,683	O	B-Material
+and	684,687	O	O
+columns	688,695	O	B-Material
+,	695,696	O	O
+the	697,700	O	O
+perpendicular	701,714	O	B-Process
+angles	715,721	O	I-Process
+of	722,724	O	O
+the	725,728	O	O
+hooks	729,734	O	B-Material
+,	734,735	O	O
+inadequately	736,748	O	B-Process
+anchorage	749,758	O	I-Process
+lengths	759,766	O	I-Process
+of	767,769	O	O
+the	770,773	O	O
+stirrup	774,781	O	B-Material
+hooks	782,787	O	I-Material
+and	788,791	O	O
+longitudinal	792,804	O	B-Material
+bars	805,809	O	I-Material
+,	809,810	O	O
+and	811,814	O	O
+the	815,818	O	O
+use	819,822	O	B-Process
+of	823,825	O	I-Process
+cold	826,830	O	I-Process
+joints	831,837	O	I-Process
+were	838,842	O	O
+the	843,846	O	O
+other	847,852	O	O
+frequently	853,863	O	O
+encountered	864,875	O	O
+workmanship	876,887	O	B-Process
+defects	888,895	O	I-Process
+(	896,897	O	O
+Figs	897,901	O	O
+.	901,902	O	O
+
+19–22	903,908	O	O
+)	908,909	O	O
+.	909,910	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2214657115000052)
+
+The	0,3	O	O
+exponential	4,15	O	B-Process
+relationships	16,29	O	I-Process
+reported	30,38	O	O
+in	39,41	O	O
+the	42,45	O	O
+plots	46,51	O	O
+may	52,55	O	O
+be	56,58	O	O
+used	59,63	O	O
+to	64,66	O	O
+convert	67,74	O	B-Task
+the	75,78	O	I-Task
+dielectric	79,89	O	I-Task
+values	90,96	O	I-Task
+to	97,99	O	I-Task
+air	100,103	O	I-Task
+void	104,108	O	I-Task
+values	109,115	O	I-Task
+as	116,118	O	O
+prescribed	119,129	O	O
+in	130,132	O	O
+previous	133,141	O	O
+studies	142,149	O	O
+[	150,151	O	O
+1–3	151,154	O	O
+]	154,155	O	O
+.	155,156	O	O
+
+The	157,160	O	O
+AC	161,163	O	B-Process
+pavement	164,172	O	I-Process
+composite	173,182	O	I-Process
+permittivity	183,195	O	I-Process
+reduces	196,203	O	O
+,	203,204	O	O
+along	205,210	O	O
+with	211,215	O	O
+the	216,219	O	O
+reflection	220,230	O	O
+coefficient	231,242	O	O
+,	242,243	O	O
+as	244,246	O	O
+the	247,250	O	O
+volumetric	251,261	O	B-Process
+proportion	262,272	O	I-Process
+of	273,275	O	I-Process
+air	276,279	O	I-Process
+increases	280,289	O	O
+as	290,292	O	O
+compared	293,301	O	O
+to	302,304	O	O
+the	305,308	O	O
+remaining	309,318	O	O
+components	319,329	O	O
+.	329,330	O	O
+
+However	331,338	O	O
+,	338,339	O	O
+the	340,343	O	O
+method	344,350	O	O
+relies	351,357	O	O
+on	358,360	O	O
+an	361,363	O	O
+empirical	364,373	O	O
+fit	374,377	O	O
+,	377,378	O	O
+determined	379,389	O	O
+on	390,392	O	O
+a	393,394	O	O
+case	395,399	O	O
+-	399,400	O	O
+by	400,402	O	O
+-	402,403	O	O
+case	403,407	O	O
+basis	408,413	O	O
+,	413,414	O	O
+since	415,420	O	O
+the	421,424	O	O
+permittivity	425,437	O	O
+of	438,440	O	O
+the	441,444	O	O
+remaining	445,454	O	O
+components	455,465	O	O
+depends	466,473	O	O
+on	474,476	O	O
+the	477,480	O	O
+mix	481,484	O	B-Material
+design	485,491	O	I-Material
+(	492,493	O	O
+aggregate	493,502	O	O
+type	503,507	O	O
+,	507,508	O	O
+binder	509,515	O	O
+content	516,523	O	O
+,	523,524	O	O
+etc	525,528	O	O
+.	528,529	O	O
+)	529,530	O	O
+.	530,531	O	O
+
+Long	532,536	O	B-Process
+term	537,541	O	I-Process
+studies	542,549	O	I-Process
+in	550,552	O	I-Process
+Finland	553,560	O	I-Process
+concluded	561,570	O	O
+that	571,575	O	O
+this	576,580	O	O
+empirical	581,590	O	O
+fit	591,594	O	O
+is	595,597	O	O
+an	598,600	O	O
+exponential	601,612	O	B-Task
+relationship	613,625	O	I-Task
+[	626,627	O	O
+1	627,628	O	O
+]	628,629	O	O
+.	629,630	O	O
+
+The	631,634	O	O
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+fits	647,651	O	O
+,	651,652	O	O
+using	653,658	O	O
+a	659,660	O	O
+sufficient	661,671	O	B-Process
+amount	672,678	O	I-Process
+of	679,681	O	I-Process
+cores	682,687	O	I-Process
+,	687,688	O	O
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+be	693,695	O	O
+used	696,700	O	O
+to	701,703	O	O
+map	704,707	O	B-Task
+the	708,711	O	I-Task
+air	712,715	O	I-Task
+void	716,720	O	I-Task
+content	721,728	O	I-Task
+variation	729,738	O	I-Task
+in	739,741	O	O
+a	742,743	O	O
+similar	744,751	O	O
+manner	752,758	O	O
+to	759,761	O	O
+the	762,765	O	O
+dielectric	766,776	O	B-Material
+maps	777,781	O	I-Material
+shown	782,787	O	O
+in	788,790	O	O
+Fig	791,794	O	O
+.	794,795	O	O
+
+4	796,797	O	O
+.	797,798	O	O
+
+Only	799,803	O	O
+4	804,805	O	O
+cores	806,811	O	O
+were	812,816	O	O
+feasible	817,825	O	O
+due	826,829	O	O
+to	830,832	O	O
+various	833,840	O	O
+factors	841,848	O	O
+involved	849,857	O	O
+with	858,862	O	O
+testing	863,870	O	B-Task
+the	871,874	O	I-Task
+final	875,880	O	I-Task
+lift	881,885	O	I-Task
+of	886,888	O	O
+an	889,891	O	O
+in	892,894	O	O
+-	894,895	O	O
+service	895,902	O	O
+pavement	903,911	O	O
+.	911,912	O	O
+
+More	913,917	O	O
+cores	918,923	O	O
+are	924,927	O	O
+needed	928,934	O	O
+for	935,938	O	O
+more	939,943	O	B-Task
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+coefficients	963,975	O	I-Task
+,	975,976	O	O
+although	977,985	O	O
+the	986,989	O	O
+limited	990,997	O	O
+cores	998,1003	O	O
+show	1004,1008	O	O
+that	1009,1013	O	O
+the	1014,1017	O	O
+predicted	1018,1027	O	B-Process
+relationships	1028,1041	O	I-Process
+are	1042,1045	O	O
+similar	1046,1053	O	O
+for	1054,1057	O	O
+the	1058,1061	O	O
+measured	1062,1070	O	B-Process
+dielectric	1071,1081	O	I-Process
+range	1082,1087	O	I-Process
+in	1088,1090	O	O
+this	1091,1095	O	O
+case	1096,1100	O	O
+-	1100,1101	O	O
+study	1101,1106	O	O
+.	1106,1107	O	O
+
+Since	1108,1113	O	O
+both	1114,1118	O	O
+regressions	1119,1130	O	B-Process
+predict	1131,1138	O	O
+air	1139,1142	O	B-Task
+void	1143,1147	O	I-Task
+content	1148,1155	O	I-Task
+at	1156,1158	O	O
+a	1159,1160	O	O
+maximum	1161,1168	O	O
+difference	1169,1179	O	O
+of	1180,1182	O	O
+0.56	1183,1187	O	O
+%	1187,1188	O	O
+,	1188,1189	O	O
+which	1190,1195	O	O
+is	1196,1198	O	O
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+the	1206,1209	O	O
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+of	1222,1224	O	O
+the	1225,1228	O	O
+core	1229,1233	O	B-Process
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+precision	1246,1255	O	I-Process
+of	1256,1258	O	O
+0.7	1259,1262	O	O
+%	1262,1263	O	O
+,	1263,1264	O	O
+use	1265,1268	O	O
+of	1269,1271	O	O
+either	1272,1278	O	O
+the	1279,1282	O	O
+initial	1283,1290	O	B-Process
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+.	1343,1344	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2214657115000155)
+
+MicroCT	0,7	O	B-Process
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+been	12,16	O	O
+applied	17,24	O	O
+to	25,27	O	O
+AM	28,30	O	B-Material
+parts	31,36	O	I-Material
+in	37,39	O	O
+various	40,47	O	O
+forms	48,53	O	O
+.	53,54	O	O
+
+Some	55,59	O	O
+preliminary	60,71	O	B-Material
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+demonstrating	80,93	O	O
+the	94,97	O	O
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+of	112,114	O	I-Task
+defects	115,122	O	I-Task
+including	123,132	O	O
+porosity	133,141	O	B-Process
+in	142,144	O	I-Process
+AM	145,147	O	I-Process
+components	148,158	O	I-Process
+were	159,163	O	O
+reported	164,172	O	O
+in	173,175	O	O
+[	176,177	O	O
+6	177,178	O	O
+]	178,179	O	O
+.	179,180	O	O
+
+In	181,183	O	O
+another	184,191	O	O
+study	192,197	O	O
+,	197,198	O	O
+the	199,202	O	O
+porosity	203,211	O	B-Task
+structures	212,222	O	I-Task
+in	223,225	O	I-Task
+parts	226,231	O	I-Task
+built	232,237	O	O
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+improper	243,251	O	O
+settings	252,260	O	O
+were	261,265	O	O
+investigated	266,278	O	O
+[	279,280	O	O
+7	280,281	O	O
+]	281,282	O	O
+.	282,283	O	O
+
+In	284,286	O	O
+this	287,291	O	O
+work	292,296	O	O
+,	296,297	O	O
+the	298,301	O	O
+average	302,309	O	B-Process
+porosity	310,318	O	I-Process
+ranged	319,325	O	O
+from	326,330	O	O
+0.1–0.5	331,338	O	O
+%	338,339	O	O
+,	339,340	O	O
+and	341,344	O	O
+large	345,350	O	O
+pores	351,356	O	O
+were	357,361	O	O
+observed	362,370	O	O
+which	371,376	O	O
+followed	377,385	O	O
+the	386,389	O	O
+build	390,395	O	B-Process
+direction	396,405	O	I-Process
+and	406,409	O	O
+may	410,413	O	O
+be	414,416	O	O
+attributed	417,427	O	O
+to	428,430	O	O
+the	431,434	O	O
+electron	435,443	O	B-Process
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+raster	449,455	O	I-Process
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+pattern	468,475	O	I-Process
+.	475,476	O	I-Process
+
+This	477,481	O	O
+was	482,485	O	O
+followed	486,494	O	O
+by	495,497	O	O
+more	498,502	O	O
+recent	503,509	O	B-Material
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+of	518,520	O	O
+the	521,524	O	O
+porosity	525,533	O	B-Task
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+as	547,549	O	O
+a	550,551	O	O
+function	552,560	O	O
+of	561,563	O	O
+build	564,569	O	O
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+for	579,582	O	O
+electron	583,591	O	B-Material
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+<	634,635	O	O
+0.2	636,639	O	O
+%	639,640	O	O
+[	641,642	O	O
+8	642,643	O	O
+]	643,644	O	O
+.	644,645	O	O
+
+In	646,648	O	O
+another	649,656	O	O
+study	657,662	O	O
+,	662,663	O	O
+similar	664,671	O	O
+porosity	672,680	O	B-Material
+images	681,687	O	I-Material
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+microCT	693,700	O	B-Material
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+levels	718,724	O	O
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+0.2	731,734	O	O
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+9,10	754,758	O	O
+]	758,759	O	O
+.	759,760	O	O
+
+Very	761,765	O	O
+recent	766,772	O	O
+work	773,777	O	O
+reports	778,785	O	O
+similar	786,793	O	O
+images	794,800	O	O
+and	801,804	O	O
+may	805,808	O	O
+indicate	809,817	O	O
+that	818,822	O	O
+the	823,826	O	O
+porosity	827,835	O	O
+structure	836,845	O	O
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+on	854,856	O	O
+the	857,860	O	O
+build	861,866	O	O
+direction	867,876	O	O
+[	877,878	O	O
+11	878,880	O	O
+]	880,881	O	O
+.	881,882	O	O
+
+Other	883,888	O	O
+applications	889,901	O	O
+of	902,904	O	O
+the	905,908	O	O
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+of	913,915	O	O
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+parts	943,948	O	I-Task
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+12	1005,1007	O	O
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+the	1013,1016	O	O
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+parts	1063,1068	O	O
+[	1069,1070	O	O
+13	1070,1072	O	O
+]	1072,1073	O	O
+.	1073,1074	O	O
+
+In	1075,1077	O	O
+the	1078,1081	O	O
+present	1082,1089	O	O
+work	1090,1094	O	O
+,	1094,1095	O	O
+the	1096,1099	O	O
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+is	1104,1106	O	O
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+0.01	1198,1202	O	O
+%	1202,1203	O	O
+,	1203,1204	O	O
+and	1205,1208	O	O
+which	1209,1214	O	O
+does	1215,1219	O	O
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+follow	1224,1230	O	I-Process
+the	1231,1234	O	I-Process
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+as	1251,1253	O	O
+in	1254,1256	O	O
+some	1257,1261	O	O
+other	1262,1267	O	O
+reported	1268,1276	O	O
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+.	1285,1286	O	O
+
+We	1287,1289	O	O
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+demonstrate	1295,1306	O	O
+how	1307,1310	O	O
+this	1311,1315	O	O
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+Pressing	1363,1371	O	I-Process
+(	1372,1373	O	O
+HIP	1373,1376	O	B-Process
+)	1376,1377	O	O
+treatment	1378,1387	O	O
+of	1388,1390	O	O
+the	1391,1394	O	O
+same	1395,1399	O	O
+sample	1400,1406	O	O
+.	1406,1407	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2214657115000179)
+
+Aeroengine	0,10	O	B-Task
+turbine	11,18	O	I-Task
+disks	19,24	O	I-Task
+often	25,30	O	O
+consist	31,38	O	O
+of	39,41	O	O
+paramagnetic	42,54	O	B-Material
+,	54,55	O	O
+that	56,60	O	O
+means	61,66	O	O
+non	67,70	O	B-Material
+-	70,71	O	I-Material
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+Nickel	85,91	O	I-Material
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+alloys	98,104	O	I-Material
+.	104,105	O	O
+
+Sometimes	106,115	O	O
+,	115,116	O	O
+parasitic	117,126	O	B-Material
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+particles	147,156	O	I-Material
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+be	161,163	O	O
+included	164,172	O	O
+in	173,175	O	O
+these	176,181	O	O
+disks	182,187	O	O
+that	188,192	O	O
+may	193,196	O	O
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+the	206,209	O	I-Task
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+
+For	232,235	O	O
+this	236,240	O	O
+reason	241,247	O	O
+,	247,248	O	O
+in	249,251	O	O
+case	252,256	O	O
+of	257,259	O	O
+a	260,261	O	O
+suspicion	262,271	O	O
+disks	272,277	O	O
+are	278,281	O	O
+to	282,284	O	O
+be	285,287	O	O
+analysed	288,296	O	O
+with	297,301	O	O
+respect	302,309	O	O
+to	310,312	O	O
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+inclusions	327,337	O	I-Process
+.	337,338	O	O
+
+These	339,344	O	O
+inclusions	345,355	O	O
+generate	356,364	O	O
+a	365,366	O	O
+magnetic	367,375	O	B-Task
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+a	409,410	O	O
+flux	411,415	O	B-Material
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+using	434,439	O	O
+the	440,443	O	O
+magnetic	444,452	O	B-Process
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+[	470,471	O	O
+1	471,472	O	O
+]	472,473	O	O
+.	473,474	O	O
+
+The	475,478	O	O
+detection	479,488	O	B-Process
+principle	489,498	O	I-Process
+of	499,501	O	I-Process
+ferromagnetic	502,515	O	I-Process
+impurities	516,526	O	I-Process
+in	527,529	O	O
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+-	533,534	O	O
+magnetic	534,542	O	O
+metallic	543,551	O	O
+materials	552,561	O	O
+is	562,564	O	O
+based	565,570	O	O
+on	571,573	O	O
+their	574,579	O	O
+remanence	580,589	O	O
+.	589,590	O	O
+
+Before	591,597	O	O
+such	598,602	O	O
+a	603,604	O	O
+measurement	605,616	O	B-Task
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+be	621,623	O	O
+carried	624,631	O	O
+out	632,635	O	O
+,	635,636	O	O
+the	637,640	O	O
+aeroengine	641,651	O	O
+turbine	652,659	O	O
+disks	660,665	O	O
+are	666,669	O	O
+premagnetised	670,683	O	B-Process
+in	684,686	O	O
+axial	687,692	O	O
+direction	693,702	O	O
+.	702,703	O	O
+
+As	704,706	O	O
+ferromagnetic	707,720	O	O
+materials	721,730	O	O
+show	731,735	O	O
+the	736,739	O	O
+well	740,744	O	O
+-	744,745	O	O
+known	745,750	O	O
+hysteresis	751,761	O	B-Process
+behaviour	762,771	O	I-Process
+,	771,772	O	O
+those	773,778	O	O
+materials	779,788	O	O
+can	789,792	O	O
+be	793,795	O	O
+magnetised	796,806	O	O
+by	807,809	O	O
+a	810,811	O	O
+strong	812,818	O	B-Process
+magnetic	819,827	O	I-Process
+field	828,833	O	I-Process
+which	834,839	O	O
+drives	840,846	O	O
+the	847,850	O	O
+magnetic	851,859	O	O
+material	860,868	O	O
+into	869,873	O	O
+saturation	874,884	O	O
+.	884,885	O	O
+
+When	886,890	O	O
+removing	891,899	O	B-Process
+the	900,903	O	I-Process
+magnetic	904,912	O	I-Process
+field	913,918	O	I-Process
+,	918,919	O	O
+the	920,923	O	O
+remanence	924,933	O	O
+is	934,936	O	O
+left	937,941	O	O
+.	941,942	O	O
+
+This	943,947	O	O
+remaining	948,957	O	B-Process
+flux	958,962	O	I-Process
+density	963,970	O	I-Process
+is	971,973	O	O
+used	974,978	O	O
+to	979,981	O	O
+detect	982,988	O	O
+them	989,993	O	O
+in	994,996	O	O
+non	997,1000	O	O
+-	1000,1001	O	O
+magnetic	1001,1009	O	O
+materials	1010,1019	O	O
+.	1019,1020	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2352179114200032)
+
+Although	0,8	O	O
+the	9,12	O	O
+presented	13,22	O	O
+model	23,28	O	O
+is	29,31	O	O
+developed	32,41	O	O
+and	42,45	O	O
+tested	46,52	O	O
+with	53,57	O	O
+a	58,59	O	B-Material
+-	59,60	O	I-Material
+C	60,61	O	I-Material
+:	61,62	O	I-Material
+H	62,63	O	I-Material
+layers	64,70	O	I-Material
+in	71,73	O	O
+mind	74,78	O	O
+,	78,79	O	O
+it	80,82	O	O
+is	83,85	O	O
+not	86,89	O	O
+necessarily	90,101	O	O
+limited	102,109	O	O
+to	110,112	O	O
+them	113,117	O	O
+.	117,118	O	O
+
+Moreover	119,127	O	O
+,	127,128	O	O
+the	129,132	O	O
+only	133,137	O	O
+assumptions	138,149	O	O
+are	150,153	O	O
+chemical	154,162	O	B-Process
+reactions	163,172	O	I-Process
+between	173,180	O	O
+the	181,184	O	O
+gas	185,188	O	B-Material
+and	189,192	O	O
+the	193,196	O	O
+solid	197,202	O	B-Material
+forming	203,210	O	I-Material
+volatiles	211,220	O	I-Material
+,	220,221	O	O
+the	222,225	O	O
+loss	226,230	O	O
+of	231,233	O	O
+these	234,239	O	O
+volatiles	240,249	O	O
+from	250,254	O	O
+the	255,258	O	O
+material	259,267	O	O
+and	268,271	O	O
+the	272,275	O	O
+two	276,279	O	O
+stated	280,286	O	O
+boundary	287,295	O	O
+conditions	296,306	O	O
+of	307,309	O	O
+gas	310,313	O	B-Process
+influx	314,320	O	I-Process
+at	321,323	O	O
+a	324,325	O	O
+single	326,332	O	B-Material
+outer	333,338	O	I-Material
+surface	339,346	O	I-Material
+and	347,350	O	O
+the	351,354	O	O
+possibility	355,366	O	O
+of	367,369	O	O
+reactions	370,379	O	B-Process
+throughout	380,390	O	O
+the	391,394	O	O
+bulk	395,399	O	O
+.	399,400	O	O
+
+Porosity	401,409	O	B-Process
+and	410,413	O	O
+significant	414,425	O	O
+gas	426,429	O	B-Material
+inventories	430,441	O	I-Material
+were	442,446	O	O
+observed	447,455	O	O
+not	456,459	O	O
+only	460,464	O	O
+for	465,468	O	O
+carbon	469,475	O	B-Material
+[	476,477	O	O
+12	477,479	O	O
+]	479,480	O	O
+but	481,484	O	O
+,	484,485	O	O
+e.g.	486,490	O	O
+also	491,495	O	O
+for	496,499	O	O
+beryllium	500,509	O	B-Material
+co	510,512	O	I-Material
+-	512,513	O	I-Material
+deposits	513,521	O	I-Material
+[	522,523	O	O
+25	523,525	O	O
+]	525,526	O	O
+and	527,530	O	O
+can	531,534	O	O
+be	535,537	O	O
+expected	538,546	O	O
+for	547,550	O	O
+other	551,556	O	O
+co	557,559	O	O
+-	559,560	O	O
+deposits	560,568	O	O
+formed	569,575	O	O
+in	576,578	O	O
+plasma	579,585	O	B-Material
+devices	586,593	O	I-Material
+[	594,595	O	O
+1	595,596	O	O
+]	596,597	O	O
+.	597,598	O	O
+
+Thus	599,603	O	O
+,	603,604	O	O
+TCR	605,608	O	B-Material
+and	609,612	O	O
+its	613,616	O	O
+description	617,628	O	O
+by	629,631	O	O
+the	632,635	O	O
+presented	636,645	O	O
+model	646,651	O	O
+may	652,655	O	O
+be	656,658	O	O
+applicable	659,669	O	O
+to	670,672	O	O
+all	673,676	O	O
+deposits	677,685	O	O
+.	685,686	O	O
+
+If	687,689	O	O
+a	690,691	O	O
+layer	692,697	O	O
+has	698,701	O	O
+constituents	702,714	O	B-Process
+that	715,719	O	I-Process
+are	720,723	O	I-Process
+not	724,727	O	I-Process
+forming	728,735	O	I-Process
+volatiles	736,745	O	I-Process
+with	746,750	O	I-Process
+the	751,754	O	I-Process
+reactive	755,763	O	I-Process
+gas	764,767	O	I-Process
+,	767,768	O	O
+e.g.	769,773	O	O
+W	774,775	O	B-Process
+and	776,779	O	I-Process
+Be	780,782	O	I-Process
+with	783,787	O	I-Process
+O2	788,790	O	I-Process
+,	790,791	O	O
+these	792,797	O	O
+constituents	798,810	O	O
+can	811,814	O	O
+not	814,817	O	O
+be	818,820	O	O
+removed	821,828	O	O
+by	829,831	O	O
+TCR	832,835	O	B-Material
+,	835,836	O	O
+as	837,839	O	O
+they	840,844	O	O
+will	845,849	O	O
+not	850,853	O	O
+be	854,856	O	O
+removed	857,864	O	O
+from	865,869	O	O
+the	870,873	O	O
+deposit	874,881	O	O
+.	881,882	O	O
+
+This	883,887	O	O
+can	888,891	O	O
+influence	892,901	O	O
+the	902,905	O	O
+removal	906,913	O	O
+of	914,916	O	O
+other	917,922	O	O
+deposit	923,930	O	B-Material
+constituents	931,943	O	I-Material
+and	944,947	O	O
+the	948,951	O	O
+time	952,956	O	O
+evolution	957,966	O	O
+of	967,969	O	O
+the	970,973	O	O
+process	974,981	O	O
+can	982,985	O	O
+change	986,992	O	O
+.	992,993	O	O
+
+The	994,997	O	O
+new	998,1001	O	O
+understanding	1002,1015	O	O
+of	1016,1018	O	O
+TCR	1019,1022	O	B-Material
+may	1023,1026	O	O
+,	1026,1027	O	O
+for	1028,1031	O	O
+the	1032,1035	O	O
+first	1036,1041	O	O
+time	1042,1046	O	O
+,	1046,1047	O	O
+allow	1048,1053	O	O
+applying	1054,1062	O	O
+the	1063,1066	O	O
+method	1067,1073	O	O
+in	1074,1076	O	O
+a	1077,1078	O	O
+controlled	1079,1089	O	O
+way	1090,1093	O	O
+to	1094,1096	O	O
+nuclear	1097,1104	O	B-Material
+fusion	1105,1111	O	I-Material
+devices	1112,1119	O	I-Material
+,	1119,1120	O	O
+possibly	1121,1129	O	O
+solving	1130,1137	O	O
+the	1138,1141	O	O
+tritium	1142,1149	O	B-Task
+retention	1150,1159	O	I-Task
+issue	1160,1165	O	I-Task
+especially	1166,1176	O	O
+related	1177,1184	O	O
+to	1185,1187	O	O
+carbon	1188,1194	O	B-Material
+based	1195,1200	O	I-Material
+materials	1201,1210	O	I-Material
+.	1210,1211	O	O
+
+
+-DOCSTART- (S2352179114200056)
+
+Power	0,5	O	B-Material
+and	6,9	O	I-Material
+particle	10,18	O	I-Material
+exhaust	19,26	O	I-Material
+are	27,30	O	O
+crucial	31,38	O	O
+for	39,42	O	O
+the	43,46	O	O
+viability	47,56	O	O
+of	57,59	O	O
+any	60,63	O	O
+future	64,70	O	O
+fusion	71,77	O	B-Material
+power	78,83	O	I-Material
+plant	84,89	O	I-Material
+concept	90,97	O	O
+.	97,98	O	O
+
+Heat	99,103	O	O
+in	104,106	O	O
+fusion	107,113	O	B-Process
+reactors	114,122	O	I-Process
+must	123,127	O	O
+be	128,130	O	O
+extracted	131,140	O	O
+through	141,148	O	O
+a	149,150	O	O
+wall	151,155	O	O
+and	156,159	O	O
+can	160,163	O	O
+not	163,166	O	O
+be	167,169	O	O
+exhausted	170,179	O	O
+volumetrically	180,194	O	O
+,	194,195	O	O
+which	196,201	O	O
+limits	202,208	O	O
+the	209,212	O	O
+allowed	213,220	O	O
+power	221,226	O	O
+density	227,234	O	O
+in	235,237	O	O
+fusion	238,244	O	B-Process
+reactors	245,253	O	I-Process
+[	254,255	O	O
+1	255,256	O	O
+]	256,257	O	O
+and	258,261	O	O
+is	262,264	O	O
+a	265,266	O	O
+severe	267,273	O	B-Task
+technical	274,283	O	I-Task
+challenge	284,293	O	I-Task
+in	294,296	O	O
+itself	297,303	O	O
+[	304,305	O	O
+2	305,306	O	O
+]	306,307	O	O
+.	307,308	O	O
+
+In	309,311	O	O
+addition	312,320	O	O
+,	320,321	O	O
+structural	322,332	O	B-Process
+material	333,341	O	I-Process
+changes	342,349	O	I-Process
+resulting	350,359	O	O
+from	360,364	O	O
+neutron	365,372	O	B-Process
+irradiation	373,384	O	I-Process
+cause	385,390	O	O
+degradation	391,402	O	O
+in	403,405	O	O
+the	406,409	O	O
+heat	410,414	O	O
+exhaust	415,422	O	O
+capabilities	423,435	O	O
+of	436,438	O	O
+existing	439,447	O	O
+designs	448,455	O	O
+[	456,457	O	O
+3	457,458	O	O
+]	458,459	O	O
+and	460,463	O	O
+static	464,470	O	B-Process
+surfaces	471,479	O	I-Process
+can	480,483	O	O
+suffer	484,490	O	O
+severely	491,499	O	O
+from	500,504	O	O
+erosion	505,512	O	O
+due	513,516	O	O
+to	517,519	O	O
+impinging	520,529	O	B-Material
+plasma	530,536	O	I-Material
+particles	537,546	O	I-Material
+[	547,548	O	O
+4,5	548,551	O	O
+]	551,552	O	O
+.	552,553	O	O
+
+It	554,556	O	O
+is	557,559	O	O
+concluded	560,569	O	O
+that	570,574	O	O
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+concepts	588,596	O	O
+and	597,600	O	O
+materials	601,610	O	O
+for	611,614	O	O
+plasma	615,621	O	B-Task
+facing	622,628	O	I-Task
+components	629,639	O	I-Task
+(	640,641	O	O
+PFCs	641,645	O	B-Task
+)	645,646	O	O
+reach	647,652	O	O
+their	653,658	O	O
+limits	659,665	O	O
+in	666,668	O	O
+terms	669,674	O	O
+of	675,677	O	O
+material	678,686	O	O
+lifetime	687,695	O	O
+and	696,699	O	O
+power	700,705	O	O
+exhaust	706,713	O	O
+at	714,716	O	O
+approximately	717,730	O	O
+20MW	731,735	O	O
+/	735,736	O	O
+m2	736,738	O	O
+,	738,739	O	O
+which	740,745	O	O
+is	746,748	O	O
+presumably	749,759	O	O
+dramatically	760,772	O	O
+reduced	773,780	O	O
+to	781,783	O	O
+<	784,785	O	O
+10MW	785,789	O	O
+/	789,790	O	O
+m2	790,792	O	O
+due	793,796	O	O
+to	797,799	O	O
+neutron	800,807	O	B-Process
+damage	808,814	O	I-Process
+in	815,817	O	O
+a	818,819	O	O
+D	820,821	O	B-Material
+-	821,822	O	I-Material
+T	822,823	O	I-Material
+reactor	824,831	O	I-Material
+[	832,833	O	O
+6	833,834	O	O
+]	834,835	O	O
+or	836,838	O	O
+even	839,843	O	O
+only	844,848	O	O
+half	849,853	O	O
+that	854,858	O	O
+value	859,864	O	O
+[	865,866	O	O
+7	866,867	O	O
+]	867,868	O	O
+.	868,869	O	O
+
+
diff --git a/data/rel/semeval2017/dev.txt b/data/rel/semeval2017/dev.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..850cce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/rel/semeval2017/dev.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{"text": "<E2>Complex Langevin</E2> (<E1>CL</E1>) dynamics  [1,2] provides an approach to circumvent the sign problem in numerical simulations of lattice field theories with a complex Boltzmann weight, since it does not rely on importance sampling.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0003491613001516", "spans": [18, 20, 0, 16]}}
+{"text": "This method leads to solution of perhaps the most known test-case that exhibits a <E2>first order phase transition</E2> (semi-heuristically described) such as the <E1>van der Waals model</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0003491615001839", "spans": [335, 354, 263, 291]}}
+{"text": "The Hamiltonian then simplifies to H=-\u03b3eB(S1(z)+S2(z))+|\u03b3e|\u03b1S\u21922\u00b7I\u2192, where <E1>\u03b1</E1> is the <E2>isotropic hyperfine coupling</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261413004612", "spans": [1570, 1571, 1579, 1607]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Optical processes</E2>, including <E1>resonance energy transfer</E1> are similarly dependent on the local environment of molecular chromophores [2\u20134].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261414000372", "spans": [300, 325, 271, 288]}}
+{"text": "Such <E2>methods, mostly multi-step and time-consuming</E2>, can typically be cast in one of two distinct categories: synthetic mechanisms designed to produce a single stereoisomer, or <E1>separation techniques</E1> to isolate distinct enantiomers from a racemic mixture.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261415001517", "spans": [441, 462, 270, 315]}}
+{"text": "A model Hamiltonian exhibiting tunnelling dynamics through a multidimensional asymmetric double well potential has been used as a test by the MP/SOFT [18] and CCS methods [19] mentioned above, and also more recently by a <E1>configuration interaction</E1> (<E2>CI</E2>) expansion method [20] and two-layer version of CCS (2L-CCS).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261415008362", "spans": [336, 361, 363, 365]}}
+{"text": "Based on the theoretical analysis, the <E2>value of the measuring resistor</E2>, <E1>Rm</E1>, has no effect on the corrosion process and on the estimated value of noise resistance.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X13003818", "spans": [72, 74, 39, 70]}}
+{"text": "A <E2>surfactant</E2> is a <E1>surface active agent</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X14002157", "spans": [18, 38, 2, 12]}}
+{"text": "Regions with larger (\u0394\u03a8) indicate increased surface reactivity [11,15,18], and even a correlation between Volta potential differences measured in nominally dry air and their <E2>free corrosion potential</E2> (<E1>Ecorr</E1>) pre-determined under immersed conditions has been reported [18].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X15003261", "spans": [1156, 1161, 1130, 1154]}}
+{"text": "By applying this mapping, <E2>n-alkanes chains</E2> containing multiples of three carbon units can be represented directly: <E1>n-C6H14</E1>, n", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021961415003821", "spans": [919, 926, 830, 846]}}
+{"text": "A <E2>direct numerical simulation</E2> (<E1>DNS</E1>) approach is used to evaluate profiles of fluid velocities and concentrations in water, and several important turbulence statistics have been evaluated without using turbulent closures, and subgrid-scale models.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113005652", "spans": [1410, 1413, 1381, 1408]}}
+{"text": "Regardless of the details, the forced response is composed of shallow-water waves, possibly including <E1>Kelvin waves</E1>, with the largest amplitudes in <E2>waves</E2> with a natural frequency \u03c9f close to that of the forcing frequency \u03c9; various examples of this sort are given in Chapters 9 and 10 of Gill [16].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113005846", "spans": [442, 454, 487, 492]}}
+{"text": "We finish Section 2 by reformulating our model into the phase field framework, which appears more suitable for the problem in hand, and we formulate the <E1>cell tracking problem</E1> as a <E2>PDE constrained optimisation problem</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115003423", "spans": [594, 615, 621, 657]}}
+{"text": "The dynamics of various <E2>physical phenomena</E2>, such as the <E1>movement of pendulums, planets, or water waves</E1> can be described in a variational framework.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115007895", "spans": [56, 102, 24, 42]}}
+{"text": "Although relatively long communication times between remote processors may hinder this process in typical <E2>parallel computers</E2>, this is not the case for <E1>GPGPU architectures</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115008153", "spans": [409, 428, 364, 382]}}
+{"text": "R-adaptivity \u2013 <E2>mesh redistribution</E2> \u2013 involves <E1>deforming a mesh</E1> in order to vary local resolution and was first considered for atmospheric modelling more than twenty years ago by Dietachmayer and Droegemeier", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115008372", "spans": [213, 229, 182, 201]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Calumite</E1> is a <E2>powdered material</E2>, with a typical particle size distribution between limits of ca.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311513010313", "spans": [849, 857, 863, 880]}}
+{"text": "As such these materials are exposed to a large number of environmental factors that will promote <E2>degradation mechanisms</E2> such as <E1>oxidation</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311514006722", "spans": [222, 231, 191, 213]}}
+{"text": "the intended crystalline phase was the closely related <E1>titanate pyrochlore</E1>, <E2>CaUTi2O7</E2>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311514006941", "spans": [544, 563, 565, 573]}}
+{"text": "For completeness, we report two <E2>shell models</E2> with the best results given by the <E1>Catlow potential model</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311514009271", "spans": [825, 847, 777, 789]}}
+{"text": "The latter mechanism, <E1>DHC</E1>, is a sub-critical, time dependent <E2>cracking phenomenon</E2> that requires long range hydrogen diffusion for repeated local hydride growth and fracture at a hydrostatic tensile stress raiser [5,41,42].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515002354", "spans": [792, 795, 831, 850]}}
+{"text": "During burnup, pure <E1>UO2 fuel</E1> tends to oxidize to <E2>UO2+x</E2>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515301653", "spans": [802, 810, 831, 836]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Methane</E1> (<E2>CH4</E2>) is a precursor for carbonaceous deposits that form a sacrificial layer protecting the underlying graphite from excessive weight loss [15] and reduction in mechanical strength [16].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515303901", "spans": [731, 738, 740, 743]}}
+{"text": "An essential part of <E2>nuclear reactor analysis</E2> is the <E1>prediction of the three-dimensional space-time kinetics of neutrons</E1> in a relatively large, finite, heterogeneous, three-dimensional reactor core.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0029549313003439", "spans": [53, 120, 21, 45]}}
+{"text": "Methods that predict the cell temperature at <E1>maximum power point</E1> (<E2>MPP</E2>) operation offer a more realistic approach since they include the electrical energy generation of the solar cells (i.e. real operating conditions); Yandt et al.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0038092X15003059", "spans": [740, 759, 761, 764]}}
+{"text": "They summarized this information across calibrations by computing <E1>Highest Posterior-Density</E1> (<E2>HPD</E2>) intervals, and subsequently represent the total solution uncertainty with a probability-box (p-box).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782514001947", "spans": [268, 293, 295, 298]}}
+{"text": "Thus, <E2>surface modifications</E2>, such as <E1>doping</E1>, functionalization and improving the pore structure and specific surface area of nanocarbons, are important to enhance gas adsorption.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0079642514000784", "spans": [1438, 1444, 1407, 1428]}}
+{"text": "Continuum approaches, which are based on the fact that the <E2>geometrical features</E2> of the film (i.e., the <E1>nanocolumns</E1>) are much larger than the typical size of an atom [42,266,267], have been also explored.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0079642515000705", "spans": [471, 482, 427, 447]}}
+{"text": "The structure of the failed surface can be represented with a mathematical graph, where graph nodes represent failed faces and graph edges exist between failed faces with common triple line in the cellular structure, i.e. where two <E1>micro-cracks</E1> formed a continuous larger <E2>crack</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167844214000652", "spans": [694, 706, 734, 739]}}
+{"text": "These materials have two components, one being a semiconducting material with diamagnetic properties while the other is a <E2>magnetic dopant</E2> such as <E1>transition metal</E1> having un-paired d electrons [2].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0254058415300766", "spans": [369, 385, 345, 360]}}
+{"text": "We found that for n-propyl benzene, the relative yield of C3H3+ is extremely sensitive to the phase of the <E1>laser pulse</E1> as compared to any of the other possible <E2>channels</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301010409001219", "spans": [1002, 1013, 1055, 1063]}}
+{"text": "Interestingly, the very low H2 adsorption has been successfully characterised as <E1>weak binding interactions</E1> and, for the first time, we have found that the adsorbed H2 in the pore channel has a liquid type recoil motion at 5K (below its melting point) as a direct result of this <E2>weak interaction</E2> to the MOF host.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301010413004096", "spans": [1204, 1229, 1401, 1417]}}
+{"text": "Several extended PES scans of <E1>Na3</E1> and other <E2>alkali trimers</E2> followed this initial study, employing DFT [7], complete active space SCF [8], or a configuration interaction approach based on valence bond wave functions [9].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301010415002189", "spans": [275, 278, 289, 303]}}
+{"text": "Alternatively to H-atom photodetachment from the <E1>intermediate radicals</E1>, the latter may serve as <E2>reducing agents</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301010415300355", "spans": [49, 70, 96, 111]}}
+{"text": "This is because the rough wall treatment in the soft sphere implementation adds extra virtual walls during the collision of a particle with a <E2>wall</E2>, which is a more realistic representation of a rough wall compared to the hard sphere rough wall treatment where one <E1>random wall</E1> is considered.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301932213000487", "spans": [1090, 1101, 968, 972]}}
+{"text": "By appropriately choosing one of three <E2>finite difference schemes</E2> (<E1>central, forward, or backward differencing</E1>), it has been demonstrated that thin liquid ligaments can be well resolved see Xiao (2012).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301932213001985", "spans": [203, 245, 176, 201]}}
+{"text": "To achieve this, <E1>large eddy simulations</E1> (<E2>LES</E2>) of a horizontal turbulent channel flow laden with five different particle shapes, incorporating the drag, lift and toque model derived in Zastawny et al.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301932214001931", "spans": [214, 236, 238, 241]}}
+{"text": "[54] and expanded into a <E2>group contribution approach</E2>, <E1>SAFT-\u03b3</E1>, by Papaioannou et al.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0378381215300297", "spans": [801, 807, 772, 799]}}
+{"text": "Similarly, the <E2>modeling approaches</E2> used to understand and parameterize active mechanisms and phenomena over lifetime fall into the broad categories of <E1>micro-, meso- and macroscopic approaches</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1359028614000989", "spans": [979, 1019, 843, 862]}}
+{"text": "Nevertheless, many present experimental <E2>nuclear fusion devices</E2> (DIII-D, <E1>TCV</E1>, etc.) and new ones (JT-60SA, KSTAR, Wenderstein-7X) use carbon elements, so the removal of carbon co-deposits is still necessary for a better device operation\u2014plasma density control, dust events, etc.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2352179115300041", "spans": [1044, 1047, 1012, 1034]}}
diff --git a/data/rel/semeval2017/test.txt b/data/rel/semeval2017/test.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b023991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/rel/semeval2017/test.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+{"text": "<E1>Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiographic</E1> (<E2>3D-DSA</E2>) images from diagnostic cerebral angiography were obtained at least one day prior to embolization in all patients.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010482516301810", "spans": [0, 50, 52, 58]}}
+{"text": "9 displays the growth of two of the main <E2>corrosion products</E2> that develop or form on the surface of Cu40Zn with time, <E1>hydrozincite</E1> (Fig.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X15301268", "spans": [122, 134, 46, 64]}}
+{"text": "Dealloying of <E1>S phase particles</E1>, which may account for \u223c60% of the <E2>constituent particles</E2> in", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X15301554", "spans": [1073, 1090, 1126, 1147]}}
+{"text": "Measuring and analysing the hold time of the <E1>CPA pill</E1> allows the thermal boundary resistance within the <E2>pill</E2> to be assessed; the thermal boundary dictates the actual temperature of the CPA crystals in comparison to the temperature of the cold finger, which is maintained at a constant temperature by a servo control program.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0011227514002136", "spans": [45, 53, 104, 108]}}
+{"text": "Some of the differences of technology scale may reflect shifts in <E2>transistor parameters</E2> such as transconductance/gain, threshold voltage, and <E1>threshold slope</E1> [7].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0011227515000648", "spans": [889, 904, 813, 834]}}
+{"text": "(1) have been taken from the measured thermal conductivity of another MSSL heat switch with the same 1.5mm square cross section, a free path length of 43cm and a RRR of 20,000; it has been observed from experiments conducted at MSSL that there is little change in the thermal performance for <E2>tungsten heat switches</E2> with a RRR between 20,000 and 32,000 (subject of a future publication) and therefore the performance of the <E1>20,000 RRR heat switch</E1> has been assumed to be a good approximation.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0011227515001216", "spans": [960, 982, 829, 851]}}
+{"text": "A related class of techniques visualize grouping information over graphs using <E2>convex hulls</E2>, such as <E1>Vizster</E1> [22].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S002002551630384X", "spans": [1075, 1082, 1053, 1065]}}
+{"text": "Due to its capacity to represent complex geometries with ease, approximations are often obtained using the <E1>finite element method</E1> (<E2>FEM</E2>) to discretise the PDEs in space on realistic cardiac geometry meshes; this results in very large (up to forty-million degrees of freedom (DOF) for human heart geometries) systems of linear equations which must be solved many thousands of times over the course of even a short simulation.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S002199911200068X", "spans": [203, 224, 226, 229]}}
+{"text": "The basis can be any suitable (scaled) <E2>univariate basis</E2> in both position and momentum, such as a Fourier basis [8] or <E1>Chebyshev polynomials</E1> [9].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999112002847", "spans": [618, 639, 539, 555]}}
+{"text": "(10), subject to the displacement constraint (9), then have saddle-point structure,(15)where E is the tangent stiffness matrix of the unconstrained pseudo-solid problem, and the <E2>two off-diagonal blocks</E2> Cxl and <E1>Clx=CxlT</E1> arise through the imposition of the displacement constraint by the Lagrange multipliers.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999112003579", "spans": [467, 475, 435, 458]}}
+{"text": "Inequality (22) indicates that the <E1>maximum-norm</E1> is the loosest among all <E2>p-norms</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113002945", "spans": [35, 47, 73, 80]}}
+{"text": "The contact surface method for nodal-based Lagrangian <E1>cell-centered hydrodynamics</E1> (<E2>CCH</E2>) presented in this paper will use surface area weights similar in concept to those in TOODY.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S002199911300346X", "spans": [1084, 1111, 1113, 1116]}}
+{"text": "A <E1>Rosenbrock solution</E1> is <E2>one iteration of a Newton solver</E2>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113004555", "spans": [702, 721, 725, 757]}}
+{"text": "Velocity in each bin is measured using the <E1>Cumulative Averaging Method</E1> (<E2>CAM</E2>) [24], while the stress tensor field is measured using the Irving\u2013", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113005603", "spans": [318, 345, 347, 350]}}
+{"text": "An accurate and flexible modelling alternative for these cases is the <E1>direct simulation Monte Carlo method</E1> (<E2>DSMC</E2>) [2].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113005718", "spans": [501, 537, 539, 543]}}
+{"text": "The analytic test cases presented here use a <E1>coarse curvilinear mesh</E1>; for applications, <E2>meshes</E2> are typically more refined in order to capture features in the solution and so will better capture the geometry and consequently reduce this lower bound on the solution error.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113006955", "spans": [777, 800, 820, 826]}}
+{"text": "The property of Galilean invariance (i.e., the dependence on the relative velocity) makes DPD a profile-unbiased thermostat (PUT) [6,7] by construction and thus it is an ideal thermostat for <E2>nonequilibrium molecular dynamics</E2> (<E1>NEMD</E1>) [8].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999116303291", "spans": [979, 983, 944, 977]}}
+{"text": "For example, a wide variety of telechelic polymers (i.e. polymers with defined chain-ends) can be efficiently prepared using a combination of <E1>atom transfer radical polymerization</E1> (<E2>ATRP</E2>) and CuAAC.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386107010518", "spans": [531, 567, 569, 573]}}
+{"text": "We investigated the dynamic viscoelasticity of end-linked PDMS elastomers containing unattached linear PDMS as functions of the size of the <E1>unattached chains</E1> (<E2>Mg</E2>) and the network mesh (Mx) (Fig.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386108009397", "spans": [1051, 1068, 1070, 1072]}}
+{"text": "As a matter of fact, Dotera predicted several tiling patterns by the <E2>diagonal bond method</E2>, a new <E1>Monte Carlo Simulation</E1> [30], while Gemma and Dotera pointed out that only three regular tilings, i.e., (6.6.6), (4.8.8) and (4.6.12) are permitted for three-branched molecules proposed as the \u201ceven polygon theorem\u201d [31].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386109001463", "spans": [949, 971, 921, 941]}}
+{"text": "Therefore, production of <E1>anionic polystyrene</E1> <E2>(PS</E2>) would be of interest if the conditions required to control the polymerization could be adapted to the market and be able to compete economically with industrial radical processes.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386109003991", "spans": [710, 729, 730, 733]}}
+{"text": "While lipases have been investigated for the <E1>ring-opening polymerization</E1> (<E2>ROP</E2>) of cyclic ester monomers [25,26], they have also been used for the preparation of polyesters by polycondensation reactions.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386109005357", "spans": [611, 638, 640, 643]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Separation applications</E2> include <E1>efficient absorption of CO2</E1> [25].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386110001254", "spans": [1350, 1377, 1318, 1341]}}
+{"text": "[4,6,23] it is assumed that the main transition mechanism is Auger de-excitation, and the MIES spectra have been simulated by the surface <E1>density of states</E1> (<E2>DOS</E2>) projected on the surface oxygen ions of the uppermost surface layer using a Hartree\u2013Fock method (the crystal code [24,25]) and a density functional theory (DFT) method (the cetep code [26]).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0039602899010493", "spans": [662, 679, 681, 684]}}
+{"text": "The original data is organized in <E1>WGS84</E1> (<E2>World Geodetic System 84</E2>)", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0098300413002124", "spans": [931, 936, 938, 962]}}
+{"text": "These workflows are expressed as <E1>directed acyclic graphs</E1> (<E2>DAGs</E2>) of tasks that exist at a conceptually higher level than their implementations as series of MapReduce jobs.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0098300414000259", "spans": [104, 127, 129, 133]}}
+{"text": "The company achieved this by harnessing the capabilities of what we term a hybrid ERP system, combining the functionality of a traditional (formal) ERP installation with the capabilities of <E1>Enterprise Social Software</E1> (<E2>ESS</E2>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0166361516300926", "spans": [832, 858, 860, 863]}}
+{"text": "In vitro characterization of the cellular uptake of neoglycocomplexes using <E1>bone marrow derived dendritic cells</E1> (<E2>BMDCs</E2>) demonstrated superior ingestion of mannan-conjugates MN\u2013Ova and MN", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0168365912007560", "spans": [393, 428, 430, 435]}}
+{"text": "A <E2>surfactant</E2>, <E1>cetyltrimethylammonium bromide</E1> (CTAB; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO), with an initial concentration much less than the critical micelle concentration was added to lower the surface tension of the liquid mixture and act as the mesoporous structure-directing template.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0168365913001521", "spans": [316, 346, 304, 314]}}
+{"text": "The most widely used ion source in FIB instruments is a <E1>gallium</E1> (<E2>Ga</E2>) liquid metal ion source (LMIS) [1].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0168583X14003929", "spans": [56, 63, 65, 67]}}
+{"text": "Considering the contribution of the M0 type critical point with the lowest three dimensions, its dielectric function can be calculated by <E1>Adachi's model</E1> [15,22,23]: <E2>\u03b5(\u0395)=\u03b5\u221e+{A0[2\u2212(1+\u03c70)1/2\u2212(1\u2212\u03c70)1/2]}/(EOBG2/3\u03c702)</E2>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0257897213003563", "spans": [518, 532, 545, 593]}}
+{"text": "Functionally Graded Materials (<E1>FGMs</E1>), described in detail by Suresh and Mortensen [1], are a type of <E2>heterogeneous composite materials</E2> exhibiting gradual variation in volume fraction of their constituents from one surface of the material to the other, resulting in properties which vary continuously across the material.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0263822312000657", "spans": [31, 35, 101, 134]}}
+{"text": "Studies have examined the axial crushing behaviour of fibre-reinforced tubes [2], fibreglass tubes [3,4], PVC tubes [5] and <E1>carbon fibre reinforced plastic</E1> (<E2>CFRP</E2>) tubes [6].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0263822312001468", "spans": [1368, 1399, 1401, 1405]}}
+{"text": "In addition, powder formation and plowing can be distinguished using a dimensionless parameter (Sc\u204e) and a <E1>critical parameter</E1> (<E2>Sc,critical\u204e</E2>).(3)Sc\u204e=HvRmaxKIc(4)Sc,critical\u204e=51+10\u03bcwhere", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301679X14000449", "spans": [574, 592, 594, 606]}}
+{"text": "While originally the cosmological constant problem [6] was related to the question why \u039b is so unnaturally small, the discovery of the important role played by \u03c1\u039b has shifted the emphasis toward the \u201c<E1>coincidence problem</E1>\u201d, the question <E2>why \u03c1 and \u03c1\u039b happen to be of the same order of magnitude precisely at this very moment</E2> [7].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269301015222", "spans": [1166, 1185, 1201, 1287]}}
+{"text": "We consider cosmological consequences of a conformal-invariant formulation of Einstein's General Relativity where instead of the scale factor of the spatial metrics in the action functional a <E1>massless scalar</E1> (<E2>dilaton</E2>) field occurs which scales all masses including the Planck mass.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269302013412", "spans": [192, 207, 209, 216]}}
+{"text": "In contrast, the NA50 experiment with a <E2>heavy projectile and target</E2> (<E1>Pb+Pb</E1>) revealed essentially stronger J/\u03c8 suppression for central collisions [4\u20137].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269302014880", "spans": [1186, 1191, 1157, 1184]}}
+{"text": "In contrast, our <E1>annihilation form factor</E1> <E2>R2\u03c0(s)</E2> is C-even as discussed after (24).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269302014892", "spans": [1002, 1026, 1027, 1033]}}
+{"text": "Our purpose is to investigate the quantum effects in the decays of the light CP-even <E2>Higgs boson</E2> <E1>h0</E1>, especially looking for sizeable differences with respect to the SM in the decoupling regime.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269303015478", "spans": [769, 771, 757, 768]}}
+{"text": "The x\u2013t relation was precisely calculated by a <E2>drift chamber simulation package</E2>, <E1>GARFIELD</E1> [20], and a gas property simulation package, MAGBOLTZ [21].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304007567", "spans": [322, 330, 288, 320]}}
+{"text": "This allows to directly apply the known analytical solutions for <E1>Pc</E1>, and, upon rotating back, obtain a generalization of these results to the <E2>NSI</E2> case.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304008421", "spans": [294, 296, 371, 374]}}
+{"text": "One major goal of current <E2>nuclear physics</E2> is the <E1>observation of at least partial restoration of chiral symmetry</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304008494", "spans": [49, 111, 26, 41]}}
+{"text": ") SYM on its Coulomb branch, with the <E2>gauge group</E2> <E1>SU(N)</E1> spontaneously broken to SU(N\u22121)\u00d7U(1).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304012638", "spans": [971, 976, 959, 970]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>Substrate Induced Coagulation</E1> (<E2>SIC</E2>) coating process provides a self assembled and almost binder free coating with small particles.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S037877531001949X", "spans": [4, 33, 35, 38]}}
+{"text": "In particular, anelasticity may offer a way to study the operation of the <E1>shear transformation zones</E1> (<E2>STZs</E2> [17]) often used to interpret the deformation of MGs.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S092583881302834X", "spans": [663, 689, 691, 695]}}
+{"text": "<E1>X-ray Diffraction</E1> (<E2>XRD</E2>) grain size calculations before and after SPS showed that the average grain size of the alloy only increased from 25nm to 50nm (from powder to bulk state).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0925838814009669", "spans": [208, 225, 227, 230]}}
+{"text": "Through it, the client can access calculated <E1>physical properties</E1> (<E2>thermodynamic, crystallographic, or mechanical properties</E2>), as well as simulation provenance and runtime properties of the included systems.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0927025614003322", "spans": [471, 490, 492, 549]}}
+{"text": "In this paper, crystal plasticity model, in combination with XFEM, has been applied to study cyclic deformation and fatigue crack growth in a nickel-based superalloy <E1>LSHR</E1> (<E2>Low Solvus High Refractory</E2>) at high temperature.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0927025615006357", "spans": [166, 170, 172, 198]}}
+{"text": "This is a result of a defect-decoupling resonance-shift effect and is referred to as the <E1>near electrical resonance signal enhancement</E1> (<E2>NERSE</E2>) phenomenon.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S096386951400070X", "spans": [414, 458, 460, 465]}}
+{"text": "Other methods of <E2>time\u2013frequency analysis</E2>, such as <E1>discrete wavelet analysis</E1>, benefit from advantage of multi-resolution analysis, which offers improved temporal resolution of the high frequency components, and frequency resolution of the low frequency components [25,18,19].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0963869514000875", "spans": [469, 494, 436, 459]}}
+{"text": "At each step, the algorithm selects a group of individual values from the <E2>population</E2> (<E1>parent</E1>) which are evolved through crossover or mutation to produce members of the next generation.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0963869514000954", "spans": [645, 651, 633, 643]}}
+{"text": "The intensity of the TFM image ITFM at any point (x,z) is given by:(10)ITFM(x,z)=|\u2211HTR(1c((xT\u2212x)2+z2+(xR\u2212x)2+z2))|forallT,Rwhere HTR(t) is the Hilbert transform of a signal uTR(t) in the FMC data, xT is the x-position of the transmitting element (T) and xR is the x-position of the <E1>receiving element</E1> (<E2>R</E2>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0963869514001066", "spans": [728, 745, 747, 748]}}
+{"text": "It is known that as the temperature of the sample rises, the Lorentz mechanism remains dominant until Tc of <E2>steel</E2> is reached (770\u00b0C for a <E1>low carbon steel</E1>), when the magnetostrictive mechanism becomes more efficient [15].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0963869514001078", "spans": [138, 154, 108, 113]}}
