aws-security-cards/cards/html/workspaces.html at main · TocConsulting/aws-security-cards · GitHub

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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<head>
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<title>Amazon WorkSpaces Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Amazon WorkSpaces is a managed Desktop-as-a-Service (DaaS) that provisions cloud-based virtual desktops inside a customer VPC with Active Directory integration.">
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<body>

<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
  <img src="../images/workspaces-card.webp" alt="Amazon WorkSpaces Security" />
</div>

<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
  <div class="header-content">
    <div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/workspaces.svg" alt="Amazon WorkSpaces Security" /></div>
    <div>
      <div>
        <span class="header-title">Amazon WorkSpaces Security</span>
        <span class="header-badge">COMPUTE</span>
      </div>
      <p class="header-desc">Amazon WorkSpaces is a managed Desktop-as-a-Service (DaaS) provisioning cloud-based Windows or Linux virtual desktops. A compromised WorkSpace gives an attacker a foothold inside the customer VPC with AD-joined credentials, network access to internal resources, and clipboard/drive exfiltration paths.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Per-Directory</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">PCoIP/DCV</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Protocols</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">AD Auth</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Authentication</div>
        </div></div>

<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f59e0b;">&#x1F4CB;</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #f59e0b;">Virtual Desktop Environment</h4>
          <p>Each WorkSpace is associated with a directory (AWS Managed Microsoft AD, AD Connector, or Simple AD) and runs inside a customer VPC. Supports clipboard redirection, drive redirection, USB redirection, and local printing.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f59e0b;">Attack note:</span> WorkSpaces are full virtual desktops with persistent storage. A compromised WorkSpace gives a foothold inside the VPC with AD credentials, often overlooked in security monitoring.</div>
        </div>
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #f59e0b;">Authentication and Access</h4>
          <p>The directory backing WorkSpaces is the single authentication plane. Clients connect via native apps or web browser. Without IP access control groups and MFA, WorkSpaces can be accessed from any IP with valid AD credentials.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f59e0b;">Attack note:</span> Compromising the directory grants access to all WorkSpaces. Without RADIUS MFA, stolen AD credentials alone provide full desktop access.</div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
  <h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
  <div class="risk-gauge">
    <div class="risk-bar-container">
      <div class="risk-bar">
        <div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 75%;"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
    </div>
    <div class="risk-score">
      <div class="risk-score-value">7.5</div>
      <div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <p class="risk-desc">WorkSpaces provide full desktop environments inside the VPC with AD credentials. Clipboard and drive redirection create data exfiltration channels. Without IP access control groups and MFA, WorkSpaces can be accessed from any IP. WorkSpaces run on managed compute not visible in EC2 console.</p>
</div>

<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
        <h3 style="color: #f87171;">&#x2694;&#xFE0F; Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Initial Access &amp; Credential Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Credential stuffing against Active Directory</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> No MFA enforcement (RADIUS not configured by default)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> No IP access control (accepts all public IPs)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Phishing for WorkSpace registration codes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> WorkSpaces Web access abuse from unmanaged devices</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Post-Compromise &amp; Lateral Movement</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> VPC network pivoting from compromised WorkSpace</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Clipboard exfiltration (two-way, enabled by default)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Drive redirection data theft to local filesystem</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> AD credential harvesting (Mimikatz, Rubeus)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Persistence via D: drive survives rebuilds</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
        <h3 style="color: #fb923c;">&#x26A0;&#xFE0F; Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Access Control Gaps</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No IP access control groups configured (default)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> MFA not enabled (RADIUS not configured by default)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Web Access enabled without need</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Overly permissive outbound security groups</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Unrestricted device types (all allowed by default)</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Data Protection Gaps</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Clipboard redirection left enabled (two-way default)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Drive redirection not disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Root volume not encrypted (not default)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No user volume backup strategy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> ALWAYS_ON running mode without justification</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
        <h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">&#x1F50D; Enumeration</h3><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List All WorkSpaces</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces describe-workspaces</code></pre>
        </div><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Registered Directories</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces describe-workspace-directories</code></pre>
        </div><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Check Connection Status</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces describe-workspaces-connection-status</code></pre>
        </div><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List IP Access Control Groups</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces describe-ip-groups</code></pre>
        </div><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List WorkSpaces Pools</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces describe-workspaces-pools</code></pre>
        </div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
        <h3 style="color: #c084fc;">&#x1F4C8; Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">IAM-Level Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> CreateWorkspaces with AD admin credentials for VPC foothold</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> ModifyWorkspaceProperties to upgrade compute resources</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> ModifyWorkspaceCreationProperties to weaken security</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> ModifyWorkspaceAccessProperties to re-enable device types</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> RebuildWorkspaces abuse (user volume persistence)</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">AD-Level Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Compromised Windows WorkSpace runs AD attack tools</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> BloodHound, Rubeus, Mimikatz against the domain</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Escalate from single desktop to domain admin</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Kerberoasting from WorkSpace for service tickets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Pass-the-hash from cached AD credentials</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
        <h3 style="color: #facc15;">&#x1F517; Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">WorkSpace-Level</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Place payloads on D: drive (survives rebuild snapshots)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Scheduled tasks for persistent execution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Startup scripts on user profile</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Maintain AD credential cache for re-access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Registry modifications for auto-run</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Infrastructure-Level</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Create additional WorkSpaces as backup access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Maintain clipboard/drive exfiltration channels</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Modify security groups for persistent network access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Keep VPC-level access for lateral movement</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Abuse AUTO_STOP mode timing for stealth</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
        <h3 style="color: #4ade80;">&#x1F6E1;&#xFE0F; Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> CreateWorkspaces - new WorkSpace created</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> TerminateWorkspaces - WorkSpace terminated</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> ModifyWorkspaceProperties - properties changed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> ModifyWorkspaceAccessProperties - access changed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> RebuildWorkspaces - WorkSpace rebuilt</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Behavioral Indicators</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Connections from unexpected IP addresses</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Multiple failed AD authentication attempts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Unusual connection patterns or times</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> VPC flow logs showing lateral movement</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Clipboard/drive transfer anomalies</li></ul></div></div>

