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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS S3 Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Simple Storage Service (S3) provides object storage with bucket policies and ACLs controlling access. S3 is the #1 source of cloud data breaches due to misconfigured public buckets and weak policies.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/s3-card.webp" alt="AWS S3 Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/s3.svg" alt="AWS S3 Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS S3 Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">STORAGE</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Simple Storage Service (S3) provides object storage with bucket policies and ACLs controlling access. S3 is the #1 source of cloud data breaches due to misconfigured public buckets and weak policies.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">CRITICAL</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Global</div>
<div class="stat-label">Namespace</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Objects</div>
<div class="stat-label">Up to 5TB Each</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">Policies</div>
<div class="stat-label">+ ACLs</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#22c55e;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #22c55e;">Bucket Access Controls</h4>
<p>S3 uses bucket policies (resource-based) and ACLs (legacy) to control access. Block Public Access settings provide account-level and bucket-level guardrails against accidental exposure.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#22c55e;">Attack note:</span> Public buckets are discovered within hours using automated scanning tools</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #22c55e;">Data Access Methods</h4>
<p>Objects can be accessed via API, CLI, Console, or pre-signed URLs. Pre-signed URLs grant temporary access without requiring AWS credentials - often leaked or misconfigured.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#22c55e;">Attack note:</span> SSRF vulnerabilities can access private buckets via EC2 instance roles</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 90%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">9.0</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">S3 misconfigurations are responsible for the majority of cloud data breaches. Public buckets, overly permissive policies, and lack of encryption expose sensitive data to the internet.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Public Exposure</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Public buckets with sensitive data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Bucket policy allows Principal: *</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> ACL grants public-read or public-read-write</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Block Public Access disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Website hosting exposes directory listing</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Access Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Pre-signed URL leaked or shared</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> SSRF to access private buckets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cross-account access too permissive</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Versioning disabled - data destruction</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Replication to attacker bucket</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Policy Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Principal: * without conditions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> s3:* action allowed broadly</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No VPC endpoint restriction</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing aws:SecureTransport condition</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Cross-account access too wide</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Security Settings</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Block Public Access disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No server-side encryption</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Object Lock not enabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Access logging not configured</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> MFA Delete not enabled</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Buckets</div>
<pre><code>aws s3 ls</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Bucket Contents</div>
<pre><code>aws s3 ls s3://bucket-name --recursive</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Bucket Policy</div>
<pre><code>aws s3api get-bucket-policy --bucket NAME</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Bucket ACL</div>
<pre><code>aws s3api get-bucket-acl --bucket NAME</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Check Public Access Block</div>
<pre><code>aws s3api get-public-access-block \\
--bucket NAME</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📤 Data Exfiltration</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Bulk Download</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> aws s3 sync - download entire bucket</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> List and download specific prefixes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Access all object versions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Download via pre-signed URLs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Stream objects to external storage</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Replication Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Configure cross-region replication</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Replicate to attacker-controlled bucket</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Batch operations for bulk export</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> S3 Access Points for data access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Use Object Lambda to exfil</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Gold Mine:</strong> Backup buckets often contain database dumps, logs with credentials, and configuration files.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">📝 Object Manipulation</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Write Access Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Overwrite website index.html</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Upload malicious JavaScript</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Replace application configs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Plant backdoors in deployments</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify log files to hide tracks</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Destruction</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Delete objects and versions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Ransomware - encrypt objects</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify bucket lifecycle rules</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Delete bucket (if empty)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Disable versioning first</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Logging & Monitoring</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> S3 Server Access Logs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CloudTrail data events</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CloudWatch metrics</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Macie sensitive data findings</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> GuardDuty S3 protection</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Unusual GetObject patterns</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Mass downloads from new IPs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Public access configuration changes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Bucket policy modifications</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Cross-account access from unknown</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Download Entire Bucket</div>
<pre><code>aws s3 sync s3://target-bucket ./loot</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Upload Malicious File</div>
<pre><code>aws s3 cp malicious.html s3://bucket/index.html</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Make Bucket Public</div>
<pre><code>aws s3api put-bucket-acl \\
--bucket NAME --acl public-read</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Check Anonymous Access</div>
<pre><code>aws s3 ls s3://bucket-name --no-sign-request</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Generate Pre-signed URL</div>
<pre><code>aws s3 presign s3://bucket/secret.txt \\
--expires-in 604800</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Delete All Versions</div>
<pre><code></code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Public Bucket</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "s3:*",
"Resource": ["arn:aws:s3:::bucket/*"]
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Anyone on the internet can read, write, and delete all objects</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - VPC Restricted</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/AppRole"},
"Action": ["s3:GetObject"],
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::bucket/data/*",
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {"aws:SourceVpc": "vpc-12345"}
}
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Only specific role can access, and only from within VPC</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Any AWS Account</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {"AWS": "*"},
"Action": ["s3:GetObject", "s3:PutObject"],
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::bucket/*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Any authenticated AWS user can read/write - not just your account</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - HTTPS Only</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Deny",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "s3:*",
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::bucket/*",
"Condition": {
"Bool": {"aws:SecureTransport": "false"}
}
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Deny all requests not using HTTPS - prevents data interception</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Block Public Access</h4>
<p>Enable at account and bucket level - this is the most important setting.</p>
<pre><code>aws s3api put-public-access-block --bucket NAME \\
--public-access-block-configuration \\
BlockPublicAcls=true,IgnorePublicAcls=true,\\
BlockPublicPolicy=true,RestrictPublicBuckets=true</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Default Encryption</h4>
<p>SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, or SSE-C for all objects automatically.</p>
<pre><code>aws s3api put-bucket-encryption --bucket NAME \\
--server-side-encryption-configuration ...</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Versioning</h4>
<p>Protect against accidental deletion and ransomware attacks.</p>
<pre><code>aws s3api put-bucket-versioning --bucket NAME \\
--versioning-configuration Status=Enabled</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Access Logging</h4>
<p>Track all access to bucket for security monitoring.</p>
<pre><code>aws s3api put-bucket-logging --bucket NAME \\
--bucket-logging-status ...</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🌐</span>
<div>
<h4>Use VPC Endpoints</h4>
<p>Restrict bucket access to within your VPC only.</p>
<pre><code>"Condition": {"StringEquals": \\
{"aws:SourceVpc": "vpc-xxx"}}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Macie</h4>
<p>Discover and protect sensitive data automatically.</p>
<pre><code>aws macie2 enable-macie && \\
aws macie2 create-classification-job ...</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS S3 Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>