+{"text": "Under certain conditions, such as over short propagation distances, <E1>SH waves</E1> can be treated as <E2>bulk waves</E2>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0963869515000572", "spans": [922, 930, 949, 959]}}
+{"text": "Advances in <E1>scanning electron microscopy</E1> (<E2>SEM</E2>) technology are now driving a paradigm shift in electron imaging.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0968432814000250", "spans": [722, 750, 752, 755]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Rhodamines</E1> are well-known <E2>xanthenes dyes</E2>, which have been extensively used for many widespread applications in single-molecule detection [24], DNA-sequence determination [25], fluorescence labelling [26], etc. due to their strong fluorescence over the visible spectral region.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1010603009002676", "spans": [164, 174, 190, 204]}}
+{"text": "The latter ones are CoOx, <E1>CoPi</E1> (<E2>CoPOx</E2>), IrOx, and RuOx which are used for water oxidation, among which CoPi is reported to be the most effective co-catalyst for water oxidation [13].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1010603013001809", "spans": [626, 630, 632, 637]}}
+{"text": "The first-principles calculations are performed using the <E1>Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package</E1> (<E2>CASTEP</E2>) [21] which implements the plane-wave pseudopotential DFT method.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1359646214000165", "spans": [58, 95, 97, 103]}}
+{"text": "To avoid these problems, we have implemented fitness calculation according to the <E1>Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm</E1> (<E2>SPEA</E2>) by Zitzler and Thiele (1999), instead of using a single (weighted) fitness or cost function.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1364815216302122", "spans": [882, 920, 922, 926]}}
+{"text": "and <E2>parameter choices</E2> (<E1>accretion rates</E1>, tide ranges, etc.)", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1364815216302705", "spans": [1274, 1289, 1255, 1272]}}
+{"text": "Also, we used the division of MSE to three <E2>constituent statistics</E2> (SB, <E1>SDSD</E1> and LCS) to show how the level of correlation can affect the sum of residuals.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S136481521630305X", "spans": [324, 328, 296, 318]}}
+{"text": "Typical physically-based 2D flood models solve the <E1>Shallow Water Equations</E1> (<E2>SWEs</E2>), requiring high computational resources.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1364815216303243", "spans": [51, 74, 76, 80]}}
+{"text": "The proposed <E1>multihop routing protocol</E1>, <E2>PHASeR</E2>, applies the technique of blind forwarding in a MWSN, which increases the reliability of data delivery through its inherent use of multiple routes.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1574119215000796", "spans": [13, 38, 40, 46]}}
+{"text": "A new class of <E2>uranium superconductors</E2> emerged in the 1980's with the discovery of <E1>uranium heavy fermion superconductors</E1> [10].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1631070514000954", "spans": [240, 277, 172, 195]}}
+{"text": "Eg: (1) incomplete absorption, where photons with energies below Eg are not absorbed; (2) <E1>thermalization</E1> or <E2>carrier cooling</E2>, where solar photons with sufficient energy generate electron-hole pairs and then immediately lose almost all energy in excess of Eg in the form of heat; and (3) radiative recombination, where a small fraction of the excited states radioactively recombine with the ground state at the maximum power output (Hanna & Nozik, 2006; Henry, 1980).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S167420011300196X", "spans": [538, 552, 556, 571]}}
+{"text": "They are used for the hydrolysis of <E2>non-starchy polysaccharides</E2> such as <E1>arabinoxylan</E1> in monogastric diets (Walsh, Power, & Headon, 1993).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1687850714000405", "spans": [768, 780, 732, 759]}}
+{"text": "ObjectiveElectrically evoked auditory steady-state responses (EASSRs) are neural potentials measured in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in response to periodic pulse trains presented, for example, through a <E2>cochlear implant</E2> (<E1>CI</E1>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1746809416300933", "spans": [224, 226, 206, 222]}}
+{"text": "One of the benefits of <E2>graphical microsimulation</E2> is that the <E1>2D and 3D simulations</E1> help the researcher to visualise a new scheme and its potential benefits but also to highlight unrealistic behaviour.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1877750311000676", "spans": [1032, 1053, 994, 1019]}}
+{"text": "This performance prediction model can be applied largely to our <E1>HemeLB application</E1>, although <E2>HemeLB</E2> uses a different decomposition technique and performs real-time rendering and visualisation tasks during the LB simulations.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1877750313000240", "spans": [341, 359, 370, 376]}}
+{"text": "The Liley model [15] considered here, for instance, consists of fourteen coupled <E1>Partial Differential Equations</E1> (<E2>PDEs</E2>) with strong nonlinearities, imposed by coupling between the mean membrane potentials and the mean synaptic inputs.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S187775031300077X", "spans": [289, 319, 321, 325]}}
+{"text": "<E1>FabHemeLB</E1> is a <E2>Python tool</E2> which helps automate the construction and management of ensemble simulation workflows.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1877750315000460", "spans": [0, 9, 15, 26]}}
+{"text": "During the face preprocessing, a rapid eye location method named <E2>ER</E2> (<E1>Eyeball Search</E1>) is proposed and implemented.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612000431", "spans": [1070, 1084, 1066, 1068]}}
+{"text": "A sentence alignment model based on combined clues and <E1>Kernel Extensional Matrix Matching</E1> (<E2>KEMM</E2>) method is proposed.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612000741", "spans": [55, 89, 91, 95]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>Speeded up robust features</E1> (or <E2>SURF</E2>) is presented as second.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221267161400105X", "spans": [157, 183, 188, 192]}}
diff --git a/data/rel/semeval2017/train.txt b/data/rel/semeval2017/train.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b18e7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/rel/semeval2017/train.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+{"text": "There were attempts to develop <E2>improved molecular dynamics methods</E2> combining quantum features with a <E1>semi classical treatment of dynamical correlations</E1>  [17,18].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0003491615000433", "spans": [318, 368, 248, 283]}}
+{"text": "A fluctuating vacuum is a general feature of <E2>quantum fields</E2>, of which the <E1>free Maxwell field</E1> considered in  [1\u201312] is but one example.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0003491615001955", "spans": [74, 92, 45, 59]}}
+{"text": "The <E2>electronic relaxation timescale</E2> is found to be <E1>sub 50fs</E1> whereas the timescale for intramolecular vibrational relaxation, occurring in Q00 band, was found to be over a picosecond for Co(II)\u2013OEP and Ni(II)\u2013OEP and within a picosecond for Zn(II)\u2013OEP.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261409006666", "spans": [603, 611, 556, 587]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Water</E1> is the most important <E2>liquid</E2>, and the nature of its structure remains a topic of keen debate and an active area of research [1\u20139].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261412006513", "spans": [0, 5, 28, 34]}}
+{"text": "The fitting of the rise and decay components of the transients were done by <E2>Matlab\u00ae programming</E2> using the <E1>curve fitting Levenberg\u2013Marquardt algorithm</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261412012365", "spans": [383, 426, 353, 372]}}
+{"text": "Experimental studies of the dynamics of individual carbon atoms in graphene have been empowered by the recent progress in <E1>aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy</E1> (<E2>AC-TEM</E2>) capable of sub-\u00c5ngstrom resolution.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261412013838", "spans": [122, 175, 177, 183]}}
+{"text": "Such tests include studies of the nitrogen exchange reaction [14] both adiabatic by running trajectories on the lowest surfaces and non-adiabatic by using the <E1>trajectory surface hoping</E1> (<E2>TSH</E2>) method [22,23] for transitions to the excited state of same symmetry.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0009261413006738", "spans": [265, 290, 292, 295]}}
+{"text": "For barrierless systems such as ion\u2013molecule reactions, the concepts of <E1>OTS</E1> and TTS can be clearly formulated in terms of well defined phase <E2>space geometrical objects</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S000926141301539X", "spans": [180, 183, 249, 274]}}
+{"text": "For <E2>\u03b3-ray radiation</E2>, <E1>single step</E1> is the main process to cause DSBs (see Figure 3b), which is attributed to the generation of number of ROS upon the incident of individual photon of \u03b3-ray.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S000926141500651X", "spans": [139, 150, 122, 137]}}
+{"text": "EDS maps of the TEM samples were collected using the Nanolab 600 with a <E1>Scanning TEM</E1> (<E2>STEM</E2>) detector and an EDAX Genesis EDS system at an accelerating voltage of 30kV.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X12001163", "spans": [1271, 1283, 1285, 1289]}}
+{"text": "The study outlines a trial of transient response analysis on full-scale motorway bridge structures to obtain information concerning the steel\u2013concrete interface and is part of a larger study to assess the long-term sustained benefits offered by <E2>Impressed Current Cathodic Protection</E2> (<E1>ICCP</E1>) after the interruption of the protective current [1].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X12002508", "spans": [284, 288, 245, 282]}}
+{"text": "All the 100h tests and the test conducted at 650\u00b0C were performed using a <E1>thermogravimetric balance</E1> (<E2>TGA</E2>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X13002187", "spans": [211, 236, 238, 241]}}
+{"text": "Due to the presence of the open porosity in the outer layer of the coating, a measurement length for determination of the <E2>roughness</E2> (<E1>Ra</E1>) of 0.8mm was used.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X13005945", "spans": [1037, 1039, 1026, 1035]}}
+{"text": "The attempt to overcome this limitation in Ti-based alloys has led to the production of <E2>alloys with substantially improved oxidation resistance</E2> such as <E1>\u03b2-21S</E1> and also development of coatings and pre-oxidation techniques [1,4\u20136].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X1500195X", "spans": [509, 514, 445, 500]}}
+{"text": "Frankel presented a method to directly measure the average anodic current density from the growing pit boundary velocity in <E1>Al</E1> [33], an <E2>Al alloy</E2> [34] and", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X15002954", "spans": [273, 275, 285, 293]}}
+{"text": "Stress corrosion cracking in pressurized water reactors (PWSCC) occurs in Alloy 600 in <E2>safety critical components</E2>, such as steam generator tubes, <E1>heater sleeves</E1>, pressurized instrument penetrations and control rod drive mechanisms [2,6,7].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X15301189", "spans": [626, 640, 567, 593]}}
+{"text": "It states that, if the underlying thickness measurements in each block are taken from independent and identical distributions, then the sample of minimum thickness measurements will follow a <E1>generalized extreme value distribution</E1> (<E2>GEVD</E2>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0010938X1530161X", "spans": [883, 921, 923, 927]}}
+{"text": "The thermodynamics of <E1>copper-zinc alloys</E1> (<E2>brass</E2>) was subject of numerous investigations.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021961413004321", "spans": [22, 40, 42, 47]}}
+{"text": "Velocity in each bin is measured using the <E1>Cumulative Averaging Method</E1> (<E2>CAM</E2>) [24], while the stress tensor field is measured using the Irving\u2013", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113005603", "spans": [318, 345, 347, 350]}}
+{"text": "15 depicts the effect of the Schmidt and the chemical reaction rate on the <E2>bulk-mean concentration</E2> <E1>CB\u204e\u00af</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113005652", "spans": [500, 504, 476, 499]}}
+{"text": "An accurate and flexible modelling alternative for these cases is the <E1>direct simulation Monte Carlo method</E1> (<E2>DSMC</E2>) [2].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113005718", "spans": [501, 537, 539, 543]}}
+{"text": "The analytic test cases presented here use a <E1>coarse curvilinear mesh</E1>; for applications, <E2>meshes</E2> are typically more refined in order to capture features in the solution and so will better capture the geometry and consequently reduce this lower bound on the solution error.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999113006955", "spans": [777, 800, 820, 826]}}
+{"text": "The computational intensity of the particle method is greater still when simulating low-speed <E1>microfluidic devices</E1> where there are only <E2>small deviations from equilibrium</E2>, characterised by extremely low Mach numbers and weak temperature gradients.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999114002587", "spans": [1008, 1028, 1050, 1083]}}
+{"text": "Further, we have developed a <E1>fully discrete scheme</E1> based on a <E2>finite difference discretization of the Caputo fractional derivatives</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999114007396", "spans": [545, 566, 578, 647]}}
+{"text": "In fluid dynamics, a typical <E1>hybrid</E1> combines a molecular treatment (a \u2018micro\u2019 model) with a <E2>continuum-fluid one</E2> (a \u2018macro\u2019 model), with the aim of obtaining the accuracy of the former with the efficiency of the latter [1\u20134].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999114008523", "spans": [122, 128, 185, 204]}}
+{"text": "That is to say, the model involves time derivatives of the three fields coupled to forms involving variational derivatives of some <E2>functional</E2> \u2013 typically the <E1>free energy functional</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115000546", "spans": [564, 586, 537, 547]}}
+{"text": "The energy-consuming <E1>uniaxial polar agents</E1> constituting the <E2>gel</E2> are modeled as unit vectors.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115001412", "spans": [415, 436, 454, 457]}}
+{"text": "Both methods precisely reconstruct the upwind value for equidistant, rectilinear meshes but fail to do so on <E1>non-equidistant</E1> or <E2>non-rectilinear meshes</E2>, as discussed in Section 3.2.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115003939", "spans": [656, 671, 675, 697]}}
+{"text": "A popular choice is to <E1>couple a set of quadrature points with an equal number of nodal Lagrange polynomials</E1> defined at the same points, leading to a <E2>collocation method</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115004301", "spans": [23, 107, 149, 167]}}
+{"text": "For the <E1>spatial discretisation</E1> a <E2>structured triangle mesh</E2> is used, with an element edge length of 67km (Fig.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115007238", "spans": [479, 501, 504, 528]}}
+{"text": "Broadly these may be modelled as continuous problems where <E2>phases are mixed</E2> (e.g. oil\u2013water homogenisation [36], <E1>sediment transport</E1> [18]) or interface problems where phases are distinct and interact at the interface (e.g. gas-assisted injection moulding [21], liquid jet breakup [40]).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115008207", "spans": [209, 227, 155, 171]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>inviscid case</E1> (<E2>linear advection</E2>) is then addressed in Sec.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0021999115008256", "spans": [466, 479, 481, 497]}}
+{"text": "This may also be the case for <E1>channelling events</E1>, where <E2>energetic atoms travel deep into the lattice through channels of low atomic density</E2>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311511010014", "spans": [766, 784, 792, 875]}}
+{"text": "The <E2>estimated upstream W fluxes</E2>, <E1>FWupstrem</E1>, are in good agreement with the experimentally observed values \u2a7d1019m-2s-1", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311513001165", "spans": [180, 189, 151, 178]}}
+{"text": "This is still short compared to operating times, so is important to consider the equilibrium result of such processes: If the vacancies and SIAs were likely to find their Frenkel partner, recombine, and annihilate, then the metal should essentially return to its original structure; however, if <E2>defects</E2> instead formed large clusters of a single type this could result in formation of <E1>voids</E1>, dislocation loops or swelling, possibly weakening the material in the process.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311513011951", "spans": [566, 571, 477, 484]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>vapour phase</E1> consists of a <E2>number of different gases</E2> with silicon exhibiting a far higher partial pressure than all carbon containing species over the full temperature range.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311514001640", "spans": [4, 16, 31, 56]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>second stress state</E1> is a <E2>tri-axial tensile stress</E2> designed to represent the zone ahead of an advancing crack tip.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311514005480", "spans": [4, 23, 29, 53]}}
+{"text": "The family of split interstitial clusters was extended to include <E2>tri-interstitials</E2> [8] (a <E1>di-interstitial with the fourth Oi site occupied</E1>) and quad-interstitials [9] (two di-interstitials on adjacent sites, giving a total of two VO and six Oi)", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311514006849", "spans": [683, 731, 658, 675]}}
+{"text": "A vacancy is introduced into the simulation cell and the system is minimised using a conjugate gradient algorithm, yielding a <E1>single vacancy formation energy</E1> <E2>Evac</E2> of 1.72eV. Next, the atom with the highest potential energy is removed from the system and again the system is minimised.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311514007119", "spans": [518, 549, 550, 554]}}
+{"text": "Typical compositions of <E2>ODS steels</E2> include between <E1>9 and 14at.% Cr</E1> for oxidation resistance (most commonly 14at.%); W for solid solution hardening; Y2O3 that is put into solid solution during the initial, mechanical alloying, process but then during consolidation at high temperatures forms precipitates; and Ti to inhibit significant growth of the oxide particles; the balance being made up of Fe and impurities", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311514008691", "spans": [891, 906, 864, 874]}}
+{"text": "Experiments using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction (S-XRD) by both Polatidis et al. and Petigny et al., have separately shown that <E1>oxides</E1> formed on Zircaloy-4 are composed of <E2>monoclinic and stabilised tetragonal phases</E2>, with an \u223c7% reduction in the tetragonal phase fraction from 1 to 3\u03bcm oxide growth [4,10].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S002231151500032X", "spans": [960, 966, 1004, 1047]}}
+{"text": "\u2013density space in powder consolidation maps when compared with <E2>conventional methods</E2>, such as <E1>hot pressing sintering</E1> and HIP with ramp rate of 50\u201380\u00b0C/min and a few hours holding time.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515002391", "spans": [848, 870, 818, 838]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Zirconium alloys</E1> are commonly used as the <E2>fuel cladding</E2> for water cooled nuclear fission reactors, mainly due to their low neutron cross-section, good corrosion resistance during normal operating conditions and sufficient mechanical strength [1].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515300295", "spans": [0, 16, 42, 55]}}
+{"text": "Whilst a number of techniques have been employed for this purpose, it is clear that various techniques within <E1>transmission electron microscopy</E1> (<E2>TEM</E2>) will be among the most versatile and informative for this purpose, although additional information can be added by techniques such as atom probe tomography.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515300477", "spans": [1016, 1048, 1050, 1053]}}
+{"text": "Solid pieces of 23\u2013114 mg were further used to measure the enthalpy increments using a <E1>Setaram Multi-detector High Temperature Calorimeter</E1> (<E2>MDHTC-96</E2>) using a drop detector.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515300830", "spans": [87, 138, 140, 148]}}
+{"text": "Following fission, noble gas atoms will be distributed in the fuel matrix initially accommodated at <E2>point defects trap sites</E2>, generally thought to be <E1>Schottky trivacancy defects</E1>", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515301963", "spans": [150, 177, 100, 124]}}
+{"text": "The <E2>transmutation-created inert gas</E2>, especially <E1>He</E1>, plays an important role in the microstructural evolution of these steels under neutron irradiation.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0022311515303640", "spans": [139, 141, 95, 126]}}
+{"text": "An increase of neutron leakage from the core region can be achieved through <E2>modifications in the core geometry</E2> (usually by adopting a <E1>pan-cake geometry of the active core region</E1> at the expense of the general neutron economy).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0029549314001551", "spans": [134, 177, 76, 110]}}
+{"text": "The times of the gradient changes, which separate linear trends of several years, have associated step changes in the second time derivative of the MF (<E1>secular acceleration</E1> (<E2>SA</E2>)) and impulses in the third time derivative.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0031920113000708", "spans": [545, 565, 567, 569]}}
+{"text": "Optical microscopes, transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and <E1>atomic force microscopes</E1> (<E2>AFMs</E2>) are commercially available and widely used.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S003238610801080X", "spans": [249, 273, 275, 279]}}
+{"text": "This process contains <E2>aqueous droplets</E2> (including <E1>water-soluble monomers</E1>) stably dispersed, with the aid of oil-soluble surfactants, in a continuous organic medium.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386109005485", "spans": [256, 278, 228, 244]}}
+{"text": "A number of <E1>chemical vapor deposition</E1> (<E2>CVD</E2>) processes have been developed to grow SWNTs and MWNTs, all involving the reaction of a gaseous carbon compound as feedstock.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386109006612", "spans": [560, 585, 587, 590]}}
+{"text": "A <E1>tri-block copolymer</E1> was subsequently synthesized and the TEM images of this <E2>polymer</E2> showed that it formed spherical aggregates [50].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386109007290", "spans": [449, 468, 525, 532]}}
+{"text": "In general, the <E1>ion exchange capacity</E1> (<E2>IEC</E2>) is closely related to the proton conductivity of PEMs because the acid functionalities, such as sulfonic acid groups, contribute to the proton conduction in a membrane.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386109007423", "spans": [16, 37, 39, 42]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Heterophase polymerizations</E2> (i.e. <E1>emulsion</E1>, dispersion and miniemulsion polymerizations) present the advantage of easier removal of the resulting product from the reactor compared to bulk polymerization thanks to the low viscosity of the reaction medium.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386109010386", "spans": [482, 490, 448, 475]}}
+{"text": "In contrast, the initiation efficiency is not always perfect as seen in the molybdenum alkylidene initiators, because dissociation of <E2>ligand</E2> (<E1>PR3</E1> etc.) should be required to generate the catalytically active species in the ROMP with the ruthenium carbene catalysts (Scheme 2) [67\u201369].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386110001667", "spans": [699, 702, 691, 697]}}
+{"text": "<E1>ROM polymers</E1> have been tested as <E2>matrix materials</E2> for the oxygen sensing phosphorescent complex platinum tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386110004039", "spans": [129, 141, 162, 178]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Another choice</E1> was to <E2>graft the fluorinated groups on the copolymers with functional groups</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0032386114008428", "spans": [0, 14, 22, 91]}}
+{"text": "Thermal performance of the smart window has been predicted under different <E2>simulated parameters</E2> namely, <E1>direct solar radiation intensity</E1>, ambient temperature, water inlet temperature, and water flow rate.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0038092X14000942", "spans": [104, 136, 75, 95]}}
+{"text": "The impact of shading on performance varies depending on the electrical series and parallel arrangement of cells within a module and <E1>modules</E1> within an <E2>installed array</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0038092X14004770", "spans": [214, 221, 232, 247]}}
+{"text": "(2008) as an <E1>iterative extension of the standard static photon mapping</E1> approach as implemented in the <E2>Radiance extension</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0038092X15000559", "spans": [79, 136, 168, 186]}}
+{"text": "For the high efficiency system, a power of 40kWp was considered, with a <E2>system</E2> composed by 10 strings of 18 modules per string and an approximate system <E1>Voc of 873</E1>", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0038092X15001681", "spans": [527, 537, 446, 452]}}
+{"text": "based <E2>isogeometric analysis</E2> (<E1>IGA</E1>) applied to complex geometries requires to represent the computational domain as a collection of several NURBS geometries.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782512002599", "spans": [358, 361, 335, 356]}}
+{"text": "For first order hexahedral elements, [2,28] found good results for the <E2>element types</E2> <E1>C3D_8N_27C</E1> and", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782512003428", "spans": [636, 646, 622, 635]}}
+{"text": "The <E2>level set method</E2> was presented by Osher and Sethian [20] who described the temporal propagation of moving interfaces by <E1>numerical methods</E1> solving the Hamilton\u2013Jacobi equation.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782513000479", "spans": [196, 213, 76, 92]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Fully discrete numerical schemes</E2> are derived based on a <E1>lagged and non-lagged backward Euler time stepping method</E1> applied to a mixed and Galerkin finite element spatial discretization.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782513000546", "spans": [369, 426, 313, 345]}}
+{"text": "Traditionally, the simulation of incompressible fluid flow by the SPH method has been through a <E1>weakly compressible SPH formulation</E1> (<E2>WCSPH</E2>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782513001448", "spans": [96, 131, 133, 138]}}
+{"text": "[16], where the <E1>shear stress</E1> is generated by <E2>constraining the velocity</E2> in a \u2018frame\u2019 rather than by modifying the shape of the box.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782513001473", "spans": [117, 129, 146, 171]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Powder metallurgy</E1> is a versatile <E2>technology for the manufacturing of components to (near) net-shape</E2> with high product quality.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S004578251300176X", "spans": [0, 17, 33, 99]}}
+{"text": "For instance, the <E1>weakly penalized formulation</E1> combines the simplified structure of the penalty method with the convergence characteristics of the <E2>PL formulation</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782514000607", "spans": [398, 426, 527, 541]}}
+{"text": "It is based on the use of an isoparametric [17] or, in general, a transfinite interpolation [18] where a high-order coarse boundary-layer prismatic mesh is subdivided into either <E2>prisms</E2> or tetrahedra using the mapping that defines the <E1>coarse high-order prisms</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S004578251400334X", "spans": [561, 585, 505, 511]}}
+{"text": "We shall establish the <E1>variational format in the space\u2013time domain</E1> <E2>S=def\u03a9\u00d7I</E2>, for given spatial domain \u03a9 and time domain I=(0,T), for a quite broad class of problems involving a first order time-derivative.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782514004812", "spans": [23, 66, 67, 75]}}
+{"text": "Usually, the problem geometry \u03a9 is represented in <E1>computer aided design</E1> (<E2>CAD</E2>) by means of NURBS or T-splines.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782515001231", "spans": [280, 301, 303, 306]}}
+{"text": "In recent years, the <E1>Discontinuous Galerkin</E1> (<E2>DG</E2>) method has emerged as a more thorough alternative for locally solving conservation laws of the shallow water equations with higher accuracy", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782515001899", "spans": [21, 43, 45, 47]}}
+{"text": "<E2>FR schemes</E2> are similar to nodal DG schemes, which are arguably the most popular type of <E1>unstructured high-order method</E1> (at least in the field of computational aerodynamics).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782515002418", "spans": [88, 118, 0, 10]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>immersed boundary method</E1> (<E2>IBM</E2>), proposed by Peskin for studying flow patterns around heart valves  [3], has been applied to a wide range of problems including arterial blood flow  [4], modelling of the cochlea  [5], modelling of red blood cells in Poiseuille flow", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782515002686", "spans": [4, 28, 30, 33]}}
+{"text": "As widely discussed in isogeometric analysis literature, the geometry representations used in today\u2019s <E1>computer aided design</E1> (<E2>CAD</E2>) and finite element analysis (FEA) software are inherently incompatible  [1].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0045782515003680", "spans": [255, 276, 278, 281]}}
+{"text": "To date, several <E2>instruments</E2> have been designed for such goals, namely, scanning electron microscopes (SEM), <E1>atomic force microscopes</E1> (AFM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) [62,63].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0079642514000887", "spans": [376, 400, 284, 295]}}
+{"text": "<E1>MINERAL (MINeral ERror AnaLysis)</E1> is <E2>a new MATLAB\u00ae based program</E2> that provides mineral formula recalculations combined with the associated propagation of the analytical uncertainties.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0098300412001793", "spans": [0, 32, 36, 63]}}
+{"text": "It maintains a list of links to publicly available data sets, for example the IOCCG (2006) data bank, the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Data set (NOMAD) and the <E1>SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Archive and Storage System</E1> (<E2>SeaBASS</E2>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0098300413002185", "spans": [1144, 1190, 1192, 1199]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Artificial Neural Networks</E1> (<E2>ANN</E2>) have been widely used in science and engineering problems.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0098300413002720", "spans": [0, 26, 28, 31]}}
+{"text": "Due to the fast development of <E2>virtual methods</E2> (e.g., macro-CT, \u00b5-CT, <E1>nano-CT</E1>, etc.)", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0098300413002951", "spans": [223, 230, 184, 199]}}
+{"text": "Speech segments using a <E1>voice activity detector</E1> (<E2>VAD</E2>)", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0165168416300603", "spans": [791, 814, 816, 819]}}
+{"text": "From the first application [1] of multiple-scales analysis to sound propagation in ducts of rectangular and circular cross section without <E2>mean flow</E2>, more recent developments have extended the method to cases with uniform mean flow [2], <E1>mean swirling flow</E1> [3], ducts of arbitrary cross section [4] (with uniform mean flow) and strongly curved ducts [5].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0165212511000874", "spans": [418, 436, 320, 329]}}
+{"text": "In effect, we regard the <E1>semi-infinite row</E1> as <E2>two scatterers</E2>, one of which is another semi-infinite row.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0165212515000931", "spans": [224, 241, 245, 259]}}
+{"text": "For general matrices, we <E2>adapt the existing methods for finding real solutions</E2> to obtain <E1>algorithms for finding integer solutions</E1>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0166218X1300348X", "spans": [506, 546, 442, 495]}}
+{"text": "We study <E1>sequences of optimal walks of a growing length in weighted digraphs</E1>, or equivalently, <E2>sequences of entries of max-algebraic matrix powers with growing exponents</E2>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0166218X14003011", "spans": [9, 76, 95, 169]}}
+{"text": "However, because this technique is destructive, studies of microstructural evolution are influenced by inherent sample variability. <E1>Non-destructive X-ray nano-computed tomography</E1> (<E2>CT</E2>)", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167273811005091", "spans": [427, 473, 475, 477]}}
+{"text": "The new approach used a high-throughput reactor and <E1>robotic automation</E1> (<E2>RAMSI</E2>) to rapidly synthesise a range of nanoparticle co-precipitate precursors in cloned libraries at a rate of 7.5 samples an hour.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167273812003025", "spans": [314, 332, 334, 339]}}
+{"text": "As electrical measurements require an oxygen ion conductor, <E1>yttria stabilized zirconia</E1> (<E2>YSZ</E2>) was used as substrate for LSC films with two different grain sizes.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167273813006735", "spans": [812, 838, 840, 843]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Thermogravimetric analysis</E1> (<E2>TGA</E2>) was performed using a Netzsch STA 449C instrument equipped with Proteus thermal analysis software.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167273815004130", "spans": [270, 296, 298, 301]}}
+{"text": "<E1>The ferromagnetic characteristics</E1> as <E2>coercivity, remanence and magnetic anisotropy of the nanocomposite</E2> can be adjusted by the electrochemical parameters.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931711005120", "spans": [124, 157, 161, 227]}}
+{"text": "In this paper we demonstrate how the introduction of such a multilayer process can also benefit nanosphere lithography by increasing achievable aspect ratios of silicon nanopillars without the need for complex etch processes requiring specialised and expensive equipment, but instead needing only a standard SF6/C4F8 inductively <E1>coupled plasma</E1> (<E2>ICP</E2>) mixed mode etch process at room temperature [28].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931712002699", "spans": [790, 804, 806, 809]}}
+{"text": "Capacitances between different device components are then extracted and fed into the <E2>well-tested single electron circuit simulator</E2> <E1>SETSPICE</E1> [11], based on the orthodox theory of single electron tunnelling [12].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931712002936", "spans": [475, 483, 429, 474]}}
+{"text": "1 shows the normalized film thickness of two formulations of the SoC (IM-HM11-01 and IM-HM11-02), before and after dipping in <E1>monochlorobenzene</E1> (<E2>MCB</E2>):IPA 1:1 solution.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931712003012", "spans": [1118, 1135, 1137, 1140]}}
+{"text": "Recent calculations have also demonstrated that the two dominant neutral paramagnetic defects at <E2>surfaces of a-SiO2</E2>, the non-bridging oxygen centre and the <E1>silicon dangling bond</E1>, are deep electron traps and can form the corresponding negatively charged defects [18].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931713002438", "spans": [689, 710, 630, 648]}}
+{"text": "This effect has been correlated with paramagnetic E\u2032 centre signals and led to the initial assignment of the <E1>neutral oxygen vacancy</E1> as the <E2>major hole trap</E2> in a-SiO2", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S016793171300244X", "spans": [553, 575, 583, 598]}}
+{"text": "After preliminary measurements, the samples were annealed in <E1>forming gas</E1> (<E2>FGA</E2>) at 350\u00b0C for 30min.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931713002487", "spans": [1013, 1024, 1026, 1029]}}
+{"text": "The patterned hydrogel films can be triggered consecutively allowing for successive rolling and unrolling depending on the aqueous pH. The choice of <E1>PEGDMA hydrogel</E1> provides a <E2>versatile platform for creating a variety of hydrogel scaffolds</E2>, and while being non-fouling and nontoxic it is permeable to proteins.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931713004061", "spans": [1064, 1079, 1091, 1154]}}
+{"text": "We used 2\u03bcm of ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) grown by <E1>chemical vapour deposition</E1> (<E2>CVD</E2>) on a \u223c520\u03bcm silicon carrier wafer from Advanced Diamond Technologies Ltd. Detailed information about the material and the stamp fabrication can be found in our earlier paper [16].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931713005042", "spans": [61, 87, 89, 92]}}
+{"text": "Copper electro-chemical deposition (ECD) of <E1>through silicon via</E1> (<E2>TSV</E2>) is a key challenge of 3D integration.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931713006904", "spans": [44, 63, 65, 68]}}
+{"text": "After the saturation spacing has been reached, cracks can no longer form between existing crack fragments and the film could <E2>delaminate</E2> via <E1>buckling</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931714003347", "spans": [1583, 1591, 1568, 1578]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Replica molding</E1>, which is the <E2>casting of prepolymer against a master and generating a replica of the master in PDMS</E2>, has become a standard fabrication technique available in almost every research laboratory.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0167931714004456", "spans": [764, 779, 794, 879]}}
+{"text": "Conventional materials often rely on <E1>electrospinning</E1> as <E2>a manufacturing method</E2> to achieve fiber-like structures suitable for use in nerve regeneration.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0168365912006207", "spans": [316, 331, 335, 357]}}
+{"text": "once a week for 3 weeks with <E2>untargeted</E2> (<E1>SL[DXR]</E1>) or peptide-targeted SL[DXR] (5mg/kg).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0168365913002848", "spans": [445, 452, 433, 443]}}
+{"text": "Immunopotentiators activate innate immunity directly (for example, cytokines) or through <E2>pattern-recognition receptors</E2> (<E1>PRRs</E1>, such as those for bacterial components).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0168365913008766", "spans": [120, 124, 89, 118]}}
+{"text": ": DNA was first added to <E1>an anionic liposome</E1> (<E2>LA, LAP1 or LAP2</E2>) and incubated for 15min at room temperature and then the peptide was added with rapid mixing and incubated at room temperature for a further 20min; Method 2 (P:D:L): the peptide was added to the DNA and incubated for 15min at room temperature and then liposome was added with rapid mixing and incubated at room temperature for a further 20min.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0168365913009036", "spans": [272, 291, 293, 309]}}
+{"text": "2(b) by a <E2>stress\u2013inelastic displacement law</E2> of the form<E1>(13)\u03c3=ftexp(\u2212\u03f5inhwft)if(\u03f5in>0)</E1>Here", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0168874X1630049X", "spans": [794, 824, 749, 782]}}
+{"text": "Investment casting is one of the most economical methods to produce titanium and <E1>titanium aluminide alloy</E1> products, increasing <E2>the components</E2>' integrity and mechanical properties, whilst reducing material waste and machining cost [1].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0254058415001212", "spans": [268, 292, 314, 328]}}
+{"text": "From this study where a commercial Al\u201312Si alloy was inoculated with different level of Nb+B addition to assess the grain refining potency of Nb+B inoculation it can be concluded that in-situ formed <E1>Nb-based intermetallics compounds</E1> are potent <E2>heterogeneous nucleation substrates</E2> with high potency for the refinement of Al\u2013", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S025405841530136X", "spans": [199, 232, 244, 279]}}
+{"text": "Conversely, the <E2>versatility of simplified (approximate) methods</E2>, such as the <E1>interaction factor approach</E1> that allows capturing the (e.g., vertical) displacements of any general pile group by the analysis of the displacement interaction between two identical piles and by the use of the elastic principle of superposition of effects, makes them attractive as design tools because they allow for the use of expedient parametric studies under various design conditions.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0266352X16301550", "spans": [759, 786, 698, 745]}}
+{"text": "The correlated response methods were performed with an all-electron <E1>atomic natural orbital</E1> (<E2>ANO</E2>) basis set contracted to 6s5p4d3f1g on manganese, [47] together with the cc-pVTZ basis set on the oxygen atoms.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301010414003115", "spans": [368, 390, 392, 395]}}
+{"text": "Arrays of TFTs and circuits were fabricated on precleaned, 5cm\u00d75cm, 125\u03bcm thick <E1>polyethylene naphthalate</E1> (<E2>PEN</E2>) substrates (Dupont-Teijin).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301010414003516", "spans": [80, 104, 106, 109]}}
+{"text": "For a model Hamiltonian to correctly approximate the eigenvectors of the true Hamiltonian it has to span the totally symmetric <E1>irreducible representation</E1> (<E2>IrRep</E2>) of the point groups the molecule belongs to, at the appropriate symmetric geometries [7].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0301010415002256", "spans": [782, 808, 810, 815]}}
+{"text": "We follow a <E1>sample average approximation approach</E1> (<E2>SAA</E2>) which uses this framework.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0305054816300867", "spans": [927, 964, 966, 969]}}
+{"text": "We propose a modeling approach which considers <E2>collaboration processes</E2> as the <E1>evolution of a network of collaborative documents along with a social network of collaborators</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0306437913000768", "spans": [324, 418, 293, 316]}}
+{"text": "For example, <E1>heart rate variability</E1> (<E2>HRV</E2>) has in itself provided a major topic of discussion.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370157309002877", "spans": [285, 307, 309, 312]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>PPN formalism</E1> provided a clear structure within which one could compare and assess various theories, and has been the <E2>benchmark for how theories of gravity should be evaluated</E2> ever since.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370157312000105", "spans": [695, 708, 813, 870]}}
+{"text": "In contrast, the <E1>time series analysis</E1> of these systems, referred to as the inverse or <E2>\u2018top-down\u2019</E2> approach, has not been studied in detail before.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370157314001318", "spans": [674, 694, 743, 753]}}
+{"text": "[11] for Fermi transitions leading to <E1>isobaric analogue state</E1> (<E2>IAS</E2>) at 4.38 MeV in 40K\u2217. Later Ormand et al.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304006161", "spans": [585, 608, 610, 613]}}
+{"text": "Nevertheless, following L\u00fcscher [6], Abdalla, Forger and Gomes showed [7] that, in a G/H sigma model with H simple,11Here, and throughout this Letter, we shall use \u2018<E1>simple</E1>\u2019 to mean that the <E2>corresponding Lie algebra has no non-trivial ideals</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304006720", "spans": [588, 594, 613, 664]}}
+{"text": "But this has the price of introducing a wide range of <E2>rhd neutrino masses</E2> <E1>MR\u223c1010\u20131015</E1> which then require explanation.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S037026930400680X", "spans": [869, 881, 849, 868]}}
+{"text": "It is worth stressing at this stage that the above equation can be obtained from <E1>the effective Lagrangian</E1> (6)<E2>Leff=\u221214F\u03bc\u03bdaFa\u03bc\u03bd+M2\u2212F\u03bc\u03bdaFa\u03bc\u03bd</E2>. Spherically symmetric solutions of Eq.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304007208", "spans": [986, 1010, 1014, 1042]}}
+{"text": "Elementary interactions, happening in parallel, correspond to underlying <E1>microscopic (predominantly soft) parton cascades</E1> and are described effectively as <E2>phenomenological soft pomeron exchanges</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304007439", "spans": [488, 536, 570, 609]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>interaction of the leading prehadrons during the formation time</E1> could be interpreted as an <E2>in-medium change of the fragmentation function</E2>, which however could not be given in a closed form.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304007695", "spans": [627, 690, 718, 764]}}
+{"text": "For the inclusive J/\u03c8 productions, the cross section is much larger than the predictions of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD) [4]; there is also an over-abundance of the <E2>four-charm\u2013quark processes</E2> including the <E1>exclusive J/\u03c8 and charmonium productions</E1>; there is no apparent signal in the hard J/\u03c8 spectrum which has been predicted by the J/\u03c8gg production mode as well as the color-octet mechanism in NRQCD.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304007749", "spans": [822, 862, 781, 807]}}
+{"text": "Instead, <E2>hybrid mesons</E2> (<E1>qq\u0304gn</E1>) may be a better place to search for evidence of resonances outside the constituent quark model, especially since the lightest of theses states are predicted to have exotic quantum numbers of spin, parity, and charge conjugation, JPC, that is, combinations that are unattainable by regular qq\u0304-mesons.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304007798", "spans": [710, 715, 695, 708]}}
+{"text": "We apply different <E1>unintegrated gluon distributions</E1> (<E2>uGDF</E2>) used in the literature.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304008305", "spans": [128, 160, 162, 166]}}
+{"text": "We investigate the density behavior of the symmetry energy with respect to isospin equilibration in the <E2>combined systems</E2> <E1>Ru(Zr)+Zr(Ru)</E1> at relativistic energies of 0.4 and 1.528A GeV.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304008792", "spans": [121, 134, 104, 120]}}
+{"text": "At one extreme where <E1>no correlations and therefore no redundancy are present</E1> (<E2>Poissonian sequence</E2>), there is no possibility of detecting one missing level.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304008809", "spans": [356, 411, 413, 432]}}
+{"text": "Indeed, it was found in the <E1>leading logarithmic approximation</E1> (<E2>LLA</E2>) [10], that the so-called quasi-partonic operators in N=1 SYM are unified in supermultiplets with anomalous dimensions obtained from universal anomalous dimensions \u03b3uni(j) by shifting its arguments by an integer number.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304008858", "spans": [235, 268, 270, 273]}}
+{"text": "The <E2>quark\u2013gluon mixed condensate</E2> \u3008<E1>s\u0304gs\u03c3\u00b7Gs</E1>\u3009, which was the important contribution in the \u0398+ sum rule, is replaced by gluonic operators in the heavy quark expansion that are normally suppressed.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304008974", "spans": [690, 698, 660, 688]}}
+{"text": "Very recently, the hard-spectator contribution arising from the chromomagnetic operator O8 have also been calculated in <E1>next-to-next-to-leading orde</E1>r (<E2>NNLO</E2>) in \u03b1s showing that the spectator interactions factorize in the heavy quark limit [21].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304008998", "spans": [1404, 1432, 1435, 1439]}}
+{"text": "According to a general theorem [14], in order to determine the parity of one particle in a <E2>binary reaction</E2> one has to know polarizations at least of two fermions participating in <E1>this reaction</E1>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009013", "spans": [291, 304, 203, 218]}}
+{"text": "In the mean field approximation, the <E1>Dirac equation for the quark in infinite quark matter</E1> is written as: <E2>(30)i\u03b3\u00b7\u2202\u2212m\u2212Vqs\u2212\u03b30Vqv\u03c8QMq(x)=0</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009025", "spans": [1147, 1200, 1216, 1245]}}
+{"text": "The present study can be straightforwardly generalized to charmed <E1>baryons</E1> (\u039bc), which may serve as a <E2>complimentary probe</E2> for charm-quark reinteractions in the QGP.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009037", "spans": [1097, 1104, 1132, 1151]}}
+{"text": "One of the challenges in <E1>quantum chromodynamics</E1> (<E2>QCD</E2>) is the relativistic bound state problem.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009049", "spans": [25, 47, 49, 52]}}
+{"text": "Especially interesting is the <E1>isotropic infrared and optical background</E1> (<E2>IRB</E2>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009062", "spans": [133, 174, 176, 179]}}
+{"text": "The ART model is a hadronic transport model that includes baryons such as N, \u0394(1232), N\u2217(1440), N\u2217(1535), \u039b, \u03a3, and <E2>mesons</E2> such as \u03c0, \u03c1, \u03c9, \u03b7, <E1>K</E1>, K\u2217. Both elastic and inelastic collisions among most of these particles are included by using the experimental data from hadron\u2013hadron collisions.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009086", "spans": [143, 144, 116, 122]}}
+{"text": "However, as shown in [15], the brane always <E1>crosses the inner horizon of the bulk geometry</E1>, creating an <E2>instability</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009104", "spans": [658, 704, 718, 729]}}
+{"text": "Sezgin (Minkowski)4\u00d7S2 ground state among all <E2>non-singular solutions with a four-dimensional Poincar\u00e9</E2>, <E1>de Sitter or anti-de Sitter symmetry</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009116", "spans": [155, 191, 98, 153]}}
+{"text": "They were originally believed to be signals of the so-called <E2>T-odd fragmentation functions</E2> [5], in particular, of the <E1>Collins function</E1> [6\u201312].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009141", "spans": [342, 358, 285, 314]}}
+{"text": "We present a <E1>bulk Higgs model</E1> corresponding to the <E2>non-singular solution</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009177", "spans": [773, 789, 811, 832]}}
+{"text": "In the present approach, the <E1>parity of the pentaquark</E1> is given by <E2>P=(\u2212)\u2113+1</E2>, where \u2113 is the angular momentum associated with the relative coordinates of the q4 subsystem.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009189", "spans": [342, 366, 379, 387]}}
+{"text": "Another interesting case is the singlet deformation [10,11], where the deformation parameters belongs to the singlet representation of the <E2>R-symmetry group</E2> <E1>SU(2)R</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009220", "spans": [370, 376, 353, 369]}}
+{"text": "Recently, <E2>example of such singularity</E2> has been presented by Barrow, <E1>we found another example of it</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009232", "spans": [256, 286, 198, 225]}}
+{"text": "In this region the <E1>rare decay</E1> <E2>H\u2192\u03b3\u03b3</E2> is the most interesting alternative to the usual decay channels.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009268", "spans": [1136, 1146, 1147, 1151]}}
+{"text": "In such a scenario, a background solution with an <E2>effective spacetime dimension</E2> <E1>d>4</E1> should be expected to be a false vacuum where the propagators for the dynamical fields are ill-defined, lest a low energy effective theory could exist in dimensions higher than four.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009335", "spans": [849, 852, 819, 848]}}