<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">&#x1F4BB;</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid"><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Create Rogue WorkSpace</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces create-workspaces \
  --workspaces DirectoryId=d-1234567890,UserName=attacker,BundleId=wsb-XXXXX</code></pre>
        </div><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Re-enable Web Access</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces modify-workspace-access-properties \
  --resource-id d-1234567890 \
  --workspace-access-properties DeviceTypeWeb=ALLOW</code></pre>
        </div><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Rebuild WorkSpace (Preserves User Volume)</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces rebuild-workspaces \
  --rebuild-workspace-requests WorkspaceId=ws-abc123def</code></pre>
        </div><div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Modify Running Mode</div>
          <pre><code>aws workspaces modify-workspace-properties \
  --workspace-id ws-abc123def \
  --workspace-properties RunningMode=ALWAYS_ON</code></pre>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F4DC;</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid"><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full WorkSpaces Admin</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
  &quot;Action&quot;: &quot;workspaces:*&quot;,
  &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Full control including creating rogue WorkSpaces, disabling security controls, and terminating legitimate ones</p>
        </div><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Read-Only Monitoring</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
  &quot;Action&quot;: [
    &quot;workspaces:DescribeWorkspaces&quot;,
    &quot;workspaces:DescribeWorkspaceDirectories&quot;,
    &quot;workspaces:DescribeIpGroups&quot;
  ],
  &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Read-only access for monitoring and auditing. Cannot create, modify, or terminate WorkSpaces.</p>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F6E1;&#xFE0F;</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid"><div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">&#x1F310;</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enforce IP Access Control Groups</h4>
              <p>Restrict WorkSpace access to known corporate IP ranges or VPN egress IPs.</p>
              <pre><code>aws workspaces create-ip-group \
  --group-name &quot;CorporateVPN&quot; \
  --user-rules &quot;ipRule=203.0.113.0/24,ruleDesc=Corp VPN&quot;</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div><div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">&#x1F512;</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable RADIUS MFA</h4>
              <p>Configure RADIUS-based multi-factor authentication on the directory for all WorkSpace logins.</p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div><div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">&#x1F6AB;</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Disable Clipboard and Drive Redirection</h4>
              <p>Use Group Policy (Windows) or DCV config (Linux) to disable or restrict clipboard and drive redirection.</p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div><div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">&#x1F4F1;</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Restrict Device Types</h4>
              <p>Disable unnecessary device types (especially Web Access).</p>
              <pre><code>aws workspaces modify-workspace-access-properties \
  --resource-id d-1234567890 \
  --workspace-access-properties DeviceTypeWeb=DENY,DeviceTypeIos=DENY</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div><div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">&#x1F511;</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable Encryption at Rest</h4>
              <p>Encrypt both root and user volumes with KMS at creation time (cannot be enabled later).</p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div><div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">&#x23F0;</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Use AUTO_STOP Running Mode</h4>
              <p>Reduce attack window during idle periods.</p>
              <pre><code>aws workspaces modify-workspace-properties \
  --workspace-id ws-abc123 \
  --workspace-properties RunningMode=AUTO_STOP,RunningModeAutoStopTimeoutInMinutes=60</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
  <p>Amazon WorkSpaces Security Security Card</p>
  <p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>

</body>
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