+{"text": "Very recently a proposal has been made to treat the <E2>spectral fluctuations</E2> \u03b4n as <E1>discrete time series</E1> [11].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009347", "spans": [522, 542, 494, 515]}}
+{"text": "As a result the b\u00af\u2192s\u00af and b\u00af\u2192d\u00af decays are not really related by SU(3) in the SM if the final state involves an \u03b7 or \u03b7\u2032. We therefore consider instead the <E2>vector meson</E2> <E1>\u03d5</E1> which is essentially a pure (ss\u00af) quark state.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009359", "spans": [938, 939, 925, 937]}}
+{"text": "If signals suggesting supersymmetry (SUSY) are discovered at the LHC then it will be vital to measure the spins of the new <E2>particles</E2> to demonstrate that they are indeed the predicted <E1>super-partners</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009530", "spans": [183, 197, 123, 132]}}
+{"text": "The full <E1>Salpeter equation</E1> is a <E2>relativistic equation</E2> describing a bound state.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009657", "spans": [137, 154, 160, 181]}}
+{"text": "The three point <E2>vector-pseudo scalar interaction</E2> is given by (11)<E1>ih4\u3008V\u03bc(P\u2202\u03bcP\u2212\u2202\u03bcPP)\u3009</E1>, where h stands for the vector-pseudoscalar coupling.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0370269304009803", "spans": [346, 364, 297, 329]}}
+{"text": "However, <E2>significant reaction barriers</E2> (<E1>0.593\u20131.118 eV</E1>) for the O2 molecule on the cluster are identified on different adsorption sites, nevertheless, these reaction paths are spin forbidden reactions according to Winger\u02bcs spin selection rule.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0375960112002885", "spans": [403, 417, 372, 401]}}
+{"text": "Later, <E2>ternary chalcogenide</E2> <E1>(BixSb1\u2212x)2Te3</E1> [4,5], which has similar tetradymite structure to the parent compounds Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3, was predicted by ab initio calculations and confirmed by ARPES measurements as a tunable topological insulator whose Fermi energy and carrier density can be adjusted via changing the Bi/Sb composition ratio with stable topological surface state for the entire composition range.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0375960113004908", "spans": [439, 453, 418, 438]}}
+{"text": "In the molecules of <E2>methanol masers</E2> (<E1>CH3OH</E1>)", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0375960113006725", "spans": [564, 569, 547, 562]}}
+{"text": "[1] use this algorithm to show quantum walk search to be fundamentally more effective than classical random walk search by presenting a <E2>class of graphs</E2> (the <E1>GT graphs</E1>) that force classical random walks to make exponentially many queries to an oracle encoding the structure of the graph, but that are traversable by quantum walks with a polynomial number of queries to such an oracle.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0375960113010839", "spans": [394, 403, 373, 388]}}
+{"text": "The wave eventually collapses as these <E2>electrons damp the wave</E2> (the <E1>wave \u2018breaks\u2019</E1>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0375960115005630", "spans": [707, 720, 678, 701]}}
+{"text": "Many different methods for measuring the tack have been devised with the four main ones being the rolling ball, loop tack, quick stick and <E1>probe tack</E1> <E2>tests</E2> [9].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0377025714001931", "spans": [757, 767, 768, 773]}}
+{"text": "The second system is a <E1>commercial silicone dielectric gel</E1> (<E2>SDG</E2>) which is used in the production of electronic products created by industrial printing processes.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0377025714002213", "spans": [297, 331, 333, 336]}}
+{"text": "FTMS may overcome these limitations, but is unsuitable for <E2>markedly strain sensitive materials</E2>, such as <E1>fibrin gels</E1>, due to the strain amplitude of the composite waveform exceeding the linear viscoelastic range (LVR)", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0377025715000051", "spans": [1193, 1204, 1148, 1183]}}
+{"text": "Rheological measurements were performed with an ARES rheometer at shear rates up to 15s\u22121 and with a <E2>piezo axial vibrator</E2> [21] (<E1>PAV</E1>) at frequencies up to 6kHz.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0377025715000993", "spans": [223, 226, 196, 216]}}
+{"text": "We have evaluated the performance of this approach using the proposed framework which embodies a set of well known metaheuristics with different configurations as agents on <E1>two problem domains</E1>, <E2>Permutation Flow-shop Scheduling and Capacitated Vehicle Routing</E2>.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0377221716300984", "spans": [700, 719, 721, 785]}}
+{"text": "Future work may consider investigating whether the algorithm would be as successful or not in solving variants of the MPSP that include more <E2>operational constraints</E2>, such as variable cut-off grade, grade blending, and <E1>stockpiling</E1>, as it is in solving the \u201cclassical\u201d variant considered in this paper.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0377221716301357", "spans": [322, 333, 245, 268]}}
+{"text": "In different specifications we consider the cases of one vs. multiple price zones (market splitting) and analyze different approaches to <E2>recover network cost</E2>\u2014in particular lump sum, <E1>generation capacity based</E1>, and energy based fees.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0377221716301904", "spans": [594, 619, 549, 569]}}
+{"text": "Consequently, in order to provide an improved overall description of the fluid-phase equilibria at the conditions of interest, refinements have been made to the unlike parameters presented in the previous study [129] relating to the interactions between H2O and the <E2>alkyl groups</E2>, <E1>CH3 and CH2</E1>, namely \u03f5CH3,H2O, \u03f5CH2,H2O and \u03bbCH3,H2O, \u03bbCH2,H2O.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0378381215300674", "spans": [1336, 1347, 1322, 1334]}}
+{"text": "Previously, beginning with the first paper on unusual hydrates of tetrabutylammonium salts in 1940 [31], a number of studies could be found on <E2>ionic clathrate hydrates</E2> (hereafter, <E1>semiclathrate hydrates</E1>) [32\u201335] before the unified terminology semiclathrate hydrate was generally accepted.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0378381215301291", "spans": [346, 368, 309, 333]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Models</E2> such as <E1>FiRECAM</E1>", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0379711213001653", "spans": [169, 176, 154, 160]}}
+{"text": "<E1>SCE</E1> was the most suitable <E2>algorithm</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0379711215000223", "spans": [1338, 1341, 1364, 1373]}}
+{"text": "Social network gaming, which refers to playing games that are connected to social networking services (SNS) directly, or through <E1>mobile applications</E1> (<E2>apps</E2>), is a popular online activity.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S074756321630348X", "spans": [129, 148, 150, 154]}}
+{"text": "This fact makes the DNNs particularly suitable for real-time applications because, unlike <E2>other approaches</E2> (i.e. <E1>i-vectors</E1>), we can potentially make a decision about the language at each new frame.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S088523081530036X", "spans": [349, 358, 326, 342]}}
+{"text": "Both the characteristic frequencies of simulated signal and the fault frequencies of practical rolling bearing signal can be extracted from the same order of IMF groups, thus showing that <E1>multivariate EMD</E1> is an effective <E2>signal decomposition algorithm</E2> and can be competently applied to fault diagnosis of rolling bearings when combined with a multiscale reduction method and fault correlation factor analysis.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0888327016300048", "spans": [840, 856, 873, 903]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>nonparametric approach</E1> is often referred to as <E2>frequency-domain Volterra system identification</E2> and is based on the observation that the Volterra model of nonlinear systems is linear in terms of the unknown Volterra kernels, which, in the frequency domain, corresponds to a linear relation between the output frequency response and linear, quadratic, and higher order GFRFs.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0888327016302333", "spans": [358, 380, 405, 452]}}
+{"text": "Moreover, in PB compilation of the boolean formulas is performed using (RO)BDDs, while ProbLog can use a wider range of <E2>decision diagrams</E2>, e.g. <E1>sentential decision diagrams</E1> (SDD), deterministic, decomposable negation normal form (d-DNNF).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0888613X16301062", "spans": [547, 575, 523, 540]}}
+{"text": "(2013) evaluates a variant of PSR (in that work referred to as scale-adaptive [SA]), which includes <E1>curvature-dependent polygonization</E1> (e.g. <E2>increasing/decreasing the size of triangles according to the local curvature</E2>)", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0895611116300684", "spans": [325, 359, 366, 442]}}
+{"text": "Recently, research on thermal\u2013mechanical analysis of <E1>P91</E1> has been carried out including the characterisation of the cyclic behaviour of <E2>the material</E2> using the two-layer and unified visco-plasticity models [3,4].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0927025612000249", "spans": [759, 762, 842, 854]}}
+{"text": "Therefore, the <E1>current model</E1> is a <E2>modification of the previous model using a linearized phase diagram</E2>, and no online call of thermodynamic data is necessary.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S092702561300267X", "spans": [842, 855, 861, 928]}}
+{"text": "Due to the complex nature of the thermal spray process, <E1>modelling</E1> has been playing a key role in <E2>providing some key insights for process design and operations</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S092702561300760X", "spans": [56, 65, 97, 158]}}
+{"text": "Structural adhesives are increasingly used for bonding components within <E2>critical load bearing engineering structures</E2> such as aerospace and <E1>automotives</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0927025614007137", "spans": [140, 151, 73, 117]}}
+{"text": "The use of <E2>advanced machine learning methods</E2> such as deep neural networks and <E1>muscles synergies extraction</E1> should also be investigated on problems under the influence of multiple dynamic factors as such methods may provide substantial improvements upon the utilized time-and-frequency EMG feature extraction methods (Diener, Janke, & Schultz, 2015; Ison, Vujaklija, Whitsell, Farina, & Artemiadis, 2016; Park & Lee, 2016).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0957417416302561", "spans": [236, 264, 169, 202]}}
+{"text": "In an N-dimensional vector space, <E2>the simplest version of PCA</E2> (<E1>linear PCA</E1>) is a technique that finds the mutually-uncorrelated vectors onto which the projection of the samples generates the highest variances.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0957417416303773", "spans": [292, 302, 263, 290]}}
+{"text": "EM sensors have also measured the levels of <E1>decarburisation</E1> (<E2>variation in ferrite content with depth</E2>) in steel rod [9,10].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S0963869514000863", "spans": [683, 698, 700, 739]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Evolutionary algorithms</E2>, such as <E1>genetic population</E1> (Jomier et al., 2006; Rivest-Henault et al., 2012; Ruijters et al., 2009), are considered as a strategy that is \u201cless likely to get stuck in a local optimum\u201d (Ruijters et al., 2009).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1361841516300342", "spans": [128, 146, 95, 118]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Supplementary material</E2> to this paper includes a document with a description of the dataset as a whole, a document containing the <E1>complete survey instrument</E1>, and two data files containing the results and an associated codebook (see Section 4.3).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1364815216303541", "spans": [854, 880, 725, 747]}}
+{"text": "Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is a <E1>numerical simulation method</E1> which is directly based on the <E2>NURBS-based representation of CAD models</E2>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1524070312000380", "spans": [33, 60, 92, 132]}}
+{"text": "In data mining, the notion of locality is often given as <E1>distance between data values</E1> (given <E2>a specific distance metric such as Euclidean distance</E2>).", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1566253516300252", "spans": [216, 244, 252, 305]}}
+{"text": "MWSN routing protocols generally take influence from both WSN and <E1>mobile ad hoc network</E1> (<E2>MANET</E2>) routing protocols, which all share common limitations, such as bandwidth, power and cost.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1570870516301822", "spans": [66, 87, 89, 94]}}
+{"text": "The following <E2>database collections</E2> were examined as possible sources for the corpus: the Emotional Movie Database (EMDB) [19], and <E1>Film Stim</E1> [20].", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S1875952116300209", "spans": [346, 355, 229, 249]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Aspect-oriented Programming</E2> (<E1>AOP</E1>) can well solve the cross-cutting concerns.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667812000032", "spans": [29, 32, 0, 27]}}
+{"text": "According to the shortcomings of long time and big errors about the moving plate recognition system, we present the moving plate recognition algorithm based on <E2>principal component analysis</E2>(<E1>PCA</E1>) color extraction.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667812000664", "spans": [189, 192, 160, 188]}}
+{"text": "With the development of sport normal students in china, Some ideas to teaching and learning that view learning as a simple process of knowledge have become outdated and ineffective, therefore, In order to improving the quality of teaching and learning on sport normal students in china, this author discussed some <E2>factors on promoting the level of teaching and learning</E2> for sport normal students, such as implementation principle, <E1>curriculum design</E1>, education policy, and so on.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667812000780", "spans": [431, 448, 314, 369]}}
+{"text": "Lettered words have become an indispensable part of <E2>Chinese vocabulary</E2>, such as <E1>WTO</E1>, Ka la OK and MP3.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667812000822", "spans": [358, 361, 330, 348]}}
+{"text": "The algorithms employ <E2>AI techniques</E2> such as <E1>semantic networks</E1> to produce verbal questions.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667812000937", "spans": [224, 241, 202, 215]}}
+{"text": "The <E2>Linear Temporal First-Order Logic</E2> (<E1>LTL-FO</E1>) formulas over inputs, states, outputs and actions are used to express the properties to be verified.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221266781300018X", "spans": [280, 286, 245, 278]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Evolutionary Algorithms</E1> are the <E2>stochastic optimization methods</E2>, simulating the behavior of natural evolution.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667813000774", "spans": [0, 23, 32, 63]}}
+{"text": "Based on the <E2>classification scale method</E2> (<E1>CSM</E1>), after the target tight sandstones are classified into two types, the relationship between core porosity and permeability is established for every type of formations, and the corresponding permeability estimation models are established.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667813001068", "spans": [461, 464, 432, 459]}}
+{"text": "For high performance rotated face detection, the multiple-<E2>MCT</E2>(<E1>Modified Census Transform</E1>) architecture, which is robust against lighting change, was used.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814000070", "spans": [191, 216, 187, 190]}}
+{"text": "We use an <E2>educational platform</E2> <E1>vAcademia</E1> as a test bed for the project, and focus on improving the learning process and, subsequently \u2013 the outcomes.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814000264", "spans": [168, 177, 147, 167]}}
+{"text": "The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes 18-20nm in concentrations of 1 and 10mg / ml for diatoms <E2>Pseudo-nitzschia pungens</E2> (<E1>clone PP-07</E1>) and golden alga", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814000690", "spans": [171, 182, 145, 169]}}
+{"text": "To improve the course of the reaction, natural catalysts \u2013 calcite, <E1>coal char</E1> (<E2>unburned residues from coal</E2>) and modified olivine", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814000756", "spans": [451, 460, 462, 489]}}
+{"text": "Several <E2>inorganic flocculating agents</E2>, including FeSO4, <E1>Al2(SO4)3,</E1> FeCl3 and an organic coagulant aid PAM, were used to treat the wastewater from domestic anima and poultry breeding in this paper.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221266781400080X", "spans": [56, 66, 8, 37]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Design semantics</E1> is the <E2>annotation of form and the reflection of its symbolic meaning</E2>, which means it is an explanation of the deposited human cultural spirit.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814000951", "spans": [137, 153, 161, 222]}}
+{"text": "Improving as well as evaluating the performance of <E1>High Performance Computing</E1> (<E2>HPC</E2>) applications by migrating them to Cloud environments are widely considered as critical issues in the field of high performance and Cloud computing.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814001208", "spans": [51, 77, 79, 82]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>algorithm</E1> is based on the <E2>spreading activation scheme</E2> applied to the graphs dynamically built on the basis of the text words and a large wordnet.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221266781400121X", "spans": [117, 126, 143, 170]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Sentence reduction</E1> is one of approaches for <E2>text summarization</E2> that has been attracted many researchers and scholars of natural language processing field.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814001245", "spans": [0, 18, 44, 62]}}
+{"text": "In most cases, the number of users in a <E1>Knowledge Management System</E1> (<E2>KMS</E2>) is very large, and they are from varied departments, even other companies.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814001294", "spans": [122, 149, 151, 154]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>Exponential Time Differencing</E1> (<E2>ETD</E2>) technique requires minimum stages to obtain the requiredaccurateness, which suggests an efficient technique relatingto computational duration thatensures remarkable stability characteristicsupon resolving nonlinear wave equations.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814001348", "spans": [144, 173, 175, 178]}}
+{"text": "Then, based on these three <E1>objectives</E1> (time, <E2>cost</E2>, and quality), a contractor selection problem is converted to an optimization problem.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814001361", "spans": [459, 469, 477, 481]}}
+{"text": "Recently, a <E2>network virtualization technology</E2> has attracted considerable attention as one of <E1>new generation network technologies</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814001464", "spans": [93, 128, 12, 45]}}
+{"text": "Although Cloud Computing has not yet reached the level of maturity expected by its customers, and that the problems of <E1>confidentiality, integrity, reliability and consistency</E1> (<E2>CIRC</E2>) are still open, the researchers in this field have already considered a future cloud strategy which aims: a better QoS, reliability and high availability, it is the Multi-Clouds, Cloud of Clouds or Interclouds.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212667814001476", "spans": [287, 342, 344, 348]}}
+{"text": "In this paper, adaptive beamforming techniques for smart antennas based upon Least Mean Squares (LMS), Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI), Recursive Least Squares (RLS) and <E1>Conjugate Gradient Method</E1> (<E2>CGM</E2>) are discussed and analyzed.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221266781400149X", "spans": [168, 193, 195, 198]}}
+{"text": "<E2>Video-oculography</E2> (VOG) is one of <E1>eye movement measurement methods</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612000613", "spans": [34, 66, 0, 17]}}
+{"text": "This paper make the explained variables our financial stress index consist of the synchronous variables financial systemic risk, and make the explanatory variables the macroeconomic variable, currency credit variable, asset price variable and the macroeconomic variable of correlative economic powers, then use stepwise regression method to <E2>establish the financial systemic risk best predict equation</E2>, thus <E1>set up the reasonable and practical financial systemic risk early-warning index system</E1>; besides, use the best prediction equations predicts the financial systemic risk status in 2011.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612000686", "spans": [407, 493, 341, 400]}}
+{"text": "Given that, we determine the characteristic of the holding furnace based on <E1>weight percent</E1> (<E2>wt %</E2>) of the certain alloys and their elements.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612001291", "spans": [237, 251, 253, 257]}}
+{"text": "Our country is rich of <E1>line galloping</E1>, there are many important <E2>galloping</E2> data failed to collect systematically and completely because there is no unified management platform.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612001497", "spans": [23, 37, 64, 73]}}
+{"text": "A fuzzy-Hammerstein model predictive control method is proposed for a <E1>continuous stirred-tank reactor</E1> (<E2>CSTR</E2>).", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221267161200162X", "spans": [70, 101, 103, 107]}}
+{"text": "The <E2>algorithm</E2> includes two steps: model building and <E1>tool path generation</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612001709", "spans": [142, 162, 93, 102]}}
+{"text": "This paper proposes a <E1>new form of high dimensional model representation</E1> (HDMR) by utilizing the support vector regression (SVR), termed as <E2>adaptive SVR-HMDR</E2>, to conquer this dilemma.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221267161200176X", "spans": [178, 227, 295, 312]}}
+{"text": "<E1>Metal\u2013intermetallic laminated</E1> (<E2>MIL</E2>) composites are fabricated upon reaction sintering of titanium and aluminum foils of various thicknesses.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612001783", "spans": [0, 29, 31, 34]}}
+{"text": "For providing the government with effective monitoring of the trends of the economic variables in the future and good reference for developing a reasonable policy, in this paper, we establish a time series model on China's <E1>Foreign Direct Investment</E1> (<E2>FDI</E2>) by using wavelet analysis and intervention analysis and time series analysis and predict the trend of FDI in the next several years.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221267161200220X", "spans": [223, 248, 250, 253]}}
+{"text": "For enhancing the performance of the <E2>Otsu algorithm</E2> further, in this work, an improved <E1>median-based Otsu image thresholding algorithm</E1> is presented.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612002338", "spans": [533, 579, 483, 497]}}
+{"text": "A transformation matrix which can express the relationship between an <E2>object point</E2> and its <E1>image</E1> by the refraction of prism was derived based on geometrical optics, and a mathematical model was introduced which can denote the position of prism with arbitrary faces only by 7 parameters.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612002351", "spans": [305, 310, 284, 296]}}
+{"text": "In this paper, we introduce and analyze of <E2>semantic reasoning tools</E2> such as <E1>Jena</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2212671612002375", "spans": [408, 412, 375, 399]}}
+{"text": "The <E1>poly-blocks</E1> are <E2>fire-resistant blocks</E2> and have an excellent capability to absorb, mitigate and reflect a wide range of noises with unmatched frequency of reflective noise.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S221450951530005X", "spans": [680, 691, 696, 717]}}
+{"text": "Faults in the connections of stirrups to the longitudinal bars, unstaggered formation of stirrup hooks in beams and columns, the <E1>perpendicular angles</E1> of the hooks, inadequately anchorage lengths of the stirrup hooks and longitudinal bars, and the use of cold joints were the other frequently encountered <E2>workmanship defects</E2> (Figs.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2214509515300103", "spans": [701, 721, 876, 895]}}
+{"text": "We also demonstrate how this porosity structure changes after <E1>Hot Isostatic Pressing</E1> (<E2>HIP</E2>) treatment of the same sample.", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2214657115000155", "spans": [1349, 1371, 1373, 1376]}}
+{"text": "Aeroengine turbine disks often consist of <E2>paramagnetic</E2>, that means <E1>non-ferromagnetic Nickel based alloys</E1>.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2214657115000179", "spans": [67, 104, 42, 54]}}
+{"text": "If a layer has <E2>constituents that are not forming volatiles with the reactive gas</E2>, e.g. <E1>W and Be with O2</E1>, these constituents cannot be removed by TCR, as they will not be removed from the deposit.", "label": "Hyponym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2352179114200032", "spans": [774, 790, 702, 767]}}
+{"text": "It is concluded that conventional concepts and materials for <E2>plasma facing components</E2> (<E1>PFCs</E1>) reach their limits in terms of material lifetime and power exhaust at approximately 20MW/m2, which is presumably dramatically reduced to <10MW/m2 due to neutron damage in a D-T reactor [6] or even only half that value [7].", "label": "Synonym-of", "metadata": {"id": "S2352179114200056", "spans": [641, 645, 615, 639]}}
diff --git a/sci_bert/common/__init__.py b/sci_bert/common/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/sci_bert/common/relation.py b/sci_bert/common/relation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f9b799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sci_bert/common/relation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""
+
+Basic data structure and functions for relation mentions
+
+author: kylel@allenai.org
+
+"""
+
+from typing import *
+
+from sci_bert.common.span import MentionSpan, TokenSpan
+
+class RelationMention:
+    """
+    A relation mention corresponds to an (ordered) tuple of entity mentions
+    with a label(s) and a direction implied by the order of the tuple.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, e1: MentionSpan, e2: MentionSpan, labels: List[str],
+                 is_symmetric: Optional[bool] = None):
+        self.e1 = e1
+        self.e2 = e2
+        self.labels = labels
+        self.is_symmetric = is_symmetric
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str((self.e1.text, tuple(self.labels), self.e2.text))
diff --git a/sci_bert/common/span.py b/sci_bert/common/span.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..491eae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sci_bert/common/span.py
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+"""
+
+Basic data structure and functions for manipulating spans
+
+author: kylel@allenai.org
+
+"""
+
+from typing import *
+
+class Span:
+    """When comparing `self` to another span `other`, there are cases:
+
+            self            other
+    (a)     (0, 3)    <     (3, 5)          disjoint   (i.e. < and > operators)
+    (b)     (0, 3)    <=    (2, 5)          partial overlap    (i.e. <= and >= operators)
+            (0, 3)    <=    (1, 5)
+            (0, 3)    <=    (0, 5)
+    (c)     (1, 2)    in    (0, 3)          (strict) subset   (i.e. `in` operator)
+    (d)     (0, 3)    ==    (0, 3)          equal
+
+    Notice that the `stop` index is non-inclusive.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, start: int, stop: int):
+        if start >= stop:
+            raise ValueError('Strictly start < stop')
+        self.start = start
+        self.stop = stop
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.start == other.start and self.stop == other.stop
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.stop <= other.start
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return other.__lt__(self)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        # self is left of other, but not disjoint
+        return self.start <= other.start and self.stop < other.stop and not self < other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return other.__le__(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str((self.start, self.stop))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self.stop - self.start
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        """Only for strict subset, doesn't include equality"""
+        return item.start > self.start and item.stop < self.stop
+
+    @classmethod
+    def sort_cluster_spans(cls, spans: Set['Span']) -> List[List['Span']]:
+        """Iterate over spans; accumulate each span in same group"""
+        spans: List['Span'] = sorted(spans, key=lambda s: (s.start, s.stop))
+        clusters: List[Dict] = [{
+            'proxy': Span(start=spans[0].start, stop=spans[0].stop),
+            'spans': [spans[0]]
+        }]
+        for span in spans[1:]:
+            # if this span is disjoint from the previous spans, start new cluster
+            if span > clusters[-1]['proxy']:
+                clusters.append({
+                    'proxy': Span(start=span.start, stop=span.stop),
+                    'spans': [span]
+                })
+            # otherwise, add to previous group
+            else:
+                clusters[-1]['spans'].append(span)
+                clusters[-1]['proxy'] = Span(start=clusters[-1]['proxy'].start,
+                                             stop=max(clusters[-1]['proxy'].stop, span.stop))
+        return [cluster['spans'] for cluster in clusters]
+
+    def to_json(self) -> Dict:
+        return {
+            'start': self.start,
+            'stop': self.stop
+        }
+
+
+class TokenSpan(Span):
+    def __init__(self, start: int, stop: int, text: str):
+        super().__init__(start, stop)
+        self.text = text
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str((self.start, self.stop, self.text))
+
+    def to_json(self) -> Dict:
+        return {
+            'start': self.start,
+            'stop': self.stop,
+            'text': self.text
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_sent_token_spans(cls, text: str, sent_tokens: List[List[str]]) -> List[List['TokenSpan']]:
+        """
+        Given text and its tokenization, associate with each token a span
+        that indexes characters from the original text
+
+        text before tokenization:
+            'Hi, this is.'
+        tokens and their associated char-level spans:
+            Hi      -> (0,2)
+            ,       -> (2,3)
+            this    -> (4,8)
+            is      -> (9,11)
+            .       -> (11,12)
+        where span ends are non-inclusive
+
+        This should work for arbitrary tokenization (even sub-word tokenization),
+        as long as non-whitespace characters never disappear after tokenization.
+        """
+
+        # assertion should fail if any tokens are whitespace, which can happen like:
+        #   text = "This is     too    much white    space ."
+        assert ''.join([char.strip() for char in text.strip()]) == ''.join([token for tokens in sent_tokens for token in tokens])
+        sent_spans = []
+        index_char_in_text = 0
+        for tokens in sent_tokens:
+            token_spans, index_char_in_text = TokenSpan._find_token_spans(text, tokens, index_char_in_text)
+            sent_spans.append(token_spans)
+        return sent_spans
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _find_token_spans(cls, text: str, tokens: List[str], index_char_in_text: int) -> Tuple[List['TokenSpan'], int]:
+        """Private method to process each sentence in `_find_sent_token_spans()`"""
+        token_spans = []
+        for token in tokens:
+            # skip whitespace
+            while text[index_char_in_text].strip() == '':
+                index_char_in_text += 1
+
+            # remember start of span
+            start = index_char_in_text
+
+            # iterate over token characters
+            for char in token:
+                index_char_in_text += 1
+
+            # save span when match all characters in token
+            assert token == text[start:index_char_in_text]
+            token_span = TokenSpan(start=start, stop=index_char_in_text, text=token)
+            token_spans.append(token_span)
+
+        return token_spans, index_char_in_text
+
+
+class MentionSpan(Span):
+    def __init__(self, start: int, stop: int, text: str, entity_types: List[str], entity_id: str):
+        super().__init__(start, stop)
+        self.text = text
+        self.entity_types = entity_types
+        self.entity_id = entity_id
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str((self.start, self.stop, self.text))
+
+    def to_json(self) -> Dict:
+        return {
+            'start': self.start,
+            'stop': self.stop,
+            'text': self.text,
+            'entity_types': self.entity_types,
+            'entity_id': self.entity_id
+        }
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """This is more strict than equality, which is inhereted from `Span.__eq__`
+
+        e.g.
+            MentionSpan(0, 1, '', [], '') == MentionSpan(0, 1, 'abc', [], 'abc') is True
+            hash(MentionSpan(0, 1, '', [], '')) == hash(MentionSpan(0, 1, 'abc', [], 'abc')) is False
+        """
+        return hash((self.start, self.stop, self.text, tuple(self.entity_types), self.entity_id))
+
+
+def label_sent_token_spans(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]],
+                           mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[List[str]]:
+    """
+    `sent_token_spans` is a list of sentences, where each sentence is a list of token spans
+    `mention_spans` is a single list of mention spans
+
+    Assumes both of these are properly sorted (sentences & tokens) & disjoint in their tokens.
+
+    Returns BIO labels for each sentence, for each token, matching structure of `sent_token_spans`
+    """
+    assert _is_proper_sents(sent_token_spans)
+
+    # align mention spans with sentences
+    sent_mention_spans = _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans, mention_spans)
+    assert _is_proper_sents([s for s in sent_mention_spans if len(s) > 0])
+
+    # create labels
+    sent_token_labels = []
+    for token_spans, mention_spans in zip(sent_token_spans, sent_mention_spans):
+        token_labels = _label_token_spans(token_spans, mention_spans)
+        sent_token_labels.append(token_labels)
+    return sent_token_labels
+
+
+def _is_proper_sents(sent_spans: List[List[Span]]) -> bool:
+    # order of sentences
+    for i in range(len(sent_spans) - 1):
+        if not sent_spans[i][-1] < sent_spans[i + 1][0]:
+            return False
+    # proper tokens within sentences
+    for token_spans in sent_spans:
+        if not _is_proper_sent(token_spans):
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def _is_proper_sent(spans: List[Span]) -> bool:
+    # check for sorted & disjoint tokens
+    return all(spans[i] < spans[i + 1] for i in range(len(spans) - 1))
+
+
+def _label_token_spans(token_spans: List[TokenSpan],
+                       mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[str]:
+    """Private method to process each sentence in `label_sent_token_spans()`"""
+    num_tokens, num_mentions = len(token_spans), len(mention_spans)
+    # no tokens
+    if num_tokens == 0:
+        return []
+
+    # no mentions
+    if num_mentions == 0:
+        return ['O'] * num_tokens
+
+    # check mentions should be within range of tokens
+    assert mention_spans[0].start >= token_spans[0].start
+    assert mention_spans[-1].stop <= token_spans[-1].stop
+
+    token_labels = []
+    index_token, index_mention = 0, 0
+    while index_token < num_tokens and index_mention < num_mentions:
+        token_span = token_spans[index_token]
+        mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention]
+        entity_type = mention_span.entity_types[0]
+        # case 1: token is left of mention (no overlap)
+        if token_span < mention_span:
+            token_labels.append('O')
+            index_token += 1
+        # case 2: token is right of mention (no overlap)
+        elif token_span > mention_span:
+            index_mention += 1
+        # case 3: token captures start of mention
+        elif token_span.start <= mention_span.start:
+            token_labels.append(f'B-{entity_type}')
+            index_token += 1
+        # case 4: token within mention
+        elif token_span in mention_span:
+            token_labels.append(f'I-{entity_type}')
+            index_token += 1
+        # case 5: token captures end of mention
+        elif token_span.stop >= mention_span.stop:
+            token_labels.append(f'I-{entity_type}')
+            index_token += 1
+            index_mention += 1
+
+    # ran out of mentions, but label remaining tokens
+    while index_token < num_tokens:
+        token_labels.append('O')
+        index_token += 1
+
+    assert len(token_labels) == len(token_spans)
+    return token_labels
+
+
+def _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans: List[List[TokenSpan]],
+                                      mention_spans: List[MentionSpan]) -> List[List[MentionSpan]]:
+    """Private method to process `mention_spans` into sentences in `label_sent_token_spans()`"""
+    num_sents, num_mentions = len(sent_token_spans), len(mention_spans)
+
+    # check mentions should all be match-able to sentences
+    assert mention_spans[0].start >= sent_token_spans[0][0].start
+    assert mention_spans[-1].stop <= sent_token_spans[-1][-1].stop
+
+    sent_mention_spans = []
+    temp = []
+    index_sent, index_mention = 0, 0
+    while index_sent < num_sents - 1 and index_mention < num_mentions:
+        mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention]
+        this_sent_start = sent_token_spans[index_sent][0].start
+        this_sent_stop = sent_token_spans[index_sent][-1].stop
+        next_sent_start = sent_token_spans[index_sent + 1][0].start
+        # if mention within this sentence, keep it
+        if mention_span.start >= this_sent_start and mention_span.stop <= this_sent_stop:
+            temp.append(mention_span)
+            index_mention += 1
+        # if cross-sentence mention, skip it
+        elif mention_span.start < this_sent_stop and mention_span.stop > next_sent_start:
+            print(f'Mention {mention_span} crosses sentence boundary')
+            index_mention += 1
+        # if mention not within this sentence, go to next sentence
+        else:
+            sent_mention_spans.append(temp)
+            temp = []
+            index_sent += 1
+
+    # previous loop should conclude either:
+    #   (1) sentence n-2 with mentions remaining.
+    #   (2) earlier sentence but with no mentions remaining.
+
+    # (1) handle final sentence's mentions
+    while index_mention < num_mentions:
+        mention_span = mention_spans[index_mention]
+        temp.append(mention_span)
+        index_mention += 1
+    sent_mention_spans.append(temp)
+    index_sent += 1
+
+    # (2) handle remaining sentences without mentions
+    while index_sent < num_sents:
+        sent_mention_spans.append([])
+        index_sent += 1
+
+    assert len(sent_mention_spans) == len(sent_token_spans)
+    return sent_mention_spans
diff --git a/scienceie2017_scripts/README.md b/scienceie2017_scripts/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c401501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scienceie2017_scripts/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# semeval2017-ScienceIE
+
+Scripts for SemEval 2017 ScienceIE task (Task 10).
+Please contact the task organisers on the ScienceIE mailing list (scienceie@googlegroups.com) if there are any problems with using the scripts.
+
+Scripts contained are eval.py, for evaluating performance on the task, and util.py, for reading parsing ScienceDirect .xml files
+
+Update (20 October 2016): the eval.py script now performs micro averaging, not macro averaging as before, and does not print metrics for "none" anymore. Thanks to Matthew Peters (AI2) for spotting this and improving the script!
+
+Update (12 December 2016): there is now an additional eval_py27.py which is the same as eval.py, but for Python 2.7 instead of Python 3.
+
+Update (18 January 2017): synonym-of relations are now evaluated as undirected relations, i.e. the order of the arguments is not taken into account. Thanks to Makoto Miwa (Toyota Technological Institute) for pointing this out!
+
+Update (21 February 2017): the eval.py script now has the additional option "rels" for "remove_anno", which leads to only displaying performance for relation extraction.
+
+
+##Requirements:
+* Python 3 or Python 2.7
+* sklearn
+* xml.sax
+
+## Script usage:
+* eval.py: evaluation script. Usage: ```python eval.py <gold folder> <pred folder> <remove anno>```
+    * gold folder (optional): (default: "data/dev/") folder containing the gold standard files distributed by the SemEval 2017 Task 10 organisers, in .ann format.
+    * pred folder (optional): (default: "data_pred/dev/") folder containing the prediction files, which should be in the same format as the gold files. Note that the evaluation script ignores IDs and surface forms and only judges based on the provided character offsets.
+    * remove anno (optional): "rel", "types", "keys" or "" (default). This is for removing relation annotations if you want to test performance for keyphrase boundary identification and keyphrase classification only ("rel"), for removing relation and keyphrase type annotations if you want to test performance for keyphrase boundary identification only ("types"), or for removing keyphrase annotations if you want to test performance for relation extraction only ("rels").
+* util.py: script containing utilities for parsing the original ScienceDirect .xml files to obtain text only and for parsing .ann files and looking up spans in corresponding .txt files
+    
+## References:
+* SemEval task: https://scienceie.github.io/
+* .ann format: http://brat.nlplab.org/standoff.html
+* sklearn: http://scikit-learn.org/
+* ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scienceie2017_scripts/eval.py b/scienceie2017_scripts/eval.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23797c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scienceie2017_scripts/eval.py
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+# by Mattew Peters, who spotted that sklearn does macro averaging not micro averaging correctly and changed it
+
+import os
+from sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_fscore_support
+import sys
+import copy
+
+def calculateMeasures(folder_gold="data/dev/", folder_pred="data_pred/dev/", remove_anno = ""):
+    '''
+    Calculate P, R, F1, Macro F
+    :param folder_gold: folder containing gold standard .ann files
+    :param folder_pred: folder containing prediction .ann files
+    :param remove_anno: if set if "rel", relations will be ignored. Use this setting to only evaluate
+    keyphrase boundary recognition and keyphrase classification. If set to "types", only keyphrase boundary recognition is evaluated.
+    If set to "keys", only relations will be evaluated.
+    :return:
+    '''
+
+    flist_gold = os.listdir(folder_gold)
+    res_all_gold = []
+    res_all_pred = []
+    targets = []
+
+    if type(remove_anno) == str:
+        remove_anno = [remove_anno]
+    if "types" in remove_anno:
+        remove_anno.append("rel")
+
+    for f in flist_gold:
+        # ignoring non-.ann files, should there be any
+        if not str(f).endswith(".ann"):
+            continue
+        f_gold = open(os.path.join(folder_gold, f), "r")
+        try:
+            f_pred = open(os.path.join(folder_pred, f), "r")
+            res_full_pred, res_pred, spans_pred, rels_pred = normaliseAnnotations(f_pred, remove_anno)
+        except IOError:
+            print(f + " file missing in " + folder_pred + ". Assuming no predictions are available for this file.")
+            res_full_pred, res_pred, spans_pred, rels_pred = [], [], [], []
+
+        res_full_gold, res_gold, spans_gold, rels_gold = normaliseAnnotations(f_gold, remove_anno)
+
+        spans_all = set(spans_gold + spans_pred)
+
+        for i, r in enumerate(spans_all):
+            if r in spans_gold:
+                target = res_gold[spans_gold.index(r)].split(" ")[0]
+                res_all_gold.append(target)
+                if not target in targets:
+                    targets.append(target)
+            else:
+                # those are the false positives, contained in pred but not gold
+                res_all_gold.append("NONE")
+
+            if r in spans_pred:
+                target_pred = res_pred[spans_pred.index(r)].split(" ")[0]
+                res_all_pred.append(target_pred)
+            else:
+                # those are the false negatives, contained in gold but not pred
+                res_all_pred.append("NONE")
+
+    if "keys" in remove_anno:
+        targets = ["Hyponym-of", "Synonym-of"]
+    #y_true, y_pred, labels, targets
+    prec, recall, f1, support = precision_recall_fscore_support(
+        res_all_gold, res_all_pred, labels=targets, average=None)
+    # unpack the precision, recall, f1 and support
+    metrics = {}
+    for k, target in enumerate(targets):
+        metrics[target] = {
+            'precision': prec[k],
+            'recall': recall[k],
+            'f1-score': f1[k],
+            'support': support[k]
+        }
+
+    # now micro-averaged
+    if not "types" in remove_anno:
+        prec, recall, f1, s = precision_recall_fscore_support(
+            res_all_gold, res_all_pred, labels=targets, average='micro')
+        metrics['overall'] = {
+            'precision': prec,
+            'recall': recall,
+            'f1-score': f1,
+            'support': sum(support)
+        }
+    else:
+        # just binary classification, nothing to average
+        metrics['overall'] = metrics['KEYPHRASE-NOTYPES']
+
+    print_report(metrics, targets)
+    return metrics
+
+
+
+def print_report(metrics, targets, digits=2):
+    def _get_line(results, target, columns):
+        line = [target]
+        for column in columns[:-1]:
+            line.append("{0:0.{1}f}".format(results[column], digits))
+        line.append("%s" % results[columns[-1]])
+        return line
+
+    columns = ['precision', 'recall', 'f1-score', 'support']
+
+    fmt = '%11s' + '%9s' * 4 + '\n'
+    report = [fmt % tuple([''] + columns)]
+    report.append('\n')
+    for target in targets:
+        results = metrics[target]
+        line = _get_line(results, target, columns)
+        report.append(fmt % tuple(line))
+    report.append('\n')
+
+    # overall
+    line = _get_line(metrics['overall'], 'avg / total', columns)
+    report.append(fmt % tuple(line))
+    report.append('\n')
+
+    print(''.join(report))
+
+
+def normaliseAnnotations(file_anno, remove_anno):
+    '''
+    Parse annotations from the annotation files: remove relations (if requested), convert rel IDs to entity spans
+    :param file_anno:
+    :param remove_anno:
+    :return:
+    '''
+    res_full_anno = []
+    res_anno = []
+    spans_anno = []
+    rels_anno = []
+
+    for l in file_anno:
+        r_g = l.strip().split("\t")
+        r_g_offs = r_g[1].split(" ")
+
+        # remove relation instances if specified
+        if "rel" in remove_anno and r_g_offs[0].endswith("-of"):
+            continue
+
+        res_full_anno.append(l.strip())
+        # normalise relation instances by looking up entity spans for relation IDs
+        if r_g_offs[0].endswith("-of"):
+            arg1 = r_g_offs[1].replace("Arg1:", "")
+            arg2 = r_g_offs[2].replace("Arg2:", "")
+            for l in res_full_anno:
+                r_g_tmp = l.strip().split("\t")
+                if r_g_tmp[0] == arg1:
+                    ent1 = r_g_tmp[1].replace(" ", "_")
+                if r_g_tmp[0] == arg2:
+                    ent2 = r_g_tmp[1].replace(" ", "_")
+
+            if r_g_offs[0] == "Synonym-of":
+                ent1_spl = ent1.split("_")
+                ent2_spl = ent2.split("_")
+                if ent1_spl[1] > ent2_spl[1]:
+                    ent1_old = copy.copy(ent1)
+                    ent1 = copy.copy(ent2)
+                    ent2 = ent1_old
+
+            spans_anno.append(" ".join([ent1, ent2]))
+            res_anno.append(" ".join([r_g_offs[0], ent1, ent2]))
+            rels_anno.append(" ".join([r_g_offs[0], ent1, ent2]))
+
+        else:
+            spans_anno.append(" ".join([r_g_offs[1], r_g_offs[2]]))
+            keytype = r_g[1]
+            if "types" in remove_anno:
+                keytype = "KEYPHRASE-NOTYPES"
+            res_anno.append(keytype)
+
+
+
+    for r in rels_anno:
+        r_offs = r.split(" ")
+        # reorder hyponyms to start with smallest index
+        if r_offs[0] == "Synonym-of" and r_offs[2].split("_")[1] < r_offs[1].split("_")[1]:  # 1, 2
+            r = " ".join([r_offs[0], r_offs[2], r_offs[1]])
+
+        # Check, in all other hyponym relations, if the synonymous entity with smallest index is used for them.
+        # If not, change it so it is.
+        if r_offs[0] == "Synonym-of":
+            for r2 in rels_anno:
+                r2_offs = r2.split(" ")
+                if r2_offs[0] == "Hyponym-of" and r_offs[1] == r2_offs[1]:
+                    r_new = " ".join([r2_offs[0], r_offs[2], r2_offs[2]])
+                    rels_anno[rels_anno.index(r2)] = r_new
+
+                if r2_offs[0] == "Hyponym-of" and r_offs[1] == r2_offs[2]:
+                    r_new = " ".join([r2_offs[0], r2_offs[1], r_offs[2]])
+                    rels_anno[rels_anno.index(r2)] = r_new
+
+    rels_anno = list(set(rels_anno))
+
+    res_full_anno_new = []
+    res_anno_new = []
+    spans_anno_new = []
+
+    for r in res_full_anno:
+        r_g = r.strip().split("\t")
+        if r_g[0].startswith("R") or r_g[0] == "*":
+            continue
+        ind = res_full_anno.index(r)
+        res_full_anno_new.append(r)
+        res_anno_new.append(res_anno[ind])
+        spans_anno_new.append(spans_anno[ind])
+
+    for r in rels_anno:
+        res_full_anno_new.append("R\t" + r)
+        res_anno_new.append(r)
+        spans_anno_new.append(" ".join([r.split(" ")[1], r.split(" ")[2]]))
+
+    return res_full_anno_new, res_anno_new, spans_anno_new, rels_anno
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    folder_gold = "data/dev/"
+    folder_pred = "data_pred/dev/"
+    remove_anno = ""  # "", "types", "rel" or "keys"
+    if len(sys.argv) >= 2:
+        folder_gold = sys.argv[1]
+    if len(sys.argv) >= 3:
+        folder_pred = sys.argv[2]
+    if len(sys.argv) == 4:
+        remove_anno = sys.argv[3]
+
+    calculateMeasures(folder_gold, folder_pred, remove_anno)
diff --git a/scienceie2017_scripts/eval_py27.py b/scienceie2017_scripts/eval_py27.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..446e818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scienceie2017_scripts/eval_py27.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+
+import os
+import sys
+import copy
+
+def calculateMeasures(folder_gold="data/dev/", folder_pred="data_pred/dev/", remove_anno = ""):
+    '''
+    Calculate P, R, F1, Macro F
+    :param folder_gold: folder containing gold standard .ann files
+    :param folder_pred: folder containing prediction .ann files
+    :param remove_anno: if set if "rel", relations will be ignored. Use this setting to only evaluate
+    keyphrase boundary recognition and keyphrase classification. If set to "types", only keyphrase boundary recognition is evaluated.
+    Note that for the later, false positive
+    :return:
+    '''
+
+    flist_gold = os.listdir(folder_gold)
+    res_all_gold = []
+    res_all_pred = []
+    targets = []
+
+    for f in flist_gold:
+        # ignoring non-.ann files, should there be any
+        if not str(f).endswith(".ann"):
+            continue
+        f_gold = open(os.path.join(folder_gold, f), "r")
+        try:
+            f_pred = open(os.path.join(folder_pred, f), "r")
+            res_full_pred, res_pred, spans_pred, rels_pred = normaliseAnnotations(f_pred, remove_anno)
+        except IOError:
+            print(f + " file missing in " + folder_pred + ". Assuming no predictions are available for this file.")
+            res_full_pred, res_pred, spans_pred, rels_pred = [], [], [], []
+
+        res_full_gold, res_gold, spans_gold, rels_gold = normaliseAnnotations(f_gold, remove_anno)
+
+        spans_all = set(spans_gold + spans_pred)
+
+        for i, r in enumerate(spans_all):
+            if r in spans_gold:
+                target = res_gold[spans_gold.index(r)].split(" ")[0]
+                res_all_gold.append(target)
+                if not target in targets:
+                    targets.append(target)
+            else:
+                # those are the false positives, contained in pred but not gold
+                res_all_gold.append("NONE")
+
+            if r in spans_pred:
+                target_pred = res_pred[spans_pred.index(r)].split(" ")[0]
+                res_all_pred.append(target_pred)
+            else:
+                # those are the false negatives, contained in gold but not pred
+                res_all_pred.append("NONE")
+
+    p_map, r_map, f1_map = precision_recall_fscore(res_all_gold, res_all_pred, targets)
+
+    return p_map, r_map, f1_map
+
+
+def precision_recall_fscore(y_true, y_pred, labels=None, average=None):
+
+    p_map, r_map, f1_map = {}, {}, {}
+    tp_map, fp_map, fn_map = {}, {}, {}
+    for l in set(labels):
+        tp_map[l], fp_map[l], fn_map[l] = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
+
+    for i, gold in enumerate(y_true):
+        pred = y_pred[i]
+        if gold == pred:
+            tp_map[gold] += 1
+        elif gold == "NONE" and pred != "NONE":
+            fp_map[pred] += 1
+        else:
+            fn_map[gold] += 1
+
+    tp_all = sum(tp_map[l] for l in set(labels))
+    fp_all = sum(fp_map[l] for l in set(labels))
+    fn_all = sum(fn_map[l] for l in set(labels))
+
+    print "\nlabel\t\tprecision\trecall\tf1"
+    for l in set(labels):
+        r_map[l] = tp_map[l] / (tp_map[l] + fn_map[l])
+        p_map[l] = tp_map[l] / (tp_map[l] + fp_map[l])
+        f1_map[l] = (2 * p_map[l] * r_map[l] / (p_map[l] + r_map[l]))
+
+        print l, p_map[l], r_map[l], f1_map[l]
+
+    r_map["all_micro"] = tp_all / (tp_all + fn_all)
+    p_map["all_micro"] = tp_all / (tp_all + fp_all)
+    f1_map["all_micro"] = (2 * p_map["all_micro"] * r_map["all_micro"] / (p_map["all_micro"] + r_map["all_micro"]))
+
+    print "all_micro", p_map["all_micro"], r_map["all_micro"], f1_map["all_micro"]
+
+    return p_map, r_map, f1_map
+
+
+
+def normaliseAnnotations(file_anno, remove_anno):
+    '''
+    Parse annotations from the annotation files: remove relations (if requested), convert rel IDs to entity spans
+    :param file_anno:
+    :param remove_anno:
+    :return:
+    '''
+    res_full_anno = []
+    res_anno = []
+    spans_anno = []
+    rels_anno = []
+
+    for l in file_anno:
+        r_g = l.strip().split("\t")
+        r_g_offs = r_g[1].split(" ")
+
+        # remove relation instances if specified
+        if remove_anno != "" and r_g_offs[0].endswith("-of"):
+            continue
+
+        res_full_anno.append(l.strip())
+        # normalise relation instances by looking up entity spans for relation IDs
+        if r_g_offs[0].endswith("-of"):
+            arg1 = r_g_offs[1].replace("Arg1:", "")
+            arg2 = r_g_offs[2].replace("Arg2:", "")
+            for l in res_full_anno:
+                r_g_tmp = l.strip().split("\t")
+                if r_g_tmp[0] == arg1:
+                    ent1 = r_g_tmp[1].replace(" ", "_")
+                if r_g_tmp[0] == arg2:
+                    ent2 = r_g_tmp[1].replace(" ", "_")
+
+            if r_g_offs[0] == "Synonym-of":
+                ent1_spl = ent1.split("_")
+                ent2_spl = ent2.split("_")
+                if ent1_spl[1] > ent2_spl[1]:
+                    ent1_old = copy.copy(ent1)
+                    ent1 = copy.copy(ent2)
+                    ent2 = ent1_old
+
+            spans_anno.append(" ".join([ent1, ent2]))
+            res_anno.append(" ".join([r_g_offs[0], ent1, ent2]))
+            rels_anno.append(" ".join([r_g_offs[0], ent1, ent2]))
+
+        else:
+            spans_anno.append(" ".join([r_g_offs[1], r_g_offs[2]]))
+            keytype = r_g[1]
+            if remove_anno == "types":
+                keytype = "KEYPHRASE-NOTYPES"
+            res_anno.append(keytype)
+
+
+
+    for r in rels_anno:
+        r_offs = r.split(" ")
+        # reorder hyponyms to start with smallest index
+        if r_offs[0] == "Synonym-of" and r_offs[2].split("_")[1] < r_offs[1].split("_")[1]:  # 1, 2
+            r = " ".join([r_offs[0], r_offs[2], r_offs[1]])
+
+        # Check, in all other hyponym relations, if the synonymous entity with smallest index is used for them.
+        # If not, change it so it is.
+        if r_offs[0] == "Synonym-of":
+            for r2 in rels_anno:
+                r2_offs = r2.split(" ")
+                if r2_offs[0] == "Hyponym-of" and r_offs[1] == r2_offs[1]:
+                    r_new = " ".join([r2_offs[0], r_offs[2], r2_offs[2]])
+                    rels_anno[rels_anno.index(r2)] = r_new
+
+                if r2_offs[0] == "Hyponym-of" and r_offs[1] == r2_offs[2]:
+                    r_new = " ".join([r2_offs[0], r2_offs[1], r_offs[2]])
+                    rels_anno[rels_anno.index(r2)] = r_new
+
+    rels_anno = list(set(rels_anno))
+
+    res_full_anno_new = []
+    res_anno_new = []
+    spans_anno_new = []
+
+    for r in res_full_anno:
+        r_g = r.strip().split("\t")
+        if r_g[0].startswith("R") or r_g[0] == "*":
+            continue
+        ind = res_full_anno.index(r)
+        res_full_anno_new.append(r)
+        res_anno_new.append(res_anno[ind])
+        spans_anno_new.append(spans_anno[ind])
+
+    for r in rels_anno:
+        res_full_anno_new.append("R\t" + r)
+        res_anno_new.append(r)
+        spans_anno_new.append(" ".join([r.split(" ")[1], r.split(" ")[2]]))
+
+    return res_full_anno_new, res_anno_new, spans_anno_new, rels_anno
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    folder_gold = "data/dev/"
+    folder_pred = "data_pred/dev/"
+    remove_anno = ""  # "", "rel" or "types"
+    if len(sys.argv) >= 2:
+        folder_gold = sys.argv[1]
+    if len(sys.argv) >= 3:
+        folder_pred = sys.argv[2]
+    if len(sys.argv) == 4:
+        remove_anno = sys.argv[3]
+
+    calculateMeasures(folder_gold, folder_pred, remove_anno)
diff --git a/scienceie2017_scripts/util.py b/scienceie2017_scripts/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8845c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scienceie2017_scripts/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+
+import xml.sax
+import collections
+import os
+
+class PubHandler(xml.sax.ContentHandler):
+   def __init__(self):
+       # content of each publication document
+        self.id = ""
+        self.journalname = ""
+        self.openaccess = ""
+        self.pubdate = ""
+        self.title = ""
+        self.authors = []
+        self.keyphrases = []
+        self.abstract = ""
+        self.highlights = []
+        self.text = collections.OrderedDict()
+
+        # temporary variables, ignore
+        self.CurrentData = ""
+        self.highlightflag = False
+        self.textbuilder_highlight = []
+        self.inpara = False
+        self.textbuilder = []
+        self.textbuilder_abstract = []
+        self.paraid = 0
+        self.inabstract = False
+        self.textbuilder_title = []
+        self.intitle = False
+
+
+   def startElement(self, tag, attributes):
+       # Call when an element starts
+        self.CurrentData = tag
+        v = attributes.get("class")  # returns "None" if not contained
+        if v == "author-highlights":
+            self.highlightflag = True
+        if tag == "ce:para":
+            self.inpara = True
+            self.paraid += 1 #attributes.get("id")  # there isn't always one, so let's use a counter instead
+        if tag == "ce:abstract" and self.highlightflag == False:
+            self.inabstract = True
+        if tag == "ce:title" or tag == "dc:title":
+            self.intitle = True
+
+
+   def endElement(self, tag):
+       # Call when an elements ends
+        self.CurrentData = ""
+        if tag == "ce:abstract":
+            self.highlightflag = False
+            self.inabstract = False
+            if len(self.textbuilder_abstract) > 0:
+                para = "".join(self.textbuilder_abstract)
+                self.abstract = para
+                self.textbuilder_abstract = []
+        elif tag == "ce:para":
+            if len(self.textbuilder_highlight) > 0:
+                para = "".join(self.textbuilder_highlight)
+                self.highlights.append(para)
+                self.textbuilder_highlight = []
+            self.inpara = False
+            if len(self.textbuilder) > 0:
+                para = "".join(self.textbuilder)
+                self.text[self.paraid] = para
+                self.textbuilder = []
+        if tag == "ce:title" or tag == "dc:title":
+            self.intitle = False
+            if len(self.textbuilder_title) > 0:
+               para = "".join(self.textbuilder_title)
+               self.title = para
+               self.textbuilder_title = []
+
+
+   def characters(self, content):
+        # Call when a character is read
+        if self.CurrentData == "dc:identifier":
+            self.id = content
+        elif self.CurrentData == "prism:publicationName":
+            self.journalname = content
+        elif self.CurrentData == "openaccess":
+            self.openaccess = content
+        elif self.CurrentData == "prism:coverDate":
+            self.pubdate = content
+        elif self.intitle == True:
+            self.textbuilder_title.append(content)
+        elif self.CurrentData == "dc:creator":
+            self.authors.append(content)
+        elif self.CurrentData == "dcterms:subject":
+            self.keyphrases.append(content)
+        elif (self.CurrentData == "dc:description") or (self.inabstract == True and self.highlightflag == False):
+            if content.startswith("Abstract"):
+                content = content.replace("Abstract", "", 1)
+            self.textbuilder_abstract.append(content)
+        elif self.highlightflag == True:
+            if content.startswith("Highlights"):
+                content = content.replace("Highlights", "", 1)
+            if content.startswith("•"):
+                content = content.replace("•", "", 1)
+            self.textbuilder_highlight.append(content)
+        elif self.inpara == True and self.highlightflag == False:
+            self.textbuilder.append(content)
+
+
+def parseXML(fpath="data/dev/S0010938X13003818.xml"):
+    '''
+    Parse XML files to retrieve full publication text
+    :param fpath: path to file
+    :return:
+    '''
+
+    # create an XMLReader
+    parser = xml.sax.make_parser()
+    # turn off namespaces
+    parser.setFeature(xml.sax.handler.feature_namespaces, 0)
+
+    Handler = PubHandler()
+    parser.setContentHandler(Handler)
+
+    parser.parse(fpath)
+
+    print("Title:", Handler.title)
+    for h in Handler.highlights:
+        print("Highlight:", h)
+    print("Abstract:", Handler.abstract)
+    for n, t in Handler.text.items():
+        print("Text:", t)
+
+
+def parseXMLAll(dirpath = "data/dev/"):
+
+    dir = os.listdir(dirpath)
+    for f in dir:
+        if not f.endswith(".xml"):
+            continue
+        print(f)
+        parseXML(os.path.join(dirpath, f))
+        print("")
+
+
+def readAnn(textfolder = "data/dev/"):
+    '''
+    Read .ann files and look up corresponding spans in .txt files
+    :param textfolder:
+    :return:
+    '''
+
+    flist = os.listdir(textfolder)
+    for f in flist:
+        if not f.endswith(".ann"):
+            continue
+        f_anno = open(os.path.join(textfolder, f), "rU")
+        f_text = open(os.path.join(textfolder, f.replace(".ann", ".txt")), "rU")
+
+        # there's only one line, as each .ann file is one text paragraph
+        for l in f_text:
+            text = l
+
+        for l in f_anno:
+            anno_inst = l.strip("\n").split("\t")
+            if len(anno_inst) == 3:
+                anno_inst1 = anno_inst[1].split(" ")
+                if len(anno_inst1) == 3:
+                    keytype, start, end = anno_inst1
+                else:
+                    keytype, start, _, end = anno_inst1
+                if not keytype.endswith("-of"):
+
+                    # look up span in text and print error message if it doesn't match the .ann span text
+                    keyphr_text_lookup = text[int(start):int(end)]
+                    keyphr_ann = anno_inst[2]
+                    if keyphr_text_lookup != keyphr_ann:
+                        print("Spans don't match for anno " + l.strip() + " in file " + f)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    #parseXML()
+    readAnn()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scienceie2017_scripts/xml_utils.py b/scienceie2017_scripts/xml_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87ab771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scienceie2017_scripts/xml_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python3
+
+import xml.sax
+import collections
+import os
+
+class PubHandler(xml.sax.ContentHandler):
+   def __init__(self):
+       # content of each publication document
+        self.id = ""
+        self.journalname = ""  # journal name
+        self.openaccess = ""   # open access or not
+        self.pubdate = ""      # publication date date
+        self.title = ""        # title
+        self.authors = []      # list of authors
+        self.keyphrases = []   # author-defined keyphrases
+        self.abstract = ""     # abstract
+        self.highlights = []   # highlight (i.e. author-defined summary statements)
+        self.text = collections.OrderedDict()  # text
+        self.captions = []     # image and table captions
+        self.bib_entries = []  # bib entries
+
+        # temporary variables, ignore
+        self.CurrentData = ""
+        self.highlightflag = False
+        self.textbuilder_highlight = []
+        self.inpara = False
+        self.textbuilder = []
+        self.textbuilder_abstract = []
+        self.paraid = 0
+        self.inabstract = False
+        self.textbuilder_title = []
+        self.intitle = False
+        self.textbuilder_captions = []
+        self.incaption = False
+        self.textbuilder_bib = []
+        self.inbib = False
+
+   def startElement(self, tag, attributes):
+       # Call when an element starts
+       self.CurrentData = tag
+       v = attributes.get("class")  # returns "None" if not contained
+       if v == "author-highlights":
+           self.highlightflag = True
+       if tag == "ce:para":
+           self.inpara = True
+           self.paraid += 1  # attributes.get("id")  # there isn't always one, so let's use a counter instead
+       if tag == "ce:abstract" and self.highlightflag == False:
+           self.inabstract = True
+       if tag == "ce:title" or tag == "dc:title":
+           self.intitle = True
+       if tag == "ce:caption":
+           self.incaption = True
+       if tag == "ce:bib-reference":
+           self.inbib = True
+
+   def endElement(self, tag):
+       # Call when an elements ends
+       self.CurrentData = ""
+       if tag == "ce:abstract":
+           self.highlightflag = False
+           self.inabstract = False
+           if len(self.textbuilder_abstract) > 0:
+               para = "".join(self.textbuilder_abstract)
+               self.abstract = para
+               self.textbuilder_abstract = []
+       elif tag == "ce:para":
+           if len(self.textbuilder_highlight) > 0:
+               para = "".join(self.textbuilder_highlight)
+               self.highlights.append(para)
+               self.textbuilder_highlight = []
+           self.inpara = False
+           if len(self.textbuilder) > 0:
+               para = "".join(self.textbuilder)
+               self.text[self.paraid] = para
+               self.textbuilder = []
+       if tag == "ce:title" or tag == "dc:title":
+           self.intitle = False
+           if len(self.textbuilder_title) > 0:
+               para = "".join(self.textbuilder_title)
+               self.title = para
+               self.textbuilder_title = []
+       if tag == "ce:caption":
+           if len(self.textbuilder_captions) > 0:
+               caption = " ".join(self.textbuilder_captions)
+               self.captions.append(caption)
+               self.textbuilder_captions = []
+       if tag == "ce:bib-reference":
+           if len(self.textbuilder_bib) > 0:
+               bibref = " ".join(self.textbuilder_bib)
+               self.bib_entries.append(bibref)
+               self.textbuilder_bib = []
+
+   def characters(self, content):
+       # Call when a character is read
+       if self.CurrentData == "dc:identifier":
+           self.id = content
+       elif self.CurrentData == "prism:publicationName":
+           self.journalname = content
+       elif self.CurrentData == "openaccess":
+           self.openaccess = content
+       elif self.CurrentData == "prism:coverDate":
+           self.pubdate = content
+       elif self.intitle == True:
+           self.textbuilder_title.append(content)
+       elif self.CurrentData == "dc:creator":
+           self.authors.append(content)
+       elif self.CurrentData == "dcterms:subject":
+           self.keyphrases.append(content)
+       elif (self.CurrentData == "dc:description") or (self.inabstract == True and self.highlightflag == False):
+           if content.startswith("Abstract"):
+               content = content.replace("Abstract", "", 1)
+           self.textbuilder_abstract.append(content)
+       elif self.highlightflag == True:
+           if content.startswith("Highlights"):
+               content = content.replace("Highlights", "", 1)
+           if content.startswith("•"):
+               content = content.replace("•", "", 1)
+           self.textbuilder_highlight.append(content)
+       elif self.inpara == True and self.highlightflag == False:
+           self.textbuilder.append(content)
+       elif self.incaption == True:
+           self.textbuilder_captions.append(content)
+       elif self.inbib == True:
+           self.textbuilder_bib.append(content)
+
+
+def parseXML(fpath="papers_with_highlights/S2352220815001534.xml"):
+    '''
+    Parse XML files to retrieve full publication text
+    :param fpath: path to file
+    :return:
+    '''
+
+    # create an XMLReader
+    parser = xml.sax.make_parser()
+    # turn off namespaces
+    parser.setFeature(xml.sax.handler.feature_namespaces, 0)
+    Handler = PubHandler()
+    parser.setContentHandler(Handler)
+
+    # parse document
+    parser.parse(fpath)
+
+    # access the different parts of the publication
+    print("Title:", Handler.title)
+    for h in Handler.highlights:
+        print("Highlight:", h)
+    print("Abstract:", Handler.abstract)
+    for n, t in Handler.text.items():
+        print("Text:", t)
+
+
+def parseXMLAll(dirpath = "papers_with_highlights/"):
+
+    dir = os.listdir(dirpath)
+    for f in dir:
+        if not f.endswith(".xml"):
+            continue
+        print(f)
+        parseXML(os.path.join(dirpath, f))
+        print("")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    parseXML()
diff --git a/scripts/predict_semeval2017_with_allennlp.py b/scripts/predict_semeval2017_with_allennlp.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1d37bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/predict_semeval2017_with_allennlp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+"""
+
+Load an Allennlp model and make predictions.  Then format predictions into
+Semeval2017 format to use their evaluation script.
+
+"""
+import argparse
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import json
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+import time
+
+from allennlp.common import Params
+from allennlp.data import DatasetReader
+from allennlp.models import Model
+
+
+def fetch_beaker_group_experiments_results(results_dir: str, group_id: str):
+    group_json = json.loads(subprocess.check_output(['beaker', 'group', 'inspect', '--contents', f'{group_id}'], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode('UTF-8'))
+    experiment_ids = group_json[0]['experiments']
+    for experiment_id in experiment_ids:
+        experiment_dir = os.path.join(results_dir, experiment_id)
+        experiment_json = json.loads(subprocess.check_output(['beaker', 'experiment', 'inspect', f'{experiment_id}'], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode('UTF-8'))
+        result_id = experiment_json[0]['nodes'][0]['result_id']
+        os.makedirs(experiment_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        if len(os.listdir(experiment_dir)) == 0:
+            subprocess.check_output(['beaker', 'dataset', 'fetch', '--output', f'{experiment_dir}', f'{result_id}'], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode('UTF-8')
+
+
+def fetch_beaker_experiment_results(results_dir: str, experiment_id: str):
+    experiment_dir = os.path.join(results_dir, experiment_id)
+    experiment_json = json.loads(subprocess.check_output(['beaker', 'experiment', 'inspect', f'{experiment_id}'], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode('UTF-8'))
+    result_id = experiment_json[0]['nodes'][0]['result_id']
+    os.makedirs(experiment_dir, exist_ok=True)
+    if len(os.listdir(experiment_dir)) == 0:
+        subprocess.check_output(['beaker', 'dataset', 'fetch', '--output', f'{experiment_dir}', f'{result_id}'], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode('UTF-8')
+    return experiment_dir
+
+
+def load_bert_reader_model_from_beaker_experiment_dir(experiment_dir: str,
+                                                      bert_vocab_dir: str,
+                                                      bert_weights_dir: str,
+                                                      cuda_device: int = -1):
+    # check values of existing config
+    config_file = os.path.join(experiment_dir, 'config.json')
+    with open(config_file, 'r') as f:
+        config_json = json.load(f)
+        bert_vocab_name = os.path.basename(config_json['dataset_reader']['token_indexers']['bert']['pretrained_model'])
+        bert_weights_name = os.path.basename(config_json['model']['text_field_embedder']['token_embedders']['bert']['pretrained_model'])
+
+    overrides = {
+        'dataset_reader.token_indexers.bert.pretrained_model': os.path.join(bert_vocab_dir, bert_vocab_name),
+        'model.text_field_embedder.token_embedders.bert.pretrained_model': os.path.join(bert_weights_dir, bert_weights_name)
+    }
+
+    # config w/ overrriden new paths
+    config = Params.from_file(config_file, params_overrides=json.dumps(overrides))
+
+    # instantiate dataset reader
+    reader = DatasetReader.from_params(config["dataset_reader"])
+
+    # instantiate model w/ pretrained weights
+    model = Model.load(config.duplicate(),
+                       weights_file=os.path.join(experiment_dir, 'best.th'),
+                       serialization_dir=experiment_dir,
+                       cuda_device=cuda_device)
+
+    return reader, model
+
+
+def load_spans_for_tokens(conll_file: str):
+    all_tokens_spans = []
+    with open(conll_file) as f_test:
+        token_spans = []
+        for line in f_test:
+            if 'DOCSTART' in line:
+                id = line.strip().split('-DOCSTART- ')[-1][1:-1]
+            elif line.strip() == '':
+                if len(token_spans) > 0:
+                    all_tokens_spans.append(token_spans)
+                    token_spans = []
+                else:
+                    continue
+            else:
+                token, span, _, label = line.strip().split('\t')
+                token_spans.append({
+                    'id': id,
+                    'token': token,
+                    'span': span
+                })
+    return all_tokens_spans
+
+
+def extract_spans_with_allennlp(all_tokens_spans, instances, model):
+    s = time.time()
+    all_extractions = defaultdict(list)
+    for instance, token_spans in zip(instances, all_tokens_spans):
+        id = token_spans[0]['id']
+        print(f'Starting instance {id}')
+
+        # load all the variables and check both lists align
+        assert len(instance['metadata'].metadata['words']) == len(token_spans)
+        out = model.forward_on_instance(instance)
+        pred_tags = out['tags']
+        tokens = out['words']
+        spans = [tuple(int(i) for i in d['span'].split(',')) for d in token_spans]
+        assert [d['token'] for d in token_spans] == tokens
+        assert len(pred_tags) == len(tokens) == len(spans)
+
+        # build extractions by converting BIO back to text w/ appropriate whitespace padding between merged tokens
+        extractions = []
+        for token, pred_tag, span in zip(tokens, pred_tags, spans):
+            if pred_tag == 'O':
+                continue
+
+            bio, label = pred_tag.split('-')
+            if bio == 'B' or bio == 'U':
+                extractions.append([{
+                    'entity': token,
+                    'span': span,
+                    'label': label
+                }])
+
+            elif bio == 'I' or bio == 'L':
+                extractions[-1].append({
+                    'entity': token,
+                    'span': span,
+                    'label': label
+                })
+        all_extractions[id].extend(extractions)
+
+    e = time.time()
+    print(f'Time took for prediction: {e - s}')
+    return all_extractions
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('--beaker_dir', type=str,
+                        help='Location of beaker experiments dump')
+    parser.add_argument('--experiment_id', type=str,
+                        help='Beaker experiment ID')
+    parser.add_argument('--bert_vocab_dir', type=str,
+                        help='Location of BERT vocab files')
+    parser.add_argument('--bert_weights_dir', type=str,
+                        help='Location of BERT weights files')
+    parser.add_argument('--conll_file', type=str,
+                        help='CONLL2003 file to predict')
+    parser.add_argument('--output_dir', type=str,
+                        help='Output directory to dump predicted .ann files')
+    parser.add_argument('--gpu', action='store_true',
+                        help='Flag to use GPU')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    # fetch_beaker_group_experiments_results(results_dir='beaker/', group_id='gr_nfp4yg5x4rsx')
+    experiment_dir = fetch_beaker_experiment_results(results_dir=args.beaker_dir,
+                                                     experiment_id=args.experiment_id)
+
+    os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES'] = '0'
+
+    reader, model = load_bert_reader_model_from_beaker_experiment_dir(experiment_dir=experiment_dir,
+                                                                      bert_vocab_dir=args.bert_vocab_dir,
+                                                                      bert_weights_dir=args.bert_weights_dir,
+                                                                      cuda_device=0 if args.gpu else -1)
+    # collect token spans from the dataset
+    all_tokens_spans = load_spans_for_tokens(args.conll_file)
+
+    # read instances for prediction
+    instances = reader.read(args.conll_file)
+
+    # predict while aligning read spans with each token
+    all_extractions = extract_spans_with_allennlp(all_tokens_spans, instances, model)
+
+    # each `extraction` is actually a List of tokens & metadata about that token
+    # compile them into strings & metadata about that string
+    for id, extractions in all_extractions.items():
+        compiled_extractions = []
+        for extraction in extractions:
+            compiled_text = extraction[0]['entity']
+            min_start, max_stop = extraction[0]['span']
+            label = extraction[0]['label']
+            for d in extraction[1:]:
+                assert d['label'] == label
+                current_start, current_stop = d['span']
+                whitespace_between_tokens = ' ' * (current_start - max_stop)
+                compiled_text += whitespace_between_tokens + d['entity']
+                max_stop = current_stop
+            compiled_extraction = {
+                'entity': compiled_text,
+                'span': (min_start, max_stop),
+                'label': label
+            }
+            compiled_extractions.append(compiled_extraction)
+        all_extractions[id] = compiled_extractions
+
+    # write in `.ann` format to match with semeval
+    os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+    for id, extractions in all_extractions.items():
+        with open(os.path.join(args.output_dir, f'{id}.ann'), 'w') as f_out:
+            for i, extraction in enumerate(extractions):
+                text = extraction['entity']
+                start, stop = extraction['span']
+                label = extraction['label']
+                f_out.write('\t'.join([f'T{i+1}', f'{label} {start} {stop}', f'{text}']))
+                f_out.write('\n')
diff --git a/scripts/semeval2017_to_conll2003.py b/scripts/semeval2017_to_conll2003.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e53d50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/semeval2017_to_conll2003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+"""
+
+Input:
+    Text:
+        Based on the theoretical analysis, the value of the measuring resistor...
+
+    Annotations:
+        T1	Process 39 70	value of the measuring resistor
+        T2	Process 72 74	Rm
+        *	Synonym-of T2 T1
+        T3	Material 427 466	NI-USB 6009 analog-to-digital converter
+        T4	Material 322 336	4.7kΩ resistor
+        T5	Material 375 402	saturated calomel electrode
+        T6	Process 472 500	electrochemical noise signal
+        T7	Material 520 547	in-house developed software
+        T8	Material 778 785	dataset
+        T10	Task 674 708	obtain a single value of potential
+        T11	Task 979 1051	accurate recording of the potential noise in the frequencies of interest
+        T12	Process 97 114	corrosion process
+        T13	Process 136 161	value of noise resistance
+        T14	Task 175 199	validate this conclusion
+        T15	Material 257 294	pair of nominally identical specimens
+        T16	Task 13 33	theoretical analysis
+
+Output:  Entity extraction (CONLL2003 format)
+
+"""
+
+from typing import *
+
+import os
+import spacy
+nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_md')
+
+from sci_bert.common.span import Span, TokenSpan, MentionSpan, label_sent_token_spans
+
+# each instance is a single NER[split][instance_id] = {'spans': List, 'labels': List}
+NER = {'train': {}, 'dev': {}, 'test': {}}
+for split in ['train', 'dev', 'test']:
+    print(f'Processing {split}')
+    ann_dir = f'semeval2017/{split}/'
+
+    # loop over each instance ID in this split
+    instance_ids = sorted({os.path.splitext(ann_file)[0] for ann_file in os.listdir(ann_dir)})
+    for id in instance_ids:
+        print(f'Processing {id}')
+        ann_file = os.path.join(ann_dir, f'{id}.ann')
+        txt_file = ann_file.replace('.ann', '.txt')
+
+        # load text & tokenize w/ Spacy
+        with open(txt_file, 'r') as f_txt:
+            text = f_txt.read().strip()
+            text = ''.join([char if char.strip() != '' else ' ' for char in text])  # normalize whitespaces, such as '\xa0' --> ' '
+            spacy_text = nlp(text)
+
+        # split sentences & tokenize
+        sent_token_spans = TokenSpan.find_sent_token_spans(text=text, sent_tokens=[[token.text for token in sent if token.text.strip() != ''] for sent in spacy_text.sents])
+
+        # load annotations
+        mention_spans = set()
+        with open(ann_file, 'r') as f_ann:
+            for line in f_ann:
+                tup = line.strip('\n').split('\t')
+
+                # load entity mention
+                if tup[0].startswith('T'):
+                    entity_id = tup[0]
+                    # note: occasionally data looks really stupid like `Task 400 436;437 453` in `S0167931713005042.ann`
+                    try:
+                        entity_type, start, stop = tup[1].split(' ')
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        print(f'Failed unpacking line {tup} in {id}. Skipping...')
+                        continue
+                    start = int(start)
+                    stop = int(stop)
+                    entity_text = tup[2]
+                    # note: occasionally, spans include whitespace like `line = "T6	Task 220 268	modelling of red blood cells in Poiseuille flow "`
+                    # where `stop=268` actually includes the `\xa0` token at end of `flow`
+                    # >> correct these situations
+                    if len(entity_text.strip()) != stop - start:
+                        entity_text = entity_text.lstrip()
+                        start += stop - start - len(entity_text)
+                        entity_text = entity_text.rstrip()
+                        stop -= stop - start - len(entity_text)
+                        print(f'Corrected {tup} in {id} -> ({start}, {stop}) due to whitespace in mention text')
+                    assert len(entity_text) == stop - start
+                    mention_span = MentionSpan(start=start, stop=stop, text=entity_text, entity_types=[entity_type], entity_id=entity_id)
+                    mention_spans.add(mention_span)
+
+        # overlapping mentions are handled by picking longest mention in the group
+        # this also handles same-mention multiple-types (arbitrarily picks one of them)
+        clean_mention_spans = []
+        clusters = Span.sort_cluster_spans(mention_spans)
+        for cluster in clusters:
+            if len(cluster) == 1:
+                clean_mention_spans.extend(cluster)
+            else:
+                longest_span = sorted(cluster, key=lambda s: len(s))[-1]
+                clean_mention_spans.append(longest_span)
+
+        # conll2003 -> BIO
+        sent_token_labels = label_sent_token_spans(sent_token_spans=sent_token_spans,
+                                                   mention_spans=clean_mention_spans)
+        # save
+        NER[split][id] = {
+            'spans': sent_token_spans,
+            'labels': sent_token_labels
+        }
+
+for split in ['train', 'dev', 'test']:
+    num_papers = len(NER[split])
+    print(f'Finished processing {num_papers} papers from {split}')
+
+# write NER
+os.makedirs('data/ner/semeval2017/', exist_ok=True)
+for split in ['train', 'dev', 'test']:
+    with open(f'data/ner/semeval2017/{split}.txt', 'w') as f_out:
+        for id, instance in NER[split].items():
+            f_out.write(f'-DOCSTART- ({id})\n\n')
+            for token_spans, token_labels in zip(instance['spans'], instance['labels']):
+                for token_span, token_label in zip(token_spans, token_labels):
+                    f_out.write('\t'.join([token_span.text, str(token_span.start) + ',' + str(token_span.stop), 'O', token_label]))
+                    f_out.write('\n')  # new token
+                f_out.write('\n')  # new sent
+            f_out.write('\n')  # new paper
+
diff --git a/scripts/semeval2017_to_relations.py b/scripts/semeval2017_to_relations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d013b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/semeval2017_to_relations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+"""
+
+Input:
+    Text:
+        Based on the theoretical analysis, the value of the measuring resistor...
+
+    Annotations:
+        T1	Process 39 70	value of the measuring resistor
+        T2	Process 72 74	Rm
+        *	Synonym-of T2 T1
+        T3	Material 427 466	NI-USB 6009 analog-to-digital converter
+        T4	Material 322 336	4.7kΩ resistor
+        T5	Material 375 402	saturated calomel electrode
+        T6	Process 472 500	electrochemical noise signal
+        T7	Material 520 547	in-house developed software
+        T8	Material 778 785	dataset
+        T10	Task 674 708	obtain a single value of potential
+        T11	Task 979 1051	accurate recording of the potential noise in the frequencies of interest
+        T12	Process 97 114	corrosion process
+        T13	Process 136 161	value of noise resistance
+        T14	Task 175 199	validate this conclusion
+        T15	Material 257 294	pair of nominally identical specimens
+        T16	Task 13 33	theoretical analysis
+
+Output 1:  Relation classification
+    JSONlines where each JSON is:
+    {
+        "text": "Based on the theoretical analysis , the [[ value of the measuring resistor ]] ...",
+        "label": "Synonym-of",
+        "metadata": [7, 11, 12, 12]
+    }
+    ** only contains sentences with relations; entities are gold wrt their Arg1/Arg2 position; no cross-sentence relations **
+
+Output 2:  Relation extraction
+    ** same format as above, but includes sentences without relations & all entity pairs are attempted as Arg1/Arg2 positions **
+
+"""
+
+from typing import *
+
+import os
+
+import json
+
+import spacy
+nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_md')
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+from sci_bert.common.span import Span, TokenSpan, MentionSpan, _match_mention_spans_to_sentences
+from sci_bert.common.relation import RelationMention
+
+
+def load_annotations(ann_file: str) -> Tuple[DefaultDict, Set]:
+    mention_spans = defaultdict(MentionSpan)
+    relation_mentions = set()
+    with open(ann_file, 'r') as f_ann:
+        for line in f_ann:
+            tup = line.strip('\n').split('\t')
+
+            # load entity mention
+            if tup[0].startswith('T'):
+                entity_id = tup[0]
+                # note: occasionally data looks really stupid like `Task 400 436;437 453` in `S0167931713005042.ann`
+                try:
+                    entity_type, start, stop = tup[1].split(' ')
+                except ValueError as e:
+                    print(f'Failed unpacking line {tup} in {id}. Skipping...')
+                    continue
+                start = int(start)
+                stop = int(stop)
+                entity_text = tup[2]
+                # note: occasionally, spans include whitespace like in S0370269304008998 with mention `'transition form factors defined through the matrix elements of the operator\xa0O7, φB'`
+                # this makes it hard to check that `text[start:stop]` == mention_text
+                # >> correct these situations
+                entity_text = ''.join([char if char.strip() != '' else ' ' for char in entity_text])  # normalize whitespaces, such as '\xa0' --> ' '
+
+                # note: occasionally, spans include whitespace like `line = "T6	Task 220 268	modelling of red blood cells in Poiseuille flow "`
+                # where `stop=268` actually includes the `\xa0` token at end of `flow`
+                # >> correct these situations
+                if len(entity_text.strip()) != stop - start:
+                    entity_text = entity_text.lstrip()
+                    start += stop - start - len(entity_text)
+                    entity_text = entity_text.rstrip()
+                    stop -= stop - start - len(entity_text)
+                    print(f'Corrected {tup} in {id} -> ({start}, {stop}) due to whitespace in mention text')
+                assert len(entity_text) == stop - start
+                mention_span = MentionSpan(start=start, stop=stop,
+                                           text=entity_text,
+                                           entity_types=[entity_type],
+                                           entity_id=entity_id)
+                mention_spans[entity_id] = mention_span
+
+            # load asymmetric relation
+            elif tup[0].startswith('R'):
+                relation_id = tup[0]
+                relation_type, arg1, arg2 = tup[1].split(' ')
+                tag1, e1 = arg1.split(':')
+                tag2, e2 = arg2.split(':')
+                assert tag1 == 'Arg1' and tag2 == 'Arg2'
+                relation_mention = RelationMention(e1=mention_spans[e1],
+                                                   e2=mention_spans[e2],
+                                                   labels=[relation_type],
+                                                   is_symmetric=False)
+                relation_mentions.add(relation_mention)
+
+            # load symmetric relation
+            elif tup[0].startswith('*'):
+                relation_id = tup[0]
+                # handle odd cases like in `S0021999114008523` with 3 entities: `*	Synonym-of T11 T12 T10`
+                try:
+                    relation_type, e1, e2 = tup[1].split(' ')
+                except ValueError as e:
+                    print(f'Failed unpacking line {tup} in {id}. Skipping...')
+                    continue
+                relation_mention = RelationMention(e1=mention_spans[e1],
+                                                   e2=mention_spans[e2],
+                                                   labels=[relation_type],
+                                                   is_symmetric=True)
+                relation_mentions.add(relation_mention)
+    return mention_spans, relation_mentions
+
+
+def tag_mentions_in_sentence(text: str,
+                             sent_start: int,
+                             sent_stop: int,
+                             e1: MentionSpan,
+                             e2: MentionSpan) -> str:
+    sent_text = text[sent_start:sent_stop]
+    if e1 < e2:
+        e1_start = e1.start - sent_start
+        e1_stop = e1.stop - sent_start
+        assert sent_text[e1_start:e1_stop] == relation.e1.text
+        sent_text = sent_text[:e1_start] + '<E1>' + sent_text[e1_start:e1_stop] + '</E1>' + sent_text[e1_stop:]
+        e2_start = relation.e2.start - sent_start + 9
+        e2_stop = relation.e2.stop - sent_start + 9
+        assert sent_text[e2_start:e2_stop] == relation.e2.text
+        sent_text = sent_text[:e2_start] + '<E2>' + sent_text[e2_start:e2_stop] + '</E2>' + sent_text[e2_stop:]
+        return sent_text
+
+    elif e2 < e1:
+        e2_start = e2.start - sent_start
+        e2_stop = e2.stop - sent_start
+        assert sent_text[e2_start:e2_stop] == relation.e2.text
+        sent_text = sent_text[:e2_start] + '<E2>' + sent_text[e2_start:e2_stop] + '</E2>' + sent_text[e2_stop:]
+        e1_start = relation.e1.start - sent_start + 9
+        e1_stop = relation.e1.stop - sent_start + 9
+        assert sent_text[e1_start:e1_stop] == relation.e1.text
+        sent_text = sent_text[:e1_start] + '<E1>' + sent_text[e1_start:e1_stop] + '</E1>' + sent_text[e1_stop:]
+        return sent_text
+
+    else:
+        raise Exception('GAHH!! Nested mentions!!')
+
+
+RE = {'train': {}, 'dev': {}, 'test': {}}
+for split in ['train', 'dev', 'test']:
+    print(f'Processing {split}')
+    ann_dir = f'semeval2017/{split}/'
+
+    # loop over each instance ID in this split
+    instance_ids = sorted({os.path.splitext(ann_file)[0] for ann_file in os.listdir(ann_dir)})
+    for id in instance_ids:
+        print(f'Processing {id}')
+        ann_file = os.path.join(ann_dir, f'{id}.ann')
+        txt_file = ann_file.replace('.ann', '.txt')
+
+        # load text & tokenize w/ Spacy
+        with open(txt_file, 'r') as f_txt:
+            text = f_txt.read().strip()
+            text = ''.join([char if char.strip() != '' else ' ' for char in text])  # normalize whitespaces, such as '\xa0' --> ' '
+            spacy_text = nlp(text)
+
+        # split sentences & tokenize
+        sent_token_spans = TokenSpan.find_sent_token_spans(text=text, sent_tokens=[[token.text for token in sent if token.text.strip() != ''] for sent in spacy_text.sents])
+
+        # load annotations
+        mention_spans, relation_mentions = load_annotations(ann_file)
+
+        # map entity mentions to sentences
+        entity_to_sentence = {}
+        sent_mention_spans = _match_mention_spans_to_sentences(sent_token_spans, sorted(mention_spans.values(), key=lambda s: (s.start, s.stop)))
+        for i, mention_spans in enumerate(sent_mention_spans):
+            for mention_span in mention_spans:
+                entity_to_sentence[mention_span.entity_id] = i
+
+        # remove cross sentence relations
+        sent_id_to_relations = defaultdict(set)
+        for relation_mention in relation_mentions:
+            sent_id_e1 = entity_to_sentence.get(relation_mention.e1.entity_id)
+            sent_id_e2 = entity_to_sentence.get(relation_mention.e2.entity_id)
+            if sent_id_e1 is None:
+                print(f'Mention {relation_mention.e1} was removed so skipping relation...')
+                continue
+            if sent_id_e2 is None:
+                print(f'Mention {relation_mention.e2} was removed so skipping relation...')
+                continue
+            if sent_id_e1 == sent_id_e2:
+                sent_id_to_relations[sent_id_e1].add(relation_mention)
+
+        # for each sentence containing relation(s), save the sentence after
+        # tagging the entities with << >> and [[ ]]
+        for sent_id, relations in sent_id_to_relations.items():
+            sent_start = sent_token_spans[sent_id][0].start
+            sent_stop = sent_token_spans[sent_id][-1].stop
+            for relation in relations:
+                e1 = relation.e1
+                e2 = relation.e2
+                sent_text = tag_mentions_in_sentence(text, sent_start, sent_stop, e1, e2)
+                RE[split][id] = {
+                    'text': sent_text,
+                    'label': relation.labels[0],
+                    'metadata': {
+                        'id': id,
+                        'spans': [e1.start, e1.stop, e2.start, e2.stop]
+                    }
+                }
+
+for split in ['train', 'dev', 'test']:
+    num_papers = len(RE[split])
+    print(f'Finished processing {num_papers} papers from {split}')
+
+# write NER
+os.makedirs('data/rel/semeval2017/', exist_ok=True)
+for split in ['train', 'dev', 'test']:
+    with open(f'data/rel/semeval2017/{split}.txt', 'w') as f_out:
+        for id, instance in RE[split].items():
+            json.dump(instance, f_out)
+            f_out.write('\n')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0010482516301810.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0010482516301810.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f222702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0010482516301810.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+T1	Process 0 50	Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiographic
+T2	Process 52 58	3D-DSA
+*	Synonym-of T1 T2
+T3	Process 83 103	cerebral angiography
+T4	Process 144 156	embolization
+T5	Task 227 275	creating a 3D model of the target vessel segment
+T6	Process 306 337	standard triangulation language
+T7	Process 339 342	STL
+*	Synonym-of T6 T7
+T8	Material 383 400	triangular meshes
+T9	Material 202 212	DICOM file
+T10	Process 407 423	3D visualization
+T12	Material 510 539	computational volumetric mesh
+T13	Material 639 647	STL file
+T14	Material 837 850	acrylic resin
+T15	Material 852 856	Vero
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T15 Arg2:T14	
+T16	Process 966 983	removing spicule.
+T17	Material 450 465	Amira version X
+T18	Process 428 439	measurement
+T11	Process 587 596	Smoothing
+T19	Material 674 684	3D printer
+T20	Material 686 697	OBJET30 Pro
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T20 Arg2:T19	
+T21	Process 190 196	3D-DSA
+T22	Material 238 246	3D model
+T23	Material 407 448	3D visualization and measurement software
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T17 Arg2:T23	
+T24	Process 601 610	remeshing
+T25	Process 869 887	immersion in water
+T26	Material 882 887	water
+T27	Material 924 940	3D printed model
+T28	Process 945 953	smoothed
+T29	Material 565 585	triangulated surface
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0010482516301810.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0010482516301810.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c07e19f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0010482516301810.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiographic (3D-DSA) images from diagnostic cerebral angiography were obtained at least one day prior to embolization in all patients. The raw data of 3D-DSA in a DICOM file were used for creating a 3D model of the target vessel segment. These data were converted to standard triangulation language (STL) surface data as an aggregation of fine triangular meshes using 3D visualization and measurement software (Amira version X, FEI, Burlington, MA, USA). An unstructured computational volumetric mesh was constructed from the triangulated surface. Smoothing and remeshing followed as next steps. The STL file was then transferred to a 3D printer (OBJET30 Pro; Stratasys Ltd., Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The resolution of the build layer was 0.028mm, and the 3D printed vessel model was produced using acrylic resin (Vero). Following immersion in water for a few hours, the surface of the 3D printed model was smoothed by manually removing spicule.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301268.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301268.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..115c9a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301268.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+T1	Material 46 64	corrosion products
+T2	Material 104 110	Cu40Zn
+T3	Material 122 134	hydrozincite
+T4	Material 149 153	Cu2O
+T5	Material 378 384	Cu40Zn
+T6	Material 408 410	DP
+T7	Material 415 418	HZ7
+T8	Material 530 536	Cu40Zn
+T9	Material 552 564	hydrozincite
+T10	Material 566 569	HZ7
+*	Synonym-of T9 T10
+T11	Material 587 611	diamond polished surface
+T12	Material 613 615	DP
+*	Synonym-of T11 T12
+T13	Material 678 691	simonkolleite
+T14	Material 751 763	hydrozincite
+T15	Material 809 833	NaCl-containing droplets
+T16	Material 883 895	hydrozincite
+T17	Material 900 907	cuprite
+T18	Process 456 471	formation rates
+T20	Process 280 296	absorbance units
+T19	Task 308 406	comparisons to be made of the amounts of each species between the two Cu40Zn surfaces investigated
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T3 Arg2:T1	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T4 Arg2:T1	
+T21	Material 480 492	hydrozincite
+T22	Material 497 504	cuprite
+T23	Process 665 691	formation of simonkolleite
+T24	Process 776 793	initial spreading
+T25	Process 865 879	formation rate
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301268.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301268.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..125f185
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301268.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fig. 9 displays the growth of two of the main corrosion products that develop or form on the surface of Cu40Zn with time, hydrozincite (Fig. 9a) and Cu2O (Fig. 9b). It should be remembered that both phases were present already from start of the exposure. The data is presented in absorbance units and allows comparisons to be made of the amounts of each species between the two Cu40Zn surfaces investigated, DP and HZ7. The tendency is very clear that the formation rates of both hydrozincite and cuprite are quite suppressed for Cu40Zn with preformed hydrozincite (HZ7) compared to the diamond polished surface (DP). In summary, without being able to consider the formation of simonkolleite, it can be concluded that an increased surface coverage of hydrozincite reduces the initial spreading ability of the NaCl-containing droplets and thereby lowers the overall formation rate of hydrozincite and cuprite.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301554.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301554.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b3f555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301554.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+T1	Material 0 26	AA 2024-T3 aluminium alloy
+T2	Material 153 159	copper
+T3	Material 164 173	magnesium
+T4	Process 225 252	thermomechanical processing
+T5	Task 46 68	aerospace applications
+T6	Material 280 285	alloy
+T7	Process 324 355	compositionally-distinct phases
+T8	Process 475 484	corrosion
+T9	Process 508 525	surface treatment
+T10	Material 584 589	alloy
+T11	Material 638 661	intermetallic particles
+T12	Material 716 728	alloy matrix
+T13	Material 736 776	Copper-containing second phase particles
+T14	Process 834 854	corrosion resistance
+T15	Material 937 958	second phase particle
+T16	Material 1024 1031	S phase
+T17	Material 1073 1090	S phase particles
+T18	Material 1151 1164	AA2024 alloys
+T19	Process 984 1003	corrosion behaviour
+T20	Material 1201 1206	alloy
+T21	Material 1252 1261	particles
+T22	Process 1328 1337	corrosion
+T23	Material 1345 1350	alloy
+T24	Process 1364 1374	dealloying
+T25	Material 1382 1399	S phase particles
+T26	Process 1418 1428	enrichment
+T27	Material 1432 1438	copper
+T28	Process 1451 1482	decrease of the Volta potential
+T29	Material 1558 1572	cathodic sites
+T30	Material 440 445	alloy
+T31	Material 191 208	alloying elements
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T3 Arg2:T31	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T2 Arg2:T31	
+T32	Material 784 789	alloy
+T33	Material 1033 1040	Al2CuMg
+*	Synonym-of T16 T33
+T34	Process 557 566	corrosion
+T35	Material 1126 1147	constituent particles
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T17 Arg2:T35	
+T36	Material 1524 1543	dealloyed particles
+*	Synonym-of T20 T18
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301554.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301554.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0f2cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0010938X15301554.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+AA 2024-T3 aluminium alloy is widely used for aerospace applications due to its high strength to weight ratio and high damage tolerance that result from copper and magnesium as the principal alloying elements and appropriate thermomechanical processing. The microstructure of the alloy is relatively complex and a number of compositionally-distinct phases have been identified [1]. Although possessing favourable mechanical properties, the alloy is relatively susceptible to corrosion and generally requires surface treatment in practical applications. The corrosion behaviour of the alloy is particularly affected by the presence of the intermetallic particles due to their differing potentials with respect to the alloy matrix [2–9]. Copper-containing second phase particles at the alloy surface are particularly detrimental to the corrosion resistance as they provide preferential cathodic sites [2,10]. One of the principle types of second phase particle that is important to the corrosion behaviour of the alloy is the S phase (Al2CuMg) particle [1,11]. Dealloying of S phase particles, which may account for ∼60% of the constituent particles in AA2024 alloys [11], is commonly observed when the alloy is exposed to an aggressive environment. The particles are considered as important initiation sites for severe localized corrosion in the alloy [11–22]. The dealloying of the S phase particles and the resulting enrichment of copper result in a decrease of the Volta potential with respect to the matrix and hence the dealloyed particles become active cathodic sites [23–25].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0011227514002136.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0011227514002136.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db7bd07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0011227514002136.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+T1	Task 0 53	Measuring and analysing the hold time of the CPA pill
+T2	Material 45 53	CPA pill
+T3	Process 65 92	thermal boundary resistance
+T4	Material 104 108	pill
+T5	Material 185 197	CPA crystals
+T6	Process 129 145	thermal boundary
+*	Synonym-of T3 T6
+T7	Process 166 177	temperature
+T8	Process 302 323	servo control program
+T9	Material 391 399	CPA pill
+T10	Process 374 383	recycling
+T11	Process 415 433	operation at 200mK
+T12	Process 461 482	servo control program
+T13	Material 498 506	CPA pill
+T14	Process 564 585	microkelvin stability
+T15	Process 607 632	fast read-out thermometry
+T16	Task 712 716	mKCC
+*	Synonym-of T2 T4
+T17	Material 238 249	cold finger
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0011227514002136.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0011227514002136.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..088cfcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0011227514002136.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Measuring and analysing the hold time of the CPA pill allows the thermal boundary resistance within the pill to be assessed; the thermal boundary dictates the actual temperature of the CPA crystals in comparison to the temperature of the cold finger, which is maintained at a constant temperature by a servo control program. Fig. 17 shows the temperature profile during the recycling of the CPA pill and subsequent operation at 200mK. During the hold time, the servo control program maintained the CPA pill temperature to within a millikelvin. It is expected that microkelvin stability can be achieved with fast read-out thermometry (which was not available at the time of testing but which will be used for the mKCC), as this would allow for temperature control on much faster (millisecond) timescales than the current (approximately 1s) thermometry readout used.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0011227515000648.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0011227515000648.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..119b54c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0011227515000648.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+T1	Material 27 40	batches #1/#2
+T2	Process 129 154	110-nm process technology
+T3	Material 180 183	LNT
+T4	Material 403 416	batches #3/#4
+T5	Material 421 426	#5/#6
+T6	Process 447 465	process technology
+T7	Process 813 834	transistor parameters
+T8	Process 843 864	transconductance/gain
+T9	Process 866 883	threshold voltage
+T10	Process 889 904	threshold slope
+T11	Process 259 285	erase and program timeouts
+T12	Process 314 324	long erase
+T13	Process 329 342	program times
+T14	Process 347 357	bit errors
+T15	Process 4 18	product change
+T16	Process 377 387	pass rates
+T17	Process 541 555	assembly lines
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T7	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T9 Arg2:T7	
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T10 Arg2:T7	
+T18	Process 641 651	tolerances
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0011227515000648.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0011227515000648.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d62193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0011227515000648.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The product change between batches #1/#2 and the others is the most influential on the test results. The redesign and upgrade to 110-nm process technology reduces the pass rate at LNT by approximately half. This is mainly caused by the increased incidence of erase and program timeouts with some contribution from long erase and program times and bit errors. The difference in pass rates at 88K between batches #3/#4 and #5/#6, which use the same process technology with the same dimensions, can be explained by the fabrication in different assembly lines, where other processes or base materials may have been changed. This means different tolerances in base materials and production process, which are more pronounced the lower the temperature. Some of the differences of technology scale may reflect shifts in transistor parameters such as transconductance/gain, threshold voltage, and threshold slope [7].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0011227515001216.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0011227515001216.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3a1b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0011227515001216.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+T1	Task 9 37	assembling the miniature ADR
+T2	Material 24 37	miniature ADR
+T3	Material 43 62	mKCC MR heat switch
+T4	Process 82 105	thermally characterised
+T5	Material 113 133	cryostat constraints
+T7	Material 210 232	tungsten heat switches
+T8	Process 238 258	thermal conductivity
+T10	Process 340 360	thermal conductivity
+T11	Material 497 513	mKCC heat switch
+T12	Process 575 595	thermal conductivity
+T13	Material 607 623	MSSL heat switch
+T14	Material 829 851	tungsten heat switches
+T15	Material 960 982	20,000 RRR heat switch
+T16	Process 1056 1076	thermal conductivity
+T17	Process 1299 1319	thermal conductivity
+T18	Material 1423 1436	miniature ADR
+T19	Material 1327 1338	mKCC switch
+T6	Process 362 363	κ
+*	Synonym-of T10 T6
+T9	Process 408 422	magnetic field
+T20	Process 424 425	B
+*	Synonym-of T9 T20
+T23	Process 805 824	thermal performance
+T24	Material 1084 1095	mKCC switch
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T15 Arg2:T14	
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0011227515001216.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0011227515001216.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da9043f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0011227515001216.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Prior to assembling the miniature ADR, the mKCC MR heat switch could not be fully thermally characterised due to cryostat constraints. However, based on experiments and research conducted at MSSL on a range of tungsten heat switches, the thermal conductivity has been estimated. In Hills et al. [8], an equation is derived which allows the thermal conductivity (κ) below 6K to be calculated as a function of magnetic field (B) and temperature (T) (see Eq. (1)). To estimate the performance of the mKCC heat switch, the parameters in Eq. (1) have been taken from the measured thermal conductivity of another MSSL heat switch with the same 1.5mm square cross section, a free path length of 43cm and a RRR of 20,000; it has been observed from experiments conducted at MSSL that there is little change in the thermal performance for tungsten heat switches with a RRR between 20,000 and 32,000 (subject of a future publication) and therefore the performance of the 20,000 RRR heat switch has been assumed to be a good approximation. Fig. 5 gives the calculated thermal conductivity of the mKCC switch at 0, 1, 2 and 3T based on Eq. (1), where the constants b0, a1, a2, a3, a4 and n have the values 0.0328, 1.19×10−4, 3.57×10−6, 1.36, 0.000968 and 1.7 respectively. It should be noted that the calculated thermal conductivity of the mKCC switch presented in Fig. 5 has been validated by comparing the experimental results of the miniature ADR with modelled predictions (this is discussed in Section 3.3).(1)κ(T)=b0T2+1a1+a2T2T+Bna3T+a4T4
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S002002551630384X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S002002551630384X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5be73c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S002002551630384X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T1	Task 20 71	combine sets and networks in a single visualization
+T2	Process 99 112	Euler diagram
+T3	Process 51 71	single visualization
+T4	Process 334 348	Euler diagrams
+T5	Material 419 431	network data
+T6	Process 472 489	transparent hulls
+T7	Material 437 451	Graph clusters
+T8	Material 692 698	glyphs
+T9	Process 944 957	T1, T3 and T4
+T10	Process 1053 1065	convex hulls
+T11	Process 1075 1082	Vizster
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T11 Arg2:T10	
+T12	Material 350 365	Compound graphs
+T13	Task 905 935	finding relations between sets
+T14	Process 1004 1046	visualize grouping information over graphs
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S002002551630384X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S002002551630384X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3129889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S002002551630384X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+An early attempt to combine sets and networks in a single visualization relied on first drawing an Euler diagram then placing a graph inside it [30], however the sets were often visualized with convoluted, difficult to follow curves. In addition, only limited kinds of set data could be shown as the system was limited to well-formed Euler diagrams. Compound graphs can be used to represent restricted kinds of grouped network data [8]. Graph clusters are visualized with transparent hulls by Santamaria and Theron [39]. However, the technique removes edges from the graph and it is not sufficiently sophisticated for arbitrary overlapping sets. Itoh et al. [24] proposed to overlay pie-like glyphs over the nodes in a graph to encode multiple categories. Each set is hence represented using disconnected regions that are linked by having the same colour. This causes difficulties with tasks that involve finding relations between sets such as T1, T3 and T4 in Section 5.3. A related class of techniques visualize grouping information over graphs using convex hulls, such as Vizster [22]. However, they do not support visualizing set overlaps.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021961414003255.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021961414003255.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64699fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021961414003255.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+T1	Task 50 62	XRD analysis
+T2	Process 130 138	quenched
+T3	Process 350 361	thermograms
+T4	Process 408 429	solidification arrest
+T5	Process 433 450	clear inflections
+T6	Process 518 529	latent heat
+T7	Process 581 613	reflected light signal technique
+T8	Process 689 700	segregation
+T9	Process 865 883	Raman spectroscopy
+T10	Process 907 918	segregation
+T11	Process 974 990	phase transition
+T12	Task 1033 1045	XRD analysis
+T13	Process 23 42	segregation effects
+T14	Material 320 326	liquid
+T15	Material 334 341	surface
+T16	Process 299 310	crystallise
+T17	Process 630 642	phase change
+T18	Material 737 748	molten pool
+T19	Task 844 883	material analysis by Raman spectroscopy
+T20	Material 765 787	re-solidified material
+T21	Material 1097 1119	re-solidified material
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021961414003255.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021961414003255.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc9761b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021961414003255.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Moreover, one observes segregation effects by the XRD analysis, which probably took place at high temperature, and were partially quenched to room temperature. The phase analysis showed up to three distinct phases, which should have hence a distinct measurable phase transition temperature, if they crystallise from the liquid on the surface. In the thermograms these effects are not observable as different solidification arrest or clear inflections. The proportion of new appearing phases is small and therefore the latent heat released by this new phase will be also small. The reflected light signal technique only showed one phase change during cooling. As well, the location of this segregation cannot be determined exactly in the molten pool or later in the re-solidified material. At the surface, where the temperature is measured, the material analysis by Raman spectroscopy has not shown signs of segregation, so that also the uncertainties in composition for the phase transition are taken from the uncertainties from the XRD analysis for the most abundant phase at each composition in re-solidified material.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S002199911200068X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S002199911200068X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e866b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S002199911200068X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+T1	Process 0 33	Myocardial electrical propagation
+T2	Material 61 88	monodomain or bidomain PDEs
+T3	Material 137 147	geometries
+T4	Process 203 224	finite element method
+T5	Process 226 229	FEM
+*	Synonym-of T4 T5
+T6	Material 249 253	PDEs
+T7	Process 606 639	high-end supercomputing resources
+T9	Task 766 781	preconditioning
+T10	Task 783 798	parallelisation
+T11	Task 803 831	adaptivity in space and time
+T12	Process 925 950	high-order polynomial FEM
+T13	Material 978 992	monodomain PDE
+T14	Process 1075 1095	piecewise-linear FEM
+T15	Process 1277 1301	finite element p-version
+T16	Task 858 913	investigate the potential of reducing the number of DOF
+T8	Task 378 400	human heart geometries
+T17	Material 276 299	cardiac geometry meshes
+T18	Process 402 429	systems of linear equations
+T19	Process 507 517	simulation
+T20	Task 706 746	developing efficient solution techniques
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T9 Arg2:T20	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T10 Arg2:T20	
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T11 Arg2:T20	
+T21	Task 1020 1065	significantly improving simulation efficiency
+T22	Process 1044 1065	simulation efficiency
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S002199911200068X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S002199911200068X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3279ff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S002199911200068X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Myocardial electrical propagation can be simulated using the monodomain or bidomain PDEs [5,6]. Due to its capacity to represent complex geometries with ease, approximations are often obtained using the finite element method (FEM) to discretise the PDEs in space on realistic cardiac geometry meshes; this results in very large (up to forty-million degrees of freedom (DOF) for human heart geometries) systems of linear equations which must be solved many thousands of times over the course of even a short simulation. Thus, they are extremely computationally demanding, presenting taxing problems even to high-end supercomputing resources. This computational demand means that effort has been invested in developing efficient solution techniques, including work on preconditioning, parallelisation and adaptivity in space and time [7–12]. In this study, we investigate the potential of reducing the number of DOF by using a high-order polynomial FEM [13–15] to approximate the monodomain PDE in space, with the goal of significantly improving simulation efficiency over the piecewise-linear FEM approach commonly used in the field [16–19]. For schemes where the polynomial degree p of the elements is adjusted according to the error in the approximation, this is known as the finite element p-version. In the work presented here, we work with schemes which keep p fixed.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999112002847.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999112002847.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..681d190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999112002847.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T1	Task 16 95	develop a new approach to DEA suitable for modelling three-dimensional problems
+T2	Process 231 262	orthonormal basis approximation
+T3	Process 158 196	parametrise the boundary of the region
+T4	Material 282 320	boundary phase space coordinate system
+T5	Material 401 411	arc-length
+T6	Material 431 465	momentum (or direction) coordinate
+T7	Material 539 555	univariate basis
+T8	Material 597 610	Fourier basis
+T9	Material 618 639	Chebyshev polynomials
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T7	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T9 Arg2:T7	
+T10	Process 775 802	spherical polar coordinates
+T11	Process 42 45	DEA
+T12	Process 59 95	modelling three-dimensional problems
+T13	Process 109 120	DEA methods
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999112002847.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999112002847.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..040faea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999112002847.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In this work we develop a new approach to DEA suitable for modelling three-dimensional problems. The present DEA methods rely on the fact that one can easily parametrise the boundary of the region being modelled, and then apply an orthonormal basis approximation over the resulting boundary phase space coordinate system. In two dimensions this is simple as the boundary may be parametrised along its arc-length and the associated momentum (or direction) coordinate taken tangential to the boundary. The basis can be any suitable (scaled) univariate basis in both position and momentum, such as a Fourier basis [8] or Chebyshev polynomials [9]. Defining a suitable parametrisation for the spatial coordinate in three-dimensions becomes much more difficult. In momentum space spherical polar coordinates may be employed and so these problems do not arise.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999112003579.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999112003579.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4da92d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999112003579.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+T1	Material 43 61	vector of unknowns
+T2	Material 63 72	xPS=[X,L]
+*	Synonym-of T1 T2
+T3	Material 98 115	nodal coordinates
+T4	Material 153 173	Lagrange multipliers
+T5	Process 228 249	Newton-based solution
+T6	Material 278 301	displacement constraint
+T7	Process 317 339	saddle-point structure
+T8	Process 359 383	tangent stiffness matrix
+T9	Material 391 425	unconstrained pseudo-solid problem
+T10	Material 435 458	two off-diagonal blocks
+T11	Material 459 462	Cxl
+T12	Material 467 475	Clx=CxlT
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T11 Arg2:T10	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T12 Arg2:T10	
+T13	Material 543 563	Lagrange multipliers
+T14	Process 743 772	Dirichlet boundary conditions
+T15	Process 836 852	Newton iteration
+T16	Process 961 986	equilibrium configuration
+T17	Task 3 30	order the discrete unknowns
+T18	Material 911 935	tangent stiffness matrix
+T19	Process 625 639	discretisation
+T20	Material 603 606	LBB
+T21	Material 682 685	LBB
+T22	Process 703 739	Lagrange-multiplier-based imposition
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999112003579.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999112003579.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ce0cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999112003579.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+We order the discrete unknowns so that the vector of unknowns, xPS=[X,L], contains the nx unknown nodal coordinates, followed by the nb unknown discrete Lagrange multipliers. The linear systems to be solved in the course of the Newton-based solution of Eq. (10), subject to the displacement constraint (9), then have saddle-point structure,(15)where E is the tangent stiffness matrix of the unconstrained pseudo-solid problem, and the two off-diagonal blocks Cxl and Clx=CxlT arise through the imposition of the displacement constraint by the Lagrange multipliers. We refer to [34] for the proof of the LBB stability of this discretisation; see also [35,36] for a discussion of the LBB stability of the Lagrange-multiplier-based imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions in related problems. We note that during the first step of the Newton iteration, E is symmetric positive definite since it represents the tangent stiffness matrix relative to the system’s equilibrium configuration.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113002945.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113002945.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d0b482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113002945.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+T1	Process 0 10	Inequality
+T2	Material 73 80	p-norms
+T3	Material 178 184	||y||∞
+T4	Material 214 220	2-norm
+T5	Material 35 47	maximum-norm
+T6	Material 237 249	maximum-norm
+T7	Material 410 432	optimized coefficients
+T8	Process 449 466	vast solution set
+T9	Material 500 517	maximum deviation
+T10	Material 690 702	maximum-norm
+T11	Material 738 757	objective functions
+T12	Task 761 801	extend the accurate wave number coverage
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T5 Arg2:T2	
+T13	Material 225 231	1-norm
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113002945.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113002945.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c987eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113002945.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Inequality (22) indicates that the maximum-norm is the loosest among all p-norms. Fortunately, this loosest constraint would not seriously affect the accuracy since the value of ||y||∞ is comparable to that of the 2-norm and 1-norm. The maximum-norm provides us with the largest number of possible solutions under a given error limitation [24]. This would greatly enhance the possibility of finding a group of optimized coefficients when scanning a vast solution set. On the other hand, checking the maximum deviation sounds more reasonable than checking the “distance” between the accurate and approximated wave numbers since it is not working in the space domain. Therefore, we chose the maximum-norm as our criterion for designing the objective functions to extend the accurate wave number coverage as widely as possible.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113003422.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113003422.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47e09da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113003422.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+T1	Material 8 30	numerical oscillations
+T2	Material 75 79	ISPM
+T3	Process 105 116	IBM kernels
+T4	Process 286 308	Lagrangian description
+T5	Process 443 473	kernel interpolation functions
+T7	Task 913 935	Maple computer program
+T6	Process 777 802	Cartesian staggered grids
+T8	Process 998 1005	kernels
+T9	Task 529 612	a new family of kernel functions which do not introduce these spurious oscillations
+T10	Material 403 415	oscillations
+T11	Process 618 634	kernel functions
+T12	Material 870 882	oscillations
+T13	Process 888 909	computing derivatives
+T14	Task 958 1005	obtain explicit expressions for the new kernels
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113003422.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113003422.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..270320b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113003422.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Similar numerical oscillations to those described above also emerge in the ISPM when utilising classical IBM kernels due to their lack of regularity (with discontinuous second derivatives). Furthermore, it is important to remark that the immersed structure stresses are captured in the Lagrangian description and hence, in order to compute them accurately, it is important to ensure that these spurious oscillations are not introduced via the kernel interpolation functions. In this paper, the authors have specifically designed a new family of kernel functions which do not introduce these spurious oscillations. The kernel functions are obtained by taking into account discrete reproducibility conditions as originally introduced by Peskin [14] (in our case, tailor-made for Cartesian staggered grids) and regularity requirements to prevent the appearance of spurious oscillations when computing derivatives. A Maple computer program has been developed to obtain explicit expressions for the new kernels.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S002199911300346X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S002199911300346X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8df74eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S002199911300346X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+T1	Process 0 15	Contact methods
+T3	Process 140 155	contact methods
+T4	Process 264 282	contact algorithms
+T5	Process 299 313	Lagrangian SGH
+T6	Material 88 91	SGH
+T7	Process 406 428	contact surface scheme
+T8	Process 490 504	contact method
+T9	Process 521 542	master–slave approach
+T10	Material 586 591	nodes
+T11	Material 687 700	slave surface
+T12	Material 723 733	ghost mesh
+T13	Material 784 795	slave zones
+T14	Material 847 860	slave surface
+T15	Material 868 879	ghost zones
+T17	Material 1084 1111	cell-centered hydrodynamics
+T18	Material 1113 1116	CCH
+*	Synonym-of T17 T18
+T2	Material 59 86	staggered-grid hydrodynamic
+*	Synonym-of T2 T6
+T20	Material 1345 1348	CCH
+T19	Task 1362 1412	solve a Riemann-like problem at the node of a zone
+T21	Process 335 339	HEMP
+T22	Process 437 442	TOODY
+T23	Process 473 479	DYNA2D
+T24	Process 508 513	TOODY
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T9 Arg2:T8	
+T25	Material 599 614	contact surface
+T26	Material 641 654	internal node
+T27	Material 742 756	phony elements
+*	Synonym-of T12 T27
+T29	Material 963 986	ghost zone surface area
+T30	Material 994 1006	surface area
+T31	Material 1014 1028	master surface
+T32	Task 1034 1056	contact surface method
+T33	Process 1061 1111	nodal-based Lagrangian cell-centered hydrodynamics
+T16	Process 1203 1208	TOODY
+T28	Process 1224 1246	area fraction approach
+T34	Process 1250 1255	TOODY
+T35	Process 1345 1356	CCH methods
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S002199911300346X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S002199911300346X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..deb5cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S002199911300346X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Contact methods have been developed and used in Lagrangian staggered-grid hydrodynamic (SGH) calculations for many years. Early examples of contact methods are discussed in Wilkins [37] and Cherry et al. [7]. Hallquist et al. [17] provides an overview of multiple contact algorithms used in various Lagrangian SGH codes dating back to HEMP [37]. Of particular interest, Hallquist et al. [17] describes the contact surface scheme used in TOODY [31] and later implemented in DYNA2D [36]. The contact method of TOODY uses a master–slave approach. The goal of this approach is to treat the nodes on the contact surface in a manner similar to an internal node. The physical properties of the slave surface are interpolated to a ghost mesh (termed phony elements in [17]) that overlays the slave zones. The physical properties are interpolated from the slave surface to the ghost zones using surface area weights. The surface area weights are equal to the ratio of the ghost zone surface area to the surface area of the master surface. The contact surface method for nodal-based Lagrangian cell-centered hydrodynamics (CCH) presented in this paper will use surface area weights similar in concept to those in TOODY. Following the area fraction approach of TOODY may seem retrospective; however, using surface area weights naturally extends to the new CCH methods that solve a Riemann-like problem at the node of a zone [10,24,25,3].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113004555.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113004555.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f486979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113004555.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T1	Process 6 30	Runge–Kutta IMEX schemes
+T2	Process 83 96	HEVI solution
+T3	Process 124 142	atmospheric motion
+T4	Process 160 177	ARS(2,3,2) scheme
+T5	Process 276 299	Strang carryover scheme
+T7	Process 568 587	Rosenbrock solution
+T8	Process 702 721	Rosenbrock solution
+T9	Process 744 757	Newton solver
+T10	Process 780 801	time-step restriction
+T6	Process 315 331	Strang splitting
+T11	Process 682 698	wave propagation
+T12	Process 725 757	one iteration of a Newton solver
+*	Synonym-of T8 T12
+T13	Process 818 836	vertical advection
+T14	Process 852 882	slowing the vertical advection
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113004555.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113004555.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20c583c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113004555.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Three Runge–Kutta IMEX schemes were tested by Ullrich and Jablonowski [23] for the HEVI solution of the equations governing atmospheric motion. They tested the ARS(2,3,2) scheme of Ascher et al. [1] and also suggested the less computationally expensive but nearly as accurate Strang carryover scheme. This involves Strang splitting but the first implicit stage is cleverly re-used from the final implicit stage of the previous time-step and so there is only one implicit solution per time-step. Another novel approach taken by Ullrich and Jablonowski [23] is to use a Rosenbrock solution in order to treat all of the vertical terms implicitly rather than just the terms involved in wave propagation. A Rosenbrock solution is one iteration of a Newton solver. This circumvents the time-step restriction associated with vertical advection at the cost of slowing the vertical advection.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005603.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005603.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db983fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005603.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+T1	Process 89 119	cumulative averaging technique
+T2	Process 159 195	divided into spatially-oriented bins
+T3	Material 239 247	velocity
+T4	Material 252 273	shear-stress profiles
+T5	Process 318 345	Cumulative Averaging Method
+T6	Process 347 350	CAM
+*	Synonym-of T5 T6
+T7	Process 368 387	stress tensor field
+T8	Process 410 438	Irving–Kirkwood relationship
+T9	Process 447 475	least-squares polynomial fit
+T11	Process 658 670	macro solver
+T12	Material 709 729	Nth order polynomial
+T14	Material 782 802	Mth order polynomial
+T13	Material 999 1010	polynomials
+T15	Material 1097 1114	new slip velocity
+T16	Material 1181 1219	compressed wall micro-element solution
+T17	Task 123 135	reduce noise
+T18	Process 227 273	resolve the velocity and shear-stress profiles
+T10	Task 514 526	reduce noise
+T19	Process 555 574	continuous function
+T20	Process 587 603	stability issues
+T21	Process 617 670	supplying highly fluctuating data to the macro solver
+T22	Process 674 691	least-squares fit
+T23	Material 1135 1149	macro solution
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005603.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005603.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86a052a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005603.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+After all micro elements reach a relaxed steady-state, measurements are obtained using a cumulative averaging technique to reduce noise. Each micro element is divided into spatially-oriented bins in the y-direction in order to resolve the velocity and shear-stress profiles. Velocity in each bin is measured using the Cumulative Averaging Method (CAM) [24], while the stress tensor field is measured using the Irving–Kirkwood relationship [25]. A least-squares polynomial fit to the data is performed, which helps reduce noise further. The fit produces a continuous function that avoids stability issues arising from supplying highly fluctuating data to the macro solver. A least-squares fit is applied to an Nth order polynomial for the velocity profile in the core region, and an Mth order polynomial for the velocity profile in the constrained region:(16)〈ui,core〉=∑k=1Nbk,iyi′(N−k),for 0⩽yi′⩽hcore, and(17)〈ui,cs〉=∑k=1Mck,iyi″(M−k),for 0⩽yi″⩽hcs, where bk,i and ck,i are the coefficients of the polynomials used in the core micro region and constrained region respectively. An estimate of the new slip velocity uB for input to the macro solution (6) is taken directly from the compressed wall micro-element solution (16), at yi′=0.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005652.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005652.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..203183e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005652.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+T1	Material 49 63	Schmidt number
+T2	Material 102 130	bulk-mean concentration of B
+T3	Task 21 94	quantify the effects of the Schmidt number and the chemical reaction rate
+T5	Material 233 252	degradation product
+T6	Process 270 292	acidification of water
+T7	Material 636 650	Schmidt number
+T8	Process 851 867	turbulent mixing
+T9	Material 1025 1040	Reynolds number
+T10	Process 1188 1214	aquarium chemical reaction
+T11	Process 1291 1310	practical modelling
+T12	Material 430 437	Schmidt
+T13	Material 476 504	bulk-mean concentration CB⁎¯
+T14	Material 543 571	bulk-mean concentration of B
+T4	Process 72 94	chemical reaction rate
+T15	Process 300 317	chemical reaction
+T16	Material 329 357	bulk-mean concentration of B
+T17	Process 446 468	chemical reaction rate
+T18	Process 605 627	chemical reaction rate
+T19	Material 715 745	equilibrium concentration of A
+T20	Process 807 824	chemical reaction
+T21	Process 972 989	chemical reaction
+T22	Material 1101 1116	Reynolds number
+T23	Process 1319 1331	gas exchange
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005652.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005652.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..478cb6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005652.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+It is interesting to quantify the effects of the Schmidt number and the chemical reaction rate on the bulk-mean concentration of B in water. The data could present important information on evaluating the environmental impacts of the degradation product of B, as well as acidification of water by the chemical reaction. Here, the bulk-mean concentration of B is defined by(24)CB⁎¯=∫01〈CB⁎〉(z⁎)dz⁎ Fig. 15 depicts the effect of the Schmidt and the chemical reaction rate on the bulk-mean concentration CB⁎¯. It is worth to mention here that the bulk-mean concentration of B reaches approximately 0.6 as the chemical reaction rate and the Schmidt number increase to infinite, and the concentration is smaller than the equilibrium concentration of A at the interface. This figure indicates that progress of the chemical reaction is somewhat interfered by turbulent mixing in water, and the efficiency of the chemical reaction is up to approximately 60%. The efficiency of the chemical reaction in water will be a function of the Reynolds number of the water flow, and the efficiency could increase as the Reynolds number increases. We need an extensive investigation on the efficiency of the aquarium chemical reaction in the near future to extend the results of this study further to establish practical modelling for the gas exchange between air and water.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005718.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005718.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7df0283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005718.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+T1	Task 0 20	Numerical simulation
+T2	Process 28 36	gas flow
+T3	Process 134 171	conventional continuum fluid dynamics
+T4	Process 229 254	thermodynamic equilibrium
+T5	Material 349 363	channel height
+T6	Process 501 537	direct simulation Monte Carlo method
+T7	Process 539 543	DSMC
+T8	Process 559 563	DSMC
+*	Synonym-of T6 T7
+T9	Process 599 625	internal-flow applications
+T10	Material 662 679	high-aspect ratio
+T11	Material 744 761	high-aspect ratio
+T14	Process 434 477	accurate and flexible modelling alternative
+T15	Process 402 422	molecular collisions
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T6 Arg2:T14	
+T16	Process 1012 1032	long channel network
+T17	Task 783 801	multiscale problem
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005718.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005718.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd488da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113005718.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Numerical simulation of the gas flow through such non-trivial internal geometries is, however, extremely challenging. This is because conventional continuum fluid dynamics, which assumes that locally a gas is close to a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, becomes invalid or inaccurate as the smallest characteristic scale of the geometry (e.g. the channel height) approaches the mean distance between molecular collisions, λ [1]. An accurate and flexible modelling alternative for these cases is the direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) [2]. However, DSMC can be prohibitively expensive for internal-flow applications, which typically have a geometry of high-aspect ratio (i.e. are extremely long, relative to their cross-section). The high-aspect ratio creates a formidable multiscale problem: processes need to be resolved occurring over the smallest characteristic scale of the geometry (e.g. a channelʼs height), as well as over the largest characteristic scale of the geometry (e.g. the length of a long channel network), simultaneously.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113006955.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113006955.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0770bc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113006955.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+T1	Process 32 57	high-order discretisation
+T2	Process 66 100	exponential convergence properties
+T4	Process 275 314	parametrisation of the surface elements
+T6	Process 596 611	mesh refinement
+T7	Process 615 648	higher solution polynomial orders
+T8	Process 715 730	geometric error
+T9	Material 777 800	coarse curvilinear mesh
+T11	Process 956 979	reduce this lower bound
+T14	Process 1152 1175	exponential convergence
+T15	Material 1265 1283	element boundaries
+T16	Process 1232 1283	discontinuities are aligned with element boundaries
+T17	Material 1327 1334	element
+T18	Process 1371 1394	geometric approximation
+T19	Task 1446 1461	cardiac problem
+T20	Material 820 826	meshes
+T3	Material 170 178	solution
+T21	Material 183 195	true surface
+T22	Material 298 314	surface elements
+T5	Material 390 406	smooth solutions
+T23	Process 678 702	geometry parametrisation
+T24	Task 736 755	analytic test cases
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T9 Arg2:T20	
+T25	Material 890 898	solution
+T10	Material 987 995	solution
+T12	Material 1010 1018	solution
+T13	Material 1098 1106	solution
+T26	Material 1484 1496	true surface
+T27	Material 1501 1509	solution
+T28	Material 1406 1418	true surface
+T29	Material 1126 1138	true surface
+T30	Process 866 898	capture features in the solution
+T31	Process 918 938	capture the geometry
+T32	Material 1181 1182	P
+T33	Material 1187 1189	Pg
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999113006955.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113006955.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b72502c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999113006955.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The test cases confirm that the high-order discretisation retains exponential convergence properties with increasing geometric and expansion polynomial order if both the solution and true surface are smooth. Errors are found to saturate when the geometric errors, due to the parametrisation of the surface elements, begin to dominate the temporal and spatial discretisation errors. For the smooth solutions considered as test cases, the results show that this dominance of geometric errors quickly limits the effectiveness of further increases in the number of degrees of freedom, either through mesh refinement or higher solution polynomial orders. Increasing the order of the geometry parametrisation reduces the geometric error. The analytic test cases presented here use a coarse curvilinear mesh; for applications, meshes are typically more refined in order to capture features in the solution and so will better capture the geometry and consequently reduce this lower bound on the solution error. If the solution is not smooth, we do not expect to see rapid convergence. In the case that the solution is smooth, but the true surface is not, then exponential convergence with P and Pg can only be achieved if, and only if, the discontinuities are aligned with element boundaries. However, if discontinuities lie within an element, convergence will be limited by the geometric approximation, since the true surface cannot be captured. In the cardiac problem, we consider both the true surface and solution to be smooth.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999116303291.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0021999116303291.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6785da3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999116303291.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+T1	Process 0 3	DPD
+T2	Process 61 69	isotropy
+T3	Process 75 94	Galilean invariance
+T4	Process 130 150	lattice-gas automata
+T5	Material 198 221	coarse-grained particle
+T6	Process 437 454	Langevin dynamics
+T7	Process 458 468	thermostat
+T8	Process 711 727	angular momentum
+T9	Process 736 751	linear momentum
+T10	Process 849 876	profile-unbiased thermostat
+T11	Process 878 881	PUT
+*	Synonym-of T11 T10
+T12	Task 944 984	nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD)
+T13	Process 944 977	nonequilibrium molecular dynamics
+T14	Process 979 983	NEMD
+*	Synonym-of T14 T13
+T15	Task 1233 1293	recover thermodynamic, dynamical, and rheological properties
+T16	Material 1297 1311	complex fluids
+T19	Process 1521 1538	polymeric systems
+T20	Process 166 169	DPD
+T21	Process 352 354	MD
+T22	Process 574 591	Langevin dynamics
+T23	Process 769 788	Galilean invariance
+T24	Process 800 835	dependence on the relative velocity
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T24 Arg2:T23	
+T25	Process 843 846	DPD
+T26	Process 1123 1126	DPD
+T27	Process 1205 1208	DPD
+T28	Process 1438 1441	DPD
+T29	Process 1465 1482	Langevin dynamics
+T18	Material 1334 1351	polymer solutions
+T30	Material 1358 1379	colloidal suspensions
+T17	Material 1386 1402	multiphase flows
+T31	Material 1413 1431	biological systems
+T32	Material 229 238	particles
+T33	Material 1606 1614	polymers
+T34	Process 1578 1598	dynamic fluctuations
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0021999116303291.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0021999116303291.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..add9f66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0021999116303291.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DPD was first proposed in order to recover the properties of isotropy (and Galilean invariance) that were broken in the so-called lattice-gas automata method [5]. In DPD, each body is regarded as a coarse-grained particle. These particles interact in a soft (and short-ranged) potential, allowing larger integration timesteps than would be possible in MD, while simultaneously decreasing the number of degrees of freedom required. As in Langevin dynamics, a thermostat consisting of well-balanced damping and stochastic terms is applied to each particle. However, unlike in Langevin dynamics, both terms are pairwise and the damping term is based on relative velocities, leading to the conservation of both the angular momentum and the linear momentum. The property of Galilean invariance (i.e., the dependence on the relative velocity) makes DPD a profile-unbiased thermostat (PUT) [6,7] by construction and thus it is an ideal thermostat for nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) [8]. The momentum is expected to propagate locally (while global momentum is conserved) and thus the correct hydrodynamics is expected in DPD [8], as demonstrated previously in [9]. Due to the aforementioned properties, DPD has been widely used to recover thermodynamic, dynamical, and rheological properties of complex fluids, with applications in polymer solutions [10], colloidal suspensions [11], multiphase flows [12], and biological systems [13]. DPD has been compared with Langevin dynamics for out-of-equilibrium simulations of polymeric systems in [14], where as expected the correct dynamic fluctuations of the polymers were obtained with the former but not with the latter.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386107010518.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0032386107010518.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..752218a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386107010518.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+T1	Material 120 139	functional polymers
+T2	Task 260 286	macromolecular engineering
+T3	Process 295 309	polymerization
+T4	Material 420 439	telechelic polymers
+T5	Material 446 478	polymers with defined chain-ends
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T4 Arg2:T5	
+T6	Process 531 567	atom transfer radical polymerization
+T7	Process 579 584	CuAAC
+T8	Material 0 39	Copper-catalyzed Huisgen cycloadditions
+T9	Process 569 573	ATRP
+*	Synonym-of T6 T9
+T10	Process 1255 1280	nucleophilic substitution
+T11	Material 1245 1251	azides
+T12	Material 1322 1329	alkynes
+T13	Material 1471 1492	ω-functional polymers
+T14	Material 1515 1529	triazole rings
+T16	Task 107 139	synthesis of functional polymers
+T17	Material 214 232	synthetic polymers
+T18	Process 750 754	ATRP
+T19	Process 773 787	polymerization
+T20	Process 840 844	ATRP
+T21	Process 1113 1117	ATRP
+T22	Process 1146 1151	CuAAC
+T23	Process 1388 1393	CuAAC
+T24	Process 1216 1220	ATRP
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T18 Arg2:T19	
+T25	Process 885 921	preparation of well-defined polymers
+T26	Material 913 921	polymers
+T27	Material 1171 1203	ω-bromine chain-ends of polymers
+T15	Process 1593 1600	H-bonds
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386107010518.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0032386107010518.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bc2d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386107010518.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Copper-catalyzed Huisgen cycloadditions have been recently extensively studied by polymer chemists for the synthesis of functional polymers (either end-functional or side-functional). The post-functionalization of synthetic polymers is an important feature of macromolecular engineering as many polymerization mechanisms are rather sensitive to the presence of bulky or functional groups. For example, a wide variety of telechelic polymers (i.e. polymers with defined chain-ends) can be efficiently prepared using a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and CuAAC. This strategy was independently reported in early 2005 by van Hest and Opsteen [31], Lutz et al. [32], and Matyjaszewski et al. [33]. Such step was important since ATRP is a very popular polymerization method in modern materials science [34,35]. Indeed, ATRP is a facile technique, which allows the preparation of well-defined polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution, predictable chain length, controlled microstructure, defined chain-ends and controlled architecture [36–41]. However, the range of possibilities of ATRP can be further broadened by CuAAC. For instance, the ω-bromine chain-ends of polymers prepared by ATRP can be transformed into azides by nucleophilic substitution and subsequently reacted with functional alkynes (Scheme 3) [32]. Due to the very high chemoselectivity of CuAAC, this method is highly modular and may be used to synthesize a wide range of ω-functional polymers. Moreover, the formed triazole rings are not “passive” spacers but interesting functions exhibiting H-bonds capability, aromaticity and rigidity.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386108009397.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0032386108009397.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af55a16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386108009397.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+T2	Process 4 25	viscoelastic behavior
+T3	Material 29 39	elastomers
+T1	Task 111 158	characterize the dynamics of the polymer chains
+T5	Process 483 501	constraint release
+T4	Material 344 357	polymer melts
+T6	Task 659 683	control of the mesh size
+T7	Material 144 158	polymer chains
+T8	Material 893 909	precursor chains
+T11	Material 284 297	polymer chain
+T12	Material 596 618	crosslinked elastomers
+T13	Material 969 984	PDMS elastomers
+T14	Material 1014 1018	PDMS
+T15	Material 1051 1068	unattached chains
+T16	Material 1070 1072	Mg
+T17	Material 1082 1094	network mesh
+T18	Material 1096 1098	Mx
+*	Synonym-of T15 T16
+*	Synonym-of T17 T18
+T19	Material 1561 1582	chemical cross-links.
+T20	Material 194 208	Polymer chains
+T21	Material 461 472	probe chain
+T22	Material 730 734	mesh
+T23	Material 864 868	mesh
+T24	Material 1198 1202	PDMS
+T9	Process 1160 1165	Mx>Me
+T10	Process 1170 1175	Mx<Me
+T25	Process 1282 1287	Mx>Me
+T26	Process 1292 1297	Mx<Me
+T27	Process 1322 1324	NL
+T28	Process 1329 1331	NS
+*	Synonym-of T25 T27
+*	Synonym-of T26 T28
+T29	Material 1454 1458	mesh
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386108009397.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0032386108009397.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9589c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386108009397.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The viscoelastic behavior of elastomers containing small amounts of unattached chains has been investigated to characterize the dynamics of the polymer chains trapped in fixed networks [66–68]. Polymer chains trapped in fixed networks constitute a simpler system for the study of the polymer chain dynamics than the corresponding uncrosslinked polymer melts. This is because the complicated effect of the motion of the surrounding chains on the dynamics of the probe chain – called “constraint release” [69] – is absent in the fixed network systems. Most of the earlier studies employed randomly crosslinked elastomers as host networks. In this case, precise control of the mesh size of the host networks is not possible, and the mesh size has a broad distribution. The end-linking systems give the host networks a more uniform mesh size, and they can control the mesh size by the size of the precursor chains. We investigated the dynamic viscoelasticity of end-linked PDMS elastomers containing unattached linear PDMS as functions of the size of the unattached chains (Mg) and the network mesh (Mx) (Fig. 9a) [70]. We employed two types of host networks with Mx>Me and Mx<Me where Me (≈10,000 for PDMS) is the molecular mass between adjacent entanglements in the molten state. The Mx>Me and Mx<Me networks (designated as NL and NS, respectively) were designed by end-linking the long (Mn=84,000) and short precursor chains (Mn=4,550), respectively. The mesh of the NL networks is dominated by trapped entanglements, while that of the NS network is governed by chemical cross-links.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386109001463.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109001463.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d15c33f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109001463.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+T1	Material 34 48	polymer chains
+T2	Material 97 111	star molecules
+T3	Material 547 555	polygons
+T4	Material 581 615	three interfaces, A/B, B/C and C/A
+T5	Process 703 716	chain entropy
+T6	Process 921 941	diagonal bond method
+T7	Process 949 971	Monte Carlo Simulation
+T8	Material 1100 1124	three-branched molecules
+T9	Process 1142 1162	even polygon theorem
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T7 Arg2:T6	
+T10	Material 489 498	cylinders
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386109001463.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109001463.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a8baa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109001463.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+When incompatible three component polymer chains are tethered at a junction point, the resultant star molecules of the ABC type are in a very frustrated field in bulk. That is, their junction points cannot be aligned on two-dimensional planes but on one-dimensional lines, as schematically shown in Fig. 1. Furthermore, when the chain length difference is not so large, the array of junction points tends to be straight and long one. Consequently each domain with mesoscopic sizes becomes cylinders, and their cross sections could be conformed by polygons [28,29]. This is because three interfaces, A/B, B/C and C/A are likely to be flat since there exist no junction points at interfaces and therefore chain entropy contribution to the free energy of structure formation is considerably small comparing with regular block and graft copolymer systems. As a matter of fact, Dotera predicted several tiling patterns by the diagonal bond method, a new Monte Carlo Simulation [30], while Gemma and Dotera pointed out that only three regular tilings, i.e., (6.6.6), (4.8.8) and (4.6.12) are permitted for three-branched molecules proposed as the “even polygon theorem” [31].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386109003991.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109003991.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c9caab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109003991.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+T1	Task 696 734	production of anionic polystyrene (PS)
+T2	Process 9 23	polymerization
+T3	Material 710 729	anionic polystyrene
+T4	Material 730 733	(PS
+*	Synonym-of T3 T4
+T5	Process 203 214	propagation
+T6	Task 343 376	industrial styrene polymerization
+T7	Process 960 983	alkyllithium initiators
+T8	Process 1146 1179	anionic polymerization of styrene
+T9	Material 1198 1205	solvent
+T10	Process 1444 1470	propagating active species
+T11	Material 601 620	anionic polystyrene
+T12	Process 59 70	termination
+T13	Process 113 131	monomer conversion
+T14	Material 225 233	polymers
+T15	Material 519 543	low molar mass oligomers
+T16	Process 798 812	polymerization
+T17	Process 417 424	washing
+T18	Process 428 437	degassing
+T19	Material 926 942	organic solvents
+T20	Process 29 37	reaction
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T2 Arg2:T20	
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386109003991.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109003991.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59c3d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109003991.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A living polymerization is a reaction without transfer and termination reactions that can proceed up to complete monomer conversion. In addition, when initiation is quantitative and fast compared to the propagation reaction, polymers with precisely controlled chain length and narrow molar mass distribution can be obtained. In the case of an industrial styrene polymerization this would permit to avoid any specific washing or degassing steps, which are necessary in the radical process to remove residual monomer and low molar mass oligomers. Since head-to-head defects along the chains are absent, anionic polystyrene would exhibit also a better thermal stability than radical one. Therefore, production of anionic polystyrene (PS) would be of interest if the conditions required to control the polymerization could be adapted to the market and be able to compete economically with industrial radical processes. The use of organic solvents and of expensive alkyllithium initiators, as well as the relatively low reaction temperatures required, was some important limitation to overcome. The possibilities to achieve a quantitative living-like anionic polymerization of styrene in the absence of solvent and at elevated temperature, using inexpensive initiating systems, were the main targets identified to tremendously decrease the cost of the anionic process. This implied at first to control the reactivity and stability of initiating and propagating active species in such unusual operating conditions.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386109005357.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109005357.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e62dadc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109005357.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+T1	Material 57 66	polyester
+T2	Process 96 112	polycondensation
+T3	Material 133 150	dimethyl malonate
+T4	Material 155 169	1,4-butanediol
+T5	Material 245 258	l-lactic acid
+T6	Material 349 367	polyester oligomer
+T7	Material 429 442	PLCA oligomer
+T8	Material 460 479	dihydroxylated PLLA
+T9	Material 510 540	PLCA–PLLA multiblock copolymer
+T10	Material 572 579	lipases
+T11	Process 611 638	ring-opening polymerization
+T12	Process 640 643	ROP
+*	Synonym-of T11 T12
+T13	Material 648 669	cyclic ester monomers
+T14	Process 741 757	polycondensation
+T15	Process 815 831	enzyme-catalyzed
+T16	Material 918 945	hydroxyl-bearing polyesters
+T17	Process 975 991	copolymerization
+T18	Material 995 1010	divinyl adipate
+T19	Process 1108 1125	copolymerizations
+T20	Material 1129 1143	1,8-octanediol
+T21	Material 1211 1226	α-hydroxy acids
+T22	Process 1301 1317	polycondensation
+T23	Material 1373 1397	Biodegradable polyesters
+T24	Material 297 335	poly[(l-lactic acid)-co-(citric acid)]
+T25	Material 727 737	polyesters
+T26	Material 1173 1181	alditols
+T27	Material 1344 1352	monomers
+T28	Material 1024 1030	triols
+T29	Material 1240 1251	amino acids
+T30	Process 225 241	polycondensation
+T31	Material 263 274	citric acid
+T32	Material 1037 1045	glycerol
+T33	Material 1047 1064	1,2,4-butanetriol
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T32 Arg2:T28	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T33 Arg2:T28	
+T34	Material 1149 1160	adipic acid
+T35	Material 1286 1297	lactic acid
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386109005357.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109005357.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85ff7ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386109005357.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A hydroxyl-functionalized poly(butylene succinate) based polyester was prepared by conventional polycondensation of benzyl-protected dimethyl malonate and 1,4-butanediol (Scheme 2(a)) [24a]. Yao et al. reported on the direct polycondensation of l-lactic acid and citric acid with the formation of poly[(l-lactic acid)-co-(citric acid)], obtaining a polyester oligomer with both pendant carboxylic and hydroxyl groups [24b]. This PLCA oligomer was reacted with dihydroxylated PLLA as a macromonomer, yielding a PLCA–PLLA multiblock copolymer as shown in Scheme 2(b). While lipases have been investigated for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic ester monomers [25,26], they have also been used for the preparation of polyesters by polycondensation reactions. The advantage of this technique is that these enzyme-catalyzed reactions proceed without protection of the pendant functional groups. In this field, hydroxyl-bearing polyesters have been synthesized by the copolymerization of divinyl adipate with various triols (e.g. glycerol, 1,2,4-butanetriol) as represented in Scheme 2(c) [27] and by copolymerizations of 1,8-octanediol with adipic acid and several alditols [28]. Very recently, several α-hydroxy acids derived from amino acids were homo- and copolymerized with lactic acid by polycondensation in bulk without protected monomers (Scheme 2(d)) [29]. Biodegradable polyesters with various pendant groups were obtained, although the molecular weights remained low (1000–3000gmol−1).
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386110001254.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0032386110001254.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..274fd93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386110001254.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+T1	Process 49 65	hydrogen bonding
+T2	Process 74 84	alkylation
+T3	Material 137 154	imidazolium salts
+T4	Material 239 256	Imidazolium salts
+T5	Material 277 287	metal ions
+T6	Process 441 477	atom transfer radical polymerization
+T7	Process 479 483	ATRP
+*	Synonym-of T6 T7
+T8	Material 320 339	metal nanoparticles
+T9	Process 386 409	polyelectrolyte brushes
+T11	Material 954 968	Hydrogels form
+T12	Task 1141 1163	bioactive applications
+T13	Process 1318 1341	Separation applications
+T14	Material 1384 1401	Imidazolium salts
+T15	Process 1410 1427	vesicle formation
+T16	Process 1495 1514	polymeric actuators
+T17	Material 610 626	imidazolium salt
+T18	Material 1229 1244	antiarrhythmics
+T19	Material 293 310	aqueous solutions
+T20	Material 355 368	carbohydrates
+T21	Process 930 947	biocidal activity
+T22	Material 974 1023	polymerized methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids
+T23	Task 1176 1198	bioactive applications
+T24	Material 1203 1220	imidazolium salts
+T25	Material 1431 1454	imidazolium surfactants
+T10	Material 801 853	1-alkyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium chlorides
+T26	Material 859 896	N-alkyl-N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidinonium
+T27	Material 503 564	poly(1-ethyl 3-(2-methacryloyloxy ethyl) imidazolium chloride
+T28	Process 662 682	antimicrobial action
+T29	Material 749 786	1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides
+T30	Material 791 799	bromides
+T31	Process 108 133	electrostatic aggregation
+T32	Material 724 739	liquid crystals
+T33	Material 579 592	gold surfaces
+T34	Material 1029 1044	acryloyl groups
+T35	Material 1050 1057	polymer
+T36	Material 1251 1271	anti-metastic agents
+T37	Material 1285 1311	imidazolium-based steroids
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T18 Arg2:T24	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T36 Arg2:T24	
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T37 Arg2:T24	
+T38	Material 1374 1377	CO2
+T39	Process 1350 1377	efficient absorption of CO2
+R4	Hyponym-of Arg1:T39 Arg2:T13	
+T40	Material 1078 1096	organized lamellae
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0032386110001254.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0032386110001254.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd2a36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0032386110001254.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Despite the loss of directed, self-complementary hydrogen bonding through alkylation of the imidazole ring, electrostatic aggregation of imidazolium salts is a tunable, self-assembly process, which is instrumental to several applications. Imidazolium salts are used to extract metal ions from aqueous solutions and coat metal nanoparticles [15], dissolve carbohydrates [16], and create polyelectrolyte brushes on surfaces [17]. For example, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to graft poly(1-ethyl 3-(2-methacryloyloxy ethyl) imidazolium chloride) brushes onto gold surfaces [17]. One of the imidazolium salt’s most promising attributes is its antimicrobial action [12,18] and molecular self-assembly into liquid crystals [19,20]. 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides and bromides, 1-alkyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium chlorides, and N-alkyl-N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidinonium, for example, all exhibit strong biocidal activity [18]. Hydrogels form from polymerized methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids with acryloyl groups; the polymer self-assembles into organized lamellae with unique swelling properties, leading to bioactive applications [19]. Other bioactive applications for imidazolium salts include antiarrhythmics [21], anti-metastic agents [22,23], and imidazolium-based steroids [24]. Separation applications include efficient absorption of CO2 [25]. Imidazolium salts enhance vesicle formation as imidazolium surfactants [26], and they also find application in polymeric actuators [27].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0039602899010493.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0039602899010493.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b85646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0039602899010493.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+T1	Material 306 322	adsorbed species
+T2	Material 286 301	surface defects
+T3	Process 815 840	density functional theory
+T4	Process 842 845	DFT
+T5	Process 662 679	density of states
+T6	Process 681 684	DOS
+*	Synonym-of T3 T4 T20
+*	Synonym-of T5 T6
+T7	Material 470 482	MIES spectra
+T8	Process 585 604	Auger de-excitation
+T9	Material 614 626	MIES spectra
+T10	Process 762 781	Hartree–Fock method
+T11	Process 37 39	AD
+T12	Process 215 217	AD
+T13	Process 1062 1065	DOS
+T14	Process 1135 1138	DOS
+T15	Material 1354 1358	MIES
+T16	Process 1497 1500	DOS
+T17	Process 1101 1114	AD transition
+T18	Material 703 722	surface oxygen ions
+T19	Process 787 799	crystal code
+*	Synonym-of T10 T19
+T20	Process 859 869	cetep code
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0039602899010493.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0039602899010493.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5896651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0039602899010493.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Although the basic mechanisms of the AD process are reasonably well understood, it has not proved simple to apply existing theories to the interpretation of experimental data. What is needed is a combination of the AD theory and the electronic structure of realistic systems, including surface defects and adsorbed species. Such electronic structure calculations are still complex and time-consuming. In many cases, especially for insulating surfaces, attempts to model MIES spectra use simple or intuitive models. In Refs. [4,6,23] it is assumed that the main transition mechanism is Auger de-excitation, and the MIES spectra have been simulated by the surface density of states (DOS) projected on the surface oxygen ions of the uppermost surface layer using a Hartree–Fock method (the crystal code [24,25]) and a density functional theory (DFT) method (the cetep code [26]). The effect of the overlap between the surface and He(1s) wavefunctions was taken into account only approximately by applying an additional z-dependent exponential factor to the surface DOS. Other workers [5,6] estimated the AD transition probability using a DOS projected on to the projectile 1s atomic orbital. However, they were not able to use state-of-the-art methods for the surface electronic structure. Yet the success of the simplified treatments [4–6], especially for MIES features such as relative energies of the different peaks, suggests that real spectra are indeed related to the projection of the surface DOS on to the projectile orbital.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0098300413002124.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0098300413002124.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78088e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0098300413002124.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+T1	Task 69 117	describe the geodetic data transformation method
+T2	Material 215 235	terrain digital data
+T3	Process 28 51	terrain data processing
+T4	Process 260 308	fine-resolution (3″ or finer) terrain data bases
+T5	Process 317 321	SRTM
+T6	Process 323 358	Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission
+T7	Process 375 398	Digital Elevation Model
+T8	Process 370 373	DEM
+*	Synonym-of T5 T6
+*	Synonym-of T8 T7
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T5 Arg2:T4	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T4	
+T9	Process 462 509	fine-scale (meters up to 100m) atmospheric flow
+T10	Material 931 936	WGS84
+T11	Material 938 962	World Geodetic System 84
+*	Synonym-of T10 T11
+T12	Material 1071 1089	East, North and Up
+T13	Material 1091 1094	ENU
+*	Synonym-of T12 T13
+T14	Material 1239 1266	Cartesian coordinate system
+T15	Process 610 614	SRTM
+T16	Process 1025 1029	3DWF
+T17	Process 799 803	SRTM
+T18	Process 1131 1135	3DWF
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0098300413002124.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0098300413002124.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e80b7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0098300413002124.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In this section, we use the terrain data processing as an example to describe the geodetic data transformation method. Since Google Maps/Earth server only gives the terrain data in graphical display, we have to get terrain digital data from other sources. The fine-resolution (3″ or finer) terrain data bases such as SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission) or USGS's DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data are necessary. Moreover, since 3DWF is used to model the fine-scale (meters up to 100m) atmospheric flow, it needs fine resolution terrain data. In this project, we use the terrain elevation data set from SRTM (Farr et al. 2007) with 3-arcsecond (~90m resolution at the equator) resolution. The data covers the land area, nearly global from 56S to 60N latitudes. We use the processed version 4 SRTM data set as described in Gamache (2005) in which some of the missing data holes were filled. The original data is organized in WGS84 (World Geodetic System 84) geodetic coordinate system. When the data are applied to the 3DWF model, they are transformed to the local East, North and Up (ENU) coordinate (see Fig. 3). Since the 3DWF is a fine scale wind model and its entire model domain is not intended to be larger than 20×20km, this Cartesian coordinate system is a good choice with very little distortion due to the curvature of the Earth's surface. The transformation from the WGS84 data to the ENU coordinate is performed as follows (Fukushima, 2006; Featherstone and Claessens, 2008).
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0098300414000259.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0098300414000259.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39f5958
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0098300414000259.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+T1	Process 38 57	MapReduce workflows
+T2	Process 0 10	Apache Pig
+T3	Material 104 127	directed acyclic graphs
+T4	Material 129 133	DAGs
+*	Synonym-of T3 T4
+T5	Process 242 251	Pig Latin
+T6	Process 474 496	user-defined functions
+T7	Process 498 502	UDFs
+*	Synonym-of T6 T7
+T8	Task 744 758	DAG processing
+T9	Material 825 831	Hadoop
+T10	Process 878 887	MapReduce
+T11	Process 541 544	Pig
+T12	Material 889 900	Pig scripts
+T13	Process 975 989	Java MapReduce
+T14	Process 226 235	MapReduce
+T15	Material 63 69	Hadoop
+T16	Process 433 447	SQL operations
+T17	Process 358 361	SQL
+T18	Process 449 452	Pig
+T19	Process 709 718	MapReduce
+T20	Material 670 676	Hadoop
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0098300414000259.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0098300414000259.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a602be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0098300414000259.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Apache Pig is a platform for creating MapReduce workflows with Hadoop. These workflows are expressed as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) of tasks that exist at a conceptually higher level than their implementations as series of MapReduce jobs. Pig Latin is the procedural language used for building these workflows, providing syntax similar to the declarative SQL commonly used for relational database systems. In addition to standard SQL operations, Pig can be extended with user-defined functions (UDFs) commonly written in Java. We adopted Pig for our implementation of the correlator to speed up development time, allow for ad hoc workflow changes, and to embrace the Hadoop community׳s migration away from MapReduce towards more generalized DAG processing (Mayer, 2013). Specifically, in the event that future versions of Hadoop are optimized to support paradigms other than MapReduce, Pig scripts could take advantage of these advances without recoding, whereas explicit Java MapReduce jobs would need to be rewritten.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0098300414002532.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0098300414002532.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b4dca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0098300414002532.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+T1	Process 316 330	manual editing
+T2	Task 0 62	The threshold values for removing large caters were determined
+T3	Process 644 673	Tools for Graphics and Shapes
+T4	Material 1039 1043	MOLA
+T5	Material 1122 1126	MOLA
+T6	Material 1211 1215	MOLA
+T7	Material 1307 1311	DEMs
+T8	Material 1444 1448	DEMs
+T9	Process 972 983	PBTH method
+T10	Material 1071 1075	MOLA
+T11	Material 1101 1105	HRSC
+T12	Material 1356 1359	DEM
+T13	Material 1048 1052	HRSC
+T14	Material 1155 1159	HRSC
+T15	Material 1369 1373	HRSC
+T16	Material 1388 1392	MOLA
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0098300414002532.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0098300414002532.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a8bfb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0098300414002532.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The threshold values for removing large caters were determined by examining the craters within the study area, referencing previous studies (Molloy and Stepinski, 2007), and some trial and error. After the parameter values are determined, the rest of the process is automated. However, we do anticipate some minimum manual editing may be needed in some complicated terrains when apply it to all of Mars. To minimize the distortion resulted from map projection on global datasets, we will choose an equal area projection by evaluating the options suggested in Steinwand et al. (1995) or conduct geodesic area calculation using software such as “Tools for Graphics and Shapes” (http://www.jennessent.com/arcgis/shapes_graphics.htm)Although post-formational modification to the valleys may be minimum (Williams and Phillips, 2001), there may nonetheless be modifications such as eolian fill and mass wasting (e.g., Grant et al., 2008). Thus the volume estimates derived with PBTH method represents a lower bound. Comparing the estimates from MOLA and HRSC data reveals that MOLA estimate is about 91% of HRSC value. However, MOLA has global coverage whereas HRSC does not. Therefore, for areas where there is only MOLA coverage, the estimate may be scaled upward by 1.1 times. The algorithm has been tested on DEMs with various resolutions (2 m for simulated DEM, 75m for HRSC, and 463m for MOLA). It can certainly be applied to higher resolution DEMs for Mars when they become available, but the threshold values will need to be adjusted.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0166361516300926.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0166361516300926.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1522187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0166361516300926.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+T1	Material 80 91	ERP modules
+T2	Process 717 734	hybrid ERP system
+T3	Process 832 858	Enterprise Social Software
+T4	Process 860 863	ESS
+*	Synonym-of T3 T4
+T5	Process 1391 1408	hybrid ERP system
+T6	Process 188 198	ERP system
+T7	Process 790 806	ERP installation
+T8	Process 941 951	ERP system
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0166361516300926.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0166361516300926.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a875c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0166361516300926.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This research traces the implementation of an information system in the form of ERP modules covering tenant and contract management in a Chinese service company. Misalignments between the ERP system specification and user needs led to the adoption of informal processes within the organisation. These processes are facilitated within an informal organisational structure and are based on human interactions undertaken within the formal organisation. Rather than to attempt to suppress the emergence of the informal organisation the company decided to channel the energies of staff involved in informal processes towards organisational goals. The company achieved this by harnessing the capabilities of what we term a hybrid ERP system, combining the functionality of a traditional (formal) ERP installation with the capabilities of Enterprise Social Software (ESS). However the company recognised that the successful operation of the hybrid ERP system would require a number of changes in organisational design in areas such as reporting structures and communication channels. A narrative provided by interviews with company personnel is thematised around the formal and informal characteristics of the organisation as defined in the literature. This leads to a definition of the characteristics of the hybrid organisation and strategies for enabling a hybrid organisation, facilitated by a hybrid ERP system, which directs formal and informal behaviour towards organisational goals and provides a template for future hybrid implementations.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0168365912007560.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0168365912007560.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..823c340
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0168365912007560.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+T1	Task 26 80	whether carbohydrate coupling increased antigen uptake
+T2	Process 92 124	C-type lectin receptor targeting
+T3	Material 141 149	antigens
+T4	Material 168 182	pHrodo Red dye
+T5	Material 184 194	Invitrogen
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T5 Arg2:T4	
+T6	Process 221 231	fluoresces
+T7	Material 287 296	endosomes
+T8	Material 369 386	neoglycocomplexes
+T9	Material 393 428	bone marrow derived dendritic cells
+T10	Material 430 435	BMDCs
+*	Synonym-of T9 T10
+T11	Material 472 507	mannan-conjugates MN–Ova and MN–Pap
+T12	Process 459 468	ingestion
+T13	Task 568 596	intradermal needle-injection
+T14	Process 717 730	FACS analysis
+T15	Material 911 933	pHrodo-labeled antigen
+T16	Material 1003 1023	pHrodo+MHCIIhigh DCs
+T17	Material 1248 1265	CD8α−/pHrodo+ DCs
+T18	Process 1558 1579	intradermal injection
+T19	Material 863 867	CD8α
+T20	Material 869 874	CD11b
+T21	Material 880 885	CD11c
+T22	Material 1046 1052	MN–Ova
+T23	Material 1057 1063	MN–Pap
+T24	Material 1092 1098	MD–Pap
+T25	Material 1132 1140	antigens
+T26	Material 1180 1187	antigen
+T27	Material 1157 1170	carbohydrates
+T28	Material 1206 1215	CD8α− DCs
+T29	Material 1289 1297	antigens
+T30	Material 1341 1349	antigens
+T31	Material 1492 1512	antigen-loaded cells
+T32	Material 645 652	Antigen
+T33	Material 297 306	lysosomes
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0168365912007560.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0168365912007560.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33f260f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0168365912007560.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+We addressed the question whether carbohydrate coupling increased antigen uptake by DCs via C-type lectin receptor targeting. Therefore, the antigens were labeled with pHrodo Red dye (Invitrogen), a dye that specifically fluoresces as pH decreases from neutral to acidic, as provided in endosomes/lysosomes of cells. In vitro characterization of the cellular uptake of neoglycocomplexes using bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) demonstrated superior ingestion of mannan-conjugates MN–Ova and MN–Pap (Supplementary Fig. S4A-D,F). This was confirmed in vivo by intradermal needle-injection of labeled antigen into the ear pinnae of mice. Antigen uptake and transport to the ear dLNs were measured after 24h by FACS analysis. DCs in cervical LNs were identified according to their high expression of MHC class II (Fig. 3A) and additionally characterized by CD8α, CD11b, and CD11c expression and uptake of pHrodo-labeled antigen (Fig. 3B, D–F). The results showed significantly elevated numbers of pHrodo+MHCIIhigh DCs for mannan conjugates MN–Ova and MN–Pap (and to a lesser degree for MD–Pap) in comparison to the unmodified antigens (Fig. 3C). Both carbohydrates targeted antigen preferentially to CD8α− DCs, as indicated by an increase in CD8α−/pHrodo+ DCs compared to unmodified antigens (Fig. 3E and F). Nevertheless, whether the antigens were taken up in situ by dermal DCs or by LN resident APCs via the afferent lymphatics could not be fully elucidated. Histology revealed that antigen-loaded cells in the dLNs were already present 30min after intradermal injection (Supplementary Fig. S4G), suggesting both mechanisms.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0168365913001521.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0168365913001521.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b7eb34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0168365913001521.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+T1	Material 4 21	mesoporous silica
+T2	Material 180 203	tetraethylorthosilicate
+T3	Material 205 209	TEOS
+*	Synonym-of T2 T3
+T4	Material 154 178	soluble silica precursor
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T2 Arg2:T4	
+T5	Material 316 346	cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
+T6	Material 348 352	CTAB
+T7	Material 304 314	surfactant
+*	Synonym-of T5 T6
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T5 Arg2:T7	
+T8	Material 547 586	mesoporous structure-directing template
+T9	Material 687 700	atomizing gas
+T10	Process 732 740	atomizer
+T11	Process 823 835	tube furnace
+T12	Material 870 894	durapore membrane filter
+T13	Process 1009 1020	calcination
+T14	Material 1041 1063	mesoporous silica core
+T15	Material 1130 1156	aminopropyltriethoxysilane
+T16	Material 1158 1163	APTES
+*	Synonym-of T15 T16
+T17	Material 1416 1426	protocells
+T18	Material 1465 1474	liposomes
+T19	Process 53 77	surfactant self-assembly
+T20	Material 126 146	homogeneous solution
+T21	Material 252 269	hydrochloric acid
+T22	Material 283 290	ethanol
+T23	Material 295 301	water.
+T24	Material 588 605	Aerosol solutions
+T25	Material 609 623	soluble silica
+T26	Material 629 639	surfactant
+T27	Process 665 673	nitrogen
+T28	Material 785 801	aerosol droplets
+T29	Material 966 976	surfactant
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0168365913001521.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0168365913001521.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d67a666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0168365913001521.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The mesoporous silica particles were prepared by the surfactant self-assembly method described previously [18,24]. Briefly, a homogeneous solution of the soluble silica precursor, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO), and hydrochloric acid was mixed in ethanol and water. A surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO), with an initial concentration much less than the critical micelle concentration was added to lower the surface tension of the liquid mixture and act as the mesoporous structure-directing template. Aerosol solutions of soluble silica plus surfactant were then generated with nitrogen as a carrier atomizing gas using a commercially available atomizer (Model 9392A, TSI, Inc., St. Paul, MN). The aerosol droplets were solidified in a tube furnace at 400°C until dry. Once dried, a durapore membrane filter, kept at 80°C, was used to collect the particles. As a final step, the surfactant was removed at 400°C for 5h via calcination. The surface of the mesoporous silica core in these studies was chemically modified with 10wt.% or 15wt.% by aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES; Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO) conducted identically as previously described [17] to create a positive surface charge to increase loading efficiency of negatively charged cargo. Further, Liu and colleagues report the colloidal stability of these protocells with lipid bilayers, excess amount of liposomes (50μg liposomes per 0.5mg silica were used [18]).
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0168365913009589.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0168365913009589.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..505a838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0168365913009589.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+T1	Process 0 10	Ultrasound
+T2	Process 12 14	US
+T3	Task 85 104	inertial cavitation
+T4	Material 55 64	liposomes
+T5	Process 461 463	US
+T6	Process 613 635	intratumoral injection
+T7	Material 186 196	gas bubble
+T8	Material 476 487	gas bubbles
+T9	Process 728 730	US
+T10	Process 880 882	US
+T11	Task 989 1008	inertial cavitation
+T12	Process 1069 1071	US
+T13	Material 1105 1123	US contrast agents
+T14	Material 1203 1220	oncolytic viruses
+T15	Process 1319 1340	US-induced cavitation
+T16	Process 1502 1504	US
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0168365913009589.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0168365913009589.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3efb132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0168365913009589.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Ultrasound (US) can initiate the release of drugs from liposomes via an event called inertial cavitation, whereby the rarefactional phase of an ultrasound wave causes the expansion of a gas bubble followed by a violent collapse due to the inertia of the surrounding media. This collapse creates shock waves which can disrupt the stability of co-localised liposomal drug carriers. To date, studies have concentrated on the use of low frequency or high intensity US to generate gas bubbles in situ, and most recently such parameters have been used to achieve a variable level of triggered drug release following an intratumoral injection of liposomes [14]. However, concerns persist over the damage to non-target tissue that such US exposure parameters may cause and whether ultimately they will be widely clinically applicable. An alternative strategy is to utilise high-frequency US pulses at pressures in the diagnostic range in the presence of pre-existing gas bubbles. This provides an inertial cavitation stimulus for drug release using safe, clinically achievable US exposure conditions and approved US contrast agents [15]. Indeed, in the context of improving the delivery of therapeutics such as oncolytic viruses, this approach has already shown great promise [16]. A further advantage of this approach is that US-induced cavitation events produce distinct acoustic emissions that can be recorded and characterised providing non-invasive feedback, a feature which has proven useful in ablative US applications [17–19].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0168583X14003929.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0168583X14003929.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e234ae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0168583X14003929.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T1	Process 35 50	FIB instruments
+T2	Material 56 63	gallium
+T3	Material 65 67	Ga
+*	Synonym-of T2 T3
+T4	Process 305 316	Ga ion beam
+T5	Process 448 459	Ga ion beam
+T6	Process 486 500	semiconductors
+T7	Task 556 572	Cryo-FIB milling
+T8	Process 638 649	Ga ion beam
+T9	Material 654 669	III–V materials
+T10	Task 702 718	cryo-FIB milling
+T11	Material 752 773	Group III–V materials
+T12	Process 1012 1025	semiconductor
+T13	Material 105 112	Gallium
+T14	Process 881 910	electronic or photonic device
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0168583X14003929.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0168583X14003929.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d388f84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0168583X14003929.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The most widely used ion source in FIB instruments is a gallium (Ga) liquid metal ion source (LMIS) [1]. Gallium is attractive as an ion source because of its low melting temperature (29.8°C at standard atmospheric pressure [4]) and its low volatility [1]. However, some materials show sensitivity to the Ga ion beam. This sensitivity is manifested as changes in the structure and chemical composition of the starting material upon exposure to the Ga ion beam [5]. Group III–V compound semiconductors are one class of materials that show such sensitivity. Cryo-FIB milling has recently been reported to suppress the reactions between the Ga ion beam and III–V materials [6]. The suggested advantage of cryo-FIB milling over room temperature milling of Group III–V materials is appealing, given the variety of present and potential future applications for these materials (e.g., as electronic or photonic devices given the favorable electron transport and direct band gap properties associated with several III–V semiconductor systems).
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0257897213003563.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0257897213003563.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eccef3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0257897213003563.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+T1	Process 17 38	ellipsometric spectra
+T2	Process 163 191	optical constants/dielectric
+T3	Process 228 254	three-phase layered system
+T4	Process 256 274	air/film/substrate
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T4 Arg2:T3	
+T5	Material 205 224	Ni-doped TiO2 films
+T6	Process 364 378	semiconductors
+T7	Process 518 532	Adachi's model
+T8	Process 545 593	ε(Ε)=ε∞+{A0[2−(1+χ0)1/2−(1−χ0)1/2]}/(EOBG2/3χ02)
+*	Synonym-of T7 T8
+T9	Process 618 640	incident photon energy
+T10	Process 652 686	high-frequency dielectric constant
+T11	Process 688 697	χ0=(E+iΓ)
+T12	Process 699 703	EOBG
+T13	Process 735 743	A0 and Γ
+T14	Process 752 786	strength and broadening parameters
+T15	Process 609 610	E
+*	Synonym-of T15 T9
+T16	Process 642 644	ε∞
+*	Synonym-of T16 T10
+*	Synonym-of T11 T12
+*	Synonym-of T13 T14
+T17	Material 940 964	Fabry–Pérot interference
+T18	Process 40 57	optical constants
+T19	Process 794 798	EOBG
+T20	Process 857 859	SE
+T21	Process 1371 1374	SEM
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0257897213003563.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0257897213003563.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e5bb63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0257897213003563.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+According to the ellipsometric spectra, optical constants and other physical parameters can be extracted by an appropriate fitting model. In order to estimate the optical constants/dielectric functions of Ni-doped TiO2 films, a three-phase layered system (air/film/substrate) [15] was utilized to study the ellipsometric spectra. TiO2 belongs to the wide band gap semiconductors. Considering the contribution of the M0 type critical point with the lowest three dimensions, its dielectric function can be calculated by Adachi's model [15,22,23]: ε(Ε)=ε∞+{A0[2−(1+χ0)1/2−(1−χ0)1/2]}/(EOBG2/3χ02). In the model, E is the incident photon energy, ε∞ is the high-frequency dielectric constant, χ0=(E+iΓ), EOBG is the optical gap energy, and A0 and Γ are the strength and broadening parameters of the EOBG transition, respectively. As an example, the experimental SE of the film TN1 at an incident angle 70° by dot scatter is shown in Fig. 4. The Fabry–Pérot interference oscillations due to multiple reflections within the film have been found in the photon energy from 1.5eV to 3.5eV (354nm–826nm), which indicates that the films are transparent in this region. Note that a good agreement of the experimental and calculated spectra is attained in the whole measured photon energy range. The fitting thickness for film TN2 is 159nm, which is very near to the value obtained by SEM (see Fig. 1(b)).
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0257897213004131.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0257897213004131.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..223a91d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0257897213004131.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+T1	Process 42 54	testing time
+T2	Process 59 80	friction coefficients
+T3	Process 175 187	wear process
+T4	Material 191 204	uncoated AZ31
+T6	Process 304 316	wear process
+T7	Material 408 422	nano-particles
+T8	Process 445 478	reduction of friction coefficient
+T10	Process 658 674	“rolling effect”
+T11	Material 683 702	Al2O3 nanoparticles
+T12	Material 736 759	Spherical nanoparticles
+T13	Process 823 843	friction coefficient
+T16	Material 1013 1042	uncoated AZ31 magnesium alloy
+T17	Process 1087 1107	friction coefficient
+T18	Material 320 347	composite anodizing coating
+T9	Process 508 525	composite coating
+T15	Material 616 634	anodizing coatings
+T19	Process 795 810	reduce friction
+T14	Material 893 938	anodizing coating without Al2O3 nanoparticles
+T20	Material 1048 1066	anodizing coatings
+T5	Material 209 254	anodizing coating without Al2O3 nanoparticles
+T21	Material 353 372	Al2O3 nanoparticles
+T22	Material 426 437	electrolyte
+T23	Process 985 992	coating
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0257897213004131.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0257897213004131.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e63db3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0257897213004131.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fig. 7 shows the relationship between the testing time and friction coefficients of various samples under dry conditions. There exist running in and steady wear period in the wear process of uncoated AZ31 and anodizing coating without Al2O3 nanoparticles while there has a steady wear period only in the wear process of composite anodizing coating with Al2O3 nanoparticles. At the same time, the addition of nano-particles to electrolyte led to reduction of friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of composite coating is relatively lower and more stable than what has been reported in literature [24,25] for anodizing coatings. This may be caused by “rolling effect” made by Al2O3 nanoparticles on the surface of oxide coating. Spherical nanoparticles change sliding into rolling, which reduce friction, making the friction coefficient becomes more stable. The friction coefficient of anodizing coating without Al2O3 nanoparticles has large fluctuation maybe for the damage of coating. In contrast to the uncoated AZ31 magnesium alloy, the anodizing coatings show slightly lower friction coefficient. This can be attributed to their higher load-bearing capacity for high hardness.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0263822312000657.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0263822312000657.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c389bcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0263822312000657.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T1	Material 0 29	Functionally Graded Materials
+T2	Task 452 494	Study of bone, shell, balsawood and bamboo
+T3	Material 690 718	Functionally Graded Material
+T4	Material 772 796	heat resistant materials
+T5	Task 808 817	aerospace
+T6	Task 822 846	nuclear fission reactors
+T7	Material 335 363	Functionally Graded Material
+T8	Material 31 35	FGMs
+*	Synonym-of T1 T8
+T9	Material 101 134	heterogeneous composite materials
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T9	
+T10	Material 488 494	bamboo
+T11	Material 474 483	balsawood
+T12	Material 467 472	shell
+T13	Material 461 465	bone
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0263822312000657.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0263822312000657.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78ce083
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0263822312000657.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), described in detail by Suresh and Mortensen [1], are a type of heterogeneous composite materials exhibiting gradual variation in volume fraction of their constituents from one surface of the material to the other, resulting in properties which vary continuously across the material. The idea of a Functionally Graded Material is not a new one, there are in fact many natural materials which exhibit this property. Study of bone, shell, balsawood and bamboo shows that they are all graded with their greatest strength on the outside, in areas where the greatest protection is required. However it was not until the 1980s in Japan [2] that the idea of a Functionally Graded Material was actively researched in order to gain advances in heat resistant materials for use in aerospace and nuclear fission reactors.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0263822312001468.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0263822312001468.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52b94b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0263822312001468.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+T1	Task 46 62	passenger safety
+T2	Process 23 44	structural efficiency
+T3	Process 120 145	transportation industries
+T4	Material 158 184	crashworthiness parameters
+T6	Task 274 295	protect the passenger
+T7	Task 321 347	Crashworthiness parameters
+T8	Process 488 514	tubular composites failure
+T9	Process 551 567	brittle collapse
+T10	Material 597 618	tubular failure modes
+T11	Process 712 731	plastic deformation
+T12	Task 733 770	Implementation of composite materials
+T13	Process 889 907	crushing behaviour
+T15	Material 966 985	composite materials
+T16	Process 1026 1049	fracture surface energy
+T17	Process 1072 1091	plastic deformation
+T18	Process 1188 1219	crashworthiness characteristics
+T19	Process 1270 1294	axial crushing behaviour
+T20	Material 1298 1320	fibre-reinforced tubes
+T21	Material 1326 1342	fibreglass tubes
+T22	Material 1350 1359	PVC tubes
+T23	Material 1368 1412	carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) tubes
+T25	Material 388 393	metal
+T26	Material 397 419	fibre/resin composites
+T28	Material 585 595	composites
+T29	Process 637 663	micro-cracking development
+T14	Material 911 946	fibre reinforced composite material
+T30	Material 1223 1242	composite materials
+T24	Task 243 269	prevent the massive damage
+T5	Process 665 677	delamination
+T27	Process 679 693	fibre breakage
+T32	Material 1108 1114	metals
+T31	Material 1368 1399	carbon fibre reinforced plastic
+T33	Material 1401 1405	CFRP
+*	Synonym-of T31 T33
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0263822312001468.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0263822312001468.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fc5f50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0263822312001468.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Recently together with structural efficiency, passenger safety is also an important issue in application of material to transportation industries. Hence, the crashworthiness parameters are introducing to predict the capability of structure to prevent the massive damage and protect the passenger in the event of a crash. Crashworthiness parameters for various thin-walled tubes made from metal or fibre/resin composites in different geometries have been studied. A critical difference of tubular composites failure modes compared with metallic is the brittle collapse. In addition, in composites, tubular failure modes are involved with micro-cracking development, delamination, fibre breakage, etc., instead of plastic deformation. Implementation of composite materials in the field of crashworthiness is attributed to Hull, who in 80s and 90s of the last century studied extensively the crushing behaviour of fibre reinforced composite material. He found that the composite materials absorbed high energy in the face of the fracture surface energy mechanism rather than plastic deformation as observed for metals [1]. This observation has inspired others to further investigation about crashworthiness characteristics of composite materials. Studies have examined the axial crushing behaviour of fibre-reinforced tubes [2], fibreglass tubes [3,4], PVC tubes [5] and carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) tubes [6].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0301679X13003289.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X13003289.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4167c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X13003289.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+T1	Process 0 30	Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
+T2	Process 32 35	NTA
+T3	Material 72 89	soot agglomerates
+T4	Process 121 156	Transmission Electron Microscoscopy
+T5	Process 158 161	TEM
+T6	Material 164 182	Soot nanoparticles
+T7	Material 330 337	heptane
+T8	Material 362 379	soot agglomerates
+T9	Process 391 417	size distribution analysis
+T10	Process 503 506	TEM
+T11	Material 517 529	agglomerates
+T12	Material 583 595	agglomerates
+T13	Process 624 627	NTA
+T14	Material 731 753	soot-in-oil aggregates
+T15	Process 832 835	TEM
+T16	Process 836 866	Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
+T17	Process 868 871	NTA
+T18	Process 957 992	Transmission Electron Microscoscopy
+T19	Process 994 997	TEM
+T20	Material 1166 1173	heptane
+T21	Material 1198 1215	soot agglomerates
+T22	Process 1227 1253	size distribution analysis
+T23	Process 1339 1342	TEM
+T24	Material 1353 1365	agglomerates
+T25	Material 1419 1431	agglomerates
+T26	Process 1460 1463	NTA
+T27	Material 1567 1589	soot-in-oil aggregates
+T28	Process 1668 1671	TEM
+T29	Material 660 682	polydisperse solutions
+T30	Material 1496 1518	polydisperse solutions
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0301679X13003289.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X13003289.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d7952d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X13003289.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) has been applied to characterising soot agglomerates of particles and compared with Transmission Electron Microscoscopy (TEM). Soot nanoparticles were extracted from used oil drawn from the sump of a light duty automotive diesel engine. The samples were prepared for analysis by diluting with heptane. Individual tracking of soot agglomerates allows for size distribution analysis. The size of soot was compared with length measurements of projected two-dimensional TEM images of agglomerates. Both the techniques show that soot-in-oil exists as agglomerates with average size of 120nm. NTA is able to measure particles in polydisperse solutions and reports the size and volume distribution of soot-in-oil aggregates; it has the advantages of being fast and relatively low cost if compared with TEM.Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) has been applied to characterising soot agglomerates of particles and compared with Transmission Electron Microscoscopy (TEM). Soot nanoparticles were extracted from used oil drawn from the sump of a light duty automotive diesel engine. The samples were prepared for analysis by diluting with heptane. Individual tracking of soot agglomerates allows for size distribution analysis. The size of soot was compared with length measurements of projected two-dimensional TEM images of agglomerates. Both the techniques show that soot-in-oil exists as agglomerates with average size of 120nm. NTA is able to measure particles in polydisperse solutions and reports the size and volume distribution of soot-in-oil aggregates; it has the advantages of being fast and relatively low cost if compared with TEM.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14000449.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14000449.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7680755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14000449.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+T1	Process 438 454	powder formation
+T2	Process 458 465	plowing
+T3	Process 480 496	powder formation
+T4	Process 501 508	plowing
+T5	Material 538 561	dimensionless parameter
+T6	Material 563 566	Sc⁎
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T5 Arg2:T6	
+T7	Material 574 592	critical parameter
+T8	Material 594 606	Sc,critical⁎
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T7 Arg2:T8	
+T9	Process 755 771	powder formation
+T10	Process 977 984	plowing
+T11	Material 1043 1058	stainless steel
+T12	Material 1062 1073	Al2O3 balls
+T13	Material 1091 1109	SiC or Si3N4 balls
+T14	Material 1150 1169	SiC and Si3N4 balls
+T15	Material 1275 1289	wear-mode maps
+T16	Material 18 31	wear-mode map
+T17	Process 1338 1354	powder formation
+T18	Process 611 646	Sc⁎=HvRmaxKIc(4)Sc,critical⁎=51+10μ
+T19	Process 662 678	Vickers hardness
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14000449.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14000449.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e99c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14000449.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fig. 11 shows the wear-mode map of RH ceramics, in which the early-stage friction coefficients and the surface roughness of the pure surface were chosen. The value of the fracture toughness of RH ceramics was calculated based on the reference data in other literature [22]. The Sc of RH ceramics was smaller than Sc,critical under all tested conditions during the initial stage of friction. Thus, the initial wear mode of RH ceramics was powder formation or plowing. In addition, powder formation and plowing can be distinguished using a dimensionless parameter (Sc⁎) and a critical parameter (Sc,critical⁎).(3)Sc⁎=HvRmaxKIc(4)Sc,critical⁎=51+10μwhere Hv is the Vickers hardness of RH ceramics [Pa]. The initial wear mode of RH ceramics was determined as powder formation under all tested conditions, as demonstrated in Fig. 12(a). Furthermore, the wear-mode map at 2×104 cycles was constructed, as shown in Fig. 12(b). In the map, all plots moved near the transition curve to plowing. In particular, the plots for RH ceramics sliding against stainless steel or Al2O3 balls were nearer than SiC or Si3N4 balls. Therefore, RH ceramics sliding against SiC and Si3N4 balls showed relatively higher wear than the other counterpart materials. Nevertheless, these results from the wear-mode maps indicated that the wear mode of RH ceramics was powder formation accompanied with microcracks under all tested conditions in this study, resulting in low wear (<5×10−9mm2/N). Indeed, the observation of the worn surfaces revealed that the catastrophic wear of RH ceramics accompanied by large brittle fracture was prevented overall, as shown in Fig. 13.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14003272.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14003272.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..150c6e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14003272.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+T1	Process 79 102	piezoelectric load cell
+T2	Process 146 150	LSMB
+T3	Process 156 160	LSMB
+T4	Material 175 183	flexures
+T5	Process 348 357	load cell
+T6	Process 383 412	displacement and load sensors
+T7	Material 657 672	fretting loops.
+T8	Task 4 46	lateral force, Q, is measured and recorded
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14003272.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14003272.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d007e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0301679X14003272.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The lateral force, Q, is measured and recorded throughout the entire test by a piezoelectric load cell which is connected to the quasi-stationary LSMB. The LSMB is mounted on flexures which provide flexibility in the horizontal direction so that the majority of the lateral force is transmitted though the much stiffer load path which contains the load cell as shown in Fig. 2. Both displacement and load sensors have been calibrated (both externally and in-situ) in static conditions. The load and displacement signals are sampled at a rate of two hundred measurements per fretting cycle at all fretting frequencies, with these data being used to generate fretting loops. The loops were used to derive the contact slip amplitude and the energy coefficient of friction in each cycle according to the method suggested by Fouvry et al. [17]. Average values for these were calculated for each test (the average coefficient of friction included values associated with the initial transients in the tests as suggested by Hirsch and Neu [18]).
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0304399111001811.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0304399111001811.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acad2d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0304399111001811.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+T1	Process 32 86	electrons carrying quantized orbital angular momentum.
+T2	Material 147 157	plane wave
+T3	Material 191 202	lens system
+T4	Process 389 417	reduced Schrödinger equation
+T5	Material 661 669	vortices
+T7	Process 997 1030	Inclusion of spherical aberration
+T8	Process 1403 1452	creation of nm-sized or smaller electron vortices
+T10	Material 221 245	round, centered aperture
+T11	Material 272 280	aperture
+T12	Material 293 309	holographic mask
+T13	Material 448 456	aperture
+T14	Material 435 440	plane
+T15	Material 700 710	plane wave
+T16	Material 735 751	holographic mask
+T17	Process 926 944	angular divergence
+T18	Material 854 869	magnetic lenses
+T6	Process 1128 1145	Partial coherence
+T9	Material 1153 1166	incident wave
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0304399111001811.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0304399111001811.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0876a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0304399111001811.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+We have developed the theory of electrons carrying quantized orbital angular momentum. To make connection to realistic situations, we considered a plane wave moving along the optic axis of a lens system, intercepted by a round, centered aperture.88In the experiment, this aperture carries the holographic mask. It turns out that the movement along the optic axis can be separated off; the reduced Schrödinger equation operating in the plane of the aperture can be mapped onto Bessel's differential equation. The ensuing eigenfunctions fall into families with discrete orbital angular momentum ℏm along the optic axis where m is a magnetic quantum number. Those vortices can be produced by matching a plane wave after passage through a holographic mask with a fork dislocation to the eigenfunctions of the cylindrical problem. Vortices can be focussed by magnetic lenses into volcano-like charge distributions with very narrow angular divergence, resembling loop currents in the diffraction plane. Inclusion of spherical aberration changes the ringlike shape but does not destroy the central zero intensity of vortices with m≠0. Partial coherence of the incident wave leads to a rise of the central intensity minimum. It is shown that a very small source angle (i.e. a very high coherence) is necessary so as to keep the volcano structure intact. Their small angular width in the far field may allow the creation of nm-sized or smaller electron vortices but the demand for extremely high coherence of the source poses a serious difficulty.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S030439911200040X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S030439911200040X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b607c80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S030439911200040X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+T1	Material 17 35	1D radial profiles
+T2	Process 50 68	circular averaging
+T3	Process 107 127	elliptical averaging
+T4	Process 151 169	circular averaging
+T5	Process 190 201	astigmatism
+T6	Process 203 214	Astigmatism
+T7	Material 250 260	Thon rings
+T8	Material 319 329	1D profile
+T9	Material 435 445	Thon rings
+T10	Process 498 518	Canny edge detection
+T11	Process 551 571	elliptical averaging
+T12	Process 652 663	astigmatism
+T13	Process 752 757	ATLAS
+T14	Process 827 846	2D PSD optimization
+T15	Process 801 804	CTF
+T16	Process 72 91	2D experimental PSD
+T17	Process 412 415	PSD
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S030439911200040X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S030439911200040X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f5b1f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S030439911200040X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Some methods use 1D radial profiles obtained from circular averaging of 2D experimental PSD [4,8,11] or by elliptical averaging [17]. An inadequacy of circular averaging is that it neglects astigmatism. Astigmatism distorts the circular shape of the Thon rings and thus decreases their modulation depth in the obtained 1D profile. A few algorithms that consider astigmatism involve concepts such as dividing the PSD into sectors where Thon rings are approximated by circular arcs [15,21], applying Canny edge detection to find the rings [17] prior to elliptical averaging, determining the relationship between the 1D circular averages with and without astigmatism [22], or using a brute-force scan of a database containing precalculated patterns as in ATLAS [23]. Some other approaches for estimating CTF parameters do a fully 2D PSD optimization [12,14,18,20] but they usually regulate and fit numerous parameters by an extensive search that does not guarantee convergence. Furthermore, only a few schemes that were developed for defocus estimation provide an error analysis [23,24].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0305440314001927.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0305440314001927.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca98abe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0305440314001927.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+T2	Material 113 129	2D line drawings
+T3	Material 85 111	ordinary still photographs
+T4	Material 134 159	occasional cross-sections
+T8	Process 673 707	traditional digital photogrammetry
+T9	Process 780 794	laser scanning
+T10	Process 875 882	SfM–MVS
+T11	Task 1145 1170	archaeological landscapes
+T12	Task 1172 1177	sites
+T13	Task 1181 1190	artefacts
+T14	Process 1298 1323	terracotta warrior models
+T15	Process 205 214	3D models
+T16	Process 253 275	digital photogrammetry
+T17	Process 280 294	laser scanners
+T18	Task 331 358	data capture at close range
+T7	Process 435 449	laser scanners
+T19	Process 527 542	SfM–MVS methods
+T20	Material 940 954	digital camera
+T21	Process 966 1033	prior training about the required number and overlap of photographs
+T23	Process 1106 1123	recording process
+T24	Process 728 754	control of camera position
+T1	Task 35 63	recorded sites and artefacts
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0305440314001927.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0305440314001927.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14f99da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0305440314001927.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Traditionally, archaeologists have recorded sites and artefacts via a combination of ordinary still photographs, 2D line drawings and occasional cross-sections. Given these constraints, the attractions of 3D models have been obvious for some time, with digital photogrammetry and laser scanners offering two well-known methods for data capture at close range (e.g. Bates et al., 2010; Hess and Robson, 2010). The highest specification laser scanners still boast better positional accuracy and greater true colour fidelity than SfM–MVS methods (James and Robson, 2012), but the latter produce very good quality models nonetheless and have many unique selling points. Unlike traditional digital photogrammetry, little or no prior control of camera position is necessary, and unlike laser scanning, no major equipment costs or setup are involved. However, the key attraction of SfM–MVS is that the required input can be taken by anyone with a digital camera and modest prior training about the required number and overlap of photographs. A whole series of traditional bottlenecks are thereby removed from the recording process and large numbers of archaeological landscapes, sites or artefacts can now be captured rapidly, in the field, in the laboratory or in the museum. Fig. 2a–c shows examples of terracotta warrior models for which the level of surface detail is considerable.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269301015222.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269301015222.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd0dd43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269301015222.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+T1	Task 7 32	astronomical observations
+T2	Material 36 68	high redshift type Ia supernovae
+T3	Task 114 173	power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation
+T4	Process 357 404	Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) standard model
+T5	Material 679 700	cosmological constant
+T6	Process 708 729	vacuum energy density
+T7	Task 987 1016	cosmological constant problem
+T8	Task 1166 1185	coincidence problem
+T9	Process 190 199	BOOMERANG
+T10	Process 208 216	MAXIMA-1
+T11	Process 525 539	matter density
+T12	Process 735 745	ρΛ≡Λ/(8πG)
+T17	Task 1040 1078	question why Λ is so unnaturally small
+T18	Material 1126 1128	ρΛ
+T20	Task 408 417	cosmology
+T21	Process 540 541	ρ
+*	Synonym-of T11 T21
+T22	Process 568 584	critical density
+T23	Process 585 590	ρcrit
+*	Synonym-of T22 T23
+T24	Material 701 702	Λ
+*	Synonym-of T5 T24
+*	Synonym-of T6 T12
+T25	Process 773 774	ρ
+T26	Process 806 822	critical density
+T13	Process 918 940	deceleration parameter
+T14	Process 941 942	q
+*	Synonym-of T13 T14
+T15	Task 1201 1287	why ρ and ρΛ happen to be of the same order of magnitude precisely at this very moment
+*	Synonym-of T8 T15
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269301015222.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269301015222.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10541d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269301015222.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Recent astronomical observations of high redshift type Ia supernovae performed by two groups [1–3] as well as the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation obtained by the BOOMERANG [4] and MAXIMA-1 [5] experiments seem to indicate that at present the Universe is in a state of accelerated expansion. If one analyzes these data within the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) standard model of cosmology their most natural interpretation is that the Universe is spatially flat and that the (baryonic plus dark) matter density ρ is about one third of the critical density ρcrit. Most interestingly, the dominant contribution to the energy density is provided by the cosmological constant Λ. The vacuum energy density (1.1)ρΛ≡Λ/(8πG) is about twice as large as ρ, i.e., about two thirds of the critical density. With ΩM≡ρ/ρcrit, ΩΛ≡ρΛ/ρcrit and Ωtot≡ΩM+ΩΛ: (1.2)ΩM≈1/3,ΩΛ≈2/3,Ωtot≈1. This implies that the deceleration parameter q is approximately −1/2. While originally the cosmological constant problem [6] was related to the question why Λ is so unnaturally small, the discovery of the important role played by ρΛ has shifted the emphasis toward the “coincidence problem”, the question why ρ and ρΛ happen to be of the same order of magnitude precisely at this very moment [7].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302011838.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302011838.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31ef338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302011838.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+T1	Task 27 49	charged multiplicities
+T2	Task 51 94	evolution of multiplicities with centrality
+T3	Task 96 111	particle ratios
+T4	Task 116 149	transverse momentum distributions
+T5	Process 208 220	string model
+T6	Material 236 251	hard collisions
+T7	Material 253 286	collectivity in the initial state
+T8	Material 320 360	rescattering of the produced secondaries
+T9	Task 362 376	Multiplicities
+T10	Process 442 475	Transverse momentum distributions
+T11	Process 588 622	Discrepancies with particle ratios
+T20	Task 381 396	their evolution
+T12	Material 607 615	particle
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302011838.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302011838.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e204633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302011838.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+First results from RHIC on charged multiplicities, evolution of multiplicities with centrality, particle ratios and transverse momentum distributions in central and minimum bias collisions, are analyzed in a string model which includes hard collisions, collectivity in the initial state considered as string fusion, and rescattering of the produced secondaries. Multiplicities and their evolution with centrality are successfully reproduced. Transverse momentum distributions in the model show a larger pT-tail than experimental data, disagreement which grows with increasing centrality. Discrepancies with particle ratios appear and are examined comparing with previous features of the model at SPS.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302012492.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302012492.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8136a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302012492.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T2	Process 77 93	massless scalars
+T3	Process 101 117	self-dual string
+T6	Process 338 357	linear fluctuations
+T8	Process 481 510	higher angular momentum modes
+T9	Process 561 585	linearized approximation
+T10	Process 698 719	world volume solitons
+T11	Task 933 941	small ωR
+T12	Process 984 1004	approximate solution
+T1	Task 27 93	calculate the cross section for the absorption of massless scalars
+T13	Material 145 164	M-theory five-brane
+T4	Process 183 213	entirely world volume approach
+T5	Material 292 298	s-wave
+T7	Process 793 808	brane solutions
+T14	Process 1031 1051	approximate solution
+T15	Process 1098 1122	supergravity calculation
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302012492.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302012492.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71cff5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302012492.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In this section we wish to calculate the cross section for the absorption of massless scalars by the self-dual string in the world volume of the M-theory five-brane. We will adopt an entirely world volume approach similar to that of [21–23]. We begin by writing the equation satisfied by the s-wave with energy ω, φ(r,t)=φ(r)eiωt, of the linear fluctuations of the four overall transverse scalars about the self-dual string, (it is known that there are problems when one considers higher angular momentum modes [23], one must take care with the validity of the linearized approximation, this is discussed in [13]): (15)ρ−3ddρρ3ddρ+1+R6ω6ρ6φ(ρ)=0, where ρ=rω, R=Q1/3ℓp. Note, as pointed out by [11] world volume solitons have a much sharper potential than the Coulomb type potential typical of brane solutions in supergravity; thus this scattering is different to that of the string in six-dimensional supergravity. Nevertheless, for small ωR one may solve this problem by matching an approximate solution in the inner region to an approximate solution in the outer region; this follows closely the supergravity calculation [24].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302013412.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302013412.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0468ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302013412.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+T1	Task 3 107	consider cosmological consequences of a conformal-invariant formulation of Einstein's General Relativity
+T2	Process 43 107	conformal-invariant formulation of Einstein's General Relativity
+T3	Material 129 141	scale factor
+T4	Material 269 280	Planck mass
+T6	Process 386 421	temperature history of the universe
+T7	Process 441 453	mass history
+T8	Process 473 511	conformal-invariant cosmological model
+T19	Material 192 207	massless scalar
+T20	Material 209 216	dilaton
+*	Synonym-of T19 T20
+T21	Material 192 223	massless scalar (dilaton) field
+T22	Task 78 107	Einstein's General Relativity
+T23	Material 248 254	masses
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T4 Arg2:T23	
+T5	Process 337 374	Hoyle–Narlikar type of mass evolution
+T24	Process 297 322	expansion of the universe
+T25	Material 556 573	supernova Ia data
+T26	Process 582 619	effective magnitude–redshift relation
+T27	Material 630 651	cosmological constant
+T28	Process 682 704	high-redshift behavior
+T29	Task 733 751	standard cosmology
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302013412.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302013412.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cac8a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302013412.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+We consider cosmological consequences of a conformal-invariant formulation of Einstein's General Relativity where instead of the scale factor of the spatial metrics in the action functional a massless scalar (dilaton) field occurs which scales all masses including the Planck mass. Instead of the expansion of the universe we obtain the Hoyle–Narlikar type of mass evolution, where the temperature history of the universe is replaced by the mass history. We show that this conformal-invariant cosmological model gives a satisfactory description of the new supernova Ia data for the effective magnitude–redshift relation without a cosmological constant and make a prediction for the high-redshift behavior which deviates from that of standard cosmology for z>1.7.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014880.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014880.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3066435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014880.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+T1	Material 14 31	charmonium states
+T2	Task 171 191	experimental program
+T3	Material 333 349	original picture
+T4	Process 523 558	subsequent evolution of the system,
+T5	Material 573 592	hidden charm mesons
+T6	Process 620 685	absorption of pre-resonance charmonium states by nuclear nucleons
+T7	Process 720 768	interactions of charmonia with secondary hadrons
+T8	Process 785 838	dissociation of cc̄ bound states in deconfined medium
+T9	Process 886 901	J/ψ suppression
+T10	Material 951 965	proton–nucleus
+T11	Process 970 996	nucleus–nucleus collisions
+T12	Material 1002 1019	light projectiles
+T13	Task 1134 1149	NA50 experiment
+T14	Process 1284 1299	J/ψ suppression
+T15	Process 1318 1349	formation of quark–gluon plasma
+T16	Process 1367 1383	comover scenario
+T18	Material 246 249	J/ψ
+T19	Material 402 411	charmonia
+T20	Process 476 510	primary nucleon–nucleon collisions
+T21	Material 669 685	nuclear nucleons
+T22	Process 770 778	comovers
+T23	Process 840 861	anomalous suppression
+T24	Process 1090 1109	nuclear suppression
+T25	Material 1071 1088	sweeping nucleons
+T26	Material 1186 1191	Pb+Pb
+T17	Material 32 35	J/ψ
+T27	Material 40 42	ψ′
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T17 Arg2:T1	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T27 Arg2:T1	
+T28	Process 46 72	nucleus–nucleus collisions
+T29	Material 46 53	nucleus
+T30	Material 54 61	nucleus
+T31	Task 0 72	Production of charmonium states J/ψ and ψ′ in nucleus–nucleus collisions
+T32	Task 238 327	use the J/ψ as a probe of the state of matter created at the early stage of the collision
+T33	Material 484 491	nucleon
+T34	Material 492 499	nucleon
+T35	Process 687 713	normal nuclear suppression
+*	Synonym-of T35 T6
+T36	Material 736 745	charmonia
+T37	Material 761 768	hadrons
+*	Synonym-of T22 T7
+T38	Material 648 658	charmonium
+*	Synonym-of T8 T23
+T39	Material 801 804	cc̄
+T40	Material 886 889	J/ψ
+T41	Material 918 938	Drell–Yan muon pairs
+T42	Material 978 985	nucleus
+T43	Material 970 977	nucleus
+T44	Material 1223 1226	J/ψ
+T45	Material 1157 1184	heavy projectile and target
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T26 Arg2:T45	
+T46	Process 1223 1238	J/ψ suppression
+T47	Process 1243 1261	central collisions
+T48	Material 1284 1287	J/ψ
+T49	Material 1331 1349	quark–gluon plasma
+T50	Material 1351 1354	QGP
+*	Synonym-of T49 T50
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014880.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014880.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32e527c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014880.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Production of charmonium states J/ψ and ψ′ in nucleus–nucleus collisions has been studied at CERN SPS over the previous 15 years by the NA38 and NA50 Collaborations. This experimental program was mainly motivated by the suggestion [1] to use the J/ψ as a probe of the state of matter created at the early stage of the collision. The original picture [1] (see also [2] for a modern review) assumes that charmonia are created exclusively at the initial stage of the reaction in primary nucleon–nucleon collisions. During the subsequent evolution of the system, the number of hidden charm mesons is reduced because of: (a) absorption of pre-resonance charmonium states by nuclear nucleons (normal nuclear suppression), (b) interactions of charmonia with secondary hadrons (comovers), (c) dissociation of cc̄ bound states in deconfined medium (anomalous suppression). It was found [3] that J/ψ suppression with respect to Drell–Yan muon pairs measured in proton–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions with light projectiles can be explained by the so-called “normal” (due to sweeping nucleons) nuclear suppression alone. In contrast, the NA50 experiment with a heavy projectile and target (Pb+Pb) revealed essentially stronger J/ψ suppression for central collisions [4–7]. This anomalous J/ψ suppression was attributed to formation of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) [7], but a comover scenario cannot be excluded [8].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014892.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014892.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a492d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014892.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+T1	Task 39 72	formula for meson pair production
+T2	Task 259 266	formula
+T4	Process 839 862	two-photon annihilation
+T5	Process 913 940	electromagnetic form factor
+T7	Task 1117 1139	Brodsky–Lepage formula
+T8	Material 51 61	meson pair
+T9	Process 51 72	meson pair production
+T10	Material 174 195	electromagnetic meson
+T3	Process 313 378	neglecting part of the amplitudes with opposite photon helicities
+T11	Material 361 378	photon helicities
+T12	Process 636 664	partonic transverse momentum
+T13	Process 672 695	hard scattering process
+T14	Material 843 849	photon
+T15	Material 876 881	pions
+T16	Material 974 983	pion pair
+T6	Material 1002 1026	annihilation form factor
+T17	Material 1027 1033	R2π(s)
+*	Synonym-of T6 T17
+T18	Process 1151 1194	vanishing cross section for γγ annihilation
+T19	Material 1209 1230	neutral pseudoscalars
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014892.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014892.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce29ebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269302014892.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Brodsky and Lepage [8] have proposed a formula for meson pair production which looks similar to (25), except for a different charge factor and the appearance of the timelike electromagnetic meson form factor instead of the annihilation form factor R(s). This formula was obtained from the leading-twist result by neglecting part of the amplitudes with opposite photon helicities. As has been pointed out in [9], this part is however not approximately independent of the pion distribution amplitude and not generically small. We also remark that the appearance of Fπ(s) in the γγ→π+π− amplitude is no longer observed if corrections from partonic transverse momentum in the hard scattering process are taken into account, and that these corrections are not numerically small for the values of s we are dealing with [13]. Notice further that two-photon annihilation produces two pions in a C-even state, whereas the electromagnetic form factor projects on the C-odd state of a pion pair. In contrast, our annihilation form factor R2π(s) is C-even as discussed after (24). Finally, due to a particular charge factor, the Brodsky–Lepage formula leads to a vanishing cross section for γγ annihilation into pairs of neutral pseudoscalars.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269303015478.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269303015478.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be40f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269303015478.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+T1	Process 6 28	perturbative expansion
+T2	Process 105 132	tree-level unitarity bounds
+T3	Process 136 166	loop-improved unitarity bounds
+T4	Process 67 79	exact bounds
+T5	Process 195 211	unitarity bounds
+T6	Task 226 245	tree-level analysis
+T7	Task 257 276	tree level analysis
+T8	Process 309 328	equivalence theorem
+T9	Process 353 378	high-energy approximation
+T10	Material 455 473	gauge-boson masses
+T11	Process 541 560	equivalence theorem
+T12	Process 569 586	decoupling regime
+T13	Process 632 652	unitarity constraint
+T14	Process 706 721	quantum effects
+T15	Process 729 771	decays of the light CP-even Higgs boson h0
+T16	Task 690 771	investigate the quantum effects in the decays of the light CP-even Higgs boson h0
+T17	Task 784 864	looking for sizeable differences with respect to the SM in the decoupling regime
+T18	Process 847 864	decoupling regime
+T19	Process 837 839	SM
+T20	Material 757 768	Higgs boson
+T21	Material 769 771	h0
+*	Synonym-of T21 T20
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269303015478.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269303015478.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ddc556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269303015478.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Since perturbative expansion is used, it is impossible to find the exact bounds; instead, one can derive tree-level unitarity bounds or loop-improved unitarity bounds. In this study, we will use unitarity bounds coming from a tree-level analysis [20]. This tree level analysis is derived with the help of the equivalence theorem [21], which itself is a high-energy approximation where it is assumed that the energy scale is much larger than the Z0 and W± gauge-boson masses. We will consider here this “high-energy” hypothesis that both the equivalence theorem and the decoupling regime are well settled, but in such a way that the unitarity constraint is also fulfilled. Our purpose is to investigate the quantum effects in the decays of the light CP-even Higgs boson h0, especially looking for sizeable differences with respect to the SM in the decoupling regime.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269303017222.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269303017222.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0891426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269303017222.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+T1	Process 7 16	bag model
+T2	Process 43 74	oscillator confining potentials
+T3	Process 220 256	Pairwise spin-dependent interactions
+T4	Process 274 288	level ordering
+T5	Process 312 335	color-spin interactions
+T6	Process 368 392	flavor-spin interactions
+T7	Process 431 453	q3 color wave function
+T8	Process 476 509	flavor-spin-orbital wave function
+T9	Material 540 546	quarks
+T10	Process 566 591	flavor-spin wave function
+T11	Process 660 683	flavor-spin interaction
+T12	Material 692 697	quark
+T13	Process 719 740	orbital wave function
+T14	Process 773 798	flavor-spin wave function
+T15	Process 808 831	flavor-spin interaction
+T16	Material 1039 1044	quark
+T17	Process 905 920	mass splittings
+T18	Process 1039 1049	quark spin
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269303017222.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269303017222.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6814028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269303017222.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In the bag model and in linear or harmonic oscillator confining potentials, the first excited S-state lies above the lowest P-state, making the predicted Roper mass heavier than the lightest negative parity baryon mass. Pairwise spin-dependent interactions must reverse the level ordering. As mentioned earlier, color-spin interactions fail in this regard [29], while flavor-spin interactions produce the desired effect. Since the q3 color wave function is antisymmetric, the flavor-spin-orbital wave function is totally symmetric. For all quarks in an S-state, the flavor-spin wave function is totally symmetric all by itself and leads to the most attractive flavor-spin interaction. If one quark is in a P-state, the orbital wave function is mixed symmetry and so is the flavor-spin wave function, and the flavor-spin interaction is a less attractive. In the SU(3)F symmetric case, Eq. (1), one obtains mass splittings (2)ΔMχ=−14Cχ,N(939),N∗(1440),−4Cχ,Δ(1232),−2Cχ,N∗(1535). Here we have approximated the N∗(1535) as a state with total quark spin-1/2.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S037026930301801X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S037026930301801X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b312e18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S037026930301801X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+T1	Process 421 433	decay energy
+T2	Process 544 566	breakup cross-sections
+T3	Material 870 885	alpha-particles
+T4	Material 891 907	valence neutrons
+T6	Task 915 984	comprehensive measurements of the neutron-removal and cluster breakup
+T7	Process 969 984	cluster breakup
+T8	Material 70 91	di-cluster structures
+T9	Process 125 140	breakup process
+T10	Process 173 229	wavefunctions of the ground state and the excited states
+T11	Process 235 278	first-chance cluster breakup cross-sections
+T12	Material 318 345	xHe+A−xHe cluster structure
+T13	Material 605 611	nuclei
+T14	Process 693 711	reaction mechanics
+T15	Material 821 842	neutron rich isotopes
+T16	Process 949 964	neutron-removal
+T5	Process 789 813	dominant structural mode
+T17	Material 1064 1088	neutron-rich Be isotopes
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S037026930301801X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S037026930301801X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c71386a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S037026930301801X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The measurements presented here provide evidence for the existence of di-cluster structures in 10–12,14Be. Certainly, if the breakup process samples the overlap between the wavefunctions of the ground state and the excited states, the first-chance cluster breakup cross-sections, shown in Fig. 4(a), indicate that the xHe+A−xHe cluster structure does not decrease over the mass range A=10, 12 and 14. Given also that the decay energy threshold increases with mass number, the present data may even indicate a slight increase in clustering. The breakup cross-sections also appear to demonstrate that these nuclei possess a stronger structural overlap with an α–Xn–α configuration, although the reaction mechanics by which this final state is reached may be complex. That is to say that the dominant structural mode of the neutron rich isotopes may be identified with two alpha-particles plus valence neutrons. These comprehensive measurements of the neutron-removal and cluster breakup for the first time provide experimental data whereby the structure of the most neutron-rich Be isotopes can be modeled via their reactions.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304005829.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304005829.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b886830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304005829.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T1	Material 34 50	beta-beam source
+T2	Material 79 100	static tritium source
+T3	Process 122 132	beta-beams
+T4	Process 145 160	neutrino fluxes
+T5	Process 213 241	electron–neutrino scattering
+T6	Material 458 470	reactor case
+T7	Material 554 570	electron recoils
+T8	Material 595 611	beta-beam source
+T9	Process 692 716	neutrino magnetic moment
+T10	Material 753 766	Helium-6 ions
+T11	Material 692 700	neutrino
+T12	Material 213 221	electron
+T13	Material 222 230	neutrino
+T14	Material 145 153	neutrino
+T15	Material 815 824	neutrinos
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304005829.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304005829.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcbabe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304005829.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Let us now consider the case of a beta-beam source. Similarly to the case of a static tritium source, an advantage of the beta-beams is that the neutrino fluxes can be very accurately calculated. Fig. 3 shows the electron–neutrino scattering events in the range of 0.1 MeV to 1 MeV and 1 keV to 10 keV, respectively. (In Fig. 3(b) we have rounded to the nearest integer number of counts.) The shape of the flux-averaged cross sections is very similar to the reactor case as reflected in the event rates shown in the figures. As can be seen, by measuring electron recoils in the keV range with a beta-beam source one could, with a sufficiently strong source, have a very clear signature for a neutrino magnetic moment of 5×10−11μB. These figures are for Helium-6 ions, however, similar results can be obtained using neutrinos from 18Ne. The results shown are obtained for an intensity of 1015 ν/s (i.e., 1015  ions/s). If there is no magnetic moment, this intensity will produce about 170 events in the 0.1 MeV to 1 MeV range per year and 3 events in the 1 keV to 10 keV range per year. These numbers increase to 210 and 55, respectively, in the case of a magnetic moment of 5×10−11μB.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007567.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007567.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1fd27c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007567.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+T1	Material 29 43	drift chambers
+T2	Material 94 127	flash analog-to-digital converter
+T3	Material 288 320	drift chamber simulation package
+T4	Material 322 330	GARFIELD
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T4 Arg2:T3	
+T5	Material 343 374	gas property simulation package
+T6	Material 376 384	MAGBOLTZ
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T6 Arg2:T5	
+T7	Process 894 908	magnetic field
+T8	Process 975 996	chamber manufacturing
+T9	Material 975 982	chamber
+T10	Process 720 732	x–t relation
+T11	Process 172 224	relation between the hit position and the drift time
+T12	Process 226 238	x–t relation
+*	Synonym-of T12 T11
+T13	Process 245 257	x–t relation
+T14	Material 404 412	chambers
+T15	Process 1027 1039	x–t relation
+T16	Process 1271 1283	x–t relation
+T17	Material 1109 1120	chamber gas
+T18	Process 1187 1199	x–t relation
+T19	Material 1287 1291	ODCs
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007567.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007567.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8191c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007567.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Each hit position inside the drift chambers was calculated from the drift time digitized by a flash analog-to-digital converter. The calculation was carried out based on a relation between the hit position and the drift time (x–t relation). The x–t relation was precisely calculated by a drift chamber simulation package, GARFIELD [20], and a gas property simulation package, MAGBOLTZ [21]. Although the chambers were constructed carefully with a tolerance of 100 μm, there was a small position deviation of wires and field-shaping patterns, which could locally modify the electric field. In order to take account of the limited accuracy in the chamber manufacturing, a correction was commonly applied to the calculated x–t relation throughout the experiments. The correction was obtained to minimize the χ2 in the fitting of straight tracks of clean muon events observed on the ground without magnetic field. The correction was as small as expected from the accuracy in the chamber manufacturing. During the observations, the x–t relation was affected by the variation in the pressure and temperature of the chamber gas. In order to take account of these time-dependent variations, the x–t relation was calibrated for each data-taking run. Especially in calibrating the x–t relation of ODCs, an absolute reference positions were provided by SciFi, which are not affected by the variation in the pressure nor temperature.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007816.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007816.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61a6cf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007816.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+T1	Process 16 34	multispecies model
+T2	Process 73 119	harmonic, two-body and three-body interactions
+T3	Task 3 67	define a new multispecies model of Calogero type in D dimensions
+T4	Process 142 167	conformal SU(1,1) algebra
+T6	Process 281 307	equidistant energy spectra
+T7	Process 490 516	construct ladder operators
+T8	Process 442 480	find their corresponding eigenenergies
+T9	Process 338 374	construct all polynomial eigenstates
+T10	Task 553 587	Analysing corresponding Fock space
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007816.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007816.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..032baf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304007816.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+We define a new multispecies model of Calogero type in D dimensions with harmonic, two-body and three-body interactions. Using the underlying conformal SU(1,1) algebra, we indicate how to find the complete set of the states in Bargmann–Fock space. There are towers of states, with equidistant energy spectra in each tower. We explicitely construct all polynomial eigenstates, namely the center-of-mass states and global dilatation modes, and find their corresponding eigenenergies. We also construct ladder operators for these global collective states. Analysing corresponding Fock space, we detect the universal critical point at which the model exhibits singular behavior. The above results are universal for all systems with underlying conformal SU(1,1) symmetry.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008421.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008421.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88487a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008421.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T1	Material 19 21	Pc
+T2	Process 208 227	matter Hamiltonians
+T3	Process 197 203	vacuum
+T4	Process 109 129	conversion in matter
+T5	Process 150 189	relative orientation of the eigenstates
+T6	Process 269 296	analytical solutions for Pc
+T7	Material 294 296	Pc
+T8	Material 371 374	NSI
+T9	Process 332 379	generalization of these results to the NSI case
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T7 Arg2:T8	
+T10	Process 569 591	adiabaticity violation
+T11	Material 812 820	neutrino
+T12	Material 880 888	neutrino
+T13	Material 962 964	Pc
+T14	Material 1101 1109	neutrino
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008421.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008421.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02fa6f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008421.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The expression for Pc is also easily found in the same basis, where it becomes apparent that the dynamics of conversion in matter depends only on the relative orientation of the eigenstates of the vacuum and matter Hamiltonians. This allows to directly apply the known analytical solutions for Pc, and, upon rotating back, obtain a generalization of these results to the NSI case. For example, the answer for the infinite exponential profile [18,19] A∝exp(−r/r0) becomes Pc=exp[γ(1−cos2θrel)/2]−1exp(γ)−1, where γ≡4πr0Δ=πr0Δm2/Eν. We further observe that since γ⪢1 the adiabaticity violation occurs only when |θ−α|⪡1 and φ≃π/2, which is the analogue of the small-angle MSW [10,20] effect in the rotated basis. The “resonant” region in the Sun where level jumping can take place is narrow, defined by A≃Δ [21]. A neutrino produced at a lower density evolves adiabatically, while a neutrino produced at a higher density may undergo level crossing. The probability Pc in the latter case is given to a very good accuracy by the formula for the linear profile, with an appropriate gradient taken along the neutrino trajectory, (12)Pc≃Θ(A−Δ)e−γ(cos2θrel+1)/2, where Θ(x) is the step function, Θ(x)=1 for x>0 and Θ(x)=0 otherwise. We emphasize that our results differ from the similar ones given in [5,22] in three important respects: (i) they are valid for all, not just small values of α (which is essential for our application), (ii) they include the angle φ, and (iii) the argument of the Θ function does not contain cos2θ, as follows from [21]. We stress that for large values of α and φ≃π/2 adiabaticity is violated for large values of θ.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008494.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008494.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32a010b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008494.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+T1	Task 26 41	nuclear physics
+T2	Task 49 111	observation of at least partial restoration of chiral symmetry
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T2 Arg2:T1	
+T3	Material 123 145	chiral order parameter
+T4	Material 147 150	q̄q
+*	Synonym-of T4 T3
+T5	Material 207 221	nuclear matter
+T6	Material 278 294	quark condensate
+T7	Process 332 354	photonuclear reactions
+T8	Process 383 421	partial restoration of chiral symmetry
+T9	Material 462 469	σ meson
+T10	Material 499 503	pion
+T11	Material 511 525	nuclear medium
+T12	Material 477 491	chiral partner
+T13	Material 627 633	photon
+T14	Process 627 651	photon induced reactions
+T15	Material 655 661	nuclei
+T16	Material 747 754	σ meson
+T17	Process 936 960	nuclear many-body system
+T18	Material 1117 1123	nuclei
+T19	Material 1203 1206	QCD
+T20	Task 1071 1109	partial restoration of chiral symmetry
+T21	Process 969 1038	Measuring a threshold enhancement of the π0π0 invariant mass spectrum
+T22	Process 854 864	σ→ππ decay
+T23	Process 555 601	measuring the π0π0 invariant mass distribution
+T24	Material 718 731	quasiparticle
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008494.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008494.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b2df23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304008494.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+One major goal of current nuclear physics is the observation of at least partial restoration of chiral symmetry. Since the chiral order parameter 〈q̄q〉 is expected to decrease by about 30% already at normal nuclear matter density [1–4], any in-medium change due to the dropping quark condensate should in principle be observable in photonuclear reactions. The conjecture that such a partial restoration of chiral symmetry causes a softening and narrowing of the σ meson as the chiral partner of the pion in the nuclear medium [5,6] has led to the idea of measuring the π0π0 invariant mass distribution near the 2π threshold in photon induced reactions on nuclei [7]. In contrast to its questionable nature as a proper quasiparticle in vacuum, the σ meson might develop a much narrower peak at finite baryon density due to phase-space suppression for the σ→ππ decay, hence making it possible to explore its properties when embedded in a nuclear many-body system [8–11]. Measuring a threshold enhancement of the π0π0 invariant mass spectrum might serve as a signal for the partial restoration of chiral symmetry inside nuclei and, therefore, give information about one of the most fundamental features of QCD.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304009293.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304009293.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9beda7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304009293.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+T1	Material 3 6	OPE
+T2	Material 10 17	VQCD(r)
+T3	Process 358 377	multipole expansion
+T4	Material 624 637	QCD potential
+T5	Process 673 692	multipole expansion
+T6	Process 876 902	dimensional regularization
+T7	Process 937 956	hard cutoff schemes
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304009293.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304009293.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60eb068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304009293.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+An OPE of VQCD(r) was developed in [3]. In this and the next paragraph, we review the content of that paper relevant to our analysis. Within this framework, short-distance contributions are contained in the potentials, which are in fact the Wilson coefficients, while non-perturbative contributions are contained in the matrix elements that are organized in multipole expansion in r→ at r≪ΛQCD−1. The following relation was derived: (16)VQCD(r)=VS(r)+δEUS(r),(17)δEUS=−ig2TFNC∫0∞dte−iΔV(r)t×〈r→⋅E→a(t)φadj(t,0)abr→⋅E→b(0)〉+O(r3). VS(r) denotes the singlet potential. δEUS(r) denotes the non-perturbative contribution to the QCD potential, which starts at O(ΛQCD3r2) in the multipole expansion. ΔV(r)=VO(r)−VS(r) denotes the difference between the octet and singlet potentials; see [3] for details. Intuitively VS(r) corresponds to VUV(r;μf) and δEUS(r) to VIR(r;μf). We adopt dimensional regularization in our analysis; we also refer to hard cutoff schemes when discussing conceptual aspects.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304012638.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304012638.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f79173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304012638.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+T1	Material 114 126	two-loop QED
+T2	Process 114 143	two-loop QED effective action
+T3	Process 203 218	one-loop action
+T4	Process 299 311	higher loops
+T5	Process 384 409	all-loop effective action
+T6	Task 681 718	analysis of N=2 covariant supergraphs
+T7	Material 697 718	covariant supergraphs
+T8	Process 856 871	D3-brane action
+T9	Material 875 882	AdS5×S5
+T10	Material 934 948	Coulomb branch
+T11	Material 959 970	gauge group
+T12	Material 971 976	SU(N)
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T12 Arg2:T11	
+T13	Material 1001 1013	SU(N−1)×U(1)
+T14	Material 917 926	SU(N) SYM
+T15	Task 1051 1078	F6 tests of this conjecture
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0370269304012638.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304012638.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dce03a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0370269304012638.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+It has recently been demonstrated [15] (see also [13] and references therein) that for a self-dual background the two-loop QED effective action takes a remarkably simple form that is very similar to the one-loop action in the same background. There are expectations that this similarity persists at higher loops, and therefore there should be some remarkable structure encoded in the all-loop effective action for gauge theories. In the supersymmetric case, one has to replace the requirement of self-duality by that of relaxed super self-duality [16] in order to arrive at conclusions similar to those given in [15]. Further progress in this direction may be achieved through the analysis of N=2 covariant supergraphs. Finally, we believe that the results of this Letter may be helpful in the context of the conjectured correspondence [17–19] between the D3-brane action in AdS5×S5 and the low-energy action for N=4 SU(N) SYM on its Coulomb branch, with the gauge group SU(N) spontaneously broken to SU(N−1)×U(1). There have appeared two independent F6 tests of this conjecture [19,20], with conflicting conclusions. The approach advocated here provides the opportunity for a further test.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S037877531001949X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S037877531001949X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55c1dc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S037877531001949X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+T1	Task 4 33	Substrate Induced Coagulation
+T2	Task 35 38	SIC
+*	Synonym-of T1 T2
+T3	Material 223 236	carbon blacks
+T4	Process 302 332	electromagnetic wave shielding
+T5	Process 341 354	metallization
+T6	Material 383 404	printed wiring boards
+T7	Material 432 451	conducting polymers
+T8	Material 461 467	Teflon
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T7	
+T9	Process 502 513	dip-coating
+T10	Process 663 685	meta-stable dispersion
+T11	Process 711 722	SIC coating
+T12	Material 734 746	carbon black
+T13	Process 866 893	LiCoO2-composite electrodes
+T14	Process 898 914	Li-ion batteries
+T15	Process 105 112	coating
+T16	Process 40 47	coating
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S037877531001949X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S037877531001949X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ece047f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S037877531001949X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The Substrate Induced Coagulation (SIC) coating process provides a self assembled and almost binder free coating with small particles. Most research so far has been used to coat a variety of surfaces with highly conductive carbon blacks [34,35,36]. Layers deposited by this technique have been used in electromagnetic wave shielding, in the metallization process of through-holes in printed wiring boards, and in the manufacture of conducting polymers (such as Teflon) [37,38,39]. An advantage of this dip-coating process is that it can be used for any kind of surface, provided the substrate is stable in water and that the particles used for the coating form a meta-stable dispersion. Recently, a non-aqueous SIC coating process of carbon black was developed by investigating the stabilities of non-aqueous dispersions [36]. These dispersions were used to prepare LiCoO2-composite electrodes for Li-ion batteries with an improved conductivity while keeping the content of active battery material high [35].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0885230816301759.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0885230816301759.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..049640e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0885230816301759.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+T1	Task 158 226	provides non-native learners with feedback on sentence stress errors
+T2	Task 361 399	predict and detect the sentence stress
+T3	Material 815 826	CALL system
+T4	Process 22 53	sentence stress feedback system
+T5	Process 446 477	prediction and detection models
+T6	Process 517 548	stress feedback provision model
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0885230816301759.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0885230816301759.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..832ecab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0885230816301759.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This paper proposes a sentence stress feedback system in which sentence stress prediction, detection, and feedback provision models are combined. This system provides non-native learners with feedback on sentence stress errors so that they can improve their English rhythm and fluency in a self-study setting. The sentence stress feedback system was devised to predict and detect the sentence stress of any practice sentence. The accuracy of the prediction and detection models was 96.6% and 84.1%, respectively. The stress feedback provision model offers positive or negative stress feedback for each spoken word by comparing the probability of the predicted stress pattern with that of the detected stress pattern. In an experiment that evaluated the educational effect of the proposed system incorporated in our CALL system, significant improvements in accentedness and rhythm were seen with the students who trained with our system but not with those in the control group.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S092583881302834X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S092583881302834X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..242640f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S092583881302834X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+T1	Material 21 24	MGs
+T2	Task 235 266	search for a BE in plastic flow
+T3	Process 319 332	shear-banding
+T4	Process 402 423	Anelastic deformation
+T5	Process 663 689	shear transformation zones
+T6	Process 691 695	STZs
+*	Synonym-of T5 T6
+T7	Task 791 818	observe anelasticity in MGs
+T8	Task 1064 1107	investigate the effects of torque reversal.
+T9	Material 299 302	MGs
+T10	Material 178 180	MG
+T11	Material 745 748	MGs
+T12	Material 973 975	MG
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S092583881302834X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S092583881302834X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb16ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S092583881302834X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Plastically deformed MGs develop inhomogeneity and show harder and softer regions [16]. While this could in principle be associated with a BE according to the composite model, a MG provides no basis for a dislocation-based theory. The search for a BE in plastic flow is hindered by the softening of MGs associated with shear-banding (in contrast to the work-hardening familiar in conventional alloys). Anelastic deformation is, however, of interest as its time-dependence must relate to relaxation processes in the MG structure that in turn should be connected to the onset of plasticity. In particular, anelasticity may offer a way to study the operation of the shear transformation zones (STZs [17]) often used to interpret the deformation of MGs. Fujita et al. have used torsion tests to observe anelasticity in MGs loaded (at maximum, on the cylindrical sample surface) to 30%, 16% and just 4% of the shear yield stress τy [18]. In the present work we apply torsion to MG samples to reach stresses up to 24% of τy, and for the first time in the elastic regime investigate the effects of torque reversal.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0925838814009669.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0925838814009669.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b969f02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0925838814009669.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+T1	Material 0 3	SPS
+T3	Process 102 115	consolidation
+T4	Task 127 193	investigated the effect of processing of cryomilled Al 5083 powder
+T5	Process 198 201	SPS
+T6	Process 208 255	X-ray Diffraction (XRD) grain size calculations
+T8	Process 638 709	combination of cryomilling and SPS of AA-5356/B4C nanocomposites powder
+T9	Task 824 914	investigated the effect of SPS on mechanically milled AA6061 (Al–Mg–Si) micro-alloy powder
+T10	Process 273 276	SPS
+T11	Material 491 494	SPS
+T12	Material 787 805	bulk nanocomposite
+T13	Material 1020 1023	SPS
+T16	Material 1143 1170	unmilled and milled powders
+T17	Material 1266 1296	milled nanocrystalline powders
+T2	Process 44 115	retain the nanostructure of aluminum alloy powders during consolidation
+T18	Material 55 94	nanostructure of aluminum alloy powders
+T19	Material 72 94	aluminum alloy powders
+T20	Process 154 193	processing of cryomilled Al 5083 powder
+T21	Material 168 193	cryomilled Al 5083 powder
+T22	Process 208 225	X-ray Diffraction
+T23	Process 227 230	XRD
+*	Synonym-of T22 T23
+T24	Material 319 324	alloy
+T7	Process 438 453	nanoindentation
+T25	Material 471 477	AA5083
+T26	Process 653 664	cryomilling
+T27	Process 669 672	SPS
+T28	Material 676 709	AA-5356/B4C nanocomposites powder
+T29	Process 851 854	SPS
+T30	Material 858 914	mechanically milled AA6061 (Al–Mg–Si) micro-alloy powder
+T31	Material 858 884	mechanically milled AA6061
+T32	Material 886 894	Al–Mg–Si
+*	Synonym-of T31 T32
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0925838814009669.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0925838814009669.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdbd236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0925838814009669.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+SPS has been utilized in several studies to retain the nanostructure of aluminum alloy powders during consolidation. Ye et al. investigated the effect of processing of cryomilled Al 5083 powder via SPS [13]. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) grain size calculations before and after SPS showed that the average grain size of the alloy only increased from 25nm to 50nm (from powder to bulk state). Subsequently, the hardness values obtained through nanoindentation for specimens of AA5083 produced via SPS were highly improved in comparison to conventional sintering methods were grain coarsening takes place on a larger scale. In another study the combination of cryomilling and SPS of AA-5356/B4C nanocomposites powder was found to largely improve the microhardness and flexural strengths of the bulk nanocomposite. Rana et al. [14] investigated the effect of SPS on mechanically milled AA6061 (Al–Mg–Si) micro-alloy powder. The average grain size after 20h of milling was ∼35nm and increased to only ∼85nm after processing with SPS at 500°C. Microhardness and compressive tests were carried out on the consolidated near full density specimens of both unmilled and milled powders and the results showed significant increase in both hardness and compressive strengths for the milled nanocrystalline powders as a result of the very fine grain size.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0927025614003322.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0927025614003322.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59d480e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0927025614003322.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+T1	Task 15 48	high-throughput materials science
+T4	Process 304 317	WEB-based API
+T5	Material 374 391	AFLOWLIB database
+T6	Task 329 391	improve the accessibility and utility of the AFLOWLIB database
+T10	Material 563 584	simulation provenance
+T11	Material 589 607	runtime properties
+T12	Process 804 830	sharing of updates of data
+T13	Material 893 913	alloy phase diagrams
+T2	Task 207 275	efficient interfaces to interrogate available data on various levels
+T3	Material 471 490	physical properties
+T7	Material 492 549	thermodynamic, crystallographic, or mechanical properties
+*	Synonym-of T3 T7
+T8	Process 673 724	browse a class of materials with a desired property
+T9	Process 745 768	higher level work-flows
+T14	Process 774 783	interface
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0927025614003322.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0927025614003322.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d063ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0927025614003322.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A principle of high-throughput materials science is that one does not know a priori where the value of the data lies for any specific application. Trends and insights are deduced a posteriori. This requires efficient interfaces to interrogate available data on various levels. We have developed a simple WEB-based API to greatly improve the accessibility and utility of the AFLOWLIB database [14] to the scientific community. Through it, the client can access calculated physical properties (thermodynamic, crystallographic, or mechanical properties), as well as simulation provenance and runtime properties of the included systems. The data may be used directly (e.g., to browse a class of materials with a desired property) or integrated into higher level work-flows. The interface also allows for the sharing of updates of data used in previous published works, e.g., previously calculated alloy phase diagrams [19–31], thus the database can be expanded systematically.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0927025614006181.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0927025614006181.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cf4ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0927025614006181.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+T1	Process 4 27	Discrete Element Method
+T2	Material 39 46	spheres
+T3	Material 177 195	granular materials
+T4	Process 412 443	explicit time stepping approach
+T5	Process 473 508	translational and rotational motion
+T6	Process 545 551	forces
+T7	Process 666 702	linear spring–dashpot–slider analogy
+T8	Process 945 962	Particle cohesion
+T9	Process 1042 1077	translational and rotational motion
+T10	Process 1115 1170	half step leap-frog Verlet numerical integration scheme
+T11	Material 1181 1199	particle positions
+T12	Material 1204 1214	velocities
+T13	Task 147 195	modelling packing and flow of granular materials
+T14	Process 1216 1236	Near-neighbour lists
+T16	Process 556 563	moments
+T17	Process 447 468	numerically integrate
+T18	Material 601 642	inter-particle and particle wall contacts
+T19	Process 704 718	Contact forces
+T20	Material 812 829	particles centres
+T21	Process 831 857	Particle elastic stiffness
+T22	Material 831 847	Particle elastic
+T23	Process 868 884	sphere “overlap”
+T24	Process 917 932	contact damping
+T25	Material 1086 1094	particle
+T26	Material 1302 1319	particle contacts
+T27	Process 1326 1339	zoning method
+T15	Material 1435 1450	particle centre
+T28	Material 1485 1505	contacting particles
+T29	Material 868 874	sphere
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0927025614006181.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0927025614006181.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fce0ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0927025614006181.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The Discrete Element Method applied to spheres is well established as a reasonably realistic tool, in a wide range of engineering disciplines, for modelling packing and flow of granular materials; Asmar et al. [8] describes the fundamentals of this method as applied by code developed in-house at Nottingham; since these are widely documented the details are not reproduced here, simply a summary. It applies an explicit time stepping approach to numerically integrate the translational and rotational motion of each particle from the resulting forces and moments acting on them at each timestep. The inter-particle and particle wall contacts are modelled using the linear spring–dashpot–slider analogy. Contact forces are modelled in the normal and tangential directions with respect to the line connecting the particles centres. Particle elastic stiffness is set so sphere “overlap” is not significant and moderate contact damping is applied. Particle cohesion can also be modelled but is assumed to be negligible in the current study. The translational and rotational motion of each particle is modelled using a half step leap-frog Verlet numerical integration scheme to update particle positions and velocities. Near-neighbour lists are used to increase the computational efficiency of determining particle contacts and a zoning method is used each time the list is composed; that is the system is divided into cubic regions, each particle centre is within one zone, and potential contacting particles are within the same or next-door neighbour zones. Full details are given in Asmar et al. [8].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0927025615006357.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0927025615006357.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ca387a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0927025615006357.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+T1	Process 15 39	crystal plasticity model
+T2	Process 61 65	XFEM
+T3	Task 87 136	study cyclic deformation and fatigue crack growth
+T4	Material 142 170	nickel-based superalloy LSHR
+T5	Process 288 318	RVE-based finite element model
+T6	Process 453 490	crystal plasticity constitutive model
+T7	Material 563 595	user-defined material subroutine
+T8	Material 597 601	UMAT
+T9	Material 646 652	ABAQUS
+T10	Process 706 729	finite element analyses
+T11	Process 827 839	crack growth
+T12	Process 857 871	XFEM technique
+T13	Process 880 914	calibrated crystal plasticity UMAT
+T14	Process 938 952	plastic strain
+T15	Material 172 198	Low Solvus High Refractory
+T16	Material 166 170	LSHR
+*	Synonym-of T16 T15
+T17	Process 507 525	cyclic deformation
+*	Synonym-of T7 T8
+T18	Task 819 839	predict crack growth
+T19	Task 423 490	determine the parameters of a crystal plasticity constitutive model
+T20	Task 265 318	develop and evaluate a RVE-based finite element model
+T21	Material 741 790	monotonic, stress relaxation and cyclic test data
+T22	Process 969 987	fracture criterion
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0927025615006357.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0927025615006357.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9568ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0927025615006357.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In this paper, crystal plasticity model, in combination with XFEM, has been applied to study cyclic deformation and fatigue crack growth in a nickel-based superalloy LSHR (Low Solvus High Refractory) at high temperature. The first objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a RVE-based finite element model with the incorporation of a realistic material microstructure. The second objective of this work was to determine the parameters of a crystal plasticity constitutive model to describe the cyclic deformation behaviour of the material by using a user-defined material subroutine (UMAT) interfaced with the finite element package ABAQUS. The model parameters were calibrated from extensive finite element analyses to fit the monotonic, stress relaxation and cyclic test data. The third objective was to predict crack growth by combining the XFEM technique and the calibrated crystal plasticity UMAT, for which accumulated plastic strain was used as the fracture criterion.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S096386951400070X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S096386951400070X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e36327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S096386951400070X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+T2	Process 105 150	electrical resonance of an eddy current probe
+T3	Material 175 188	impedance SNR
+T4	Material 209 212	SNR
+T5	Process 347 387	defect-decoupling resonance-shift effect
+T6	Process 414 458	near electrical resonance signal enhancement
+T7	Process 460 465	NERSE
+*	Synonym-of T6 T7
+T8	Process 479 484	NERSE
+T9	Process 535 549	ECT inspection
+T10	Process 825 830	NERSE
+T11	Material 657 677	electrical impedance
+T1	Material 132 150	eddy current probe
+T12	Material 303 306	SNR
+T13	Task 15 48	highlighted a band of frequencies
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S096386951400070X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S096386951400070X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ba0396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S096386951400070X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This paper has highlighted a band of frequencies, outside the conventional operation range, and close to electrical resonance of an eddy current probe, where the magnitude of impedance SNR reaches a peak. The SNR of scans of three slots of varying depth were enhanced by a factor of up to 3.7, from the SNR measured at 1MHz. This is a result of a defect-decoupling resonance-shift effect and is referred to as the near electrical resonance signal enhancement (NERSE) phenomenon. NERSE frequency operation has significant potential for ECT inspection, and opens up a range of investigative possibilities. Within this investigation, only the magnitude of the electrical impedance has been analyzed. An immediate extension of this investigation will be to consider phase information, and determine whether a similar exploitable NERSE effect exists.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000875.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000875.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eae9f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000875.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+T1	Task 76 120	use of other time–frequency analysis methods
+T2	Process 126 142	STFT spectrogram
+T5	Process 436 459	time–frequency analysis
+T6	Process 469 494	discrete wavelet analysis
+T7	Process 522 547	multi-resolution analysis
+T8	Material 571 590	temporal resolution
+T9	Material 629 649	frequency resolution
+T10	Material 737 745	SH waves
+T11	Process 768 773	EMATs
+T12	Material 969 998	longitudinal ultrasonic waves
+T13	Material 1002 1023	electromagnetic waves
+T14	Process 89 112	time–frequency analysis
+T3	Process 281 292	spectrogram
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T6 Arg2:T5	
+T4	Material 397 417	frequency resolution
+T15	Material 308 324	fixed resolution
+T16	Material 346 361	time resolution
+T17	Material 657 681	low frequency components
+T18	Material 806 825	pulsed array system
+T19	Task 889 949	demonstrating this phenomenon with a number of other systems
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000875.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000875.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eff66af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000875.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+There are a number of avenues to explore for future work, in particular the use of other time–frequency analysis methods. The STFT spectrogram was utilised here, as it is the simplest to implement. Whilst all of the echoes could be clearly resolved in both time and frequency, the spectrogram suffers from a fixed resolution, i.e. an increase of time resolution necessarily leads to a decrease in frequency resolution. Other methods of time–frequency analysis, such as discrete wavelet analysis, benefit from advantage of multi-resolution analysis, which offers improved temporal resolution of the high frequency components, and frequency resolution of the low frequency components [25,18,19]. Also, whilst the current work has utilised SH waves that are generated by EMATs, the physics that describes the pulsed array system is universal to other types of waves. Future work will include demonstrating this phenomenon with a number of other systems, for example using longitudinal ultrasonic waves or electromagnetic waves.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000954.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000954.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7c9335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000954.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+T1	Process 0 30	Global optimisation algorithms
+T2	Task 57 87	solve the optimisation problem
+T3	Material 231 250	local minima/maxima
+T4	Process 256 273	genetic algorithm
+T5	Process 275 277	GA
+T6	Process 289 318	global optimisation technique
+*	Synonym-of T4 T5
+T7	Material 470 494	decision variable domain
+T8	Material 496 497	X
+*	Synonym-of T7 T8
+T9	Material 633 643	population
+T10	Material 645 651	parent
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T10 Arg2:T9	
+T11	Process 872 874	GA
+T12	Process 125 162	incorporating statistical information
+T13	Process 192 211	objective functions
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T6 Arg2:T5	
+T14	Process 324 361	mimics biological evolution processes
+T15	Process 428 460	random selection of a population
+T16	Process 504 521	genetic algorithm
+T17	Process 587 623	selects a group of individual values
+T18	Process 679 688	crossover
+T19	Process 692 700	mutation
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000954.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000954.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2603c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514000954.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Global optimisation algorithms are used in this study to solve the optimisation problem as they are known to be efficient in incorporating statistical information and dealing with complicated objective functions that have multiple local minima/maxima. The genetic algorithm (GA) is such a global optimisation technique that mimics biological evolution processes and is used in this particular study. The algorithm starts with a random selection of a population from the decision variable domain (X). The genetic algorithm repeatedly modifies this population. At each step, the algorithm selects a group of individual values from the population (parent) which are evolved through crossover or mutation to produce members of the next generation. This process is repeated for several generations until an optimum solution is reached. See [19] for a fuller description of the GA.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001066.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001066.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a8fc65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001066.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+T1	Process 7 28	Total Focusing Method
+T2	Process 30 33	TFM
+T3	Material 141 149	FMC data
+T4	Process 350 370	Linear interpolation
+T5	Process 467 481	TFM image ITFM
+T6	Process 589 606	Hilbert transform
+T7	Material 671 691	transmitting element
+T8	Material 728 745	receiving element
+T9	Material 937 940	FMC
+T10	Process 976 992	conventional TFM
+T11	Material 186 195	x–z plane
+T12	Material 234 238	grid
+T13	Process 215 238	discretized into a grid
+T14	Process 302 348	synthesize a focus at every point in this grid
+T15	Process 292 298	summed
+T16	Material 344 348	grid
+T17	Process 426 444	discretely sampled
+T18	Material 467 476	TFM image
+T19	Material 633 641	FMC data
+T20	Material 747 748	R
+*	Synonym-of T8 T20
+T21	Material 693 694	T
+*	Synonym-of T7 T21
+T22	Process 815 824	summation
+T23	Material 857 883	transmitter–receiver pairs
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001066.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001066.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7aa368e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001066.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In the Total Focusing Method (TFM) the beam is synthetically focused at every point in the target region [7] as follows. After obtaining the FMC data, the target region, which is in the x–z plane in 2D (Fig. 1), is discretized into a grid. The signals from all elements in the array are then summed to synthesize a focus at every point in this grid. Linear interpolation of the time domain signals is necessary since they are discretely sampled. The intensity of the TFM image ITFM at any point (x,z) is given by:(10)ITFM(x,z)=|∑HTR(1c((xT−x)2+z2+(xR−x)2+z2))|forallT,Rwhere HTR(t) is the Hilbert transform of a signal uTR(t) in the FMC data, xT is the x-position of the transmitting element (T) and xR is the x-position of the receiving element (R). Note that the z-position of all elements is zero (Fig. 3a). The summation is carried out for all possible transmitter–receiver pairs and therefore uses all the information captured with FMC. This algorithm is referred to as ‘conventional TFM’ in this paper.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001078.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001078.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a0f30f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001078.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+T1	Process 61 78	Lorentz mechanism
+T2	Material 108 113	steel
+T3	Material 138 154	low carbon steel
+T4	Process 166 192	magnetostrictive mechanism
+T5	Material 269 288	ferromagnetic oxide
+T6	Material 410 424	magnetic field
+T7	Process 437 458	generation efficiency
+T8	Material 799 804	EMATs
+T9	Task 820 846	studying phase transitions
+T10	Material 850 865	magnetic alloys
+T11	Process 739 776	electromagnetic ultrasound generation
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T3 Arg2:T2	
+T12	Process 576 601	magnetic phase transition
+T13	Process 645 685	ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001078.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001078.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..760de02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869514001078.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+It is known that as the temperature of the sample rises, the Lorentz mechanism remains dominant until Tc of steel is reached (770°C for a low carbon steel), when the magnetostrictive mechanism becomes more efficient [15]. Previously this has been thought due to a thin ferromagnetic oxide layer on the sample surface, the surface being cooler than the bulk of the material [16,17]. This layer concentrates the magnetic field, increasing generation efficiency. Recent studies also show that rearrangement of the magnetic moments from ordered domains to a disordered state at a magnetic phase transition lowers the magnetostrictive constant. This ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition is accompanied by large changes in the efficiency of electromagnetic ultrasound generation leading to the use of EMATs as a method of studying phase transitions in magnetic alloys [18].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869515000572.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0963869515000572.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c27695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869515000572.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+T3	Material 0 38	Shear horizontal (SH) ultrasound waves
+T4	Material 43 55	guided waves
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T3 Arg2:T4	
+T5	Material 431 434	SH0
+T6	Process 635 648	SH ultrasound
+T7	Material 922 930	SH waves
+T8	Material 949 959	bulk waves
+T1	Process 261 282	bulk shear wave speed
+T9	Process 483 499	shear wave speed
+T2	Process 567 583	shear wave speed
+T10	Process 528 549	phase and group speed
+*	Synonym-of T10 T2
+T11	Process 610 621	oscillation
+T12	Material 690 694	wave
+*	Synonym-of T7 T8
+T13	Process 122 133	propagation
+T14	Process 899 910	propagation
+T15	Process 735 746	propagation
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0963869515000572.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0963869515000572.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..529c4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0963869515000572.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Shear horizontal (SH) ultrasound waves are guided waves (they have propagation properties affected by the geometry of the propagation medium), with symmetric and anti-symmetric modes; phase and group speeds are dependent on frequency, sample thickness, and the bulk shear wave speed [11,12]. The properties of the different modes can be very useful, such as in thickness measurement [13], but in this case they are a complication. SH0 has a thickness independent speed, equal to the shear wave speed, and is non-dispersive (the phase and group speed are equal to the shear wave speed for all frequencies). The oscillation direction of SH ultrasound is in the plane of the surface where the wave was generated, and perpendicular to the propagation direction, as shown in Fig. 1, with respect to a reference interface, which is typically a sample surface. Under certain conditions, such as over short propagation distances, SH waves can be treated as bulk waves.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0968432814000250.ann b/semeval2017/test/S0968432814000250.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4cc545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0968432814000250.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+T1	Task 0 9	Volume EM
+T2	Process 33 45	transmission
+T3	Material 49 78	scanning electron microscopes
+T4	Material 274 306	transmission electron microscopy
+T5	Task 340 391	ultrastructural examination of biomedical specimens
+T6	Task 439 459	cell biology studies
+T7	Process 509 535	deposition of heavy metals
+T8	Task 965 992	visualisation of structures
+T9	Material 1238 1255	low beam energies
+T10	Process 1272 1290	interaction volume
+T11	Task 1360 1374	volume imaging
+T12	Process 1443 1472	traditional manual techniques
+T13	Process 1489 1503	latest systems
+T14	Task 804 820	electron imaging
+T15	Process 722 750	scanning electron microscopy
+T16	Process 752 755	SEM
+*	Synonym-of T15 T16
+T17	Process 722 767	scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technology
+T18	Material 308 311	TEM
+*	Synonym-of T4 T18
+T19	Material 523 535	heavy metals
+T20	Process 822 826	SEMs
+T21	Material 832 863	field emission electron sources
+T22	Material 868 902	high efficiency electron detectors
+T23	Material 1001 1018	synaptic vesicles
+T24	Material 1023 1032	membranes
+T25	Material 1165 1182	membrane bilayers
+T26	Task 1132 1182	resolving individual leaflets of membrane bilayers
+T27	Process 1292 1318	enhancing axial resolution
+T28	Process 1383 1412	transmission and scanning EMs
+T29	Task 1526 1544	sample preparation
+T30	Task 1549 1556	imaging
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S0968432814000250.txt b/semeval2017/test/S0968432814000250.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20d57c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S0968432814000250.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Volume EM can be performed using transmission or scanning electron microscopes. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice is dependant on the required lateral (x, y) and axial (z) resolution, and the size of the structure of interest. Historically, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was the tool of choice for ultrastructural examination of biomedical specimens at sub-nanometer resolution. However, for many cell biology studies structural resolution is actually limited by the deposition of heavy metals onto membranes during sample preparation. In addition, voxel dimensions may only need to be half that of the smallest expected feature of interest (Briggman and Bock, 2012). Advances in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technology are now driving a paradigm shift in electron imaging. SEMs with field emission electron sources and high efficiency electron detectors can achieve lateral resolutions in the order of 3nm, allowing visualisation of structures such as synaptic vesicles and membranes (De Winter et al., 2009; Knott et al., 2008; Vihinen et al., 2013; Villinger et al., 2012), though resolving individual leaflets of membrane bilayers remains a challenge (Vihinen et al., 2013). The use of low beam energies also limits the interaction volume, enhancing axial resolution (Hennig and Denk, 2007). In this review, volume imaging in both transmission and scanning EMs will be explored, moving from traditional manual techniques, through to the latest systems where aspects of both sample preparation and imaging have been automated.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1010603009002676.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1010603009002676.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50a35f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1010603009002676.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+T1	Task 30 142	experimental observations on how solvents can vary the TPA and TPF properties of fluorescent rhodamine (Rh) dyes
+T2	Process 85 88	TPA
+T3	Process 93 96	TPF
+T4	Material 111 142	fluorescent rhodamine (Rh) dyes
+T5	Material 143 147	Rh6G
+T6	Material 149 152	RhB
+T7	Material 157 162	Rh101
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T5 Arg2:T4	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T6 Arg2:T4	
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T7 Arg2:T4	
+T8	Material 190 204	xanthenes dyes
+T9	Process 275 300	single-molecule detection
+T10	Process 307 333	DNA-sequence determination
+T11	Process 340 362	fluorescence labelling
+T12	Material 465 479	rhodamine dyes
+T13	Process 608 611	TPA
+T14	Process 774 810	single-photon absorption (SPA) peaks
+T15	Process 815 824	TPA peaks
+T16	Process 926 929	SPA
+T17	Process 934 937	TPA
+T18	Material 956 960	dyes
+T19	Material 164 174	Rhodamines
+R4	Hyponym-of Arg1:T19 Arg2:T8	
+T20	Process 394 406	fluorescence
+T21	Material 111 132	fluorescent rhodamine
+T22	Material 134 136	Rh
+*	Synonym-of T22 T21
+T23	Process 774 798	single-photon absorption
+T24	Process 800 803	SPA
+*	Synonym-of T24 T23
+T25	Material 711 740	non-centrosymmetric molecules
+T26	Process 748 768	symmetry relaxations
+T27	Material 581 606	centrosymmetric molecules
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1010603009002676.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1010603009002676.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8378850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1010603009002676.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In this paper, we present our experimental observations on how solvents can vary the TPA and TPF properties of fluorescent rhodamine (Rh) dyes Rh6G, RhB and Rh101. Rhodamines are well-known xanthenes dyes, which have been extensively used for many widespread applications in single-molecule detection [24], DNA-sequence determination [25], fluorescence labelling [26], etc. due to their strong fluorescence over the visible spectral region. Molecular geometries of rhodamine dyes are well-known [27,28] and indicate that all the structures are non-centrosymmetric. In general, for centrosymmetric molecules, TPA is forbidden when tuned to the transitions at one-half of the excitation frequencies. However, for non-centrosymmetric molecules due to symmetry relaxations, the single-photon absorption (SPA) peaks and TPA peaks may coincide. So we set our primary aim to find the effect of solvent polarity on the correlation of SPA and TPA peaks for all the dyes.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1010603013001809.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1010603013001809.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24983ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1010603013001809.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+T1	Task 22 60	enhancement of photocatalytic activity
+T2	Material 74 86	co-catalysts
+T3	Material 111 123	co-catalysts
+T4	Material 175 184	electrons
+T5	Material 220 225	holes
+T6	Material 270 272	Pt
+T7	Material 274 278	Fe3+
+T8	Material 284 288	Cu2+
+T9	Material 253 265	co-catalysts
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T6 Arg2:T9	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T7 Arg2:T9	
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T9	
+T10	Material 318 322	Fe3+
+T11	Material 327 331	Cu2+
+T12	Material 397 401	Fe2+
+T13	Material 406 409	Cu+
+T14	Material 427 435	electron
+T15	Material 463 490	reduced metal oxide cluster
+T16	Material 496 508	reduced ions
+T17	Material 570 578	electron
+T18	Material 592 598	oxygen
+T19	Material 620 624	CoOx
+T20	Material 626 630	CoPi
+T21	Material 632 637	CoPOx
+*	Synonym-of T20 T21
+T22	Material 640 644	IrOx
+T23	Material 650 654	RuOx
+T24	Process 674 689	water oxidation
+T25	Material 703 707	CoPi
+T26	Material 745 756	co-catalyst
+T27	Process 761 776	water oxidation
+T28	Process 826 837	co-grafting
+T29	Process 849 872	photocatalytic activity
+T30	Process 922 933	co-grafting
+T31	Material 974 983	electrons
+T32	Material 988 993	holes
+T33	Process 995 1018	photocatalytic activity
+T34	Material 1084 1089	BiVO4
+T35	Material 1118 1138	p-type semiconductor
+T36	Process 1171 1194	photocatalytic activity
+T37	Material 348 371	amorphous oxide cluster
+R4	Hyponym-of Arg1:T25 Arg2:T26	
+T38	Process 887 900	gaseous phase
+T39	Material 942 954	co-catalysts
+T40	Process 1022 1035	gaseous phase
+T41	Process 161 184	separation of electrons
+T42	Process 206 225	separation of holes
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1010603013001809.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1010603013001809.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af19062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1010603013001809.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The other methods for enhancement of photocatalytic activity are grafting co-catalysts. There are two kinds of co-catalysts in terms of its function: one is for separation of electrons and the other is for separation of holes. The former representative co-catalysts are Pt, Fe3+, and Cu2+ [9–12]. It was reported that Fe3+ and Cu2+ were grafted as amorphous oxide cluster [9,10], and reduced into Fe2+ and Cu+ by receiving one electron, respectively [11,12]. The reduced metal oxide cluster with reduced ions could return into the original state by giving more than one electron to molecular oxygen. The latter ones are CoOx, CoPi (CoPOx), IrOx, and RuOx which are used for water oxidation, among which CoPi is reported to be the most effective co-catalyst for water oxidation [13]. However, there were few reports concerning co-grafting effects on photocatalytic activity especially in gaseous phase. We expected that by co-grafting of both co-catalysts for separations of electrons and holes, photocatalytic activity in gaseous phase would be further enhanced. Moreover, complex of BiVO4 with the other materials of p-type semiconductor is also effective for enhancing photocatalytic activity.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S107158191630074X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S107158191630074X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82010a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S107158191630074X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+T1	Task 101 169	compare how many clicks the users made in average for each condition
+T2	Material 235 242	buffers
+T3	Material 700 706	buffer
+T4	Material 862 868	buffer
+T5	Material 203 209	buffer
+T6	Material 312 324	input buffer
+T7	Process 290 300	simulation
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S107158191630074X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S107158191630074X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63fadad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S107158191630074X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+An obvious metric to measure the monitoring performance between the different conditions would be to compare how many clicks the users made in average for each condition. Furthermore of interest are the buffer values of the respective buffers at the time of the user's interaction with the simulation (e.g., the input buffer of a certain machine at the time of refilling it). A relatively high average buffer value can e.g. signify that the users do not trust that the respective mode of process monitoring conveys the need for interaction in time, leading the users to switching their attention to the process simulation in regular intervals, and performing interactions just in case. A low average buffer can, on the other hand, signify that the users rely on the respective conditions’ ability to signal interaction needs. On the other hand, if e.g. an input buffer had already been completely depleted at the time of intervention, this may signify that the respective condition has failed to inform the users in time. In many cases, participants used double clicks for their interactions, while a single click would have been sufficient, a fact that was perhaps not communicated clearly enough to the participants. Therefore, if several clicks were performed directly one after another, only the first click was taken into account.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1359646214000165.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1359646214000165.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04ae758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1359646214000165.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+T1	Task 4 33	first-principles calculations
+T2	Material 58 95	Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package
+T3	Process 131 168	plane-wave pseudopotential DFT method
+T4	Material 97 103	CASTEP
+*	Synonym-of T2 T4
+T5	Process 232 266	generalized gradient approximation
+T6	Process 291 316	electron–ion interactions
+T7	Process 334 376	Vanderbilt-type ultrasoft pseudopotentials
+T8	Process 451 474	Brillouin-zone sampling
+T9	Process 499 520	Monkhorst-Pack scheme
+T10	Material 711 717	nickel
+T11	Process 1009 1023	ferromagnetism
+T12	Process 693 707	ferromagnetism
+T13	Material 1219 1232	ηP structures
+T14	Material 1468 1473	alloy
+T15	Process 174 205	exchange correlation functional
+T16	Process 268 275	PBE-GGA
+*	Synonym-of T5 T16
+T17	Material 291 299	electron
+T18	Material 300 303	ion
+T19	Material 387 397	plane wave
+T20	Process 528 543	k-point spacing
+T21	Process 772 789	spin polarization
+T22	Material 968 973	alloy
+T23	Material 1176 1178	Ti
+T24	Process 1270 1281	Ti alloying
+T25	Material 1270 1272	Ti
+T26	Material 1360 1362	Ti
+T27	Material 1481 1483	Al
+T28	Material 1484 1486	Ti
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1359646214000165.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1359646214000165.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fc6c6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1359646214000165.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The first-principles calculations are performed using the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) [21] which implements the plane-wave pseudopotential DFT method. The exchange correlation functional is approximated using the generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA) [22], and the electron–ion interactions are described by Vanderbilt-type ultrasoft pseudopotentials [23]. The plane wave basis set is truncated at a cutoff of 400eV, and the Brillouin-zone sampling was performed using the Monkhorst-Pack scheme with a k-point spacing in reciprocal space of 0.04Å−1. Tests show that these computational parameters give results that are sufficiently accurate for present purposes. The ferromagnetism of nickel is accounted for by performing all calculations using spin polarization, starting at a ferromagnetic initial configuration and relaxing towards its ground state. However, for all compositions considered, the ground state electronic structure of each alloy is found to exhibit only very weak ferromagnetism, and the effect is not thought to influence their phase stability. Table 1 shows the calculated equilibrium lattice constants of the η phase at various Ti concentrations, using partially ordered ηP structures. The change in lattice constant upon Ti alloying is relatively small, but can be related to the ∼10% larger covalent radius of Ti. The calculated lattice constants are in good agreement with the experimental values, which relate to an alloy with a Al/Ti ratio of ∼2.75.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302122.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302122.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fa981d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302122.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+T1	Process 47 75	multi-objective optimization
+T2	Process 259 276	scaling procedure
+T3	Process 512 529	scaling procedure
+T4	Process 771 783	optimization
+T5	Process 882 920	Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm
+T6	Process 922 926	SPEA
+*	Synonym-of T5 T6
+T7	Process 1036 1064	multi-objective optimization
+T8	Process 1070 1074	SPEA
+T9	Task 1094 1118	evolutionary computation
+T10	Process 1123 1127	SPEA
+T11	Process 1272 1293	Pareto optimal models
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T7	
+T12	Process 1295 1312	downscaling rules
+*	Synonym-of T11 T12
+T13	Process 469 479	regression
+T14	Process 969 1019	using a single (weighted) fitness or cost function
+T15	Process 1132 1151	fitness calculation
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302122.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302122.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd9d35a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302122.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+When we formulate the downscaling problem as a multi-objective optimization problem, we face, however, the following problems. Minimizing the sum of different objectives is problematic, since they may have different units and ranges. Even with an appropriate scaling procedure there is a risk of treating the objectives unequally or getting trapped in a local minimum. Firstly, we can never know, what is the minimum value of each objective that can be achieved by the regression. Thus, designing an appropriate scaling procedure is difficult and one would need to decide on the relative importance of the different objectives in advance. Secondly, adding multiple, conflicting objectives very likely results in a fitness function with multiple local minima, which makes optimization more difficult. To avoid these problems, we have implemented fitness calculation according to the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA) by Zitzler and Thiele (1999), instead of using a single (weighted) fitness or cost function. Approaches for multi-objective optimization like SPEA are widely used in evolutionary computation. In SPEA the fitness calculation during the fitting procedure is based on an intercomparison of the different models. Further, a finite set of so called Pareto optimal models (downscaling rules) is returned.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302705.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302705.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ec4d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302705.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+T1	Process 83 88	SLAMM
+T2	Process 179 182	SLR
+T3	Process 756 761	SLAMM
+T4	Material 1127 1148	marsh migration model
+T5	Process 1216 1230	spatial inputs
+T6	Process 1232 1235	DEM
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T6 Arg2:T5	
+T7	Process 1255 1272	parameter choices
+T8	Process 1274 1289	accretion rates
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T7	
+T9	Process 1358 1363	SLAMM
+T10	Task 44 110	present and discuss the application of SLAMM to the New York coast
+T11	Process 1237 1243	VDATUM
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T11 Arg2:T5	
+T12	Process 1291 1302	tide ranges
+R4	Hyponym-of Arg1:T12 Arg2:T7	
+T13	Process 1313 1334	landcover projections
+T14	Material 1628 1651	high-quality local data
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302705.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302705.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..018517a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216302705.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The main objective of this manuscript is to present and discuss the application of SLAMM to the New York coast. Although the base analysis considers a range of different possible SLR scenarios, the effects of various sources of uncertainties such as input parameters and driving data are not accounted for. In addition, refined and site-specific data are often not available requiring the use of regional data collected from literature and professional judgement in order to run the model. To ignore the effects of these uncertainties on predictions may make interpretation of the results and subsequent decision making misleading since the likelihood and probabilities of predicted outcomes would be unknown. A unique capability of the current version of SLAMM is the ability to aggregate multiple types of input-data uncertainty to create outputs accompanied by probability statements and confidence intervals. Uncertainty in elevation data layers have been considered by several modeling groups to various extents (Gesch, 2009; Gilmer and Ferdaña, 2012; Schmid et al., 2014). However, to the best of our knowledge, no other marsh migration model simultaneously accounts for the combined effects of uncertainty in spatial inputs (DEM, VDATUM, etc.) and parameter choices (accretion rates, tide ranges, etc.) on landcover projections. This added feature of SLAMM allows results to be evaluated in terms of their likelihood of occurrence with respect to input-data and parameter uncertainties. Further, by assigning wide ranges of uncertainty when appropriate, it permits the production of meaningful projections in areas where high-quality local data are not available.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S136481521630305X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S136481521630305X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bf8010
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S136481521630305X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+T1	Task 107 123	model evaluation
+T2	Process 296 318	constituent statistics
+T3	Process 320 322	SB
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T3 Arg2:T2	
+T4	Material 790 803	N2O emissions
+T5	Material 889 901	N2O datasets
+T6	Process 283 286	MSE
+T7	Process 324 328	SDSD
+T8	Process 333 336	LCS
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T7 Arg2:T2	
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T2	
+T9	Material 1277 1280	N2O
+T10	Task 1489 1503	N2O prediction
+T11	Task 1341 1355	N2O prediction
+T13	Material 1110 1155	measured and simulated data for soil moisture
+T14	Material 1187 1201	soil mineral N
+T12	Material 1341 1344	N2O
+T15	Task 1383 1407	soil moisture prediction
+T16	Material 1534 1547	soil moisture
+T17	Task 1552 1577	soil mineral N prediction
+T18	Material 1552 1566	soil mineral N
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S136481521630305X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S136481521630305X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6219d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S136481521630305X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Using measured data from two arable sites in the UK we have shown that lags can have significant impact on model evaluation and can affect both the level of correlation between measured and simulated data and the magnitude of the sums of the residuals. Also, we used the division of MSE to three constituent statistics (SB, SDSD and LCS) to show how the level of correlation can affect the sum of residuals. By dividing the algorithm-predicted series of lag values into monthly sets and examining the frequency distribution of the lags, certain patterns in these temporally patchy series have been identified. A challenging task in relation to time lags between observed and simulated daily data, is to determine their cause. This task becomes more difficult for model outputs such as soil N2O emissions that are driven by various interacting variables. Even more so, because the measured N2O datasets and the measured datasets of their drivers (e.g. soil moisture, soil N content) cover small time periods, they are not continuous and can vary widely in size. In this study we implemented the algorithm using measured and simulated data for soil moisture (first and second example) and soil mineral N (second example), and compared its results with the respective results for N2O. In our first example, we showed that the estimated lags in N2O prediction are related to the lags in soil moisture prediction in a way that changes gradually through time. In our second example, the lags in N2O prediction were explained by the lags in soil moisture and soil mineral N prediction, with which they had a positive relationship.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303061.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303061.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8af6fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303061.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+T1	Task 3 57	representing wetland-river interactions involving GIWs
+T2	Process 1019 1027	WATFLOOD
+T3	Task 1049 1095	riparian wetland-river interaction is modelled
+T4	Process 1466 1473	MODFLOW
+T5	Process 1439 1458	Darcy flow equation
+T6	Material 1386 1404	wetland vegetation
+T7	Material 1413 1428	subsurface soil
+T8	Process 1335 1371	equivalent transmissivity expression
+T9	Process 308 324	outlet elevation
+T10	Task 735 802	interactions should be quantified according to hydraulic principles
+T11	Material 813 862	relative river and wetland water level elevations
+T12	Material 878 922	properties of the connection between the two
+T13	Material 1106 1169	principle of Dupuit-Forchheimer lateral/radial groundwater flow
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303061.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303061.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6d3e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303061.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In representing wetland-river interactions involving GIWs, many models assume that the wetland can discharge into a river but cannot receive overbank flows from it. In such models, the volume of water (or water level elevation) in a wetland and its corresponding threshold value (predominantly controlled by outlet elevation) are the prime determinants of wetland outflow (Feng et al., 2012; Hammer and Kadlec, 1986; Johnson et al., 2010; Kadlec and Wallace, 2009; Powell et al., 2008; Voldseth et al., 2007; Wen et al., 2013; Zhang and Mitsch, 2005). However, in regions characterised by widespread riparian wetlands that are hydraulically connected with adjacent rivers, wetland-river interaction is likely to be bidirectional. Such interactions should be quantified according to hydraulic principles involving relative river and wetland water level elevations as well as the properties of the connection between the two (Kouwen, 2013; Liu et al., 2008; Min et al., 2010; Nyarko, 2007; Restrepo et al., 1998). In the WATFLOOD model, for instance, riparian wetland-river interaction is modelled using the principle of Dupuit-Forchheimer lateral/radial groundwater flow (Kouwen, 2013). Since exchange between riparian wetlands and rivers can occur over the surface and/or through the subsurface, Restrepo et al. (1998) incorporated an equivalent transmissivity expression, obtained for wetland vegetation and the subsurface soil, into the Darcy flow equation of the MODFLOW model.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303243.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303243.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5133e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303243.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+T1	Process 51 74	Shallow Water Equations
+T2	Process 76 80	SWEs
+*	Synonym-of T1 T2
+T3	Process 269 273	SWEs
+T4	Process 428 433	JFLOW
+T5	Process 466 488	Urban Inundation Model
+T6	Process 490 493	UIM
+*	Synonym-of T5 T6
+T7	Process 545 556	LISFLOOD-FP
+T8	Process 756 767	LISFLOOD-FP
+T9	Process 800 804	SWEs
+T10	Process 854 865	LISFLOOD-FP
+T11	Process 895 915	Cartesian directions
+T12	Process 943 947	SWEs
+T13	Material 972 1012	multi resolution grids or irregular mesh
+T14	Material 1019 1032	InfoWorks ICM
+T15	Material 1054 1064	MIKE FLOOD
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T14 Arg2:T13	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T15 Arg2:T13	
+T16	Process 238 273	reducing the complexity of the SWEs
+T17	Process 8 40	physically-based 2D flood models
+T18	Task 41 81	solve the Shallow Water Equations (SWEs)
+T19	Process 589 616	2D diffusion wave equations
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303243.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303243.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d298e02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1364815216303243.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Typical physically-based 2D flood models solve the Shallow Water Equations (SWEs), requiring high computational resources. Many of these models have been developed to obtain better performance, while maintaining the required accuracy, by reducing the complexity of the SWEs. This reduction is usually achieved by approximating or neglecting less significant terms of the equations (Hunter et al., 2007; Yen and Tsai, 2001). The JFLOW model (Bradbrook et al., 2004), Urban Inundation Model (UIM) (Chen et al., 2007), and the diffusive version of LISFLOOD-FP (Hunter et al., 2005) solve the 2D diffusion wave equations that neglect the inertial (local acceleration) and advection (convective acceleration) terms (Yen and Tsai, 2001). The inertial version of LISFLOOD-FP (Bates et al., 2010) solves the SWEs without the advection term. In either version of LISFLOOD-FP the flow is decoupled in the Cartesian directions. Other models use the full SWEs but focus on the use of multi resolution grids or irregular mesh, like InfoWorks ICM (Innovyze, 2012) and MIKE FLOOD (DHI Software, 2014; Hénonin et al., 2013). These last two models are commercial packages, and the code applied in the optimisation techniques is not in the public domain.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1386505616301769.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1386505616301769.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9aaecec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1386505616301769.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+T1	Task 28 46	EMR implementation
+T2	Process 28 31	EMR
+T3	Process 528 531	EMR
+T4	Process 634 637	EMR
+T5	Process 756 759	EMR
+T6	Material 830 849	mobile applications
+T7	Process 912 916	EMRs
+T8	Process 966 969	EMR
+T9	Process 704 707	EMR
+T10	Task 104 130	health information systems
+T11	Process 954 980	cloud-based EMR ecosystems
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1386505616301769.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1386505616301769.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97a0b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1386505616301769.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The purported advantages of EMR implementation in urban slums are widely promoted. Increasingly capable health information systems could facilitate communication, help coordinate care, and improve the continuity of care in disadvantaged communities like Kibera. However, available systems may not have the ability to simplify care or improve efficiency where funding and human resources are scarce, infrastructure is unreliable and health data demands are opportunistic, not strategic. This study described perceptions of local EMR stakeholders in two urban slum clinics. They shared many observations that may be important for other EMR initiatives to heed, and worried most about the sustainability of EMR initiatives in like communities. The future for EMR use in urban slums is promising. Innovative new technologies, such as mobile applications and point-of-care laboratory tests, could extend the reach of EMRs where infrastructure is wanting. New cloud-based EMR ecosystems, where data is collected and stored centrally could leverage cell phone networks to promote more health information sharing, coordination of care and ultimately better outcomes for vulnerable populations.Summary pointsWhat was already known on the topic?•Rapid urbanization is associated with growth in the number and size of urban slums and an associated rise in the burden of disease, further worsening an already fragmented and inefficient health care system.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1574119211001544.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1574119211001544.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12ee515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1574119211001544.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+T1	Process 77 92	mobility models
+T2	Task 22 30	protocol
+T3	Material 253 258	nodes
+T4	Material 274 294	geographical regions
+T5	Material 347 368	performance potential
+T6	Material 541 546	nodes
+T7	Process 769 788	push-community mode
+T8	Material 880 885	nodes
+T10	Material 206 220	physical space
+T11	Material 188 193	nodes
+T12	Process 541 555	nodes mobility
+T13	Process 454 492	extend the physical region of movement
+T14	Process 504 533	impose potential restrictions
+T15	Process 572 635	forcing similar nodes to move within specifically defined areas
+T16	Material 588 593	nodes
+T17	Process 661 677	forwarding modes
+T18	Process 756 763	network
+T9	Material 977 981	node
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1574119211001544.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1574119211001544.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cac6514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1574119211001544.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+As future work on the protocol, we would promote two items. Firstly, the two mobility models that we have considered in this work propose possible way to capture social context in the way nodes move in the physical space, yet still potentially allowing nodes to explore the geographical regions considered in its entirety. Further insights to the performance potential could be given through the assessment of the protocol with other mobilities that can extend the physical region of movement as well as impose potential restrictions on the nodes mobility, for example by forcing similar nodes to move within specifically defined areas. Secondly, the different forwarding modes introduced in Section  3.3 express different levels of cooperation across the network. The push-community mode, for example, is a form of interest-community selfishness and assumes reciprocation in the nodes’ behaviour. The vulnerability (resp. resilience) of the protocol to different instances of node misbehaviours is a research item worth exploring.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1574119215000796.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1574119215000796.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b5542c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1574119215000796.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+T1	Process 13 38	multihop routing protocol
+T2	Process 40 46	PHASeR
+*	Synonym-of T1 T2
+T3	Material 95 99	MWSN
+T4	Process 220 235	gradient metric
+T5	Task 13 38	multihop routing protocol
+T6	Process 549 555	PHASeR
+T7	Process 579 599	gradient maintenance
+T8	Material 605 619	mobile network
+T9	Process 726 730	TDMA
+T10	Process 732 761	time division multiple access
+*	Synonym-of T9 T10
+T11	Process 763 766	MAC
+T12	Process 768 789	medium access control
+*	Synonym-of T11 T12
+T13	Material 869 883	packet latency
+T14	Process 885 891	PHASeR
+T15	Process 924 937	encapsulation
+T16	Process 1179 1207	cross-layer routing protocol
+T17	Material 1212 1217	MWSNs
+T18	Process 1070 1086	node cooperation
+T19	Material 1070 1074	node
+T20	Material 971 976	nodes
+T21	Material 1265 1272	sensors
+T22	Task 1179 1217	cross-layer routing protocol for MWSNs
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1574119215000796.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1574119215000796.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca9634b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1574119215000796.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+The proposed multihop routing protocol, PHASeR, applies the technique of blind forwarding in a MWSN, which increases the reliability of data delivery through its inherent use of multiple routes. This approach requires a gradient metric to be continuously maintained, which is problematic in a dynamic topology. The literature commonly uses either flooding or location awareness, however flooding creates large amounts of overhead and location determination schemes can often be inaccurate, power hungry and create the issue of the dead end problem. PHASeR uses a novel method of gradient maintenance in a mobile network, which requires the proactive sharing of only local topology information. This is facilitated by a global TDMA (time division multiple access) MAC (medium access control) layer and further reduces the amount of overhead, which in turn will decrease packet latency. PHASeR is also set apart by its use of encapsulation, which allows data from multiple nodes to be transmitted in the same packet in order to handle high volumes of traffic. It utilises node cooperation to create a robust multipath routing solution. As such, the contribution of this paper is a cross-layer routing protocol for MWSNs that can handle the constant flow of data from sensors in highly mobile situations.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1631070514000954.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1631070514000954.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a737dee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1631070514000954.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+T1	Process 0 17	Superconductivity
+T2	Material 21 30	actinides
+T3	Task 0 30	Superconductivity in actinides
+T4	Material 53 66	thorium metal
+T5	Material 98 105	uranium
+T6	Material 126 143	uranium compounds
+T7	Material 172 195	uranium superconductors
+T8	Material 240 277	uranium heavy fermion superconductors
+T9	Material 361 390	ferromagnetic superconductors
+T10	Material 394 401	uranium
+T11	Material 465 474	plutonium
+T12	Process 444 461	superconductivity
+T13	Material 484 493	neptunium
+T14	Material 514 523	actinides
+T15	Process 569 583	periodic table
+T16	Material 620 641	Transuranium elements
+T17	Material 870 884	transactinides
+T18	Material 646 658	transuranics
+T19	Material 528 537	actinoids
+*	Synonym-of T14 T19
+*	Synonym-of T16 T18
+T20	Material 889 903	superactinides
+*	Synonym-of T17 T20
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T4 Arg2:T2	
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T5 Arg2:T2	
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T6 Arg2:T2	
+R4	Hyponym-of Arg1:T8 Arg2:T7	
+T22	Material 591 593	Ac
+T23	Material 602 604	Th
+T24	Material 614 616	Lr
+R5	Hyponym-of Arg1:T22 Arg2:T19	
+R6	Hyponym-of Arg1:T23 Arg2:T19	
+R7	Hyponym-of Arg1:T24 Arg2:T19	
+T25	Material 726 733	uranium
+T26	Material 816 834	synthetic elements
+T27	Material 849 851	Lr
+T21	Task 1018 1054	study of condensed-matter properties
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1631070514000954.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1631070514000954.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f8d001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1631070514000954.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Superconductivity in actinides was first observed in thorium metal in 1929 [7], then in elemental uranium in 1942 [8], and in uranium compounds in 1958 [9]. A new class of uranium superconductors emerged in the 1980's with the discovery of uranium heavy fermion superconductors [10]. Further surprises came at the beginning of the century with the discovery of ferromagnetic superconductors in uranium systems [11] and the first observation of superconductivity in plutonium [12] and neptunium [13] compounds. The actinides (or actinoids) are located at the end of the periodic table (N=89 (Ac) or 90 (Th) to 103 (Lr)). Transuranium elements (or transuranics) are the chemical elements with atomic number (Z) greater than 92 (uranium) and due to their short half-life on a geological timescale, they are essentially synthetic elements. Above Z=103 (Lr), one talks about transactinides (or superactinides) elements. These latter elements have extremely short half-lives and no macroscopic quantity is available for the study of condensed-matter properties.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S167420011300196X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S167420011300196X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e991945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S167420011300196X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+T1	Task 0 8	PV cells
+T2	Material 70 94	incident solar radiation
+T3	Material 100 114	electric power
+T4	Process 456 477	incomplete absorption
+T5	Process 538 552	thermalization
+T6	Process 556 571	carrier cooling
+*	Synonym-of T5 T6
+T7	Process 734 757	radiative recombination
+T8	Process 415 425	absorption
+T9	Process 56 114	conversion of incident solar radiation into electric power
+T10	Process 186 221	fossil fuel-based energy conversion
+T11	Process 361 377	solar conversion
+T12	Material 485 492	photons
+T13	Material 579 592	solar photons
+T14	Material 625 644	electron-hole pairs
+T15	Process 1131 1142	solar power
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S167420011300196X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S167420011300196X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fcc05a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S167420011300196X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PV cells are one of the most promising technologies for conversion of incident solar radiation into electric power. However, this technology is still far from being able to compete with fossil fuel-based energy conversion technologies because of its relatively low efficiency and energy density. Theoretically, there are three unavoidable losses that limit the solar conversion efficiency of a device with a single absorption threshold or band gap Eg: (1) incomplete absorption, where photons with energies below Eg are not absorbed; (2) thermalization or carrier cooling, where solar photons with sufficient energy generate electron-hole pairs and then immediately lose almost all energy in excess of Eg in the form of heat; and (3) radiative recombination, where a small fraction of the excited states radioactively recombine with the ground state at the maximum power output (Hanna & Nozik, 2006; Henry, 1980). Taking an air mass of 1.5 as an example, for different band gap Eg these three losses can be calculated and the results are indicated by areas S1, S2, and S3 in Fig. 1. Note that the area under the outer curve is the solar power per unit area, and that only S4 can be delivered to the load.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1687850714000405.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1687850714000405.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72dcab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1687850714000405.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+T1	Material 0 9	Xylanases
+T2	Material 108 117	Xylanases
+T3	Task 153 176	pulp and paper industry
+T4	Process 202 232	hydrolyzed the xylan component
+T5	Process 344 367	brightening of the pulp
+T6	Process 381 415	chlorine free bleaching operations
+T7	Material 486 494	xylanase
+T8	Process 551 604	even redistribution of the water content of the bread
+T9	Task 674 694	animal feed industry
+T10	Task 718 759	hydrolysis of non-starchy polysaccharides
+T11	Task 872 901	maceration of vegetable matte
+T12	Task 925 955	protoplastation of plant cells
+T13	Task 957 989	clarification of juices and wine
+T14	Task 1004 1035	liquefaction of coffee mucilage
+T15	Task 1040 1060	making liquid coffee
+T16	Task 1062 1101	recovery of oil from subterranian mines
+T17	Task 1103 1160	extraction of flavors and pigments, plant oils and starch
+T18	Task 1197 1241	efficiency of agricultural silage production
+T19	Material 130 145	bleaching agent
+T20	Material 217 232	xylan component
+T21	Material 238 242	wood
+T22	Process 263 280	removal of lignin
+T23	Material 274 280	lignin
+T24	Material 363 367	pulp
+T25	Material 629 638	Xylanases
+T26	Material 732 759	non-starchy polysaccharides
+T27	Material 768 780	arabinoxylan
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T27 Arg2:T26	
+T28	Material 834 843	Xylanases
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1687850714000405.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1687850714000405.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48e24fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1687850714000405.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Xylanases have potential applications in various fields. Some of the important applications are as fallows. Xylanases are used as bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry. Mostly they are used to hydrolyzed the xylan component from wood which facilitate in removal of lignin (Viikari, Kantelinen, Buchert, & Puls, 1994). It also helps in brightening of the pulp to avoid the chlorine free bleaching operations (Paice, Jurasek, Ho, Bourbonnais, & Archibald, 1989). In bakeries the xylanase act on the gluten fraction of the dough and help in the even redistribution of the water content of the bread (Wong & Saddler, 1992). Xylanases also have potential application in animal feed industry. They are used for the hydrolysis of non-starchy polysaccharides such as arabinoxylan in monogastric diets (Walsh, Power, & Headon, 1993). Xylanases also play a key role in the maceration of vegetable matter (Beck & Scoot, 1974), protoplastation of plant cells, clarification of juices and wine (Biely, 1985) liquefaction of coffee mucilage for making liquid coffee, recovery of oil from subterranian mines, extraction of flavors and pigments, plant oils and starch (McCleary, 1986) and to improve the efficiency of agricultural silage production (Wong & Saddler, 1992).
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1746809416300933.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1746809416300933.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74dda3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1746809416300933.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+T1	Material 9 60	Electrically evoked auditory steady-state responses
+T2	Material 62 68	EASSRs
+*	Synonym-of T2 T1
+T3	Material 74 91	neural potentials
+T4	Process 108 128	electroencephalogram
+T5	Process 130 133	EEG
+*	Synonym-of T5 T4
+T6	Process 206 222	cochlear implant
+T7	Process 224 226	CI
+*	Synonym-of T7 T6
+T8	Material 229 235	EASSRs
+T9	Process 276 286	CI fitting
+T10	Process 297 308	EEG signals
+T11	Process 342 354	CI artifacts
+T12	Process 392 404	CI artifacts
+T13	Task 374 435	characterized the CI artifacts for monopolar mode stimulation
+T14	Task 471 491	linear interpolation
+T15	Process 531 542	CI artifact
+T16	Process 661 672	CI artifact
+T17	Process 714 748	contralateral recording electrodes
+T18	Process 753 785	ipsilateral recording electrodes
+T19	Process 787 798	CI artifact
+T20	Process 860 894	contralateral recording electrodes
+T21	Material 1048 1054	EASSRs
+T22	Process 1080 1090	CI fitting
+T23	Task 1095 1116	neuroscience research
+T24	Process 1122 1133	CI artifact
+T25	Task 1161 1181	linear interpolation
+T26	Process 1031 1042	CI artifact
+T27	Process 1205 1239	contralateral recording electrodes
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1746809416300933.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1746809416300933.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16ea854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1746809416300933.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ObjectiveElectrically evoked auditory steady-state responses (EASSRs) are neural potentials measured in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in response to periodic pulse trains presented, for example, through a cochlear implant (CI). EASSRs could potentially be used for objective CI fitting. However, EEG signals are contaminated with electrical CI artifacts. In this paper, we characterized the CI artifacts for monopolar mode stimulation and evaluated at which pulse rate, linear interpolation over the signal part contaminated with CI artifact is successful.MethodsCI artifacts were characterized by means of their amplitude growth functions and duration.ResultsCI artifact durations were between 0.7 and 1.7ms, at contralateral recording electrodes. At ipsilateral recording electrodes, CI artifact durations are range from 0.7 to larger than 2ms.ConclusionAt contralateral recording electrodes, the artifact was shorter than the interpulse interval across subjects for 500pps, which was not always the case for 900pps.SignificanceCI artifact-free EASSRs are crucial for reliable CI fitting and neuroscience research. The CI artifact has been characterized and linear interpolation allows to remove it at contralateral recording electrodes for stimulation at 500pps.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1877750311000676.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1877750311000676.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a53abdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1877750311000676.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+T1	Task 80 101	lane selection policy
+T2	Process 103 109	VISSIM
+T3	Process 127 146	simulation toolkits
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T2 Arg2:T3	
+T4	Process 174 195	probabilistic routing
+T5	Process 348 358	simulation
+T6	Material 543 550	drivers
+T7	Material 625 632	vehicle
+T8	Material 665 677	weighbridges
+T9	Process 994 1019	graphical microsimulation
+T10	Process 1032 1053	2D and 3D simulations
+T11	Process 42 79	probabilistic, ‘roulette wheel’ style
+T12	Process 276 295	piecewise technique
+*	Synonym-of T10 T9
+T13	Process 1250 1271	probabilistic routing
+T14	Process 1356 1366	simulation
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1877750311000676.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1877750311000676.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..885eabb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1877750311000676.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+One way to enforce this ratio is to use a probabilistic, ‘roulette wheel’ style lane selection policy. VISSIM, along with most simulation toolkits, offers methods to specify probabilistic routing whereby a defined percentage of vehicles are sent down unique routes. This is a piecewise technique that can be reapplied at various locations around a simulation. While these methods are attractive from a calibration perspective as exact representations of existing statistics can be ensured, the process is an unrealistic one as it assumes that drivers make probabilistic decisions at precise locations. So in this case when a vehicle arrives at a point prior to the weighbridges it is allocated one of the lanes based on the respective probabilities. It turns out that this method leads to significant variations in trip times depending on the initial random number seed, this can be seen in a graphic of the key areas of the simulation for the 2 different runs (Fig. 7). One of the benefits of graphical microsimulation is that the 2D and 3D simulations help the researcher to visualise a new scheme and its potential benefits but also to highlight unrealistic behaviour. Fig. 7 shows the congestion at the decision point for 2 different runs. Using probabilistic routing to enforce correct routing percentages is a clear case of overcalibration affecting simulation brittleness.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1877750313000240.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1877750313000240.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbf9de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1877750313000240.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+T1	Process 127 147	blood-flow LB solver
+T2	Process 242 267	lattice-Boltzmann solvers
+T3	Process 209 237	performance prediction model
+T4	Process 341 359	HemeLB application
+T5	Process 370 376	HemeLB
+T6	Process 486 500	LB simulations
+T7	Process 574 580	HemeLB
+T8	Process 634 640	HemeLB
+T9	Material 794 802	ParMETIS
+T10	Process 913 938	compile-time polymorphism
+T11	Process 282 310	performance prediction model
+T12	Process 836 868	coalesced communication patterns
+T13	Process 895 904	rendering
+*	Synonym-of T4 T5
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1877750313000240.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1877750313000240.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2815d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1877750313000240.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A few studies within the physiological domain are of special relevance to this work. These include a performance analysis of a blood-flow LB solver using a range of sparse and non-sparse geometries [21] and a performance prediction model for lattice-Boltzmann solvers [22,23]. This performance prediction model can be applied largely to our HemeLB application, although HemeLB uses a different decomposition technique and performs real-time rendering and visualisation tasks during the LB simulations. Mazzeo and Coveney [1] studied the scalability of an earlier version of HemeLB. However, the current performance characteristics of HemeLB are substantially enhanced due to numerous subsequent advances in the code, amongst others: an improved hierarchical, compressed file format; the use of ParMETIS to ensure good load-balance; the coalesced communication patterns to reduce the overhead of rendering; use of compile-time polymorphism to avoid virtual function calls in inner loops.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S187775031300077X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S187775031300077X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec06f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S187775031300077X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+T1	Process 9 26	mean-field models
+T2	Task 117 153	spatially extended dynamical systems
+T3	Process 212 223	Liley model
+T4	Material 289 319	Partial Differential Equations
+T5	Material 392 411	membrane potentials
+T6	Material 425 440	synaptic inputs
+T7	Material 482 513	Ordinary Differential Equations
+T8	Material 321 325	PDEs
+T9	Material 515 519	ODEs
+*	Synonym-of T4 T8
+*	Synonym-of T7 T9
+T10	Process 633 663	numerical bifurcation analysis
+T11	Material 772 781	PDE model
+T12	Material 1040 1062	large, sparse matrices
+T13	Material 1162 1167	PETSc
+T14	Task 986 1062	efficient, iterative solvers for linear problems with large, sparse matrices
+T15	Process 986 1014	efficient, iterative solvers
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S187775031300077X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S187775031300077X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c55c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S187775031300077X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Although mean-field models have been used in all these settings, little analysis has been done on their behaviour as spatially extended dynamical systems. In part, this is due to their staggering complexity. The Liley model [15] considered here, for instance, consists of fourteen coupled Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) with strong nonlinearities, imposed by coupling between the mean membrane potentials and the mean synaptic inputs. The model can be reduced to a system of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) by considering only spatially homogeneous solutions, and the resulting system has been examined in detail using numerical bifurcation analysis (see [16] and references therein). In order to compute equilibria, periodic orbits and such objects for the PDE model, we need a flexible, stable simulation code for the model and its linearization that can run in parallel to scale up to a domain size of about 2500cm2, the size of a full-grown human cortex. We also need efficient, iterative solvers for linear problems with large, sparse matrices. In this paper, we will show that all this can be accomplished in the open-source software package PETSc [17]. Our implementation consists of a number of functions in C that are available publicly [18].
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1877750313001269.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1877750313001269.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77b87a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1877750313001269.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+T1	Process 6 33	virtualization technologies
+T2	Process 199 225	high performance computing
+T3	Process 258 261	HPC
+T4	Process 399 402	HPC
+T5	Material 437 449	applications
+T6	Material 907 921	virtual server
+T7	Task 199 235	high performance computing scenarios
+T9	Material 810 816	broker
+T10	Process 549 576	virtualization technologies
+T11	Material 617 638	virtualized interface
+T12	Process 665 689	Grid and cloud computing
+T13	Process 708 726	interaction models
+T14	Process 731 745	grid computing
+T15	Process 849 863	queuing system
+T16	Process 868 883	cloud computing
+T17	Process 1011 1029	interaction models
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1877750313001269.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1877750313001269.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c584c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1877750313001269.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+While virtualization technologies certainly reduce the complexity of using a system, and especially when working across multiple heterogeneous computing environments, they are not widely deployed in high performance computing scenarios. As its name suggest, HPC seeks to obtain maximum performance from computing platforms. Extra software layers impact detrimentally on performance, meaning that in HPC scenarios users typically run the applications as close to the ‘bare metal’ as possible. In addition to the performance degradation introduced by virtualization technologies, choosing what details to abstract in a virtualized interface is itself very important. Grid and cloud computing support different interaction models. In grid computing, the user interacts with an individual resource (or sometimes a broker) in order to launch jobs into a queuing system. In cloud computing, users interact with a virtual server, in effect putting them in control of their own complete operating system. Both of these interaction models put the onus on the user to understand very specific details of the system that they are dealing with, making life difficult for the end user, typically a scientist who wants to progress his or her scientific investigations without any specific usability hurdles obstructing the pathway.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1877750315000460.ann b/semeval2017/test/S1877750315000460.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d29c37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1877750315000460.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+T1	Material 0 9	FabHemeLB
+T2	Material 15 26	Python tool
+T3	Task 39 112	automate the construction and management of ensemble simulation workflows
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T1 Arg2:T2	
+T4	Material 114 123	FabHemeLB
+T5	Material 150 156	FabSim
+T6	Material 183 189	HemeLB
+T7	Material 207 213	FabSim
+T8	Material 218 227	FabHemeLB
+T9	Material 318 327	FabHemeLB
+T10	Material 497 503	HemeLB
+T11	Material 816 825	FabHemeLB
+T12	Material 361 367	HemeLB
+T13	Process 257 267	deployment
+T14	Process 269 278	execution
+T15	Process 283 296	data analysis
+T16	Process 441 476	organize and curate simulation data
+T18	Process 608 618	simulation
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T4 Arg2:T5	
+T19	Task 236 316	automate application deployment, execution and data analysis on remote resources
+T17	Material 461 476	simulation data
+T20	Process 645 689	monitor the queue status on remote resources
+T21	Process 691 722	fetch results of completed jobs
+T22	Process 745 798	combine functionalities into single one-line commands
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S1877750315000460.txt b/semeval2017/test/S1877750315000460.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0e8f99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S1877750315000460.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+FabHemeLB is a Python tool which helps automate the construction and management of ensemble simulation workflows. FabHemeLB is an extended version of FabSim [27] configured to handle HemeLB operations. Both FabSim and FabHemeLB help to automate application deployment, execution and data analysis on remote resources. FabHemeLB can be used to compile and build HemeLB on any remote resource, to reuse machine-specific configurations, and to organize and curate simulation data. It can also submit HemeLB jobs to a remote resource specifying the number of cores and the wall clock time limit for completing a simulation. The tool is also able to monitor the queue status on remote resources, fetch results of completed jobs, and can conveniently combine functionalities into single one-line commands. In general, the FabHemeLB commands have the following structure:
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000431.ann b/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000431.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc37b02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000431.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+T1	Material 38 41	LBP
+T2	Material 43 63	local binary pattern
+*	Synonym-of T1 T2
+T3	Task 271 336	eye location, geometric normalization, illumination normalization
+T4	Process 403 405	ER
+T5	Process 407 421	Eyeball Search
+T6	Process 377 396	eye location method
+*	Synonym-of T5 T4
+R1	Hyponym-of Arg1:T4 Arg2:T6	
+T7	Material 471 474	LBP
+T8	Material 701 704	LBP
+T9	Material 706 726	local binary pattern
+*	Synonym-of T8 T9
+T10	Task 934 946	eye location
+T11	Process 1040 1059	eye location method
+T12	Process 1066 1068	ER
+T13	Process 1070 1084	Eyeball Search
+*	Synonym-of T13 T12
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T12 Arg2:T11	
+T14	Material 1134 1137	LBP
+T15	Task 490 501	recognition
+T16	Process 1153 1164	recognition
+T17	Task 1291 1302	recognition
+T18	Process 193 211	AdaBoost algorithm
+T19	Process 1017 1030	preprocessing
+T20	Process 856 874	AdaBoost algorithm
+T21	Material 548 564	symbian platform
+T22	Material 766 782	symbian platform
+T23	Task 888 914	pre-processing of the face
+T24	Task 948 971	geometric normalization
+T25	Task 973 999	illumination normalization
+R3	Hyponym-of Arg1:T10 Arg2:T23	
+R4	Hyponym-of Arg1:T24 Arg2:T23	
+R5	Hyponym-of Arg1:T25 Arg2:T23	
+T26	Material 1211 1227	symbian platform
+T27	Material 76 99	face recognition system
+T28	Task 76 92	face recognition
+T29	Material 103 119	symbian platform
+T30	Task 349 367	face preprocessing
+T31	Task 377 389	eye location
+R6	Hyponym-of Arg1:T31 Arg2:T30	
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000431.txt b/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000431.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeba571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000431.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In this paper, an implementation of a LBP (local binary pattern) based fast face recognition system on symbian platform is presented. First, face in picture taken from camera is detected using AdaBoost algorithm. Second, the pre-processing of the face is done, including eye location, geometric normalization, illumination normalization. During the face preprocessing, a rapid eye location method named ER (Eyeball Search) is proposed and implemented. Last, the improved LBP is adopted for recognition. Although the computational capability of the symbian platform is limited, the experimental results show good performance for recognition rate and time. in pressIn this paper, an implementation of a LBP (local binary pattern) based fast face recognition system on symbian platform is presented. First, face in picture taken from camera is detected using AdaBoost algorithm. Second, the pre-processing of the face is done, including eye location, geometric normalization, illumination normalization. During the face preprocessing, a rapid eye location method named ER (Eyeball Search) is proposed and implemented. Last, the improved LBP is adopted for recognition. Although the computational capability of the symbian platform is limited, the experimental results show good performance for recognition rate and time. in press
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000741.ann b/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000741.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56fade6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000741.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+T1	Process 55 89	Kernel Extensional Matrix Matching
+T2	Process 91 95	KEMM
+*	Synonym-of T1 T2
+T3	Task 156 173	sentence aligning
+T4	Material 334 351	similarity matrix
+T5	Task 393 410	sentence aligning
+T6	Process 456 460	KEMM
+T7	Process 531 544	Gale's system
+T16	Task 2 20	sentence alignment
+T8	Material 134 151	similarity matrix
+T9	Process 363 388	construct a select matrix
+T10	Task 606 624	sentence alignment
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000741.txt b/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000741.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df0567f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S2212671612000741.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A sentence alignment model based on combined clues and Kernel Extensional Matrix Matching (KEMM) method is proposed. In this model, a similarity matrix for sentence aligning is formed by the similarities of bilingual sentences calculated by the combined clues, such as lexicon, morphology, length and special symbols, etc.; then this similarity matrix is used to construct a select matrix for sentence aligning; finally, obtains the sentence alignments by KEMM. Experimental results illustrated that our model outperforms over the Gale's system on handling any types of sentence alignments, with 30% total sentence alignment error rate decreasing.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S221267161400105X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S221267161400105X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f0f453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S221267161400105X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+T1	Process 88 121	Scale-invariant feature transform
+T2	Process 126 130	SIFT
+T3	Process 157 183	Speeded up robust features
+T4	Process 188 192	SURF
+*	Synonym-of T1 T2
+*	Synonym-of T3 T4
+T5	Material 257 267	depth maps
+T6	Process 398 420	Support vector machine
+T7	Process 425 428	SVM
+*	Synonym-of T6 T7
+T8	Task 16 73	comparison between two popular feature extraction methods
+T9	Process 332 355	Microsoft Kinect camera
+T10	Process 492 495	SVM
+T22	Task 47 65	feature extraction
+T23	Process 441 455	classification
+T27	Process 441 462	classification method
+R2	Hyponym-of Arg1:T7 Arg2:T27	
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S221267161400105X.txt b/semeval2017/test/S221267161400105X.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4c1383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S221267161400105X.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+In this paper a comparison between two popular feature extraction methods is presented. Scale-invariant feature transform (or SIFT) is the first method. The Speeded up robust features (or SURF) is presented as second. These two methods are tested on set of depth maps. Ten defined gestures of left hand are in these depth maps. The Microsoft Kinect camera is used for capturing the images [1]. The Support vector machine (or SVM) is used as classification method. The results are accuracy of SVM prediction on selected images.
diff --git a/semeval2017/test/S221450951400014X.ann b/semeval2017/test/S221450951400014X.ann
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00ebb3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semeval2017/test/S221450951400014X.ann
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+T1	Material 56 63	bitumen
+T2	Material 158 176	waste glass cullet
+T3	Process 106 123	stiffness modulus
+T4	Process 334 351	stiffness modulus
+T5	Material 462 480	waste glass cullet
+T6	Material 589 607	waste glass cullet
+T7	Process 838 852	Marshall tests
+T8	Material 688 707	bituminous material
+T9	Material 952 970	waste glass cullet
+T10	Material 781 793	glass cullet
+T11	Material 1047 1065	waste glass cullet
+T12	Material 1120 1138	waste glass cullet
+T13	Process 1243 1255	interlocking
+T14	Process 1144 1161	stiffness modulus
+T15	Material 1313 1325	glass cullet
+T16	Material 1395 1411	glass particles’
+T17	Process 1476 1493	stiffness modulus
+T18	Material 1528 1546	waste glass cullet
+T19	Process 1682 1699	stiffness modulus
+T20	Material 1742 1754	glass cullet
+T21	Material 1865 1883	waste glass cullet
+T22	Process 30 71	changes in the measure of bitumen content
+T23	Process 87 144	differences in the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples
+T24	Material 127 144	asphaltic samples
+T25	Material 199 204	glass
+T26	Process 235 252	stiffness modulus
+T27	Material 256 272	modified asphalt
+T28	Material 324 329	glass
+T29	Material 355 372	asphaltic samples
+T30	Material 421 428	bitumen
+T31	Process 540 557	stiffness modulus
+T32	Material 561 578	asphaltic samples
+T33	Material 637 644	bitumen
+T34	Material 654 669	Glass particles
+T35	Material 744 751	bitumen
+T36	Material 866 873	bitumen
+T37	Material 1001 1008	bitumen
+T38	Material 1085 1102	saphaltic samples
+T39	Material 1165 1182	asphaltic samples
+T40	Material 1196 1214	waste glass cullet
+T41	Material 1497 1514	asphaltic samples
+T42	Material 1573 1578	glass
+T43	Material 1617 1626	particles
+T44	Process 1788 1805	stiffness modulus
+T45	Material 1809 1826	asphaltic samples
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+This figure demonstrates that changes in the measure of bitumen content create sizable differences in the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples that include waste glass cullet. As the percentage of glass increases, the measure of the stiffness modulus of modified asphalt increases too. But with pass of optimum measure of glass the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples decrease. This trend in total of percentages of bitumen content is existing. Due to that waste glass cullet has no suction; the trend does not extend to measuring the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples including waste glass cullet with different percentage of bitumen content. Glass particles do not absorb any bituminous material, so it is necessary to decrease the bitumen content with the addition of glass cullet. According to Fig. 2 and the results of the Marshall tests, the optimum bitumen measures decrease significantly in samples that include higher percentages of waste glass cullet. As the percentage of optimum bitumen content is 1% more in samples without waste glass cullet in comparison with saphaltic samples that include 20% waste glass cullet. The stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples that include waste glass cullet increased due to additional interlocking between the aggregate and the angularity of particles of glass cullet content. The increase in the intrusive friction angle because of the glass particles’ increased angularity is the main reason for the addition of the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples that include waste glass cullet. But as the percentage of glass content reaches greater than 15%, the particles’ abundance cause slip these particles on together. The stiffness modulus of samples decreases as the percentage of glass cullet increases. The variations in the stiffness modulus of asphaltic samples that include different percentages of waste glass cullet at different temperature are shown in Fig. 3.